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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #61774 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61774)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Beautiful Philippines, by 
-Philippine Commission of Independence
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Beautiful Philippines
-       A Handbook of General Information
-
-Author: Philippine Commission of Independence
-
-Release Date: April 7, 2020 [EBook #61774]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEAUTIFUL PHILIPPINES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
-made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-                         BEAUTIFUL PHILIPPINES
-                   A Handbook of General Information
-
-
-
-                                 MANILA
-                           BUREAU of PRINTING
-                                  1923
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                            Prepared by the
-                 Philippine Commission of Independence
-                             Manila, P.I.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-                                                                    Page
-
-Foreword                                                              15
-
-I. Historical Background                                              17
-
-    Discovery                                                         17
-    The Spanish Rule--A Tale of Wars and Uprisings                    17
-    Reforms in the 19th Century                                       18
-    Last Decades of Spanish Rule--The Coming of the Americans         19
-    Filipino-American War                                             20
-    The establishment of Civil Government                             20
-
-II. The Material Spain Found                                          21
-
-    Power of Propaganda to Misrepresent                               21
-    Non-Christian Population                                          21
-    Literacy                                                          22
-    Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days                 22
-        Religion, Alphabet, and Books                                 23
-        Traders and Artisans                                          24
-        Able Agriculturists                                           24
-        Written and Unwritten Laws                                    24
-        The Code of Calantiao                                         25
-        Testimonies of Occidental Writers                             26
-    Progress During the Spanish Rule                                  27
-        Schools and Colleges                                          27
-        Filipino Record Abroad                                        28
-        Opinions of Foreign Writers                                   28
-    Background on Which America Had Built                             29
-
-III. The First Philippine Republic                                    30
-
-    Causes of Earlier Revolutions                                     30
-    The Revolution of 1896                                            30
-    The Pact of Biac-na-Bato                                          30
-    The Republic                                                      31
-    The Governmental Machinery Set Up                                 31
-    The Malolos Constitution--Its Salient Features                    32
-    Comments of Foreigners                                            34
-
-IV. Population of the Islands                                         37
-
-    A Homogeneous People                                              37
-    Total Population                                                  38
-    Foreign Population                                                38
-    Comparative Population                                            38
-
-V. Geographical Items of Interest                                     39
-
-    Number of Islands                                                 39
-    Total Land Area                                                   39
-    Bays and Straits                                                  40
-    Mountains                                                         40
-    Rivers                                                            40
-    Lakes and Falls                                                   40
-    Mineral Springs                                                   41
-    Climate                                                           41
-    Differences in Time                                               41
-    Comparative Areas                                                 42
-    Rainfall                                                          42
-
-VI. The City of Manila                                                43
-
-    Entrance to Manila Bay--Corregidor and the Islands
-      "El Fraile," and "El Carabao"                                   43
-    The City of Manila                                                43
-    The Walled City                                                   44
-    Fort Santiago                                                     44
-    Three Manilas                                                     45
-    Costumes                                                          46
-    The Shops                                                         46
-    The Pasig River                                                   46
-    Other Places of Interest                                          46
-        The Cathedral                                                 47
-        The Ayuntamiento                                              47
-        University of Santo Tomas                                     47
-        The Dominican Church                                          48
-        Avenues                                                       48
-        Bilibid Prison                                                49
-        Central Observatory                                           51
-        The Luneta                                                    51
-        The Manila Hotel                                              52
-        The Museum                                                    52
-        The Carnival Grounds                                          52
-        Dewey Boulevard                                               53
-        Clubs and Societies                                           54
-        Cemeteries                                                    54
-        Monuments                                                     54
-    Life in Manila                                                    55
-        Vexing Conventionalities Absent                               55
-        Competition Less Severe                                       56
-
-VII. The Environs of Manila                                           58
-
-    Malaca�ang Palace                                                 58
-    Santa Mesa                                                        59
-    San Juan Heights and Bridge                                       59
-    The Reservoir                                                     60
-    Mariquina Valley and Town                                         60
-    The Payatas Estate                                                61
-    Montalban Dam                                                     61
-    Fort William McKinley                                             62
-
-VIII. Other Cities                                                    63
-
-    Baguio                                                            63
-        The Zig-Zag                                                   63
-        Camp John Hay                                                 64
-        Trinidad Valley                                               64
-    The City of Cebu                                                  65
-        Places of Historical Interest                                 66
-    The City of Iloilo                                                66
-        Description and Attractions                                   67
-    Zamboanga                                                         67
-        The San Ramon Penal Colony                                    68
-
-IX. The Provinces--Beauty Spots                                       69
-
-    Laguna Province--Pagsanjan Falls                                  71
-        Calamba                                                       78
-        Los Ba�os Mineral Springs                                     78
-        College of Agriculture                                        79
-    Rizal Province                                                    72
-        Antipolo--Virgin of Antipolo                                  73
-    Cavite Province                                                   73
-        Zapote Bridge                                                 74
-        The United States Naval and Radio Station                     74
-        Kawit                                                         75
-    Batangas Province                                                 75
-        Historical Incidents                                          76
-        Attractions                                                   76
-        Taal Volcano                                                  76
-    Tayabas Province                                                  78
-        Botocan Falls                                                 78
-        Lucena and Atimonan                                           78
-    The Bicol Provinces                                               79
-        Sceneries                                                     80
-        Historical Incidents                                          80
-        Peerless Mayon                                                81
-    Bulacan Province                                                  82
-        Description and History                                       82
-        Attractions                                                   83
-        Biac-na-Bato                                                  83
-        Mineral Baths at Marilao                                      83
-        Malolos, the Seat of the Philippine Republic                  83
-    Pampanga Province                                                 83
-        Attractions                                                   84
-    Tarlac Province                                                   85
-        Medicinal Springs                                             85
-    Nueva Ecija Province--The Rice Granary of the Islands             85
-        The Government Agricultural School at Mu�oz                   86
-    Bataan Province                                                   86
-        Attractions                                                   86
-        Historical                                                    86
-        Mariveles                                                     87
-        Mount Mariveles                                               87
-    Zambales Province                                                 88
-        Naval Station at Olongapo and Fortifications on
-          Grande Island                                               88
-    Pangasinan--Second Largest Rice Producing Province                89
-        Salt Making and Industries                                    89
-        Historical Events                                             89
-    The Mountain Province and Sub-provinces                           90
-        The Rice Terraces in Ifugao                                   91
-        Gold Mining and Household Industries                          92
-    La Union and the Ilocos Provinces--Household Industries           92
-    Abra Province                                                     94
-    The Cagayan Valley--The Tobacco Region                            95
-        The Cagayan River                                             95
-    Isabela Province and the Town of Palanan                          96
-    Nueva Vizcaya Province--The Salt Incrusted Mountain               96
-    Mindoro Province                                                  96
-        Mineral Deposits                                              97
-        The Submarine Garden at Puerto Galera                         97
-    Palawan Province                                                  97
-        Iwahig Penal Colony                                           98
-        Culion Leper Colony                                           98
-        The Underground River                                         99
-    Romblon Province--Marble Deposits                                 99
-    The Visayas                                                       99
-        Samar, the First Island Discovered by the Spaniards           99
-        Iloilo and Capiz--Beautiful Caves and Cliffs of White
-          Coral Rock                                                 100
-        Negros Island--The Principal Sugar Producing District        101
-            The Haciendas and the Sugar Centrals                     101
-            The Silliman Institute at Dumaguete                      101
-            The Volcano of Magaso                                    102
-        Cebu Province                                                102
-            San Miguel, the First Spanish Settlement                 102
-        Bohol Province                                               103
-            The Rebellions of 1622 and 1744                          103
-            Medicinal Springs and Caves                              104
-        Leyte Province                                               104
-            Abundance of minerals                                    104
-            Limasawa--Where Mass Was First Celebrated in the
-              Philippines                                            104
-    The Island of Mindanao                                           105
-        Origin of Name                                               105
-        Introduction of Islam                                        105
-        Province of Zamboanga                                        105
-        Cotabato Province                                            106
-        Increasing Christian Population                              106
-        The Large Lakes in Cotabato Province                         106
-        Mount Apo                                                    106
-        Bukidnon Province, an Unsurpassed Region for Cattle          107
-        Beautiful Lake Lanao and the Maria Cristina Falls            107
-        Davao Province, the Finest Hemp Land in the Island           108
-        Agusan and Surigao Provinces--Minerals and Agricultural
-          Products                                                   108
-    The Sulu Archipelago                                             109
-        Description, Principal Ports and Industries                  109
-        Introduction of Mohammedanism                                110
-        The Sultan of Sulu and His Present Position                  111
-        The Policy of Attraction Carried Out by the Insular
-          Government                                                 111
-        The Town of Jolo--Chinese Pier and Ariolas' Walk             112
-    The Language for the Tourist                                     113
-        Number of Filipinos Who speak, read and write English        113
-
-X. Agricultural Products, Forests, Minerals, and Industries          115
-
-    Number of Hectares under Cultivation                             115
-    Principal Undeveloped Regions                                    115
-    Percentage of Farms Owned by Filipinos                           116
-    The Principal Crops--Rice, Hemp, Sugar, Tobacco, Coconut--
-      Export Figures                                                 116
-    Prospective Agricultural Industries                              127
-    Irrigation                                                       128
-    Rural Credit Associations--Table                                 128
-    Forest Resources                                                 130
-        Area                                                         130
-        Only 1 per cent Private Ownership                            131
-        Timber Output and Export                                     131
-        How Timber Tracts are Obtained                               132
-        Sawmills                                                     132
-        Minor Forest Products                                        132
-    Minerals--Gold, Silver, Iron, Manganese, Coal, and
-      Statistical Data                                               132
-    Other Industries                                                 135
-    Public Lands                                                     143
-        Area                                                         143
-        Modes of Acquisition                                         143
-
-XI. The Trade of the Philippine Islands                              147
-
-    Economic Position--Manila as a Trade Center                      147
-    Trade Routes                                                     147
-    Personnel of Philippine Commerce                                 149
-    America's Monopoly in Philippine Trade                           150
-    Mediums of Trade                                                 150
-    Trade with other Countries                                       151
-    Values of Imports and Exports, 1913 to 1922                      152
-    Principal Articles Exported, 1921-1922                           153
-    Principal Articles Imported, 1921-1922                           154
-    Shipping                                                         156
-        Entrances and Clearances of Vessels                          156
-        Interisland Transportation                                   156
-        Table--Merchandise Carried by Foreign Vessels                157
-        Interisland Lines                                            158
-        Control Over Rates                                           158
-        Number and Tonnage of Vessels                                159
-
-XII. Structure of the Philippine Government 160
-
-    Resembles Federal and State Governments                          160
-    Departures from American Standards                               160
-        The Budget System                                            160
-        Parliamentary Responsibility                                 161
-        The Council of State, Advisory to the Governor General       161
-    The Governor-General, the Vice-Governor, and the Executive
-      Departments                                                    161
-    The Legislative Department                                       164
-    The Judiciary                                                    165
-    Provincial and Municipal Government                              165
-    Expenses of the Philippine Government                            165
-    Financial Status                                                 166
-        Statement of Receipts, Expenditures and Surplus              167
-        Budget Estimates, 1918-1923                                  168
-        Currency and Circulation                                     168
-    Electors                                                         170
-
-XIII. The Filipinos in Control                                       173
-
-    Filipinization                                                   174
-    Proportion of Filipinos to Americans in the Government           174
-    Autonomy                                                         174
-    Outstanding Achievements of the Filipinized Government           175
-        Reorganization of Departments                                175
-        The Budget System Explained                                  177
-        Public Improvements                                          177
-        Agriculture and Taxation                                     178
-        Public Order                                                 178
-        Education--System of Instruction                             178
-            Number of Pupils                                         182
-            Number of Teachers                                       182
-            Number of School Buildings                               182
-            Universities                                             182
-        Sanitation--the Philippine Health Service                    183
-            Comparative Death Rate                                   184
-        Local Autonomy                                               184
-        Public Welfare--The Public Welfare Commissioner              185
-        Administration of Justice                                    186
-            Record of the Courts                                     186
-        Government Enterprises--Object                               187
-            The National Bank                                        187
-            The Manila Railroad                                      188
-            The National Coal Co.                                    188
-            The National Development Co.                             189
-
-XIV. The Independence Movement                                       190
-
-    Uprisings during Spanish R�gime                                  190
-    The Organized Movement                                           193
-    The Philippine Assembly of 1907                                  193
-    America's Policy and Promise to the Filipinos                    194
-        Pronouncements of McKinley, Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson      195
-        Jones Law, the Formal Pledge that Independence Will Be
-          Granted                                                    196
-        Executive Recommendation for the Fulfillment of America's
-          Promise                                                    197
-    Missions to the United States                                    197
-        The Commission of Independence and Its Purposes              198
-            The Declaration of Purposes                              198
-        The First Mission                                            198
-            Letter of President Wilson                               199
-            Statement of Secretary of War Baker                      199
-            Hearing before Joint Committee of Congress               200
-        The Second Mission                                           200
-            The Memorial to President Harding                        201
-            Reply of the President                                   205
-    Petition for a Constitutional Convention--Text                   205
-
-XV. Appendices--Tables of Statistics 207
-
-    Where to Go in Manila                                            207
-        List of Hotels                                               207
-        Garages and Stables                                          208
-        Steamship Agencies                                           208
-        Foreign Consulates                                           209
-        Cable Offices                                                211
-        List of Banks in the Philippines Doing Business in 1923      211
-        Chambers of Commerce                                         211
-        Cinematographs and Theatres                                  212
-        Clubs                                                        212
-        Booksellers and Stationers                                   213
-        Embroideries                                                 213
-        Philippine Hats                                              214
-        List of Churches Holding Services in English                 215
-        Rates of Fare for Public Vehicles                            215
-        Postal, Telegraph, and Cable Rates                           216
-    Interisland Sailings                                             219
-    Values of foreign coins expressed in terms of Philippine money   220
-    Banking: Combined condition of all the commercial banks in the
-      Philippine Islands, in pesos                                   221
-    Currency in Circulation                                          222
-    Table showing the assessed valuation of real property in the
-      Philippine Islands (except the cities of Manila and Baguio)
-      by provinces                                                   223
-    Growth of the public school system                               225
-    Private Schools                                                  226
-    Annual Expenditures for Public Education                         226
-    Total receipts, expenditures and accumulated surplus of the
-      Philippine Government, 1901-1923, in pesos                     227
-    Fire, marine, and miscellaneous insurance companies doing
-      active business in the Philippine Islands, during year
-      ending December 31, 1922                                       228
-    Americans and Filipinos in the Philippine Service on
-      July 1, 1921                                                   230
-    Newspapers and other publications in the Philippines, as per
-      revision made up to June 18, 1923                              230
-    List of sugar centrals in the Philippine Islands                 234
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-                                                           Facing page--
-
-    Bird's eye view of the Walled City and immediate environs         18
-    Panoramic view of Camp Keithley, Lanao, Mindanao                  18
-    Plaza Benavides, with the statue of Benavides in the center       20
-    San Sebastian Church, Manila                                      21
-    Aglipayan Church, Azcarraga Street, Manila                        44
-    The new Trade School, Manila                                      45
-    The Cathedral, Walled City, Manila                                46
-    Philippine University cadets in formation in front of the
-      Ayuntamiento, the central government building                   47
-    Bureau of Printing Building                                       48
-    A section of Manila's commercial district                         48
-    The Luneta Hotel, Manila                                          49
-    Central Railroad Station, Manila Railroad Company                 50
-    A Modern thoroughfare, Taft Avenue, Manila                        50
-    The Paco Railroad Depot, Manila                                   51
-    The Jones Bridge                                                  51
-    The principal buildings of the Philippine University              52
-    The Polo Grounds                                                  52
-    The Normal Hall--A dormitory for girls, Manila                    53
-    Philippine Carnival Auditorium, 1922                              53
-    The Rizal Monument, at the Luneta, Manila                         54
-    The Legaspi and Urdaneta Monument facing the Luneta, Manila       55
-    The Carnival grounds, Manila                                      56
-    A view of Pier 5, Manila                                          56
-    The Luneta, during a Carnival parade                              57
-    A public market, Manila                                           57
-    The Aquarium, Manila, exterior view                               58
-    Exterior view of Malaca�ang Palace, Manila                        58
-    A typical country scene                                           59
-    The Executive Offices, Malaca�ang Palace, Manila                  59
-    The Mariquina Valley                                              60
-    Salt beds, Pangasinan                                             60
-    Exterior view of the Lingayen Provincial Building, Pangasinan     61
-    The Baguio zig-zig coiling upon itself                            62
-    The Amphitheater, Baguio, Benguet                                 63
-    The States? No It's Baguio, Philippine Islands                    64
-    The road to Baguio                                                65
-    The beautiful town of Pagsanjan, Laguna                           70
-    Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna                                           71
-    Montalban Gorge                                                   72
-    The monument to the "First Cry of Balintawak,"                    73
-    The Bamboo Organ, Las Pi�as                                       74
-    An abaca plantation                                               75
-    The church at Taal, Batangas Province                             76
-    Sample of bridges and provincial scenery                          77
-    A Philippine Sugar Central. Calamba, Laguna Province              78
-    Sprouting coconuts, Pagsanjan, Laguna                             79
-    Coconut groves, San Ramon Penal Farm, Zamboanga, Mindanao         79
-    The Sorsogon provincial government building and the
-      Sorsogon jail                                                   80
-    Mayon Volcano, Albay Province                                     81
-    The wonderful rice terraces at Ifugao, Mountain Province, Luzon   90
-    Rice terraces at Bontoc, Mountain Province                        91
-    Boobies at Tubataja reef, Sulu                                    98
-    The subterranean river, Saint Paul's Bay, Palawan taken
-      by flashlight                                                   99
-    Magellan Monument, Mactan Island                                 102
-    Panoramic view of Dapitan where Rizal was exiled by the
-      Spaniards                                                      103
-    A view of Jolo, Sulu                                             110
-    The Cebu wharf                                                   110
-    Moro weapons                                                     111
-    A cigar factory in Manila                                        124
-    Makers of Manila cigars                                          125
-    A lumber yard. Kolambugan, Mindanao                              130
-    View of San Jose Estate sugar mill. San Jose, Mindoro            131
-    Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila           136-137
-    The Council of State in session                                  160
-    The Members of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands       161
-    The Gilbert Steel Bridge, Laoag, Ilocos Norte                    176
-
-
-
-
-ILLUSTRATED MAPS
-
-    Map of the Philippine Islands                                     12
-    Trade routes of the Philippine Islands                           146
-    Map of the City of Manila                                        234
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-"And the earth possesses no scenes more beautiful than those to be
-found in this verdant and blooming archipelago * * * this magnificent
-rosary of glowing islands, that Nature has hung above the heaving
-bosom of the warm Pacific * * * with the vast variety of attractive
-scenery, mountain and plain, lake and stream, everywhere rich with
-glossy leafage, clustered growths of bamboo and palm, fields of yellow
-cane and verdant coffee-groves."
-
-"Views of lands and sea and sky, beautiful, gorgeous, awe-inspiring;
-of historic spots and buildings, monuments, ruins * * * of peoples
-familiar and strange; of industries modern to the minute, or old,
-as old as the Pharaohs, the patient work of potter and weaver,
-of craftsman, artisan, woodman, fisherman, husbandman; of peoples
-primitive and cultured--races and nations, distinct, assimilated and
-assimilating foreigners--foreigners whose descendants a few generations
-later will be Filipinos--the Filipino Nation that is to be, in that
-wonderland, the Philippines."
-
-"Lived ever a man or a people on an island, however insignificant
-and bleak and bare, without feeling for it pride and love? Call to
-mind poem and song, picture and tale; the history of island races.
-
-"Behold, then, the Philippines: thousands of islands, great and small
-beautiful, bountiful beneath a benignant sky. Seek to know how Truth
-paints them, and understand and sympathize with their people's fervid
-desire to call them their very own."
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-FOREWORD
-
-
-It is vital for the Filipinos that foreigners visiting the Philippines
-acquire accurate information about the Islands and their people. The
-Philippines are not generally known abroad, much less are the Filipinos
-as a people, their degree of civilization and culture, their form of
-government, their institutions. Hence, the need for a publication such
-as this setting forth reliable items of information about the islands.
-
-This booklet is a compendium of facts, not fancies--facts pertaining
-to the country known as the Philippines and to the people known
-as the Filipino people. They are facts that can be verified from
-authentic sources.
-
-The booklet is primarily intended for tourists, but to all other
-foreigners seeking information on things Philippine, the booklet
-will also be of invaluable help. It not only indicates the places of
-interest throughout the archipelago but also gives a description of the
-islands in general, of their people, history and government. Tangible
-evidences of the readiness of the Filipinos for nationality are
-described. The history of the whole nationalistic movement is given.
-
-The Filipinos to-day are in control of their own government. They have
-had practical autonomy since 1916. The only remaining link between
-Washington and the Philippines is the Governor-General who is an
-American appointed by the President of the United States representing
-his country in the islands, and is the chief executive thereof.
-
-The islands produce great quantities of sugar, hemp, copra, rice, corn
-and tobacco. They are capable of producing besides, and are actually
-beginning to produce, rubber, coffee, various food and medicinal
-products, and a multitude of raw materials for every purpose. There are
-also many hardwoods appropriate for elegant furniture in a variety of
-natural colors not yet seen in any market. There are mines of gold,
-copper and coal in operation. There are said to be creditable iron
-and oil deposits.
-
-There are plenty of wonderful harbors for ships of heavy tonnage. The
-country is peaceful, the most peaceful perhaps in the world. A
-courteous and hospitable people greet the foreigner wherever he goes.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
-
-
-[Discovery]
-
-The Philippines were discovered by Magellan in 1521. That discovery
-occasioned the first circumnavigation of the globe. Long before the
-discovery, however, the Islands were already known in the Orient,
-for they had commercial relations with China as early as the 13th
-century and with Japan, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra,
-Borneo, and the Moluccas.
-
-It is erroneous to suppose that the culture of the Filipinos dated only
-from the time of the arrival of the Spaniards. Long before that time
-they had already acquired a fair degree of culture. They had systems
-of writing similar to the Phoenician alphabetical arrangement. They
-had calendars and a system of weights and measures. They tilled
-their lands and maintained village governments. They had laws based
-on traditions and customs handed down from generation to generation,
-and as early as 1433, or 88 years previous to the arrival of Magellan,
-there existed a Penal Code known as the Code of Calantiao.
-
-
-[The Spanish Rule--A Tale of Wars and Uprisings]
-
-The history of the Islands from the beginning of Spanish rule to the
-middle of the 19th century was a long tale of wars and uprisings. The
-Portuguese disputed Spain's right to the Islands, and between 1566 and
-1570 made three attempts to dislodge the Spaniards. The Dutch during
-the first half of the 17th century repeatedly appeared in Philippine
-waters and made attacks on the Spaniards. The British unexpectedly
-swooped down on Manila in 1762, and the Archbishop who was acting as
-governor speedily capitulated, the City of Manila falling into British
-hands until the treaty of Paris in 1763 when it was again restored
-to Spain. The Chinese residents added to all these difficulties by
-revolting from time to time.
-
-But the most persistent trouble-makers were the Filipinos themselves
-who repeatedly revolted because of alleged injustices committed upon
-them. Between the years 1645 and 1665 alone there occurred five
-uprisings against the Spanish Government. Other revolts, no less
-serious, took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The rebellion of
-Dagohoy, for example, took place at this time, spreading throughout
-practically the whole Island of Bohol and continuing for a period of
-eighty years.
-
-There were in all about a hundred uprisings, big and small, during the
-Spanish r�gime. That of 1872 was especially noted for its magnitude and
-the determination shown by the revolutionists. It was put down with the
-execution of three secular priests--Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora--ever
-since reckoned among the popular heroes of the country. From
-that time plotting against the corrupt civil government and the
-autocratic religious corporations never really ceased; and in 1892
-Andres Bonifacio organized a secret society known as the Katipunan,
-which preached hatred against Spain because of the abuses of the
-friars and of the authorities, and demanded freedom from foreign yoke.
-
-
-[Reforms in the 19th century]
-
-The dawn of the 19th century, however, was marked by significant
-changes for the better. During the periods of 1810 and 1813, 1820
-to 1823, and 1830 to 1837, as a result of the nationalistic and
-liberal struggles Spain was experiencing, the Cortes was revived
-and representatives from different parts of the monarchy--the
-colonies included--were given seats therein. This ushered in a
-period of constitutional and representative government for the
-Filipinos. Moreover, by 1830, Spain's commercial policy of trade
-exclusiveness for the colonies was abandoned. A few years later,
-Manila was thrown open to foreign trade and a freer and more liberal
-economic system adopted. In this way, the foundation for subsequent
-political and economic progress was laid.
-
-From the beginning of Spanish domination, there existed scores of
-schools and colleges which were mostly conducted by the religious
-orders. These schools and colleges offered various courses and
-graduated numerous priests, lawyers, physicians, pharmacists,
-and teachers. Increase in the number of professional graduates
-made possible the rise of an intellectual class in the seventies
-and eighties. To this group of men, Burgos and Paterno, leaders
-of the liberal movement of 1870; Dr. Rizal, the Filipino hero;
-M. H. del Pilar, a prominent propagandist; and Mabini, the brain
-of the Revolution, belonged--men who, in attainment and culture,
-can adorn the halls of any nation. Many of the prominent leaders of
-today also had their training in those schools--Manuel L. Quezon,
-Sergio Osme�a, T. Pardo de Tavera, Victorino Mapa, Florentino Torres,
-Teodoro M. Kalaw, Juan Sumulong, Rafael Palma, and many others who
-have held high positions in the government during the first years of
-American sovereignty.
-
-
-[Last Decades of Spanish Rule--The Coming of the Americans]
-
-The last decades of Spanish rule were marked by several reforms,
-but these reforms were altogether too conservative and came too
-late. Consequently there was much discontent and the Filipinos,
-in August, 1896, following the teachings of the Katipunan, rose in
-revolt and sought to declare themselves independent of Spain. The
-revolution extended throughout the archipelago. It was halted by the
-Pact of Biac-na-Bato in December, 1897, only to be resumed early in
-the year following, under the very eyes and later with the help of the
-Americans, who appeared on the scene on May 1, 1898. The Filipinos
-succeeded in wresting from Spain every foot of Philippine territory
-except Manila which was surrendered to the Americans on August 13,
-after simultaneous attacks by American and Filipino forces.
-
-Soon afterwards the first republic in the Far East based on a
-constitutional and representative government was established by the
-Filipinos. It had received the commendation of several foreigners
-among whom were the late Senator Hoar and John Barrett, ex-Director
-of the Pan-American Union.
-
-
-[Filipino-American War]
-
-The downfall of the republic came as a result of the Filipino-American
-war which broke out through a misunderstanding between America and
-the Philippines and which lasted for three years. With the superior
-forces of the United States it was naturally a one-sided struggle,
-but it nevertheless showed once more the determination of the Filipino
-people to have an independent national existence. They wanted no less
-than an untrammeled republic free from any foreign control. They asked
-that of the United States. But no definite assurance was given that
-they would ultimately be freed. Had such assurances been given them
-the Filipino-American war would have been avoided.
-
-
-[The Establishment of civil government]
-
-American civil government was established in the Islands in 1901
-and 1902. Under this government the Philippines made remarkably
-rapid strides along the road of progress. But the most significant
-stride is perhaps the development of Philippine home rule, For it
-should be known that today, with few exceptions, notably those of the
-American Chief Executive and the American Vice-Governor, who is also
-Secretary of Public Instruction, the Philippine government is run by
-the Filipinos themselves.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-II. THE MATERIAL SPAIN FOUND
-
-
-[Power of Propaganda to Misrepresent Conditions]
-
-So powerful is propaganda in misrepresenting actual conditions that
-the Philippines used to mean, and often still means, a mere fringe
-of civilization, or something similar to it, where the Spaniards
-had planted and the Americans had watered, but within all was still
-savagery and primeval ways.
-
-An exhibition of an Igorot village at the St. Louis World's Fair of
-1904 probably spread in America more of the notion of the Philippines
-as an untamed wilderness than tons of statistics could correct. These,
-then, were the people America had undertaken to govern--wild, naked
-creatures, beside whom the North American Indian was a gentleman and a
-scholar! Indeed, a long time must elapse before you can reduce these to
-suspenders and beefsteaks. A long time? Why, centuries and centuries!
-
-
-[Non-Christian population]
-
-Again, to the assiduous readers of press dispatches, the typical
-Filipino has come to mean the fierce Mohammedan Moro; although, there
-are in the Islands less than 400,000 Mohammedans of all kinds, whether
-fierce or urbane. Still others have concluded that the wild-eyed nomad
-of the mountains, the man with the bow and arrow, with no religion at
-all, must be the determining factor of the situation because there are
-so many of his kind; and yet the census reveals the total number of
-persons in all the Islands that do not profess either Christianity,
-Mohammedanism, or Buddhism as only 102,000.
-
-
-[Literacy]
-
-So, too, the ignorance of the Filipinos has always been believed to be
-appalling and a bulwark of darkness not to be overcome in generations,
-if ever; and yet the census reveals the percentage of literacy in the
-entire Islands at 49.2 per cent. The percentage compares favorably
-with the literacy of many of the small independent nations of the
-world at present.
-
-The facts are these, as regards the Filipinos even in Pre-Spanish days:
-
-
-[Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days]
-
-The Spaniards found that the inhabitants of the Islands built and
-lived in planned houses, had a machinery of government of their own,
-maintained a system of jurisprudence, in many cases dwelt in ordered
-cities and towns and practised the arts familiar to the most advanced
-peoples of their times.
-
-Gunpowder they knew and used before 1300, when it had not yet
-been introduced in Europe; and they made firearms that astonished
-the Spaniards. At the siege of Manila, 1570, the natives defended
-their city with cannon, and the conquerors found within the walls
-the factory where these guns had been forged, as well equipped and
-ordered as any abroad.
-
-The Islanders were expert in other metal-working, skilful
-ship-builders, able carpenters. Copper they had worked; but bronze,
-of which their great guns were made, they imported from China. Some
-of their art in silver-work excites admiration even now, for their
-beautiful design and fine workmanship.
-
-They wove cloths of cotton, hemp, and other fibers. They were, in fact,
-inheritors of two great cultural infiltrations upon what original
-culture the Malays had two thousand years before: on one side, was
-the influence of the Hindus and on the other the civilization of the
-Chinese, and to these had been added, years before the Spaniards came,
-stray gleams of information transmitted roundabout from Europe.
-
-
-[Religion, alphabet, and books]
-
-All this is inconsistent with the fanciful theory of the head-hunter
-and the wild man of the woods, but is nevertheless the incontestable
-record. Heathen they were called, but they had a religion,
-and a code of morals, not at all contemptible. They were natural
-musicians, possessed a variety of musical instruments, and had native
-orchestras. They were fond of poetry and and honored their poets. They
-had also a written alphabet and they wrote books. Every settled
-town had a temple and most temples had collections of books. They
-were written in the native characters on palm leaves and bamboo,
-and stored with the native priests. The subjects were historical and
-legendary, folk-lore tales, statutes, deeds of heroism and poems. The
-Spanish enthusiasts burned these books as anti-Christian and thereby
-destroyed documents priceless to succeeding ages, the few that escaped
-the flames testifying poignantly to the great loss. A small collection
-of them was recently discovered in a cave in the Island of Negros and
-ethnologists have hopes of others that may have escaped the sharp
-eyes of the destructors. Professor Beyer, whose investigations of
-early Filipino life and history have been so extensive, has come upon
-other evidence of early Filipino letters, including an epic poem of
-considerable length; but this exists now only in the memories of the
-reciters. The four-thousand-odd lines of it that Professor Beyer has
-translated show a rare gift of versification and imagery.
-
-Of the written alphabets in use before the coming of the Spaniards,
-fourteen were of Malay origin, one was Arabic, and one Hebrew. Of
-the Malayan alphabets many were structurally alike, so that a learned
-Visayan must have been able to make out Tagalog words and a Pampangan
-to spell Ilocano. We are not to imagine that every Filipino could
-read the written speech; there were in the Islands at that time,
-as in India, Spain, England, and elsewhere, the educated and the
-uneducated. But it seems likely that the percentage of literacy in
-the Philippines, about the year 1500, let us say, was as large as in
-Spain, larger than in India and compared favorably with the percentage
-in other places.
-
-
-[Traders and artisans]
-
-The inhabitants were able traders as well as skilful artisans. Manila
-was one of the great commercial centers of the East and long had
-been so; it was not a mere collection of fishermen's huts. When the
-inhabitants of England were wearing skins, painting their bodies, and
-gashing their flesh in religious frenzies, the Filipinos were already
-conducting commercial marts in which were offered silks, brocades,
-cotton and other cloths, household furniture, precious stones, gold
-and gold dust, jewelry, wheat from Japan, weapons, works of art and
-of utility in many metals, cultivated fruits, domesticated animals,
-earthenware, and a variety of agricultural products from their rich
-volcanic soil.
-
-
-[Able Agriculturists]
-
-The people understood how to make agricultural implements which,
-if crude by present standards, were nevertheless serviceable. They
-knew how to make machines, to hull and separate rice, to express oil
-from coconuts, and to weave their cloths. They worked out their own
-problems of irrigation and in their own way. The huge rice terraces in
-some parts of Luzon were and still are the wonder of all beholders. "I
-know of no more impressive examples of primitive engineering," says
-Dean C. Worcester, "than the terraced mountain-sides of Nueva Vizcaya
-beside which the terraced hills of Japan sink into insignificance."
-
-
-
-
-WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN LAWS.--The people had both written and unwritten
-laws. They were made and promulgated by the chiefs after consultation
-with the elders, and were "observed with so great exactness that it
-was not considered possible to break them in any circumstance."
-
-The laws covered many of the subjects which are common in modern
-times. A few of the most striking points were: Respect of parents
-and elders, carried to so great a degree that not even the name of
-one's father could pass the lips, in the same way as the Hebrews
-regarded the name of God. Even after reaching manhood and even after
-marriage, the son was under a strict obligation to obey his father and
-mother. Marriage had reached the stage of mutual consent. Marriage
-ceremonies approaching the religious were elaborate, according to
-rank. Husband and wife were equal socially and in the control of their
-property. Property was acquired principally by occupation, but also by
-gift, purchase, and succession. Wills were sometimes made. Contracts
-were strictly fulfilled. The Chinese writer, Wang Ta-yuan; in a book
-of 1349 says: "The natives and the traders having agreed on prices,
-they let the former carry off the goods and later on they bring the
-amount of native products agreed upon. The traders trust them, for
-they never fail to keep their bargains." In fact, non-performance of
-a contract was severely punished. Partnerships were formed and the
-respective obligations of the partners enforced.
-
-
-The Code of Calantiao.--The penal law was the most extensive. Penalties
-were severe, altho compared with present laws, they appear cruel and
-illogical. However, they compared favorably with Greek and Roman laws
-as well as with the contemporary Spanish and English criminal laws.
-
-Calantiao, the third chief of Panay, had, in 1433, promulgated a
-penal code. It ran as follows:
-
-
-   "Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye steal; neither shall ye do
-    harm to the aged; lest ye incur the danger of death. All those
-    who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being
-    drowned with stones in the river, or in boiling water.
-
-   "Ye shall obey. Let all your debts with the headmen (principales)
-    be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for the
-    first offense one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall
-    be condemned to thrust his hand thrice into boiling water. For
-    the second offense, he shall be condemned to be beaten to death.
-
-   "Observe and obey ye: let no one disturb the quiet of graves. When
-    passing by the caves and trees where they are, give respect
-    to them.
-
-   "Ye shall obey: he who makes exchange for food, let it be always
-    done in accordance with his word. He who does not comply, shall be
-    beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed
-    for one day among ants.
-
-   "They shall be burned: Those who by their strength or cunning have
-    mocked at and escaped punishment; or who have killed young boys;
-    or try to steal away the women of agorangs (rich men).
-
-   "Those shall be killed who profane sites where idols are kept,
-    and sites where are buried the sacred things of their diuatas
-    (spirits) and headmen."
-
-
-[Testimonies of Occidental Writers]
-
-All which bespeak a culture of no mean order, and occidental writers
-themselves have given it the credit that it deserves, as shown by
-the following testimonies:
-
-
-   "They had already reached a considerable degree of civilization
-    at the time of the Spanish conquest."--Professor Ferdinand
-    Blumentritt.
-
-   "The inhabitants of these Islands were by no means savages,
-    entirely unreclaimed from barbarism, before the Spanish advent
-    in the sixteenth century. They had a culture of their own."--John
-    Foreman.
-
-   "The inhabitants of the Philippines possessed a culture of their
-    own prior to the coming of the Spaniards to the Islands. Those
-    along the coasts were the most advanced in civilization. Their
-    material wealth was considerable. The chief occupations were
-    agriculture, fishing, weaving, some manufacturing, and trade
-    both inter-island and with the mainland, generally in the form of
-    barter. They were expert navigators. They used standard weights
-    and measures. The year was divided into twelve lunar months. They
-    had a peculiar phonetic alphabet, wrote upon leaves, and had a
-    primitive literature. The majority of the people are said to have
-    been able to read and write."--Justice George A. Malcolm.
-
-   "The inhabitants practise various kinds of industry; they weave
-    matting of extraordinary fineness and of the brightest colors,
-    straw hats, cigar-cases and baskets; they manufacture cloth and
-    tissues of every sort from leaves of the aguana, make cambric of a
-    texture much finer than that of France; and they also manufacture
-    coarse strong cloth for sails, etc.; and ropes and cables of all
-    dimensions; they tan and dress leather and skins to perfection;
-    they manufacture coarse earthenware and forge and polish arms of
-    various kinds; they build ships of heavy tonnage and also light
-    and neat boats, and at Manila they frame and finish off beautiful
-    carriages; they are also very clever workers in gold and silver
-    and copper; and the Indian (Filipino) women are especially expert
-    in needlework and in all kinds of embroidery." (Twenty years in
-    the Philippines, pp. 304, 307.)
-
-
-PROGRESS DURING SPANISH RULE.--The Spanish rule in the Philippines
-lasted 350 years. The Spanish Crown meant well, but the way her
-policies were translated into deeds was all but desirable. The best
-men could not be induced to go to Manila. The Church wielded tremendous
-power, and at times was more powerful than the government itself. Each
-village was under the rule of a priest. Character was stifled; progress
-was deliberately discouraged; independence of thought stamped out.
-
-It would be doing Spain a great injustice, however, if no credit
-whatever is given her rule in the Philippine Islands. She introduced
-Christianity into the Islands and unequivocably converted the
-inhabitants to the creed, thus setting up the only Christian country
-in this part of the globe with a Christian outlook on life; in the
-women, particularly, the tenets of Christianity instilled dignity
-and it freed them from Hindu and Mohammedan degradations.
-
-
-[Schools and Colleges]
-
-Efforts were also taken to teach the people the rudiments
-of education. Access was thus given to the splendid tongue of
-Castile, and, thru that, to all the glories and traditions of Latin
-civilization. As early as 1866, for a population of 4,000,000 people,
-there were 841 schools for boys and 833 for girls. In 1892, six years
-before the coming of the Americans, there were 2,137 schools. There
-were also colleges and universities where professional training
-was given. The colleges were: University of Santo Tomas, Manila,
-established in 1611 (twenty-five years older than Harvard); San Juan
-de Letran, Municipal Athenaeum, Normal School, College of San Jose,
-the Nautical School, the School of Commercial Accounting, the Academy
-of Painting and Drawing, and many other private schools, fourteen
-of which were in Manila. There were also seminaries in Manila,
-Nueva Segovia, Cebu, Jaro, and Nueva Caceres, where all branches of
-secondary instruction were taught in addition to those prescribed
-for the priesthood.
-
-Many of the prominent Filipinos in Philippine history, as stated above,
-including the national hero, Jose Rizal, had their first instructions
-in these schools established by Spain.
-
-
-[Filipino Record Abroad]
-
-A number of the ambitious students were sent by their parents
-to complete their education in Spain, France, England, Belgium,
-and Germany. Groups of these young men took part in the various
-liberal movements of nineteenth century Europe. They wrote and
-spoke in behalf of liberal institutions for the Islands, in terms
-that would have cost them their lives in the Philippines; in fact,
-Rizal was put to death upon his return to his native land. Several of
-these young Filipinos even rose to eminence in the public service,
-a right which was denied them at home except in a few cases in the
-minor judiciary. In the eighties and nineties, a group of them of
-which Rizal, Juan Luna, Resurrecci�n Hidalgo, M. H. del Pilar, Lopez
-Jaena, Pedro A. Paterno, and Dr. Pardo de Tavera were the leading
-spirits--made a deep impression in the literary and artistic circles of
-Madrid, Paris, and Berlin. A newspaper was founded by them in Madrid to
-further their political views. Although proscribed in the Philippines,
-their books and articles were circulated secretly in the Islands and
-helped to arouse the people and to consolidate the growing unrest.
-
-
-Opinions of Foreign Authors.--On Spain's achievements in the
-Philippines, foreign authors have been considerate. The famous French
-explorer of the Pacific, for example, La Perouse, who was in Manila
-in 1787, wrote:
-
-
-   "Three million people inhabit these different islands, and that
-    of Luzon contains nearly a third of them. These people seem to
-    me no way inferior to those of Europe; they cultivate the soil
-    with intelligence, they are carpenters, cabinet-makers, smiths,
-    jewelers, weavers masons, etc. I have gone through their villages
-    and I have found them kind, hospitable, and affable." ("Voyage
-    de la Perouse autour du Monde," Paris, 1787, II, p. 347.)
-
-   "Almost every other country of the (Malay or Indian) Archipelago
-    is, at this day, in point of wealth, power, and civilization,
-    in a worse state than when Europeans connected themselves with
-    them three centuries back. The Philippines alone have improved in
-    civilization, wealth, and populousness. ("History of the Indian
-    Archipelago," by John Crawford, F. R. S. Edinburgh, 1820, Vol. ii,
-    pp. 447, 488.)
-
-
-The Austrian professor, Ferdinand Blumentritt, wrote in La Solidaridad
-of October 15, 1899, to this effect:
-
-
-   "If the general condition of the civilization of the Tagalos,
-    Pampangos, Bicols, Bisayans, Ilocanos, Cagayanes, and Sambales
-    is compared to the European constitutional countries of Servia,
-    Roumania, Bulgaria, and Greece, the Spanish-Filipino civilization
-    of the said Indian districts is greater and of larger extent than
-    of those countries."
-
-
-And the foremost American scholar on the Philippines, gives the
-following r�sum� of the results of the Spanish administration:
-
-
-   "The Spaniards did influence the Filipinos profoundly, and on the
-    whole for the better. There were ways, indeed, in which their
-    record as a colonizing power in the Philippines stands today
-    unique in all the world for its benevolent achievement and its
-    substantial accomplishment of net progress. We do not need to
-    gloss over the defects of Spain; we do not need to condone the
-    backward and halting policy which at last turned the Filipinos
-    against Spanish rule, nor to regret the final outcome of events,
-    in order to do Spain justice. But we must do full justice to her
-    actual achievements, if not as ruler, at any rate as teacher and
-    missionary, in order to put the Filipinos of today in their proper
-    category." (Le Roy: "Philippine Life in Town and Country," 1905,
-    pp. 6, 7.)
-
-
-[The Background on Which America Had Built]
-
-It was on all that cultural background--the native and the
-Spaniard--that America had built. Without belittling what she, alone,
-has done for the Filipinos since 1898 it hardly can be disputed that
-the rapid progress towards modern democracy in the Islands has been due
-mainly to the materials she found there. This fact has made her task
-a great deal easier, and is the reason why even the early military
-governors thought best to preserve the old municipal institutions
-with very slight changes.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-III. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
-
-
-The earlier revolutions against Spain were actuated by well-defined
-causes. They have been summarized as follows:
-
-
-[Causes of Earlier Revolutions]
-
-(1) Denial of freedom of speech and press; (2) desire for Filipino
-representation; (3) proceedings by which a man was condemned without
-being heard; (4) violation of domicile and correspondence on mere
-secret denunciations; (5) agitation for the secularization of parishes;
-(6) political and civil equality for Filipinos and Spaniards; (7)
-desire for promulgation of the Spanish Constitution in the Philippines;
-and (7) the martyrdom of Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora, and later of Rizal.
-
-
-[The Revolution of 1896]
-
-The revolution of 1896, however, had an additional cause which was
-dominant in the minds of the leaders. It was "Liberty, Equality,
-and Fraternity." In the words of General Aguinaldo in a manifesto,
-"We aspire to the glory of obtaining the Liberty, Independence,
-and Honor of the Country."
-
-
-[The Pact of Biac-na-Bato]
-
-This revolution was halted in 1897 by the Pact of Biac-na-Bato,
-which was signed between the Revolutionists and the Spanish
-authorities. There were three outstanding stipulations in the pact:
-
-First, that the Filipino leaders should leave the country for the
-time being.
-
-Second, that liberal and sweeping reforms would be introduced without
-delay.
-
-Third, that the sum of $800,000 would be paid the Filipinos in two
-instalments, as evidence of good faith.
-
-The Filipinos complied with their part of the agreement; Aguinaldo and
-his followers went to Hongkong. But the Spaniards did not comply with
-theirs; only $400,000 was paid to the revolutionists and no reforms
-were introduced.
-
-
-[The Republic]
-
-Accordingly, Aguinaldo and his companions returned to the Islands
-and renewed the struggle. On June 12, 1898 at Kawit, Cavite, they
-proclaimed the Independence of the Philippines from Spain. Soon
-afterwards a Philippine Republic was ratified, with General Aguinaldo
-as President. The capital was established at Malolos about 30 miles
-from Manila. There an elective Congress sat regularly, passed laws,
-levied taxes, administered revenues, kept in motion the machinery of
-justice, directed a military organization, carried on efficient war
-and constantly appealed to the patriotism of the people.
-
-
-[Governmental Machinery Set Up]
-
-A complete governmental machinery was set up. The government was
-declared to be "popular, representative, and responsible." Church
-and state were made separate, and, profiting by the experience of
-the past, freedom of religious worship was expressly recognized in
-the Constitution. The powers of government were made to reside in
-three distinct entities--the legislative, the executive, and the
-judicial, to be entirely separate. It was declared that no two of
-these powers should be vested in a single person or corporation,
-nor can the legislative power be conferred on a single individual
-alone. The government was recognized throughout the islands and had
-the wholehearted support of the entire population.
-
-At the time America insisted in imposing her sovereignty and authority
-not only were the Filipinos in military control of the country; they
-were administering its political affairs as well. This they did from
-the establishment of the Republic until the autumn of 1899. "Up to
-that time," writes Albert G. Robinson, of the New York Evening Post,
-"the territory occupied by the forces of the United States in the
-Island of Luzon was confined to a very limited area in the vicinity
-of Manila, with a filamentary extension northward for some fifty
-or sixty miles along the Manila-Dagupan railway. Very much the
-same condition obtained on the other islands. One thing is certain:
-although greatly disturbed by the conditions of war, this territory
-was under some form of governmental administration."
-
-
-
-
-THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION.--The fundamental law that had been prepared
-and adopted by the independent government has since then been known as
-the "Malolos Constitution." This Philippine Magna Carta embodied the
-advanced thought of the times and was replete with sound principles. It
-had all the requisites of a "fundamental law of the land"--an
-enumeration of individual rights, the organization of the state
-and of the government, provisions pertaining to the public welfare
-(such as education, appropriation, the militia, local government,
-impeachment, etc.) and provisions for constitutional revisions.
-
-
-[Salient Features]
-
-The Parliamentary System of government was adopted as best suited to
-the needs of the archipelago. Sovereignty was to reside in the people
-through their duly elected representatives. The aim throughout was to
-adopt a government and a social order essentially democratic, without
-those privileges of caste or classes which were the determinant causes
-of the revolution. The popular assembly was to be the directing power.
-
-The following progressive principles were enunciated:
-
-(1) That no one should be tried in courts created by private laws or by
-special tribunals; (2) that throughout the republic there should not be
-more than one kind of court for all citizens both in civil, criminal,
-and military actions; (3) that no person or corporation should be given
-emoluments that were not as compensation for public service fixed
-by law; (4) there shall be no primogeniture nor should decorations
-and titles of nobility be accepted; (5) that every Filipino citizen
-shall enjoy the right of meeting, association, petition, and liberty
-of the press; (6) freedom of religious worship throughout the land and
-inviolability of domicile, correspondence, and property; (7) the right
-of habeas corpus; (8) gratuitous and compulsory public instruction;
-(9) taxes to be in proportion to the income of the taxpayers.
-
-The legislative power was vested in an unicameral assembly. The
-representatives elected by the people were to be representatives of
-the entire nation and could not bind themselves to specific mandates
-from their constituents.
-
-The President of the republic and the Assembly were to initiate laws.
-
-Impeachment of high officials of the government was unhesitatingly
-made a part of the fundamental law. Even the President of the republic
-could be impeached in cases of high treason.
-
-A permanent commission was created to take the place of the assembly
-during recess, the motive behind its creation being that legislative
-bodies should be permanent because the popular will works continually
-and consequently should be continually represented in the governmental
-machinery.
-
-The permanent commission was to be composed of seven members elected
-by the assembly from among its members. Its powers were:
-
-(1) To declare if a certain official of the government should be
-impeached; (2) to convene the assembly to an extraordinary session in
-cases in which it should constitute itself into a tribunal of justice
-to consider impeachments; (3) to resolve all pending questions with
-a view to bringing them before the assembly for consideration; (4) to
-convoke the assembly to special sessions whenever these are necessary;
-(5) to substitute the assembly in its power regarding the. constitution
-with the exception that the permanent commission can not pass laws.
-
-The executive power was vested in the President of the Republic who
-exercised it through his secretaries.
-
-The President of the Republic was elected by the constituent assembly
-by an absolute majority of votes. His term of office was four years
-but might be re�lected. The powers of the President were expressly
-enumerated. The secretaries of departments constituted the Cabinet,
-presided over by the President. There were seven departments--foreign
-relations; interior; finance; war and navy; public instruction;
-communications and public works; agriculture, industry, and commerce.
-
-Ministerial responsibility was established so that whenever a cabinet
-had lost the confidence of the majority of the assembly its members
-were morally bound to resign.
-
-The judicial power was vested in a supreme court and in such other
-tribunals as might be created by law. The judiciary was made absolutely
-independent of the legislative and executive departments. The chief
-justice and the attorney-general were appointed by the Assembly with
-the concurrence of the President and of the cabinet.
-
-Provinces and municipalities were given administrative autonomy. The
-central government intervened in their acts only when they over-stepped
-their powers to the prejudice of general or individual interests.
-
-A Constituent Assembly was to be convened in case of an election
-of the President of the Republic and whenever there were proposed
-changes in the constitution. In either of these two cases the regular
-assembly was dissolved by the President and the Constituent Assembly
-convoked. The constituent assembly was to be composed of the same
-members of the regular assembly plus special representatives.
-
-Such was the framework of the governmental machinery created by the
-first republican constitution ever promulgated in the East. In the
-words of General Aguinaldo, the Constitution was "the most glorious
-note in the noble aspirations of the Philippine revolution and is
-an irrefutable proof before the civilized world of the culture and
-capacity of the Filipino people to govern themselves."
-
-
-Comments of Foreigners.--The comments of unbiased foreigners on
-this ill-fated attempt of the Filipino people to live an independent
-existence all point to the fact that the Republic together with the
-constitution the independent government had established was a great
-work of an unquestionably able people.
-
-John Barrett, ex-director of the Pan-American Union, saw the Philippine
-Republic in operation, and described it as follows:
-
-
-   "It is a government which has practically been administering
-    the affairs of that great island, 'Luzon' since the American
-    possession of Manila, and is certainly better than the former
-    administration. It had a properly formed Cabinet and Congress,
-    the members of which, in appearance and manners, would compare
-    favorably with the Japanese statesmen."
-
-
-Admiral Dewey, after studying Philippine conditions, during the
-Spanish-American War, spoke of the Filipinos as follows:
-
-
-   "In my opinion, these people are far more superior in intelligence
-    and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba. I
-    am familiar with both races."
-
-
-General Merrit, on his arrival in Paris in October, 1898, was reported
-as saying:
-
-
-   "The Filipinos impressed me very favorably. I think great injustice
-    has been done to the native population.... They are more capable
-    of self-government than, I think, the Cubans are. They are
-    considered to be good Catholics. They have lawyers, doctors,
-    the men of kindred professions, who stand well in the community,
-    and bear favorable comparison to those of other countries. They
-    are dignified, courteous, and reserved."
-
-
-Leonard Sargent, a naval cadet, and W. B. Wilcox, paymaster of the
-Navy, after travelling over the Island of Luzon, at that time wrote
-a report of their trip, which was referred by Admiral Dewey to the
-Navy Department with the indorsement that it was "the most complete
-information obtainable." Mr. Sargent remarked:
-
-
-   "Although this government has never been recognized, and in all
-    probability will go out of existence without recognition, yet,
-    it cannot be denied that, in a region occupied by many millions
-    of inhabitants, for nearly six months, it stood alone between
-    anarchy and order.
-
-   "As a tribute to the efficiency of Aguinaldo's government and
-    to the law-abiding character of his subjects, I offer the fact
-    that Mr. Wilcox and I pursued our journey throughout in perfect
-    security, and returned to Manila with only the most pleasing
-    recollections of the quiet and orderly life which we found the
-    natives to be leading under the new r�gime."
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-IV. POPULATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-
-[A Homogeneous People]
-
-The Filipinos are a homogeneous people. An American, Dr. Merton Miller,
-former chief ethnologist of the Philippine Bureau of Science is the
-foremost authority for the claim that:
-
-
-   "From the extreme northern end of the Archipelago to its
-    southernmost limits, with the exception of the few scattered
-    Negritos, the people of the Philippines, pagan, Moro and Christian
-    are one racially. There is some reason for believing that they
-    migrated into the islands at two different times. But in all
-    probability they came from the same general region and have a
-    common ancestry.
-
-   "There are many different languages or dialects in the Philippines
-    but all are closely related one to another, the pronunciation
-    and mode of speech vary but little from one section of the
-    Philippines to another and the majority of the words are common
-    to two or more of the Philippine languages. These languages,
-    whether spoken by pagan, Moro or Christian, belong to the great
-    Malayo-Polynesian family, branches of which are found in Sumatra,
-    the Hawaiian Islands, Madagascar and on many islands between."
-
-
-Ex-President Taft has the following to say about Filipino homogeneity:
-
-
-   "The word 'tribe' gives an erroneous impression. There is no
-    tribal relation among the Filipinos. There is a racial solidarity
-    among them undoubtedly. They are homogeneous. I can not tell the
-    difference between an Ilocano and a Tagalog or a Visayan.... To
-    me all the Filipinos were alike."
-
-
-While Governor General Harrison, before a joint committee of Congress,
-expressed himself thus:
-
-
-   "To my way of thinking, they are very remarkably homogeneous,
-    quite as much so as any nation in the world to-day with which
-    I have any acquaintance. From one end of the Philippine Islands
-    to the other the people look very much alike; their manners are
-    very much the same; their style of living is about the same;
-    and they are being generally educated along the same lines by
-    the government and by the private schools, which are co�perating
-    with the government. So that I think they already have one of
-    the prime requisites to a nationality, namely, a general and
-    universal feeling that they belong to the same race of people."
-
-
-[Total Population]
-
-The total population of the Philippine Islands according to the
-Census of 1918 is 10,350,640. Of this number 9,495,272 are Christians,
-while 855,368 are non-Christian so-called. The non-Christian element,
-therefore, represents 8.2 per cent of the total population. In this
-number are included the Mohammedans of the South and the Igorots and
-other mountaineers, who have been so widely advertised abroad and
-often represented as typical Filipinos.
-
-
-                       FOREIGN POPULATION OF THE
-                           PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-                        American            6,405
-                        Spanish             4,015
-                        English             1,063
-                        German                312
-                        French                218
-                        Swiss                 451
-                        Chinese            45,156
-                        Japanese            6,684
-                        All others          1,111
-                        Total              65,415
-
-
-                         COMPARATIVE POPULATION
-
-                        Philippines    10,350,640
-                        Argentina       8,284,000
-                        Belgium         7,658,000
-                        Canada          8,361,000
-                        Australia       4,971,000
-                        Cuba            2,628,000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-V. GEOGRAPHICAL ITEMS OF INTEREST
-
-
-The Philippine Archipelago is entirely in the Tropics. They lie north
-of the Dutch and British Island of Borneo and the Dutch Island of
-Celebes; South of the Japanese Island of Formosa; East of French
-Indo-China, and Southeast of Hongkong and the Southern provinces
-of China.
-
-
-[Number of Islands]
-
-There are 7,083 islands in all extending 1,152 statute miles from
-north to south and 688 statute miles from east to west. Two thousand
-four hundred and forty-one of the Islands have names, while 4,642
-are unnamed. The northernmost Island known as Y'Ami Island is 65
-miles from Formosa while the southernmost, called Salwag, 4� 40'
-from the Equator, is only 30 miles east of Borneo.
-
-
-[Total Land Area]
-
-The total land area of the entire archipelago is approximately 115,000
-square miles. This is in excess of the combined areas of the States
-of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; only about
-7,000 square miles less than the total area of the British Isles;
-about 5,000 square miles more than the total area of Italy; and about
-two-thirds the size of Spain. Luzon Island alone which is the largest
-is as large as Denmark, Belgium, and Holland combined. It contains
-46,969 square miles. Mindanao, the second largest, is about equal in
-area to Portugal. Ten islands contain more than 10,000 square miles
-each or 6,400,000 acres; while 20 of the islands have between 100 and
-1,000 square miles each. About seven-eighths of the total number of
-islands composing the Archipelago contain less than 1 square mile each.
-
-
-[Bays and Straits]
-
-There are twenty-one fine harbors and eight land-locked straits. Manila
-Bay with an area of 770 square miles and a circumference of 120 miles
-is reputed to be the finest in the Far East. It is said that it can
-accommodate the entire fleet of the world. It is a roadstead, in all
-parts of which vessels can anchor. Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga,
-and Jolo are at present the ports of entry.
-
-The interisland waters are shallow, averaging between seventy-five
-and five hundred fathoms.
-
-
-[Mountains]
-
-There are at least seven principal mountain ranges and twenty more
-or less active volcanoes. Mount Apo in Mindanao is the highest being
-9,610 feet. Canlaon in Negros is second with 7,995 feet; Mayon in
-Albay third, with 7,943 feet.
-
-
-[Rivers]
-
-Nearly all the principal islands have important river systems. In
-Luzon are the Rio Grande de Cagayan, 220 miles long, which drains
-16,000 square miles of territory, the Rio Grande de Pampanga,
-emptying into Manila Bay through a dozen mouths, the Agno, the Abra,
-Bued, and the more familiar Pasig. The Rio Grande de Mindanao, 330
-miles long, is the largest in the Islands, and the Agusan, also in
-Mindanao, is the third in size. Mindoro has 60 rivers and Samar,
-26. In Panay, are the Jalaud and Panay and in Negros the Danao and
-the Lanao. Inter-island steamers berth in the Pasig as far as the
-Jones Bridge. The larger rivers, in addition to being navigable for
-steamers and launches of light draft for distances of from 20 to 200
-miles, could furnish abundant water power for manufacturing purposes.
-
-
-[Lakes]
-
-Mindanao, especially the basin of the Agusan, has a vast number of
-lakes, among them the famous lakes Lanao, Mainit, and Lagusan. Laguna
-de Bay, near Manila, Lake Naujan in Mindoro, Taal, and Bombon lakes
-in Batangas, and Lake Bito in Leyte are also noted for size and beauty.
-
-
-[Falls]
-
-The Falls of Pagsanjan and the Botocan at Majayjay, in Laguna Province;
-the Maria Cristina, the Pigduktan, and Kalilokan, in Mindanao, are
-the largest and most beautiful.
-
-
-[Mineral Springs]
-
-Some 170 or more medico-mineral springs, hot and cold, are known in
-the Islands, many rivaling the most famous of Europe and America. Near
-Manila are those of Los Ba�os, Sibul, Lemery, Tivi, and Marilao.
-
-
-[Climate]
-
-Father Algu�, the world famous Director of the Weather Bureau,
-divides the climate into three types, the classification being based
-on distance above sea level and exposure to ocean breezes.
-
-November, December, January, and February are the temperate
-months. The mean average temperature at this season is about 77� to 79�
-Fahrenheit. In April, May, and June, the hot months, the mean average
-is between 83� and 84�. In other months it is about 80�. The nights
-are seldom unpleasantly hot even in the hot season, and a temperature
-of 100� is a rarity in Manila. The mountain regions of the north are
-cool as September in the temperate zone. The mean average maximum
-for Baguio is 80� and the minimum 53�. Far south, nearer the equator,
-in some localities it is hotter; but Zamboanga and the Provinces of
-Bukidnon and Lanao boast a most agreeable and healthful climate.
-
-The climate is thus mildly tropical. Sunstrokes are unknown. The
-recorded death rate per 1,000 whites in Manila for 1917 was 8.8, as
-compared with 16.5 for New York, 15 for San Francisco, 14 for Chicago,
-18 for Glasgow, and 22 for Belfast.
-
-
-                          DIFFERENCES IN TIME
-
-            Manila is in advance of:
-                London             8 hours and 3 minutes.
-                New York           12 hours and 59 minutes.
-                San Francisco      16 hours and 11 minutes.
-                Washington         13 hours.
-
-
-                           COMPARATIVE AREAS
-
-                                                         Sq. Miles
-      Philippines                                          114,400
-      British Isles                                        121,438
-      New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware     104,970
-      Japan                                                147,698
-      Hungary                                              125,641
-      Italy                                                110,660
-      Norway                                               124,675
-
-
-
-
-RAINFALL
-
-Maximum days of rain in July, August, September.
-
-Minimum days of rain in February and March.
-
-Dry Season: November to May, inclusive.
-
-Wet Season: June to October, inclusive.
-
-Typhoons: Frequent in July, August, September, and October.
-
-The lowest average rainfall for the last twelve years for the whole
-Archipelago was 60.73 inches in the driest region, the highest,
-125.68, in the wettest. Manila's average was 75.46.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-VI. THE CITY OF MANILA
-
-
-[Entrance to Manila Bay]
-
-You enter Manila Bay thru a narrow passage in the middle of which is
-the famous Island of Corregidor, the "Rock," the "Gibraltar of the Far
-East," the "Home of the Big Guns," that guards the harbor. It is also
-a hydroplane station of the United States. The island is a stalwart
-sentinel, as it were, at the harbor's mouth. Nearby are two other
-"watch dogs" of Uncle Sam, known as "El Fraile" and "El Carabao,"
-two other well fortified islands holding many a surprise for any
-invading fleet.
-
-Down the bay your steamer glides amid the shipping of many nations
-and the launches of the customs and quarantine soon appear to "look
-the stranger over."
-
-
-
-
-MANILA.--After the quarantine and customs inspection you get off
-your steamer and you are in Manila, the capital of the Philippine
-Archipelago. Your first impressions are of the tourist sort. Your
-interest is immediately arrested by the dress and habits of the
-Filipinos, of the Chinese, and of the various residents from every
-quarter of the globe. The water buffalo or the carabao, the one horse
-carriage, or the carromata, and the slippers, or "chinelas," worn in
-the streets by the poor will startle you to the realization that you
-are in a world other than your own. The every-day clothes worn by the
-people give you an ensemble of all the colors imaginable, more so when
-there is a procession, parade or similar festivities--royal purple,
-plum, heliotrope, magenta, psolferino, scarlet, geranium, salmon,
-pinks, greens, vivid and tender, all the blues, yellow, orange,
-champaca, in short every hue, shade, and tint that art has borrowed
-from nature or has invented.
-
-You stroll around the City and one of the first things you notice
-is the various means of transportation. There is the automobile,
-from the popular Ford Lizzie to the Packard Limousine; there is the
-one-horse carriage, in shape and looks unique in the world; and there
-is the street car propelled by the familiar electricity.
-
-The Walled City.--Near the pier you see a cluster of buildings
-enclosed by solid stone walls about twenty feet high. This is the
-famous Walled City or Intramuros, a remnant of Spanish days. It is
-something less than a mile long and half a mile wide. The walls used to
-be fortresses with which the Spaniards used to repel the many attacks
-and invasions. To go into this Walled City is to remind you of Madrid,
-Spain, with all its narrow streets and typical Spanish buildings. The
-walls had been begun prior to the end of the sixteenth century;
-before the next was far advanced, the place boasted of a cathedral,
-hospitals, and a university; walled Manila had grown into quite a city.
-
-The Walled City is the original Manila, of which every other part of
-the modern city is, historically speaking, a suburb. Its battlemented
-wall is a little over 2 1/2 miles in circuit, and is still for the
-most part in an excellent state of preservation. The age of the walls
-is hard to state; its oldest existing portions were undoubtedly built
-before the end of the sixteenth century, but it has been continuously
-patched and added to, almost up to the present generation. Parts of it
-are from twenty to thirty feet in height and thickness. Considering
-everything, it makes this district one of the best examples of a
-medi�val walled town in existence.
-
-
-[Fort Santiago]
-
-While in this Walled City, do not fail to visit Fort Santiago, the
-oldest part of Spanish Manila, long the citadel of the city, and now
-the headquarters of the United States Army in the Philippines. It
-probably stands very nearly on the site of the native fort which the
-Spanish reconnoitering expedition carried by assault in 1570. It
-has undergone comparatively little external change in three
-centuries. There are plenty of traditions connected with the old
-place--stories of cells below the river level for the "unintentional"
-execution of inconvenient persons, and of chambers found filled with
-dislocated skeletons. Though none of these places are now identifiable,
-it is a historical fact that one cell, either in the fort or in the
-wall to the east of it (since removed), was the scene, as late as the
-night of the 31st of August, 1896, of a tragedy much resembling that of
-the Black Hole of Calcutta. Fifty-six out of sixty Filipinos who had
-been crowded into it, on being arrested on suspicion of complicity
-in the insurrection then raging, were the victims of the poisoned
-atmosphere or of the desperate struggle that took place within.
-
-Pursuing your travels around Manila you see an admixture of the
-quaintly native, of the medi�val, and of the strictly modern. In
-architecture, you see splendid examples of Grecian, Moorish, Spanish,
-Renaissance, Gothic, and Byzantine. Likewise you see many native nipa
-houses, small yet cool and cozy, and exceedingly appropriate for the
-needs of the climate.
-
-
-[Three Manilas]
-
-For in reality there are three Manilas, which are still
-noticeable. First, there is the Manila of the original Malay, which,
-with its nipa shacks, its carabaos, and its quaint fishing boats,
-exists much as it did in the days of Raja Lacandola. Secondly,
-there is the Manila of the sixteenth and seventeenth century
-Spaniard--adventurer, merchant, and crusader in equal parts--who, in
-the churches and convents, the walls and gates, and the half-Moorish
-domestic architecture, has left ineffaceable memorials of the fact
-that this, the oldest of the European settlements in the East, was in
-its day among the chief glories of the "once imperial race." Finally,
-there is the Americanized Manila of to-day, the town of electricity,
-motor cars, macadamized roads and sewers and steel bridges, well on
-its way to become one of the beautiful cities of the world.
-
-
-[Costumes]
-
-The costumes of the women are admittedly unique and attractive. Old
-Spain gave the peasant's neckerchief that has evolved into the pa�uelo;
-the court train of her damas gave the saya; her priests gave the
-tapis; the ground plan is Malayan, the sleeves swelled to suit the
-climate. This, which has changed but little in over three centuries,
-is the predominating model; but America, Paris, half Asia, and the
-South Pacific contribute also to the revue des modes: georgette cr�pe
-and coconut fiber rain cape and skirt, white duck and rengue, all in
-the same rain shower on the same block.
-
-
-[The Shops]
-
-Modern shops with plate-glass fronts, office buildings with their
-elevators, elbow in between the open-fronted Chino shops of the
-Rosario. And the carabao snails by, and the "little gray hawk" that
-"hangs aloft in the air," happens to be an a�roplane.
-
-
-[The Pasig]
-
-Down by the entrance to the Pasig River modern steamers are warped
-to the river wall, and farther up dumpy river launches shuffle about
-their work of conveying to the big household of Manila chickens,
-pigs, fruits, and vegetables; a string of bamboo-roofed cascoes lie
-in wait by the market; sturdy bargemen with thirty-foot bamboo poles
-shove the unwieldy lorchas about, and the tiny bancas now toddle
-bravely along, now reel and wobble from the cuffs of their elders. The
-river is navigable for miles, and a trip upstream reveals successive
-combinations of meadows, high banks fringed with feathery bamboo,
-and here and there a village with its nipa houses and its gray stone
-church embowered in groves of coconuts and mangoes.
-
-
-
-
-OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST
-
-[Churches]
-
-You will find them at every turn. To see her churches alone, in
-detail--St. Augustine's, built in 1599, with its ceiling of solid stone
-nearly four feet thick, and the illustrious dead beneath its hardwood
-floor; St. Sebastian's of solid steel made in Belgium and brought out
-in sections and assembled; St. Ignatius' and others with exquisitely
-carved woodwork, the work of Filipinos; their altars, statues and
-paintings--to appreciate their architecture and the engineering skill
-that erected them would require not days or weeks, but months.
-
-
-[The Cathedral]
-
-Special mention should be made of the Cathedral, the historic edifice
-which has witnessed so many rare and brilliant ceremonies. It is
-a most ornate and yet harmonious structure. The massive dome can
-be seen from far out at sea. The nave of the cathedral is of most
-majestic proportions and its pillars and clusters, with their gilded
-capitals, are handsome. The cupola rises to an immense height and has
-an inside balcony. Its four corners are frescoed, and the subjects
-are the "Four Evangelists." A beautiful sky, with angel heads, upon
-which stands the statue of the Immaculate Concepcion, is just above
-the high altar and around it, in sort of a frieze, are the heads of
-the apostles, while in the transepts, are the heads of the prophets,
-kings, and patriarchs. The architecture of the cathedral is of Roman
-Byzantine Style.
-
-
-[The Ayuntamiento]
-
-On the right hand side of the cathedral, the traveler sees the
-Ayuntamiento, a two-story building, the original seat of the Spanish
-government, now the headquarters of the House of Representatives and
-of the six departments of the Philippine government. The cornerstone
-of this building was laid in 1735. On the main landing of its imposing
-staircase is a statue, a replica of that in the "Biblioteca Nacional"
-at Madrid, of Juan Sebastian Elcano, the navigator who, after the death
-of Magellan, brought to a safe conclusion the first voyage around the
-world. The doors in either side of the statue lead to the Marble Hall,
-named from its marble floor, where the house of representatives sits
-and where official receptions and state entertainments are often held.
-
-
-[University of Santo Tomas]
-
-In the rear of the Ayuntamiento, and occupying the other half of the
-same block, stands the building of the University of Santo Tomas,
-founded in 1619, the oldest educational institution of collegiate
-rank under American sovereignty. It is under the direction of the
-Dominican Order and has departments for the education of students
-in all the principal professions. It keeps a valuable and extensive
-collection of zo�logical, ethnological, and other scientific specimens
-which is open to male visitors only (the university being by origin a
-monastic institution) on Sunday mornings from 9 to 11. In the little
-plaza on which the building fronts is a statue of Miguel Benavides,
-the second Archbishop of Manila, and founder of the University.
-
-
-[The Dominican Church]
-
-At the end of this plaza stands the great Gothic Dominican Church,
-one of the very few examples of that style in the city. It has very
-fine doors and a beautifully decorated altar and pulpit. Connected
-with it, as with all the old churches of the friar orders, is an
-enormous convent, very plain outside, but containing much of interest
-within--ancient libraries and some very quaint courtyards, cloisters,
-refection halls, and a series of religious pictures.
-
-Just back of this church is the gap in the wall, thru which the car
-line from the commercial center of the city enters. Hard by is the
-Intendencia Building, in which is located the Insular Treasury and
-the offices and session hall of the Philippine Senate. Behind this,
-on the river front, is a modest monument to Magellan, the one memorial
-of the great discoverer in the capital of the land he brought in
-contact with Latin civilization.
-
-
-[Avenues]
-
-The Walled City, except for a short space where the battlements of
-Fort Santiago are washed by the river, is completely surrounded by
-fine avenues, all bordered on the inside by the stretch of green which
-has replaced the former moat. The Magallanes Drive runs for a short
-distance between the walls and the Pasig river to the northeast. To
-the west is the Bonifacio Drive, with an avenue of palms. This is
-now bounded on its farther side by the new Port District, but in old
-days was the seaside promenade of Manila. The circuit of the wall is
-completed by the Bagumbayan Drive (now Burgos Drive), which sweeps
-in a beautiful acacia-bordered quadrant around the east, southeast,
-and south.
-
-This avenue will, in a few years, be completely lined with Government
-buildings and grounds. It begins at the river, near the end of the
-Jones Bridge. Continuing down it toward the bay the traveler passes
-first the Mehan Gardens, really a public park, of moderate size,
-finely kept. It was the result of the work of a Spanish botanist and
-forester, Sebastian Vidal y Soler, of whom a statue stands in its
-midst. The garden was completely neglected and used as a camping
-ground during the insurrection, but was restored by the present
-Government. Beyond the garden in succession, are the buildings of
-the Bureau of Printing and the present temporary City Hall. The
-street branching off to the left between these is Calle Concepcion,
-on the right hand side of which, immediately back of the City Hall,
-are the buildings of the Young Men's Christian Association.
-
-Turning to the left from the riverside of the Botanical Garden and
-crossing the Pasig River on the Santa Cruz Bridge, then turning to the
-right, the traveler comes across another important and imposing avenue,
-called the Rizal Avenue. This avenue begins from the heart of the
-commercial district of the city, and leads to the northern suburb of
-Manila, which is destined to be one of the best residential sections.
-
-The principal attractions on this avenue, are the Grand Opera House
-where periodical performances are held by foreign opera companies,
-the Stadium where prize fighting is held between Filipino boxers as
-well as between Filipino and foreign boxers, the Central Methodist
-Church, and the San Lazaro Hospital.
-
-
-[Bilibid Prison]
-
-This avenue is intersected by an equally broad thoroughfare formed by
-Azcarraga Street, on which are numerous small shops, several theaters
-of various grades, and several residential homes. On the sea-side of
-this thoroughfare is situated the Cathedral of the Independent Filipino
-Church, an institution headed by Archbishop Aglipay, and having about
-3,000,000 members. Other places of interest are the Zorrilla Theater,
-the Centro Escolar de Se�oritas, a private school for girls, being
-the biggest institution of the kind in Manila, and Bilibid Prison,
-the great central penitentiary of the Philippines and one of the
-largest and best-managed institutions of the kind in the world.
-
-The average number of inmates of Bilibid Prison is between 2,500 and
-3,000. The main part of the prison, which altogether covers twenty
-acres, consists of well-ventilated wards radiating from a central
-tower; cells are little used. There is a fine hospital, a school,
-and a highly developed system of industries. Visitors are admitted
-everyday for the ceremony of retreat, which occurs at about 4:30 in
-the afternoon. The salesroom, where the products of the prison shops
-may be seen and purchased, are open to the public during the regular
-office hours. Perhaps the best work is to be found in the furniture of
-native hardwood; but the wicker furniture, the desk sets, and other
-small articles of hardwood, the silverware, and the local curios are
-well worth inspection.
-
-
-[Taft Avenue]
-
-Another wide and picturesque avenue branches off from Burgos Drive,
-a short distance from the City Hall. This is called the Taft Avenue,
-after the first civil governor of the Philippines, Honorable William
-H. Taft, now Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Along
-this avenue are several modern concrete buildings, the most important
-of which are the Philippine Normal School, the Normal Hall, a dormitory
-for ladies, the Santa Rita's Hall, the Central School for American
-and European children, the Nurses' Home, and the Philippine General
-Hospital.
-
-Turning to the right, on Padre Faura Street, the traveler comes across
-a number of the buildings of the Philippine University, all of which
-are of reinforced concrete and modern in every respect. The large
-vacant space behind these buildings is the University Campus where
-athletic exercises and military drills are held almost every afternoon.
-
-
-[Central Observatory]
-
-Further on to the left on this same street, is the Central Observatory
-of the Philippine Weather Bureau. This intensely interesting
-institution is open to the public on Tuesdays from half past 2 to
-half past 4 in the afternoon and on Saturdays from half past 8 to
-half past 11 in the morning. It is one of the oldest and best of
-its kind in the East, having been founded in 1865 by the Jesuits
-and operated continuously since then, even in 1898, while hostile
-armies were contending for the possession of the city. The founder
-and director for many years was Fr. Frederic Faura, after whom the
-street on which the building stands is named. The present head is
-Fr. Jose Algu�, who has made for himself a world-wide reputation
-as a meteorologist. It is still directed by specially trained Jesuit
-priests and supported financially by an arrangement with the Philippine
-Government. Its great renown has been gained through its work in the
-field of earthquakes and typhoons.
-
-
-[The Luneta]
-
-At the extreme end of Burgos Drive, the traveler comes out on the
-broad expanse of a park, of partly natural and partly made land, on the
-inland side of which is the most famous recreation place of Manila--the
-Luneta. This is an oval stretch of lawn where, nearly every evening,
-the music of the fine band of the Philippine Constabulary or that
-of some military organization combines with the sea breeze and the
-gorgeous sunsets behind the top of Mount Mariveles to bring together
-a crowd so varied and brilliant as to make this gathering one of
-the most distinctively picturesque sights of the city. Hundreds of
-carriages and motor cars draw up along the curb or make the circuit
-of the driveway, while thousands of pedestrians throng the walks and
-lawns. It is a gay and cosmopolitan gathering--Government officials,
-wealthy Chinese merchants, Spaniards, officers of the Army and Navy,
-American women in the light and dainty gowns of the Tropics, and
-Filipino women of every class in the picturesque national dress of
-gorgeous semi-transparent native cloth, that has caused one observer
-to describe them as "jet-crowned butterflies."
-
-On the green of the Luneta facing Manila Bay is the monument to
-the national hero of the Philippines--the physician, novelist,
-and patriot--Dr. Jose Rizal. It was designed by the Swiss sculptor
-Richard Kissling, whose work was selected out of many in a contest
-for a substantial prize. The monument consists of a granite obelisk,
-about fifty feet high, serving as a background for a bronze statue
-of heroic size.
-
-
-[The Manila Hotel]
-
-To the north of the Luneta is the well-known Manila Hotel, reputed to
-be the finest in the Orient. Immediately opposite the hotel site, on
-the green at the corner of the former moat, is the monument to Miguel
-Lopez de Legaspi and Andres Urdaneta, the civil and ecclesiastical
-founders of Manila. This, as a work of art, is far superior to
-anything else of the sort now actually standing in the city. The
-pedestal supports idealized figures of the mailed warrior and the
-priest, holding aloft the banner of Castile and the Cross. These
-were cast in Spain and sent out prior to the change of sovereignty,
-but was never put up. They were found by the American conquerors in
-a warehouse, and it is to them that the monument owes its erection
-in its present excellent location. On the side of the green opposite
-the hotel and the Legaspi monument are the new buildings of the Elks
-and the Army and Navy Clubs.
-
-
-[The Museum]
-
-To the north of the Manila Hotel is the Philippine Museum, housed in
-a modern building. Those interested in the fauna and flora of this
-part of the globe, and in archeological collections will find in this
-museum an hour well spent.
-
-
-[The Carnival Grounds]
-
-To the East of the present Luneta, immediately across the road, is the
-large tract of land known as Wallace (formerly Bagumbayan) Field. It
-is the site of athletic grounds and of the annual Carnival. It boasts
-a gruesome past and a distinguished future. Under the old r�gime it
-was a public execution ground for political prisoners, and here on
-the 30th of December, 1896, in the shadow of the old Luneta outwork,
-since removed, Dr. Jose Rizal met his death before the Spanish firing
-squad. In a few years more, under the name of "Government Center," it
-will be the site of the new Capitol, and of other Government buildings.
-
-For the present this tract is the scene, for a week or more every
-February, of the great Philippine Carnival, which has become one of
-the established institutions in the Islands and one of the greatest
-attractions of Manila. While it lasts most of the town puts on
-festal garb and takes a series of half holidays, and dominoes become
-familiar sights on the public streets. Within the grounds are the
-usual amusement features--the merry-go-round, the whip, shooting
-galleries, a hippodrome with spectacular performances, and extensive
-and interesting exhibits of the products of the Islands, sent by the
-provincial governments, the schools, and private concerns. Elaborate
-parades--military, industrial, and carnival--and great balls in
-an immense auditorium, both exclusive and popular, complete the
-program. The industrial and commercial exhibits are under the
-supervision of the Government.
-
-
-[Dewey Boulevard]
-
-Capping the ensemble of all these attractions around the Luneta is a
-beautiful boulevard, comparable with the best anywhere, which leads
-from where the buildings of the Elks and the Army and Navy Clubs are
-situated and extends until the city limits, near Pasay, a suburb on
-the Manila South Road. This boulevard is a favorite driveway in the
-evening. The chain of lights that illuminate its entire length makes
-it attractive beyond comparison. To the right will be heard the splash
-of the waters of Manila Bay dashing against the rocks that fringe the
-Boulevard. To the left are some of the most imposing residences of
-the City. The steamers anchored in the bay present a lovely sight,
-especially in the stillness of the night. It is from this boulevard
-that the Philippine sunset, so entrancingly beautiful, can be seen
-without obstruction, while in the distance, to the left, is the City of
-Cavite, to which the Boulevard will in time lead, and hence has been
-originally named "Cavite Boulevard." It was only recently that its
-name was changed to "Dewey Boulevard" in memory of Admiral Dewey who,
-a short distance out into the bay, by defeating the Spanish Squadron,
-sealed the fate of colonial Spain in this part of the globe.
-
-
-[Clubs and Societies]
-
-All of the great fraternal orders have their branches in Manila--The
-Masonic Order, The Knights of Columbus, The I. O. O. F., The Elks,
-and The Knights Templars. Religious, charitable, social, musical,
-literary, athletic, and other associations, also abound. There is a
-National Federation of Women's Clubs, having about 400 branches in all
-parts of the Archipelago and also a Catholic Federation of Women. All
-the foreigners also have their respective clubs and societies.
-
-
-[Cemeteries]
-
-The Cementerio del Norte is the municipal cemetery. It is the only
-modern garden cemetery in Manila. It covers a very large area (133
-acres), only a small part of which has been developed. There are
-sections for Americans, Filipinos, and Chinese, each showing the
-distinctive emblems with which the several races mark the resting
-places of their dead. There are beautiful monuments and well-kept
-lawns.
-
-Adjoining the municipal cemetery is the Catholic cemetery and the
-chapel of La Loma. The Chinese also have an exclusive cemetery
-nearby. All the ground in this vicinity is historical, for much of
-the fighting of the early days of the insurrection centered about
-the district; there was a block-house which formerly stood back of
-the La Loma Chapel. Paco cemetery on San Marcelino is closed now,
-but once a year, on All Saints Day, it is opened and in the evening,
-brilliantly illuminated.
-
-
-[Monuments]
-
-Among the most notable monuments are the Rizal monument in the Luneta;
-the Legaspi and Urdaneta monument near the Manila Hotel; the Anda
-monument at the foot of the Malecon Drive; the Magallanes monument
-near the Treasury building; the Statue of Elcano in the Ayuntamiento;
-the Statue of Benavides at Plaza of Sto. Tomas; and that of Charles IV
-at Plaza McKinley, and Queen Isabela II in Malate. The finest of the
-recent ones, are the monument of Balintawak, a short distance out,
-to commemorate the first cry of the revolution, and the monument to
-the Katipunan and the Liga Filipina at Raxa Matanda, Tondo.
-
-
-
-
-LIFE IN MANILA.--In Manila is felt the pulse of the world's
-activity--the currents of political, commercial, and intellectual
-thought of the world--more keenly than in New York or London. The
-reason is simple. Each man here is an individual machine; in the larger
-cities he is a cog. The elements of absolute economic dependence
-being absent, the inhabitants are forced into contact with many
-nations, together with all the social and economic relations which
-that contact entails. In the press Manila is not overwhelmed with a
-mass of unimportant news. The immensity of non-essential topics of
-no general interest is spared the residents. Only the essential and
-all the essential reaches them. Their horizon is not bounded by 42nd
-Street nor by neighbor Peet's farm. One of the many reasons for the
-happier life in Manila than in other cities of the world, so far at
-least as foreigners are concerned, is the natural selection of the fit
-and strong, which is invariably taking place. There are no crippled
-and weak, no poor nor invalid people in Manila to pester you. They do
-not come--they seldom dare. Only those looking for adventure, those
-fitted to care for themselves, those determined to survive that come
-to make this part of the world his temporary or permanent abode.
-
-
-[No Vexing Conventionalities]
-
-The conventionalities and prescribed forms of daily living are
-absent. There is no Madam Gruncy to hector, there are no rules
-of the elite class or the would-be Four Hundred. You come and
-go unquestioned. You have absolute sovereignty over your own
-affairs. There are no neighbors to tell the foreigner what to think
-or how to vote. Neither a Democrat nor a Republican is disgraced for
-being so. A society of men and women from all corners of the globe
-accord respect to your judgment. Not living in San Francisco you are
-not disturbed by its claims of superiority to Seattle or New York.
-
-There is less attention paid to inconsequential details and boresome
-routine than in the complex centers of the Old and the New World. It is
-of less importance to know what Lady Jane wore at the ball than to know
-how she will run her embroidery establishment. More thought is given
-to one's failure and success and struggles with new conditions than
-of a man's politics. The interrelationship of races, the development
-of a virgin country, the wide latitude for one's activities accustom
-you to thinking in the large. Men talk little in the Tropics, but
-what they say has meaning.
-
-There is less violence in the Philippines than in any other land. The
-people are gentle and courteous. In provincial towns, in lonely
-districts, an American or European woman can remain alone for days
-without fear of molestation. One can take long trips through the
-wildest mountain in perfect safety. Firearms for self defense need
-not even be thought of.
-
-
-[Competition Less Severe]
-
-Competition in Manila is not as severe as in other cities. Success
-is attained with greater ease. The routine of life is pleasant,
-and days pass quickly. In occidental cities one generally rushes
-through breakfast and rushes to his office. Also he rushes all the
-morning until 12 o'clock. Not so in the Philippines. He dictates in a
-few minutes his day's correspondence which will probably leave port
-a week later, depending on the schedule of boats. Then he has new
-schemes to think over and conferences to hold with confr�res. After
-this there is usually considerable time for ice cream and further
-conferences outside. He probably visits his bank and the cable office,
-and does some more thinking. If he is a salesman, he has to talk
-with prospective customers. At all events he is a very busy man,
-with a dozen plans for expansion working in his brain; but there
-is time, aeons of time. There is so much to be done and so little
-danger that the field will be overworked before he gets to it that he
-fears nothing. At 12 o'clock or thereabouts he goes back to his room
-for lunch. Afterwards he sleeps for two hours and drops back to his
-office. At 4 o'clock he goes out for tea, and at 5 o'clock, if the
-day has been a hard one, he knocks off for golf or tennis or a swim,
-or goes back to his siesta chair for rest. After supper at 8 o'clock,
-if he is socially inclined, he organizes a party for a cabaret and
-spends a pleasant evening. Otherwise he plays cards or billiards
-at his club. The next day repeats, and so on. He is never hurried,
-never tired, never worried.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-VII. THE ENVIRONS OF MANILA
-
-
-On the outskirts of the City of Manila, lies one of the most beautiful
-scenic routes in the tropics--the expanse of country extending from
-the city itself to what is known as the Montalban Water Works, in
-Rizal Province, from which the city derives its water supply. At the
-head of a picturesque gorge, the Mariquina River is impounded by a dam,
-and the water is brought to the City of Manila, 39 kilometers distant,
-through aqueducts of cast iron.
-
-The ride to the gorge through the heart of the Mariquina valley, one
-of the most fertile regions of the Island of Luzon, is a veritable
-scenic fairyland. Lowland, mountain, hill, stream, field, bridge,
-road, village, and town combine to form a landscape that invariably
-fascinates the visitor. The scene is restful and pleasing to the eye
-at almost every vista that presents itself.
-
-Crossing the Ayala Bridge and passing through General Solano Street,
-the visitor proceeds on his way to the famous valley. On both sides
-of General Solano stand old Spanish residences practically as they
-were in the days of the Spaniards. This was then the fashionable
-residential section of the city and its glories as such have not as
-yet entirely departed.
-
-
-[The Malaca�ang Palace]
-
-Soon, the Governor-General's palatial home known as the "Malaca�ang
-Palace," is reached on the right, immediately after the only brewery in
-the City of Manila. The palace is beyond doubt the finest residence in
-the islands. The gardens are particularly well-kept, Governor-General
-Harrison having improved the residence and the grounds making it a
-sumptuous and fitting place for the first executive of the land.
-
-Immediately next to the Governor's palace is the executive building
-housing the offices of the Governor-General's staff and cabinet. It
-is an elaborate structure decorated with hardwood carvings.
-
-After a detour to drive thru the grounds of the palace, the visitor
-proceeds on his way towards Santa Mesa. The next place of interest
-is known as the "Rotonda"--a circular Plaza at which two important
-thoroughfares and some of lesser importance intersect. In the center of
-the Rotonda stands the Carriedo Fountain built in memory of Francisco
-Carriedo, the Spanish engineer who installed the first gravity water
-system in Manila sometime in the 19th century.
-
-
-[Santa Mesa]
-
-Soon the visitor arrives at another residential section known as
-Santa Mesa. This section is on top of a hilly district overlooking the
-city. Fine bungalows and villas surrounded by beautiful lawns adjoin
-one another. Americans, Europeans, and Filipinos live here side by
-side. Mingled with the sumptuous abodes found in this section are
-several patches of nipa huts, furnishing a startling contrast--the
-almost primitive native residence common throughout the archipelago,
-especially in the barrios, as compared with the architecturally highly
-developed occidental type of residence. In the midst of this ensemble
-of residences are rice fields cultivated in typical native fashion
-with terraces, ditches, carabaos, etc.
-
-
-[San Juan Bridge and Heights]
-
-The visitor now comes across a country that is more open, and
-cultivated patches of land become a more frequent sight. In a few
-minutes, he reaches the famous "San Juan Bridge," a historical
-landmark. It was here, on February 4th, 1899, that the first shot
-of the Filipino-American war was fired. Two days later, the treaty
-of Paris ceding the Philippines to the United States was ratified,
-and the Filipinos continued to revolt.
-
-After crossing the bridge, the visitor reaches San Juan Heights,
-a suburban development project in the municipality of San Juan del
-Monte. Less than two years ago, an enterprising American formed a
-company and divided this property up into lots and started selling
-the parcels on the instalment plan. The project was a success and now
-a good sized community has settled on this district. Other parcels
-of land in the vicinity have been similarly divided into lots, and
-Manila suburban property is now rapidly undergoing development in
-the familiar American manner. Among these other parcels are the San
-Juan Heights Addition, the Rosario Heights, and the Magdalena Estate,
-the latter being an immense tract of land extending for several miles
-into the country.
-
-
-[The Reservoir]
-
-Nearby is located the distributing reservoir of the Manila Water
-Supply system, called "El Dep�sito." It was constructed in Spanish
-days, but has now grown to be entirely too small for the ever-growing
-needs of the city.
-
-Along the side of the reservoir is the "Boys' Reformatory School,"
-where wayward and recalcitrant youngsters are won back to good
-behaviour and useful life at the expense of the city and the Insular
-government.
-
-Turning back to the main roadway, the visitor sees the palatial
-residence of the Ex-Mayor of Manila, now Senator Hon. Ramon Fernandez.
-
-
-[The Mariquina Valley]
-
-From this point on, there is an entirely rural scenery, an immense
-plain bounded by mountains in the north and east. This is the Mariquina
-Valley. Somewhere on this valley just outside the municipality
-of San Mateo, was the spot where General Lawton was shot by the
-Filipino insurgents. This whole region was intensely fought over
-by the contending forces, the Filipino insurgents retreating to the
-mountains to the north and east.
-
-
-[The Town of Mariquina]
-
-Soon afterwards, the town of Mariquina is reached. It is a typical
-Filipino community. Proximity to the Philippine metropolis does not
-seem to have altered its appearance in the least. It has a rural air
-and atmosphere and the people evidently belong to the hard-plodding
-farmer-class.
-
-An excellent road makes driving a pleasure through the Mariquina
-Valley. The combination of colors and light, tropical vegetation
-and houses, the undulating mountain divides, the brilliant green
-of the palms and bamboo, contrasted with the intense verdure of the
-rice fields, present a vista that can be expressed adequately only
-by painting.
-
-
-[The Payatas Estate]
-
-After Mariquina comes the town of San Mateo, centrally situated in the
-Mariquina Valley. It was here that tenants of the vast Payatas Estate
-in the vicinity combined and bought the property from the Japanese
-owners three years ago. The enterprise was the first cooperative
-agricultural Filipino effort on a large scale and has proved to be
-a success. The purchase price was $775,000, and all of this amount
-but $100,000 has been paid up.
-
-
-[At the Dam]
-
-Then the dam is reached. It is in the town of Montalban, 35 kilometers
-from Manila. The road winds in and out along the banks of the river,
-the banks of the river themselves become steeper and steeper, and
-soon the towering white limestone sides of the Mariquina gorge loom
-up several hundred feet, and the reservoir inclosure is reached.
-
-Those who desire to go as far as the dam must be sure to obtain
-permits from the Metropolitan Water District before leaving Manila,
-otherwise the trip will have to end at the head of the deep gorge at
-the gate of the reservoir. With such a permit the visitor is allowed
-to enter the reservoir gate and he proceeds up the shaded walk to
-the dam and reservoir.
-
-The walk to the reservoir is only a few minutes, up a well-kept path
-lined with shrubs, trees, and flowers with the rushing water of the
-river below to the left.
-
-The reservoir, surrounded by the green mountain sides, makes a pretty
-picture reminding the visitor of some of the descriptions of lakes
-in the Scottish Islands, as depicted by Sir Walter Scott in some of
-his works.
-
-
-[Different Return Route]
-
-The return to Manila may be made by way of Pasig, the capital of the
-Province of Rizal, after leaving Mariquina where the roads branch. On
-this way back, Fort Wm. McKinley is worth visiting. It is said to
-be the largest army post under the American flag and one of the best
-administered. It cannot fail to impress the visitor because of its fine
-buildings, spacious parade grounds and attractive officers' quarters.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-VIII. OTHER CITIES
-
-
-BAGUIO
-
-[Baguio]
-
-Baguio, which is often called the Simla of the Philippines, is classed
-with even more famous mountain resorts by its admirers. By automobile
-it is about eight hours' ride from Manila. By train and passenger
-trucks combined, it is about eleven hours.
-
-The Benguet road is the most traveled route. It leaves the lowlands
-at Dagupan and now ascends, now crosses and recrosses the gorge of
-the Bued River, coiling back on itself in the famous Zig-zag, where
-the inspirations of Baguio's natural wonders begin. Cooler and cooler
-grows the air, behind drops all the lowland vegetation, to make room
-for sturdy trees of the temperate zone. Wave on wave the trees roll
-up the mountains that stand on each other's shoulders below, around
-and above the small tableland on which Baguio edges away from the
-sheer precipice at the head of the gorge.
-
-For some years a summer capital to which the Government transferred
-its work and personnel during the hot months, it is a chartered city,
-but the all-year residents are few, though many of the well-to-do of
-Manila have summer homes there. It has two hotels and several cottages
-for visitors.
-
-No one may know the Philippines adequately without visiting this, the
-temperate beauty spot of the Archipelago. Pure forest-scented air,
-cooled by lofty peaks and a city that is well laid out representing
-what is best in the Islands' civic progress are the outstanding
-"strands in the fabric of Baguio's attractions." Here is a fairyland
-of green--gardens, beautiful walks, and easily accessible peaks
-commanding exquisite vistas of valleys and neighboring mountain tops.
-
-
-[Camp John Hay]
-
-Camp John Hay, the military hospital post, is the main show place,
-among its beauties being the open air amphitheater that General Bell
-built with mountaineer labor, terraced as their wonderful rice terraces
-are, and gay with flowers.
-
-Other places to see are the Mansion House, the official summer
-residence of the Governor-General; Bishop Brent's School for American
-children and the School for mountain girls; the Constabulary School;
-the rest houses of the different religious Orders; Mirador, the
-Observatory, and Mt. Santo Tomas, whence a glorious view may be had
-over the whole majestic panorama of mountains and valleys to the
-lowlands and to the China Sea. On horseback or afoot, in Baguio and
-its immediate environs, just enjoying the air, the roses, the pungent
-pines, the tree ferns, the fields of Benguet lilies, every day is a
-delight. But beyond lie more regions that beckon.
-
-
-[Trinidad Valley]
-
-The strawberries and green peas at Trinidad, where are the Government
-stock farm and agricultural school, extend an occidental welcome to the
-visitors. On the mountain train to Bontoc the rest houses with their
-big open fire places are just like homes in the temperate zone. The
-great orerich valley of Amburayan lies on one side of the divide;
-on the other is the Lepanto basin with Cervantes in the cap of the
-hills. Sagada and Lubuagan are easy of access by side roads and trails,
-but to reach Tawang and Balbalan means difficult and proportionally
-interesting and exhilarating going through magnificent forests of
-cedar, from one rancheria to another. At Banaue are rice terraces
-nearly a mile in height. Generation after generation has toiled to
-build them. The mission stations with their schools where the young
-folks are taught modern trades and perfected in their own handicrafts
-are heart-warming evidences alike of Christian love and charity and
-self-sacrifice and grateful appreciation of the mountain peoples and
-their eagerness to join their brethren of the lowlands in the full
-light of civilization.
-
-Descending on horseback in a westward direction one comes to Butac,
-and a telephone message will bring an auto to whisk one on the Tagudin,
-the sea outlet of the Mountain Province, that has a Belgian convent
-noted for its laces and embroideries. The train or an auto will
-convey the traveler thence north to the extreme end of Luzon and
-back down the coast of Manila. The great North Road, that follows
-the sea most of the way, is a scenic route for its entire length,
-and along or near it are interesting old towns to visit, such as
-Laoag, San Fernando, which offer delightful sea bathing, Vigan,
-Paoay, San Vicente, and Bangui, where the Ilocano weavers, carvers,
-and potters can be watched at their fascinating tasks.
-
-
-
-
-CEBU
-
-[The City of Cebu]
-
-Cebu, the metropolis of the Visayan Islands, is the oldest European
-city in the Philippines and one of the oldest occidental settlements
-in the East. Discovered and temporarily occupied by Magellan in 1521,
-it became a permanent Spanish possession in 1565, having thus almost
-exactly the same age as the other Spanish settlement, St. Augustine,
-in Florida. It is situated about midway of the east coast of the island
-of the same name. The island itself is practically coextensive with
-the Province of Cebu, of which the city is the capital. The province
-has the largest population of any in the Archipelago and is one of
-the most thickly inhabited. The city has a good harbor, protected
-by the Island of Mactan, and the scene which unfolds itself from
-the moment of entering the channel, between this Island and that of
-Cebu proper is a very busy one. There are good harbor facilities,
-and seagoing vessels of large draft are able to tie up along the docks.
-
-Cebu is a fascinating mixture of old and new and contains a
-considerable number of places of special interest. The waterfront is
-busy with the various activities arising from the city's position
-as one of the chief centers of the Islands' hemp trade. Here is a
-good opportunity to see the finest grades of this important staple,
-of which the Philippines have practically a monopoly.
-
-
-[Places of Historic Interest]
-
-Most of the places of historic interest are within a short distance of
-this point. Calle Colon, the oldest street in the Islands, is in this
-city. On the main plaza is a small building housing a large hollow
-cross. This contains within it another cross, which, according to the
-most probable story, is the original one erected to mark the spot where
-Magellan and his companions gathered for the first mass on Philippine
-soil. But a short distance away is the old triangular Fort San Pedro,
-standing approximately on the site of Magellan's fortifications; and in
-the same neighborhood stands the Augustinian church and convent. Here
-the sacristan will show to visitors the curious image known as the
-"Holy Child of Cebu." It is agreed by historians that this is the
-one which was given by Magellan in 1521 to the temporarily converted
-wife of the rajah of Cebu, and recovered forty years later after the
-landing of Legaspi.
-
-An automobile road through the Province of Cebu gives a pleasing
-succession of views of the sea through arcades of coconut palms that
-fringe the long narrow island of Cebu; a second road cuts across its
-backbone, giving finer views still.
-
-
-
-
-ILOILO
-
-[The City of Iloilo]
-
-The City of Iloilo is the sugar port. It is situated on the east coast
-of the Island of Panay, along the lower reaches of the river whose
-name it bears, and is about 300 miles from Manila, in a direction
-a little east of south. It is one of the most important ports of the
-Philippines and carries on with Cebu an amiable contest for the dignity
-of ranking as the second city. It has direct shipping connections
-with Europe, the Straits Settlements, China, Japan, and Australia;
-and there are many boats sailing to other portions of the Archipelago,
-including a regular service to Cebu. There are banking institutions
-and a number of importing and exporting houses, and the local trade
-reaches up into high figures. Substantial walls have been built along
-the river, where large steamers can unload. Ships of greater draft
-anchor in the harbor, where they are well in shore and protected.
-
-Near it are two towns of considerable historic interest--Jaro and
-Molo. A railroad runs through the province and its neighbor Capiz, thus
-making it easy to see a considerable portion of the Island of Panay,
-which is made up of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique. There
-are the white coral cliffs near Ventura, honeycombed with caves,
-with interesting legends attached to them, as is the case with one
-having its outlet in Dumalag, Capiz. The stone church at Miagao has
-the most quaintly carved facade in the Islands. The hand weaving of
-the delicate textiles jusi, pi�a, and the like is one of the leading
-industries of Iloilo Province.
-
-
-
-
-ZAMBOANGA
-
-Zamboanga in Mindanao is the capital of the whole Moro Province and
-one of the most important ports in the Islands. Its population is
-very cosmopolitan--an admixture of Moros, Filipinos, Orientals, and
-Caucasians. The city was for more than three centuries the rallying
-point of the Christian forces in their seemingly endless contest with
-the Moro pirates in neighboring waters.
-
-The city has a healthful site and is cooler than Manila. It has a
-modern water system and electric lighting plant. It is well laid
-out and maintained in park-like order for some distance back from
-the pier. This area, where many of the principal buildings are, is
-embellished by fountains and lily basins, ornamental stone and concrete
-seats and figures and an almost complete collection of the flowering
-and other ornamental trees, vines, and shrubs of the Philippines. The
-Provincial Capitol, the Army Post, and Constabulary Headquarters,
-the old fort of Nuestra Se�ora del Pilar and the Cathedral, and the
-Moro market are the most interesting to inspect. Nearby is the Moro
-village of Kawa-Kawa, built out over the water.
-
-
-[The San Ramon Penal Colony]
-
-In the outskirts there are several points of interest reached by
-excellent roads--the gorge, which has some beautiful mountain and
-river scenery, about five miles distant; the San Ramon Penal Colony
-about thirteen miles from the city where an experimental farm is
-being maintained. In addition to these attractions its position with
-respect to Borneo, Australia, the Dutch possessions, and the Malay
-Peninsula gives it great potential importance as a trade center.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-IX. THE PROVINCES--BEAUTY SPOTS
-
-
-The Philippine Archipelago is a compact group of islands. The distances
-between each island require only a few hours of sailing. They therefore
-have been said to possess strategic unity. From the northernmost
-port, Aparri, to the southernmost Zamboanga, the total distance is
-895 miles. It takes only 36 hours from Manila to Aparri and about 72
-from Manila to Zamboanga. With faster boats, the time required will
-be much less.
-
-In each island the provinces and the important towns are easily
-accessible. They are connected by good roads. In the bigger islands
-the Manila Railroad operates lines, such as in Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo.
-
-The trip through the provinces should be taken whenever
-possible. Barring the usual discomforts of a tropical clime, there are
-delights galore for everyone, even for the hardy sportsman--pristine
-forests, crystal streams, splashing falls. The panoramas that unfold
-as the traveler motors from province to province or cruises about
-from island to island present a continuous series of scenic pictures
-of infinite variety. In other lands nature and man have combined
-their efforts in forming recreation spots of compelling charm. In
-the Philippines it is only nature that has done the work.
-
-The services of a guide should in all cases be secured in order to
-expedite the visits. Applications for guides should be made to the
-Director of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry.
-
-
-LAGUNA PROVINCE.--The Province of Laguna is situated on a narrow
-plain which lies to the east, south, and southeast of Laguna Lake,
-commonly known as Laguna de Bay. It is a very fertile province and has
-a very pleasant climate, the usual temperature being several degrees
-cooler than Manila. It produces coconuts, rice, sugar-cane, abaca,
-corn and a great variety of fruits and vegetables.
-
-In industrial enterprises the province is very progressive. Some of
-the largest kind of hemp cables are made in the rope factory of Santa
-Cruz. Buntal hats and pandan mats are made in Majayjay and Luisiana,
-pandan hats in Cavisti, Sabutan hats in Mavitac, rattan chairs in
-Paquil and Los Ba�os, wooden slippers in Bi�an and Calamba, and abac�
-slippers in Lilio. Furniture is also made in Paete, soap in Santa
-Cruz, crude pottery in Lumban, better grade of glazed pottery in
-San Pedro Tunasan, coconut wine in the upper towns, and embroidery
-in Lumbang. Mineral waters are bottled in Los Ba�os, Pagsanjan, and
-Magdalena. A steam saw mill is located in Santa Maria. In Los Ba�os
-is a stone quarry that supplies crushed stone for the Provinces of
-Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas, and Tayabas.
-
-The province, besides having a rich soil, has an abundance of water
-supply. The Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, permits
-of easy and cheap transportation. Fifteen of the 28 municipalities
-are reached by water and a line of steam launches provides a daily
-service between the lake and the city of Manila. The lake abounds
-in fish. The swamps along its eastern shores are overgrown with
-pandan groves. The bay is covered during the rainy season with the
-pink-flowered lotus plant. Along the low shores are veritable hunting
-grounds which abound in snipe and wild ducks.
-
-The province also abounds in picturesque sceneries, in the San Pablo
-Valley there are nine beautifully-set crater lakes. Banahaw, a mountain
-having an elevation of 7,382 feet, is covered with vegetation of all
-kinds. In the crater of San Cristobal which has an elevation of about
-5,000 feet there is a beautiful fresh water lake.
-
-San Pablo is a progressive town well worth visiting. It is one of the
-largest towns in the Islands and is up-to-date in every respect. A
-large park overlooks a lake of rare beauty with the majestic San
-Cristobal mountains in the background. A long flight of white stone
-steps leads from the cliff above down to the lake shore, and the
-park is a favorite picnic ground. The veteran's monument at this
-point always attracts much attention. The town has numerous private
-residences of striking architectural design.
-
-
-[Pagsanjan Falls]
-
-One of the prettiest and wildest spots lies within easy reach of
-Manila--Pagsanjan Falls. Pagsanjan, the town, in itself worth seeing
-for its beautiful residences and the surrounding forests, can be
-reached in three and one-half hours by train or automobile through
-a lovely coconut country. There are good hotel accommodations with
-clean beds and food. Everything is done for the tourist; arrangements
-are made for boats and guides, and launches are provided.
-
-From the hotel you walk a short distance to a long row of bancas,
-prow on shore, and a noisy throng of men clamoring for the favor of
-your patronage; but you have probably chosen men at the hotel and are
-conducted to certain boats by your guide. In the center of your boat
-is the seat, a split bamboo chair with reclining back and bottom of
-bamboo splints. The two boatmen take their places at the ends of the
-boat and push off into the small stream for a few hundred yards to
-Pagsanjan River.
-
-The boat is paddled up the river past large rafts of coconuts, by
-great trees dipping their leaves into the water. Along the shores are
-parties of laughing people--some bathing and some washing clothes. Now
-there are long reaches of quiet water, clear and deep; then banks
-begin to rise above you; there is a swirl here, a ripple there, and
-a swish below the gunwales. You are drawing toward the rapids. The
-boatmen get put into the water and pull and tug and shove; the water
-sucks viciously. The boat enters the gorge and its shadows. The river
-becomes silent stretches of black water, and the air is cold. Above,
-for hundreds of feet, tower the great cliffs of Pagsanjan to which
-cling vines, desperate trees, and dripping shrubs. On all sides are
-falls breaking upon the rocks and filling the canyon with a pleasant
-murmur; then more rapids and sweeps of fierce water. Great boulders
-have fallen into the river. Unable to paddle against the current or
-to wade, the men now fight painfully forward by clinging to vines,
-the rocks, anything. Then out of the boat again, lifting it and you
-bodily up steps of pouring water, around corners, shooting across a
-quiet pool into a fury of cascading foam. At times you scramble out
-of the boat and detour a little over intervening rocks, while the
-fight with the river goes on. For two hours the journey continues,
-until you come to the end--a large pool--above you, Pagsanjan Falls,
-the largest waterfall in the Islands, around, the insurmountable
-cliffs fringed above by shining palms. Monkeys and iguanas scurry
-over the slippery bluffs complaining at intrusion.
-
-You should go prepared to rough it. Only a bathing suit is worn in
-the boats and except at times of low water, kodaks had better be left
-at the hotel, for rapids lap over the side. Indeed many have been the
-spills in the swift water. But there is no danger, and a wetting is
-of no consequence. The whole trip need cost no more than twenty pesos
-nor occupy more than a day and a half.
-
-It is a wonderful trip for those who enjoy the wilds. The gorge is
-considered one of the beauty spots of the world.
-
-
-RIZAL PROVINCE.--To the north of Laguna de Bay, is Rizal Province,
-named after the national hero of the Filipinos. Pasig, the capital
-is an important commercial town. It is located on the Pasig River,
-a stream which is navigable thruout the year. Malabon, noted for her
-fisheries and fish ponds, furnishes the City of Manila with choice fish
-to the value of hundreds of thousands of pesos a year. A flourishing
-poultry industry may be seen at Pateros. Para�aque is noted for its
-embroideries while in Mariquina the chief industry is the making of
-shoes and slippers. Along the borders of the Pasig River much grass is
-cultivated to furnish the Manila market with green fodder for horses
-and carabaos.
-
-In this province are the towns of Pasig, San Juan del Monte,
-and Caloocan where the first blood of the Philippine Revolution
-against Spain was shed. Here also is to be found the historic spot
-of Balintawak where Andres Bonifacio and his followers sounded the
-well-remembered "Cry of Balintawak," the call for the outbreak of
-the Revolution.
-
-
-[Antipolo]
-
-Antipolo has the shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Prosperous Voyages. It
-is a town about half an hour's ride from Manila. It is built on a
-mountainous section of the province of Rizal. The road is rather
-steep and the scenery quite wild and impressive.
-
-The image of the Virgin, commonly known as the "Virgin of Antipolo,"
-was originally brought from Mexico by the Spaniards to insure the
-safety of the galleons from the anger of the sea, and from the attacks
-of the pirates who used to lie in wait in the San Bernardino Strait
-and Verde Island Passage.
-
-
-[Shrine]
-
-The shrine is the most famous of all Philippine shrines. To
-it thousands of devout Filipinos journey annually to pay their
-respects. The Virgin is dressed in a robe that falls in a cone stiff
-with gold and other jewels. It is estimated that the value of her
-decoration is as high as P1,000,000.
-
-The true history of the image is interesting, but still more remarkable
-is the crust of legend with which the facts have become overlaid. It
-was actually brought to the Islands in 1626 by Juan Ni�o de Tabora,
-who had just been appointed Governor-General, and in 1672 it was
-removed to its present home. According to the legends, the Virgin
-crossed the Pacific eight or nine times, in addition to the original
-voyage, and, on each one, calmed a tempest. On other occasions she
-is said to have descended and appeared among the branches of the
-antipolo or bread-fruit tree (whence the name of the present church),
-to have survived the roaring fire in which the Chinese rebels cast
-her in 1639, and to have given the Spaniards a complete victory over
-twelve Dutch warships off Mariveles!
-
-
-
-
-CAVITE PROVINCE.--This province is in the southwestern part of Luzon
-lying along the shore of Manila Bay. It has a fine harbor in the city
-of Cavite, actually the site of the United States Naval Station.
-
-The most important agricultural products are rice, hemp, sugar, copra,
-cacao, coffee, corn, and coconuts.
-
-The city of Cavite, the capital, noted for its dock-yards is just
-across the bay from Manila. It is an old town of historic interest. It
-was there that the ships used in the Manila-Acapulco trade and in the
-expeditions against the Mohammedan pirates in the south were fitted
-out. In 1647 a Dutch squadron suddenly made its appearance off the
-coast of the city and bombarded the fort. It is said that the Dutch
-fired more than 2,000 cannon balls at the place, but in the end,
-however, were forced to withdraw.
-
-In 1872, a military mutiny led by Lamadrid took place in Cavite. This
-mutiny though insignificant in itself had important political
-results. The government made it an excuse for the execution of three
-leading native priests, Dr. Jose Burgos and Fathers Gomez and Zamora,
-and for the exile of many Filipino leaders of the liberal movement
-of 1869-1871.
-
-
-[Zapote Bridge]
-
-From the beginning to the very end of the Revolution, Cavite Province
-was the center of military operations. Zapote bridge, for example,
-was more than once the scene of hard fighting. Practically every town
-in the province was at one time or another fought over. Many of the
-leaders of the Revolution, like Emilio Aguinaldo, who was President
-of the Philippine Republic, his cousin Baldomero, Noriel, Trias,
-and others are sons of Cavite. Moreover, when the Revolutionary
-Government was established, Bacoor was really the first capital.
-
-
-[Radio Station]
-
-The city of Cavite is the United States' Navy base and radio station
-in the Philippine Islands. The arsenal as well as the modern wireless
-station in the extreme end of the peninsula should not be missed. The
-city is about an hour's ride by automobile passing through the towns
-of Para�aque, Las Pi�as, Kawit, Noveleta, and San Roque. In the church
-at Las Pi�as may be seen the famous bamboo organ, old and quaint,
-yet still serviceable. It was made by a priest exclusively from the
-native bamboo tree. Cavite can also be reached by water, there being
-small boats plying between the city and Manila at regular intervals.
-
-
-[Kawit]
-
-Kawit or Cavite Viejo is the town of General Emilio Aguinaldo. He
-has his home there, which is noted for its historic interest. It is
-preserved as it was during revolutionary days. Visitors can still see
-the desk used by the General during the revolution as well as the holes
-made by a cannon ball from Admiral Dewey's flagship "The Olimpia."
-
-
-
-
-BATANGAS PROVINCE.--Batangas Province is immediately south of Cavite
-Province. It has an irregular coastline and has many important ports,
-such as Nasugbu, Calatagan, Balayan, Calaca, Lemeri, Taal, San Luis,
-Batangas, Lobo, and San Juan.
-
-At Laiya on the coast between San Juan and Lobo are the famous Lobo
-submarine gardens. During fair weather the water here is as clear as
-crystal and the submarine growth may be seen in all its varied colors.
-
-The valleys and slopes of the province are extremely fertile because
-of the disintegrated volcanic rock that is carried down from the
-mountains by the river. Sugar, hemp, citrus fruits, coconut, corn,
-mangoes, and other fruits and vegetables are grown in abundance. The
-province is especially noted for its delicious oranges, grown in
-Tanawan and Santo Tomas. Great herds of horses famous throughout the
-archipelago as well as carabaos and cattle are raised on the mountain
-slopes. Bawan and Lemeri are famous for the fine jusi and pi�a cloths
-manufactured there and for the knotted abaca that is sent to Japan
-for the manufacture of hats.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-Throughout the 17th century the coast towns of Batangas suffered
-greatly from Moro attacks. Stone forts were erected at various points
-along the coast--in Lemeri, Taal, Bawan, and Batangas--but still
-the Moros came. In 1754 as many as 38 Moro vessels appeared off the
-coast. In 1763 the northern part of the province was visited by the
-British in search of the treasure of the galleon "Philippine." The
-expedition failed to find the treasure but went as far as Lipa
-and plundered the town. Batangas was one of the first provinces to
-start the revolution of 1896. Two of the great leaders of the period
-were sons of the province, namely, the great lawyer and statesman,
-Apolinario Mabini, and Miguel Malvar, the famous general.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions are the old picturesque buildings of Lipa
-and Taal, the San Juan sulphur springs, the Bawan hot springs, and
-the Rosario fresh water spring. There are also several caves and
-grottos. The two largest are found in the slopes of Mount Pulan,
-Suya, and Kamantigue of San Juan. One of the caves has an opening
-of 40 meters in circumference. Issuing therefrom is an underground
-river which empties into Lake Taal. Along its course are extensive
-galleries and chambers lined with fantastically shaped stalactites
-and stalagmites. At the approach of an eruption of the Taal Volcano
-nearby, the cave emits a weird sound, audible at great distances.
-
-
-[Taal Volcano]
-
-Taal Volcano is the great scenic asset of the province. Almost at
-the doors of Manila it is easily reached with practically none of the
-discomfort which a trip to nature's wild spots usually involves. The
-volcano is commonly known as the "cloud maker" and "the terrible." How
-long this volcano has been emitting sulphurous smoke is not known; all
-that is known is that back in the geologic past, volcanic outbursts
-of enormous magnitude disturbed the regions about it. In the 18th
-century the volcano erupted several times, and ruined many towns in
-the neighborhood. The last and perhaps the worst eruption occurred
-in January, 1911.
-
-Then, after a long interval, old Taal, in a paroxysm of volcanic
-activity, showed that he was still lusty and capable of making a huge
-disturbance. In addition to the steam which had been coming from the
-crater more or less continuously, the volcano began throwing out
-mud. This activity increased, and culminated in a great explosion
-at about half past 2 on the morning of January 30th. The hot water,
-mud, and ashes completely devastated about 90 square miles of country;
-while some mud and fine ashes fell over an area of more than 800 square
-miles. Many villages were destroyed and the official estimate of the
-dead was 1,335. The spasm of activity died away until the volcano
-again assumed its normal state about February 8th. Since then it has
-been very quiet, though a small mud geyser has started up along the
-old fault line which extends from Taal to the coast. This is located
-on the beach at the village of Sinisian.
-
-Before the eruption the floor of the crater stood about five feet
-above the level of Lake Bombon. In it were four prominent features:
-Two small lakes of hot water, one green, the other more or less red;
-near the center a gas vent five or six feet in diameter, from which the
-hot gases roared as from a blast furnace; and just a little distance
-away a triangular obelisk of hard volcanic rock. During the eruption
-all of the material in the bottom of this crater, to a depth of about
-230 feet, was heaved up and spread broadcast over the country. Later
-on, this hole filled up with water, which seeped in from the lake
-almost up to the level of the old floor, or about that of the lake
-itself. There is now one large body of steaming water in place of
-the former features, but the old obelisk still stands defiantly in
-its place.
-
-The volcano consists of an active crater near the center of a low
-island not over 5 1/2 miles in its longest diameter. The island is
-situated at the center of Taal Lake (Bombon) which is about 17 miles
-long and 10 1/2 miles wide. The lake is 10 meters deep and is 2.5
-meters above sea level.
-
-A small launch carries those who would look down into the crater across
-the lake to the island from which the volcano rises. The volcano is
-about a thousand feet in height and is fairly easy to climb.
-
-
-
-
-TAYABAS PROVINCE, the second largest, is on the Pacific coast of the
-Philippine Islands. The province is noted for its copra, abac� and
-corn which are raised for export. Mineral resources are abundant in
-the Bondoc Peninsula where gold, coal, and petroleum are found. Aside
-from agriculture and mining, however, there are other industries such
-as hat-making and lumbering. There is a lumber camp at Guinaya�gan
-and a modern saw and planing mill in Lucena. The Botocan Falls,
-where a stream 40 feet wide makes a leap of 190 feet, could supply
-the entire province with light and power for all its needs.
-
-
-[Lucena and Atimonan]
-
-The spin to Lucena and Atimonan, both in the Province of Tayabas over
-the South Road, is a favorite one. On the east are the little town of
-Bina�gonan de Lampon, a celebrated port in the sixteenth century in
-the galleon trade, and the landlocked harbor of Hondagua, destined
-to be the direct port of call of steamers coming from the Pacific
-Coast of the United States and Canada.
-
-On the way, stop can readily be made at the town of Calamba, Laguna,
-about 37 miles from Manila. This is the birthplace of the Filipino
-author, and patriot Dr. Jose Rizal. Although the house where he was
-born is no longer standing, the site can easily be found opposite the
-church and market. Calamba has an added importance in that the town has
-a modern sugar central, which the traveler should not fail to visit.
-
-
-[Los Ba�os]
-
-A short detour can readily be made also at Los Ba�os ("The Baths"),
-a town which owes its name and its importance to the hot mineral
-springs which abound in the neighborhood and have been found to be of
-great medicinal value especially for the treatment of certain skin
-diseases and rheumatism. The springs have been known for a great
-length of time. Even during the Spanish days the town was a much
-frequented resort, a hospital with pools and vapored rooms having
-been built as far back as 1571.
-
-
-[College of Agriculture]
-
-A short distance from Los Ba�os, and occupying an extremely picturesque
-side are the palms and buildings of the College of Agriculture
-of the University of the Philippines, an institution which trains
-young Filipinos in a calling which must for many years to come be
-the foundation of the economic prosperity of the islands.
-
-
-
-
-THE BICOL PROVINCES.--Farther south, are the provinces of Albay,
-Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon, known as the Bicol
-Provinces, because inhabited by Bicolanos. All four provinces are
-noted for their beautiful mountain views and extensive plantations of
-coconut and hemp. In Albay the forests are extensive, providing timber,
-rattan, pili-nuts, and gum for export. Gutta-percha and Para rubber
-trees are extensively cultivated. There are wide pasture grounds for
-horses, cattle, carabaos, goats, and sheep. The temperature is even
-and the nights are cool and refreshing. There are also salubrious
-mineral springs, the best known being the Tiwi Hot Sulphur Springs
-in the town of Naga.
-
-The Province of Catanduanes abounds in gold, copper, and iron. The
-Batan coal mines which are being operated are supplying several
-manufacturing and gas plants. There are quarries of marble in Pantaon;
-gypsum deposits in Ligao; and lime in Guinobatan and Camalig.
-
-Camarines Norte is rich in mineral resources. Gold is found in many
-places, exploitation being actually carried on in Paracale. There
-are also deposits of iron, silver, lead, and copper.
-
-Camarines Sur, on the valley of Bicol River and the Caramoan Peninsula,
-is noted for its rattan industry. Hemp planting and fishing and
-coconut growing are the other principal industries.
-
-Sorsogon occupies the southernmost tip of the Bicol Peninsula. The
-largest indenture in its irregular coast is the gulf of Sorsogon,
-a land-locked body of water and one of the finest harbors in the
-Philippines. The land is mountainous and covered with excellent lumber
-suitable for ship-building and furniture making. In the forests rattan
-grows in abundance and is exported to all the provinces. The chief
-products are abaca and coconuts.
-
-Sorsogon, the capital, located on the gulf, is an important commercial
-town. Pilar is noted for her shipyards; ships, lorchas, and boats
-are built here from the fine timber grown nearby.
-
-
-[Sceneries]
-
-Among the sceneries are the Guinulajon waterfalls, near the capital,
-the wild vegetation and the cataracts along the Irosin River, the
-medicinal hot springs of Mombon, Bujan, and Mapaso, together with
-the beautiful panorama from the Bulusan Volcano are especially
-striking. Like Mount Vesuvius, Mount Bulusan has an old crater,
-and a new cone that has appeared on the slopes. Inside the crater,
-about 500 feet deep, are two pools of hot water which form the basin
-from which the Irosin River rises.
-
-A great event in the history of Sorsogon was the invention of a
-hemp-stripping machine by a priest named Espellargas, about 1669. The
-invention was made in Bacon, where it seems hemp then abounded. The
-contrivance was ingeniously constructed and was quite well adapted
-to local conditions.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-Many of the galleons that the Spanish Government used in the
-Manila-Acapulco trade were built in Sorsogon, especially on the
-Island of Bagatao, at the entrance of Sorsogon Bay. Many of these
-ships were wrecked while navigating the waters of Sorsogon, because
-they laid their course for Mexico via the San Bernardino Strait, a
-passage which abounds in dangerous currents, shoals, and rocks. The
-galleon San Cristobal was wrecked in 1733 near the Calantas Rock. In
-1793, the galleon Magallanes also ran aground at this place. Other
-vessels went down in this neighborhood from time to time, as the Santo
-Cristo de Burgos, in 1726, near Ticao, and the San Andres, in 1798,
-near Naranja Island.
-
-
-[Volcanoes]
-
-Peerless Mayon of the perfect cone is in Albay, the volcano of Isarog
-in Ambos Camarines, and Bulusan in Sorsogon.
-
-For those who love mountain climbing, the ascent to the peak of Mayon
-Volcano should not be missed.
-
-The actual ascent, though arduous, is perfectly practicable. It
-requires from a day and a half to two days from Albay. By leaving the
-latter place on horseback at noon it is possible to ride one-third
-of the way up before dark. Leaving the horses at the camping place,
-the summit can be reached and the return trip made to Albay on the
-following day. A vivid description of the trip, written by Dr. Paul
-C. Freer, Director of the Bureau of Science, follows:
-
-
-   "This great volcano rises from the seacoast, between Legaspi and
-    Tabaco, in the form of an almost perfect cone--the white houses and
-    church towers of the surrounding settlements and the deeper-colored
-    verdure of the trees at its base, higher up the brilliant green
-    of the bare glass streaked here and there by old lava flows,
-    and still higher a grayish black cinder and ash cone tapering
-    to the peak, with a small plume of steam escaping apparently
-    from the extreme summit. The ascent is interesting, but may, if
-    proper precautions are not taken, be dangerous. The rise of the
-    land in the first part is scarcely perceptible, the road winding
-    through forest interspersed with great plantations of manila hemp;
-    above, as it becomes steeper, the latter give way almost entirely
-    to tropical jungle; and finally the path emerges into cogonal,
-    which extends as far as the angle of the slope will permit. Here
-    and there the entire slope is cut by deep ravines, indicating
-    old lava flows. The way up the cone at first invariably lies in
-    one of these ravines, but now and again the mountain climber is
-    compelled to cross rolling cinder beds only a few inches deep,
-    and lying upon a harder base, almost invariably with an abrupt
-    descent below. The angle is so great that every precaution must be
-    taken, as a slip would prove fatal. A good steelshod alpenstock
-    is practically indispensable. The last five hundred feet are
-    along the perpendicular lava and tuff crags of the summit, the
-    ambitious climber clinging to the latter with hands and toes,
-    wherever support is possible and slowly working his way to the
-    edge of the crater. Finally, standing upon the rotten foothold
-    afforded by the latter he looks down into what appears to be a
-    deep dark well from which small quantities of sulphur-laden gas
-    escape. Around him on the margin jets of steam arise; the ground
-    on which he stands is hot, the boys carrying the canteens are far
-    below, the dry breeze helps the evaporation, and he realizes that
-    he is very, very thirsty. However, the view from the top repays
-    all effort. The entire southern portion of Luzon is visible,
-    stretching away in a succession of fields, forests, and diminutive
-    villages, to the straits of San Bernardino, across which Samar
-    may be seen, and even Leyte, on a clear day. The lake of Bato,
-    the interisland waters, and finally Burias are seen to the west;
-    to the north there appears apparently one unbroken stretch of
-    land with here and there a glimpse of the sea; and the Gulf of
-    Albay with the towns of Legaspi, Tabaco, and Daraga, as well
-    as the smaller islands to the east, seem to be almost within a
-    stone's throw. I have been high up on the slopes of Etna, at the
-    entrance to the Val del Bobe, from which many travelers maintain
-    the finest in the world is to be obtained, but I certainly think
-    that from the summit of Mayon the vista surpasses the one from
-    its sister volcano in Sicily.... Mayon Volcano is decidedly one
-    of the show places of the Philippines, and the wonder is that many
-    of our visitors do not take the opportunity to make the ascent."
-
-
-
-
-BULACAN PROVINCE is named from the Tagalog word "bulac" meaning
-"cotton" which was once the principal product of the region. Together
-with the Provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija, the province
-forms what is commonly known as the region of Central Luzon.
-
-
-[Description and History]
-
-The soil, which is of alluvial and volcanic origin, is rich. Rice,
-corn, sugar, pineapples, bananas, betel nut, mangoes, and all sorts of
-vegetables are raised in the well irrigated and low-lying lands. The
-nipa swamps which supply most of the nipa thatches, vinegar, and
-alcohol are the principal stand-by of a great many people. The forests
-cover over 89,980 hectares and yield good commercial timber and many
-minor forest products.
-
-Aside from agriculture and mining, the industries of the province
-are making hats (Baliuag) and silk textiles, weaving, tanning,
-fish breeding, distilling alcohol, and furniture-making. Baliuag,
-Meycauayan, Obando, Polo, Hagonoy, and San Miguel are the centers of
-these industries.
-
-In the events which followed the arrival of the British in 1762, the
-province figured conspicuously, serving as a center of resistance
-during British occupation of Manila. The Spanish Governor, Anda,
-just before the capitulation of Manila escaped to this province where
-he organized a government of his own to carry on hostilities against
-the British and to hold the country in its loyalty to Spain. In the
-encounters, however, between Anda's forces and the British, Anda's
-resistance was overcome, and Bulacan like the other provinces fell
-into British hands.
-
-Some of the most notable events in the Philippine revolution took
-place in Bulacan Province. It was at Biac-na-Bato, in the mountains of
-Bulacan, where in December of 1897 the famous Pact of Biac-na-Bato was
-concluded, and the town of Malolos was for some time the capital of
-the Philippine Republic. Here, in the historic church of Barasoain,
-the Congress which drafted the Constitution of the Republic held
-its sessions. Conspicuous figures of the revolution like M. H. del
-Pilar and Mariano Ponce whose names are connected with the period of
-propaganda are sons of this province.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the other attractions are the Mineral Baths at Marilao, on the
-Manila north road, and Sibul Springs near San Miguel de Mayumo. This is
-a popular health resort only about three hours ride from Manila. The
-water of the springs have enjoyed a considerable reputation for a
-long time. They are very beneficial in diseases of the intestinal
-tract, especially those of a chronic and catarrhal nature. Owing to
-the gases which the water contains the baths are most refreshing.
-
-
-
-
-PAMPANGA PROVINCE is said to be the lowest and most level of all the
-provinces. It is the chief sugar raising province in Luzon. Some of
-the islands' modern sugar centrals are there. Besides farming, sugar
-making, lumbering, and fishing, the people are engaged in several
-other industries such as distillation of alcohol, buri hat making,
-and pottery.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-About the middle of the seventeenth century, two great rebellions
-broke out in the province. The first of these took place in 1645 as a
-result of the injustices connected with the collection of tributes. It
-spread quickly and extended to Zambales. The second revolt took place
-fifteen years later as a result of the forcible employment of natives
-in the work of cutting timber and of the failure of the Government
-to pay for large amounts of rice collected in Pampanga for the use
-of the royal officials. The leader of the rebellion was Francisco
-Maniago. It spread rapidly among the inhabitants of the towns along
-the banks of the Pampanga River, and was only suppressed after drastic
-measures were taken by Governor-General de Lara.
-
-Pampanga was one of the first provinces to start the Revolution. During
-the early part of the war Mariano Llanera commanded the Revolutionary
-forces. Later Tiburcio Hilario took possession of the province as
-governor in the name of the Revolutionary Government.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions are the sugar centrals, Camp Stotsenberg, one of
-the principal Army posts and an airplane station of the United States,
-dome-shaped Mount Arayat, about 3,300 feet in height and fairly easy
-to climb, and San Fernando, the capital, with its handsome capitol
-and school buildings grouped about the pretty plaza.
-
-Arayat, a picturesque village lying at the foot of the mountain of that
-name is an ideal spot for those desiring to camp out. Nearby is the
-little barrio of Ba�o where there is an ancient tile bath constructed
-by the Spanish Friars. It consists of a tile lined tank some forty
-feet in length and of varying depths, filled by a crystal-clear spring
-which gushes into it from a grassy bank just above.
-
-Mount Arayat is a perfect cone that rises majestically from the
-immense plain of Central Luzon, and is visible for miles around,
-presenting the same conical shape no matter from what direction viewed.
-
-Several trails lead to the top of the mountain from where a wonderful
-panorama can be seen. It was an insurgent stronghold during the war,
-but its heights were scaled by American troops and its defenders
-dispersed. Scientists state that the mountain is an extinct volcano and
-local tradition has it that the original town of Arayat was destroyed
-by an eruption and covered by ashes.
-
-
-
-
-TARLAC PROVINCE is also in the central plain of Luzon. The province
-has two distinct geographical areas. The northern and eastern parts
-consists of an extensive plain while the rest is covered with mountains
-which abound in timber suitable for building material and furniture
-making. The minor forest products are anahaw, palasan, rattan, honey
-and bojo for sawali.
-
-There was an uprising in this province somewhere in 1762 headed by
-Juan de la Cruz Palaris. In 1896 the province was one of the original
-eight provinces where a state of war was declared to be in existence
-against the Spaniards. When Malolos was evacuated by the Philippine
-Revolutionary Government, the town of Tarlac became for a time the
-central headquarters.
-
-Among the attractions are the medicinal springs in O'Donell in the
-municipality of Capas and those of Sinait.
-
-
-
-
-NUEVA ECIJA PROVINCE is the rice granary of the Philippine Islands,
-being first in the production of the cereal, Pangasinan coming
-second. The rolling hills towards the mountains are suitable for
-pasture lands. The mountains are thick with untouched forests that
-yield fine wood and other minor products. In the mountains and rivers
-gold is found. The province was one of the first eight provinces to
-raise the standard of revolt in 1896. It has a number of flourishing
-towns at present, due to the continuous boom in the rice market. There
-are many mineral hot springs, the ones at Bongabon and Pantaba�gan
-being the most important. Among the attractions are the irrigation
-system in San Jose which supplies water over an extensive territory
-and the Government Agricultural School at Mu�oz which is attended
-by many students from all the provinces, and which is noted for its
-unique method of practical instruction.
-
-
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-BATAAN PROVINCE occupies the whole of the peninsula lying between
-the China Sea and Manila Bay. It is a province of various peculiar
-phenomena. Northwest of Dinalupihan is a small conical mountain,
-250 meters high, which has a fresh water lake at the top. In the
-neighborhood of Malasimbo are a few shallow marshes, the shores and
-waters of which are tinted red by dust said to be formed from the
-remains of microscopic animalcul�. Near Orani is a bed of iron hydride
-which the people of the region used to make into paints for walls
-and carriages. There are also deposits of clay of which "pilones"
-are made. There is also a large deposit of shells which are burned
-for lime used in the indigo and sugar industries. On the shores of
-Orani is a fresh water spring that rises from a spot covered daily
-by the tides. Near the town of Orion is a quaking bog, impassable by
-either man or beast. Another, smaller one, is found in Ogon, Balanga.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-During the first two decades of the seventeenth century, the coast of
-Bataan was more than once the scene of battles against the Dutch. The
-first of these encounters took place in 1600 off the coast of
-Mariveles. The Dutch were commanded by Admiral Van Noort, while the
-Spanish-Filipino army was led by the historian, Antonio de Morga,
-then an order of the Manila Real Audiencia. The Spanish-Filipino
-squadron suffered heavy losses, but the Dutch were nevertheless
-forced to retreat. Nine years later, the Dutch again appeared off
-the Mariveles coast. This time they were led by Admiral Wittert,
-against whom Governor Silva sent a hastily fitted out squadron
-of six small vessels manned by Spaniards and Filipinos. The Dutch
-were defeated. In spite of these reverses, the Dutch continued their
-hostile visits to the Philippines. In 1646, they bombarded Zamboanga,
-unsuccessfully attacked Cavite, and finally effected a landing in
-Abucay, Bataan. Here they committed depredations and massacred more
-than four hundred Filipino soldiers who had laid down their arms. They
-were not driven away until after a long siege.
-
-
-[Mariveles]
-
-The town of Mariveles and Mount Mariveles are the principal
-attractions. The town has an important harbor where the ships are
-detained and fumigated when necessary before entering or leaving
-Manila Bay. West of the town is a quarry of white stone called by the
-Spaniards, "m�rmol de Mariveles." This stone has served as material
-for the pedestal and column of the statue of Charles IV in Manila. A
-well near the quarry produces siliceous water.
-
-There is a beautiful legend connected with the town of Mariveles. A
-Spanish girl by the name of Maria Velez, who was a nun in Santa Clara
-Convent, fell in love with a friar, with whom she later eloped to
-Kamaya, there to await a galleon on which they intended to secure
-passage for Acapulco. The elopement caused excitement in Manila,
-and the corregidor (magistrate) with a few men was sent to Kamaya
-in search of the refugees. It is said that in memory of the persons
-involved in this story Kamaya was given the name of Mariveles, the
-big island to the south was named Corregidor, the little island to
-the west was called Monja (nun) and another small island, off the
-Cavite coast, was called Fraile.
-
-
-[Mount Mariveles]
-
-Mount Mariveles rises in the midst of the whole peninsula of Bataan. It
-is about 4,700 feet in height and forms a conspicuous object from
-the city especially when illuminated by the brilliant hues of the
-sunset sky. Though once an active volcano its sides are now covered
-with vegetation and practically the whole of its slopes down to a
-very short distance off the shore are virgin tropical jungles. The
-ascent of the mountain can be conveniently made from a day and a half
-to two days from Lamao, where the Philippine Government maintains a
-scientific experimental farm. The trail up the mountain passes along
-a ridge with here and there steep but short slopes. As the ascent is
-made the trees become noticeably smaller and orchids, ferns, mosses
-and the like much more abundant. From the first peak 2,800 feet high,
-the traveler can obtain a view of what Agassiz termed the greatest
-wonders of nature--the sea, the mountains, and the tropical forests.
-
-The view from the very top surpasses that from the first peak. To
-the east lies the bay, with Manila and Cavite in the distance; to
-the south nestles Corregidor Island with the surf beating its shores;
-beyond is the China Sea, dotted here and there with specks of vessels
-bound to and from Hongkong or the other islands; to the north and
-west is a semi-circle of forest-covered peaks, standing as sentinels
-guarding the amphitheater-like crater; and to the northeast lie the
-cultivated fields of rice and sugar cane, studded here and there with
-the church steeples that mark the sites of the towns.
-
-
-
-
-ZAMBALES PROVINCE.--North of Bataan along the western coast of Luzon
-is the Province of Zambales. It has two important harbors that are
-well sheltered--Olongapo and Subic. Olongapo is a naval station which
-boasts of one of the largest floating dry docks in the world.
-
-Zambales was also visited by the Dutch during the early part of
-the seventeenth century. It was in 1617 that Admiral Spielbergen,
-with a powerful fleet appeared off the coast of Playa Honda. The
-Government forces, under the command of Juan Ronquillo, sallied out
-and engaged the Dutch squadron. Spielbergen displayed much bravery,
-but was defeated.
-
-
-[Naval Station]
-
-The only points of particular interest are the Naval Station along the
-coast which is, however, practically abandoned, and the fortifications
-on Grande Island, at the entrance to the bay. To visit either of them
-permits from the military or naval authorities are necessary. The
-floating dry-dock Dewey whose voyage from the United States was a
-matter of much public interest in 1906 is now located here.
-
-
-
-
-PANGASINAN PROVINCE is the second largest rice producing province in
-the archipelago. Tobacco and coconuts are also principal products. The
-swamp lands and the tide flats are sources of nipa thatches and
-alcohol. Mongo, cogon, sugar cane, and mangoes are also raised
-extensively.
-
-
-[Salt Making and Industries]
-
-Along the tidal flats, salt making is so universal that the province
-has been named "Pangasinan," meaning, "the place where there is
-salt." Large parts of these same tidal lands are converted into
-artificial fish ponds with suitable gates that admit water during
-high tide. Even as far south as Bayambang, the overflowed lands of the
-Agno River have been converted into similar ponds where quantities of
-fresh-water fish are obtained and shipped to Manila in large baskets
-containing water.
-
-The famous Calasiao hat made from the leaf of the buri palm comes from
-Pangasinan. Mat-making is an industry in Bani and Bolinao. Lingayen
-uses the palm fiber for making sugar sacks and San Carlos for the
-"salacot" or native helmet. Calasiao, Ma�galdan, and San Carlos prepare
-the "tabo" or native cup from the coconut shell. Binmaley and Dagupan
-manufacture the "sueco" (wooden shoe), from the woods cut in the
-Zambales mountains. San Carlos, Binmaley, Santa Barbara, Malasiqui,
-and Bayambang have brickyards and manufactories of pottery. Ma�galdan
-is famous for its indigo blue and blue-black dyes.
-
-
-[Historical Events]
-
-Historically the province is important in that it was there that in
-1574 the Chinese pirate Limahong after his repulse in Manila appeared
-with his vast army at the mouth of the Agno River and tried to found
-a settlement on its banks. This attempt, however, was a failure.
-
-During the period from 1660 to about 1765, two important revolts
-occurred in Pangasinan. The first was in 1660 led by Andres Malong,
-who attempted to establish a great kingdom with Binalato�gan as
-capital and comprising all of northern and western Luzon as far
-south as Zambales and Pampanga. The second revolt was led by the
-famous Pangasinan leader, Juan de la Cruz Palaris, often known as
-"Palaripar." It took place in 1762, caused by the injustices of the
-tribute. Its center was also at Binalato�gan. It lasted over two years,
-ending with the capture and execution of Palaris in 1765.
-
-
-
-
-MOUNTAIN PROVINCE.--The Mountain Province is the third largest province
-in the Philippines. It comprises the vast mountainous territory between
-the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Ilocos. It
-is made up of several sub-provinces.
-
-Bakun district in the sub-province of Amburayan has some of the
-most striking rice terraces thousands of feet high. It is a region
-surrounded by high precipices, so that parts of the trails to Bakun
-consist of ladders hundreds of feet high on the sides of the cliffs.
-
-The sub-province of Apayao contains one of the richest virgin forests
-in the Philippines but because of the difficulty of transportation
-lumber is not cut on a commercial scale. There are also deposits of
-copper and ore as well as limestone but they are little explored.
-
-The sub-province of Benguet is at present the most important
-gold-mining district in the Mountain Province. The Igorots had
-exploited the mines long before the coming of the Spaniards and it is
-said that because of the experience already acquired, the Igorots are
-today more skillful gold miners than those who use their knowledge of
-chemistry and mining engineering. Hot springs are found at Klondikes,
-Daklan, and Bungias. Coal deposits exist in Mount Kapangan.
-
-The city of Baguio, the capital of Benguet, is situated in the
-southwestern part of the province. About 160 miles to the north of
-Manila, it is built high up among the Benguet mountains. It ranges in
-elevation from 4,500 to over 5,500 feet, and is surrounded practically
-on all sides by high mountains. The city at present is the summer
-capital of the Philippines. For a fuller description see page 61.
-
-The sub-province of Bontok is exceedingly mountainous. Besides
-agriculture and pottery making, the principal industries consist of
-basket making, lumbering, weaving, and metal working. The women by
-means of their hand-looms weave a great deal of high colored cloth
-out of yarn which they get by barter from the people of Isabela and
-Abra. The men manufacture head-axes and knives.
-
-
-[Ifugao Rice Terraces]
-
-The sub-province of Ifugao is famous for the remarkable rice terraces
-along its mountain sides. Nowhere in the Philippines is irrigation
-developed to the point reached in this sub-province. There are
-approximately 100 square miles of irrigated rice terraces that are
-watered by great ditches several miles long. The terraces are all
-buttressed with stone walls which measure a total length of about
-12,000 miles. These terraces have been built without any knowledge
-of engineering. It is believed that the construction of the present
-terraces and irrigation systems has taken from 1,200 to 1,500 years of
-time. Generation after generation had toiled on them patiently. The
-Ifugaos have so utilized every drop of available water supply that
-in most places no more ditches can be constructed for lack of water.
-
-The terraces are built of stones mined near by, of which there are
-extensive areas. No animals are used for field work everything being
-done by hand. Salt springs and deposits of rock salts are also found
-in several places.
-
-The sub-province of Lepanto is next to Ifugao in the number of
-rice terraces. Camotes, pineapples, sugar cane, and cotton are also
-raised. Lepanto and Benguet are the regions having the most minerals
-in Luzon. All the mountain ranges have millions of pesos worth of
-copper ore deposits. Mankayan is the center of the copper mining
-industry. Here the Spaniards found the natives using the Chinese
-method of mine smelting.
-
-
-[Gold Mining and Industries]
-
-Suyok is the gold mining center. Here is found one of the most striking
-features of the world. The whole side of a range of mountains, about
-15 kilometers across, slides down to the valley, and on this slide,
-named the Palidan Slide, are found parts of gold veins which must
-have their connection somewhere else.
-
-The household industries are well developed. Clay products, such
-as pots, jars, and pipes are made for export. The men are experts
-in metal-working. They make weapons, pots, and spoons out of copper
-which they mine and smelt by native process. They also manufacture
-iron or steel spears, bolos, knives, and tools of all sorts, which
-they sell to or barter with the natives of the lowlands. They also
-carve wood into images, bowls, ornaments, and other utensils.
-
-The women make sufficient cloths for their own use and for sale. They
-spin, dye, and weave the cotton raised there.
-
-
-
-
-LA UNION PROVINCE occupies a narrow strip of land immediately north of
-the Province of Pangasinan and west of the Mountain Province. Tobacco,
-rice, sisal, hemp, sugar, coconuts, corn, and cotton form the most
-important products. At the foot of Mount Bayabas is a hot salt
-spring. The Manila Railroad operates lines as far as Bauang. San
-Fernando, the capital, may be reached either by boat or by automobile
-from Bauang.
-
-
-[Industries]
-
-ILOCOS SUR PROVINCE.--Immediately north of La Union is the Province of
-Ilocos Sur, a region specially adapted to the cultivation of maguey
-the fiber of which constitutes the principal export. But because
-the soil will not support the population a great many persons have
-turned to manufacture and trade. This has given rise to industrial
-specialization in different towns. Those along the coast extract
-salt from the sea water and export it in great quantities to inland
-provinces. In San Esteban, there is a quarry of stone from which
-mortars and grindstones are made. San Vicente, Vigan, and San Ildefonso
-specialize in woodworking, the first in carved wooden boxes and images
-and the others in household furniture. Most of the wood used in these
-handicrafts is imported from Abra and Cagayan. Bantay is the home of
-skilled silversmiths. In the other towns saddles, harness, slippers,
-mats, pottery, and hats are made and exported to some extent. Sisal
-and hemp fiber extraction and weaving of cotton cloth are common
-household industries throughout the province.
-
-The province embraces within its confines some of the oldest towns in
-the Philippines. Besides Vigan several other towns already existed
-in this region before the close of the sixteenth century; namely,
-Santa, Narvacan, Bantay, Candon, and Sinait.
-
-Just above Narvacan, on the highway which runs along the beach is an
-ancient watch-tower and a stretch of road bordered by a curious brick
-retaining wall of Spanish construction. Numerous ancient shrines are
-also to be seen along the Ilocos roads where the pious prayed that
-Heavenly favor might be shown them in their journeys.
-
-The towns of Paoay and Batac are noted for their magnificent churches
-which are worth traveling a long distance to see.
-
-
-[Historical]
-
-Two important uprisings are recorded in the history of Ilocos Sur--the
-Malong rebellion in 1660 and the Silang rebellion in 1763. Malong,
-who was trying to carve out a kingdom for himself in Pangasinan
-and the neighboring territory, sent his two able generals, "Count"
-Gumapos and Jacinto Macasiag to the north to effect the conquest of
-this region. Gumapos and Macasiag, however, proceeded only as far as
-Vigan, from which place they were recalled by Malong. Diego Silang,
-who led the great rebellion of 1762, dominated the greater part of
-Ilocos Sur. He fought pitched battles with the Spanish forces at Vigan
-and Cabugao and practically succeeded in establishing a government
-of his own in Ilocos Sur.
-
-
-
-
-ILOCOS NORTE PROVINCE occupies the whole of the coastal plain in the
-northwestern corner of Luzon. This province is noted for the many
-revolts that occurred there, from the beginning of Spanish rule to the
-first decades of the nineteenth century. The two most important were
-those caused by the general discontent over the tobacco monopoly and
-over the wine monopoly, which occurred in 1788 and 1807 respectively.
-
-The mountains surrounding the province are covered with fine timber
-trees. Resin, honey, and wax are also found on their slopes. A few
-grottos or caves are found in the interior. There are a number of
-stone quarries. Limestone is found in at least three places, while
-the beach supplies a great amount of coral for road building. There
-are also deposits of manganese and asbestos which are being exploited.
-
-The weaving of textiles--towels, blankets, wearing apparel, and
-handkerchiefs--is the principal industry among women. Mat-making and
-the pottery industry are also well developed.
-
-Laoag, the capital, has a population of about 40,000. It is entered
-from the south by crossing the longest bridge in the islands. Laoag
-plaza, on which the provincial buildings front, is well cared for
-and the ancient bell tower on the opposite side is said to resemble
-a famous Italian campanile.
-
-Bangui is "farthest north" in Luzon where the highway ends. Its climate
-is cool resembling that of a California summer. Woolen clothes may
-be worn with comfort in the cold season. It is always swept by cool
-breezes. The view of sea and land from the crest of a hill just
-before Bangui is entered will hold the attention of even the most
-travelled tourist.
-
-
-
-
-ABRA PROVINCE is south of Ilocos Norte. It is a beautiful mountainous
-region. It is considered to be the seismic center of Northern Luzon. It
-is drained by the voluminous Abra River which is the highway to the
-Province of Ilocos Sur. The valley drained by this river and its
-tributaries is covered with luxuriant vegetation. Corn, tobacco, and
-rice are the most important products. The mountains are covered with
-forests containing timber eminently suitable for construction. There
-is gold dust along the Bino�gan River in the town of Lacub. Of mineral
-springs that of the Iomin River is the most important. This has a
-temperature ranging from 70 degrees to 80 degrees Fahrenheit with a
-flow of 3 to 4 cubic centimeters per second.
-
-
-[Cagayan River]
-
-THE CAGAYAN VALLEY.--Adjoining the Mountain Province in the very
-northeastern corner of Luzon is the Province of Cagayan. Together with
-the neighboring Provinces of Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya to the south it
-forms what is known as the Cagayan Valley. Something of these great
-tobacco provinces can be seen by taking the steamer from Manila to
-Aparri and then sailing up the Cagayan River. This is a Mississippi,
-a Nile of a river, navigable by interisland steamers for twenty-five
-miles. Its chief importance lies in its periodical inundations,
-which, leaving their deposits of alluvial loam along the strips
-of lowland by the banks of the stream, make it the finest tobacco
-country of this part of the world. This crop has for a very long
-time been the staple source of wealth, though other plants can be
-cultivated with success. How great is the productivity of the soil,
-despite the exhausting effect of tobacco upon it, may be gathered from
-the following remark made in an official report. "The 'good land' was
-understood to be those parts fertilized annually by the overflow of
-the river.... The other land was not considered first class because it
-could only produce tobacco for ten or twelve years without enrichment,
-the subject of fertilizing never having received any attention from
-the planters of that region."
-
-By small boats it is possible to reach Cauayan, Isabela. From there
-the road is so nearly completed that autos can be taken to Santa F�,
-Nueva Vizcaya, where it divides, one branch, an automobile road,
-leading to San Jose, Nueva Ecija, and thence to Manila; the other a
-horseback trail to San Nicolas, Pangasinan, a short and easy stage
-to the railroad. Among the sights is a salt-incrusted mountain,
-a dazzling landmark for miles around in Nueva Vizcaya. The people
-thereabouts often place small objects, such as baskets, under the
-drip of the salt springs. These become coated with salt in such a
-manner that they appear to be of pure marble.
-
-
-[Isabela and Palanan]
-
-Like many other provinces Isabela Province was the scene of important
-uprisings. In 1763, for example, stirred by the influence of the
-Silang rebellion in Ilocos, the people of Isabela revolted, led
-on by Dabo and Juan Morayac. The centers of rebellion were Ilagan
-and Cabagan. Again in 1785, another revolt broke out. This time the
-rebellion was led by Labutao and Baladon. The rebellion was caused
-by the grievances of the people against the collection of tribute
-and the enforcement of the tobacco monopoly.
-
-The historical spot of Isabela is the little town of Palanan on
-Palanan Bay, on the Pacific Coast. The bay is exposed to the weather
-and the anchorage is reefy, while the town is separated from the
-rest of the province by great mountains which make communication
-and travel difficult and dangerous. It was in this town that General
-Emilio Aguinaldo retreated and maintained his headquarters until his
-capture by General Funston by a ruse in March, 1901.
-
-
-
-
-[Salinas Salt Springs]
-
-NUEVA VIZCAYA PROVINCE is south of Cagayan on the Pacific Coast
-of Luzon. It contains vast areas of fertile public lands suitable
-for rice, tobacco, sugar, coconuts, beans, potatoes, coffee, and
-abaca, practically untouched, as well as virgin forests filled
-with all classes of valuable timber. The province is the gateway
-to and granary of the tobacco-producing provinces to the north. The
-climatic conditions of the province are unsurpassed. There are places
-the climate of which is similar to that of Baguio. There are also
-places of scenic beauty, such as Salinas, which are not inferior
-to world-famous objectives of tourist travel. The salt springs at
-Salinas have been from time immemorial the source of this essential
-food element to the peoples of even distant regions.
-
-
-
-
-MINDORO PROVINCE is named after the Spanish phrase "mina de oro" or
-"gold mine," as mining is said to have once been a great source of
-wealth in the region. The province is co-extensive in territory with
-the Island of Mindoro, southwest of Luzon. Rice, copra, abac�, sugar,
-and corn are the principal products. Along the coast are extensive
-nipa swamps.
-
-
-[Mineral Deposits]
-
-Gold is found in the Rivers of Binabay, Baco, Bongabong, and Magasauan
-Tubig. Coal of good quality is found north and west of Bulalacao,
-white marbles northwest of Mount Halcon, slate deposits near the
-headquarters of Pagaban and other rivers of the western coast, sulphur,
-and gypsum on Lake Naujan, and south of Calapan, hot springs between
-the sea and the northwestern part of Lake Naujan, and salt springs
-in Damagan, Bulalacao. Guano deposits are found in the caves.
-
-
-[Submarine Garden]
-
-An interesting two-day trip from Manila is that to the landlocked
-harbor of Puerto Galera at the northern end of the island. The
-attraction of the place lies in the fine scenery along the coast and
-in the unusual transparency of the water, which permits visitors,
-especially if glass-bottomed boats are at hand, to inspect the varied
-life which teems in the depths below. There is here as on the coast of
-Batangas a marine garden of bewildering and exquisite beauty. Nature
-seems to have made special effort to crowd beneath a few acres of
-sea all of the most entrancing wonders of the deep. There is coral of
-every design, color, and variety. There are thousands of plants which
-present a wealthy and gorgeous harmony of color. There are myriads of
-wonderful fish which outrival the coral and the vegetation in variety
-and richness of hue. Some are as green as grass, others as gold as
-a guinea.
-
-There are at present no regular boats making the trip and special
-arrangements will have to be made in order to be able to visit
-the place.
-
-
-
-
-PALAWAN.--The province of Palawan occupies the long and narrow Island
-of Palawan situated between Mindoro on the north and Borneo on the
-south. Besides this long and narrow island the province includes about
-200 other small islets. A great part of the island is still unexplored,
-the island itself not being accessible to the traveler. The chief
-industries of the people are fishing, gathering trepangs, sea-shells,
-and edible birds' nest on the limestone cliffs near the shore.
-
-The proximity of the island with the Dutch East Indies and to Borneo
-puts it in a very advantageous position commercially. It is also
-favored by valleys of great fertility and by well protected harbors.
-
-
-[Iwahig Penal Colony]
-
-Among the places of special interest in Palawan may be mentioned
-Balabac on the island of the same name. It was to this island that many
-of the Filipinos were exiled in 1896 because of alleged complicity
-in the Katipunan which in August of that year raised the standard of
-revolt. The Iwahig Penal Colony about 8 miles from Puerto Princesa,
-the capital, is also easy of access. This is a novel experiment
-in the reformatory treatment of criminals. Here have been gathered
-under the name of "colonists" over 500 convicts who have conducted
-themselves well at Bilibid prison in Manila. They are put at entire
-liberty without any armed guard or any special restraint. All of the
-petty officers are prisoners as are also all the police. Agriculture
-and various trades are carried on, and, under certain conditions,
-the prisoners are given an allotment of land and their families are
-allowed to join them.
-
-
-[Culion Leper Colony]
-
-To the north of the province is the little Island of Culion where
-the leper colony is situated. There is no regular transportation
-except by the government cutter that makes periodical trips, and
-the colony itself is not ordinarily open to visitors. There are
-about 2,000 inmates in the colony and they are well taken care of by
-the Philippine Government, many having been cured completely of the
-unfortunate malady. In minor matters the lepers form a self-governing
-community electing their own council and supplying the policemen and
-other subordinate officials.
-
-
-[Underground River]
-
-On the west coast of Palawan, almost uninhabited and still largely
-uncharted, there is a very remarkable underground river. This has
-been explored several times by Government officials, a launch having
-in one instance entered the mouth and proceeded under the mountain
-for more than 2 miles. At present the river can only be reached by
-taking a long and expensive trip away from the main routes of travel,
-but it is destined some time to be known as one of the remarkable
-sights of the world.
-
-
-
-
-ROMBLON PROVINCE.--The Province of Romblon has nothing of special
-interest to the tourist except the town of Romblon which has one of the
-best natural harbors in the islands and the extensive marble deposits
-which have been quarried and used for years and are now disappearing.
-
-
-
-
-THE VISAYAS.--The "Visayas" is the general name given to the central
-portion of the Philippine Archipelago. It includes the large Islands of
-Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, and a very great number
-of smaller islands and islets. Though greatly broken up by mountains,
-these contain the most thickly populated districts in the Islands
-and constitute by far the largest area inhabited by a single stock
-(the Visayan) and speaking, though with many dialect variations, one
-language. Within this area are the best sugar and some of the best
-hemp lands, and many other important products of the Islands grow
-well. To the tourist, perhaps, they do not, outside of the cities of
-Cebu and Iloilo, abound in "sights." But the larger islands exhibit
-many fine vistas; and the smaller ones, mostly mountainous, form with
-the surrounding tropical waters a combination which, for color and
-variety of outline, rivals the Inland Sea of Japan at its best.
-
-
-
-
-SAMAR PROVINCE comprises the whole Island of Samar which is the
-fourth largest island in the Archipelago. It lies southeast of
-Luzon and is separated from the Province of Sorsogon by the San
-Bernardino Strait. The island is very rugged and nearly all of the
-towns are located near the coast. Another characteristic feature
-of the mountain regions is the presence of caves of which the most
-noted is the Sohotan cave near Basey. River transportation is the
-chief means of communication.
-
-
-[Where the Spaniards first landed]
-
-To Samar belongs the distinction of being the first island of the
-Philippine Archipelago to be discovered by the Spaniards. On March 16,
-1521, Ferdinand Magellan sighted the island, and the day following,
-landed on the little island of Homonhon. In 1649 the greatest part
-of the Island of Samar became involved in a great rebellion which
-became the signal of general uprising in the Visayan Islands and in
-parts of Mindanao. The cause of the uprising was enforced labor in
-connection with shipbuilding. It lasted about a year. The rebels
-fortified themselves in the mountains and there established an
-independent settlement. From here they sallied forth from time to
-time and harassed the Spanish forces sent against them.
-
-
-
-
-ILOILO AND CAPIZ.--The Provinces of Iloilo and Capiz occupy the
-entire eastern portion of the Island of Panay, immediately south of
-Romblon Island. They consist of an extensive plain extending far back
-to the foot of a range of mountains that traverses the western part
-of the island.
-
-The Panay line of the Philippine Railway Company cuts directly through
-this plain extending as far as Capiz, the capital of the province of
-the same name, immediately north of Iloilo Province.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-The trip over the railroad takes the traveler past several points
-of interest. Just beyond Ventura there are seen to the west of the
-tract a series of high mountain cliffs of white coral rock. These
-are honeycombed by caves of wonderful structure and great beauty. One
-of the most beautiful resembles an immense stage, set with elaborate
-scenery. Another of great extent and variety is entered by descending
-through a shaft resembling a well. An hour's walk from the entrance
-leads the traveler to a place where the roof has collapsed and trees
-have grown to gigantic heights, the cave continuing to an unknown
-distance.
-
-The natural bridge of Suhut in the town of Dumalag, Capiz, is also
-worth visiting. Near the natural bridge is a spring of sulphurous
-and salty water.
-
-The City of Iloilo is described elsewhere, page 64.
-
-
-
-
-[Haciendas and Sugar Centrals]
-
-THE ISLAND OF NEGROS.--This island is divided into two
-provinces--Occidental Negros and Oriental Negros. Occidental Negros
-is about three hours' ride by boat from the City of Iloilo. It is the
-most important sugar producing district in the Philippines. About 75
-per cent of all the exported sugar comes from this province. Bacolod,
-Bago, Talisay, San Carlos, Binalbagan, and La Carlota are the centers
-of the sugar industry. There are about 518 haciendas and about half
-a dozen sugar centrals in actual operation. The sugar centrals are
-well worth the visit and the traveler should not miss them. Other
-principal places of interest are Mount Canlaon, an active volcano and
-the Mambucal Hot Springs, which is recommended by medical authorities.
-
-The trip to Oriental Negros has to be made direct from Manila, although
-there are boats from Cebu and Iloilo calling occasionally at Dumaguete,
-the capital.
-
-
-[Silliman Institute]
-
-The principal points of interest in Dumaguete are the old watch-tower
-on the plaza, built to guard against surprise by piratical Moro
-fleets, and the buildings of the Silliman Institute. This latter is
-a high-grade Protestant endowed school, with preparatory, classical,
-and industrial departments; in it are enrolled some 500 students,
-representing a wide range of localities. It was founded in 1901 with
-a gift of Dr. Horace B. Silliman, of New York, and is now maintained
-by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. The buildings are
-located on the beach, about five minutes' walk from the central part
-of the town.
-
-
-[Other Places of Interest]
-
-There are a few other places of some interest within a moderate
-distance of Dumaguete. Among these are some hot springs, about 6
-kilometers (about 4 miles) west of the town. There is a fairly good
-horse trail to within a few minutes' walk of them, and the scenery
-along the route is picturesque. Of more interest is the active Volcano
-of Magaso, which lies 14 kilometers to the south. It is accessible by
-a good trail; and a horse can be ridden to the top of the crater. The
-descent into the latter is not difficult.
-
-
-
-
-CEBU PROVINCE.--The Island of Cebu which is co-extensive with
-the province of that name was discovered by Magellan on April 7,
-1521. The town was then under the rule of Raja Humabon, a powerful
-chief who had eight subordinate chieftains and a force of some two
-thousand warriors under him. Magellan made friends with Humabon and
-succeeded in baptizing him, his wife, and as many as eight hundred
-of his men. Magellan also endeavored to bring the people of Mactan
-under Spanish influence. In this attempt, he was killed while engaged
-in battle with the people of Opon who were then under Chief Lapulapu.
-
-
-[First Spanish Settlement]
-
-Forty-four years after Magellan's time, Legaspi occupied the town
-of Cebu which was then under the rule of Tupas. Here Legaspi founded
-the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines which he called San
-Miguel. The town, which was planned in the shape of a triangle, was
-defended on the land side by a palisade and on the two sides facing
-the sea by artillery. The name of the town was later changed to the
-City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus "in honor of an image of the
-Child Jesus which a soldier had found in one of the houses."
-
-The establishment of the Spanish settlement in Cebu brought to
-this island the Portuguese who then disputed the ownership of the
-Archipelago. In 1566, 1568, and 1570, Portuguese expeditionary forces
-were sent to Cebu to drive away the Spaniards. First in 1568 and
-again in 1570, the Portuguese blockaded Cebu, but in both cases the
-blockade resulted in a failure.
-
-The plains yield as many as three crops of corn a year. Coconuts,
-sugar cane, abaca, peanuts, bananas, pineapples, camotes, and tobacco
-are other products.
-
-
-[Industries]
-
-The island is rich in minerals, of which gold and coal are the most
-important. Industries are well developed in Cebu. Good fishing banks
-found along the coast furnish the people with food for local use and
-for export. Hogs and goats are raised for local use. Poultry raising
-enables the people to export chickens and eggs to neighboring islands
-and even to Manila. Cotton cloth, woven for local use and sinamay
-made from the fiber extracted from banana and pineapple leaves,
-are exported. Much tuba, a native wine, is collected in the coconut
-regions.
-
-The town of Cebu, however, existed as a prosperous native settlement
-before the discovery of the Philippines by Magellan. For a description
-of the places of interest in the city, see page 63.
-
-
-
-
-BOHOL PROVINCE, the island southeast of Cebu, is noted for the two
-big rebellions against the Spaniards which occurred in 1622 and 1744,
-respectively. The leader of the revolt in 1622, which was really an
-armed protest against Jesuitical influence, was one by the name of
-Tamblot. The uprising rapidly spread throughout the entire island;
-only the towns of Loboc and Baclayon remained peaceful. The rebels
-retreated "to the summit of a rugged and lofty hill, difficult of
-access," and there fortified themselves. It took the government six
-months to suppress this rebellion.
-
-
-[Rebellions]
-
-Another rebellion, no less formidable than the Tamblot uprising,
-broke out in 1744. It gained strength in 1750 under the leadership of
-Dagohoy, who for a long time was the whole soul of the movement. The
-rebellion affected almost the entire island and lasted for over eighty
-years. The government sent several expeditions to put it down, but
-without success. The rebels established a local government and lived
-as an independent people. This was, perhaps, the most successful
-revolt the Filipinos ever conducted from the viewpoint of duration
-of resistance.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions are the mineral springs in Guindulman as well
-as those in San Juan, Candon, Napo, Lubod, and Cambalaguin which are
-reputed to be efficacious for curing skin diseases. Edible birds'
-nests are gathered in the Cananoan Cave. Other caves are found in
-Baclayon, Guindulman, Jagna, and Sierra Bullones. "Buri," "ticog," and
-"salacot" hats are made in almost every town. The weaving of "pi�a" and
-"sinamay" cloth is a specialty in Baclayon, Loboc, Jagna, and Duero,
-and "saguaran" weaving in Talibon, Inabanga, Baclayon, and Jetafe. The
-commercial exploitation of the pearl and shell banks in the Bohol
-seas has only recently been begun. The catching of the flying lemur
-and the tanning and preparation of its hide is a new occupation. Most
-of the towns are found along the coast so that a great portion of
-the inhabitants are engaged in coastwise and interisland trade.
-
-
-
-
-LEYTE PROVINCE and island, one of the largest and most fertile
-regions in the Visayan group, is situated southwest of Samar and
-is separated from Samar by the San Juanico Strait, said to be one
-of the most beautiful water-ways in the world. Hemp and copra are
-the most important products exported. Coal is found in the towns of
-Leyte, Ormoc, and Jaro. Asphalt is being mined in Leyte for street
-paving purposes. Gold is found in Pintuyan and San Isidro; sulphur
-in Mahagnao; mineral springs in the crater of Mahagnao, Ormoc, San
-Isidro, Mainit, and Carigara.
-
-
-[Where Mass First Celebrated]
-
-Limasawa, a little island south of Leyte, has the unique
-distinction of being the place where mass was first celebrated in the
-Philippines. Toward the end of March, 1521, Magellan discovered this
-little island, which then appeared to be a prosperous community. It
-was here that Magellan met Raja Calambu and Ciagu, who feasted the
-Spaniards and exchanged presents with them. The Island of Leyte itself,
-then called Tandaya, was the first island of the Philippine Archipelago
-to receive the name of "Felipina."
-
-
-
-
-THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO.--This island is the second largest and
-potentially perhaps the richest of the archipelago. It is divided
-into seven provinces--Zamboanga, Misamis, Lanao, Bukidnon, Cotabato,
-Davao, Agusan, and Surigao.
-
-
-[Origin of Name]
-
-The term "Mindanao" or "Maguindanao" was originally given to the town
-now known as Cotabato and its immediate vicinity. (See page 104.) The
-word is derived from the root "danao" which means inundation by a
-river, lake, or sea. The derivative "Mindanao" means "inundated"
-or "that which is inundated." "Maguindanao" means "that which has
-inundated."
-
-
-[Islam]
-
-Islam was successfully introduced and firmly established in Mindanao by
-Sharif Mohammed Kabungsuwan. He is believed to have established himself
-in this region toward the end of the fifteenth century. He was also
-the founder of the Sultanate so that today most of the inhabitants
-of Mindanao are Mohammedans. The Christian population came from the
-northern islands. They immigrated into Mindanao to exploit the rich
-sections of the islands. They have built their homes along the river
-basins and near the bays accessible to commerce. In many cases they
-hold the important municipal positions such as tax-collectors and
-teachers. The Moros who inhabit the interior valleys have acknowledged
-the authority of their Christian brothers from the north and are
-living peacefully with them.
-
-
-
-
-THE PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA includes the whole of the western peninsula
-of the island. The central portion is covered with dense forests
-containing much valuable hardwood timber. Abaca and copra are the
-principal products though sugar, cacao, hemp, and rice are cultivated
-to some extent. Among the important forest products are guttapercha for
-insulating cable wires and almaciga for varnish. Basilan Island nearby
-is covered with forests, and lumber mills are in operation. There
-are also plantations for the growing of rubber in this island.
-
-As a whole the interior of the province is not at present very
-accessible, and most of the attractions center in the capital City
-of Zamboanga at the extreme end of the peninsula, which is described
-on page 65.
-
-
-
-
-COTABATO PROVINCE is in the southwestern portion of Mindanao. The term
-"Cotabato" signifies a "stone fort." Cotabato is the capital and is
-located near the mouth of the river called Cotabato also. The Cotabato
-River system, though not as swift as the Rhine River of Germany,
-serves the same purpose to Cotabato as the Rhine to Germany in the
-sense that it forms the chief means of communication and transportation
-for conveying finished products and raw materials from the different
-towns to the coast.
-
-On the valley of this river are some of the most fertile and productive
-regions of the whole Philippine Archipelago, although due to the
-scarcity of population and of laborers very little cultivation has
-been done.
-
-On the eastern side of the valley are many extensive but shallow
-swamps, such as the Liguasan and Libungan. Large lakes as Buluan and
-Cebu, and many small ones abound. These natural basins yield an immense
-wealth for the country. On the marshes, mangroves and nipa grow in
-abundance, while the lakes teem with the rarest and choicest fish.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Sulphur is abundant near and around Mount Apo, an extinct volcano,
-9,610 feet high, being the highest peak in the archipelago. The
-difficult ascent and the lack of transportation facilities make
-exploitation impossible at present. Mineral springs can be found near
-the town of Cotabato.
-
-The land is well adopted to the cultivation of coconut and rice. The
-mountains are densely wooded. With the exception of the small portion
-around Sarangani Bay where logging is being carried on most of the
-forested area is not yet exploited. The most important forest products,
-which are at present exported in great quantities, are the candlenut,
-almaciga, and guttapercha.
-
-
-
-
-[Fertility]
-
-BUKIDNON PROVINCE occupies the great fertile plateau of Mindanao
-immediately north of Cotabato. It contains immense areas of fertile
-soil unsurpassed for grazing and general farming. There are at
-least 300,000 hectares of open grass-covered land which would yield
-rich returns under the plow. The Bukidnons themselves, learning to
-use modern agricultural implements, are taking advantage of their
-opportunities, this being clearly evidenced by the beautiful fields
-of corn surrounding their settlements, by the increased plantings
-of rice and camotes, and by the great increase in the exportation of
-hemp and coffee. The lower levels of Bukidnon produce the best grade
-of hemp in northern Mindanao. Corn grows to a height of 13 feet on
-the Bukidnon plateaus, the stalks supporting two ears. Two crops may
-be grown annually.
-
-There are some Manobos and a few Moros in the province, but the greater
-part of the inhabitants are Bukidnons who are timid, peaceable farmers.
-
-
-
-
-LANAO PROVINCE.--Between Bukidnon and Zamboanga is the Province
-of Lanao which includes the region centering about the large Lake
-of Lanao. It consists for the most part of a plateau (altitude,
-about 2,200 feet), with an invigorating climate and fine stretches
-of grazing land. The soil is in the main excellent and, at various
-altitudes, produces a very great variety of crops, including the
-usual staples, some fruits like the "durian," unknown or rare in the
-northern islands, coffee, and a variety of wild rubber, for which
-plant, in its cultivated form, the district is well adapted.
-
-For many years this valuable country has been the scene of the
-lawlessness of the Lanao Moros, but after the institution of civil
-government among them they have settled down and are living peacefully
-side by side with the immigrants from the northern islands. The same
-is true with the other provinces in the Island of Mindanao.
-
-Much of the scenery in the Lanao Province is said to be among the
-finest in the world, while the Moros are extremely interesting and
-manufacture many small articles of great artistic value, especially
-brasswork and weapons.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions is Lake Lanao, believed to have been formed as
-a result of the subsidence of the land accompanying the eruption of
-the volcanoes in the surrounding country. There are three of these
-volcanoes, which are still active. The climate, especially around
-Lake Lanao, is very cool. Dansalan nearby is the favorite resort of
-the people in the lowlands of Mindanao and bears the promise of being
-the Baguio of the southern islands.
-
-Other attractions are the Maria Cristina Falls about 191 feet high
-and the Mataling Fall about 40 feet in height, both of which are on
-the road to the lake.
-
-
-
-
-DAVAO PROVINCE occupies the southeastern part of Mindanao. Though
-perhaps less fertile for some crops than the neighboring Province of
-Cotabato, Davao comprises the finest hemp land in the archipelago and
-there is a considerable colony of Japanese, American, and Filipino
-planters.
-
-More than half of the population, however, are pagans, the Mandayas
-and Bagobos predominating in number. These two pagan tribes have the
-best primitive civilization among all the non-Christian peoples of
-the archipelago. Their women weave excellent cloth which is dyed in
-curious and ornamental patterns and the men make daggers, spears,
-and other articles of metal.
-
-The town of Davao is the capital and principal port. It is well laid
-out and has a number of interesting monuments.
-
-
-
-
-AGUSAN PROVINCE, north of Davao, occupies the whole northern Valley
-of Agusan. The soil is of the greatest fertility, holding a constant
-moisture. The rainfall is very evenly distributed throughout the year,
-and there has been no drought or destructive typhoon recorded. Abaca
-and coconuts thrive well in this region. A splendid rice crop is
-produced without irrigation. Bananas, papayas, and other tropical
-fruits are grown in great abundance, the famous Mindanao papaya
-attaining its perfection in the region about Butuan.
-
-The numerous lakes and the extensive area of swampy land are sources
-of incalculable wealth. Choicest fish abound in the lakes, while nipa
-from which tuba and alcohol are obtained, and mangroves for fuel and
-tanning purposes, grow wild in the fenlands.
-
-Gold deposits exist in abundance. Most of these deposits are found
-in the mountains on the eastern side of the valley. The location of
-these mines is favorable, being near rivers. There are several gold
-mining claims at present under operation.
-
-Butuan, the capital and most important town of the province, is near
-the mouth of the navigable Agusan River. This river port serves the
-same purpose for the settlements built along Agusan River and its
-tributaries, as the town of Cotabato to the well-scattered towns of
-the Cotabato Valley.
-
-
-
-
-SURIGAO PROVINCE, north of Agusan, occupies the whole northeastern
-part of the Island of Mindanao. Abaca, copra, and corn are the
-most important agricultural products. There is much fine timber
-in the forests, the best obtainable equalling iron and concrete in
-durability. Gold is at present mined in some parts of the province.
-
-
-
-
-THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO.--The Sulu Province includes all of the islands of
-the Sulu Archipelago, a region which is often visited by earthquakes,
-the Sulu Sea being the seismic center. The climate of this region is
-warm and moist, being near the equator.
-
-Fishing is the most important industry. Jolo is the center for most of
-the pearling fleet. Sitanki, Omapui, Tumindao, Balimbing, Landubas,
-Laja, and Siasi are other important fishing centers. The sea turtle,
-fish of all kinds, and the trepang are caught. Beautiful trays and
-combs and other articles are made from the back of the sea turtle,
-and the fish and trepang are cured and exported.
-
-The Sulu Archipelago, especially Jolo, the capital and principal port,
-trades with Zamboanga, Borneo, and Singapore. Chinese merchants traded
-with Sulu long before the arrival of Legaspi in the Philippines. When
-Manila and Cebu were yet small settlements, Jolo was already a city,
-the most important in the Philippines.
-
-
-[Introduction of Mohammedanism]
-
-Mohammedanism was introduced and firmly established in the Archipelago
-by three men--Makdum, Raja Baginda, and Abu Bakr. Makdum was a noted
-Arabian scholar who, after introducing Mohammedanism into Malacca,
-visited almost every island of the Sulu Archipelago toward the end
-of the fourteenth century and made numerous converts especially in
-Bevansa and Tapul. Raja Baginda, soon after the arrival of Makdum,
-came by way of Zamboanga and Basilan. He was of princely rank and is
-believed to have come accompanied by ministers of state. He settled
-in Bevansa and became the supreme ruler of Sulu. Abu Bakr, who seemed
-to have been quite a learned man, arrived in Bevansa about the middle
-of the fifteenth century. Here, he lived with Raja Baginda, teaching
-the people the Mohammedan religion. He later married Parasimuli, the
-daughter of Raja Baginda, and succeeded his father-in-law as sultan.
-
-The reign of Abu Bakr (1450-1480) was noteworthy not only because
-of the firm establishment of Mohammedanism, but also because of the
-governmental reforms then effected. Abu Bakr reorganized the government
-of Sulu, dividing it into five main administrative districts, each
-under a Panglima. He promulgated a new code of laws which became the
-guide for all officials of the state. During his reign, Sulu's power
-was felt not only in Mindanao and the Visayas, but even in Luzon.
-
-The administration of Governor-General Sande (1575-80) was the
-beginning of a continuous state of warfare between Spain and Sulu
-which lasted to within two decades before the end of the Spanish
-rule. Sande wanted to reduce Sulu to a subject state, impose tribute
-on its people, secure for the Spaniards the trade of the Archipelago,
-and convert the inhabitants to Catholicism. To attain these ends,
-he sent Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa to Sulu with a large army. This
-expedition, however, accomplished nothing beyond the arousing of the
-Sulus to hostility and the inception of numerous Moro raids on the
-Visayas and Luzon.
-
-
-[The Sultan and His Present Position]
-
-The whole Archipelago is still under the nominal sway of the Sultan
-of Sulu, who lives in the Island of Jolo and enjoys pensions from
-the Philippine Government and the British North Borneo Company. All
-of the Moros in Mindanao and in Sulu have long ago recognized the
-authority of the central Philippine Government in Manila, and the
-hostility which has existed between the Moros and the inhabitants of
-the northern islands during Spanish rule, has long passed away. The
-policy of attraction inaugurated by the Philippine Government has
-succeeded wonderfully. Disturbances among the Moros are now very few
-and far between. They have their own senator in the Philippine Senate
-and they have their own representatives in the House.
-
-
-[Results of the Policy of Attraction]
-
-Considering the past history of these southern islands, it is
-almost incredible that such results have become possible. Many of
-the non-Christians in the interior of Mindanao-Sulu have even changed
-their manner of dressing and have adopted the garb of the Christians,
-whom they are endeavoring to imitate as much as possible, mingling with
-them in their work, and assisting in maintaining law and order. The
-Moros themselves have changed a great deal; the juramentado (running
-amok) is practically a thing of the past; they show greater religious
-tolerance and a high sense of responsibility; they cooperate in every
-way possible with the Christians and the Government authorities in
-the maintenance of a government of law and order, and do everything
-they can to identify themselves with the inhabitants of the north. For
-this reason more beneficial and lasting changes have been accomplished
-in the last five years, in moral, social, and political respects,
-as well as in the material development of the people, than had been
-accomplished for several centuries past. This progress is principally
-due to the efforts of the Philippine Legislature, which furnished the
-Department of Mindanao and Sulu with large annual appropriations and
-thus made the policy of attraction a success.
-
-
-[The town of Jolo]
-
-The town of Jolo is the political and commercial center of the
-archipelago and is reached from Manila direct. The trip through
-island-studded Sulu Sea, is one of great scenic beauty.
-
-Jolo consists of a picturesque little walled city and a considerable
-town outside. The population is cosmopolitan. The town is more
-Malayan, more Arabic, and more Oriental than Zamboanga. Thus it has
-many attractions for the traveler.
-
-The part within the walls has excellent streets and walks and is
-adorned with parks, gardens, and fountains. One of the most curious
-sights is furnished by the half-tame deer, which run at large about
-the streets. The point of greatest interest in the outer town is the
-"Chinese pier," a rickety affair, on which most of the merchants of
-that nationality have their shops, both as a measure of safety and
-for convenience in handling cargoes. These shops are the best places
-to go to for Moro curios.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-The town as a whole is an excellent place in which to see the daily
-life and occupations of the Moro people in their most characteristic
-forms. The fact that it is the chief center of the pearl fisheries
-of the Islands puts the pearling boats when in port, the market where
-the pearls and shell are sold, and the places of manufacture and sale
-of the shell ornaments, among the principal sights. Leading from the
-town to the barracks at Asturias is a fine coconut avenue, known as
-"Ariolas' Walk." It is named after its builder, who was the Spanish
-military governor of the place in the early years of the last century.
-
-
-
-
-THE LANGUAGE FOR THE TOURIST.--Spanish and English are the languages
-universally used in the archipelago. As a general rule, however, an
-English speaking tourist can travel in the different places described
-in this book without knowledge of any except his mother tongue. Almost
-all of the officials and employees of the government speak English
-and, if there is no one else, a school child can generally be found
-to do the interpreting.
-
-
-[English-Speaking Filipinos]
-
-Statistics show that there are at present more Filipinos who can
-read, write, and speak the English language than those who can read,
-write, and speak the Spanish language. The last Census (1918) gives
-the following figures:
-
-                                                  Males     Females
-
-  Filipinos of 10 years of age or over who can    563,495   322,359
-    read English.
-  Those who can read Spanish.                     587,588   292,223
-  Those who can both read and write English.      540,552   313,993
-  Those who can both read and write Spanish.      454,052   210,270
-
-
-As a matter of fact the English language serves at the present time
-as a common medium of communication among the inhabitants of the
-Philippines who still speak their own dialects. Because of the work
-of public schools during the last quarter of a century it is the
-language which is most widely spoken in the whole Archipelago.
-
-Business between the central government and the provinces and
-municipalities is transacted in English. The proceedings of the
-Philippine Legislature although still in Spanish, are translated into
-English. In commercial transactions the English language prevails
-throughout the islands. It will not be very long before the language
-will be the official language even in the courts and the language
-which is more generally used in private life. The present leaders of
-the people have a working knowledge of the language and many can read
-and write it fairly. The younger generation has a thorough knowledge
-of English and speaks and writes it in most cases.
-
-The spread of the language as the common language of the inhabitants is
-assured, not only because it is the basis of instruction in the public
-schools and in the universities, but also because it is essential to
-the best interest and political future of the people.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-X. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOREST RESOURCES, MINERALS, AND
-OTHER INDUSTRIES
-
-
-The Philippines are eminently an agricultural country. Agriculture
-is the principal source of the Islands' wealth, and the bulk of the
-exports consists mostly of agricultural products.
-
-
-[Hectares under cultivation]
-
-An estimate of the number of hectares under cultivation during the
-year 1922, shows the following:
-
-
-              Hectares devoted to rice.         1,661,430
-              Hectares devoted to abaca.          494,990
-              Hectares devoted to sugar-cane.     240,820
-              Hectares devoted to coconuts.       422,684
-              Hectares devoted to corn.           549,960
-              Hectares devoted to tobacco.         59,870
-              Hectares devoted to maguey.          27,670
-              Hectares devoted to cacao.            1,155
-              Hectares devoted to coffee.             882
-                                                ---------
-                 Total.                         3,459,461
-
-
-This is only about 10 per cent of the total area of the Islands.
-
-Extensive areas of agricultural lands which remain undeveloped are
-the Agusan Valley in eastern Mindanao; the Cotabato Valley in central
-Mindanao; sections of the plains of central Luzon and of the Cagayan
-Valley; the central plain of Panay and the meadowlands of Palawan,
-Samar, and Mindoro. There are also the coastal plains of Zamboanga,
-Mindanao, Leyte, and Negros.
-
-The average area of farms in the Islands according to the Census of
-1918 is 2.33 hectares, as against 3.47 hectares in 1903.
-
-
-[Farms owned by Filipinos]
-
-Out of the 1,955,276 farms in the Islands today 1,946,580 or 96 per
-cent, are owned by Filipinos, 2,678 by Americans, 949 by Europeans,
-1,612 by Asiatics, and 3,457 by other nationalities.
-
-
-[Exports]
-
-THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.--The principal crops produced by the islands
-are rice, abaca (Manila hemp), coconut, sugar, and tobacco. All of
-these except rice are articles of export. The following table shows
-the respective values of these exports:
-
-
-     -------------------------+---------------------------
-                              |           Value
-               Article        +-------------+-------------
-                              |     1921    |     1922
-     -------------------------+-------------+-------------
-                              |             |
-      Abaca (Manila hemp).    | P25,969,385 | P39,081,829
-      Coconut oil.            |  32,103,036 |  31,468,971
-      Copra.                  |  26,146,913 |  28,206,146
-      Sugar.                  |  51,037,454 |  51,165,110
-      Tobacco products.       |  16,564,434 |  17,340,236
-      Maguey.                 |   1,848,794 |   2,973,203
-      Cordage.                |     918,544 |   1,099,375
-      Fruits and nuts.        |     239,060 |     532,632
-      Rubber, crude.          |      25,700 |     ----
-      Ilang-ilang oil.        |      57,554 |      60,606
-     -------------------------+---------------------------
-
-
-Rice is almost exclusively the staple foodstuff of the people; but
-corn in some provinces constitutes an important part of the daily
-diet. Although the production of rice has been increasing steadily
-since 1910 the Philippines has had to import rice from other countries,
-especially Indo-China, for a part of its supply. The government is
-now exerting every effort towards solving the problem. Immense sums
-are being appropriated for the construction of irrigation systems so
-indispensable in the successful growing of rice.
-
-
-[Fibers]
-
-Abaca (Manila hemp).--The Philippines is the only source in the
-world for abaca, commercially known as Manila hemp. There are two
-other commercial fibers, however, that grow in the islands. These
-are sisal and maguey. Although other kind of fibers grow in other
-countries especially in Mexico, the world must always use a certain
-amount of the Manila hemp for binder twine and for high grade ropes.
-
-
-                                HEMP EXPORTS, 1913-1922
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |       To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------+----------
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |          |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |          |          |  hemp
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |          |          |
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos    | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |          |          |
-    1913      | 119,821,435| 42,242,168| 352.54  |    44    |47,144,252|19,574,434|    46
-    1914      | 116,386,575| 38,389,630| 329.85  |    39    |50,140,193|19,238,752|    50
-    1915      | 142,010,431| 42,678,200| 300.53  |    40    |69,251,180|22,702,566|    53
-    1916      | 137,326,092| 53,384,593| 388.70  |    38    |66,344,154|27,279,018|    51
-    1917      | 169,435,204| 98,615,559| 552.51  |    49    |95,580,320 59,291,095|    63
-    1918      | 169,260,377|116,383,100| 687.60  |    43    |86,823,997 65,468,402|    56
-    1919      | 121,247,668| 53,703,052| 442.92  |    24    |65,509,134 32,390,957|    60
-    1920      | 141,485,785| 71,724,000| 506.93  |    24    |67,041,769 41,228,052|    58
-    1921      | 100,401,940| 25,969,385| 258.65  |    15    |34,558,262 10,914,117|    42
-    1922      | 172,026,591| 39,081,829| 227.18  |    20    |83,544,420 20,663,552|    53
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+---------------------+----------
-
-
-Coconuts.--In the production of coconut, the Philippines is the third
-most important source in the world. It is excelled only by the Dutch
-East Indies and the Federated Malay States. It is estimated that
-there are some 84,536,710 trees in the islands which in 1922 produced
-366,808,888 kilos of coprax, valued at P44,057,045.
-
-The traveler in Philippine waters always notices along the coast the
-extensive groves of coconut palms which extend miles and miles into
-the hinterland as far as the eye can reach.
-
-
-[Uses of the Coconut]
-
-In the Philippines the coconut tree serves many ends. The meat is
-eaten as a delicacy. The leaves supply roofing for houses. The shell
-of the nut is used for dishes, cups, and spoons; the oil for soap and
-illumination; in some sections the same oil is used as a frying fat
-for cooking purposes. The fiber from the husk is used for ropes and
-mats. The husk itself is used for fuel. The water inside the nut is
-an ever-ready delicious drink.
-
-Oleomargarine comes from coconut oil fat, an industry which has
-developed considerably in Denmark and Germany and also in the United
-States.
-
-Copra, or coprax--Other by-products.--Copra, or coprax as it is
-sometimes called, is the dried meat of the ripe coconut. It is
-obtained by breaking the nut into halves and drying them in the sun or
-artificially in kilns until the nut-meat is separated from the shell.
-
-The exportation of coconut oil from the Philippines since 1913 is
-shown in the following table:
-
-
-                                COCONUT OIL EXPORTED, 1913-1922
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |     To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity  |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |           |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |           |          | coconut
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |           |          |   oil
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos     | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-    1913      |   5,010,429|  2,292,678| 457.58  |    2.40  |  4,805,384| 2,190,876|  96.56
-    1914      |  11,943,329|  5,238,366| 438.60  |    5.38  | 11,896,975| 5,214,326|  99.54
-    1915      |  13,464,169|  5,641,003| 418.96  |    5.24  | 13,367,932| 5,609,263|  99.44
-    1916      |  16,091,169|  7,851,469| 487.94  |    5.61  | 15,307,429| 7,388,748|  94.11
-    1917      |  45,198,415| 22,818,294| 504.85  |   11.93  | 45,045,690|22,755,319|  99.72
-    1918      | 115,280,847| 63,328,317| 549.33  |   23.42  |113,524,729|62,198,528|  98.22
-    1919      | 139,942,612| 73,719,504| 526.78  |   32.59  | 85,376,904|45,797,329|  62.12
-    1920      |  77,571,405| 46,537,773| 599.93  |   15.40  | 71,944,801|43,366,086|  93.18
-    1921      |  90,292,242| 32,103,036| 355.55  |   18.22  | 80,504,458|27,907,379|  86.98
-    1922      | 107,208,191| 31,468,971| 293.63  |   16.46  |106,645,477|31,288,505|  99.43
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-
-[Copra meal]
-
-Another by-product of the coconut oil is known as copra meal. It is
-the meal remaining after most of the oil has been expressed. This is
-used as cattle feed in Germany and Denmark.
-
-
-[Soap]
-
-Recently, certain corporations in the Philippines have gone so far
-as to use their oil to manufacture many of the varied products which
-were formerly made only in the United States and Europe. Soap was the
-first product to be manufactured locally. There are two companies now,
-however, which manufacture lard substitutes under their own trade
-names. There is an attempt also to manufacture coconut butter for
-sale in the islands.
-
-
-[Desiccated Coconut]
-
-The manufacture of desiccated coconut is an infant industry in the
-Philippine Islands. The demand for this in Europe and particularly
-in the United States is very large and is mostly filled by Ceylon or
-by factories in the United States which import the whole nuts from
-the West Indies. Last year, however, the desiccated coconut from the
-Philippines gained a strong foot-hold in the United States and it
-is expected that Ceylon will be ousted from this field in the near
-future due to the free trade relations between the United States
-and the Philippines. On desiccated coconut imported into the United
-States from foreign countries, a duty of 3 1/2 per cent is levied. At
-present there are six factories of desiccated coconut in the Islands.
-
-
-[Coir]
-
-Another opportunity for development lies in the use of coir, the tough
-fiber of the husk surrounding the nut. In other countries this is
-worked up into door mats, rope, twine, etc., but in the Philippines
-the husks are usually burned as fuel except in a few instances where
-they are utilized for domestic purposes. It is also possible that
-some day other minor parts of the palm may be used. At present the
-midribs of the palm leaflets are used in making brooms and baskets,
-but the demand for exports is still small.
-
-The exportation of copra from 1913 to 1922 is as follows:
-
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |     To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity  |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |           |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |           |          |  copra
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |           |          |
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos     | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-    1913      | 82,219,363 | 19,091,448| 232.20  |  19.98   |10,027,813 | 2,398,166|  12.56
-    1914      | 87,344,695 | 15,960,540| 182.73  |  16.39   |18,181,371 | 3,212,266|  20.13
-    1915      |139,092,902 | 22,223,109| 159.77  |  20.65   |21,217,754 | 3,520,090|  15.84
-    1916      | 72,277,164 | 14,231,941| 196.90  |  10.17   |35,470,438 | 7,079,128|  49.74
-    1917      | 92,180,326 | 16,654,301| 180.67  |   8.71   |68,253,929 |12,235,902|  73.47
-    1918      | 55,061,736 | 10,377,029| 188.46  |   3.84   |55,061,641 |10,377,011|  99.99
-    1919      | 25,094,027 |  8,839,376| 352.25  |   3.91   | 2,313,967 |   818,246|   9.26
-    1920      | 25,803,044 |  7,433,741| 288.10  |   2.46   | 1,433,311 |   382,409|   5.14
-    1921      |150,335,314 | 26,146,918| 173.92  |  14.84   |52,928,570 | 8,665,554|  33.14
-    1922      |173,051,980 | 28,206,146| 162.99  |  14.76   |89,358,118 |14,495,014|  51.00
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-
-Until the production of copra in the Philippines is much higher
-than at present, it will be impossible to keep all the expellers
-and presses now installed working at full capacity. It is therefore
-proposed to start a campaign for the planting of quick-growing crops
-of oil-bearing seeds. Among the plants that were most popular at first
-was the ta�gan-ta�gan, or castor bean. This grows very rapidly and
-yields a very high percentage of castor oil, which was sold at high
-prices during the war as a lubricant for aeroplanes and other delicate
-machinery. At the present writing, however, it is generally thought
-that the mills will do better if they can turn to the production of
-peanut oil, using imported peanuts to begin with and enlarging the
-return as the domestic yield increases.
-
-
-Sugar.--Cane-sugar ranks first among the islands' agricultural exports.
-
-As early as 1795 the United States have been importing sugar from
-the Philippine Islands; for that year 132 long tons were imported.
-
-Up to the middle of the nineteenth century, however, the production of
-sugar-cane in the Philippines was confined largely to the provinces of
-Luzon near Manila. But shortly after the Crimean war the demand for
-sugar in Europe increased, and interest in the industry was greatly
-stimulated in the Islands. This resulted in the extension of the
-industry into the Visayan Islands, Occidental Negros becoming the
-largest cane producing section of the Archipelago, and so continues
-until the present day.
-
-As late as 1914 most of the sugar produced in the Islands was
-muscovado. It was not until the establishment of modern sugar centrals
-that centrifugal sugar was produced. The production of sugar became
-so stimulated as a result, and in 1922, as many as 455,404,427 kilos
-were produced. There are now 28 sugar centrals in the Islands as
-against one in 1910, and several are in process of construction.
-
-The following table shows the growth of the sugar industry from 1913
-to 1922:
-
-
-             ------+------------+------------+------------
-              Year | Area under | Production | Total value
-                   |cultivation |  of sugar  |  of sugar
-                   |            |            |  products
-             ------+------------+------------+------------
-                   |   Acres    | Short tons |
-                   |            |            |
-             1913  |   435,188  |   345,080  | $12,849,000
-             1914  |   418,676  |   408,343  |  14,314,000
-             1915  |   427,710  |   421,196  |  16,606,000
-             1916  |   444,189  |   412,278  |  17,068,000
-             1917  |   459,436  |   425,270  |  19,352,500
-             1918  |   507,818  |   474,750  |  20,579,500
-             1919  |   494,692  |   453,350  |  37,231,400
-             1920  |   487,783  |   466,917  |  79,648,600
-             1921  |   596,363  |   589,443  |  48,189,500
-             1922  |   595,066  |   533,194  |  29,974,125
-             ------+------------+------------+------------
-
-
-The quantity and value of the exportation of this product is shown
-below:
-
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |     To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity  |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |           |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |           |          |  sugar
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |           |          |  export
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos     | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-    1913      |157,333,707 |14,065,778 |  89.40  |   14.72  | 30,716,886| 3,128,072|  22.24
-    1914      |236,498,001 |22,119,186 |  93.53  |   22.71  |168,530,115|16,483,706|  74.62
-    1915      |211,012,817 |22,620,430 | 107.20  |   21.02  | 82,841,168|10,283,159|  45.46
-    1916      |337,490,000 |37,175,185 | 110.12  |   26.58  |131,885,246|17,267,401|  46.45
-    1917      |205,908,492 |24,555,357 | 119.25  |   12.84  | 62,377,758|10,811,518|  44.08
-    1918      |273,258,396 |31,608,780 | 115.67  |   11.69  |106,080,676|16,559,780|  52.39
-    1919      |136,060,322 |30,415,701 | 223.55  |   13.44  | 32,159,363| 7,717,934|  25.37
-    1920      |180,340,670 |99,238,520 | 550.28  |   32.83  |123,947,209|78,697,869|  79.30
-    1921      |289,876,164 |51,037,454 | 176.07  |   28.96  |150,478,581|33,752,357|  66.13
-    1922      |362,071,661 |51,165,110 | 141.31  |   26.77  |244,851,617|40,020,490|  78.22
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-
-Tobacco--The Manila cigar.--The Manila cigar is just as well known
-to the world as the Manila hemp. It is among the few manufacturing
-enterprises that have developed factory conditions in the Islands.
-
-
-[History]
-
-For generations the Spaniards conducted the tobacco business in the
-Philippines on the basis of Government monopoly. The monopoly came
-to an end in 1882 when the Filipino workers defied both the Spanish
-government and those directing the work in the factories because of
-the harsh and cruel treatment they were getting.
-
-Thereafter, for many years, the tobacco business suffered extreme
-depression, and it was not until American occupation that the industry
-received anything of a stimulus. The Manila cigar, however, was then
-at a disadvantage in comparison with cigars from other countries,
-because the latter were allowed a discount from the tariff, while
-the Manilas were required to pay the full customs duty.
-
-With the establishment of free trade, however, between the islands
-and the United States the Manila cigar has been able to compete
-with other cigars in the United States, by far the greatest market
-therefor. This fact accounts for the unprecedented steady increase of
-the amount of cigars exported from the islands. In 1904 the exports
-amounted to 104,753,000 cigars, valued at P2,011,790. In 1919 the
-exports had risen to 392,339,000 worth P18,157,707.
-
-
-[The Tobacco Region]
-
-Although tobacco is grown in many parts of the islands, all that which
-is exported comes from the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva
-Vizcaya, in northern Luzon. All grown elsewhere is consumed locally,
-also exported to European and other countries. The tobacco growing
-districts in these three provinces lie in the valley of the Cagayan
-River, a stream which is about 160 miles long. The valley is from 2
-to 14 miles wide. During the rainy season, which is between the time
-that one crop is harvested and the next one planted, the Cagayan River
-rises to a height of 40 feet inundating all of the lowlands. This
-overflow never fails, and it always leaves on the valley a deposit
-of rich soil, renewing the fertility of the entire valley and making
-the use of fertilizers unnecessary. On one field in Cagayan Valley,
-crops have been produced without interruption and without fertilizer
-for one hundred and thirty-five years.
-
-
-[Government control and Guaranty]
-
-No cigar in the world today is produced under such carefully prepared
-and rigidly enforced regulations as the Manila cigar. The Philippine
-government has assumed control of the industry, has established
-invariable standards of excellence, and has guaranteed the production
-under its own official stamp. If you will examine the next box of
-Manila cigars you see, you will find that it bears a label stating
-that its contents are guaranteed by the Philippine government. One of
-the regulations enforced provides that, under certain limitations,
-cigars which reach the American dealer in a damaged condition may
-be returned to the Philippines at the expense of the Philippine
-government. Another regulation is to the following effect:
-
-
-    "To be up to the standard established by the Government,
-    Philippine cigars are required to be made from good, clean,
-    selected tobacco, properly cured and seasoned, exclusively the
-    product of the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya,
-    well made with suitable spiral wrapper and with long filler from
-    which must have been removed all stems dust, scrap or sun-burned
-    tobacco; cigars to be properly assorted and packed in clean
-    receptacles of wood not before used, manufactured from native
-    wood known as Calantas or from imported cedar. No cigars made
-    between sunset and sunrise may be graded as standard."
-
-
-[The Cigar Factories]
-
-The factories in which the Manila cigars are made are worth
-visiting. They are counted among the show-places of the city. Visitors
-are always welcome and given an opportunity to follow the entire
-process of manufacture from the time the bales of tobacco reach the
-warehouses until the finished cigars are packed in air-tight cases
-for shipment to all parts of the world.
-
-In these factories every precaution is taken to guard against dirt
-and disease. No one is employed except after a searching physical
-examination and thereafter all the employees are regularly examined
-twice a month. Every now and then, government inspectors visit the
-factories, and these have a right to condemn a lot of cigars which
-they do not think is up to the standard.
-
-No scraps of any kind are used in the making of Manila cigars. There
-are no broken leaves and no dust. There is nothing in the cigar but
-long, clean leaves of tobacco. The Manila cigar is the mildest made. It
-is the most pleasant and satisfying smoke that can be had at any price.
-
-
-                                CIGARS EXPORTED, 1913-1922
-
-------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
-      |              To all countries            |               To the United States
-      +------------+-----------+--------+--------+-------------------+-------------------+---------
-      |            |           |Average |Per cent|       Number      |       Value       | Average
-      |            |           |value   |of total+------------+------+-----------+-------+ value
- Year |    Number  |    Value  |per     |exports |            | Per  |           | Per   | per
-      |            |           |thousand|        |   Cigars   | cent |   Pesos   | cent  | thousand
-------+------------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------+-----------+-------+---------
-      |            |   Pesos   | Pesos  |        |            |      |           |       |
-      |            |           |        |        |            |      |           |       |
- 1913 | 191,762,442|  6,024,468| 31.42  |  6.31  |  71,513,141| 37.29|  3,285,776| 54.54 |  45.95
- 1914 | 154,753,363|  4,630,318| 29.92  |  4.75  |  56,205,050| 36.32|  2,400,252| 51.84 |  42.71
- 1915 | 134,647,687|  4,114,605| 30.56  |  3.82  |  61,169,600| 45.43|  2,302,444| 55.96 |  37.64
- 1916 | 193,025,578|  5,688,751| 29.47  |  4.02  | 111,478,216| 57.75|  4,066,242| 71.48 |  36.47
- 1917 | 284,524,500|  9,588,192| 33.70  |  5.07  | 202,198,534| 71.07|  7,725,966| 38.20 |  38.29
- 1918 | 360,144,827| 14,252,637| 39.57  |  5.21  | 248,747,584| 69.07| 11,365,675| 79.85 |  45.69
- 1919 | 392,339,462| 18,157,707| 46.28  |  8.07  | 263,942,555| 67.27| 13,828,639| 76.16 |  52.39
- 1920 | 421,545,143| 25,442,276| 60.35  |  8.43  | 316,862,859| 75.17| 21,092,607| 82.90 |  66.57
- 1921 | 154,879,488|  6,454,886| 41.67  |  3.66  |  68,216,608| 44.04|  3,960,503| 61.36 |  58.06
- 1922 | 300,484,824| 11,602,219| 38.61  |  6.07  | 173,317,046| 57.68|  8,519,576| 73.43 |  49.16
-------+------------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------+-----------+-------+---------
-
-
-
-
-SECONDARY FOOD PRODUCTS.--Corn leads in importance among the
-secondary food products. In 1918 there were 1,035,067 acres grown to
-corn producing 11,269,258 bushels valued at $10,686,061. The other
-food crops worth mentioning under this heading are sweet potatoes,
-cassava, sesame, mongoes, peanuts, bananas, mangoes, citrus, lanzones,
-and a great number of tropical fruits and vegetables. Including the
-edible alg� and fungi there are more than 100 species of plants in
-the Philippines, either wild or cultivated, that find a place in
-the dietary system of the people. So rich is the country in food
-producing plants.
-
-
-
-
-PROSPECTIVE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES.--The plants from which the various
-other tropical staple products in the world's markets are derived,
-such as rubber, coffee, tea, cacao, pepper, cinchona, and cassava are
-all known to thrive well in the Philippines, although the growing of
-those enumerated is yet of comparatively little importance. Rubber
-has the greatest future of these. The great Island of Mindanao,
-which is outside the typhoon zone, has been found to be suitable
-to the growing of rubber. All the large rubber plantations of the
-Philippines are located on Mindanao or the adjacent Island of Basilan.
-
-During the early years of American occupation, when the acreage
-planted to rubber in other countries increased by leaps and bounds,
-the erroneous impression somehow gained ground that the Philippines
-were unsuited to rubber. And it is not very many years ago that a
-planter was able to demonstrate beyond doubt that rubber could be
-grown in the Islands successfully. The company he heads now has some
-80,000 rubber trees planted. The success of its operations has induced
-others to plant rubber, and while the Philippine output of rubber is
-still insignificant, it may be said that the rubber industry has come
-to stay.
-
-
-
-
-IRRIGATION.--Irrigation has been practiced in the Philippines in some
-form for centuries, for, in general, it may be said that the certainty
-of a rice harvest depends upon irrigation to supplement the natural
-rainfall. When the rainfall is copious and well distributed during the
-rice growing season, there is little demand for artificial irrigation
-but in the event of a drought or irregular rainfall irrigation
-has to be used to insure a normal rice crop. With irrigation it is
-also possible to grow two crops of rice a year, whereas without it
-the planting of one is often hazardous. Prior to 1908 very little
-attention was given to the development of irrigation systems so that
-the only irrigation works constructed were by private and communal
-enterprise. These old systems are found in different parts of the
-Islands, the most notable being the extensive systems with permanent
-dams, tunnels, and ditches constructed by the friars and the remarkable
-side hill terraces built by the mountain people in the subprovince
-of Ifugao.
-
-Studies of irrigation possibilities have now advanced sufficiently to
-warrant the Bureau of Public Works recommending a ten-year program for
-the construction of 40 irrigation systems in 20 of the principal rice
-producing provinces to water an area of approximately 750,000 acres. It
-is estimated that these 40 systems will cost about $25,000,000. With
-these systems completed and operating, there will be no further need
-of importing rice from other countries.
-
-
-
-
-[Rural Credit]
-
-RURAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS.--The Rural Credit Law has removed
-the restriction in the Corporation Law requiring P200,000 paid-in
-capital before a bank may be started. Under the new law, associations
-may incorporate with a paid-in capital as low as P100 or as high as
-P10,000. The Government does not furnish any financial help except that
-the organizing staff is paid and maintained by it. To give security
-to small investors the bonded municipal treasurer acts as treasurer
-ex-officio of the association and Government auditors audit its books.
-
-The purpose of the Rural Credit Law is to encourage small farmers to
-co�perate and furnish their own capital. Only one association may be
-incorporated in a municipality to avoid rivalry and factions.
-
-On October 19, 1916, the first rural credit association was
-incorporated, and after practically six years, there are now 544
-incorporated associations with a paid-in capital of P807,178.
-
-
-  NUMBER OF RURAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF STOCKHOLDERS,
-   AMOUNT OF CAPITAL STOCK PAID UP, AND LOANS MADE IN 1923, BY PROVINCES
-                              AND SUBPROVINCES
-
-Province and           Number of     Number of      Capital       Loans
-subprovince          associations   stockholders    paid up
-
-                                                     Pesos       Pesos
-
-Abra                      11              908        5,766      17,749.72
-Agusan                     3              222        4,185       4,595.00
-Albay                     14            1,916       15,188      52,703.05
-Antique                   12            2,095       35,596      95,237.75
-Bataan                     8            1,425       20,972      52,535.85
-Batangas                  15            2,180       31,428     112,678.59
-Bohol                     34            7,208        6,175     138,243.37
-Bulacan                   22            2,195       30,824      75,292.80
-Cagayan                   14            1,355       14,404      41,618.50
-Camarines Norte            4              302        4,000       3,903.00
-Camarines Sur             20            2,311       27,628     101,468.92
-Capiz                     24            2,362       34,882     125,913.76
-Cavite                    17            1,924       28,856     108,447.54
-Cebu                      14            1,188       20,637      68,348.34
-Cotabato                   1              141        2,372       2,975.00
-Davao                      5              527        9,005       9,520.50
-Ilocos Norte              16            4,569       18,952      57,974.10
-Ilocos Sur                20            3,101       19,726      50,654.86
-Iloilo                    30            5,076       68,209     199,912.19
-Isabela                    8              698        7,611      18,093.00
-Laguna                    20            1,815       21,501      62,233.64
-Lanao                      1              125        1,984       2,788.96
-La Union                  14            2,774       21,382      62,891.56
-Leyte                     10              937        6,711      19,306.70
-Masbate                    2               98        2,491       2,580.00
-Misamis                   14            1,415       18,455      26,744.79
-Nueva Ecija               19            1,698       30,209      98,095.31
-Nueva Vizcaya              6              703        5,189      12,737.76
-Oriental Negros            4              269        3,690       7,878.50
-Occidental Negros          4              384       11,378      23,295.50
-Palawan                    2              154        3,544       7,710.00
-Pampanga                  20            1,826       42,675     117,602.50
-Pangasinan                41            9,464       77,146     186,512.29
-Rizal                     15            1,950       25,700      69,022.50
-Romblon                    6              544        6,690      10,039.00
-Samar                     12            1,104       13,759      47,620.35
-Sorsogon                   9              737        7,724      24,956.10
-Surigao                    5              386        5,655      15,824.00
-Tarlac                    15            2,761       39,844     131,155.60
-Tayabas                   19            2,023       41,898      86,637.99
-Zambales                  13            2,095       13,028      47,327.59
-Zamboanga                  1              149        1,114         850.00
-                         ---           ------      -------   ------------
-    Total                544           75,114      807,178   2,401,676.46
-
-
-
-
-FOREST RESOURCES
-
-[Area]
-
-The forests of the Philippines cover about 18,706,093 hectares, or
-72,224 square miles, which is about 63.1 per cent of the total area of
-the Archipelago. Of these number, 16,609,108 hectares or 64,127 square
-miles, 88.6 per cent of the entire forest area are of a commercial
-character. In addition, there are estimated to be about 2,096,985
-hectares, or 8,096 square miles of second growth forests which will
-yield large quantities of fine wood and small size timber. It is
-said that taken together, the virgin and second growth forests in the
-Islands cover an area about equal to the area of the State of Nebraska.
-
-
-[Ownership]
-
-More than 99 per cent of the timber belongs to the Philippine
-government and is under the administrative control of the Bureau
-of Forestry. Less than 1 per cent is held under title of private
-ownership.
-
-
-[Volume of Timber Resource]
-
-The volume of this timber resource of the Philippines is
-192,000,000,000 board feet or 777,000,000 cubic meters. Most of
-the timber belong to the dipterocarp family. The largest reach
-about 200 feet in height and some specimens have a diameter of 7
-feet. The well-known woods of this family are tanguile, red lauan,
-almon, apitong, guijo, and yakal. These woods have found favorable
-acceptance in the markets of China and the United States.
-
-Next to the dipterocarp family is the molave family. Among the woods of
-this family are aranga, du�gon, and molave. There are about 1,036,000
-hectares of this timber with a total volume of 7,680,000,000 board
-feet. These woods are appropriate for railway ties and for building
-construction purposes.
-
-
-[Timber Output and Export]
-
-The timber output of the islands was 184,628 cubic meters in 1911;
-297,094 cubic meters in 1914; 385,150 cubic meters in 1918 and 630,973
-in 1922. It is said that this output can be trebled, even quadrupled,
-without exhausting the supply for several hundred years.
-
-The export of timber in 1914 was 27,070 cubic meters valued at
-P681,272; for 1916, 40,164 cubic meters worth P1,030,276; for 1919,
-15,704 cubic meters worth P791,823 and for 1922, 43,008 cubic meters
-worth P1,656,812.
-
-The lumber industry in the islands offers many advantages. The
-government charges are nominal, ranging from P2.00 to P10.00 per
-1,000 board feet according to class. Logging and sawmill equipment
-and machinery enter free of duty if imported from the United States
-and only 15 per cent duty, if bought from other countries. For fuel,
-sawmill waste can be utilized. Water power is available from streams
-in a number of places.
-
-
-[Obtaining a Tract of Timber]
-
-The public forests of the Philippines are not sold, but are developed
-under a license system. Small operators usually work under ordinary
-yearly licenses for definite small areas. Exclusive licenses, or
-concessions as they are popularly called, are generally in the form
-of a twenty-year exclusive license to cut and extract timber and
-other forest products from a specified tract. The land itself is in
-no way affected by such a license. Only the timber and minor forest
-products are included.
-
-
-[Sawmills]
-
-At present there are about 50 sawmills of all sizes and descriptions
-operating in the Islands. About 12 of these can be compared to the
-average modern sawmills in the United States. The largest sawmills
-are located on timber concessions, while the others are operated under
-short-term licenses. The total cut of the sawmills of the Philippine
-Islands is about 100 to 130 million board feet per year.
-
-
-
-
-MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS.--This term includes all products of the forest
-except timber or lumber. Many of the minor forest products of the
-Philippines are at present almost unknown in the world's markets and
-are largely confined to local use.
-
-The most important are nipa, sugar, and alcohol; rattan, used in
-making furniture; Manila copal or almaciga, used in making high
-grade varnish; lumbang, a nut-producing high grade oil for varnish;
-dye-woods and barks; guttapercha and rubber; paper pulp; fibers
-suitable for making baskets, hats, mats, ropes, etc.; soap barks;
-pili nuts, declared by many as superior even to almonds; wax; and
-different kinds of medicinal plants.
-
-
-
-
-MINERALS
-
-The Islands are rich in mineral products, and it should not be long
-before the working of minerals should constitute one of its basic
-industries. The most important minerals are gold, silver, lead,
-zinc, copper, iron, coal, petroleum, sulphur, asphalt, asbestos,
-manganese, guano, mineral waters, gas, cement, and many others of
-minor importance.
-
-
-Gold.--There are a number of successful gold mines in the islands
-today. One of them is the Colorado mine in Masbate which produces
-P2,000 worth of gold a day at a cost of P1,000. Other successful mines
-are those of Paracale, Ambos Camarines; Baguio, Mountain Province;
-and Aroroy, Masbate. There are large areas of placer ground in Nueva
-Ecija, Mindanao, and Misamis.
-
-According to an estimate of the Bureau of Science, there are in all
-800 to 1,000 square kilometers of placer grounds in the Philippines
-still undeveloped. The production of gold in 1916 was 2,265,789 fine
-grams, worth P3,011,755; in 1918 the production was 1,937,941 fine
-grams valued P2,575,970.
-
-
-Silver.--Silver is found alloyed with the gold in all of the gold
-deposits in the ratio of 1 to 4. No attempt has as yet been made
-to develop the silver mines of the islands. There is no doubt,
-however, that the silver deposits can be advantageously developed
-on a commercial basis because the supply of silver in the world is
-declining and because the neighboring countries, such as China and
-Japan, are on the silver standard basis.
-
-
-Iron.--Valuable deposits of high grade iron ores are found in the
-eastern and southeastern cordilleras of Luzon. Extensive deposits are
-available in Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, and Surigao. The Surigao field
-has a total area of 100 square kilometers with an average depth of
-3 meters. The total estimated iron-ore deposit is about 500,000,000
-tons. This region is accessible from the coast. The Bulacan deposit
-contains approximately 1,200,000 tons of ore. No survey has been
-made of other fields, but it is estimated that at least another
-500,000,000 tons of ore are dormant in them. If properly developed,
-these deposits would yield sufficient ore to meet the local needs for
-iron and steel products, perhaps with a surplus for exportation. As
-a result of the economic development of the country, the importation
-of iron and steel and their manufactures has shown an annual tendency
-to increase, as may be seen from the following figures:
-
-
-                     IMPORTATION OF IRON AND STEEL
-                        AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF
-
-                           Year
-
-                           1910   P11,118,916
-                           1913    17,227,808
-                           1918    24,507,970
-                           1919    44,735,174
-                           1920    43,759,204
-                           1921    43,529,079
-                           1922    15,208,761
-
-
-The demand for iron and steel goods in the Philippines is bound
-to remain on the ascendant with the daily increase in the use
-of structural iron and steel for Government buildings as well as
-for private structures. Here again is another vast field awaiting
-exploitation by enterprising men and capital.
-
-
-Manganese.--Manganese deposits are found in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan,
-Bulacan, Tarlac, Masbate, and Benguet. Little, if anything, seems to
-have been done in the way of developing them. This mineral product
-is of great industrial value and has a sure demand on the world's
-market. The United States in 1914 imported 288,306 tons of this
-product, and in 1917, 656,088 tons, valued at P21,000,000.
-
-
-Coal.--No other mineral deposits are as widely scattered in almost
-every island of the Archipelago as coal. Extensive deposits which
-would warrant investments of capital are found in Cebu, Polillo,
-Mindanao, Masbate, and Mindoro. According to estimates made by the
-Bureau of Science the probable minimum tonnage of the different grades
-of coal found in this country is about 68,000,000 metric tons. Tests
-made by the same bureau show the following figures on the comparative
-calorific value of imported and local coal:
-
-
-                   CALORIFIC VALUES OF VARIOUS COALS
-
-                     Source of sample    Calories
-
-                     Australia          6,614-6,987
-                     Japan              6,691-7,127
-                     Borneo                   6,664
-                     Philippines:
-                         Bataan               4,753
-                         Uling, Cebu          6,733
-                         Polillo              5,925
-                         Negros               4,402
-                         Zamboanga            6,427
-                         Laguna               4,510
-                         Butong               7,779
-
-
-At present only the Cebu coal fields are extensively developed. The
-latest data on coal production in the Philippines are 5,407 metric tons
-for 1917; about 20,000 metric tons for 1918; 40,011 for 1921 and 36,939
-for 1922. [1] The importations from 1908 to 1922 were as follows:
-
-
-                     IMPORTATIONS OF COAL INTO THE
-                     PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1908-1922
-
-                     Year     Quantity      Value
-                              Metric ton    Pesos
-
-                     1908      504,244    2,884,764
-                     1914      597,131    3,499,490
-                     1919      400,537    7,781,307
-                     1920      540,056   10,792,077
-                     1921      461,889    6,987,004
-                     1922      461,478    5,009,362
-
-
-
-
-OTHER INDUSTRIES
-
-
-Fishing.--Philippine waters abound in food fishes of all
-kinds. However, the amount of fish caught is not even enough to meet
-the local demand. Fishing is mostly done in shallow water, the methods
-employed not being adequate for deep-sea fishing. There is great need
-for modern equipment for purposes of deep-sea fishing. The islands
-are still a heavy importer of fish products. The City of Manila alone
-consumes P4,000,000 worth of fresh fish a year.
-
-There are various sea products of the islands, which can be profitably
-exploited, such as oysters and other shell fish. Raw materials for
-canning purposes are available. Oil and tomatoes could easily be
-procured that possess good preserving qualities.
-
-
-Alcohol.--For the manufacture of alcohol the Philippines offer an
-abundant supply of raw materials. There is the nipa sap from nipa
-palms which are found in extensive groves in water swamps. There is
-the discarded molasses from the sugar mills amounting annually to
-7,000,000 gallons. There are fruits, especially bananas, which could
-be grown in unlimited quantities and manufactured into alcohol. To
-these, may be added wood-waste and sawdust from the lumber mills.
-
-
-Cordage.--The manufacture of cordage is another profitable Philippine
-industry with the promise of a constant world demand. The islands
-have all the natural advantages for the extensive development of
-the industry. Abaca, sisal, and maguey affording strong fibers can
-be grown in abundance. At present the islands are an exporter of
-cordage. In 1915, 454,621 kilograms were exported; in 1918 the export
-rose to 2,209,064 kilograms valued at P1,733,968, in 1921 the export
-2,631,953 kilos valued at P1,099,378. Most of this was exported to
-British East Indies, Hongkong and the United States.
-
-
-Paper and paper pulp.--The industry which for some time has interested
-the Government and private individuals, and for the development of
-which nothing substantial so far has been accomplished, is the paper
-and paper pulp industry. There is at present a large demand for
-paper pulp in America, Europe, and Japan. According to authorities
-on the subject, the spruce wood, which forms at least two-thirds of
-all the woods converted into pulp, is being exhausted. Very recently
-newspapers in the United States gave accounts of plans to develop the
-forest resources of Alaska to supply paper pulp for the production of
-paper. The world's annual paper production is about 8,000,000 tons,
-and it is estimated that for every ten years there is an increase in
-demand amounting to 25 per cent.
-
-The Bureau of Science has made an exhaustive study of raw materials
-available in the Philippines for the manufacture of paper pulp. The
-investigation shows that there is an abundant supply of raw materials
-for the manufacture of paper. Among these are bamboo (ca�a bojo
-variety), cogon grass, and abaca waste. These materials contain all
-the elements for the manufacture of an excellent pulp product. The
-supply of bamboo and cogon grass is almost unlimited thruout the
-Islands. Bamboo fiber is eminently fitted for the manufacture of pulp
-used for the making of book papers and for certain grades of writing
-and lithographic materials.
-
-
-Cattle raising.--There are extensive grass lands suitable for cattle
-raising in the islands. Seventy five per cent of the country is a
-rolling expanse of upland territory to the foot-hills with an elevation
-of 4,500 feet. Aside from forest areas, there are extensive pasture
-lands such as the grass-covered hills of Nueva Vizcaya, the Mountain
-Province, and the green plateaus of Bukidnon in Mindanao. There are
-now cattle raising projects in those places but there is plenty of
-room left elsewhere.
-
-Embroidery.--Hand embroidery in the Philippine Islands has been known
-for over four centuries, having been introduced by Spanish, French,
-and Belgian nuns, who taught this artcraft to the Filipino women
-in their convents where exquisitely fine work was done, mainly for
-Church altars and tapestries used for decorations.
-
-At the present time there are scattered over the Islands, but chiefly
-in central Luzon, thousands of men, women and children engaged in
-this enterprise, which is a means of adding to their income, but is
-not considered the mainstay of their livelihood, as they work only
-when they prefer to and not of necessity.
-
-France and Belgium, where the embroidery industry was crippled by
-the war, are coming back into the field, but it is a question whether
-they will ever again be able to compete with the Philippine Islands
-in the quality and price of goods. The Filipinos also excel in fine
-art work done on pi�a (pineapple fabric) and silk.
-
-In the Philippines, embroidery is a part of the curriculum of all the
-schools, so that every girl student learns how to embroider from an
-early age.
-
-The demand for Philippine embroideries greatly exceeds the supply. At
-present the greatest demand is for ladies' underwear, but there is also
-a tremendous demand for infants' and children's underwear and fine
-frocks. The making of children's dresses, especially in the larger
-sizes, is probably the most complicated of all handmade merchandise,
-not only in the fine embroidery stitchery but also in the cutting
-and sewing. This class of workmanship is finding favor by leaps and
-bounds in the United States.
-
-
-[Embroidery Factories]
-
-There are about forty embroidery factories in Manila, the entire output
-of which is practically absorbed by the United States. Recently new
-markets have opened up, notably India, Australia, and China, where
-the dainty work of the Filipino women has been much admired.
-
-The following figures show the growth of the embroidery industry of
-the Philippines during the years indicated:
-
-
-                        Year   Values of exports
-
-                        1913            P352,338
-                        1914             324,912
-                        1915             735,303
-                        1916           2,328,024
-                        1917           3,929,318
-                        1918           4,319,501
-                        1919           6,913,004
-                        1920          15,623,567
-                        1921          10,696,207
-                        1922           6,514,597
-
-
-Perfumes.--The Orient, since the most ancient times, has been famous
-for perfumes, and in this regard the Philippines are not behind from
-other oriental countries. Over two scores of aromatic oils from
-plants have been studied by the Bureau of Science and found to be
-available for perfumery and medicine; and, as exploration progresses,
-undoubtedly others will become better known.
-
-
-Ilang-ilang.--At least one Philippine essential oil, namely
-ilang-ilang, has enjoyed a world-wide fame among perfumes for several
-years. Although the oil is extracted also from the flowers of the
-same tree in other oriental countries, the Philippine product always
-has brought and still does bring the highest prices in the perfume
-trade in Europe.
-
-
-Patchouli oil.--Another oil that has been known in the Orient for
-thousands of years and in Europe for centuries is patchouli oil. This,
-while of no commercial importance in the Philippines at present,
-has a peculiar interest to the botanist, for while the plant is
-cultivated in many parts of the Orient in considerable quantities,
-there is no record of its flowering except in the Philippines.
-
-
-Rattan.--The thirty odd kinds of rattans, and the climbing members
-of the palm family, furnish strips and reeds for the manufacture of
-furniture. Considerable exports in rattan were made during the war;
-and, should the rattan be prepared and graded in a manner similar
-to what is being done in Singapore, this item of export alone would
-not only be increased, but much higher prices would be received for
-the product. Rattan strips are used in enormous quantities all over
-the Islands as tying material for houses, bridges, wharfs, boats,
-fish weirs, and so forth, besides being almost the only material
-used for tying bales of Manila hemp, tobacco, sugar bags, and similar
-commercial packages.
-
-
-Shoes.--The shoe industry in the Philippines is in its infant
-stage. The exportation during 1919 was only 2,368 pairs of leather
-shoes and 674 pairs of canvas shoes, worth P20,695 and P2,351,
-respectively. Shoes, however, that left the Islands through the
-military, probably worth more than the amount given, are not
-included. On the other hand over P5,000,000 worth of shoes of all
-kinds were imported in 1919.
-
-There are two factories in the City of Manila manufacturing shoes by
-machinery. Filipino laborers are employed and have proved competent to
-undertake all phases of the manufacture of shoes. These factories are
-making shoes that compare very favorably with the better-grade shoes
-made in the United States, using only the best imported leathers and
-other necessary materials from the United States. The two factories
-have a capacity of about one thousand pairs of shoes per day.
-
-Besides the two factories mentioned, there is also a considerable
-quantity of shoes manufactured in small shops throughout the City of
-Manila and the provinces that make their shoes entirely by hand and
-use a great deal of material produced in the Philippines, especially
-sole leather and portions of the upper leathers. These small shops
-turn out products of good quality and make most of their shoes on
-individual orders.
-
-
-Hats.--The making of Philippine hats is almost a household
-industry. Hats manufactured here are as durable and as beautiful as
-those produced in Panama. Philippine buntal, buri, hemp, and bamboo
-hats make attractive and comfortable wear. The towns of Baliuag,
-Bulacan, and Lucban, Tayabas, have become famous for the excellent
-hats they produce.
-
-The hat industry in the Philippines, although exploited only to a
-small extent, made it possible for the Islands to record exportation
-on this product in 1919 amounting to 1,470,026 pesos as compared with
-only 753,942 pesos worth of hats imported for the same year.
-
-Of the 1,470,026 pesos' worth of hats sent out of the Islands in
-1919, 1,280,968 pesos' worth went to the United States. With the
-increasing popularity which Philippine hats enjoy in the American
-market, hat exportation to the United States is expected to reach
-greater proportions. China, with its hundreds of millions of souls,
-many of whom have already begun to wear hats, is also a big potential
-market for this Philippine product.
-
-There is one large hat factory in the Philippines which manufactures
-straw hats, wool hats, and also umbrellas. Its actual annual production
-reaches half a million straw hats and half a million woolen hats.
-
-
-Matches.--There is one match factory in the Philippines which
-supplies a portion of the local need, averaging 70,000 to 80,000
-tins annually. One tin contains 1,440 small boxes. This factory has
-been in operation since eighteen years ago. The Philippines imported
-last year matches worth 949,205 pesos, while its exports of the same
-product were only 33,207 pesos.
-
-
-Pearls.--Pearls abound in Philippine waters, especially in the
-neighborhood of Mindanao and Sulu. The Japanese go as far as Sulu to
-fish for pearls. Merchants from Paris and London come to the Islands
-to get their supply of pearls.
-
-Until 1910 the pearl industry of the Philippines was totally in
-the hands of Moros and Chinese in Mindanao, who sent their pearls
-directly to Singapore for sale. After that year jewelry houses in
-England and France sent their representatives here to purchase pearls,
-and since then large quantities have been shipped directly to those
-countries. At present not even one per cent of the pearls fished in
-Philippine waters remains in the Islands. The rest are shipped out of
-the country to be manufactured into beautiful jewels, which are sent
-back to the Islands to be sold at high prices. In 1919 the Islands
-exported raw pearls valued at 152,543 pesos, while the manufacture
-pearls that were imported were worth 155,150 pesos.
-
-
-Buttons.--The raw materials used for the manufacture of shell buttons
-are trocha, pearl shell, green snail, and the chambered-nautilus. The
-Islands have an abundant supply of these shells. They are found in the
-waters of Jolo and also in the vicinity of Sitanki, and the regions
-farther north, such as the Ta�on Strait and along the coasts of most
-of the Visayan Islands; some are found along the coasts of Pangasinan
-and Ambos Camarines.
-
-In 1918 the United States alone imported 2,500,000 pesos' worth of
-buttons; the Philippine exports of this product showed only 251,144
-gross in quantity, valued at 231,811 pesos; while the Islands imported
-buttons worth 119,787 pesos. Japan is supplying one-half of the button
-importation of America. In 1922, imports were valued at P216,086.
-
-There are two button factories in the Philippines. These two companies
-use only a very small portion of the suitable material that could be
-obtained. The annual supply of shells which the Philippines produces
-is 1,000,000 kilograms. The two local factories use less than 300,000
-kilograms a year. This limited local demand for shell and the better
-prices offered abroad result in the Philippine supply of shells being
-exported to other lands.
-
-It is estimated that a small button factory, destined only for the
-local trade and capable of producing fifty gross of buttons daily,
-would require an investment of about 20,000 pesos, exclusive of the
-cost of buildings.
-
-
-
-
-PUBLIC LANDS
-
-There are approximately 73,214,742 acres of public land in the
-Philippine Islands.
-
-Of this area 41,029,900 acres are considered suitable for agriculture,
-while the total area applied for as homesteads, lease, and sale
-concession amounts to only 3,159,712 acres. There are still 37,870,188
-acres of agricultural domain that have not yet been appropriated.
-
-In the Province of Cotabato alone on the great Island of Mindanao,
-there are still 3,578,169 acres of agricultural public land not
-yet occupied nor applied for, and in the Province of Samar, one of
-the Visayan group, 2,524,388 acres. In the Island of Mindanao and
-the Sulu Archipelago may also be found some of the most suitable
-agricultural lands for growing rubber, hemp, coconut, rice, tobacco,
-and other staple products, which are available to the farmers at
-practically no expense. The various modes of acquiring public land
-are explained below.
-
-
-Homestead.--Any citizen of the Philippine Islands or of the United
-States, over the age of 18 years, or the head of a family, who does not
-own more than 59 acres of land in the Philippines may enter a homestead
-of not exceeding 59 acres of agricultural land of the public domain.
-
-Upon the filing of an application and approval thereof by the Director
-of Lands, possession may be taken of the land applied for upon payment
-of $5 as entry fee.
-
-The certificate or patent is issued after the land has been improved
-and cultivated. The period granted by law to homesteaders for the
-improvement and cultivation of their claims is from two to five years
-from and after the date of the approval of the application. After an
-applicant has complied with all the requirements of the law and the
-regulations promulgated in accordance therewith, he will be entitled
-to a patent upon payment of an additional amount of $5, thus making
-the total homestead fee $10; and small as this amount is, the law
-gives the homesteader the option to pay for it in annual installments.
-
-
-Sale of public land.--Any citizen of lawful age of the Philippine
-Islands or of the United States, and any corporation or association of
-which at least 61 per centum of the capital stock or of any interest in
-said capital stock belongs wholly to citizens of the Philippine Islands
-or of the United States may purchase any tract of public agricultural
-land of not to exceed 247 acres in the case of an individual and 2,530
-acres in that of a corporation or association. Citizens of countries
-the laws of which grant to citizens of the Philippine Islands the
-same right to acquire public land as to their own citizens, may,
-while such laws are in force, but not thereafter, with the express
-authorization of the Legislature, purchase any parcel of agricultural
-land, not in excess of 247 acres.
-
-Lands sold in this way must first be appraised by the Director of Lands
-with the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources
-and then sold at public auction. An individual may purchase as much
-as 247 acres of land and a corporation 2,530 acres and, in addition,
-lease 2,530 acres.
-
-
-Lease of public lands.--Another manner of occupying public land
-is by leasing it. The same conditions required for citizenship of
-individuals and corporations for the purchase of public lands are
-laid down regarding leasing public lands, the only exception being
-that an individual may lease as much as 2,530 acres whereas under
-the law he may purchase only 247 acres.
-
-The annual rental of lease must be at least equal to three per cent of
-the appraised valuation of the land, which is subject to reappraisal
-every 10 years from the date of the approval of the contract. Lease
-contracts run for 25 years but may be renewed for another period of
-not to exceed 25 years. In case the lessee shall have made important
-improvements which, in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture
-and Natural Resources, justify a renewal of the lease, a further
-renewal for an additional period not to exceed 25 years may be granted.
-
-
-Friar lands.--The Philippine Government has another kind of land
-holdings commonly called "Friar Lands." These were formerly estates
-belonging to the religious corporation which were acquired by the
-Government for $7,239,784.16.
-
-Any person of legal age may purchase not to exceed 39 acres of the
-"Friar Lands" estate. A corporation duly registered in the Philippine
-Islands may purchase as much as 2,530 acres.
-
-Payment for the land may be made in full at the time of the purchase
-or in annual installments. If purchased on the installment plan the
-purchaser is allowed 12 years in which to pay the purchase price,
-beginning January first of the year following the purchase, plus
-interest of four per cent per annum on the unpaid balance.
-
-After the purchaser has paid for the land applied for by him in full
-a deed is issued in his favor.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XI. THE TRADE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-
-[Background]
-
-The Philippines are practically alone among tropical countries in
-having, through a fortunate chain of historical circumstances, a
-population advanced in civilization and able to become a part of the
-complicated organization which modern commerce demands. The business
-machinery of collecting the products from the plantations and getting
-them to Manila has long been in the hands of Filipinos and in this
-they are rarely assisted financially by Americans or foreigners. In
-connection with man power, however, there is a problem very difficult
-to solve--the scarcity of manual labor--the population of the Islands
-being insufficient to till their fertile acres and get their products
-ready for commerce. Probably only time can remedy this.
-
-The stability of the Government of the Islands during a time of
-growing Filipino participation is a proof to the world that when
-the time comes for the government to be entirely in the hands of
-the Island's inhabitants, both as to internal and external affairs,
-foreign commerce need not fear for loss of credit or trade, due to
-any of the great political upheavals which have been so common in
-other countries which were once colonies but are now independent.
-
-
-[Trade Routes]
-
-ECONOMIC POSITION.--Lying within thirty-six hours' sailing from the
-port of Hongkong, the Philippine Archipelago bears promise of being
-an important distributing center for goods destined for the markets
-of the Far East. The ports and harbors have exceptional advantages of
-anchorage, and port facilities are easily obtained. The islands are
-close to the main trade route between America and Europe, via the
-Pacific. They are also close to the route from the extreme Orient
-to Europe and to the route from the ports of southern Asia to the
-two Americas. Furthermore, they lie on one of the most promising
-trade routes between Australia and Asia. Manila, however, is in
-competition with such ports as Hongkong, Singapore, Saigon, and
-Batavia, which are in most respects better situated especially for
-European trade. As regards American bound traffic, however, Manila has
-the advantage. Feeder lines are actually operated from Singapore to
-Manila and Zamboanga, and from Batavia to the ports of Mindanao. For
-goods coming from the United States for the east, direct sailings are
-conveniently made from the Pacific coast of Canada to the ports of
-the Philippine Islands, where transhipments can be made for any of
-the ports of Asia, Japan, India, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies,
-and even Australasia.
-
-
-[Filipino capital]
-
-The port of Manila has now a marine terminal that can compare favorably
-with any in the Orient. There are three piers provided with modern
-conveniences, and there is a good-sized basin inclosed with strong
-breakwater. If the development of the Philippine resources, however,
-should in the future proceed as rapidly as the development during
-the last decade, and if shipping opportunities generally in the
-East are taken advantage of, there will be need for a still larger
-marine terminal and for efficient ship-repairing and dry-docking
-facilities. But there will always be available sites on Manila Bay.
-
-To emphasize the importance of Manila as a trade center, attention is
-drawn to the chart of page 146 where a circle, drawn with Manila as a
-center and having a radius of 1,700 miles, will comprise within its
-circumference no less than 20 cities of equal importance and would
-reach a population of no less than 125,740,711, while a radius of
-3,500 miles would make the circumference of the circle reach into the
-interior of Siberia and China to the north, all of India and Colombo
-to the west, and about two-thirds of Australia to the South.
-
-
-[Filipino capital]
-
-THE PERSONNEL OF PHILIPPINE COMMERCE.--Before the coming of
-the Spaniards, the Filipino people were known traders, their
-interisland life leading naturally to a use of the sea as a means of
-communication. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries trade was
-controlled by the Spanish residents. The result of limited Filipino
-participation was a disinclination, through lack of knowledge and
-practice, to engage in trade, and it is only within the last few years
-that Filipino business men have been an appreciable factor. Dozens
-of enterprising and well-educated young men are now venturing into
-business. Filipino capital has hitherto been invested in great
-estates; the millionaires of the Islands with few exceptions have
-obtained their incomes from rentals and produce. All that is rapidly
-changing; oil companies, shipping firms, and importing houses are
-now financed by Filipino capital and managed by Filipino brains;
-but Filipino participation in the trade of their country has not yet
-assumed commanding proportions.
-
-
-[Foreigners]
-
-The people of all the great trading nations have established houses
-in Manila and have a vital part of the Islands' commerce, transacting
-a considerably greater proportion of the foreign trade. Of these,
-Americans are, of course, the most numerous, having as a basis the
-political bond between the two countries. A large part of these
-are ex-Government employees, who saw the opportunities for business
-development during their terms of service in the Insular Government.
-
-The British probably occupy second place, though the Spaniards and
-their descendants in the Islands are important factors, their houses
-handling every branch of import and export trade. The British firms
-are for the most part long established, and their trade has the strong
-aspect characteristic of British trade the world over. They specialize
-in the export of the staples hemp, sugar, and tobacco. The French and
-Swiss have houses, which were here prior to American occupation. The
-Japanese are a new element; they have of late been invading every
-branch of commerce, with increasing momentum. Millions of Japanese
-capital are being invested in the basic industries of the Islands,
-and each month sees the incorporation of new companies. The post-war
-depression, however, has reduced their number and commercial activities
-very materially.
-
-
-AMERICA'S MONOPOLY IN PHILIPPINE TRADE.--The old saying that "trade
-follows the flag" has held true in the Islands. At the time of the
-American occupation a very small portion of the Islands' commerce was
-with the United States; now it is about two-thirds, seven times that
-of any other country.
-
-In the beginning, the growth was slow, and what growth there
-was, was due to the increasing American civil population. The few
-American houses were young and struggling with inexperience and lack
-of capital. The older foreign houses, with their branches in the
-provincial centers and established clientele, had a very strong hold
-on import trade.
-
-
-[Effect of Free Trade]
-
-In 1909 a tariff law providing for reciprocal free trade between the
-United States and the Islands was passed, with a few limitations which
-were removed in 1913. Immediately following the passage of this law
-American goods sprang to the fore and trade increased threefold from
-1909 to 1912, $24,000,000 worth having been imported in that year.
-
-
-
-
-MEDIUMS OF TRADE.--Generally speaking, there are three methods by
-which goods coming from foreign countries are brought to consumers
-in the Archipelago.
-
-Some manufacturers establish branches throughout the Islands and
-sell only their particular line. For others having a smaller volume
-of trade various commission and indent houses stand ready to handle
-their goods together with other lines. Still other manufacturers
-having a large volume of business in the Islands transact business
-thru a branch or agent direct without any intermediary.
-
-
-
-
-TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES.--The following table shows the volume
-of trade between the Philippines and the other countries of the
-world for the years 1917 to 1922:
-
-
-Countries                    1922          1921          1920          1919          1918          1917
-                            Pesos         Pesos         Pesos         Pesos         Pesos         Pesos
-
-United States         223,699,852   248,973,616   395,012,081   264,288,213   295,932,059   201,710,012
-    Hawaii              1,199,666     2,404,761     4,310,625     4,584,195       958,872       968,859
-    Porto Rico                                            159
-    Guam                  279,929       344,211       223,304       198,134       522,822       208,494
-United Kingdom         16,788,965    17,892,548    34,559,572    37,111,249    44,492,810    26,532,640
-Austria-Hungary           298,425       353,670        23,305           391         1,633         2,063
-Belgium                 1,187,310       719,089       812,910       915,390           474        43,606
-Denmark                    49,800        86,745       103,098        36,667        40,810        87,417
-France                  4,519,468     7,812,258     5,828,482    11,423,798     4,097,446     4,506,617
-Germany                 7,934,643     7,429,125     2,787,824       733,882        65,215       321,879
-Italy                     984,018       469,804       663,707       337,104       378,305       427,312
-Netherlands             5,670,345    10,859,875     7,292,425    17,213,031        90,927       176,910
-Spain                   7,467,255     9,548,425    12,878,951     9,728,135     7,860,335     4,881,013
-Norway                    124,795        39,105        10,539        37,610        15,475        29,858
-Switzerland             1,510,333     1,875,403     1,890,888     1,347,920     1,215,741     1,120,127
-Canada                  2,320,070     1,236,079     2,007,190       481,439     1,400,341     1,119,188
-China                  17,786,205    24,054,116    25,915,481    21,884,855    19,652,486    12,839,167
-Japanese-China            748,000       317,378        90,597       435,731       221,431       339,971
-British East Indies     4,558,247     5,373,683     9,645,447     7,592,592     7,031,771     4,339,107
-Dutch East Indies       5,569,494     5,813,437     5,524,312     8,242,028     2,662,846     2,490,819
-French East Indies      6,191,832     6,516,898    10,226,884    10,456,432    16,560,839    11,309,048
-Hongkong                5,664,825    10,146,269    14,960,216    14,882,990    10,129,983    11,154,093
-Japan                  28,964,902    35,094,966    47,064,272    37,285,086    42,144,920    31,088,379
-Siam                      466,336     4,196,598     8,733,450     2,637,467     2,439,348       753,449
-Australasia             7,105,550     5,835,955    10,199,782    10,668,854     8,873,767     5,977,807
-British Africa                           50,936        72,990       145,457       402,018       161,063
-French-Africa                            35,975
-All other countries                     348,663       249,812       845,106       384,283       213,776
-                      -----------   -----------   -----------   -----------   -----------   -----------
-    Totals            351,561,885   407,907,793   601,124,276   463,513,756   467,587,387   322,802,674
-
-
-The values of imports and exports and the trade balance for each year,
-from 1913 to 1922, follow:
-
-
-      VALUES OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, AND TOTAL VOLUME OF TRADE, SHOWING
-                   BALANCE FOR EACH YEAR, FROM 1913 TO 1922
-
--------+-------------+--------------+-------------+------------------------
-       |             |              |             |   Balance of trade
-       |             |              |             +------------+-----------
- Year  |   Imports   |    Exports   | Total trade |In favor of |  Against
-       |             |              |             |   Islands  |  Islands
--------+-------------+--------------+-------------+------------+-----------
-       |    Pesos    |    Pesos     |    Pesos    |    Pesos   |   Pesos
- 1913  | 106,625,572 |  95,545,912  | 202,171,484 |----------- | 11,079,660
- 1914  |  97,177,306 |  97,379,268  | 194,556,574 |    201,962 |-----------
- 1915  |  98,624,367 | 107,626,008  | 206,250,375 |  9,001,641 |-----------
- 1916  |  90,992,675 | 139,874,365  | 230,867,040 | 48,881,690 |-----------
- 1917  | 131,594,061 | 191,208,613  | 322,802,674 | 59,614,552 |-----------
- 1918  | 197,198,423 | 270,388,964  | 467,587,387 | 73,190,541 |-----------
- 1919  | 237,278,104 | 226,235,652  | 463,513,756 |----------- | 11,042,452
- 1920  | 298,876,565 | 302,247,711  | 601,124,276 |  3,371,146 |-----------
- 1921  | 231,677,148 | 176,230,645  | 407,907,793 |----------- | 55,446,503
- 1922  | 160,395,289 | 191,166,596  | 351,561,884 | 30,771,307 |-----------
--------+-------------+--------------+-------------+------------+-----------
-
-
-
-
-          VALUES OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1921-1922
-
-    Articles                                   1921          1922
-                                              Pesos         Pesos
-
-    Beeswax                                  18,670         3,010
-    Breadstuffs:
-        Rice                                 49,142        58,164
-        All other                             4,941         1,919
-    Chemicals, drugs, dyes and
-      medicines:
-        Sapan wood                            5,781        16,859
-        All other                             2,674         1,670
-    Copra                                26,146,913    28,206,146
-    Copra meal                            1,208,930     2,435,290
-    Cotton, vegetable fiber and
-      manufactures of:
-        Unmanufactured--
-            Canton                            1,342        61,530
-            Hemp (Manila)                25,969,385    39,081,829
-            Maguey                        1,848,794     2,973,203
-            Pacol                             9,662         1,489
-            Sisal                            28,151        52,585
-            All other unmanufactured         47,697       133,060
-        Manufactures of--
-            Cloth                           221,944        24,536
-            Cordage                         918,544     1,099,375
-            Crochet                              15         5,533
-            Embroideries                 10,696,207     6,514,597
-            Knotted hemp                    100,267       904,440
-            Laces                            30,057        17,082
-            All other manufactures           28,998       103,950
-    Fish and fish products                  175,847       252,912
-    Fruits and fruit nuts                   239,060       532,632
-    Gold and silver manufactures              4,644         3,787
-    Gums and resins:
-        Copal                               140,607       127,209
-        Elemi                                 7,689         9,266
-        Gutta-percha                         13,466         8,460
-        Rubber                               25,700          ----
-        All other                              ----           110
-    Hats                                    608,724       950,788
-    Hides and skins                          16,094        27,435
-    Iron and steel, scrap and old            95,692        28,588
-    Malt liquors                             34,127        28,757
-    Matches                                  15,360        33,207
-    Mineral water                               300          ----
-    Oils:
-        Coconuts                         32,103,036    31,468,971
-        Ilang-ilang                          57,554        60,606
-        Lumbang or candlenut                    161            56
-        All other                               565           220
-    Pearls, unset                             3,444            15
-    Sesame seed                              75,499         3,762
-    Shells:
-        Unmanufactured                      205,249       286,816
-        Manufactures of--
-            Pearl buttons                   245,905       418,933
-            All other                        19,141        12,848
-    Shoes                                    12,026         5,190
-    Slippers                                 16,917        10,867
-    Soaps                                     4,860        16,323
-    Spirits, distilled                       57,895        56,796
-    Sponges                                   2,575         3,121
-    Sugar:
-        Centrifugal                      37,175,898    38,628,040
-        Raw                              13,854,586    11,398,580
-        Refined                               6,970     1,138,490
-    Tobacco:
-        Leaf                              9,522,812     4,546,234
-        Cigars                            6,454,886    11,602,219
-        Cigarettes                           87,530       165,880
-        Smoking                             328,853       674,948
-        All other                           170,353       350,955
-    Vegetables                                5,092         3,471
-    Wood:
-        Timber                                7,591        10,328
-        Lumber                            1,567,533     1,656,812
-        Rattan and reeds                        615           943
-        Veneers                              75,930       210,222
-        Basketware                          118,802        76,379
-        Furniture                            50,265        48,789
-        All other                            94,978        22,627
-    All other domestic exports              722,335       635,919
-    Exports of foreign merchandise        4,465,365     3,951,818
-                                        -----------   -----------
-          Total                         176,230,645   191,166,596
-
-
-
-
-            VALUES OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IMPORTED, 1921-1922
-
-Articles                                          1921          1922
-                                                 Pesos         Pesos
-
-Animals:
-    Carabaos                                   758,862        65,033
-    Other cattle                             3,315,863     1,596,156
-Brass, and its manufactures                    932,637       454,049
-Breadstuffs:
-    Rice                                     6,649,395     4,604,315
-    Wheat flour                              7,017,174     5,783,194
-    Other breadstuffs                        1,358,513     1,043,708
-Cars, carriages, other vehicles, and
-  parts of:
-    Automobiles and parts of                 7,459,214     1,406,965
-    Other cars, carriages, etc., and parts   3,345,418       907,856
-Cement                                       2,005,264     1,587,383
-Chemicals, drugs, dyes and medicines         3,349,384     2,946,324
-Clocks and watches, and parts                  508,305       261,504
-Coal                                         6,987,004     5,009,362
-Cocoa or cacao                                 797,527       713,839
-Coffee                                         760,593       880,135
-Copper and manufactures of                     794,014       190,170
-Cotton, and its manufactures                37,648,201    47,229,720
-    Cotton cloths                           25,463,804    34,408,508
-    Other manufactures                      12,184,397    12,821,212
-Diamonds and other precious stones, unset      517,893       374,109
-Earthen, stone and chinaware                   781,366       964,678
-Electrical machinery, apparatus, and
-  appliances                                 4,683,060     1,891,967
-Eggs                                         1,695,605     1,457,923
-Fibers, vegetable, and their manufactures    3,507,000     2,331,324
-Fish and fish products                       2,965,912     2,834,949
-Fruits and nuts                              2,115,644     1,576,678
-Glass and glassware                          1,812,285       869,870
-Gold, platinum and silver, and their
-  manufactures                                 378,899       219,618
-Hats and caps and parts of                     617,369       647,620
-India rubber, and its manufactures           3,511,910     2,534,399
-Instruments and apparatus:
-    Not electrical                           1,279,204       509,802
-    Motion-picture, and films for              574,275       600,948
-Iron and steel, and their manufactures      43,529,079    15,208,761
-    Agricultural implements, and parts         700,421        30,572
-    Machinery and parts                     17,665,808     4,022,834
-    All other iron and steel                25,162,850    11,155,355
-Leather, and its manufactures                1,786,461     1,563,939
-Meat and dairy products:
-    Meat products                            6,255,609     4,623,158
-    Dairy products                           4,325,411     3,924,896
-Musical instruments, and parts                 508,349       269,132
-Oils:
-    Crude                                      954,463     5,337,775
-    Illuminating                             9,014,714     3,476,158
-    Lubricating and heavy paraffin           3,943,456       655,264
-    Naphthas, including all lighter
-      products of distillation               8,832,227     3,804,003
-    All other oils                           1,060,068     1,004,899
-Paints, varnishes and pigments                 966,845       882,485
-Paper, and its manufactures:
-    Books and other printed matter           3,013,988     1,407,916
-    All other                                6,066,029     3,511,832
-Perfumery and toilet preparations            1,530,011     1,026,213
-Photographic equipments and supplies           446,066       350,949
-Plateware, gold and silver                     328,300       135,387
-Silk, and its manufactures                   3,721,538     3,117,454
-Soap                                           710,879       718,802
-Spirits, wines and liquors                   1,564,629       822,933
-Sugar and molasses                             984,538       722,910
-Tobacco, and its manufactures                4,301,769     2,480,322
-Vegetables                                   2,825,998     2,665,212
-Wax                                            216,893       350,211
-Wood, and its manufactures                   1,731,758       645,116
-Wool, and its manufactures                   1,645,701     1,337,484
-All other imports                           13,284,579     8,858,480
-                                           -----------   -----------
-        Total                              231,677,148   160,395,289
-
-
-Because the products of the Islands are usually exported to the
-countries where the imports come from, there have been established
-firms which deal in exports and imports of every variety, and have
-buying and selling organization both in the Islands and abroad. This
-double business, so to speak, besides being very profitable, lends
-itself to large scale enterprises and millions of capital have been
-brought together under one managing head.
-
-
-
-
-SHIPPING.--The foreign, as well as the domestic trade of the
-Philippines, will always depend on an adequate supply of shipping. As
-fast as the agriculture and industries of the Islands develop, the
-supply of shipping must correspondingly increase, otherwise, the
-commercial development of the Islands will be retarded. Hemp, oil,
-and sugar are bulky and the surface they require when exported is
-large in proportion to their value. Practically, all Philippine goods
-are carried thousands of miles before they reach their destinations,
-either to New York or London and the continent--half way around the
-world. Because of this, reasonable wages and a regular supply of
-surface for cargo in the ships calling at the ports of the Islands
-are indispensable. Because of this, also, it is necessary for the
-Islands to have a merchant marine of its own in order that products
-therefrom can be easily transported to the markets of the world.
-
-
-
-
-INTERISLAND TRANSPORTATION.--Water transportation is the key to the
-interisland trade of the Islands. For hundreds of years before the
-coming of the steamboat, the Philippine seas were dotted with small
-sailboats of every description, made out of a log, or of rough hewn
-planks surmounted by a sail made from abaca cloth. They were manned
-by sturdy, courageous voyagers inured to hardships, who dared to go
-forth even into strange oceans, through typhoon and tempest.
-
-The following table shows the entrances and clearances of vessels in
-the Philippine Islands by nationalities during 1920-1923:
-
-
-    AGGREGATE VALUE OF MERCHANDISE CARRIED BY VESSELS ENGAGED IN
-                   FOREIGN TRADE, BY NATIONALITY
-
-  -------------+---------+-----------------------------------------
-               | Vessels |                   1921
-               | entered +-------------+-------------+-------------
-  Nationality  |   and   |   Imports   |   Exports   |   Total
-  of vessels   | cleared |             |             |
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-               |         |    Pesos    |    Pesos    |    Pesos
-  Philippine   |     170 |   3,379,522 |     484,817 |   3,864,339
-  American     |     336 |  74,809,502 |  64,206,170 | 139,015,672
-  British      |     740 | 109,387,341 |  60,335,999 | 169,723,340
-  Chinese      |      40 |     499,454 |     325,625 |     825,079
-  Danish       |       3 | ----------- |       1,750 |       1,750
-  Dutch        |      94 |   6,314,435 |  13,203,844 |  19,517,779
-  French       |       8 |     482,434 | ----------- |     482,434
-  German       | ------- | ----------- | ----------- | -----------
-  Spanish      |      13 |   1,304,940 |   5,011,874 |   6,316,814
-  Swedish      |       6 |          17 |   1,788,182 |   1,788,199
-  Norwegian    |      30 |   1,637,253 | ----------- |   1,637,253
-  Japanese     |     319 |  29,169,887 |  20,746,925 |  49,916,812
-  Mail         | ------- |   4,692,363 |  10,125,959 |  14,818,322
-               +---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-      Total    |   1,759 | 231,677,148 | 176,230,645 | 407,907,793
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-
-  -------------+---------+-----------------------------------------
-               | Vessels |                   1922
-               | entered +-------------+-------------+-------------
-  Nationality  |   and   |   Imports   |   Exports   |   Total
-  of vessels   | cleared |             |             |
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-               |         |    Pesos    |    Pesos    |    Pesos
-  Philippine   |     194 |   2,811,668 |   1,344,485 |   4,156,153
-  American     |     367 |  48,873,151 |  83,313,550 | 132,186,701
-  British      |     704 |  79,488,095 |  56,090,093 | 135,578,188
-  Chinese      |      31 |   1,293,429 |     587,691 |   1,881,120
-  Danish       |       2 | ----------- | ----------- | -----------
-  Dutch        |     111 |   6,792,919 |  14,244,306 |  21,037,225
-  French       |       2 |      86,423 |      19,900 |     106,323
-  German       |      16 |      22,002 |   3,003,029 |   2,025,031
-  Spanish      |      12 |   1,272,832 |   1,993,246 |   4,266,078
-  Swedish      |       9 |          41 |   4,031,697 |   4,031,738
-  Norwegian    |      38 |     296,657 |   2,295,116 |   2,591,773
-  Japanese     |     315 |  14,809,799 |  17,520,311 |  52,330,110
-  Mail         | ------- |   4,648,273 |   6,725,172 |  11,371,445
-               +---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-      Total    |   1,801 | 160,395,289 | 191,166,596 | 351,561,885
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-
-
-Not until the coming of the cargo steamer, however, could the bulky
-products of the Islands be gathered together in large quantities and
-become an important factor in the world's commercial necessities. Every
-portion of the Islands is now covered by steamers, plying regular
-routes.
-
-
-[Interisland Lines]
-
-To the north a route leads to Aparri, the outlet from the fertile
-Cagayan Valley, a tobacco country, where thousands of hectares of rich
-unoccupied prairies await only the touch of capital. To the southward
-are the main channels of trade. Cebu is the metropolis of the Southern
-Islands, and to this port come the hemp and copra of all the Visayas,
-there to be transferred to Manila. Some ocean liners load direct at
-Cebu for the homeward voyage, saving the haul to Manila. Cebu harbor
-accommodates vessels of 30-foot draft, which can anchor at the sea
-wall, close to the warehouses of the principal commercial houses. From
-Iloilo comes the sugar of Negros and Panay. Here, too, is a harbor of
-sufficient depth to allow ocean vessels of fair tonnage to load. Ships
-of the Spanish lines in particular are accustomed to procure their
-cargoes here and omit Manila. Commercial routes encircle Mindanao,
-drawing from it copra and hemp, and supplying in return cotton cloth,
-canned goods, rice, and other commercial staples. Smaller vessels
-ply between the Bicol provinces, Masbate, Leyte, and Manila, carrying
-hemp principally.
-
-
-[Control over Rates]
-
-The steamers of the Philippine Islands are not allowed to charge the
-prices "the traffic will bear," without any recourse by shippers. The
-Public Utility Commission fixes the maximum rates for all classes of
-traffic and for all ports of the Islands. In this way the interests
-of the producing and consuming public are protected, and destructive
-rate wars between shipper and carrier and among the several companies
-are avoided.
-
-The number and tonnage of vessels engaged in domestic shipping are
-as follows:
-
-
-          NUMBER AND REGISTERED TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENGAGED IN
-             DOMESTIC SHIPPING, BY PORTS OF ENTRY, 1918-22
-
-                      [Source: Bureau of Customs]
-
-                                 MANILA
-
-        Year           Entered            Cleared
-
-        1918.     3,782     630,980    3,858     644,831
-        1919.     3,359     709,980    3,474     723,986
-        1920.     3,266     845,227    3,452     975,448
-        1921.     3,210     888,238    3,410   1,090,668
-        1922.     3,570   1,006,556    3,741   1,293,564
-
-                                 ILOILO
-
-        1918.     4,770     357,641    4,755     320,441
-        1919.     5,317     447,272    5,355     456,308
-        1920.     6,830     687,828    6,818     625,746
-        1921.     6,699     755,521    6,708     667,506
-        1922.     6,822     878,074    6,843     806,642
-
-                                  CEBU
-
-        1918.     5,625     357,523    5,645     327,196
-        1919.     5,386     432,007    5,562     437,896
-        1920.     4,947     560,925    5,029     464,791
-        1921.     5,157     634,904    5,170     465,355
-        1922.     5,713     967,494    5,800     656,828
-
-                               ZAMBOANGA
-
-        1918.       831     158,116      859     165,043
-        1919.     1,161     207,992    1,168     215,233
-        1920.     1,520     231,060    1,533     224,499
-        1921.     1,515     219,732    1,520     242,201
-        1922.     1,272     278,481    1,280     303,311
-
-                               ALL OTHERS
-
-        1918.       138      31,430      137      30,983
-        1919.       185      49,787      182      47,578
-        1920.       175      36,665      179      36,365
-        1921.       153      42,893      150      42,577
-        1922.       177      50,093      182      50,218
-
-                                 TOTAL
-
-        1918.    15,146   1,535,690   15,254   1,488,494
-        1919.    15,408   1,847,038   15,741   1,881,001
-        1920.    16,738   2,361,705   17,011   2,326,849
-        1921.    16,734   2,541,288   16,958   2,508,307
-        1922.    17,554   3,180,698   17,846   3,110,563
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XII. STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
-
-
-[Patterned after American system]
-
-The government of the Philippine Islands as it now exists and
-functions resembles in structure the Federal and State governments of
-the United States. It is reared on the same fundamental principles of
-representative democracy which have made the United States government
-the model for other states, so that the Philippine government is
-just as much a republican government as that of the United States;
-the will of the majority rules.
-
-The law of public officers as observed in the United States is
-in effect in the Philippine Islands. The principle of division of
-powers is recognized, and the functions of government are distributed
-among three departments, the executive, the legislative, and the
-judicial. The principle of checks and balances is likewise observed,
-and the legislature and the courts are prohibited from delegating
-their powers. The passage of irrepealable laws is forbidden. The
-government is immune from suit at the instance of private individuals
-except with its consent.
-
-
-
-
-DEPARTURES FROM AMERICAN STANDARDS.--There have been several
-departures, however, from the American standard of government that have
-been made by the Filipinos. For instance, the budget system has been
-adopted previous to its adoption in the United States to provide for
-economy and certainty in expenditures. The Council of State was created
-as a co�rdinating and advisory body to the Governor-General. It is
-made up of the Governor-General as presiding officer, the six members
-of the cabinet, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the
-House of Representatives. It also serves to bring the executive and
-the legislative departments into close relationship. The creation
-of the council seems to indicate a tendency to adopt in the future
-a parliamentary or semi-parliamentary system of government.
-
-In addition to the foregoing departments there is the further
-innovation conferring on either house of the legislature, the right to
-call and interpellate the secretaries of departments before it. The
-secretaries of departments in turn have the right to be heard in
-the legislature. The chairmen of the appropriation committees are
-also empowered to require the attendance of chiefs of bureaus and
-offices, thus bringing the executive and legislative departments in
-close harmony.
-
-
-[Autonomy]
-
-All of the officials of the government are Filipinos with the exception
-of the Governor-General and the Vice-Governor-General and the majority
-of the members of the Supreme Court who are Americans, appointed by the
-President of the United States. There is thus a practical autonomy,
-the American chief executive having supervision and control of the
-government in theory but in actual practice rarely acting on matters
-of domestic concern except with the advice of the Council of State.
-
-Appointments made by the Governor-General are with the advice and
-consent of the Philippine Senate.
-
-
-
-
-THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.--The Governor-General is appointed by the
-President by and with the consent of the Senate and holds his office
-at the pleasure of the President and until his successor is chosen
-and qualified. Through the Secretary of War, he is responsible
-to the President and the American people for his acts. He has a
-more responsible position than that held by the Governors of the
-several states of the union. He is paid a handsome salary from
-the Philippine government and is given free quarters. As chief
-executive of the Islands, he is in charge of the executive control
-of the Philippine government; which he exercises either in person or
-through the secretaries of departments. He can veto laws passed by
-the Philippine Legislature.
-
-
-
-
-THE VICE-GOVERNOR.--The Vice-Governor is also appointed by the
-President of the United States with the consent of the Senate. He
-acts at the same time as the Secretary of Public Instruction and may
-be assigned such other executive duties as the Governor-General may
-designate. In case of vacancy in the office of the Governor-General,
-the Vice-Governor acts.
-
-
-
-
-THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.--There are six executive departments. At
-the head of each is a department secretary, who, with the exception
-of the Secretary of Public Instruction, must be a citizen of the
-Philippine Islands. As Secretary he is assisted by an under-secretary
-who temporarily performs the duties of department secretary in case
-of vacancy. The executive departments and bureaus, offices, and boards
-pertaining to each are given below:
-
-
-    Governor-General:
-
-        Bureau of Audits.
-        Bureau of Civil Service.
-        All other offices and branches of the service not assigned
-          by law to any Department.
-
-    Department of the Interior:
-        Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes.
-        Philippine General Hospital.
-        Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners.
-        Board of Medical Examiners.
-        Board of Dental Examiners.
-        Board of Optical Examiners.
-        Board of Examiners for Nurses.
-        Board of Dental Hygiene.
-        Executive Bureau.
-        Philippine Constabulary.
-        Public Welfare Commissioner.
-
-    Department of Public Instruction:
-
-        Bureau of Education.
-        Philippine Health Service.
-        Bureau of Quarantine Service.
-
-    Department of Finance:
-
-        Bureau of Customs.
-        Bureau of Internal Revenue.
-        Bureau of the Treasury.
-        Bureau of Printing.
-        General supervision over banks, banking transactions, coinage,
-          currency, and except as otherwise specially provided, over
-          all funds the investments of which may be authorized by law.
-
-    Department of Justice:
-
-        Bureau of Justice.
-        Courts of First Instance and Inferior Courts.
-        Philippine Library and Museum.
-        Bureau of Prisons.
-        Public Utility Commission.
-
-    Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources:
-
-        Bureau of Agriculture.
-        Bureau of Forestry.
-        Bureau of Lands.
-        Matters pertaining to colonies and plantations on public lands.
-        Bureau of Science.
-        Weather Bureau.
-        Matters concerning hunting, fisheries, sponges, and other
-          sea products.
-
-    Department of Commerce and Communications:
-
-        Bureau of Public Works.
-        Bureau of Posts.
-        Bureau of Supply.
-        Bureau of Labor.
-        Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey.
-        Bureau of Commerce and Industry.
-
-
-The Executive Bureau and the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, both of
-which are under the Department of the Interior, exercise supervision
-over the provincial and municipal governments. The Executive Bureau
-has charge of the so-called regular provinces, and the Bureau of
-Non-Christian Tribes of those inhabited by the backward inhabitants
-of the Philippines including the Moros in Mindanao and the Igorotes
-of the mountain regions of Luzon. The functions of these two bureaus
-are practically identical, the difference lying only in the degree
-of civilization of the inhabitants over whom they have supervision.
-
-
-
-
-THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.--The legislative branch of the Philippine
-government is vested in the Philippine legislature. It is made
-up of two separate co�rdinate bodies, the Senate and the House of
-Representatives. All the senators and representatives are elected by
-direct popular suffrage with the exception of the representatives and
-senators from the Mountain Province, the Province of Nueva Vizcaya,
-and the provinces in Mindanao and Sulu who are appointed by the
-Governor-General with no restriction as to residence or length of
-office. The elective representatives hold their office for terms of
-three years and the senators for terms of six years.
-
-Laws dealing with certain special subjects such as the tariff and the
-mining laws require the approval of the President of the United States.
-
-The Senate has twenty-four members consisting of two senators from
-each of the twelve senatorial districts. The lower house has ninety
-members, determined by the population of each province. Appropriation
-bills originate by custom in the House of Representatives.
-
-
-
-
-THE JUDICIARY.--An independent judiciary system completes the
-governmental structure. The administration of justice is entrusted
-to the Supreme Court, the Courts of First Instance, the Municipal
-Court of the City of Manila, and the courts of justices of the peace
-in each municipality.
-
-The Supreme Court is the highest legal entity in the judiciary
-system. It has an appellate jurisdiction in all actions and special
-proceedings brought to it from the Courts of First Instance and from
-other inferior tribunals from whose decision appeals to the Supreme
-Court are allowed. The justices of the Supreme Court are appointed
-by the President of the United States with the consent of the United
-States Senate and serve during good behavior. It is made up of nine
-justices, the chief justice and eight associate justices. The chief
-justice has always been a Filipino. It seats in banc to transact
-business. It also seats in divisions for the same purpose, and when
-it so sits, four justices constitute a quorum so that two divisions
-may sit at the same time.
-
-Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States are allowed in
-certain cases only.
-
-The judges of the Court of First Instance are appointed by the
-Governor-General with the consent of the Philippine Senate and serve
-practically for life, the only restriction being that they must retire
-upon reaching sixty-five years of age. The justices of the peace are
-also appointed by the Governor-General with the advice and consent
-of the Philippine Senate.
-
-
-
-
-PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.--The Philippine Archipelago is divided into
-46 provinces, 34 of which are designated as regular provinces and
-the remaining 12 as special provinces.--The chief executive of a
-regular province is the provincial governor, who is an elective
-official. He, together with two other elective members, form the
-provincial board which constitutes the legislative branch of the
-provincial government. In the special provinces, with the exception of
-Mindoro, Palawan, and Batanes, the provincial governors are appointive
-officials.
-
-
-
-
-MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.--As the name indicates, this branch of the
-Government has charge of the municipalities or towns. The chief
-executive of a municipality is called the municipal president. The
-municipal council, which is the legislative branch of the municipal
-government, consists of from 8 to 18 councilors, depending on the
-size of the municipality. There is a vice-president who substitutes
-the president during his absence or disability and who is ex-officio
-member of the council. All these officials are elected by the people.
-
-
-
-
-EXPENSES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT.--All the expenses of the
-Philippine government are paid for from the Insular Treasury. The
-United States government pays for nothing in the administration of the
-Islands except for the army and navy and the salaries of the resident
-commissioners from the Philippines who are stationed in Washington
-and granted the privileges of members of Congress.
-
-An investigation into the expenses incurred by the United States for
-the Philippine Islands, exclusive of the maintenance of her army and
-navy, elicits the following facts:
-
-1. That the Philippines has always been a self-supporting country;
-all expenditures have been drawn from ordinary revenues.
-
-2. That the sum of $267,663.26 pertaining to the former government of
-Spain and seized by the United States, and therefore legally pertaining
-to the latter country, was subsequently turned over into the general
-fund of the insular government.
-
-3. That the Congress of the United States appropriated the sum
-of $3,000,000, known as the "Congressional Relief Fund," for the
-purchase, distribution and sale of farm implements, farm or draft
-animals, supplies and necessaries of life, extermination of pests,
-relief for sufferers due to fire and other calamities, etc. This
-amount has been, at different times, appropriated by the Philippine
-Commission for the purposes above mentioned. The unexpended balance
-from this fund was subsequently turned over into the general funds.
-
-Aside, therefore, from the Spanish seized funds and the expenses
-for the army and navy, the only amount expended by the United
-States directly for the benefit of the Philippine Islands was the
-Congressional Relief Fund. The Philippine government having always had,
-at the end of every year, an excess of ordinary revenue over ordinary
-expenditure, the United States could not have any other occasion to
-give direct pecuniary aid for the maintenance of the Islands.
-
-
-FINANCIAL STATUS.--The Philippine government today is on a solid
-financial basis as any government in the world. It is self-supporting,
-its taxation is adequate to its needs, the per capita tax of the
-people is low. The Filipinos bear a smaller burden of taxation
-than the natives of Great Britain, United States, Japan, Argentina,
-and Brazil. The year, 1922, was presented with an aggregate surplus
-of approximately $64,000,000 in central, provincial, and municipal
-governments including the City of Manila. This goes to show that both
-the central and local governments are on a sound financial basis.
-
-A clearer comprehension of the financial standing of the government
-may be had from an inspection of the following tables:
-
-
-          STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND SURPLUS OF
-                   THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT, 1921-1922
-
-Items of revenue and expenditures                    1921          1922
-                                                    Pesos         Pesos
-Revenue:
-    Licenses and business.                     14,246,440    13,755,670
-    Import duties.                             12,778,791    11,362,250
-    Excise Tax.                                13,327,843    13,444,281
-    Income tax.                                 4,880,370     1,943,716
-    Wharfage tax.                               1,473,627     1,852,095
-    Franchise tax.                                243,618       109,749
-    Documentary stamp tax (customs and
-      internal revenue).                          951,809       990,933
-    Immigration tax.                              237,040       239,152
-    Tonnage dues.                                 254,515       276,130
-    Inheritance tax.                              210,303       121,812
-    Revenue from public forests.                  923,216       854,337
-    United States internal revenue.               756,444     1,428,959
-    Fines and forfeitures.                        663,415       799,553
-    Sales and rentals of public domain.            22,110        24,254
-    Income from commercial and
-      industrial units.                        12,771,068    11,130,403
-    Income from operating units.                  254,514       133,698
-    Dividends on bank stock.                      463,373       ----
-    Interest repayments, railway companies.       192,716       387,785
-    All other income [2].                      67,430,039    74,427,334
-    Prior year adjustments.                     1,282,547       531,826
-                                              -----------   -----------
-            Total.                            133,363,798   133,813,937
-
-    Less apportionments of internal
-      revenue to local governments.             3,164,084     3,164,084
-                                              ===========   ===========
-            Total revenue.                    130,199,714   130,649,853
-
-Expenditures:
-    General administration [3]                  2,046,646     2,272,591
-    Legislation                                 1,413,541     1,547,683
-    Adjudication                                1,891,080     1,747,093
-    Protective service [4]                      5,783,904     4,866,840
-    Social improvement [5]                     13,084,682    13,709,846
-    Economic development [6]                   53,820,568    14,037,386
-    Aid to local governments                   14,305,267    15,561,867
-    Expense of revenue collection              11,275,497     9,963,714
-    Public debt                                 3,811,266     5,117,494
-    Public works and purchase of
-      equipment                                10,209,597     9,670,476
-    Retirement gratuities [7]                     521,226       397,886
-    Pensions Acts 2909 and 2922                    12,000        12,000
-    Prior year adjustments                         18,937         6,248
-                                              -----------    ----------
-            Total                             118,194,211    78,911,424
-                                              -----------    ----------
-    Current surplus for the year               12,005,503    51,738,429
-    Current surplus at the beginning
-      of the year                              43,937,712    55,943,215
-    Current surplus at the end of the year     55,943,215   107,681,644
-
-
-                               BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT, 1918-1923
-
-Items of revenue and expenditures           1918         1919         1920         1921         1922         1923
-                                           Pesos        Pesos        Pesos        Pesos        Pesos        Pesos
-
-Income                                45,511,037   70,957,757   73,977,000   84,289,932   63,051,435   65,952,560
-  Revenue from taxation               30,220,916   48,463,600   47,012,230   56,036,000   42,867,320   42,925,310
-  Incidental revenue                   1,730,000    2,950,000    3,495,000    4,681,600    2,120,000    5,233,500
-  Earnings and other credits          13,560,120   19,544,157   23,469,770   23,572,332   18,064,115   13,143,750
-  Income from proposed legislation                                                                   [8]4,650,000
-  Current surplus at the beginning
-    of the year                       18,996,477   33,470,664   10,560,300                11,964,152
-                                      ----------  -----------   ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------
-Total available for expenditures      64,477,514  104,428,421   84,537,300   84,289,932   75,015,587   65,952,560
-
-Expenditures                          51,051,725   92,003,494   84,453,806   83,549,778   72,538,593   65,677,327
-  Expense of revenue collection        1,138,904    1,835,078    1,741,202    1,688,370    1,564,726    1,611,533
-  Operating expense of commercial
-    and industrial units               8,002,820   12,699,877   14,089,177   14,502,504    8,981,853    7,661,867
-  Public debt                          2,087,500    2,310,276    2,308,326    3,459,281    5,189,878    9,698,667
-  General administration               3,911,100    8,083,832    5,114,677    5,202,098    4,995,090    5,170,217
-  Protective service                   8,261,259    9,696,100   11,185,108   10,373,411    9,284,643    9,393,072
-  Social improvement                   5,680,914    7,987,190    8,498,527    9,093,423    8,818,029    8,317,816
-  Economic development                 3,950,459    6,883,934    9,397,034   10,437,851    8,740,857    7,326,511
-  Aid to local governments             9,618,425   11,992,281   13,163,155   15,347,095   17,883,667   13,287,409
-  Retirement gratuities, Act 2589        700,000      800,000      750,000      600,000      500,000      300,000
-  Emergency service                    1,000,000    1,000,000    3,000,000    3,000,000    2,000,000
-  Outlays and investments              6,700,344   14,102,181   15,206,600    9,845,745    4,579,850    2,910,235
-  Appropriation balances for
-    public works                                [9]4,296,754
-  Appropriation balances for
-    miscellaneous accounts                      [9]10,315,991
-
-Current surplus at the end            ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------
-  of the year                         13,425,789   12,424,927       83,494      740,154    2,476,994      275,233
-
-
-
-
-CURRENCY.--At the time of the American occupation, the Mexican dollar
-and the Spanish peso were in circulation in the Islands as a part of
-the currency. The Mexican dollar had been introduced because of the
-trade between the Philippines and Mexico, which was fostered by the
-Spanish galleons. Besides the Mexican dollar and the Spanish peso,
-there also circulated the silver peso or dollar of the various South
-American countries. For fractional currency, however, the Spanish
-coins predominated. The denominations were half peso, peseta, and
-media peseta. Gold pieces were of P1, P2, and P4 denominations.
-
-The first mint in the Islands was installed during the reign of Isabela
-II. It was then that the Philippine peso, both in gold and silver,
-was first coined.
-
-
-[Currency Legislation]
-
-America early decided to make the currency system more stable
-and scientific. On March 2, 1903, Congress passed the Philippine
-Coinage Act which established the conant or Philippine peso as the
-official coin of the Islands. The effect of this Act was to drive
-away all the previous coins in circulation, and it is the basis of
-the present currency system in the Philippine Islands. The coins
-provided for were of the denomination of the peso, half-peso, peseta,
-media peseta, 5 centavos, 1 centavo, and one-half centavo, while the
-silver certificates were in the denominations of P2, P5, P10, P20, P50,
-P100, P500. The peso was issued on the basis of two Philippine pesos
-(P2) to one dollar ($1) gold, United States currency. To maintain the
-parity the Gold Standard Act was passed by the Philippine Commission in
-October, 1903. There are gold deposits in the banks of the United
-States to guarantee every Philippine Government certificate in
-circulation. This places the Philippines practically on an actual
-gold basis.
-
-
-[Notes]
-
-The notes in circulation at the time the Americans came were those
-issued by the Banco Espa�ol-Filipino. They were in 10, 25, 50,
-100, and 200 Mexican denominations. After the introduction of the
-Philippine peso, P1 notes were also allowed to circulate. In 1912,
-this same Banco Espa�ol was allowed to change its name to that of
-the Bank of the Philippine Islands, and thereafter, a new series of
-notes were issued, having the same size as the certificates issued
-by the Philippine Government, but of the denominations of P5, P10,
-P20, P50, P100, and P200.
-
-When the Philippine National Bank was established in 1916, it was
-authorized to issue notes to be known as circulating notes. In
-accordance with this authorization, denominations of P1, P2, P5,
-and P10 began to appear.
-
-The stability of the currency system in the Philippines depends
-solely on the maintenance of the parity of the Philippine peso with
-the gold dollar on the established basis of 2 to 1. This can be
-easily accomplished by keeping always intact the gold deposits in
-the United States.
-
-
-              TABLE OF CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION, 1913-1922
-
-                -----------+--------------+-------------
-                   Year    | Amount in    | Per capita
-                           | circulation  | circulation
-                -----------+--------------+-------------
-                           |   Pesos      |
-                           |              |
-                1913       |  50,697,253  |    5.53
-                1914       |  52,575,118  |    5.63
-                1915       |  51,284,907  |    5.40
-                1916       |  67,059,189  |    6.86
-                1917       | 102,580,314  |   10.20
-                1918       | 131,151,883  |   12.67
-                1919       | 146,576,956  |   13.87
-                1920       | 124,589,240  |   11.56
-                1921       | 103,661,820  |   10.01
-                1922       |  97,217,468  |    9.03
-                -----------+--------------+-------------
-
-
-ELECTORS.--The total number of electors registered in the election
-of June 3, 1919, was 717,295 and the votes cast was 672,722,
-which is a very fine percentage when compared to the interest in
-elections shown in other countries. In the elections of 1912, 248,154
-voters registered, of which 235,786 voted. Of the number of voters
-registered in 1919, 407,346 possessed educational qualifications,
-while only 81,916 were educationally qualified in 1912. It should
-be noted that the Philippine voters must have either property or
-educational qualifications, so that these figures show the progress
-of the people in political matters and in education in general during
-the last few years. In the elections of June, 1922, there were 824,058
-voters registered.
-
-The minority party has always accepted the decision of the majority,
-unless it thinks that the election has been vitiated by some
-illegal act, in which case it takes the matter up with the courts
-for decision. The practice of revolutionary countries where defeated
-minorities take the law in their own hands or use violence against
-the triumphant party, or utilize every other means to hinder the
-working of the government, has never been resorted to in the Islands.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XIII. THE FILIPINOS IN CONTROL
-
-
-[Original Policy]
-
-The Second Philippine Commission sent out to the Philippines by
-President McKinley on March 16, 1900 were given the following
-instruction, among others:
-
-
-   "That in all cases, the municipal officers who administer the local
-    affairs of the people are to be selected by the people and that
-    wherever officers of more extended jurisdiction are to be selected
-    in any way, natives of the Islands are to be preferred, and if
-    they can be found competent and willing to perform their duties
-    they are to receive the offices in preference to any others."
-
-
-These instructions were confirmed by President Roosevelt when he
-said that the Government of the Philippine Islands would cease to
-be a government of Americans aided by Filipinos and instead would
-be a government of Filipinos aided by Americans. And in 1908 after
-the opening of the Philippine Assembly, President Roosevelt in his
-message to Congress added:
-
-
-   "I trust that within a generation the time will arrive when the
-    Filipinos can decide for themselves whether it is well for them to
-    become independent or continue under the protection of a strong
-    and disinterested power, able to guarantee to the islands order
-    at home and protection from foreign invasion."
-
-
-[Filipinization]
-
-In pursuance of all this policy the placing of Filipinos in government
-offices was hastened from 1913 to 1921, the turning over of power into
-Filipino hands having been virtually made complete by the passage
-of the Jones Law in 1916. This law provided for the creation of an
-elective Senate and House of Representatives and for the appointment
-of heads of departments and other government officials. Appointments
-made by the Governor-General were made to be with the advice and
-consent of the Philippine Senate.
-
-The proportion of Filipinos to Americans in the Philippine Government
-during the period 1914-1921 is shown in the following table:
-
-
-    -----+--------------------------------+-----------------------
-         |           Number               |      Percentage
-    -----+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------
-    Year | Americans | Filipinos |  Total | Americans | Filipinos
-    -----+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------
-         |           |           |        | Per cent  | Per cent
-    1914 |   2,148   |   7,283   |  9,451 |    23     |     77
-    1915 |   1,935   |   7,881   |  9,816 |    20     |     80
-    1916 |   1,730   |   8,725   | 10,455 |    17     |     83
-    1917 |   1,310   |   9,859   | 11,169 |    12     |     88
-    1918 |     948   |  10,866   | 11,814 |     8     |     92
-    1919 |     760   |  12,047   | 12,807 |     6     |     94
-    1920 |     582   |  12,651   | 13,143 |     4     |     96
-    1921 |     614   |  13,240   | 13,854 |     4     |     96
-    1922 |     604   |  13,726   | 14,330 |     4     |     96
-    -----+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------
-
-
-[Instruments of Autonomy]
-
-The principal agencies that gave the Filipinos effective control
-over domestic affairs in conformity with the spirit of the Jones Law,
-were the following:
-
-1. The creation of a Council of State on October 16, 1918, to help
-and advise the Governor-General on matters of public importance. In
-this council many prominent leaders of the Filipino people have
-figured prominently.
-
-2. The creation of the Philippine Cabinet by which the Government
-Departments were organized and the work of the Executive Department
-divided among them. The aim was to have them undertake the work
-expressly entrusted to them, and to have in each branch of the
-administration a head responsible for its policy and direction. Each
-Secretary of Department assumes responsibility for all the activities
-of the government under his control and supervision. To this end he
-has the power to initiate, the power to regulate, the power to direct
-and inspect, and the power to appoint and remove.
-
-3. The several laws that had given to the Council of State and to the
-Chairmen of the two houses of the Legislature the power to supervise
-and control the execution of the laws.
-
-4. The liberal policy followed by Governor-General Harrison in
-accordance with the liberal tenor of the Jones Law, a policy really
-preparatory for the independence of the Philippines.
-
-Speaking of this policy, Governor-General Harrison on September 1,
-1916, said:
-
-
-   "I firmly believe that the Chief Executive should consult the
-    people through their representatives who are called upon to serve
-    them. This is the very life-blood of self-government. It should
-    never be possible for a Chief Executive--and it will now never
-    be possible here--to ride ruthlessly over the people he has been
-    sent here to govern, without taking into account their feelings,
-    and without due consideration to their desires."
-
-
-
-
-ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE FILIPINO GOVERNMENT.--The outstanding achievements
-of the Filipinized government are summarized below.
-
-
-
-
-I. REORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENTS.--The Reorganization Act, as finally
-passed by the Philippine Legislature (Act No. 2666 as amended by
-Act No. 2803), has provided the Philippine government with a more
-logical and scientific grouping of bureaus and offices. It has given
-the new department heads more authority and power over the offices
-and bureaus under them. They are now empowered to promulgate rules,
-regulations, orders, circulars, memorandums, and other instructions
-for the harmonious and efficient administration of each and all of the
-offices and dependencies of each department. Secretaries of departments
-may be called by either of the two Houses of the Legislature for the
-purpose of reporting on matters pertaining to their departments. In
-this case they are also responsible to the two Houses. The six
-departments created by the Reorganization Act correspond to the six
-principal purposes of a fairly well organized government, to wit:
-
-
-[Functions of the Departments]
-
-(1) The maintenance of order and political direction of local
-administrative units, such as departments, provincial and municipal
-governments, and special governments--the Department of Interior;
-
-(2) The guardianship of the State over the mental development and
-physical welfare of the citizens--the Department of Public Instruction;
-
-(3) The collection of the public revenues and administration of the
-finances and business of the government--the Department of Finance;
-
-(4) The enforcement of the law and safeguarding of the citizens and
-their rights--the Department of Justice;
-
-(5) The guardianship in connection with the preservation of the
-natural resources and the development of the country's sources of
-wealth--the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and
-
-(6) The carrying out of such work and services as cannot be performed
-by private citizens, conducive to the common welfare and public
-prosperity--the Department of Commerce and Communications.
-
-
-
-
-II. ADOPTION OF A BUDGETARY SYSTEM.--A scientific budgetary system
-has been adopted. Under the system the estimates are made under the
-supervision and control of the department heads who have the power to
-add or cut down items. These different estimates are then submitted to
-the Secretary of Finance, who co�rdinates them. Any conflict between
-a departmental head and the Secretary of Finance is submitted to the
-Council of State for decision. Once the budget is definitely approved
-by the Council of State the Governor-General submits it with a message
-to the Legislature.
-
-The lower house is the first one to take up the budget. The
-corresponding Department Secretary appears before it to explain the
-details of the budget for his Department and to answer all questions
-by the members. Once the budget is approved in principle it is sent
-to the Committee on Appropriations with instructions to draft the
-appropriation bill in accordance therewith. When the appropriation
-bill is approved by the house, it is sent to the Senate and practically
-the same procedure is followed.
-
-
-[The Emergency Board]
-
-To make the budgetary system sufficiently elastic to meet changing
-conditions, there has been created the so-called Emergency Board
-composed of the Secretary of Finance as Chairman, two members of
-the Legislature, the Insular Auditor and the Attorney-General as
-members. In the general Appropriation Act, this board is given a
-substantial amount with which to supply the additional funds that the
-various units of the government may need for the purpose authorized
-by the appropriation law. As an additional safe-guard, the actions
-of the Emergency Board do not become operative until after approval
-by the Governor-General and the presidents of both houses.
-
-
-
-
-III. PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.--In public improvements, the following was
-the record of the Filipinos within the last nine years. The mileage
-of first-class roads was more than doubled increasing from 2,172
-kilometers in 1913 to 4,782 in 1922, not to speak of the second
-and third class; 7,562 permanent bridges and culverts are now in
-existence; 725 permanent government buildings were built, including
-schools, public markets, hospitals, provincial capitols, and large
-and beautiful edifices for the university and the Insular government;
-a network of wireless stations was erected throughout the provinces;
-a vast program of improvements in port works was launched, and a bond
-issue of ten million pesos was sold in the United States for harbor
-improvements in Manila alone; irrigation works estimated to cost about
-ten million pesos, and designed to benefit 150,000 acres of land in
-sixteen different localities, were initiated; 949 artesian wells in
-the different provinces, an average of one to each municipality, were
-drilled at a total cost of nearly two and one-half million pesos,
-and 55 new water-works systems were installed with 36 more under
-active construction, to cost more than three million pesos.
-
-
-
-
-IV. AGRICULTURE AND TAXATION.--The progress in agriculture was
-remarkable. The chief point of interest here is that the placing of
-Filipinos in control of the agricultural departments greatly enlarged
-the power of the Government to influence the people to increased
-production. Of rice alone, 1,285,385 acres more were planted during
-the last nine years (1913-1922); 544 rural-credit societies were
-established with a membership of 75,114 and co�peration in agriculture,
-a new spirit among the farmers, encouraged and explained.
-
-Taxation was revised and increased, and the government revenue
-from this source which in 1913 had been only P39,236,007, rose to
-P62,900,403 in 1919 and P64,259,776 in 1922; there are twelve banking
-institutions in the Islands, now, instead of only six, and the money
-in circulation has risen from P50,000,000 in 1914 to three times
-that figure.
-
-
-
-
-V. PUBLIC ORDER.--Public order, the first requisite of a stable
-government, has been splendidly maintained through the agency of the
-Philippine Constabulary and the municipal police. The Constabulary
-has always been dependable and thoroughly efficient. There is hardly
-any country in the world more peaceful than the Philippines.
-
-
-
-
-VI. EDUCATION.--The present school system in the Philippines has been
-one of the principal uplifting agencies in the colonial enterprise
-undertaken by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American
-war. Immediately after the capitulation of Manila, an army officer
-acting as superintendent of schools opened schools. Everywhere the army
-went afterwards a public school was established and put into operation.
-
-The school system is supported entirely from Philippine revenue. The
-advance has been rapid, there now being about a million pupils in
-the schools being taken care of by the Philippine government. The
-attendance of almost a million is entirely voluntary, there being no
-compulsory education law.
-
-The public school system has received the unstinted support of the
-Filipino people. The first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly in
-1907 was the appropriation of one million pesos for the building of
-rural schools. In 1918 the thirty million-peso act was passed, which
-provided that thirty million pesos be set aside, over and above the
-regular annual appropriation, for school-housing and equipment. The
-law is expected to provide school facilities for every boy and girl
-of school age in the Islands by 1924.
-
-The head of the public-school system is the Vice-Governor-General who
-is at the same time Secretary of Public Instruction. The executive
-control is centered in the Bureau of Education headed by a director,
-who is responsible for the conduct of public schools and has the
-authority necessary to make his control effective.
-
-
-School divisions.--The Islands are divided into forty-nine school
-divisions, each division generally coinciding with the boundaries of
-a province, except the City of Manila, and four Insular schools--the
-Philippine Normal School, the Philippine School of Arts and Trades,
-the Philippine Nautical School, and the Central Luzon Agricultural
-School--each of which is considered as a distinct division. A
-division is under the immediate charge of a superintendent who
-is the representative of the Director of Education. The Division
-Superintendent in the province is generally assisted by a provincial
-industrial supervisor and an academic supervisor. Each provincial
-division is divided into different districts consisting of one or
-more municipalities and several barrios or villages, each under the
-charge of a supervising teacher.
-
-There are 50 provincial high schools. There are 20 provincial
-trade schools and 14 provincial shops, the principals of which are
-responsible directly either to the principal of the provincial school
-or to the Division Superintendent of Schools.
-
-The original feature of all school work was the academic. Soon the
-Bureau of Education labored to make industrial work a part and parcel
-of the curriculum. This was followed by making physical education a
-vital part of the courses. And now the aim is to maintain a proper
-balance in the academic, industrial, physical, and social work.
-
-The English language is the only medium of instruction.
-
-There are seven elementary grades--four primary and three
-intermediate. The secondary courses take four years. There has been
-built up an English-speaking Filipino teaching staff--a distinctive
-achievement reflecting credit on Filipinos and Americans alike.
-
-
-Vocational instruction.--Graded vocational instruction occupies an
-important place in the school curricula. Approximately 14 per cent
-of the total time in the primary grades and about 17 per cent of the
-total time in the general intermediate course is devoted to this form
-of instruction. The special intermediate vocational courses include
-farming and trades for boys and housekeeping and household arts
-for girls. The chief aims of industrial instruction are: first,
-industrial intelligence; second, industrial skill; and, third,
-industrial sympathy. The educational and economic values of industrial
-education are kept in view. It may be of interest to mention that the
-Bureau of Education annually receives orders amounting to $150,000 a
-year from various firms abroad, especially from America, for handicraft
-articles; that trade school production yearly is over $100,000 and that
-the yearly agricultural production of the schools is over $281,000.
-
-Agricultural education.--The Philippines being essentially an
-agricultural country, agricultural education is given considerable
-attention. The Bureau of Education at present maintains 13 large
-agricultural schools, 15 farm schools, and 162 settlement farm
-schools. The agricultural school range in area from about 125 to
-about 3,000 acres; the farm schools, from about 40 to 125 acres;
-the settlement farm schools, from about 30 to about 100 acres. In
-addition to these, the Bureau of Education has an extensive program
-of school and home gardening and maintains numerous agricultural clubs
-for boys and girls. Under the stress of the world-wide economic crisis
-brought about by the World War, the general office appealed to the
-country for increased productions, and in response to this appeal,
-the schools now have over 4,000 school gardens and over 100,000 home
-gardens. Annually there are held over 20,000 Garden Days where there
-are over 143,000 pupils' exhibits and about 40,000 farmers' exhibits.
-
-
-Athletics.--The system of physical education here compares favorably
-with the best in the world. The temptation of developing only a
-few "stars" has been valiantly resisted and the athletic slogan of
-"Athletics for Everybody" has been stressed instead. As a result of
-this policy over 96 per cent of the pupils enrolled in the elementary
-and secondary schools take active participation in the program of
-athletics and games during the year.
-
-
-Primary and Secondary Curriculum.--In the seven years' course the
-studies are principally language, reading, good manners and right
-conduct, arithmetic, civics, hygiene and sanitation, writing, drawing,
-music, and Philippine history and government, in addition to a definite
-vocational training and organized play and athletics. Besides the
-regular secondary course, specialized secondary courses such as
-the normal, commercial, trade, agricultural, and domestic science
-are offered.
-
-Number of pupils.--The enrollment of pupils in the public schools below
-the University of the Philippines from the school year 1913-1914 to
-1920-1921 is as follows:
-
-
-            -----------+-----------+-------------------
-                       |           |   Increase over
-                       |           |   previous year
-               Year    | Enrollment|---------+---------
-                       |           |  Number | Per cent
-            -----------+-----------+---------+---------
-            1913-1914  |   621,114 | 180,980 |   41.0
-            1914-1915  |   621,114 | ------- |   ----
-            1915-1916  |   638,548 |  17,434 |    2.8
-            1916-1917  |   675,997 |  37,449 |    5.8
-            1917-1918  |   671,398 |   4,699 |     .7
-            1918-1919  |   681,588 |  10,290 |    1.5
-            1919-1920  |   791,626 | 110,040 |   16.0
-            1920-1921. |   943,364 | 151,736 |   19.0
-            1921-1922. | 1,077,342 | 133,978 |   13.0
-            -----------+-----------+---------+---------
-
-
-Number of schools and teachers.--The number of schools rose from 2,934
-in 1913 to 7,670 in March, 1922, representing an increase of 128 per
-cent. The average annual decrease in the number of schools from 1909
-to 1913 (5 years preceding Filipino autonomy) was 181, or 4.8 per cent,
-while the average yearly increase from 1914 to 1920 was 416.
-
-The number of Filipino teachers increased from 7,671 in 1913 to 24,017
-in 1922, which means an increase of 16,346, or 213 per cent. The
-number of American teachers dropped from 658 in March, 1913, to 347
-in March, 1922.
-
-
-Number of school buildings.--The number of permanent school buildings
-constructed up to 1913 was 624, which number rose to 1,301. In other
-words, during nine years (1913-1922), 108 per cent more permanent
-buildings were erected.
-
-
-Universities.--Foremost among the universities in the Islands
-is the University of the Philippines, which corresponds to a
-state university. It gives courses in liberal arts, the sciences,
-education, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy, agriculture,
-veterinary medicine, engineering, law, forestry, music, and the
-fine arts. Collegiate degrees are conferred upon graduates in all
-the courses mentioned with the exception of the last two, for which
-diplomas of proficiency are issued to the graduates.
-
-The enrollment in the University for the school year 1922-1923 is
-4,839, so that in 10 years the attendance rose from 1,400 in 1911-1912
-to 4,839 in 1922-1923, representing an increase of 237 per cent. The
-University has now 45 buildings of permanent materials.
-
-The Santo Tomas University was the first to be established. It has the
-distinction of being the oldest university under the American flag,
-having been founded a quarter of a century before Harvard. It gives
-courses in law, medicine, pharmacy, civil engineering, philosophy
-and letters, and theology, and has about 700 students. The medium of
-instruction is the Spanish language.
-
-Besides these two universities there is the National University
-with upwards of 4,500 students and the Manila University with almost
-3,000. The presidents of the last two universities are Filipinos.
-
-The overwhelming majority of the faculty in all the institutions of
-high learning in the Islands are Filipinos.
-
-
-
-
-VII. SANITATION.--In sanitation the progress attained by the
-Philippines during the Filipinized government has also been rapid. The
-sanitary work is now controlled by a central bureau called the
-Philippine Health Service. With this centralization of activities
-health measures can be enforced more economically and more effectively
-than in previous years.
-
-The municipalities are grouped into sanitary divisions, each of which
-is in charge of a competent official. With few exceptions the men
-in charge are qualified physicians. At the end of the year 1921,
-there were 307 sanitary divisions comprising 792 out of the 846
-municipalities. In other words, nearly 94 per cent of the total
-number of municipalities in the Philippines form a part of these
-sanitary divisions.
-
-Some of the important functions of the Philippine Health Service are
-as follows:
-
-1. Control and supervision of all hospitals for dangerous communicable
-diseases, and the isolation of persons suffering from such diseases.
-
-2. Control of sanitation of schoolhouses and premises, prisons and
-all other places for the detention of prisoners.
-
-3. Establishment and maintenance of internal quarantine in times of
-epidemic and the systematic inoculation of the inhabitants with virus,
-sera, and prophylactics.
-
-
-                 COMPARATIVE DEATH RATE SCALE FOR 1917
-
-                 Countries               Death rate per
-                                       1,000 inhabitants
-
-                 Oriental:
-                     Egypt.                  40.50
-                     China.                  40.00
-                     India.                  35.00
-                     Straits Settlement.     31.64
-                     Ceylon.                 27.00
-                     Burma.                  24.93
-                     Philippines.            22.29
-                 Anglo-Saxon:
-                     United States.          14.70
-                     England.                13.70
-                     Canada.                 12.70
-                     South Australia.        11.73
-                     Queensland.             11.00
-                     New Zealand.            10.35
-                 Latin:
-                     Porto Rico.             28.50
-                     Mexico.                 23.39
-                     Cuba.                   19.70
-                     Italy.                  18.20
-                     France.                 17.70
-
-
-
-
-VIII. LOCAL AUTONOMY.--Greater autonomy has been extended to the
-provinces and municipalities especially as regards local taxes,
-education, sanitation, and permanent public improvements.
-
-One of the significant and substantial results of the new policy
-is the remarkable improvement in the finances of the provinces and
-municipalities. During the period 1914 to 1920 a general revision of
-assessment of real properties was conducted in all the provinces. From
-this assessment we find an increase of 1,703,449 in the number of lots
-of taxable real property on December 31, 1920, as compared with the
-corresponding figure on September 30, 1913, representing an increase of
-about 100 per cent. The increase, of course, means increased revenue
-from the real property taxes for the local government.
-
-A study of the revenues of the provinces and municipalities during 1914
-to 1920, as compared with the period 1909 to 1913, shows an increase
-of 1,090 per cent, the average percentage of yearly increase being
-155.5 per cent. In 1922 the revenues of the provinces were P19,264,264;
-those of the municipalities were P32,486,068.
-
-
-
-
-IX. PUBLIC WELFARE.--One of the first acts of the Philippine government
-since control was turned over into the hands of Filipinos was the
-creation of the so-called Public Welfare Board entrusted with the task
-of co�rdinating the work of private and public welfare agencies. The
-board acts as the agency for controlling the disbursement of public
-charity funds to semi-public institutions like the Anti-tuberculosis
-Society, the Gota de Leche, and the Women's Clubs.
-
-On February 23, 1916, an act was passed by the Legislature
-appropriating P1,000,000 for the protection of early infancy and the
-establishment of branches of the "Gota de Leche." Local organizations
-were granted aid from this funds as much as what they raised.
-
-In 1917 the government established an orphanage for destitute and
-dependent children from all over the islands, managed according to
-the most modern methods.
-
-
-[Public Welfare Commissioner]
-
-On February 18, 1918, the public welfare board membership was reduced
-to five and its administrative control placed under the Department
-of the Interior. The administration of the million-peso funds for
-the protection of early infancy and the establishment of maternity
-and child-welfare centers were also placed under the control of the
-Secretary of the Interior on March 22, 1920. Later these activities
-were all grouped together by Act 2988, enacted February 24, 1921,
-into one office--the office of the public welfare commissioner--which
-started operation on May 1, 1921.
-
-The aim of the office is summarized thus: To promote all work directed
-towards the early reduction of infant mortality in the Philippines
-by employing adequate means for this purpose and for carrying out
-other activities intended to bring about the general welfare of the
-community, especially that which concerns children.
-
-A central executive office is maintained in Manila. It investigates
-social conditions and compiles sociological information for
-distribution. Social centers are being established throughout the
-Islands. On December, 1922, 183 puericulture centers were in existence
-as against 80 on December, 1921.
-
-
-X. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.--The Supreme Court of the Philippine
-Islands presided over by a Filipino has always enjoyed the respect
-and confidence of every citizen. It is above all influence, being
-composed of men of integrity and of exceptional talent.
-
-The Courts of First Instance have also a comparatively good record
-as is evident from the number of decisions affirmed, reversed, and
-modified by the Supreme Court. The figures are as follows:
-
-
------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------
-                 |       |   Affirmed   |   Reversed  |  Modified
-    Period       |Total  +-------+------+------+------+------+------
-                 |number | Number| Per  |Number| Per  |Number| Per
-                 |       |       | cent |      | cent |      | cent
------------------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------
-August 31, 1911  |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-  to September,  |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-  1, 1913.       | 1,454 |  910  | 62.5 |  365 | 25.1 |  179 | 12.2
-                 |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-March 3, 1919 to |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-  March 4, 1921. | 1,782 | 1,194 | 67.0 |  372 | 20.8 |  216 | 12.1
------------------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------
-
-
-The foregoing figures indicate that there was a larger percentage of
-decisions affirmed and smaller percentage of decisions reversed by
-the Supreme Court during the time when the Filipino people were given
-substantial autonomy proving that the administration of justice has
-been considerably improved with the Filipinos in control.
-
-In 1913 there were 12,000 pending cases disposed of; in 1921 the
-number rose to 16,874; in 1922, 20,632.
-
-From 1907 to 1913, for a period of seven years before Filipino
-autonomy, the average yearly number of decrees of titles to land
-issued by the Philippine courts was only 1,935; while from 1914 to
-1920, during seven years of Filipino self-government, the average
-yearly number of land titles settled was 12,396, six times more than
-the preceding period.
-
-
-
-
-XI. GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES.--In order to hasten the economic progress
-of the Islands, the Philippine government has been compelled to
-organize and engage in certain business enterprises of national
-importance that private initiative and capital have so far failed to
-develop. There are now four of these government owned enterprises--the
-Philippine National Bank, the Manila Railroad, the National Coal
-Company, and the National Development Company. The underlying motives
-behind these ventures are:
-
-(1) To conserve the resources of the Islands for Filipinos; (2) to
-protect the people against exploitation; (3) to safeguard against
-profiteering; (4) to facilitate the extension of credit to private
-concerns.
-
-
-The Philippine National Bank.--The need for a national bank in the
-Islands has long been felt. Previous to its establishment, Filipino
-farmers and merchants had to go to foreign banks in order to secure
-the necessary capital. The Philippine government had also to deposit
-its money with foreign banking institutions which gave a very low
-rate of interest. All the foreign banks made very little investments
-in the Islands, preferring to deal almost exclusively with export
-and import trade.
-
-To remedy these conditions the Philippine National Bank was
-organized. From a modest beginning the bank grew by leaps and bounds,
-especially during the war.
-
-
-[Constructive Service]
-
-In spite of the many criticisms hurled against it, the constructive
-service that the bank has rendered to the community stands out in
-bold relief--the financing of the liberty loans, the handling of
-the sale of alien property, the financial assistance extended in
-time of dire need to two banks doing business in the islands, the
-financing of sugar centrals, the giving of loans to agriculturists,
-and the extension of banking facilities to merchants and manufacturers.
-
-The post-war depression caught the bank unprepared to meet the
-emergencies and it suffered heavy losses. The bank, however, is now
-in a fair way to sound footing. But as an institution, despite its
-reverses, it has come to be part and parcel of Philippine financial
-life. The Filipino people regard the bank as indispensable in the
-economic development of the islands.
-
-
-The Manila Railroad.--The Philippine railroads were taken over
-by the government in 1916. They were bought from an old English
-company. The principal motive that impelled the purchase of the lines
-from the English owners was the failure of the owners to operate
-the lines with profit. This failure resulted in the imposition of
-greater burden on the taxpayers in the way of payment for interest
-on railroad bonds guaranteed by the government from the early days
-of American administration. The secondary motive was of course to
-nationalize this most important medium of communication and to put
-it at government disposal in case of emergency.
-
-From 1914 to 1916 the aggregate net deficit of the company was about
-$600,000. Under government management the railroad has been gaining
-steadily. In 1917 the gain was $400,000; in 1918, $130,000; in 1920,
-$120,000; and in 1921 $148,000, with the added advantage that the
-government has not been called upon to pay any interest on the bonds.
-
-
-The National Coal Company.--During the war the coal shortage was one
-of the great problems that the government had to solve. The Philippine
-Islands are rich in coal deposits, but very little private capital
-has been invested in its exploitation. The Philippine Legislature,
-therefore, chartered the National Coal Company and supplied it with
-a capital of $1,700,000. The company is now ready to furnish at least
-the coal needed by the government, which is about 120,000 tons a year,
-heretofore imported from foreign countries.
-
-
-The National Development Company.--The company was organized for the
-purpose of financing isolated commercial, industrial or agricultural
-enterprises that the government may desire to establish for the general
-welfare of the country, the motive being that whenever or wherever
-there was profiteering the government should enter into competition
-with the profiteer and compel him to reduce the cost of his goods.
-
-The stock of the company is controlled, as in other government
-companies, by a committee of three, composed of the Governor-General,
-the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of
-Representatives.
-
-Other development companies which have been established by law, some of
-which have not yet begun to function, are the National Cement Company
-(2855), the National Coal Company (2705), the National Iron Company
-(2862), and the National Petroleum Company (2814).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XIV. THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
-
-
-The sporadic but persistent agitation for reform which ultimately
-evolved into the organized movement for independence since 1892,
-began soon after the discovery of the Islands. In the beginning,
-dissatisfaction manifested itself in more or less unimportant and
-localized uprisings against the oppressive measures which the Spanish
-rulers sought to impose upon the inhabitants.
-
-Some of these uprisings, in outline form, were the following:
-
-
-[Uprisings against Spain]
-
-1574.--The first governor in Manila ordered the residents to supply his
-troops food, and took two of the leading Filipinos as hostages. After a
-time the Filipinos refused to submit any longer to the imposition. The
-governor ordered the hostages to be shot. The Filipinos revolted.
-
-1585.--The Province of Pampanga was a center of revolts.
-
-1588.--A conspiracy against Legaspi and against the principal officials
-of the city. The idea in this revolt was to expel the Spaniards from
-the Philippine Islands.
-
-1589.--Popular revolt in the Provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte.
-
-1622.--Like Pampanga, Bohol became a center of revolts. This year
-saw a strange revolt which had a religious cause but later gained
-national importance. It also developed leadership in the person of
-one Tamblot. He was executed but his memory lived to inspire another
-rebellion.
-
-This same year saw an uprising in the Province of Leyte.
-
-1643.--Ladia led a revolt in Bulacan. His plan was easily discovered
-and he was put to death.
-
-1645.--An uprising against the tax system in the Province of Pampanga,
-the second revolt in that province.
-
-1649.--The most widespread revolt the Spanish government had yet
-seen against the system of conscripting labor whenever a Spaniard
-needed it. Starting in Leyte the uprising spread from one province
-to another and would not have been suppressed had not the governor
-incited Filipinos against Filipinos.
-
-1660.--Miniago led a rebellion in Pampanga against the system of
-forced labor. At this time the Filipinos had already learned the
-Spanish way of making promises which were never fulfilled, thus
-instilling hatred in the Filipinos.
-
-This same year witnessed another revolt in Pangasinan following the
-Miniago revolt. The leader by the name of Malong gave the Spanish
-government an almost unbearable trouble. He proclaimed his province,
-Pangasinan, independent and started to set up a government of its
-own. His army swept everything before it, but at last suffered defeat
-by the hands of Spaniards. The Filipinos were gradually developing
-military men, and at this time, one General Pedro Gumapus had been
-recognized. He was arrested, however, and put to death with many of
-his comrades.
-
-1661.--A revolt in Ilocos, an aftermath of the Malong rebellion.
-
-1686.--A conspiracy in Manila, but soon suppressed.
-
-1719.--The riot in which Governor Bustamante and his son were
-killed. This was the result of the long discord between the government
-and the church.
-
-1744.--Another rebellion in Bohol. This time the leader was Dagohoy
-and under his leadership his army was able to drive the Spanish troops
-away. Dagohoy set up a government in Bohol.
-
-1762.--Pangasinan revolted again, but again unsuccessful.
-
-1762.--A revolt occurred during the war with Great Britain. Silan
-offered his services to raise troops against the British. In reply
-the government sent him to prison for a spy. The Filipinos revolted
-and broke jail, letting the prisoner out. Silan was later murdered
-by an assassin whom the Spaniards hired. His widow who continued the
-revolt was arrested and hanged.
-
-1762.--The Provinces of Cagayan, Laguna, and Batangas revolted against
-the tax system.
-
-1785.--Nueva Ecija revolted.
-
-1807.--A rebellion in Ilocos in which the Filipinos demanded
-constitutional rights. The rebels captured the town of Piddig and
-overcame the Spanish forces.
-
-1811.--The Igorots plotted to annihilate all the Spaniards. The plan
-was betrayed to the authorities and was nipped in the bud.
-
-1812.--For the first time in the history of Spain the demand for
-reforms was met with constitutional concession. The Filipinos were
-to have representation in the Cortes of Spain. The constitution
-was later discarded by King Ferdinand VII and upon hearing this the
-Filipinos revolted.
-
-1814.--A rebellion against the oppressive tax system.
-
-1820.--An uprising during a cholera epidemic, as the people believed
-that the government had been neglecting its duty. It was quelled,
-and a frightful massacre followed.
-
-1823.--A mutiny at Novales led by a mestizo army officer.
-
-1827.--This year the rebels of Bohol were temporarily subjugated
-after an independence of about eight years.
-
-1840.--An extensive revolt in southern Luzon led by Apolinario de
-la Cruz, a student in theology. Cruz organized a Brotherhood of San
-Juan and asked for the co�peration of the church. In reply, De la
-Cruz was arrested for working seditiously. Revolt followed in which
-the leader was arrested and shot.
-
-1843.--An uprising in Manila as a resentment against the treatment
-of De la Cruz.
-
-1872.--This revolt was different from any other previous revolt as it
-was no longer a protest against specific injustice but a revolt based
-upon idealistic basis. The leaders came from the educated class. The
-victims included such harmless men as Father Burgos, Father Zamora,
-and Father Gomez who were executed.
-
-1883, 1888.--These years saw various revolts against oppressive
-treatments.
-
-1892.--This year marked the beginning of the long and constructive
-struggle which changed the history of the Filipino people. It was
-characterized by a systematic campaign for freedom, culminating in
-the execution of Jose Rizal and the successful Revolution of 1896.
-
-
-
-
-THE ORGANIZED MOVEMENT.--The leadership and the national ideals which
-these uprisings developed, became apparent in the Revolution of 1896
-when the masses rose in arms against Spain and demanded separation
-and freedom. General MacArthur said of this Revolution:
-
-
-   "When I first started in against these rebels, I believed that
-    Aguinaldo's troops represented only a faction. I did not like to
-    believe that the whole population of Luzon--the native population,
-    that is--were opposed to us and our offers of good government. But
-    after having come this far, after having occupied several towns and
-    cities in succession, and having been brought much in contact with
-    both insurrectos and amigos, I have been reluctantly compelled
-    to believe that the Filipino masses were loyal and devoted to
-    Aguinaldo and the government which he heads."
-
-
-Upon the cessation of hostilities and after the organization of
-the civil government in the Islands under the American r�gime, the
-Philippine Commission passed an act which virtually prohibited all
-agitations for Philippine independence. Under these circumstances, the
-movement had to go on in an unorganized manner against the opposition
-of the Federal Party which indorsed annexation of the Philippines
-to the United States. The party, however, never had any substantial
-support, and soon lost the little it had. Another party had appeared
-on the scene, having immediate independence for its slogan and the
-multitude rallied around its standard.
-
-As an organized and systematic movement, the agitation began with
-the institution of the Philippine Assembly in 1907. The Philippine
-Assembly was then the popular branch of the Philippine Legislature,
-the upper house being the Commission of which the majority were
-Americans. The issue in the general elections was independence for
-the Islands, and the Nacionalista Party, which championed the cause,
-gained an overwhelming majority in the Assembly over the Federal
-Party. At the close of the first session of this representative body,
-the Speaker, Hon. Sergio Osme�a, declared:
-
-
-   "Permit me, gentlemen of the chamber, to declare solemnly before
-    God and before the world, upon my conscience as a deputy and
-    representative of my compatriots, and under my responsibility
-    as president of this chamber, that we believe the people desire
-    independence, and that we believe ourselves capable of leading
-    an orderly existence, efficient both in internal and external
-    affairs, as a member of the free and civilized nations."
-
-
-The cause of Philippine independence has been paramount in Philippine
-affairs since then, but the Filipino people have been striving for
-that national objective in the most peaceful manner. After the war
-the movement was resumed, and since 1919 two delegations have been
-sent to the United States to present pleas for independence to the
-President and Congress. The first went in 1919, the second in 1921.
-
-
-
-
-AMERICA'S POLICY AND PROMISE TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE.--The plea for
-freedom is based on two contentions. First, that it is the right of
-all nations to be free; second, that independence has been promised
-by the United States. Both of which premises are admitted. The only
-question is when independence will be granted.
-
-The Filipino people are one in their appeal for independence. All
-political parties have this as a common objective. There is not one
-discordant note in the age-long desire. The people are willing to
-stake their all--take all the chances attendant upon an independent
-existence. They want their freedom now.
-
-On the other hand, America's policy toward the Islands has been
-consistent. The pronouncements of her executive officials as well as
-Congressional legislations all point to one conclusion: It has never
-been the intention to make of the Philippines a perpetual possession;
-independence is to be granted as soon as a stable government "can
-be established."
-
-PRONOUNCEMENTS OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTS.--In January 30, 1899, eight
-months after the battle of Manila Bay, President McKinley dispatched
-the First Philippine Commission to the Islands with the assurance
-that the Commission would bring "the richest blessings of a liberating
-rather than a conquering nation." Later on he added: "The Philippines
-are ours, not to exploit but to develop, to civilize, to educate,
-to train in the science of self-government."
-
-In 1903 Mr. Taft, as Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands,
-eloquently expressed himself thus:
-
-
-   "From the beginning to the end, the state papers which were
-    circulated in these Islands as authoritative expressions of the
-    Executive had for their motto that 'the Philippines are for the
-    Filipinos,' and that the government of the United States are here
-    for the purpose of preserving the 'Philippines for the Filipinos'
-    for their benefit, for their elevation, for their civilization,
-    again and again appears."
-
-
-And again, in 1907, he said:
-
-
-   "The policy looks to the improvement of the people, both
-    industrially and in self-governing capacity. As the policy
-    of extending control continues, it must logically reduce and
-    finally end the sovereignty of the United States in the Islands,
-    unless it shall deem wise to the American and Filipino peoples,
-    on account of mutually beneficial trade relations and possible
-    advantages to the Islands in their foreign relations, that the
-    bond shall not be completely severed."
-
-
-In his message in 1908 President Roosevelt said:
-
-
-   "I trust that within a generation the time will arrive when the
-    Filipinos can decide for themselves whether it is well for them
-    to become independent or to continue under protection of a strong
-    and disinterested power, able to guarantee to the Islands order
-    at home and protection from foreign invasion."
-
-
-And in his autobiography Mr. Roosevelt remarked:
-
-
-   "As regards the Philippines my belief was that we should train
-    them for self-government as rapidly as possible and leave them
-    free to decide their own fate."
-
-
-On October 6, 1913, President Wilson, in a message for the Filipino
-people, formulated America's policy thus:
-
-
-   "We regard ourselves as trustees not for the advantage of
-    the United States, but for the benefit of the people of the
-    Philippine Islands. Every step we take will be taken with a view
-    to ultimate independence of the Islands and as a preparation for
-    that independence."
-
-
-THE JONES LAW.--All these official declarations at last found
-Congressional sanction and expression in the Jones Law passed in 1916
-which in the opinion of the author, Congressman William Atkinson Jones,
-is "the everlasting covenant of a great and generous people speaking
-through their accredited representatives that they (the Filipinos)
-shall in due time enjoy the incomparable blessings of liberty and
-freedom." The preamble of the Law reads:
-
-
-   "Whereas it was never the intention of the people of the United
-    States in the incipiency of the War with Spain to make it a war
-    of conquest or territorial aggrandizement; and
-
-   "Whereas it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people
-    of the United States to withdraw their sovereignty over the
-    Philippine Islands and to recognize their independence as soon
-    as a stable government can be established therein; and
-
-   "Whereas, for the speedy accomplishment of the purpose, it is
-    desirable to place in the hands of the people of the Philippines
-    as large a control of their domestic affairs as can be given them
-    without in the meantime impairing the exercise of the right of
-    sovereignty by the people of the United States in order that by
-    the use and exercise of popular franchise and government powers
-    they may be better prepared to fully assume the responsibilities
-    and enjoy all the privileges of complete independence;
-
-   "Therefore...."
-
-
-This law is the first formal pronouncement of the American people,
-through their accredited representatives, on the purpose of the United
-States as regards the Philippine Islands. It is the formal pledge
-that Independence will be granted. The only condition required is
-that a stable government be first established in the Islands.
-
-Executive recommendation for the fulfillment of America's
-promise.--That there is now such a stable government in the Islands
-is the claim of the Filipinos, and America is being asked to perform
-her part of the covenant. In this claim of theirs, the Filipinos
-are supported by the official representatives of the American people
-themselves.
-
-In his last message to Congress, December 2, 1920, President Wilson
-made this recommendation:
-
-
-   "Allow me to call your attention to the fact that the people of
-    the Philippine Islands have succeeded in maintaining a stable
-    government since the last action of the Congress in their behalf,
-    and have thus fulfilled the condition set by the Congress as
-    precedent to a consideration of granting independence to the
-    Islands.
-
-   "I respectfully submit that this condition having been fulfilled,
-    it is our liberty and our duty to keep our promise to the people
-    of those islands by granting them the independence which they so
-    honorably covet."
-
-
-Governor-General Harrison also testified before the Joint Committee of
-Congress in 1919 that a stable government had already been established
-in the Philippine Islands, to wit, "a government elected by the
-suffrages of the people, which is supported by the people, which
-is capable of maintaining order and of fulfilling its international
-obligations."
-
-
-
-
-MISSIONS TO UNITED STATES.--Soon after the termination of the world
-war, it was decided to push the campaign for freedom with greater
-vigor than ever before.
-
-There was need, besides, of centralizing the campaign if it was to be
-more effective. Accordingly, the Philippine Legislature, on November 1,
-1918, created a "Commission of Independence," composed of the presiding
-officers and members of both houses of the Legislature. The Commission
-was for the purpose of considering and reporting to the Legislature:
-
-(a) Ways and means of negotiating immediately for the granting and
-recognition of the Independence of the Philippines.
-
-(b) External guarantees of the stability and permanence of said
-independence as well as of territorial integrity.
-
-(c) Ways and means of organizing in a speedy, effectual and orderly
-manner a constitutional and democratic internal government.
-
-
-The First Mission.--One of the first actions of the Commission was
-to recommend the sending of a special mission to the United States
-to present the plea for freedom in a formal manner. The Legislature
-approved this recommendation, and in May, 1919, a delegation arrived
-at Washington, composed of forty prominent Filipinos representing the
-two houses of the Legislature as well as the commercial, industrial,
-agricultural, and labor interests of the Islands.
-
-About the time it sailed, the Legislature adopted a "Declaration of
-Purposes" for the guidance of the Commission of Independence and the
-Philippine Mission. This declaration recited, among other things:
-
-
-Declaration of Purposes.--* * * "In applying the principles enunciated
-in documents and utterances on the Philippines to the conditions now
-existing in the Islands, the Commission of Independence will find
-the following facts:
-
-
-   "That there exist likewise in the Philippines all the conditions
-    of stability and guarantees for law and order that Cuba had to
-    establish to the satisfaction of America in order to obtain her
-    independence, or to preserve it, during the military occupation of
-    1898-1902 and during the intervention of 1906-1909, respectively.
-
-   "That the 'preparation for independence' and the 'stable
-    government' required by President Wilson and the Congress of the
-    United States, respectively, contain no new requisite not included
-    in any of the cases above cited.
-
-   "That these prerequisites for Philippine Independence are the
-    same as those virtually or expressly established by the Republican
-    administration that preceded President Wilson's administration.
-
-   "That during the entire time that the Filipino people have been
-    with America, they have been living in the confidence that the
-    American occupation was only temporary and that its final aim
-    was not aggrandizement or conquest, but the peace, welfare,
-    and liberty of the Filipino people.
-
-   "That this faith in the promises of America was a cardinal factor
-    not only in the co�peration between Americans and Filipinos during
-    the years of peace, but also in the co�peration between Americans
-    and Filipinos during the late war.
-
-   "That the condition of thorough development of the internal
-    affairs of the country and the present international atmosphere
-    of justice, liberty, and security for all peoples, are the most
-    propitious for the fulfillment by America of her promises and
-    for her redemption of the pledges she has made before the world.
-
-   "Therefore, so far as it is humanly possible to judge
-    and say, we can see only one aim for the Commission of
-    Independence--independence; and we can give only one
-    instruction--to get it. * * *"
-
-
-The Mission proceeded to Washington to confer with President Wilson and
-to make known their desires. It happened, however, that the President
-was in Paris, at the Peace Conference, and could not receive the
-mission in person. He delegated Secretary of War Baker to represent
-him and to read for him to the Mission a letter in which he expressed
-sentiments of sympathy and good will. In that letter, the President
-said in part:
-
-
-   "I am sorry that I cannot look into the faces of the gentlemen
-    of this Mission from the Philippine Islands and tell them all
-    that I have in mind and heart as I think of the patient labor,
-    with the end almost in sight, undertaken by the American and
-    Filipino people for their permanent benefit. I know, however,
-    that your sentiments are mine in this regard and that you will
-    translate truly to them my own feelings."
-
-
-And Secretary Baker, on his part, said:
-
-
-   "I know that I express the feeling of the President--I certainly
-    express my own feeling; I think I express the prevailing feeling
-    in the United States--when I say that we believe the time has
-    substantially come, if not quite come, when the Philippine Islands
-    can be allowed to sever the mere formal political tie remaining
-    and become an independent people."
-
-
-Hearing Before Congressional Committee.--Because of the absence of
-President Wilson, the mission had to return to the Islands with its
-object unattained. The members, however, had visited many cities of the
-United States and delivered speeches pleading for independence. They
-also succeeded in getting a hearing before a joint-committee
-of Congress, presided over by the then Senator Harding. But the
-committee was adverse to any action being taken at the time on the
-issue of Philippine independence and so stated. The Mission then
-presented a memorial "to the Senate and House of Representatives of
-the United States," wherein it submitted the case of the Filipinos
-in substance thus:
-
-
-1.  That as defined and established in the Act of Congress of August
-    29, 1916, the purpose of the Government of the United States is
-    to withdraw its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon
-    as a stable government can be established therein.
-
-2.  That in accordance with the terms and provisions of said law,
-    the people of the Philippines have organized a government that
-    has been in operation for nearly three years and which has
-    offered complete evidence that conditions are ripe for the
-    establishment of an independent government that will be fully
-    capable of maintaining law and order, administer justice, promote
-    the welfare of all the inhabitants of the islands, and discharge
-    as well its international obligations.
-
-3.  That the Filipino people desire their independence at this time,
-    and along with that independence, they confidently hope to
-    preserve the bonds of good understanding and friendship which bind
-    them to the United States, and to foster the free development of
-    commercial relations between the two countries.
-
-
-The Second Mission.--The first Mission failing to get independence,
-a second one was dispatched in 1922, with identically the same
-purpose--to negotiate for independence. It was designated a
-Parliamentary Mission, presided over by the Speaker of the House and
-the President of the Senate, and was composed of 14 members. Arriving
-at Washington, it presented a memorial to President Harding, which, in
-point of logic, force, earnestness, and diction, must stand unique in
-the annals of peoples aspiring to be free through peaceful methods. It
-is the case of the Filipinos in a nutshell. It recites in part:
-
-
-    MEMORIAL OF JUNE 16, 1922
-
-   "Mr. President: With the deepest sense of loyalty and confidence
-    in the American people, the Philippine Legislature has decided to
-    send the present Parliamentary Mission to the United States. The
-    Mission brings a message of good-will and friendship from the
-    Filipino people to the people of the United States, and is charged
-    to resume the negotiations for the independence of the Philippines
-    begun by the first Mission sent in 1919.
-
-
-    MCKINLEY AND ROOT'S DEFINITION OF STABLE GOVERNMENT
-
-   "There are, in President McKinley's estimate, two main elements
-    in a stable government: First, ability to maintain order and
-    insure peace and tranquility, and the security of citizens;
-    second, ability to observe international obligations. To those
-    two elements, Mr. Root in his instruction for the Cuban people,
-    added the following: It must rest upon the peaceful suffrages of
-    the people and must contain constitutional limitations to protect
-    the people from the arbitrary actions of the Government. All
-    these elements are to be found in the Philippines today.
-
-
-    PRESENT PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SATISFIES ALL CONDITIONS
-
-   "It is admitted by the Wood-Forbes Mission that order has been
-    properly maintained and that our Insular police or constabulary,
-    "has proved itself to be dependable and thoroughly efficient. *
-    * * They are naturally an orderly people."
-
-   "The Filipino people are by nature and tradition hospitable
-    and courteous to foreigners. There has been no anti-foreign
-    agitation or outbreak. The business of foreigners has been amply
-    protected and will continue to be so protected under an independent
-    Philippines. During the short-lived Philippine Republic prisoners
-    of war were treated according to the law of nations, and there
-    was security for foreigners.
-
-
-    ORDERLY ELECTIONS
-
-   "The Insular, provincial, and municipal governments of the
-    Philippines rest on the free and peaceful suffrage of the
-    people. The people elect members of the Insular legislature,
-    provincial governors, members of the provincial boards, municipal
-    presidents, and members of the municipal councils. Interest in
-    the elections is widespread and election day passes without any
-    serious disturbances. There was a general, quiet acceptance by
-    the minority of the results of the popular vote. * * *
-
-
-    CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES
-
-   "The structure and workings of our government also conform
-    to the standard defined by Mr. Root in that it is "subject
-    to the limitations and safeguards which the experience of
-    a constitutional government has shown to be necessary to the
-    preservation of individual rights." The Filipino people fought for
-    such constitutional safeguards during the Spanish r�gime. A modern
-    bill of rights was inserted in the Constitution of the Philippine
-    Republic. Our present constitutional limitations and safeguards
-    have been in operation since 1900 when President McKinley in
-    his instructions to the second Philippine Commission set down
-    as inviolable rules the fundamental provisions of the American
-    Bill of Rights. These provisions with slight modification were
-    later included in the Organic Act of 1902, and again set forth
-    in the Jones Law of 1916. For more than twenty years, therefore,
-    the Philippine Government has been subject to constitutional
-    practices. They are imbedded in the political life of the people,
-    and no matter what political change may occur in the Philippines
-    they will find no material alteration. An impartial judiciary is
-    there to enforce them.
-
-
-    COMPETENT JUDICIARY
-
-   "The Supreme Court has the respect and confidence of the Filipino
-    people. The courts of First Instance, mostly presided over by
-    Filipinos ever since 1914, have maintained a standard which,
-    in general, compares favorably with the state courts of the
-    Union. From August 31, 1912, to September 1, 1913, during the
-    last two years of Governor Forbes' administration, only 25.1 per
-    cent of the decisions appealed from these courts were reversed by
-    the Supreme Court. From March 3, 1919, to March 4, 1921, another
-    period of two years with Filipinos in control, the percentage
-    of reversals decreased to 20.8 per cent. The number of cases
-    disposed of by the Courts of First Instance for the eight years
-    (1906 to 1913, inclusive) was as many as 82,528. The total number
-    of cases disposed of for the same length of time, with Filipinos
-    in greater control (1914 to 1921, inclusive), was 117,357 or an
-    increase of 34,829, or 42 per cent.
-
-
-    GENERAL PROGRESS
-
-   "Philippine autonomy has also increased the agencies of social
-    and political progress, such as schools, roads, public buildings,
-    hospitals, etc. In 1913, when the Filipino people had even less
-    share in the government than they have now, there were enrolled
-    in public schools 440,050 pupils, in 1921 there were nearly a
-    million (943,422). In 1913, there were only 2,934 public schools;
-    in 1920 there were 5,944. In 1913, there were 2,171 kilometers of
-    first-class roads in operation, in 1921 the figure was 4,698.8
-    in addition to about 5,000 kilometers of second-class roads. In
-    1913, there were no dispensaries where the poor could be given
-    medical treatment; in 1921, there were over 800. In 1913 the
-    appropriation for medical aid to the poor was P1,548,371.25;
-    in 1921 the sum was P3,153,828.00.
-
-   "Social and economic progress has also been tremendous during
-    this period. In 1913 there were hardly a dozen women's clubs,
-    in 1921 there were 342 in active work. In 1913, the volume of
-    Philippine commerce was only P202,171,484, in 1920 it swelled to
-    P601,124,276. The cultivated area in 1913 was 2,361,483 hectares
-    as compared with 3,276,942 hectares in 1920, or 38.7 per cent
-    increase. The present conditions in the Philippines compare
-    favorably with those existing in many nations whose right to
-    national sovereignty is not in the least questioned.
-
-
-    THE FAVORABLE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION
-
-   "Three years ago the impression of the members of the first
-    Philippine Mission was that the main objection in the minds of
-    many Americans to the immediate independence of the Philippines
-    was the danger of foreign aggression. While this is entirely
-    outside of the question as to whether we have complied with the
-    requirements of the Jones Law, it may not be amiss to call the
-    attention of those Americans to the great change in international
-    affairs which has taken place since the visit of the last Mission.
-
-
-    THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
-
-   "Wholesome relationship has especially been established in the
-    Pacific area. The recent Washington Conference has cleared away
-    many doubts and misgivings.
-
-   "In the words of the President of the United States that conference
-    was called 'to provide some means whereby just, thoughtful,
-    righteous peoples, who are not seeking to seize something which
-    does not belong to them can live peaceably together and eliminate
-    cause of conflict.'"
-
-
-    IRELAND, EGYPT, AND INDIA
-
-   "To the favorable international atmosphere may be added the fact
-    that the first of colonial powers is already reversing her former
-    policies. She has granted recognition of freedom and equality to
-    peoples hitherto held as subjects and vassals. Egypt has regained
-    her independence. The Irish people have been asked to enter into
-    an agreement with England, looking to the establishment of a free
-    state. Liberal institutions are now being established in India.
-
-
-    TRIUMPH OF AMERICAN IDEALS
-
-   "We see in all these events the gradual triumph of American ideals,
-    especially of that fundamental American principle that declares
-    that governments derive their just powers from the consent of
-    the governed.
-
-   "Hence we come to America in the full expectation that the
-    United States can do no less than other nations have done to
-    their dependencies; that she cannot now refrain from practicing
-    those principles which were initiated by her and followed by her
-    sister nations; that she cannot now refuse specific realization
-    of those purposes and ideals, which found eloquent expression
-    in her spokesmen both in times of war and in times of peaceful
-    reconstruction; and that she will make the Filipino people a
-    determining factor in the relationship that should exist between
-    the United States and the only unincorporated and subject country
-    now under the American flag.
-
-
-    MISSION HAS FULL POWERS
-
-   "We, therefore, submit our case, with faith and confidence,
-    frankly and without evasion. It is the case of the Filipino
-    people whom in fact and in law we represent, for certainly
-    under the present circumstances no other agency can speak or
-    act with as much authority on what the Filipino people want or
-    on Philippine conditions in general, as their duly accredited
-    representatives. That is the very essence of representative
-    government."
-
-
-President Harding replied after due deliberation, stating that he
-was not yet ready to recommend the concession of independence to
-Congress, but assured the members of the Mission and, thru them, the
-Filipino people, that there would be no backward step taken during
-his administration, and that the autonomy now enjoyed by the Filipinos
-would remain unimpaired.
-
-Petition for a constitutional convention.--The second Mission,
-failing in its object like the first, the Philippine Legislature at
-its next session in 1922, set about to devise other means whereby
-action on the question of independence could be hastened. After days
-of stirring debate, it was decided to ask Congress for permission
-to call a Constitutional Convention to draft a Constitution for a
-Philippine Republic, and the following resolution was passed:
-
-
-   "Whereas, the people and government of the United States have
-    solemnly promised to grant independence as soon as a stable
-    government can be established in the Philippines; and
-
-   "Whereas, a stable government now exists and is now in operation
-    with the necessary guarantees that insure success, permanency,
-    and security; and
-
-   "Whereas, preparation and approval by legitimate representatives of
-    the Filipino people of a political constitution for the Philippines
-    is, in the sense of the legislature, a proper and efficacious
-    step for the securing of Philippine independence; therefore, be it
-
-   "Resolved, by the Philippine Senate, with the concurrence of the
-    House of Representatives, that the United States Congress be asked,
-    as it is hereby asked, to authorize the Philippine Legislature
-    to make arrangements for the holding of a general election for
-    the selection of delegates to a constitutional assembly which
-    shall have the duty of preparing, discussing, and adopting a
-    political constitution for an independent Philippine Republic; of
-    determining, with the government of the United States, what kind
-    of relationship, if any, should exist between said government of
-    the United States and the Philippines; and finally of prescribing
-    the election by the people of the Philippines of officials that
-    shall exercise the authority and functions prescribed by the
-    constitution to be adopted and to whom the present government of
-    the Philippines shall be transferred as soon as they have legally
-    assumed their posts."
-
-
-This resolution is now before the Congress of the United States,
-awaiting action by that body.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XV. APPENDICES
-
-
-WHERE TO GO IN MANILA
-
-
-LIST OF HOTELS
-
-There is generally a hotel in the principal towns and cities, conducted
-on the American plan.
-
-The following are the principal hotels in Manila:
-
-
-    The Delmonico Hotel, 278 General Luna, Intramuros.
-    The Imperial, 118 Real, Intramuros.
-    The Oriente Hotel, 121 Real, Intramuros.
-    The Luneta Hotel, 38-40 San Luis.
-    The Manila Hotel, Luneta.
-    Banahaw Hotel, 104 Postigo.
-    Bayside Hotel, 121 Alhambra.
-    Chicago Hotel, 219 Real.
-    Cosmopolitan Hotel, 504 Rizal Avenue.
-    Hotel de France, 35 Plaza Goiti.
-    Hotel Dimas-Alang, 525 Magdalena.
-    Hotel Mecca, 323-31 P. Gomez.
-    Hotel Mignon, 119 T. Pinpin.
-    Japanese Hotel, 335 Regidor.
-    New Paris Hotel, 135 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    New Washington Hotel, 207-9 Echague.
-    Elite Hotel, 300 Echague.
-    Palma de Mallorca, Intramuros.
-    Park Hotel, 1099 R. Hidalgo.
-    San Sebastian Hotel, 103-105 Legarda.
-    Stag Hotel, 300 Echague.
-    Vallejo's Hotel, 165 Solana.
-    Windsor Hotel, 4 Nebraska.
-
-
-
-
-GARAGES AND STABLES
-
-(Note.--There are no "taxis" in the Islands. The traveler either has
-to hail a car marked "PU" (Public Utility) or telephone for a garage
-car, marked "G." They are paid by the hour depending on the make of
-the car.)
-
-
-    Banner Garage, 55 Echague.
-    Bulake�a Garage, D. Mistica, prop., 1312 F. Huertas.
-    Cosmopolitan Garage and Stables, 677 Legarda.
-    Estrella Auto Palace, 560 Gandara.
-    Iberia Garage, Branch Office 126 Plaza Goiti.
-    La Palma de Mallorca Garage, 154 Real, Intramuros.
-    Luneta Motor Co., Inc., 54 San Luis.
-    Malate Stables, Garage & Car Works, 767 Dakota.
-    Manila Garage, 1423 Herran.
-    N. & B. Port Stables, 22d Street.
-    National Garage, 3158 Azcarraga.
-    One-Two-Three Garage, 159 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    Paco American Stables, 723 Kansas.
-    Paco Stables and Garage, 723 Kansas.
-    Pedro's Garage and Livery Stables, 141 Real.
-    Real Stables and Garage, 118 Real.
-    Rosenberg's Garage, 473 A. Mabini.
-    San Jose Garage, 212 Perdigon.
-    Waldorf Stables, 731 Rizal Avenue.
-
-
-
-
-STEAMSHIP AGENCIES
-
-
-    Admiral Line, The, 24 David.
-    American and Manchurian Line, Smith, Bell & Co., agents, Hongkong
-    Shanghai Bank Building.
-    Atkins Kroll & Co., 324-326 Pacific Building.
-    Australian Oriental Line, 503-511 Echague.
-    Barber Steamship Lines, Admiral Line, agents, 24 David.
-    China Navigation Co., Smith, Bell & Co., agents, Hongkong-Shanghai
-    Bank Building.
-    Canadian Pacific Railway, Roxas Building, Escolta.
-    Columbia Pacific Shipping Co., 321 Roxas Building.
-    Compa��a Trasatl�ntica de Barcelona, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-    Dollar Co., The Robert, 406-410 Uy Chaco Building.
-    Eastern & Australasian Steamship Co., Smith, Bell & Co., agents,
-    Hongkong-Shanghai Bank Building.
-    Ellerman Line, W. F. Stevenson & Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Hamburg-Amerika Linie, Viegelman, Inc., agents, 90 Rosario.
-    Holland-East Asia Line, 979 Muelle de la Industria.
-    Hugo Stinnes Lines, 132 Juan Luna.
-    Indo-China Navigation Co., Smith, Bell & Co., agents,
-    Hongkong-Shanghai Bank Building.
-    Isthmian Line, McCleod & Co., agents, Uy Chaco Building.
-    Lloyd Triestino, S. N. Co., Wise Building.
-    Messageries Maritimes, 540 Sales Street.
-    Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Warner Barnes & Co., agents, El Hogar
-    Filipino Building.
-    Osaka Shosen Kaisha, Stevenson & Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 104 Nueva.
-    P. & O. S. N. Line, Stevenson & Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Prince Line, Ltd. Warner Barnes, agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Struthers & Barry, San Francisco-Los Angeles, direct service,
-    Pacific Building.
-    Tampa Inter-Ocean Steamship Co., Pacific Mail, agents, 104 Nueva.
-    The Blue Funnel Line, London Service, Smith, Bell & Co., agents,
-    Hongkong Bank Building.
-    The Blue Funnel Line, New York Service, W. F. Stevenson & Co.,
-    agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-    Toyo Kisen Kaisha, Uy Chaco Building.
-    United States Shipping Board, Masonic Temple.
-
-
-
-
-FOREIGN CONSULATES
-
-
-    Argentine Republic.--J. F. Fernandez, consul, 109 Juan Luna.
-    Belgium.--M. Verlinden, acting consul, 205 El Hogar Filipino.
-    Brazil, United States of.--Jean M. Poizat, consul, El Hogar
-    Filipino Building.
-    Chili.--Antonio Malvehy, consul, 212 Marques de Comillas.
-    China.--Chow Kwo Hsien, consul general, 62 M. H. del Pilar,
-    Ermita; C. F. Pan, vice-consul; C. C. Chu, deputy consul.
-    Denmark.--W. V. Caddel Kauffeldt, consul, 15 Cristobal.
-    France.--A. Valentini, consul, 443 A. Mabini, Ermita.
-    Germany.--Swiss consul, in charge. (See Switzerland.)
-    Great Britain.--Thomas Harrington, consul general, Manila, 231
-    General Solano; E. H. de Bunsen, acting vice-consul, Manila;
-    H. Walford, acting vice-consul, Iloilo; Guy Walford, acting
-    vice-consul, Cebu; H. Thompson, Zamboanga, acting vice-consul.
-    Italy.--C. G. Ghezzi, 256 Calle David.
-    Japan.--Tsunezo Sugimura, consul general; Mitsuo Hamaguchi,
-    vice-consul, 213 Roxas Bldg. Detached office in Davao; Mikaeru
-    Shibasaki, vice-consul.
-    Liberia.--R. Summers, consul, 792 Santa Mesa.
-    Mexico.--Teodoro R. Yangco, honorary consul, 421 Muelle de la
-    Industria.
-    Netherlands.--P. K. A. Meerkamp van Embden, consul general;
-    T. Bremer, vice-consul, 979 Muelle de la Industria. Guy Walford,
-    vice-consul, Cebu; H. Walford, vice-consul, Iloilo.
-    Nicaragua.--T. R. Lacayo, consul (absent), 7 Magallanes; Dr. Carlos
-    Gelano, acting consul, 1919 Herran.
-    Norway.--Capt. N. C. Gude, consul general, Uy Chaco Bldg., Cebu;
-    Guy Walford, vice consul, Iloilo; H. Walford, acting vice-consul.
-    Peru.--Antonio M. Barretto, consul, Hotel de France.
-    Portugal.--J. W. Ferrier, consul, 12 Escolta.
-    Russia.--(See France.)
-    Spain.--Juan Potous y Martinez, consul general; Jose Ledesma y
-    Reina, vice-consul, Casa de Espa�a, Taft Avenue; Jose de Reguera,
-    acting consul, Iloilo; Cristobal Garcia Gimenez, vice-consul, Cebu.
-    Sweden.--Carl Orton, consul general, Connell Bros., Lack &
-    Davis Bldg.
-    Switzerland.--Albert Sidler, consul, 936 Raon, Quiapo.
-    Venezuela.--Albert P. Delfino, consul, 546 Calle Sales.
-
-
-Note.--The Governments of Belgium, China, France, Great Britain,
-Japan, and Spain are represented by consuls of career.
-
-
-
-
-CABLE OFFICES
-
-
-    Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Co., El Hogar
-    Filipino Building.
-    Commercial Pacific Cable Co., El Hogar Filipino Building.
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF BANKS DOING BUSINESS IN 1923
-
-
-    The International Banking Corporation. Head office in New York;
-    Branch in Manila, Plaza Moraga; local branches in Cebu and Iloilo.
-    The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. Head office
-    in London; branch in Manila, Plaza Cervantes; agencies in Cebu,
-    Iloilo, and Zamboanga.
-    The Bank of the Philippine Islands. Head office in Manila, Plaza
-    Cervantes; agencies in Iloilo and Zamboanga.
-    The China Banking Corporation, Manila.
-    The Philippine Trust Company, Manila.
-    The Monte de Piedad and Savings Bank, Manila.
-    El Hogar Filipino, Manila.
-    The Manila Building and Loan Association, Manila.
-    The Zamboanga Building and Loan Association, Cebu.
-    The Cebu Mutual Building Association, Zamboanga.
-    The Philippine National Bank, Head Office in Manila; branches
-    in Cebu, Iloilo, Lucena, Aparri, Legazpi, Dagupan, Naga, Davao,
-    and Cabanatuan.
-
-
-
-
-CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE
-
-
-    Alliance Fran�aise, 445 A. Mabini.
-    American Chamber of Commerce, 2 T. Pinpin.
-    Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, 12 Escolta.
-    Chambre de Commerce Fran�aise, 445 A. Mabini.
-    Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 175 Juan Luna.
-    C�mara de Comercio Espa�ola, Taft Avenue.
-
-
-
-
-CINEMATOGRAPHS AND THEATRES
-
-
-    Amor Theatre, 254 Cabildo.
-    Zorilla Theatre, Azcarraga.
-    Cine Magdalo, 973 Magdalena.
-    Empire Theatre, The, 212 Echague.
-    Grand Opera House, Rizal Avenue.
-    Fraternidad, Inc., 729 Dart.
-    Gaiety Theatre, The, 630 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Ideal Cinematograph, 417 Rizal Avenue.
-    Lux Cinematograph, 149-51 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    Lyric Theatre, 81-83 Escolta.
-    Rivoli Theatre, 123 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    Savoy Theatre, 57 Echague.
-    Cine Star, Azcarraga, Tondo.
-    Cine Plaridel, Madrid, San Nicolas.
-    Cine Madrid, Madrid, San Nicolas.
-    Cine Royal, Potenciana, Walled City.
-    Cine Magallanes, Magallanes, Walled City.
-    Cine Paz, Herran, Paco.
-    Cine Paco, Dart, Paco.
-    Cine Obrero, Casta�os, Sampaloc.
-    Cine Kami-Naman, Anak ng Bayan, Malate.
-    Cine Katubusan, Moriones, Tondo.
-    Cine Dimasalang, Azcarraga, Tondo.
-    Cine Moderno, Legarda, Sampaloc.
-
-
-
-
-CLUBS
-
-
-    Army and Navy Club, South Boulevard.
-    Bohemian Sporting Club, 428 Rizal Avenue.
-    Cantonese Club, 459 Dasmari�as.
-    Casino Espa�ol, Taft Avenue.
-    Che Yong Club, 470 Juan Luna.
-    Che Lon Pit Sui, 424 Soler.
-    Chin Poo Tong, 245 Carvajal.
-    Chinese Merchants Club, 1377 General Luna.
-    Chinese Reading Club, 522 Benavides.
-    Club Filipino, 1012 Rizal Avenue.
-    Club Libertad, 826 Magdalena.
-    Club Nacionalista de Chinos, 276 M. de Binondo.
-    Columbia Club of Manila, 573 Isaac Peral.
-    Coon Woo Club, 522 Misericordia.
-    Deutscher Club, Inc., and German Club, 1034 Isaac Peral.
-    Elks Club, South Boulevard.
-    Rotary Club, Manila Hotel.
-
-
-
-
-BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS
-
-
-    Libreria de P. Sayo Vda. de Soriano, Rosario.
-    Agencia Editorial, 200 Carriedo.
-    Escolta Bazar and Book Store, Inc., The, 139-141 Escolta.
-    Martinez, J., 108 Plaza Calderon de la Barca.
-    Oriental Commercial Co., Inc., 684 Rizal Avenue.
-    Philippine Education Co., Inc., 34 Escolta.
-    Frank & Co., Escolta.
-    Manila Filat�lica, Carriedo.
-    Libreria de I. R. Morales, Plaza Miranda, Quiapo.
-
-
-
-
-EMBROIDERIES
-
-
-    Art Embroidery Co., The, 2641 Herran.
-    Ackad & Co., E., 435 Juan Luna.
-    Bardwill Brothers, 252 Plaza Guipit.
-    Blanca Nieve, 209 Ongpin.
-    Blanco & Reyes, 1018 Herran.
-    Brown Louise P. Retail, 12 San Luis.
-    Cacho, Jusi and Pi�a, 233 General Luna.
-    Daisy Philippine Underwear, 1515-23 General Luna.
-    Elser, H. W., 600 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Feltman Bros. and Hermel Inc., 1103 Herran.
-    Filipino Hand Embroidery and Hat Co., 33 Aviles.
-    Mallouk & Brother, E. G. Orfaley Manager, 562 Legarda.
-    Manila A B C Embroidery Co., 694 A. Mabini.
-    Manila Lingerie Corporation, 2915 Herran.
-    Marshall Field & Co., 72 Gastambide.
-    Miller Embroidery Co., The Alic M., 155 M. de Comillas.
-    Philippine Handicraft Export, 20 Divisoria.
-    Phil. "X L Ent" Embroidery Co., 1445 California.
-    Philippine Underwear Co., 228 Alonso.
-    Powis-Brown Co., 2957 Herran.
-    Reyes, Rafaela Tolentino de, 267 Lavanderos.
-    Salamy & Baloutine, 426 San Luis.
-    Schulz Embroideries, 20 Divisoria.
-    Waddington & Co., 1234 A. Mabini.
-    Woolf Alex. L., 60 San Luis.
-
-
-
-
-PHILIPPINE HATS
-
-
-    Aguado Hermanos, 103 Balmes.
-    Alonso, H., 169 Escolta.
-    Ang Manggagawa, 487 Juan Luna.
-    Ang Tonde�a, 175 Rosario.
-    Austria, P., 247 Carriedo.
-    Baliwag Hat Store, 82-84 Real.
-    Bazar Remedios, 982 Juan Luna.
-    Hat Store S. Pacheco & Co., 71 Real.
-    Ideal Sombreria, 481 Juan Luna.
-    Jureidini & Bros., A. N., 205 David.
-    Koch & Co., A., 333 Azcarraga.
-    La Bulake�a, 205 Rosario.
-    La Minerva, 45-47 Escolta.
-    Largest Baliwag Hat Store, The, 409 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Manila Hat Store Factory, 319 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Philippine Hat Co., Inc., 424 Azcarraga.
-    Philippine Hat Factory, 73 Real, Intramuros.
-    Reyes Hat Store, 415 Rizal Avenue.
-    San Marcelino Hat Store, 84 San Marcelino.
-    Sombreria Bagong Araw, 735 Legarda.
-    Sombreria Ideal, 481 Juan Luna.
-    Sombreria J. Tolosa, 404 Carriedo.
-    Syyap & Co., 21 Escolta.
-    Veloso & Co., J., 89-91 Real.
-    Vicente & Co., R., 411 R. Hidalgo.
-    White Star Hat Store, The, 152-4 Villalobos.
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF CHURCHES HOLDING SERVICES IN ENGLISH
-
-
-    Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint John, corner Isaac Peral and
-    San Antonio, Ermita (Protestant Episcopal).
-    Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Plaza McKinley, Intramuros
-    (Roman Catholic).
-    Central Methodist Episcopal Church, 120 Nozaleda, Ermita.
-    Christian Church, Azcarraga, Santa Cruz.
-    Christian Science Society of Manila, 272 Nueva, Ermita.
-    First Presbyterian Church, Padre Faura, Ermita.
-
-
-
-
-RATES OF FARE FOR PUBLIC VEHICLES
-
-The rates of fare for use of each public carriage shall be computed
-from the time the same is engaged until dismissed, in accordance with
-the following schedule:
-
-
-                      FIRST CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES
-
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-                                  |First  |First   |First   |Each
-                                  |one    |one     |hour    |succeeding
-                                  |fourth |half    |        |hour
-                                  |hour   |hour    |        |
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-Motor vehicle of five-passenger   |       |        |        |
-  capacity or less.               |P 2.00 | P 3.00 | P 5.00 | P 4.50
-Motor vehicle of more than        |       |        |        |
-five-passenger capacity.          |  2.50 |   4.00 |   7.00 |   6.00
-Four-wheeled vehicle, two horses. |   .60 |   1.00 |   1.60 |   1.20
-Four-wheeled vehicle, one horse.  |   .40 |    .60 |   1.00 |    .80
-Two-wheeled vehicle, one horse.   |   .40 |    .70 |   1.00 |    .80
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-
-
-                      SECOND CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES
-
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-                                  |First  |First   |First   |Each
-                                  |one    |one     |hour    |succeeding
-                                  |fourth |half    |        |hour
-                                  |hour   |hour    |        |
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-Four-wheeled vehicle, two horses. |P 0.30 |P  0.50 | P 1.50 | P  0.70
-Four-wheeled vehicle, one horse.  |   .20 |    .40 |    .70 |     .60
-Two-wheeled vehicle, one horse.   |   .30 |    .40 |    .70 |     .60
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-
-
-Double fare may be charged between one and five o'clock
-antemeridian. Drivers shall not be compelled to carry passengers
-beyond the city limits.
-
-In the smaller towns and in the country the hiring of a vehicle,
-like most commercial transactions, is a matter of bargain. The proper
-fare depends very largely on the state of the road and the chance of
-securing a return passenger, and therefore varies very greatly. The
-customary rate over a frequently traveled route can usually be learned
-by consulting some disinterested person, preferably an American. In
-every case the amount to be paid should be settled in advance.
-
-
-
-
-POSTAL, TELEGRAPH, AND CABLE RATES
-
-(a) Rates on mail addressed for delivery in the Philippine Islands:
-First class, P0.02 for each half ounce or fraction; no limit of weight;
-post cards, P0.02.
-
-Second class (newspapers and periodicals), when mailed by publishers,
-P0.02 per pound or fraction; when mailed by others, P0.02 for each
-four ounces or fraction; no limit of weight.
-
-Third class (printed matter), P0.02 for each two ounces or fraction,
-except single books weighing more than that amount; limit of weight,
-four pounds.
-
-Fourth class (merchandise), P0.02 per ounce or fraction; limit of
-weight, four pounds, except single blank books.
-
-(b) Rates on Mail addressed for delivery in the United States
-(including Hawaii and Porto Rico), Guam, Tutuila, the Canal Zone,
-the Shanghai Postal Agency, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and Panama:
-
-First class, P0.04 for each ounce or fraction; weight limit, four
-pounds.
-
-Second, third, and fourth classes same as (a) above.
-
-(c) Rates on mail addressed for delivery in all other countries:
-Letters, P0.10 for each half ounce or fraction; no limit of weight;
-post cards, P0.04 each.
-
-Printed matter (within certain limits of size), P0.02 for each two
-ounces or fraction; limit of weight, four pounds six ounces.
-
-Samples of merchandise (within certain limits of size), P0.04 for
-first four ounces or less; and P0.02 for each additional two ounces
-or fraction; limit of weight twelve ounces.
-
-(d) Rates on mail specially addressed via the Trans-Siberian Railway;
-letters, P0.20 for each half ounce or fraction; post cards, P0.08 each.
-
-(e) Rates on registered mail, P0.16 in addition to ordinary
-postage. All classes of mail may be registered.
-
-(f) There are parcels post arrangements between the Philippines and
-a considerable number of foreign countries. Details in regard to the
-size, weight, and value of parcels, and the rates may be obtained on
-application at the Bureau of Posts.
-
-(g) Money orders are now issued in the Philippines to be paid in
-the United States and its possessions, Cuba, Mexico, and most of the
-British dominions in the Western Hemisphere, at the following rates:
-
-
-----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
-                                  |           | Payable   | Payable
-                                  |           | in the    | in the
-                                  |   (U.S.   | Philippine| other countries
-         Amount of order          | currency) | Islands   | named above
-                                  |           | (U.S      | (U.S
-                                  |           | currency) | currency)
-----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
-For orders for sums not exceeding |   $2.50   |   $0.05   |    $0.05
-Over $2 and not exceeding         |    5.00   |     .70   |      .07
-Over 5 and not exceeding          |   10.00   |     .10   |      .10
-Over 10 and not exceeding         |   20.00   |     .12   |      .16
-Over 20 and not exceeding         |   30.00   |     .14   |      .24
-Over 30 and not exceeding         |   40.00   |     .17   |      .31
-Over 40 and not exceeding         |   50.00   |     .20   |      .38
-Over 50 and not exceeding         |   60.00   |     .22   |      .45
-Over 60 and not exceeding         |   75.00   |     .27   |      .58
-Over 75 and not exceeding         |  100.00   |     .32   |      .75
-----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
-
-
-Money orders may also be purchased, payable in some thirty-five other
-foreign countries and dependencies. Information regarding the fees
-will be furnished by the post-master at any money-order office. No
-order is issued for a sum greater than one hundred dollars ($100),
-United States currency.
-
-(h) Under the present customs laws, all goods which are the growth,
-product, or manufacture of the United States, the Philippine Islands,
-or of both, or which do not contain foreign materials to the value
-of more than 20 per cent of their total value, are, with certain
-exceptions, admitted free of duty when mailed from the Islands to
-the United States. The only exceptions of importance to travelers are
-cigars and cigarettes, which are subject to a fine equivalent to the
-duty, if sent by mail. In order to assure the free entry of other
-mail shipments, every package worth less than P20 should have its
-true value and the fact that it comes within the limits just defined,
-certified to by the sender on the wrapper. Packages whose value is
-P20 or more require a certificate of origin, which can be issued only
-by the Collector of Customs at a port of entry. In Manila, however,
-a customs official is on duty at the central post office at certain
-hours to issue these documents. The certificate must be pasted in the
-wrapper or be placed in an envelope to the package. If the shipment
-is valued at P50 or more, a fee of P2 is charged for the certificate.
-
-(i) Rates for telegrams over the government lines:
-
-For ordinary message, P0.06 per word, including address and signature.
-
-For rush messages, P0.12 per word.
-
-For repeated messages, one-half more than the regular rate.
-
-(j) Rates for cablegrams over the most important private lines
-from Manila:
-
-To the United States (Continental): Eastern Extension, Australasia,
-and China Telegraph Company, P3.48 to P3.66 per word, according
-to locality.
-
-To Honolulu: Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P1.70 per word.
-
-To Hongkong: Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph
-Company P0.42 per word.
-
-Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P0.42 per word.
-
-To Shanghai: Eastern Extension, Autralasia and China Telegraph Company,
-P0.74 per word.
-
-Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P0.74 per word.
-
-To Japan: Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company,
-P1.56 per word.
-
-Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P1.56 per word.
-
-To Europe: Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company,
-P1.42 to P2.54 per word, according to locality.
-
-To the Visayas (Iloilo, Cebu, and Bacolod): Eastern Extension,
-Australasia, and China Telegraph Company, P0.22 per word.
-
-
-
-
-INTERISLAND SHIPPING SCHEDULE
-
-
-                             MANILA-ILOILO
-
-        From Manila   Vessel                        From Iloilo
-
-        Tuesdays.     VENUS (Inchausti & Co.)       Fridays.
-        Wednesdays.   ROMULUS (Compa��a Mar�tima)   Saturdays.
-        Saturdays.    VIZCAYA (Inchausti & Co.)     Tuesdays.
-
-
-                              MANILA-CEBU
-
-         From Manila   Vessel                        From Cebu
-         Wednesday.    CEBU (Compa��a Mar�tima)      Mondays.
-         Saturdays.    BELGIKA (Compa��a Mar�tima)   Tuesdays.
-
-
-MANILA-JOLO-COTABATO via Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, 15 days round trip.
-
-Vessels: Fernandez Hermanos, Islas Filipinas, and Panglima all owned
-by Compa��a Mar�tima.
-
-
-MANILA-DAVAO via Cebu or Iloilo, Pulupandan, Zamboanga, and Cotabato,
-30 days round trip.
-
-Vessels: Luzon, Albay, and Neil Maccleod all owned by Compa��a
-Mar�tima.
-
-
-
-
-      VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF PHILIPPINE MONEY
-
-Country                    Legal               Monetary unit     Value in
-                           standard                              terms of
-                                                                 Philippine
-                                                                 money
-
-Argentine Republic.        Gold                Peso               P1.9296
-Austria-Hungary.           �,,�                Krone                .4052
-Belgium.                   Gold and silver     Franc                .3860
-Bolivia.                   Gold                Boliviano            .7786
-Brazil.                    �,,�                Milreis             1.0924
-British Colonies in        �,,�                Pound sterling      9.7330
-Australasia and Africa.
-Canada.                    �,,�                Dollar              2.0000
-Central American states:
-    Costa Rica.            �,,�                Colon                .9306
-    British Honduras.      �,,�                Dollar              2.0000
-    Nicaragua.             �,,�                Cordoba             2.0000
-    Guatemala.           } Silver              Peso                1.8542
-    Honduras.            }
-Salvador.                  Gold                Colon               1.0000
-Chile.                     �,,�                Peso                 .7300
-                                   /        /  Amoy.               3.0382
-                                   |        |  Canton.             3.0292
-                                   |        |  Cheefoo.            2.9058
-                                   |        |  Chin Kiang.         2.9680
-                                   |        |  Fuchau.             2.8104
-                                   |        |  Haikwan (customs).  3.0914
-                                   |        |  Hankow.             2.8426
-                                   | Tael   <  Kiaochow.           2.9442
-                                   |        |  Nankin.             3.0066
-China.                     Silver. <        |  Niuchwang.          2.8492
-                                   |        |  Ningpo.             2.9212
-                                   |        |  Peking.             2.9620
-                                   |        |  Shanghai.           2.7752
-                                   |        |  Swatow.             2.8066
-                                   |        |  Takau.              3.0574
-                                   |        |  Tientsin.           2.9442
-                                   |        \  Yuan.               1.9910
-                                   |        {  Hongkong.           1.9982
-                                   | Dollar {  British.            1.9982
-                                   \        {  Mexican.            2.0130
-Columbia.                  Gold                Dollar              1.9466
-Cuba.                      �,,�                Peso                2.0000
-Denmark.                   �,,�                Krone                .5360
-Ecuador.                   �,,�                Sucre                .9734
-Egypt.                     �,,�                Pound
-                                               (100 piasters)      9.8862
-Finland.                   �,,�                Markka               .3860
-France.                    Gold and silver     Franc                .3860
-Germany.                   Gold                Mark                 .4764
-Great Britain.             �,,�                Pound Sterling      9.7330
-Greece.                    Gold and silver     Drachma              .3860
-Haiti.                     Gold                Gourde               .5000
-India (British).           �,,�                Rupee                .6488
-Indo-China.                Silver              Piaster             2.0016
-Italy.                     Gold and silver     Lira                 .3860
-Japan.                     Gold                Yen                  .9970
-Liberia.                   �,,�                Dollar              2.0000
-Mexico.                    �,,�                Peso                 .9970
-Netherlands.               �,,�                Guilder (Florin)     .8040
-Newfoundland.              �,,�                Dollar              2.0000
-Norway                     �,,�                Krone                .5360
-Panama                     �,,�                Balboa              2.0000
-Paraguay                   �,,�                Peso (Argentine)    1.9296
-Persia                   { Gold                Archrefi             .1918
-                         { Silver              Kran                 .3412
-Peru                       Gold                Libra               9.7330
-Portugal                   �,,�                Escudo              2.1610
-Roumania                   �,,�                Leu                  .3860
-Russia                     �,,�                Ruble               1.0292
-Santo Domingo              �,,�                Dollar              2.0000
-Serbia                     �,,�                Dinar                .3860
-Siam                       �,,�                Tical                .7418
-Spain                      Gold and silver     Peseta               .3860
-Straits Settlements        Gold                Dollar              1.1355
-Sweden                     �,,�                Krona                .5360
-Switzerland                �,,�                Franc                .3860
-Turkey                     �,,�                Piaster              .0880
-United States              �,,�                Dollar              2.0000
-Uruguay                    �,,�                Peso                2.0684
-Venezuela                  �,,�                Bolivar              .3860
-
-
-
-
-     BANKING: COMBINED CONDITION OF ALL THE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE
-                      PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, IN PESOS
-
-                                                  1921           1922
-                RESOURCES
-
-  Loans and discounts                     P131,507,519   P149,717,446
-  Overdrafts                                70,753,659     45,609,527
-  Stock, securities, etc.                   10,407,808      9,519,139
-  Real estate, furniture, and fixtures       1,915,883      2,242,125
-  Other real estate and mortgages owned        650,371      4,613,756
-  Due from head office and branches         67,650,248     40,458,548
-  Due from other banks                       2,862,073      3,850,498
-  Due from agents and correspondence         6,407,068      5,323,482
-  Bill of exchange                          19,497,053     15,747,964
-  Cash on hand                              15,915,519     14,968,282
-  Checks and other cash items                1,011,653      1,533,338
-  Profit and loss account                    7,877,758     23,881,482
-  Resources other than those above          44,046,038      8,737,874
-  Suspense accounts                               ----           ----
-                                           -----------    -----------
-          Total                            380,502,650    326,203,461
-
-                LIABILITIES
-
-  Capital stock                           P49,393,814    P48,695,900
-  Reserve fund                              12,007,373      5,119,795
-  Bank notes in circulation                 42,237,752     41,391,580
-  Undivided profits                            477,326         38,567
-  Due to head office and branches           90,812,907     69,386,521
-  Due to other banks                         2,291,346      2,091,166
-  Due to agents and correspondents           4,916,581      2,823,688
-  Dividends due and unpaid                     103,160          2,683
-  Demand deposits                              428,875      6,092,342
-  Time deposits                             26,151,621     62,063,047
-  Savings deposits                          16,359,041     13,296,858
-  Current accounts                          46,582,381     52,821,970
-  Profit and loss accounts                   7,613,172      1,506,626
-  Bills payable:
-      Domestic                                 119,766      7,348,386
-      Foreign                                  224,593        336,032
-  Cashier's check outstanding                  939,336        398,971
-  Certified checks                             104,978        670,617
-  Suspense accounts                               ----        185,704
-  Liabilities other than those above        25,062,967     11,933,088
-  Government funds                          54,675,662           ----
-                                           -----------    -----------
-          Total                            380,502,650    326,203,461
-
-
-
-
-        THE AMOUNT OF CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION AND THE PER CAPITA
-        CIRCULATION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS FROM 1906 TO 1922
-
-             ---------------+---------------+-------------
-             Year           |   Amount in   |     Per
-                            |  circulation  |   capita
-                            |               | circulation
-             ---------------+---------------+-------------
-             June 30--      |               |
-                      1906  |  P30,030,411  |    P3.72
-                      1907  |   42,814,315  |     5.21
-                      1908  |   40,337,982  |     4.82
-                      1909  |   41,528,608  |     4.88
-                      1910  |   48,155,587  |     5.62
-                      1911  |   48,155,587  |     5.45
-                      1912  |   52,055,893  |     5.79
-                      1913  |   52,034,389  |     6.68
-             December 31--  |               |
-                      1913  |   50,697,253  |     5.53
-                      1914  |   52,575,118  |     5.63
-                      1915  |   51,284,907  |     5.40
-                      1916  |   67,059,189  |     6.86
-                      1917  |  102,580,314  |    10.20
-                      1918  |  131,151,883  |    12.67
-                      1919  |  146,576,956  |    13.87
-                      1920  |  124,589,240  |    11.56
-                      1921  |  103,661,820  |    10.01
-                      1922  |   97,217,468  |     9.03
-             ---------------+---------------+-------------
-
-
-
-
-                TABLE SHOWING THE ASSESSED VALUATION OF REAL PROPERTY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-                         (EXCEPT THE CITIES OF MANILA AND BAGUIO), BY PROVINCES
-
--------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------
-                   |         December, 1921       |        December, 1922        |       March, 1923
-                   +----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+------------
-      Provinces    |    Taxable     |   Exempt    |    Taxable     |   Exempt    |    Taxable     |   Exempt
--------------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+------------
-                   |                |             |                |             |                |
-Abra.              |     P6,827,320 |    P732,010 |     P6,686,460 |    P746,620 |     P6,649,470 |    P776,230
-Albay.             |     30,985,290 |   6,085,870 |     30,620,610 |   6,655,970 |     30,615,200 |   6,653,070
-Antique.           |     10,013,680 |     580,890 |      9,783,590 |     746,260 |      9,792,320 |     746,420
-Bataan.            |      8,485,270 |     981,560 |      9,152,240 |   1,008,960 |      9,179,560 |   1,008,970
-Batanes.           |      1,492,050 |     154,800 |      1,460,830 |     155,730 |      1,463,790 |     155,730
-Batangas.          |     45,598,330 |   2,384,650 |     37,839,750 |   2,364,360 |     37,263,760 |   2,372,500
-Bohol.             |     25,817,920 |   4,124,890 |     29,526,900 |   4,367,660 |     29,537,810 |   4,374,300
-Bulacan.           |     45,545,640 |   6,106,600 |     45,692,580 |   6,219,540 |     46,182,320 |   6,220,180
-Cagayan.           |     22,583,840 |     594,550 |     22,210,960 |   6,153,810 |     21,887,060 |   6,368,170
-Camarines Norte.   |     14,155,290 |     462,150 |     13,356,900 |     458,480 |     13,331,750 |     458,420
-Camarines Sur.     |     28,912,970 |   3,057,690 |     26,800,210 |   3,177,820 |     26,796,940 |   3,181,140
-Capiz.             |     38,692,980 |   3,174,380 |     35,427,240 |   3,237,770 |     34,924,320 |   3,238,300
-Cavite.            |     17,676,350 |   2,912,180 |     17,857,950 |   2,893,960 |     18,086,150 |   2,935,890
-Cebu.              |     59,659,580 |  12,712,200 |     59,360,360 |  14,785,210 |     59,372,120 |  14,790,560
-Ilocos Norte.      |     31,680,880 |   2,210,430 |     32,248,000 |   1,689,710 |     31,619,610 |   1,647,460
-Ilocos Sur.        |     25,183,610 |   2,726,700 |     24,800,120 |   2,777,580 |     24,808,400 |   2,797,200
-Iloilo.            |     76,006,720 |  15,694,720 |     75,995,250 |  15,788,350 |     75,826,940 |  15,787,250
-Isabela.           |     19,611,879 |   1,588,580 |     19,757,289 |   1,607,630 |     19,847,500 |   1,612,250
-Laguna.            |     52,514,740 |   2,765,180 |     46,299,570 |   2,997,079 |     46,077,720 |   2,980,879
-La Union.          |     20,109,110 |   1,920,050 |     19,314,180 |   2,409,719 |     19,336,510 |   2,370,000
-Leyte.             |     40,262,600 |   4,911,800 |     42,946,880 |   5,598,440 |     43,469,340 |   5,630,190
-Marinduque.        |      9,247,290 |     694,740 |      9,315,340 |     753,040 |      9,324,240 |     754,760
-Masbate.           |      5,653,280 |     885,750 |      6,946,630 |     925,140 |      6,956,885 |     924,400
-Mindoro.           |      9,542,955 |     366,530 |      9,216,237 |     495,690 |      9,131,137 |     619,790
-Misamis.           |     40,275,740 |   2,454,160 |     38,615,660 |   2,456,650 |     38,546,184 |   2,456,650
-Nueva Ecija.       |     55,157,610 |   2,609,430 |     55,593,930 |   2,871,460 |     54,777,700 |   2,965,410
-Occidental Negros. |     80,710,280 |   3,049,390 |     81,279,000 |   3,296,020 |     81,266,630 |   3,306,870
-Oriental Negros.   |     24,111,890 |   2,891,630 |     24,671,890 |   3,004,890 |     24,300,200 |   2,004,780
-Palawan.           |      3,256,700 |     755,030 |      3,905,320 |     788,600 |      3,905,320 |     778,600
-Pampanga.          |     55,940,550 |   4,357,730 |     53,784,310 |   4,348,370 |     53,752,530 |   4,346,550
-Pangasinan.        |     50,894,810 |   5,469,050 |     50,188,090 |   5,556,680 |     82,768,990 |   7,191,040
-Rizal.             |     45,610,750 |   8,500,700 |     47,062,340 |   8,543,580 |     47,430,060 |   8,545,280
-Romblon.           |      8,779,010 |     550,340 |      8,698,790 |     580,310 |      8,698,790 |     580,310
-Samar.             |     24,662,030 |   3,930,740 |     24,706,880 |   3,912,730 |     24,748,410 |   3,828,060
-Sorsogon.          |     22,759,780 |   4,658,040 |     22,865,480 |   4,615,630 |     22,796,620 |   4,589,900
-Surigao.           |     12,263,780 |   1,421,820 |     12,306,570 |   1,424,320 |     12,351,320 |   1,431,220
-Tarlac.            |     25,980,990 |   2,440,600 |     36,994,920 |   2,492,340 |     37,046,860 |   3,346,550
-Tayabas.           |     69,530,480 |   9,287,190 |     70,166,080 |   9,572,060 |     70,930,150 |   9,573,420
-Zambales.          |      9,283,060 |     659,470 |      9,051,480 |     758,520 |      9,062,330 |     774,840
-                   | -------------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----------- | -------------- | -----------
-    Total.         | 11,457,730,340 | 131,409,220 | 11,725,068,160 | 149,002,759 | 12,038,634,420 | 145,123,539
--------------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+------------
-
-
-
-
-                   GROWTH OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
-
---------+---------+------------+------------+------------+-------------
-        | No. of  |   Annual   |  Average   |  Average   | Percentage
-Year--  | schools | enrollment |  monthly   |   daily    |    of
-        |         |            | enrollment | attendance | attendance
---------+---------+------------+------------+------------+-------------
-        |         |            |            |            |
-  1907  |  3,624  |    479,978 |   346,245  |            |     85
-  1908  |  3,932  |    486,676 |   339,243  |   270,732  |     80
-  1909  |  4,424  |    570,502 |   405,478  |   321,415  |     79
-  1910  |  4,531  |    587,317 |   427,105  |   337,307  |     86
-  1911  |  4,404  |    610,493 |   446,889  |   355,722  |     80
-  1912  |  3,685  |    529,665 |   395,075  |   329,073  |     83
-  1913  |  2,934  |    440,050 |   329,756  |   287,995  |     87
-  1914  |  4,235  |    621,030 |   489,070  |   428,552  |     88
-  1915  |  4,187  |    610,519 |   493,763  |   441,742  |     89
-  1916  |  4,538  |    638,543 |   523,272  |   471,195  |     90
-  1917  |  4,702  |    675,998 |   567,625  |   514,263  |     91
-  1918  |  4,747  |    671,398 |   569,744  |   521,377  |     92
-  1919  |  4,962  |    681,588 |   569,744  |   501,989  |     88
-  1920  |  5,944  |    791,626 |   678,956  |   618,392  |     91
-  1921  |  6,904  |    943,364 |   836,281  |   774,882  |     93
-  1922  |  7,670  |  1,077,342 |   976,093  |   909,947  |     93
---------+---------+------------+------------+------------+-------------
-
-
-
-
-                      PRIVATE SCHOOLS: ANNUAL ENROLLMENT,
-                   NUMBER OF TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS, 1918-1922
-
-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------+-----------
-          |            Number of schools              | Total |   Total
-          +-------------------------------------------+       | enrollment
-  School  |Primary|Intermediate| High |College| Other |       |
-   year   |       |            |school|       |schools|       |
-----------+-------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
-          |       |            |      |       |       |       |
-1917-1918 |  129  |     77     |  34  |  77   |       |  257  |   35,907
-1918-1919 |  152  |     90     |  36  |  19   |       |  297  |   38,716
-1919-1920 |  169  |    104     |  38  |  19   |       |  330  |   45,947
-1920-1921 |  190  |    113     |  42  |  19   |  18   |  382  |   57,281
-1921-1922 |  245  |    150     |  86  |  20   |  24   |  525  |   64,835
-----------+-------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
-
-
-
-
-                    ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION, 1918-1922 [10]
-
------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------+------------
-Year |   Insular  | Provincial| Municipal |   Total    | Voluntary  |     Total     | Per capita
-     |            |           |           |            |contribution|               | expenditure
-     |            |           |           |            |            |               |on education
------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------+------------
-     |            |           |           |            |            |               |
-1918 | P6,067,277 | P431,018  | P3,614,515| P10,112,810|   P617,400 |    P10,730,210|      P1.04
-1919 | 10,087,450 |    468,125|  3,715,552|  14,271,127|    682,550 |     14,953,677|       1.45
-1920 | 12,802,247 |  1,050,492|  4,358,800|  18,211,540|    799,538 |     19,011,078|       1.82
-1921 | 14,313,825 |  3,278,606|  4,709,287|  22,301,718|  1,347,124 |     23,648,842|       2.23
-1922 | 14,884,238 |       [11]|       [11]|        [11]|  1,498,110 | [12]16,382,348|   [12]1.52
------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------+------------
-
-
-
-
-           TOTAL RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND ACCUMULATED SURPLUS
-              OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT, 1901-1922 IN PESOS
-
--------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-             | Surplus at  |            |            |            |Accumulated
-             |the beginning|            |            |            | surplus of
-Year ended-- | of the year |  Receipts  |   Total    |Expenditures|  the year
--------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-             |             |            |            |            |
-             |       Pesos |      Pesos |      Pesos |     Pesos  |     Pesos
-June 30:     |             |            |            |            |
-      1901   | (14,395,583)|  21,419,118|  17,023,535|  12,200,907|   4,822,628
-      1902   |   4,822,628 |  19,072,978|  23,895,606|  15,314,006|   8,581,600
-      1903   |   8,581,600 |  22,006,141|  30,587,741|  21,078,373|   9,509,368
-      1904   |   9,509,368 |  19,066,227|  28,575,595|  23,924,104|   4,651,491
-      1905   |   4,651,491 |  25,368,818|  30,020,309|  25,256,215|   4,764,094
-      1906   |   4,764,094 |  24,685,769|  29,449,863|  22,047,029|   7,402,834
-      1907   |   7,402,834 |  26,424,817|  33,827,651|  31,014,693|  12,812,958
-      1908   |  12,812,958 |  28,359,502|  41,172,460|  27,035,532|  14,136,928
-      1909   |  14,136,928 |  30,050,729|  44,187,657|  31,830,224|  12,357,433
-      1910   |  12,357,433 |  36,741,964|  49,099,397|  35,090,828|  14,008,569
-      1911   |  14,008,569 |  42,977,123|  56,985,692|  39,805,578|  17,180,114
-      1912   |  17,180,114 |  42,922,030|  60,102,144|  43,136,104|  16,966,040
-      1913   |  16,966,040 |  41,818,182|  58,784,222|  44,392,124|  14,392,098
-December 31: |             |            |            |            |
-      1913   |  14,392,098 |  18,274,064|  32,666,162|  22,496,962|  10,169,200
-      1914   |  10,169,200 |  35,334,625|  45,503,825|  36,944,597|   8,559,228
-      1915   |   8,559,228 |  41,428,010|  49,987,238|  39,753,121|  10,234,117
-      1916   |  10,234,117 |  45,704,856|  55,938,973|  40,906,813|  15,032,160
-      1917   |  15,032,160 |  54,781,241|  69,813,401|  45,408,718|  24,404,683
-      1918   |  24,404,683 |  68,690,105|  93,094,788|  57,496,044|  35,598,744
-      1919   |  35,598,744 |  79,686,923| 115,285,667|  86,742,589|  28,543,078
-      1920   |  28,543,078 |  99,404,913| 127,947,991|  84,010,279|  43,937,712
-      1921   |  43,937,712 | 130,199,714| 174,137,426| 118,194,211|  55,943,215
-      1922   |  55,943,215 | 130,649,853| 186,593,068|  78,911,424| 107,681,646
--------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-
-Note.--Figures in parentheses are overdrafts.
-
-
-
-
-    FIRE, MARINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE COMPANIES DOING ACTIVE BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
-                             DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1922
-
-Name of company                                Kind of business                   Home office
-
-Alliance Assurance Co., Limited.               Fire, motor car.                   London, England.
-Atlas Assurance Company.                       Fire.                              London, England.
-British and Foreign Marine Insurance
-  Company, Limited.                            Marine.                            Liverpool, England.
-British Traders' Insurance Co., Ltd.           Fire, marine, typhoon, flood,
-                                                 and earthquake.                  Victoria, Hongkong.
-Canton Insurance Office, Limited.              Marine.                            Victoria, Hongkong.
-China Mutual Life Insurance Co., Ltd.          Life.                              Shanghai, China.
-China Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.                 Fire and marine.                   Victoria, Hongkong.
-Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd.           Fire, marine, accident, and
-                                                 motor car.                       London, England.
-East India-Sea & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.      Fire, marine, and motor car.       Amsterdam, Holland.
-Employers' Liability Assurance Corporation.    Fire, accident, motor car, plate
-                                                 glass, and bond.                 London, England.
-Fidelity and Surety Company of the             Surety, fire, marine, typhoon,
-  Philippine  Islands.                           flood, and earthquake.           Manila, P.I.
-"Filipinos" Compa��a de Seguros.               Fire, marine, life, and
-                                                 accident.                        Manila, P.I.
-Fire Association of Philadelphia.              Fire and marine.                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
-Fireman's Fund Insurance Company.              Fire and Marine.                   San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
-Fuso Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.                Marine.                            Tokyo, Japan.
-Great American Insurance Company.              Fire.                              New York, New York, U.S.A
-Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd.                   Fire and marine.                   London, England.
-Hongkong Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.              Fire and marine.                   Victoria, Hongkong.
-Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd.               Life, health, and accident.        Manila, P.I.
-Insurance Company of North America.            Fire and marine.                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
-Law Union and Rock Insurance Co., Ltd.         Fire.                              London, England.
-Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance
-  Company, Limited.                            Fire, marine, and motor car.       Liverpool, England.
-London Assurance Corporation.                  Fire.                              London, England.
-L'Union Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.               Fire.                              Paris, France.
-L'Urbaine Fire Insurance Company.              Fire.                              Paris, France.
-"Manila" Compa��a de Seguros.                  Marine, fidelity, and surety.      Manila, P.I.
-Manufacturers' Life Insurance Company.         Life.                              Toronto, Canada.
-Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.                     Marine.                            London, England.
-National Insurance Co. Incorporated.           Fire and marine.                   Manila, P.I.
-National Surety Company.                       Fidelity, surety, burglary.        New York, New York, U.S.A
-Netherlands Fire and Life Insurance Co.
-  of the Hague.                                Fire.                              The Hague, Holland.
-New York Life Insurance Company.               Life.                              New York, New York, U.S.A
-Niagara Fire Insurance Company.                Fire.                              New York, New York, U.S.A
-North British and Mercantile Insurance Co.     Fire, marine, accident, and
-                                                 casualty.                        London, England.
-North China Insurance Co., Limited.            Fire and marine.                   Shanghai, China.
-Northern Assurance Co., Limited.               Fire.                              London, England.
-Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society,
-  Limited.                                     Fire and marine.                   Norwich, England.
-Orient Insurance Company.                      Fire and marine.                   Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A
-Phoenix Assurance Company.                     Fire and marine.                   London, England.
-Royal Insurance Company, Limited.              Fire, marine, and motor car.       Liverpool, England.
-Scottish Union and National Insurance Co.      Fire.                              Edinburgh, Scotland.
-Shanghai Life Insurance Co., Limited.          Life.                              Shanghai, China.
-South British Insurance Co., Limited.          Fire and marine.                   Auckland, New Zealand.
-Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Co.      Fire and marine.                   Springfield, Mass., U.S.A
-Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co.       Fire.                              St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A
-State Assurance Co., Limited.                  Fire.                              Liverpool, England.
-Sun Insurance Office.                          Fire.                              London, England.
-Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada.              Life.                              Montreal, Canada.
-Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.   Marine.                            Liverpool, England.
-The Continental Insurance Company.             Fire.                              New York, N.Y., U.S.A
-The Philippine Guaranty Co., Incorporated.     Fire, marine, fidelity, and
-                                                 surety.                          Manila, P.I.
-Tokio Marine and Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.      Fire and marine.                   Tokio, Japan.
-Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd.        Fire marine, typhoon flood, and
-                                                 earthquake                       Victoria, Hongkong.
-Union Guarantee Company, Limited.              Fidelity and surety.               Manila, P.I.
-Yangts-ze Insurance Association.               Fire and marine.                   Victoria, Hongkong.
-Yek Tong Lin Fire and Marine Insurance
-  Company, Limited.                            Fire and marine.                   Manila, P.I.
-Yokohama Fire, Marine, Transit, and            Fire, marine, transit, and         70 Honcho Gochome, Yokohama,
-  Fidelity Insurance Company.                    fidelity.                          Japan.
-Yorkshire Insurance Co., Ltd.                  Fire and motor car.                London, England.
-West Coast-San Francisco Life Insurance
-  Company.                                     Life and accident.                 San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
-
-
-
-
-           AMERICANS AND FILIPINOS IN THE PHILIPPINE SERVICE
-                          ON JULY 1, 1921 [13]
-
-          Office                        Americans   Filipinos
-
-          Legislative.                                [14]302
-          Executive.                          535       8,208
-          Judicial.                             9       1,158
-          Provincial service.                   9       2,651
-          Municipal service of Manila          61       1,371
-          Total.                              614      13,690
-
-
-
-
-    NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES, AS PER REVISION MADE UP TO JUNE 18, 1923
-
-      Names and addresses                                   Language                   Frequency
-                                                                                       of issue
-
-  1.  Advertiser, The, Cebu, Cebu.                          English-Spanish-Visayan.   Daily.
-  2.  American Chamber of Commerce, The, Manila.            English.                   Monthly.
-  3.  Ang Kabus, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros.                English-Visayan.           Fortnightly.
-  4.  Ang Kahayag, Cebu, Cebu.                              English-Visayan.           Monthly.
-  5.  Ang Kataru�gan, Cagayan, Misamis.                     Spanish-Visayan.           Weekly.
-  6.  Ang Mabuting Balita, Manila.                          Tagalog.                   Fortnightly.
-  7.  Ang Paraluman, Manila.                                Tagalog.                   Fortnightly.
-  8.  Ang Sulo, Manila.                                     Panayan-Visayan.           Quarterly.
-  9.  Ang Tanglaw, Manila.                                  Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 10.  Ang Watawat, Manila.                                  Tagalog.                   Daily.
- 11.  Ateneo Monthly, The, Manila.                          English.                   Monthly.
- 12.  Babalang Kristiano, Manila.                           Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 13.  Bagong Lipang Kalabaw, Manila.                        Tagalog.                   Weekly.
- 14.  Bagong Kusok, P. O. B. 121, Cebu, Cebu.               Visayan.                   Weekly.
- 15.  Benedicto's Weekly, Iloilo, Iloilo.                   English-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 16.  Bituen Ti Amianan--North Star, P. O. B. 39,
-      Laoag, Ilocos Norte.                                  English-Ilocano.           Fortnightly.
- 17.  Bolet�n Eclesi�stico de Filipinas, Manila.            Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 18.  Bolet�n de la Iglesia de San Ignacio, Manila.         Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 19.  Bolet�n Oficial de la C�mara de Comercio de
-      Filipinas, Manila.                                    Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 20.  Cable Tow, The, Manila.                               English-Spanish.           Monthly.
- 21.  Cabuhi Sang Banua, Jaro, Iloilo.                      English-Visayan.           Monthly.
- 22.  Chinese Commercial News, P. O. B. 452, Manila.        Chinese.                   Daily.
- 23.  Clarion, The, 884 O'Donell, Manila.                   English-Spanish-Visayan.   Monthly.
- 24.  Community--Comunidad, 102 P. Faura, Manila.           English-Spanish.           Thrice a month.
- 25.  Cultura Social, Manila.                               Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 26.  Daguiti Naimbag a Damag, San Fernando, La Union.      English-Ilocano.           Weekly.
- 27.  Dalan ti Cappia--Way of Peace, Manila.                English-Ilocano.           Weekly.
- 28.  Damag a Nacristianoan, Manila.                        Ilocano.                   Monthly.
- 29.  Damag ti Pagarian, Manila.                            Ilocano.                   Monthly.
- 30.  Diocesan Chronicle, Manila.                           English.                   Monthly.
- 31.  Eco de Samar y Leyte, Calbayog, Samar.                Spanish-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 32.  Ecos, 1223, Vergara, Manila.                          Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 33.  El Adalid, Iloilo, Iloilo.                            Spanish.                   Daily.
- 34.  El Bolet�n Cat�lico, Cebu, Cebu.                      English-Spanish-Visayan.   Weekly.
- 35.  El Centinela, Iloilo, Iloilo.                         Spanish.                   Daily.
- 36.  El Comercio, 432 P. Gomez, Manila.                    Spanish.                   Daily.
- 37.  El Debate, Manila.                                    Spanish.                   Daily.
- 38.  El Democrata, Magallanes-N. America, Cebu.            Spanish-Visayan.           Twice a week.
- 39.  El Feniz, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.                       Spanish.                   Twice a week.
- 40.  El Heraldo Ilocano, Vigan, Ilocos Sur.                English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Weekly.
- 41.  El Mercantil, Manila.                                 Spanish.                   Daily.
- 42.  El Norte, Baguio, Mt. Province.                       English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Monthly.
- 43.  El Noticiero de Negros, Bacolod, Occidental Negros.   English-Spanish-Visayan.   Thrice a week.
- 44.  El Precursor, P. O. B. 101, Cebu, Cebu.               Spanish-Visayan.           Twice a week.
- 45.  El Pueblo, Iloilo, Iloilo.                            Spanish.                   Daily.
- 46.  Estudio, Manila.                                      Spanish.                   Weekly.
- 47.  Excelsior, 442 A. Mabini, Manila.                     Spanish.                   Thrice a month.
- 48.  Far Eastern Free Mason, The, Manila.                  English-Spanish.           Monthly.
- 49.  Freeman, The, P. O. B. 318, Cebu, Cebu.               English-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 50.  Gazette, The, Manila.                                 English.                   Fortnightly.
- 51.  Health Educator, The, Manila.                         English-Spanish-Tagalog.   Monthly.
- 52.  Heraldo Bicol, Legaspi, Albay.                        English-Spanish-Bicol.     Twice a week.
- 53.  Ilocano Pagadalan a Maipaay ti Escuela Dominical,
-      San Fernando, La Union.                               Ilocano.                   Quarterly.
- 54.  Ideales, P. O. B. 55, Dagupan, Pangasinan.            Spanish.                   Fortnightly.
- 55.  Independent, The, Manila.                             English-Spanish.           Weekly.
- 56.  Ing Catala, San Fernando, Pampanga.                   Pampango.                  Weekly.
- 57.  Ing Daclat ning Catutuan, San Fernando, Pampanga.     Pampango.                  Weekly.
- 58.  Ing Katipunan, San Fernando, Pampanga.                Pampango.                  Weekly.
- 59.  Intelligencer, The, Dagupan, Pangasinan.              English.                   Weekly.
- 60.  Journal of the Philippine Islands Medical Ass'n,
-      Manila.                                               English-Spanish.           Bimonthly.
- 61.  Juan de la Cruz, Naga, Camarines Sur.                 English-Spanish-Bicol.     Twice a week.
- 62.  Khaki and Red, Manila.                                English-Spanish.           Fortnightly.
- 63.  Kong Li Po, The, Manila.                              Chinese.                   Daily.
- 63a. Kusug Sang Imol, Bacolod, Occidental Negros.          Spanish-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 64.  La Defensa, Manila.                                   English-Spanish.           Daily.
- 65.  La Lucha, Manila (P. O. B. 996).                      English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Weekly.
- 66.  La Naci�n, 131 Legarda, Sampaloc, Manila.             Spanish.                   Daily.
- 67.  La Prensa, Iloilo, Iloilo.                            Spanish.                   Daily.
- 68.  La Vanguardia, 334 Carriedo, Manila.                  Spanish.                   Daily.
- 69.  La Revoluci�n, Cebu, Cebu.                            Spanish-Visayan.           Daily.
- 70.  La Verdad, Tuguegarao, Cagayan.                       Spanish-Ibanag.            Weekly.
- 71.  La Voz del Pueblo, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.              Spanish.                   Twice a week.
- 72.  Level, The, Manila.                                   English-Spanish.           Monthly.
- 73.  Leyte Educational News, The, Tacloban, Leyte.         English.                   Monthly.
- 74.  Lioaoa, Manaoag, Pangasinan.                          Pangasinan-Ilocano.        Weekly.
- 74a. Liwayway, Manila.                                     Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 75.  Makinaugalingon, 62 Iznart, Iloilo.                   Visayan.                   Twice a week.
- 76.  Man Ho Po, The, Manila.                               Chinese.                   Daily.
- 77.  Manila Daily Bulletin, Manila.                        English.                   Daily.
- 78.  Manila Times, The, Manila.                            English.                   Daily and Sunday.
- 79.  Manila Young Men, The, Manila.                        English.                   Monthly.
- 80.  Manogbantay, Iloilo, Iloilo.                          Visayan.                   Twice a week.
- 81.  Manugbantala, Iloilo, Iloilo.                         Visayan.                   Monthly.
- 82.  Marayo, Pontevedra, Occidental Negros.                Visayan.                   Weekly.
- 83.  Mindanao Herald, The, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.           English.                   Weekly.
- 84.  Mizpa, Manila.                                        Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 85.  National Forum, The, Manila.                          English.                   Monthly.
- 86.  Official Gazette--Gaceta Oficial, Manila.             English-Spanish.           Thrice a week.
- 87.  Pearl of the Orient, The, Iloilo, Iloilo.             English.                   Quarterly.
- 88.  Peng Min Daily News, P. O. B. 1478, Manila.           Chinese.                   Daily.
- 89.  Philippine Agricultural Review, Manila.               English-Spanish.           Quarterly.
- 90.  Philippine Agriculturist, Los Ba�os, Laguna.          English.                   Monthly.
- 91.  Philippine Christian, The, Manila.                    English.                   Quarterly.
- 92.  Philippine Education, The, Manila.                    English.                   Monthly.
- 93.  Philippine Collegian, The, Manila.                    English.                   Weekly.
- 94.  Philippine General Hospital Alumni Quarterly, The,
-      Manila.                                               English.                   Quarterly.
- 95.  Philippine Islands Sunday School Journal, The,
-      Manila.                                               English.                   Monthly.
- 96.  Philippine Journal of Education,                      Manila.                    English. Monthly.
- 97.  Philippine Journal of Science, Manila.                English.                   Monthly.
- 98.  Philippine Observer, Manila.                          English.                   Monthly.
- 99.  Philippine Presbyterian, Manila.                      English.                   Quarterly.
-100.  Philippine R�sum�, The, Manila.                       English.                   Weekly.
-101.  Philippine Survey, The, Manila.                       English-Spanish.           Quarterly.
-102.  Philippines Free Press, Manila.                       English-Spanish.           Weekly.
-103.  Philippines Herald, The, Manila.                      English.                   Daily and Sunday.
-104.  Post-Telegraph Review, The, Manila.                   English.                   Monthly.
-105.  Progreso Econ�mico de Filipinas, Manila.              English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-106.  Public Opinion, The, Cagayan, Misamis.                English-Visayan.           Weekly.
-107.  Revista de la C�mara de Comercio de las Islas
-      Filipinas, Manila.                                    Spanish.                   Monthly.
-108.  Revista Econ�mica, Manila.                            Spanish.                   Monthly.
-109.  Revista Filipina de Medicina y Farmacia, Manila.      Spanish.                   Monthly.
-110.  Rising Filipina, The, Manila.                         English-Spanish.           Fortnightly.
-111.  Rizal Review, The, Manila.                            English-Spanish-Tagalog.   Fortnightly.
-112.  Rural Credit--Cr�dito Rural, Manila.                  English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-113.  Say Abigado Cristiano Pangasinan, Lingayen,
-      Pangasinan.                                           Pangasinan.                Fortnightly.
-114.  School News Review, The, Manila.                      English.                   Fortnightly.
-115.  Sillimanian, The, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros.         English.                   Fortnightly.
-116.  Sinceridad, Tuguegarao, Cagayan.                      English-Spanish-Ibanag.    Weekly.
-117.  Sports, Manila.                                       English.                   Weekly.
-118.  Sugar Central and Planters News, Manila.              English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-119.  Taliba, Manila.                                       Tagalog.                   Daily.
-120.  Surat Habar Sing Sug, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.           Moro.                      Monthly.
-121.  Telembang, Manila.                                    Tagalog.                   Weekly.
-122.  Telembang na Bicol, Manila.                           Bicol.                     Weekly.
-123.  Ti Bagnos, Laoag, Ilocos Norte.                       English-Ilocano.           Weekly.
-124.  Ti Silaw--The Light, Manila.                          English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Fortnightly.
-125.  Trabajo, Manila.                                      Spanish.                   Monthly.
-126.  Unitas, Manila.                                       Spanish.                   Monthly.
-127.  Way of Peace--Ang Daan ng Kapayapaan, Manila.         English-Tagalog.           Weekly.
-128.  Woman's Journal, The, Manila.                         English.                   Monthly.
-129.  Woman's Outlook, The, Manila.                         English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-
-
-
-
-            LIST OF SUGAR CENTRALS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-                           CENTRALS COMPLETED
-
-  Name                     Location                  Built   Capacity;
-                                                              tons of
-                                                              cane per
-                                                                day
-
-  Calamba Sugar Estate     Canlubang, Laguna          1913       1,800
-  Pampanga Sugar Central   Floridablanca, Pampanga    1919       1,500
-  San Carlos Milling Co    San Carlos, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1914       1,200
-  Mindoro Sugar Co         San Jose, Mindoro          1910       1,000
-  Isabela Sugar Central    Isabela, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1919         600
-  North Negros Sugar Co    Manapla, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1918         600
-  Bearing Central          Cabancalan, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1914         500
-  Phil. Sugar
-    Development Co         Calamba, Laguna            1914         300
-  De la Rama Sugar
-    Central                Bago, Occidental Negros    1913         300
-  Guanco Central           Hinigaran, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         300
-  San Isidro Central       Cabancalan, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1917         250
-  Carmen Central           Calatagan, Batangas        1914         200
-  Palma Central            Ilog, Occidental Negros    1916         200
-  San Antonio Central      La Carlota, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         150
-  Dinalupihan Factory      Dinalupihan, Bataan        1913         125
-  Talisay Central          Talisay, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         125
-  Canlaon Factory          Canlaon, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         125
-  Muntinlupa Factory       Muntinlupa, Rizal          1912         100
-  Saint Louis Oriental
-    Factory                Manaoag, Pangasinan        1912          90
-  Look Factory             Nasugbu, Batangas
-
-
-                      CENTRALS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
-
-  Hawaiian-Philippine Co   Silay, Occidental Negros   1920-21    1,500
-  Ma-ao Sugar Central      Ma-ao, Occidental Negros   1920-21    1,500
-  La Carlota Sugar         La Carlota, Occidental
-    Central                  Negros                   1919-20    1,000
-  Bais Sugar Central       Bais, Occidental Negros    1919-20    1,000
-
-
-              PROJECTS DEFINITELY PLANNED FOR DEVELOPMENT
-
-  Talisay-Silay Sugar
-    Central                Talisay, Occidental Negros            1,000
-  Bacolod-Murcia Sugar
-    Central                Bacolod, Occidental Negros            1,000
-  Pampanga Development
-    Co                     San Fernando, Pampanga                1,200
-
-
-      SMALL FACTORIES USING OPEN TRAIN EVAPORATORS AND VACUUM PANS
-
-  Pampanga Sugar Factory   Floridablanca, Pampanga    1916         100
-  Bernia Factory           Dinalupihan, Bataan        1918          90
-  Kennedy Factory          Isabela, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1918          90
-  De la Vi�a Factory       Vallehermosa, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1918          90
-  Tubigon Sugar Factory    Tubigon, Bohol             1917          90
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-NOTES
-
-
-[1] Not complete report.
-
-[2] Includes income incidental to functional activities, sales of fixed
-property, Friar Lands estates and San Lazaro estate, proceeds of loan
-from currency reserve fund, and sales of agricultural bank loans, etc.
-
-[3] Executive direction and control.
-
-[4] Includes expenditures on law and order, national defense,
-suppression of animal diseases and plant pests, protection against
-forces majeures and other protective service.
-
-[5] Includes expenditures on public health, public education, public
-corrections, public charities, and other social improvements.
-
-[6] Includes expenditures on conservation of natural resources,
-development of commerce and agriculture, regulation of public
-utilities, Philippine publicity, development of industrial arts and
-sciences, operation of commercial and industrial units, corporate
-investments, advances to railway companies under guaranty contracts
-and exchange on advances to railway companies, etc.
-
-[7] Act No. 2589, amended by Act No. 2796, provides for a gratuity
-by reason of retirement to officers and employees of the Philippine
-Government who have rendered satisfactory service during six continuous
-years or more.
-
-[8] Proceeds of proposed luxury tax to cover probable deficit.
-
-[9] Unexpended balances from appropriations for public works and for
-cadastral survey, construction of irrigation systems, etc.
-
-[10] Excluding expenditures for the University of the Philippines
-and Government scholarships in foreign countries.
-
-[11] Data not yet available.
-
-[12] Insular and voluntary contributions only.
-
-[13] The following employees are not included: Temporary and emergency
-employees; enlisted men of the Philippine Constabulary; semiskilled
-and unskilled laborers; and persons compensated by fees only.
-
-[14] Members of the Philippine Legislature are included in these
-figures.
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Beautiful Philippines, by 
-Philippine Commission of Independence
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Beautiful Philippines
-       A Handbook of General Information
-
-Author: Philippine Commission of Independence
-
-Release Date: April 7, 2020 [EBook #61774]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEAUTIFUL PHILIPPINES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
-made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div class="front">
-<div class="div1 cover"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"></p>
-<div class="figure cover-imagewidth"><img src="images/frontcover.jpg" alt="Original Front Cover." width="472" height="720"></div><p>
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div1 titlepage"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"></p>
-<div class="figure titlepage-imagewidth"><img src="images/titlepage.png" alt="Original Title Page." width="441" height="720"></div><p>
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="titlePage">
-<div class="docTitle">
-<div class="mainTitle">BEAUTIFUL PHILIPPINES</div>
-<div class="subTitle">A Handbook <i>of</i> General Information</div>
-</div>
-<div class="docImprint">MANILA<br>
-BUREAU <i>of</i> PRINTING<br>
-<span class="docDate">1923</span></div>
-</div>
-<p></p>
-<div class="div1 colophon"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody">
-<p class="first xd29e120"><span class="sc">Prepared by the<br>
-Philippine Commission of Independence<br>
-Manila, <abbr title="Philippine Islands">P.I.</abbr></span>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb3" href="#pb3">3</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="toc" class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">Contents</h2>
-<table class="tocList">
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7">
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">Page</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><span class="sc">Foreword</span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">15</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">I.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch1" id="xd29e151">Historical Background</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">17</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch1.1">Discovery</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">17</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch1.2">The Spanish Rule&#x2014;A Tale of Wars and Uprisings</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">17</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch1.3">Reforms in the 19th Century</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">18</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch1.4">Last Decades of Spanish Rule&#x2014;The Coming of the Americans</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">19</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch1.5">Filipino-American War</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch1.6">The establishment of Civil Government</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">II.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch2" id="xd29e206">The Material Spain Found</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">21</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch2.1">Power of Propaganda to Misrepresent</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">21</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch2.2">Non-Christian Population</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">21</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch2.3">Literacy</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">22</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch2.4">Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">22</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.4.1">Religion, Alphabet, and Books</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">23</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.4.2">Traders and Artisans</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">24</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.4.3">Able Agriculturists</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">24</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.4.4">Written and Unwritten Laws</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">24</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.4.5">The Code of Calantiao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">25</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.4.6">Testimonies of Occidental Writers</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">26</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch2.5">Progress During the Spanish Rule</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">27</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.5.1">Schools and Colleges</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">27</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.5.2">Filipino Record Abroad</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">28</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch2.5.3">Opinions of Foreign Writers</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">28</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch2.6">Background on Which America Had Built</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">29</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">III.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch3" id="xd29e328">The First Philippine Republic</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">30</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.1">Causes of Earlier Revolutions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">30</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.2">The Revolution of 1896</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">30</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.3">The Pact of Biac-na-Bato</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">30</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.4">The Republic</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">31</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.5">The Governmental Machinery Set Up</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">31</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.6">The Malolos Constitution&#x2014;Its Salient Features</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">32</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch3.7">Comments of Foreigners</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">34</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">IV.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch4" id="xd29e390">Population of the Islands</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">37</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch4.1">A Homogeneous People</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">37</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch4.2">Total Population</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">38</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch4.3">Foreign Population</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">38</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch4.4">Comparative Population</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">38</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">V.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch5" id="xd29e431">Geographical Items of Interest</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">39</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.1">Number of Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">39</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.2">Total Land Area</a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb4" href="#pb4">4</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">39</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.3">Bays and Straits</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">40</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.4">Mountains</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">40</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.5">Rivers</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">40</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.6">Lakes and Falls</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">40</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.7">Mineral Springs</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">41</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.8">Climate</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">41</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.9">Differences in Time</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">41</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.10">Comparative Areas</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">42</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch5.11">Rainfall</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">42</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">VI.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch6" id="xd29e522">The City of Manila</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">43</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.1">Entrance to Manila Bay&#x2014;Corregidor and the Islands &#x201c;El Fraile,&#x201d; and &#x201c;El Carabao&#x201d;</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">43</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.2">The City of Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">43</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.3">The Walled City</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">44</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.4">Fort Santiago</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">44</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.5">Three Manilas</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">45</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.6">Costumes</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.7">The Shops</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.8">The Pasig River</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.9">Other Places of Interest</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.1">The Cathedral</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">47</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.2">The Ayuntamiento</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">47</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.3">University of Santo Tomas</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">47</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.4">The Dominican Church</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">48</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.5">Avenues</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">48</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.6">Bilibid Prison</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">49</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.7">Central Observatory</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">51</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.8">The Luneta</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">51</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.9">The Manila Hotel</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">52</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.10">The Museum</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">52</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.11">The Carnival Grounds</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">52</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.12">Dewey Boulevard</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">53</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.13">Clubs and Societies</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">54</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.14">Cemeteries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">54</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.9.15">Monuments</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">54</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch6.10">Life in Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">55</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.10.1">Vexing Conventionalities Absent</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">55</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch6.10.2">Competition Less Severe</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">VII.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch7" id="xd29e729">The Environs of Manila</a></span>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb5" href="#pb5">5</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">58</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.1">Malaca�ang Palace</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">58</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.2">Santa Mesa</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">59</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.3">San Juan Heights and Bridge</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">59</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.4">The Reservoir</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.5">Mariquina Valley and Town</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.6">The Payatas Estate</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">61</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.7">Montalban Dam</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">61</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch7.8">Fort William McKinley</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">62</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">VIII.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch8" id="xd29e799">Other Cities</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch8.1" id="xd29e807">Baguio</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch8.1.1">The Zig-Zag</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch8.1.2">Camp John Hay</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">64</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch8.1.3">Trinidad Valley</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">64</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch8.2" id="xd29e837">The City of Cebu</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">65</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch8.2.1">Places of Historical Interest</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">66</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch8.3" id="xd29e853">The City of Iloilo</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">66</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch8.3.1">Description and Attractions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">67</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch8.4" id="xd29e869">Zamboanga</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">67</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch8.4.1">The San Ramon Penal Colony</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">68</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">IX.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch9" id="xd29e890">The Provinces&#x2014;Beauty Spots</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">69</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.1">Laguna Province&#x2014;Pagsanjan Falls</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">71</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.1.1">Calamba</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.1.2">Los Ba�os Mineral Springs</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.1.3">College of Agriculture</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.2">Rizal Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">72</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.2.1">Antipolo&#x2014;Virgin of Antipolo</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">73</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.3">Cavite Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">73</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.3.1">Zapote Bridge</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">74</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.3.2">The United States Naval and Radio Station</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">74</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.3.3">Kawit</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">75</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.4">Batangas Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">75</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.4.1">Historical Incidents</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">76</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.4.2">Attractions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">76</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.4.3">Taal Volcano</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">76</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.5">Tayabas Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.5.1">Botocan Falls</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.5.2">Lucena and Atimonan</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.6">The Bicol Provinces</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.6.1">Sceneries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.6.2">Historical Incidents</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.6.3">Peerless Mayon</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">81</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.7">Bulacan Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">82</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.7.1">Description and History</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">82</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.7.2">Attractions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.7.3">Biac-na-Bato</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.7.4">Mineral Baths at Marilao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.7.5">Malolos, the Seat of the Philippine Republic</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.8">Pampanga Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.8.1">Attractions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">84</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.9">Tarlac Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.9.1">Medicinal Springs</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.10">Nueva Ecija Province&#x2014;The Rice Granary of the Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.10.1">The Government Agricultural School at Mu�oz</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.11">Bataan Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.11.1">Attractions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.11.2">Historical</a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb6" href="#pb6">6</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.11.3">Mariveles</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">87</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.11.4">Mount Mariveles</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">87</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.12">Zambales Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">88</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.12.1">Naval Station at Olongapo and Fortifications on Grande Island</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">88</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.13">Pangasinan&#x2014;Second Largest Rice Producing Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">89</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.13.1">Salt Making and Industries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">89</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.13.2">Historical Events</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">89</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.14">The Mountain Province and <span class="corr" id="xd29e1229" title="Source: Subprovinces">Sub-provinces</span></a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.14.1">The Rice Terraces in Ifugao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">91</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.14.2">Gold Mining and Household Industries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">92</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.15a">La Union</a> and the <a href="#ch9.15b">Ilocos Provinces</a>&#x2014;Household Industries
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">92</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.16">Abra Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">94</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.17">The Cagayan Valley&#x2014;The Tobacco Region</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">95</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.17.1">The Cagayan River</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">95</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.18">Isabela Province and the Town of Palanan</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">96</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.19">Nueva Vizcaya Province&#x2014;The Salt Incrusted Mountain</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">96</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.20">Mindoro Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">96</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.20.1">Mineral Deposits</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">97</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.20.2">The Submarine Garden at Puerto Galera</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">97</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.21">Palawan Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">97</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.20.1">Iwahig Penal Colony</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">98</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.21.2">Culion Leper Colony</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">98</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.21.3">The Underground River</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.22">Romblon Province&#x2014;Marble Deposits</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.23">The Visayas</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.23.1">Samar, the First Island Discovered by the Spaniards</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.23.2">Iloilo and Capiz&#x2014;Beautiful Caves and Cliffs of White Coral Rock</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">100</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.23.3">Negros Island&#x2014;The Principal Sugar Producing District</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">101</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.3.1">The Haciendas and the Sugar Centrals</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">101</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.3.2">The Silliman Institute at Dumaguete</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">101</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.3.3">The Volcano of Magaso</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">102</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.23.4">Cebu Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">102</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.4.1">San Miguel, the First Spanish Settlement</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">102</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.23.5">Bohol Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">103</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.5.1">The Rebellions of 1622 and 1744</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">103</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.5.2">Medicinal Springs and Caves</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">104</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.23.6">Leyte Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">104</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.6">Abundance of minerals</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">104</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch9.23.6.2">Limasawa<span class="corr" id="xd29e1468" title="Source: ">&#x2014;</span>Where Mass Was First Celebrated in the Philippines</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">104</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.24">The Island of Mindanao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">105</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.1">Origin of Name</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">105</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.2">Introduction of Islam</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">105</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.3">Province of Zamboanga</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">105</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.4">Cotabato <span class="corr" id="xd29e1509" title="Source: Provinc�">Province</span></a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb7" href="#pb7">7</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">106</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5">Increasing Christian Population
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">106</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.6">The Large Lakes in Cotabato Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">106</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.7">Mount Apo</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">106</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.8">Bukidnon Province, an Unsurpassed Region for Cattle</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">107</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.9">Beautiful Lake Lanao and the Maria Cristina Falls</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">107</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.10">Davao Province, the Finest Hemp Land in the Island</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum"><span class="corr" id="xd29e1556" title="Source: 106">108</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.24.11">Agusan and Surigao Provinces&#x2014;Minerals and Agricultural Products</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">108</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.25">The Sulu Archipelago</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">109</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.25.1">Description, Principal Ports and Industries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">109</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.25.2">Introduction of Mohammedanism</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.25.3">The Sultan of Sulu and His Present Position</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">111</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.25.4">The Policy of Attraction Carried Out by the Insular Government</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">111</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.25.5">The Town of Jolo&#x2014;Chinese Pier and <span class="corr" id="xd29e1606" title="Source: Arrola&#x2019;s">Ariolas&#x2019;</span> Walk</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">112</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch9.26">The Language for the Tourist</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum"><span class="corr" id="xd29e1619" title="Source: 112">113</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch9.26.1">Number of Filipinos Who speak, read and write English</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">113</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">X.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch10" id="xd29e1638">Agricultural Products, Forests, Minerals, and Industries</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">115</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.1">Number of Hectares under Cultivation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">115</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.2">Principal Undeveloped Regions</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">115</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.3">Percentage of Farms Owned by Filipinos</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">116</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.4">The Principal Crops&#x2014;Rice, Hemp, Sugar, Tobacco, Coconut&#x2014;Export Figures</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">116</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.5">Prospective Agricultural Industries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">127</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.6">Irrigation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">128</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.7">Rural Credit Associations&#x2014;Table</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">128</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.8" id="xd29e1695">Forest Resources</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">130</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.8.1">Area</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">130</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.8.2">Only 1 per cent Private Ownership</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">131</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.8.3">Timber Output and Export</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">131</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.8.4">How Timber Tracts are Obtained</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">132</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.8.5">Sawmills</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">132</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.8.6">Minor Forest Products</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">132</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.9" id="xd29e1746">Minerals&#x2014;Gold, Silver, Iron, Manganese, Coal, and Statistical Data</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">132</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.10" id="xd29e1753">Other Industries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">135</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch10.11" id="xd29e1760">Public Lands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">143</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.10.1">Area</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">143</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch10.10.2">Modes of Acquisition</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">143</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">XI.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch11" id="xd29e1788">The Trade of the Philippine Islands</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">147</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.1">Economic Position&#x2014;Manila as a Trade Center</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">147</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.2">Trade Routes</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">147</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.3">Personnel of Philippine Commerce</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">149</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.4">America&#x2019;s Monopoly in Philippine Trade</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">150</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.5">Mediums of Trade</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">150</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.6">Trade with other Countries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">151</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.7">Values of Imports and Exports, 1913 to <span class="corr" id="xd29e1840" title="Source: 1921">1922</span></a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb8" href="#pb8">8</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">152</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.8">Principal Articles Exported, <span class="corr" id="xd29e1850" title="Source: 1912">1921</span>&#x2013;1922</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">153</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.9">Principal Articles Imported, <span class="corr" id="xd29e1860" title="Source: 1912">1921</span>&#x2013;1922</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">154</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch11.10">Shipping</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">156</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch11.10.1">Entrances and Clearances of Vessels</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">156</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch11.10.2">Interisland Transportation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">156</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch11.10.3">Table&#x2014;Merchandise Carried by Foreign Vessels</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">157</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch11.10.4">Interisland Lines</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">158</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch11.10.5">Control Over Rates</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">158</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch11.10.6">Number and Tonnage of Vessels</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">159</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">XII.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch12" id="xd29e1924">Structure of the Philippine Government</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.1">Resembles Federal and State Governments</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.2">Departures from American Standards</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch12.2.1">The Budget System</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5">Parliamentary Responsibility
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">161</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch12.2.3">The Council of State, Advisory to the Governor General</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">161</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.3">The Governor-General, the Vice-Governor, and the Executive Departments</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">161</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.4">The Legislative Department</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">164</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.5">The Judiciary</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">165</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.6">Provincial and Municipal Government</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">165</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.7">Expenses of the Philippine Government</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">165</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.8">Financial Status</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">166</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch12.8.1">Statement of Receipts, Expenditures and Surplus</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">167</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch12.8.2">Budget Estimates, 1918&#x2013;1923</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">168</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch12.8.3">Currency and Circulation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">168</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch12.9">Electors</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">170</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">XIII.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch13" id="xd29e2046">The Filipinos in Control</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">173</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch13.1">Filipinization</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">174</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch13.2">Proportion of Filipinos to Americans in the Government</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">174</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch13.3">Autonomy</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">174</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch13.4">Outstanding Achievements of the Filipinized Government</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">175</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.1">Reorganization of Departments</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">175</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.2">The Budget System Explained</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">177</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.3">Public Improvements</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">177</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.4">Agriculture and Taxation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">178</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.5">Public Order</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">178</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.6">Education&#x2014;System of Instruction</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">178</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.6.1">Number of Pupils</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">182</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.6.2">Number of Teachers</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">182</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.6.3">Number of School Buildings</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">182</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.6.4">Universities</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">182</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.7">Sanitation&#x2014;the Philippine Health Service</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">183</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.7.1">Comparative Death Rate</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">184</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.8">Local Autonomy</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">184</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.9">Public Welfare&#x2014;The Public Welfare Commissioner</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">185</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.10">Administration of Justice</a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb9" href="#pb9">9</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">186</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.10.1">Record of the Courts</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">186</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch13.4.11">Government Enterprises&#x2014;Object</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">187</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.11.1">The National Bank</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">187</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.11.2">The Manila Railroad</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">188</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.11.3">The National Coal Co.</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">188</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch13.4.11.4">The National Development Co.</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">189</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">XIV.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch14" id="xd29e2245">The Independence Movement</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">190</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch14.1">Uprisings during Spanish R�gime</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">190</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch14.2">The Organized Movement</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">193</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch14.3">The Philippine Assembly of 1907</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">193</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch14.4">America&#x2019;s Policy and Promise to the Filipinos</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">194</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch14.4.1">Pronouncements of McKinley, Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">195</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch14.4.2">Jones Law, the Formal Pledge that Independence Will Be Granted</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">196</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch14.4.3">Executive Recommendation for the Fulfillment of America&#x2019;s Promise</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">197</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch14.5">Missions to the United States</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">197</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch14.5.1">The Commission of Independence and Its Purposes</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">198</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch14.5.1.1">The Declaration of Purposes</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">198</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch14.5.2">The First Mission</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">198</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch14.5.2.1">Letter of President Wilson</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">199</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch14.5.2.2">Statement of Secretary of War Baker</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">199</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch14.5.2.3">Hearing before Joint Committee of Congress</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch14.5.3">The Second Mission</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch14.5.3.1">The Memorial to President Harding</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">201</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="3"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="4"><a href="#ch14.5.3.2">Reply of the President</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">205</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch14.6">Petition for a Constitutional Convention&#x2014;Text</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">205</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum">XV.</td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"> <span class="sc"><a href="#ch15" id="xd29e2394">Appendices&#x2014;Tables of Statistics</a></span>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">207</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.1">Where to Go in Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">207</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.1">List of Hotels</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">207</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.2">Garages and Stables</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">208</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.3">Steamship Agencies</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">208</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.4">Foreign Consulates</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">209</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.5">Cable Offices</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">211</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.6">List of Banks in the Philippines Doing Business in 1923</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">211</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.7">Chambers of Commerce</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">211</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.8">Cinematographs and Theatres</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">212</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.9">Clubs</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">212</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.10">Booksellers and Stationers</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">213</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.11">Embroideries</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">213</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.12">Philippine Hats</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">214</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.13">List of Churches Holding Services in English</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">215</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.14">Rates of Fare for Public Vehicles</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">215</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2"></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="5"><a href="#ch15.1.15">Postal, Telegraph, and Cable Rates</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">216</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.2">Interisland Sailings</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">219</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.3">Values of foreign coins expressed in terms of Philippine money</a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb10" href="#pb10">10</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">220</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.4">Banking: Combined condition of all the commercial banks in the Philippine Islands,
-in pesos</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">221</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.5">Currency in Circulation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">222</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.6">Table showing the assessed valuation of real property in the Philippine Islands (except
-the cities of Manila and Baguio) by provinces</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">223</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.7">Growth of the public school system</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">225</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.8">Private Schools</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">226</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.9">Annual Expenditures for Public Education</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">226</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.10">Total receipts, expenditures and accumulated surplus of the Philippine Government,
-1901&#x2013;1923, in pesos</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">227</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.11">Fire, marine, and miscellaneous insurance companies doing active business in the Philippine
-Islands, during year ending December 31, 1922</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">228</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.12">Americans and Filipinos in the Philippine Service on July 1, 1921</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">230</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.13">Newspapers and other publications in the Philippines, as per revision made up to June
-18, 1923</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">230</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td></td>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="6"><a href="#ch15.14">List of sugar centrals in the Philippine Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">234</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb11" href="#pb11">11</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div1 contents"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">List of Illustrations</h2>
-<table class="tocList">
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7">
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">Facing page&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p018-1">Bird&#x2019;s eye view of the Walled City and immediate environs</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">18</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p018-2">Panoramic view of Camp Keithley, Lanao, Mindanao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">18</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p020">Plaza Benavides, with the statue of Benavides in the center</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p021">San Sebastian Church, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">21</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p044">Aglipayan Church, Azcarraga Street, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">44</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p045">The new Trade School, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">45</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p046">The Cathedral, Walled City, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p047">Philippine University cadets in formation in front of the Ayuntamiento, the central
-government building</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">47</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p048-1">Bureau of Printing Building</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">48</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p048-2">A section of Manila&#x2019;s commercial district</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">48</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p049">The Luneta Hotel, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">49</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p050-1">Central Railroad Station, Manila Railroad Company</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p050-2">A Modern thoroughfare, Taft Avenue, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p051-1">The Paco Railroad Depot, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">51</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p051-2">The Jones Bridge</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">51</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p052-1">The principal buildings of the Philippine University</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">52</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p052-2">The Polo Grounds</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">52</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p053-1">The Normal Hall&#x2014;A dormitory for girls, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">53</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p053-2">Philippine Carnival Auditorium, 1922</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">53</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p054">The Rizal Monument, at the Luneta, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">54</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p055">The Legaspi and Urdaneta Monument facing the Luneta, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">55</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p056-1">The Carnival grounds, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p056-2">A view of Pier 5, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p057-1">The Luneta, during a Carnival parade</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">57</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p057-2">A public market, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">57</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p058-1">The Aquarium, Manila, exterior view</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">58</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p058-2">Exterior view of Malaca�ang Palace, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">58</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p059-1">A typical country scene</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">59</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p059-2">The Executive Offices, Malaca�ang Palace, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">59</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p060-1">The Mariquina Valley</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p060-2">Salt beds, Pangasinan</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p061">Exterior view of the Lingayen Provincial Building, Pangasinan</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">61</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p062">The Baguio zig-zig coiling upon itself</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">62</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p063">The Amphitheater, Baguio, Benguet</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p064">The States? No It&#x2019;s Baguio, Philippine Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">64</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p065">The road to Baguio</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">65</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p070">The beautiful town of Pagsanjan, Laguna</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p071">Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna</a>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb12" href="#pb12">12</a>]</span></td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">71</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p072">Montalban Gorge</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">72</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p073">The monument to the &#x201c;First Cry of Balintawak,&#x201d;</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">73</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p074">The Bamboo Organ, Las Pi�as</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">74</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p075">An abaca plantation</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">75</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p076">The church at Taal, Batangas Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">76</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p077">Sample of bridges and provincial scenery</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">77</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p078">A Philippine Sugar Central. Calamba, Laguna Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">78</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p079-1">Sprouting coconuts, Pagsanjan, Laguna</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p079-2">Coconut groves, San Ramon Penal Farm, Zamboanga, Mindanao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p080">The Sorsogon provincial government building and the Sorsogon jail</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p081">Mayon Volcano, Albay Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">81</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p090">The wonderful rice terraces at Ifugao, Mountain Province, Luzon</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p091">Rice terraces at Bontoc, Mountain Province</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">91</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p098-1">Boobies at Tubataja reef, Sulu</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">98</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p099">The subterranean river, Saint Paul&#x2019;s Bay, Palawan taken by flashlight</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p102">Magellan Monument, Mactan Island</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">102</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p103">Panoramic view of Dapitan where Rizal was exiled by the Spaniards</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">103</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p110-1">A view of Jolo, Sulu</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p110-2">The Cebu wharf</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p111">Moro weapons</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">111</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p124">A cigar factory in Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">124</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p125">Makers of Manila cigars</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">125</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p130">A lumber yard. Kolambugan, Mindanao</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">130</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p131">View of San Jose Estate sugar mill. San Jose, Mindoro</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">131</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p136">Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">136&#x2013;137</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p160">The Council of State in session</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p161">The Members of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">161</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#p176">The Gilbert Steel Bridge, Laoag, Ilocos Norte</a> </td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">176</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<div class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">ILLUSTRATED MAPS</h3>
-<table class="tocList">
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#map-philippines">Map of the Philippine Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">12</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#map-trade-routes">Trade routes of the Philippine Islands</a>
-</td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">146</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="tocDivNum"></td>
-<td class="tocDivTitle" colspan="7"><a href="#map-manila">Map of the City of Manila</a> </td>
-<td class="tocPageNum">234</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<p><span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb13" href="#pb13">13</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div1 map"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"></p>
-<div class="figure map-philippineswidth" id="map-philippines"><a href="images/map-philippines-h.jpg"><img src="images/map-philippines.jpg" alt="Map of the Philippine Islands" width="464" height="720"></a><p class="figureHead">Map of the Philippine Islands</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div1 epigraph"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">&#x201c;And the earth possesses no scenes more beautiful than those to be found in this verdant
-and blooming archipelago * * * this magnificent rosary of glowing islands, that Nature
-has hung above the heaving bosom of the warm Pacific * * * with the vast variety of
-attractive scenery, mountain and plain, lake and stream, everywhere rich with glossy
-leafage, clustered growths of bamboo and palm, fields of yellow cane and verdant coffee-groves.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p class="tb">&#x2042;</p><p>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Views of lands and sea and sky, beautiful, gorgeous, awe-inspiring; of historic spots
-and buildings, monuments, ruins * * * of peoples familiar and strange; of industries
-modern to the minute, or old, as old as the Pharaohs, the patient work of potter and
-weaver, of craftsman, artisan, woodman, fisherman, husbandman; of peoples primitive
-and cultured&#x2014;races and nations, distinct, assimilated and assimilating foreigners&#x2014;foreigners
-whose descendants a few generations later will be Filipinos&#x2014;the Filipino Nation that
-is to be, in that wonderland, the Philippines.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p class="tb">&#x2042;</p><p>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Lived ever a man or a people on an island, however insignificant and bleak and bare,
-without feeling for it pride and love? Call to mind poem and song, picture and tale;
-the history of island races.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Behold, then, the Philippines: thousands of islands, great and small beautiful, bountiful
-beneath a benignant sky. Seek to know how Truth paints them, and understand and sympathize
-with their people&#x2019;s fervid desire to call them their very own.&#x201d;
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb15" href="#pb15">15</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div1 foreword"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">FOREWORD</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">It is vital for the Filipinos that foreigners visiting the Philippines acquire accurate
-information about the Islands and their people. The Philippines are not generally
-known abroad, much less are the Filipinos as a people, their degree of civilization
-and culture, their form of government, their institutions. Hence, the need for a publication
-such as this setting forth reliable items of information about the islands.
-</p>
-<p>This booklet is a compendium of facts, not fancies&#x2014;facts pertaining to the country
-known as the Philippines and to the people known as the Filipino people. They are
-facts that can be verified from authentic sources.
-</p>
-<p>The booklet is primarily intended for tourists, but to all other foreigners seeking
-information on things Philippine, the booklet will also be of invaluable help. It
-not only indicates the places of interest throughout the archipelago but also gives
-a description of the islands in general, of their people, history and government.
-Tangible evidences of the readiness of the Filipinos for nationality are described.
-The history of the whole nationalistic movement is given.
-</p>
-<p>The Filipinos to-day are in control of their own government. They have had practical
-autonomy since 1916. The only remaining link between Washington and the Philippines
-is the Governor-General who is an American appointed by the President of the United
-States representing his country in the islands, and is the chief executive thereof.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb16" href="#pb16">16</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The islands produce great quantities of sugar, hemp, copra, rice, corn and tobacco.
-They are capable of producing besides, and are actually beginning to produce, rubber,
-coffee, various food and medicinal products, and a multitude of raw materials for
-every purpose. There are also many hardwoods appropriate for elegant furniture in
-a variety of natural colors not yet seen in any market. There are mines of gold, copper
-and coal in operation. There are said to be creditable iron and oil deposits.
-</p>
-<p>There are plenty of wonderful harbors for ships of heavy tonnage. The country is peaceful,
-the most peaceful perhaps in the world. A courteous and hospitable people greet the
-foreigner wherever he goes.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb17" href="#pb17">17</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="body">
-<div id="ch1" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e151">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">I. Historical Background</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch1.1" class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Discovery</span>
-The Philippines were discovered by Magellan in 1521. That discovery occasioned the
-first circumnavigation of the globe. Long before the discovery, however, the Islands
-were already known in the Orient, for they had commercial relations with China as
-early as the 13th century and with Japan, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra,
-Borneo, and the Moluccas.
-</p>
-<p>It is erroneous to suppose that the culture of the Filipinos dated only from the time
-of the arrival of the Spaniards. Long before that time they had already acquired a
-fair degree of culture. They had systems of writing similar to the Ph&#x153;nician alphabetical
-arrangement. They had calendars and a system of weights and measures. They tilled
-their lands and maintained village governments. They had laws based on traditions
-and customs handed down from generation to generation, and as early as 1433, or 88
-years previous to the arrival of Magellan, there existed a Penal Code known as the
-Code of Calantiao.
-</p>
-<p id="ch1.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Spanish Rule&#x2014;A Tale of Wars and Uprisings</span>
-The history of the Islands from the beginning of Spanish rule to the middle of the
-19th century was a long tale of wars and uprisings. The Portuguese disputed Spain&#x2019;s
-right to the Islands, and between 1566 and 1570 made three attempts to dislodge the
-Spaniards. The Dutch during the first half of the 17th century repeatedly appeared
-in Philippine waters and made attacks on the Spaniards. The British unexpectedly swooped
-down on Manila in 1762, and the Archbishop who was acting as governor speedily capitulated,
-the City of Manila falling into <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb18" href="#pb18">18</a>]</span>British hands until the treaty of Paris in 1763 when it was again restored to Spain.
-The Chinese residents added to all these difficulties by revolting from time to time.
-</p>
-<p>But the most persistent trouble-makers were the Filipinos themselves who repeatedly
-revolted because of alleged injustices committed upon them. Between the years 1645
-and 1665 alone there occurred five uprisings against the Spanish Government. Other
-revolts, no less serious, took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The rebellion
-of Dagohoy, for example, took place at this time, spreading throughout practically
-the whole Island of Bohol and continuing for a period of eighty years.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p018-1width" id="p018-1"><a href="images/p018-1h.jpg"><img src="images/p018-1.jpg" alt="BIRD&#x2019;S EYE VIEW OF THE WALLED CITY AND IMMEDIATE ENVIRONS" width="720" height="118"></a><p class="figureHead">BIRD&#x2019;S EYE VIEW OF THE WALLED CITY AND IMMEDIATE ENVIRONS</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p018-2width" id="p018-2"><a href="images/p018-2h.jpg"><img src="images/p018-2.jpg" alt="PANORAMIC VIEW OF CAMP KEITHLEY, LANAO, MINDANAO" width="720" height="135"></a><p class="figureHead">PANORAMIC VIEW OF CAMP KEITHLEY, LANAO, MINDANAO</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>There were in all about a hundred uprisings, big and small, during the Spanish r�gime.
-That of 1872 was especially noted for its magnitude and the determination shown by
-the revolutionists. It was put down with the execution of three secular priests&#x2014;Burgos,
-Gomez, and Zamora&#x2014;ever since reckoned among the popular heroes of the country. From
-that time plotting against the corrupt civil government and the autocratic religious
-corporations never really ceased; and in 1892 Andres Bonifacio organized a secret
-society known as the Katipunan, which preached hatred against Spain because of the
-abuses of the friars and of the authorities, and demanded freedom from foreign yoke.
-</p>
-<p id="ch1.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Reforms in the 19th century</span>
-The dawn of the 19th century, however, was marked by significant changes for the better.
-During the periods of 1810 and 1813, 1820 to 1823, and 1830 to 1837, as a result of
-the nationalistic and liberal struggles Spain was experiencing, the Cortes was revived
-and representatives from different parts of the monarchy&#x2014;the colonies included&#x2014;were
-given seats therein. This ushered in a period of constitutional and representative
-government for the Filipinos. Moreover, by 1830, Spain&#x2019;s commercial policy of trade
-exclusiveness for the colonies was abandoned. A few years later, Manila was thrown
-open to foreign trade and a freer and more liberal economic system adopted. In this
-way, the foundation for subsequent political and economic progress was laid.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb19" href="#pb19">19</a>]</span></p>
-<p>From the beginning of Spanish domination, there existed scores of schools and colleges
-which were mostly conducted by the religious orders. These schools and colleges offered
-various courses and graduated numerous priests, lawyers, physicians, pharmacists,
-and teachers. Increase in the number of professional graduates made possible the rise
-of an intellectual class in the seventies and eighties. To this group of men, Burgos
-and Paterno, leaders of the liberal movement of 1870; Dr. Rizal, the Filipino hero;
-M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar, a prominent propagandist; and Mabini, the brain of the Revolution,
-belonged&#x2014;men who, in attainment and culture, can adorn the halls of any nation. Many
-of the prominent leaders of today also had their training in those schools&#x2014;Manuel
-L. Quezon, Sergio Osme�a, T. Pardo de Tavera, Victorino Mapa, Florentino Torres, Teodoro
-M. Kalaw, Juan Sumulong, Rafael Palma, and many others who have held high positions
-in the government during the first years of American sovereignty.
-</p>
-<p id="ch1.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Last Decades of Spanish Rule&#x2014;The Coming of the Americans</span>
-The last decades of Spanish rule were marked by several reforms, but these reforms
-were altogether too conservative and came too late. Consequently there was much discontent
-and the Filipinos, in August, 1896, following the teachings of the Katipunan, rose
-in revolt and sought to declare themselves independent of Spain. The revolution extended
-throughout the archipelago. It was halted by the Pact of Biac-na-Bato in December,
-1897, only to be resumed early in the year following, under the very eyes and later
-with the help of the Americans, who appeared on the scene on May 1, 1898. The Filipinos
-succeeded in wresting from Spain every foot of Philippine territory except Manila
-which was surrendered to the Americans on August 13, after simultaneous attacks by
-American and Filipino forces.
-</p>
-<p>Soon afterwards the first republic in the Far East based on a constitutional and representative
-government was established by the Filipinos. It had received the commendation <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb20" href="#pb20">20</a>]</span>of several foreigners among whom were the late Senator Hoar and John Barrett, ex-Director
-of the Pan-American Union.
-</p>
-<p id="ch1.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Filipino-American War</span>
-The downfall of the republic came as a result of the Filipino-American war which broke
-out through a misunderstanding between America and the Philippines and which lasted
-for three years. With the superior forces of the United States it was naturally a
-one-sided struggle, but it nevertheless showed once more the determination of the
-Filipino people to have an independent national existence. They wanted no less than
-an <span class="corr" id="xd29e3183" title="Source: untrammelled">untrammeled</span> republic free from any foreign control. They asked that of the United States. But
-no definite assurance was given that they would ultimately be freed. Had such assurances
-been given them the Filipino-American war would have been avoided.
-</p>
-<p id="ch1.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Establishment of civil government</span>
-American civil government was established in the Islands in 1901 and 1902. Under this
-government the Philippines made remarkably rapid strides along the road of progress.
-But the most significant stride is perhaps the development of Philippine home rule,
-For it should be known that today, with few exceptions, notably those of the American
-Chief Executive and the American Vice-Governor, who is also Secretary of Public Instruction,
-the Philippine government is run by the Filipinos themselves.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p020width" id="p020"><img src="images/p020.jpg" alt="Plaza Benavides, with the statue of Benavides in the center. The University of Santo Tomas is on the left. The Dominican Church in the background" width="621" height="485"><p class="figureHead">Plaza Benavides, with the statue of Benavides in the center. The University of Santo
-Tomas is on the left. The Dominican Church in the background</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb21" href="#pb21">21</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch2" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e206">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">II. The Material Spain Found</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch2.1" class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Power of Propaganda to Misrepresent Conditions</span>
-So powerful is propaganda in misrepresenting actual conditions that the Philippines
-used to mean, and often still means, a mere fringe of civilization, or something similar
-to it, where the Spaniards had planted and the Americans had watered, but within all
-was still savagery and primeval ways.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p021width" id="p021"><img src="images/p021.jpg" alt="San Sebastian Church, Manila" width="519" height="683"><p class="figureHead">San Sebastian Church, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>An exhibition of an Igorot village at the St. Louis World&#x2019;s Fair of 1904 probably
-spread in America more of the notion of the Philippines as an untamed wilderness than
-tons of statistics could correct. These, then, were the people America had undertaken
-to govern&#x2014;wild, naked creatures, beside whom the North American Indian was a gentleman
-and a scholar! Indeed, a long time must elapse before you can reduce these to suspenders
-and beefsteaks. A long time? Why, centuries and centuries!
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Non-Christian population</span>
-Again, to the assiduous readers of press dispatches, the typical Filipino has come
-to mean the fierce Mohammedan Moro; <span class="corr" id="xd29e3210" title="Source: altho">although</span>, there are in the Islands less than 400,000 Mohammedans of all kinds, whether fierce
-or urbane. Still others have concluded that the wild-eyed nomad of the mountains,
-the man with the bow and arrow, with no religion at all, must be the determining factor
-of the situation because there are so many of his kind; and yet the census reveals
-the total number of persons in all the Islands that do not profess either Christianity,
-Mohammedanism, or Buddhism as only 102,000.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb22" href="#pb22">22</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch2.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Literacy</span>
-So, too, the ignorance of the Filipinos has always been believed to be appalling and
-a bulwark of darkness not to be overcome in generations, if ever; and yet the census
-reveals the percentage of literacy in the entire Islands at 49.2 per cent. The percentage
-compares favorably with the literacy of many of the small independent nations of the
-world at present.
-</p>
-<p>The facts are these, as regards the Filipinos even in Pre-Spanish days:
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days</span>
-The Spaniards found that the inhabitants of the Islands built and lived in <span class="corr" id="xd29e3223" title="Source: planed">planned</span> houses, had a machinery of government of their own, maintained a system of jurisprudence,
-in many cases dwelt in ordered cities and towns and practised the arts familiar to
-the most advanced peoples of their times.
-</p>
-<p>Gunpowder they knew and used before 1300, when it had not yet been introduced in Europe;
-and they made firearms that astonished the Spaniards. At the siege of Manila, 1570,
-the natives defended their city with cannon, and the conquerors found within the walls
-the factory where these guns had been forged, as well equipped and ordered as any
-abroad.
-</p>
-<p>The Islanders were expert in other metal-working, skilful ship-builders, able carpenters.
-Copper they had worked; but bronze, of which their great guns were made, they imported
-from China. Some of their art in silver-work excites admiration even now, for their
-beautiful design and fine workmanship.
-</p>
-<p>They wove cloths of cotton, hemp, and other fibers. They were, in fact, inheritors
-of two great cultural infiltrations upon what original culture the Malays had two
-thousand years before: on one side, was the influence of the Hindus and on the other
-the civilization of the Chinese, and to these had been added, years before the Spaniards
-came, stray gleams of information transmitted roundabout from Europe.
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Religion, alphabet, and books</span>
-All this is inconsistent with the fanciful theory of the head-hunter and the wild
-man of the woods, but is nevertheless <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb23" href="#pb23">23</a>]</span>the incontestable record. Heathen they were called, but they had a religion, and a
-code of morals, not at all contemptible. They were natural musicians, possessed a
-variety of musical instruments, and had native orchestras. They were fond of poetry
-and and honored their poets. They had also a written alphabet and they wrote books.
-Every settled town had a temple and most temples had collections of books. They were
-written in the native characters on palm leaves and bamboo, and stored with the native
-priests. The subjects were historical and legendary, folk-lore tales, statutes, deeds
-of heroism and poems. The Spanish enthusiasts burned these books as anti-Christian
-and thereby destroyed documents priceless to succeeding ages, the few that escaped
-the flames testifying poignantly to the great loss. A small collection of them was
-recently discovered in a cave in the Island of Negros and ethnologists have hopes
-of others that may have escaped the sharp eyes of the destructors. Professor Beyer,
-whose investigations of early Filipino life and history have been so extensive, has
-come upon other evidence of early Filipino letters, including an epic poem of considerable
-length; but this exists now only in the memories of the reciters. The four-thousand-odd
-lines of it that Professor Beyer has translated show a rare gift of versification
-and imagery.
-</p>
-<p>Of the written alphabets in use before the coming of the Spaniards, fourteen were
-of Malay origin, one was Arabic, and one Hebrew. Of the Malayan alphabets many were
-structurally alike, so that a learned Visayan must have been able to make out Tagalog
-words and a Pampangan to spell Ilocano. We are not to imagine that every Filipino
-could read the written speech; there were in the Islands at that time, as in India,
-Spain, England, and elsewhere, the educated and the uneducated. But it seems likely
-that the percentage of literacy in the Philippines, about the year 1500, let us say,
-was as large as in Spain, larger than in India and compared favorably with the percentage
-in other places.
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Traders and artisans</span>
-The inhabitants were able traders as well as skilful artisans. Manila was one of the
-great commercial centers of <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb24" href="#pb24">24</a>]</span>the East and long had been so; it was not a mere collection of fishermen&#x2019;s huts. When
-the inhabitants of England were wearing skins, painting their bodies, and gashing
-their flesh in religious frenzies, the Filipinos were already conducting commercial
-marts in which were offered silks, brocades, cotton and other cloths, household furniture,
-precious stones, gold and gold dust, jewelry, wheat from Japan, weapons, works of
-art and of utility in many metals, cultivated fruits, domesticated animals, earthenware,
-and a variety of agricultural products from their rich volcanic soil.
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Able Agriculturists</span>
-The people understood how to make agricultural implements which, if crude by present
-standards, were nevertheless serviceable. They knew how to make machines, to hull
-and separate rice, to express oil from coconuts, and to weave their cloths. They worked
-out their own problems of irrigation and in their own way. The huge rice terraces
-in some parts of Luzon were and still are the wonder of all beholders. &#x201c;I know of
-no more impressive examples of primitive engineering,&#x201d; says Dean C. Worcester, &#x201c;than
-the terraced mountain-sides of Nueva Vizcaya <span class="corr" id="xd29e3247" title="Source: besides">beside</span> which the terraced hills of Japan sink into insignificance.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4.4"><b>WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN LAWS.</b>&#x2014;The people had both written and unwritten laws. They were made and promulgated by
-the chiefs after consultation with the elders, and were &#x201c;observed with so great exactness
-that it was not considered possible to break them in any circumstance.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p>The laws covered many of the subjects which are common in modern times. A few of the
-most striking points were: Respect of parents and elders, carried to so great a degree
-that not even the name of one&#x2019;s father could pass the lips, in the same way as the
-Hebrews regarded the name of God. Even after reaching manhood and even after marriage,
-the son was under a strict obligation to obey his father and mother. Marriage had
-reached the stage of mutual consent. Marriage ceremonies approaching the religious
-were elaborate, according to rank. Husband and wife were equal <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb25" href="#pb25">25</a>]</span>socially and in the control of their property. Property was acquired principally by
-occupation, but also by gift, purchase, and succession. Wills were sometimes made.
-Contracts were strictly fulfilled. The Chinese writer, Wang Ta-yuan; in a book of
-1349 says: &#x201c;The natives and the traders having agreed on prices, they let the former
-carry off the goods and later on they bring the amount of native products agreed upon.
-The traders trust them, for they never fail to keep their bargains.&#x201d; In fact, non-performance
-of a contract was severely punished. Partnerships were formed and the respective obligations
-of the partners enforced.
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4.5"><b>The Code of Calantiao.</b>&#x2014;The penal law was the most extensive. Penalties were severe, altho compared with
-present laws, they appear cruel and illogical. However, they compared favorably with
-Greek and Roman laws as well as with the contemporary Spanish and English criminal
-laws.
-</p>
-<p>Calantiao, the third chief of Panay, had, in 1433, promulgated a penal code. It ran
-as follows:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye steal; neither shall ye do harm to the aged;
-lest ye incur the danger of death. All those who infringe this order shall be condemned
-to death by being drowned with stones in the river, or in boiling water.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Ye shall obey. Let all your debts with the headmen (<i>principales</i>) be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for the first offense one
-hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall be condemned to thrust his hand thrice
-into boiling water. For the second offense, he shall be condemned to be beaten to
-death.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Observe and obey ye: let no one disturb the quiet of graves. When passing by the
-caves and trees where they are, give respect to them.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Ye shall obey: he who makes exchange for food, let it be always done in accordance
-with his word. He who does not comply, shall be beaten for one hour, he who repeats
-the offense shall be exposed for one day among ants.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;They shall be burned: Those who by their strength or cunning have mocked at and escaped
-punishment; or who have killed young boys; or try to steal away the women of <i>agorangs</i> (rich men).
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb26" href="#pb26">26</a>]</span></p>
-<p>&#x201c;Those shall be killed who profane sites where idols are kept, and sites where are
-buried the sacred things of their <i>diuatas</i> (spirits) and headmen.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.4.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Testimonies of Occidental Writers</span>
-All which bespeak a culture of no mean order, and occidental writers themselves have
-given it the credit that it deserves, as shown by the following testimonies:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;They had already reached a considerable degree of civilization at the time of the
-Spanish conquest.&#x201d;&#x2014;Professor <span class="sc">Ferdinand Blumentritt</span>.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The inhabitants of these Islands were by no means savages, entirely unreclaimed from
-barbarism, before the Spanish advent in the sixteenth century. They had a culture
-of their own.&#x201d;&#x2014;<span class="sc">John Foreman.</span>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The inhabitants of the Philippines possessed a culture of their own prior to the
-coming of the Spaniards to the Islands. Those along the coasts were the most advanced
-in civilization. Their material wealth was considerable. The chief occupations were
-agriculture, fishing, weaving, some manufacturing, and trade both inter-island and
-with the mainland, generally in the form of barter. They were expert navigators. They
-used standard weights and measures. The year was divided into twelve lunar months.
-They had a peculiar phonetic alphabet, wrote upon leaves, and had a primitive literature.
-The majority of the people are said to have been able to read and write.&#x201d;&#x2014;<span class="sc">Justice George A. Malcolm.</span>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The inhabitants practise various kinds of industry; they weave matting of extraordinary
-fineness and of the brightest colors, straw hats, cigar-cases and baskets; they manufacture
-cloth and tissues of every sort from leaves of the aguana, make cambric of a texture
-much finer than that of France; and they also manufacture coarse strong cloth for
-sails, etc.; and ropes and cables of all dimensions; they tan and dress leather and
-skins to perfection; they manufacture coarse earthenware and forge and polish arms
-of various kinds; they build ships of heavy tonnage and also light and neat boats,
-and at Manila they frame and finish off beautiful carriages; they are also very clever
-workers in gold and silver and copper; and the Indian (Filipino) women are especially
-expert in needlework and in all kinds of embroidery.&#x201d; (Twenty years in the Philippines,
-pp. 304, 307.)</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb27" href="#pb27">27</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch2.5"><b>PROGRESS DURING SPANISH RULE.</b>&#x2014;The Spanish rule in the Philippines lasted 350 years. The Spanish Crown meant well,
-but the way her policies were translated into deeds was all but desirable. The best
-men could not be induced to go to Manila. The Church wielded tremendous power, and
-at times was more powerful than the government itself. Each village was under the
-rule of a priest. Character was stifled; progress was deliberately discouraged; independence
-of thought stamped out.
-</p>
-<p>It would be doing Spain a great injustice, however, if no credit whatever is given
-her rule in the Philippine Islands. She introduced Christianity into the Islands and
-unequivocably converted the inhabitants to the creed, thus setting up the only Christian
-country in this part of the globe with a Christian outlook on life; in the women,
-particularly, the tenets of Christianity instilled dignity and it freed them from
-Hindu and Mohammedan degradations.
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.5.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Schools and Colleges</span>
-Efforts were also taken to teach the people the rudiments of education. Access was
-thus given to the splendid tongue of Castile, and, thru that, to all the glories and
-traditions of Latin civilization. As early as 1866, for a population of 4,000,000
-people, there were 841 schools for boys and 833 for girls. In 1892, six years before
-the coming of the Americans, there were 2,137 schools. There were also colleges and
-universities where professional training was given. The colleges were: University
-of Santo Tomas, Manila, established in 1611 (twenty-five years older than Harvard);
-San Juan de Letran, Municipal Athenaeum, Normal School, College of San Jose, the Nautical
-School, the School of Commercial Accounting, the Academy of Painting and Drawing,
-and many other private schools, fourteen of which were in Manila. There were also
-seminaries in Manila, Nueva Segovia, Cebu, Jaro, and Nueva Caceres, where all branches
-of secondary instruction were taught in addition to those prescribed for the priesthood.
-</p>
-<p>Many of the prominent Filipinos in Philippine history, as stated above, including
-the national hero, Jose Rizal, had their first instructions in these schools established
-by Spain.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb28" href="#pb28">28</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch2.5.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Filipino Record Abroad</span>
-A number of the ambitious students were sent by their parents to complete their education
-in Spain, France, England, Belgium, and Germany. Groups of these young men took part
-in the various liberal movements of nineteenth century Europe. They wrote and spoke
-in behalf of liberal institutions for the Islands, in terms that would have cost them
-their lives in the Philippines; in fact, Rizal was put to death upon his return to
-his native land. Several of these young Filipinos even rose to eminence in the public
-service, a right which was denied them at home except in a few cases in the minor
-judiciary. In the eighties and nineties, a group of them of which Rizal, Juan Luna,
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e3322" title="Source: Resurreccion">Resurrecci�n</span> Hidalgo, M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar, Lopez Jaena, Pedro A. Paterno, and Dr. Pardo de Tavera
-were the leading spirits&#x2014;made a deep impression in the literary and artistic circles
-of Madrid, Paris, and Berlin. A newspaper was founded by them in Madrid to further
-their political views. Although proscribed in the Philippines, their books and articles
-were circulated secretly in the Islands and helped to arouse the people and to consolidate
-the growing unrest.
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.5.3"><b>Opinions of Foreign Authors.</b>&#x2014;On Spain&#x2019;s achievements in the Philippines, foreign authors have been considerate.
-The famous French explorer of the Pacific, for example, La Perouse, who was in Manila
-in 1787, wrote:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;Three million people inhabit these different islands, and that of Luzon contains
-nearly a third of them. These people seem to me no way inferior to those of Europe;
-they cultivate the soil with intelligence, they are carpenters, cabinet-makers, smiths,
-jewelers, weavers masons, etc. I have gone through their villages and I have found
-them kind, hospitable, and affable.&#x201d; (&#x201c;Voyage de la Perouse autour du Monde,&#x201d; Paris,
-1787, II, p. 347.)
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Almost every other country of the (Malay or Indian) Archipelago is, at this day,
-in point of wealth, power, and civilization, in a worse state than when Europeans
-connected themselves with them three centuries back. The Philippines alone have improved
-in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb29" href="#pb29">29</a>]</span>civilization, wealth, and populousness. (&#x201c;History of the Indian Archipelago,&#x201d; by <span class="sc">John Crawford, F.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;S. Edinburgh</span>, 1820, Vol. ii, pp. 447, 488.)</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>The Austrian professor, Ferdinand Blumentritt, wrote in <i lang="es">La Solidaridad</i> of October 15, 1899, to this effect:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;If the general condition of the civilization of the Tagalos, Pampangos, Bicols, Bisayans,
-Ilocanos, Cagayanes, and Sambales is compared to the European constitutional countries
-of Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, and Greece, the Spanish-Filipino civilization of the
-said Indian districts is greater and of larger extent than of those countries.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>And the foremost American scholar on the Philippines, gives the following r�sum� of
-the results of the Spanish administration:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;The Spaniards did influence the Filipinos profoundly, and on the whole for the better.
-There were ways, indeed, in which their record as a colonizing power in the Philippines
-stands today unique in all the world for its benevolent achievement and its substantial
-accomplishment of net progress. We do not need to gloss over the defects of Spain;
-we do not need to condone the backward and halting policy which at last turned the
-Filipinos against Spanish rule, nor to regret the final outcome of events, in order
-to do Spain justice. But we must do full justice to her actual achievements, if not
-as ruler, at any rate as teacher and missionary, in order to put the Filipinos of
-today in their proper category.&#x201d; (<span class="sc">Le Roy</span>: &#x201c;Philippine Life in Town and Country,&#x201d; 1905, pp. 6, 7.)</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch2.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Background on Which America Had Built</span>
-It was on all that cultural background&#x2014;the native and the Spaniard&#x2014;that America had
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e3360" title="Source: builded">built</span>. Without belittling what she, alone, has done for the Filipinos since 1898 it hardly
-can be disputed that the rapid progress towards modern democracy in the Islands has
-been due mainly to the materials she found there. This fact has made her task a great
-deal easier, and is the reason why even the early military governors thought best
-to preserve the old municipal institutions with very slight changes.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb30" href="#pb30">30</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch3" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e328">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">III. The First Philippine Republic</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">The earlier revolutions against Spain were actuated by well-defined causes. They have
-been summarized as follows:
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Causes of Earlier Revolutions</span>
-(1) Denial of freedom of speech and press; (2) desire for Filipino representation;
-(3) proceedings by which a man was condemned without being heard; (4) violation of
-domicile and correspondence on mere secret denunciations; (5) agitation for the secularization
-of parishes; (6) political and civil equality for Filipinos and Spaniards; (7) desire
-for promulgation of the Spanish Constitution in the Philippines; and (7) the martyrdom
-of Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora, and later of Rizal.
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Revolution of 1896</span>
-The revolution of 1896, however, had an additional cause which was dominant in the
-minds of the leaders. It was &#x201c;Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity.&#x201d; In the words of
-General Aguinaldo in a manifesto, &#x201c;We aspire to the glory of obtaining the Liberty,
-Independence, and Honor of the Country.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Pact of Biac-na-Bato</span>
-This revolution was halted in 1897 by the Pact of Biac-na-Bato, which was signed between
-the Revolutionists and the Spanish authorities. There were three outstanding stipulations
-in the pact:
-</p>
-<p>First, that the Filipino leaders should leave the country for the time being.
-</p>
-<p>Second, that liberal and sweeping reforms would be introduced without delay.
-</p>
-<p>Third, that the sum of $800,000 would be paid the Filipinos in two instalments, as
-evidence of good faith.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb31" href="#pb31">31</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The Filipinos complied with their part of the agreement; Aguinaldo and his followers
-went to Hongkong. But the Spaniards did not comply with theirs; only $400,000 was
-paid to the revolutionists and no reforms were introduced.
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Republic</span>
-Accordingly, Aguinaldo and his companions returned to the Islands and renewed the
-struggle. On June 12, 1898 at Kawit, Cavite, they proclaimed the Independence of the
-Philippines from Spain. Soon afterwards a Philippine Republic was ratified, with General
-Aguinaldo as President. The capital was established at Malolos about 30 miles from
-Manila. There an elective Congress sat regularly, passed laws, levied taxes, administered
-revenues, kept in motion the machinery of justice, directed a military organization,
-carried on efficient war and constantly appealed to the patriotism of the people.
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Governmental Machinery Set Up</span>
-A complete governmental machinery was set up. The government was declared to be &#x201c;popular,
-representative, and responsible.&#x201d; Church and state were made separate, and, profiting
-by the experience of the past, freedom of religious worship was expressly recognized
-in the Constitution. The powers of government were made to reside in three distinct
-entities&#x2014;the legislative, the executive, and the judicial, to be entirely separate.
-It was declared that no two of these powers should be vested in a single person or
-corporation, nor can the legislative power be conferred on a single individual alone.
-The government was recognized throughout the islands and had the wholehearted support
-of the entire population.
-</p>
-<p>At the time America insisted in imposing her sovereignty and authority not only were
-the Filipinos in military control of the country; they were administering its political
-affairs as well. This they did from the establishment of the Republic until the autumn
-of 1899. &#x201c;Up to that time,&#x201d; writes Albert G. Robinson, of the New York Evening Post,
-&#x201c;the territory occupied by the forces of the United States in the Island of Luzon
-was confined to a very limited area in the vicinity of Manila, with a filamentary
-extension northward for some <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb32" href="#pb32">32</a>]</span>fifty or sixty miles along the Manila-Dagupan railway. Very much the same condition
-obtained on the other islands. One thing is certain: although greatly disturbed by
-the conditions of war, this territory was under some form of governmental administration.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.6"><b>THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION.</b>&#x2014;The fundamental law that had been prepared and adopted by the independent government
-has since then been known as the &#x201c;Malolos Constitution.&#x201d; This Philippine Magna Carta
-embodied the advanced thought of the times and was replete with sound principles.
-It had all the requisites of a &#x201c;fundamental law of the land&#x201d;&#x2014;an enumeration of individual
-rights, the organization of the state and of the government, provisions pertaining
-to the public welfare (such as education, appropriation, the militia, local government,
-impeachment, etc.) and provisions for constitutional revisions.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Salient Features</span>
-The <i>Parliamentary System of government</i> was adopted as best suited to the needs of the archipelago. Sovereignty was to reside
-in the people through their duly elected representatives. The aim throughout was to
-adopt a government and a social order essentially democratic, without those privileges
-of caste or classes which were the determinant causes of the revolution. The popular
-assembly was to be the directing power.
-</p>
-<p>The following progressive principles were enunciated:
-</p>
-<p>(1) That no one should be tried in courts created by private laws or by special tribunals;
-(2) that throughout the republic there should not be more than one kind of court for
-all citizens both in civil, criminal, and military actions; (3) that no person or
-corporation should be given emoluments that were not as compensation for public service
-fixed by law; (4) there shall be no primogeniture nor should decorations and titles
-of nobility be accepted; (5) that every Filipino citizen shall enjoy the right of
-meeting, association, petition, and liberty of the press; (6) freedom of religious
-worship throughout the land and inviolability of domicile, correspondence, and property;
-(7) the right of habeas <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb33" href="#pb33">33</a>]</span>corpus; (8) gratuitous and compulsory public instruction; (9) taxes to be in proportion
-to the income of the taxpayers.
-</p>
-<p>The <i>legislative power</i> was vested in an unicameral assembly. The representatives elected by the people were
-to be representatives of the entire nation and could not bind themselves to specific
-mandates from their constituents.
-</p>
-<p>The President of the republic and the Assembly were to initiate laws.
-</p>
-<p><i>Impeachment</i> of high officials of the government was unhesitatingly made a part of the fundamental
-law. Even the President of the republic could be impeached in cases of high treason.
-</p>
-<p>A <i>permanent commission</i> was created to take the place of the assembly during recess, the motive behind its
-creation being that legislative bodies should be permanent because the popular will
-works continually and consequently should be continually represented in the governmental
-machinery.
-</p>
-<p>The permanent commission was to be composed of seven members elected by the assembly
-from among its members. Its powers were:
-</p>
-<p>(1) To declare if a certain official of the government should be impeached; (2) to
-convene the assembly to an extraordinary session in cases in which it should constitute
-itself into a tribunal of justice to consider impeachments; (3) to resolve all pending
-questions with a view to bringing them before the assembly for consideration; (4)
-to convoke the assembly to special sessions whenever these are necessary; (5) to substitute
-the assembly in its power regarding the. constitution with the exception that the
-permanent commission can not pass laws.
-</p>
-<p><i>The executive power</i> was vested in the President of the Republic who exercised it through his secretaries.
-</p>
-<p>The President of the Republic was elected by the constituent assembly by an absolute
-majority of votes. His term of office was four years but might be re�lected. The powers
-of the President were expressly enumerated. The secretaries of departments constituted
-the Cabinet, presided <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb34" href="#pb34">34</a>]</span>over by the President. There were seven departments&#x2014;foreign relations; interior; finance;
-war and navy; public instruction; communications and public works; agriculture, industry,
-and commerce.
-</p>
-<p><i>Ministerial responsibility</i> was established so that whenever a cabinet had lost the confidence of the majority
-of the assembly its members were morally bound to resign.
-</p>
-<p>The <i>judicial power</i> was vested in a supreme court and in such other tribunals as might be created by
-law. The judiciary was made absolutely independent of the legislative and executive
-departments. The chief justice and the attorney-general were appointed by the Assembly
-with the concurrence of the President and of the cabinet.
-</p>
-<p>Provinces and municipalities were given <i>administrative autonomy</i>. The central government intervened in their acts only when they over-stepped their
-powers to the prejudice of general or individual interests.
-</p>
-<p>A <i>Constituent Assembly</i> was to be convened in case of an election of the President of the Republic and whenever
-there were proposed changes in the constitution. In either of these two cases the
-regular assembly was dissolved by the President and the Constituent Assembly convoked.
-The constituent assembly was to be composed of the same members of the regular assembly
-plus special representatives.
-</p>
-<p>Such was the framework of the governmental machinery created by the first republican
-constitution ever promulgated in the East. In the words of General Aguinaldo, the
-Constitution was &#x201c;the most glorious note in the noble aspirations of the Philippine
-revolution and is an irrefutable proof before the civilized world of the culture and
-capacity of the Filipino people to govern themselves.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch3.7"><b>Comments of Foreigners.</b>&#x2014;The comments of unbiased foreigners on this ill-fated attempt of the Filipino people
-to live an independent existence all point to the fact that the Republic together
-with the constitution the independent government had established was a great work
-of an unquestionably able people.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb35" href="#pb35">35</a>]</span></p>
-<p>John Barrett, ex-director of the Pan-American Union, saw the Philippine Republic in
-operation, and described it as follows:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;It is a government which has practically been administering the affairs of that great
-island, &#x2018;Luzon&#x2019; since the American possession of Manila, and is certainly better than
-the former administration. It had a properly formed Cabinet and Congress, the members
-of which, in appearance and manners, would compare favorably with the Japanese statesmen.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>Admiral Dewey, after studying Philippine conditions, during the Spanish-American War,
-spoke of the Filipinos as follows:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;In my opinion, these people are far more superior in intelligence and more capable
-of self-government than the natives of Cuba. I am familiar with both races.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>General Merrit, on his arrival in Paris in October, 1898, was reported as saying:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;The Filipinos impressed me very favorably. I think great injustice has been done
-to the native population.&#x2026; They are more capable of self-government than, I think,
-the Cubans are. They are considered to be good Catholics. They have lawyers, doctors,
-the men of kindred professions, who stand well in the community, and bear favorable
-comparison to those of other countries. They are dignified, courteous, and reserved.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>Leonard Sargent, a naval cadet, and W.&nbsp;B. Wilcox, paymaster of the Navy, after travelling
-over the Island of Luzon, at that time wrote a report of their trip, which was referred
-by Admiral Dewey to the Navy Department with the indorsement that it was &#x201c;the most
-complete information obtainable.&#x201d; Mr. Sargent remarked:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;Although this government has never been recognized, and in all probability will go
-out of existence without recognition, yet, it cannot be denied that, in a region occupied
-by many millions of inhabitants, for nearly six months, it stood alone between anarchy
-and order.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb36" href="#pb36">36</a>]</span></p>
-<p>&#x201c;As a tribute to the efficiency of Aguinaldo&#x2019;s government and to the law-abiding character
-of his subjects, I offer the fact that Mr. Wilcox and I pursued our journey throughout
-in perfect security, and returned to Manila with only the most pleasing recollections
-of the quiet and orderly life which we found the natives to be leading under the new
-r�gime.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb37" href="#pb37">37</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch4" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e390">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">IV. Population of the Philippine Islands</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch4.1" class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">A Homogeneous People</span>
-The Filipinos are a homogeneous people. An American, Dr. Merton Miller, former chief
-ethnologist of the Philippine Bureau of Science is the foremost authority for the
-claim that:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;From the extreme northern end of the Archipelago to its southernmost limits, with
-the exception of the few scattered Negritos, the people of the Philippines, pagan,
-Moro and Christian are one racially. There is some reason for believing that they
-migrated into the islands at two different times. But in all probability they came
-from the same general region and have a common ancestry.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;There are many different languages or dialects in the Philippines but all are closely
-related one to another, the pronunciation and mode of speech vary but little from
-one section of the Philippines to another and the majority of the words are common
-to two or more of the Philippine languages. These languages, whether spoken by pagan,
-Moro or Christian, belong to the great Malayo-Polynesian family, branches of which
-are found in Sumatra, the Hawaiian Islands, Madagascar and on many islands between.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>Ex-President Taft has the following to say about Filipino homogeneity:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;The word &#x2018;tribe&#x2019; gives an erroneous impression. There is no tribal relation among
-the Filipinos. There is a racial solidarity among them undoubtedly. They are homogeneous.
-I can not tell the difference between an Ilocano and a Tagalog or a Visayan.&#x2026; To me
-all the Filipinos were alike.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>While Governor General Harrison, before a joint committee of Congress, expressed himself
-thus:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;To my way of thinking, they are very remarkably homogeneous, quite as much so as
-any nation in the world to-day with which I have any acquaintance. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb38" href="#pb38">38</a>]</span>From one end of the Philippine Islands to the other the people look very much alike;
-their manners are very much the same; their style of living is about the same; and
-they are being generally educated along the same lines by the government and by the
-private schools, which are co�perating with the government. So that I think they already
-have one of the prime requisites to a nationality, namely, a general and universal
-feeling that they belong to the same race of people.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch4.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Total Population</span>
-The total population of the Philippine Islands according to the Census of 1918 is
-10,350,640. Of this number 9,495,272 are Christians, while 855,368 are non-Christian
-so-called. The non-Christian element, therefore, represents 8.2 per cent of the total
-population. In this number are included the Mohammedans of the South and the Igorots
-and other mountaineers, who have been so widely advertised abroad and often represented
-as typical Filipinos.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table" id="ch4.3">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">FOREIGN POPULATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS</h4>
-<table class="ch4.3">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">American </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop"> 6,405</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Spanish </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,015</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">English </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,063</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">German </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 312</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">French </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 218</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Swiss </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 451</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Chinese </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">45,156</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Japanese </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,684</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">All others </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,111
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum">65,415</span></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table" id="ch4.4">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">COMPARATIVE POPULATION</h4>
-<table class="ch4.3">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Philippines </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop">10,350,640</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Argentina </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,284,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Belgium </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,658,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Canada </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,361,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Australia </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,971,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Cuba </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 2,628,000</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb39" href="#pb39">39</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch5" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e431">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">V. Geographical Items of Interest</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">The Philippine Archipelago is entirely in the Tropics. They lie north of the Dutch
-and British Island of Borneo and the Dutch Island of Celebes; South of the Japanese
-Island of Formosa; East of French Indo-China, and Southeast of Hongkong and the Southern
-provinces of China.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Number of Islands</span>
-There are 7,083 islands in all extending 1,152 statute miles from north to south and
-688 statute miles from east to west. Two thousand four hundred and forty-one of the
-Islands have names, while 4,642 are unnamed. The northernmost Island known as Y&#x2019;Ami
-Island is 65 miles from Formosa while the southernmost, called Salwag, 4� 40&#x2032; from
-the Equator, is only 30 miles east of Borneo.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Total Land Area</span>
-The <i>total land</i> area of the entire archipelago is approximately 115,000 square miles. This is in
-excess of the combined areas of the States of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
-and Delaware; only about 7,000 square miles less than the total area of the British
-Isles; about 5,000 square miles more than the total area of Italy; and about two-thirds
-the size of Spain. Luzon Island alone which is the largest is as large as Denmark,
-Belgium, and Holland combined. It contains 46,969 square miles. Mindanao, the second
-largest, is about equal in area to Portugal. Ten islands contain more than 10,000
-square miles each or 6,400,000 acres; while 20 of the islands have between 100 and
-1,000 square miles each. About seven-eighths of the total number of islands composing
-the Archipelago contain less than 1 square mile each.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Bays and Straits</span>
-There are twenty-one fine harbors and eight land-locked straits. Manila Bay with an
-area of 770 square miles and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb40" href="#pb40">40</a>]</span>a circumference of 120 miles is reputed to be the finest in the Far East. It is said
-that it can accommodate the entire fleet of the world. It is a roadstead, in all parts
-of which vessels can anchor. Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Jolo are at present
-the ports of entry.
-</p>
-<p>The interisland waters are shallow, averaging between seventy-five and five hundred
-fathoms.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Mountains</span>
-There are at least seven principal mountain ranges and twenty more or less active
-volcanoes. Mount Apo in Mindanao is the highest being 9,610 feet. Canlaon in Negros
-is second with 7,995 feet; Mayon in Albay third, with 7,943 feet.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Rivers</span>
-Nearly all the principal islands have important river systems. In Luzon are the Rio
-Grande de Cagayan, 220 miles long, which drains 16,000 square miles of territory,
-the Rio Grande de Pampanga, emptying into Manila Bay through a dozen mouths, the Agno,
-the Abra, Bued, and the more familiar Pasig. The Rio Grande de Mindanao, 330 miles
-long, is the largest in the Islands, and the Agusan, also in Mindanao, is the third
-in size. Mindoro has 60 rivers and Samar, 26. In Panay, are the Jalaud and Panay and
-in Negros the Danao and the Lanao. Inter-island steamers berth in the Pasig as far
-as the Jones Bridge. The larger rivers, in addition to being navigable for steamers
-and launches of light draft for distances of from 20 to 200 miles, could furnish abundant
-water power for manufacturing purposes.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Lakes</span>
-Mindanao, especially the basin of the Agusan, has a vast number of lakes, among them
-the famous lakes Lanao, Mainit, and Lagusan. Laguna de Bay, near Manila, Lake Naujan
-in Mindoro, Taal, and Bombon lakes in Batangas, and Lake Bito in Leyte are also noted
-for size and beauty.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb41" href="#pb41">41</a>]</span></p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Falls</span>
-The Falls of Pagsanjan and the Botocan at Majayjay, in Laguna Province; the Maria
-Cristina, the Pigduktan, and Kalilokan, in Mindanao, are the largest and most beautiful.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.7"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Mineral Springs</span>
-Some 170 or more medico-mineral springs, hot and cold, are known in the Islands, many
-rivaling the most famous of Europe and America. Near Manila are those of Los Ba�os,
-Sibul, Lemery, Tivi, and Marilao.
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.8"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Climate</span>
-Father Algu�, the world famous Director of the Weather Bureau, divides the climate
-into three types, the classification being based on distance above sea level and exposure
-to ocean breezes.
-</p>
-<p>November, December, January, and February are the temperate months. The mean average
-temperature at this season is about 77� to 79� Fahrenheit. In April, May, and June,
-the hot months, the mean average is between 83� and 84�. In other months it is about
-80�. The nights are seldom unpleasantly hot even in the hot season, and a temperature
-of 100� is a rarity in Manila. The mountain regions of the north are cool as September
-in the temperate zone. The mean average maximum for Baguio is 80� and the minimum
-53�. Far south, nearer the equator, in some localities it is hotter; but Zamboanga
-and the Provinces of Bukidnon and Lanao boast a most agreeable and healthful climate.
-</p>
-<p>The climate is thus mildly tropical. Sunstrokes are unknown. The recorded death rate
-per 1,000 whites in Manila for 1917 was 8.8, as compared with 16.5 for New York, 15
-for San Francisco, 14 for Chicago, 18 for Glasgow, and 22 for Belfast.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table" id="ch5.9">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">DIFFERENCES IN TIME</h4>
-<table class="ch5.9">
-<tr>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellLeft cellRight cellTop">Manila is in advance of:</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> London </td>
-<td class="cellRight"> 8 hours and 3 minutes.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> New York </td>
-<td class="cellRight">12 hours and 59 minutes.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> San Francisco </td>
-<td class="cellRight">16 hours and 11 minutes.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3657"> Washington </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom">13 hours.</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb42" href="#pb42">42</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<div class="table" id="ch5.10">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">COMPARATIVE AREAS</h4>
-<table class="ch5.9">
-<thead>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Sq. Miles
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Philippines </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">114,400</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">British Isles </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">121,438</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">104,970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Japan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">147,698</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hungary </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">125,641</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Italy </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">110,660</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Norway </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">124,675</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch5.11">RAINFALL
-</p>
-<p>Maximum days of rain in July, August, September.
-</p>
-<p>Minimum days of rain in February and March.
-</p>
-<p>Dry Season: November to May, inclusive.
-</p>
-<p>Wet Season: June to October, inclusive.
-</p>
-<p>Typhoons: Frequent in July, August, September, and October.
-</p>
-<p>The lowest average rainfall for the last twelve years for the whole Archipelago was
-60.73 inches in the driest region, the highest, 125.68, in the wettest. Manila&#x2019;s average
-was 75.46.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb43" href="#pb43">43</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch6" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e522">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">VI. The City of Manila</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch6.1" class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Entrance to Manila Bay</span>
-You enter Manila Bay thru a narrow passage in the middle of which is the famous Island
-of Corregidor, the &#x201c;Rock,&#x201d; the &#x201c;Gibraltar of the Far East,&#x201d; the &#x201c;Home of the Big Guns,&#x201d;
-that guards the harbor. It is also a hydroplane station of the United States. The
-island is a stalwart sentinel, as it were, at the harbor&#x2019;s mouth. Nearby are two other
-&#x201c;watch dogs&#x201d; of Uncle Sam, known as &#x201c;El Fraile&#x201d; and &#x201c;El Carabao,&#x201d; two other well fortified
-islands holding many a surprise for any invading fleet.
-</p>
-<p>Down the bay your steamer glides amid the shipping of many nations and the launches
-of the customs and quarantine soon appear to &#x201c;look the stranger over.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.2"><b>MANILA.</b>&#x2014;After the quarantine and customs inspection you get off your steamer and you are
-in Manila, the capital of the Philippine Archipelago. Your first impressions are of
-the tourist sort. Your interest is immediately arrested by the dress and habits of
-the Filipinos, of the Chinese, and of the various residents from every quarter of
-the globe. The water buffalo or the carabao, the one horse carriage, or the carromata,
-and the slippers, or &#x201c;chinelas,&#x201d; worn in the streets by the poor will startle you
-to the realization that you are in a world other than your own. The every-day clothes
-worn by the people give you an ensemble of all the colors imaginable, more so when
-there is a procession, parade or similar festivities&#x2014;royal purple, plum, heliotrope,
-magenta, psolferino, scarlet, geranium, salmon, pinks, greens, vivid and tender, all
-the blues, yellow, orange, champaca, in short every hue, shade, and tint that art
-has borrowed from nature or has invented.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb44" href="#pb44">44</a>]</span></p>
-<p>You stroll around the City and one of the first things you notice is the various means
-of transportation. There is the automobile, from the popular Ford Lizzie to the Packard
-Limousine; there is the one-horse carriage, in shape and looks unique in the world;
-and there is the street car propelled by the familiar electricity.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p044width" id="p044"><img src="images/p044.jpg" alt="Aglipayan Church, Azcarraga Street, Manila" width="720" height="467"><p class="figureHead">Aglipayan Church, Azcarraga Street, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.3"><b>The Walled City.</b>&#x2014;Near the pier you see a cluster of buildings enclosed by solid stone walls about
-twenty feet high. This is the famous Walled City or Intramuros, a remnant of Spanish
-days. It is something less than a mile long and half a mile wide. The walls used to
-be fortresses with which the Spaniards used to repel the many attacks and invasions.
-To go into this Walled City is to remind you of Madrid, Spain, with all its narrow
-streets and typical Spanish buildings. The walls had been begun prior to the end of
-the sixteenth century; before the next was far advanced, the place boasted of a cathedral,
-hospitals, and a university; walled Manila had grown into quite a city.
-</p>
-<p>The Walled City is the original Manila, of which every other part of the modern city
-is, historically speaking, a suburb. Its battlemented wall is a little over 2� miles
-in circuit, and is still for the most part in an excellent state of preservation.
-The age of the walls is hard to state; its oldest existing portions were undoubtedly
-built before the end of the sixteenth century, but it has been continuously patched
-and added to, almost up to the present generation. Parts of it are from twenty to
-thirty feet in height and thickness. Considering everything, it makes this district
-one of the best examples of a medi�val walled town in existence.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Fort Santiago</span>
-While in this Walled City, do not fail to visit <i>Fort Santiago</i>, the oldest part of Spanish Manila, long the citadel of the city, and now the headquarters
-of the United States Army in the Philippines. It probably stands very nearly on the
-site of the native fort which the Spanish reconnoitering expedition carried by assault
-in 1570. It has undergone comparatively little external change in three centuries.
-There are plenty of traditions connected with the old place&#x2014;stories of cells below
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb45" href="#pb45">45</a>]</span>the river level for the &#x201c;unintentional&#x201d; execution of inconvenient persons, and of
-chambers found filled with dislocated skeletons. Though none of these places are now
-identifiable, it is a historical fact that one cell, either in the fort or in the
-wall to the east of it (since removed), was the scene, as late as the night of the
-31st of August, 1896, of a tragedy much resembling that of the Black Hole of Calcutta.
-Fifty-six out of sixty Filipinos who had been crowded into it, on being arrested on
-suspicion of complicity in the insurrection then raging, were the victims of the poisoned
-atmosphere or of the <span class="corr" id="xd29e3764" title="Source: desparate">desperate</span> struggle that took place within.
-</p>
-<p>Pursuing your travels around Manila you see an admixture of the quaintly native, of
-the medi�val, and of the strictly modern. In architecture, you see splendid examples
-of Grecian, Moorish, Spanish, Renaissance, Gothic, and Byzantine. Likewise you see
-many native nipa houses, small yet cool and cozy, and exceedingly appropriate for
-the needs of the climate.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p045width" id="p045"><img src="images/p045.jpg" alt="The new Trade School, Manila" width="720" height="459"><p class="figureHead">The new Trade School, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Three Manilas</span>
-For in reality there are three Manilas, which are still noticeable. First, there is
-the Manila of the original Malay, which, with its nipa shacks, its carabaos, and its
-quaint fishing boats, exists much as it did in the days of Raja Lacandola. Secondly,
-there is the Manila of the sixteenth and seventeenth century Spaniard&#x2014;adventurer,
-merchant, and crusader in equal parts&#x2014;who, in the churches and convents, the walls
-and gates, and the half-Moorish domestic architecture, has left ineffaceable memorials
-of the fact that this, the oldest of the European settlements in the East, was in
-its day among the chief glories of the &#x201c;once imperial race.&#x201d; Finally, there is the
-Americanized Manila of to-day, the town of electricity, motor cars, macadamized roads
-and sewers and steel bridges, well on its way to become one of the beautiful cities
-of the world.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Costumes</span>
-The costumes of the women are admittedly unique and attractive. Old Spain gave the
-peasant&#x2019;s neckerchief that has evolved into the <i>pa�uelo</i>; the court train of her <i>damas</i> <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb46" href="#pb46">46</a>]</span>gave the <i>saya</i>; her priests gave the <i>tapis</i>; the ground plan is Malayan, the sleeves swelled to suit the climate. This, which
-has changed but little in over three centuries, is the predominating model; but America,
-Paris, half Asia, and the South Pacific contribute also to the <i>revue des modes</i>: georgette cr�pe and coconut fiber rain cape and skirt, white duck and <i>rengue</i>, all in the same rain shower on the same block.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.7"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Shops</span>
-Modern shops with plate-glass fronts, office buildings with their elevators, elbow
-in between the open-fronted <i>Chino</i> shops of the Rosario. And the <i>carabao</i> snails by, and the &#x201c;little gray hawk&#x201d; that &#x201c;hangs aloft in the air,&#x201d; happens to be
-an a�roplane.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.8"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Pasig</span>
-Down by the entrance to the Pasig River modern steamers are warped to the river wall,
-and farther up dumpy river launches shuffle about their work of conveying to the big
-household of Manila chickens, pigs, fruits, and vegetables; a string of bamboo-roofed
-cascoes lie in wait by the market; sturdy bargemen with thirty-foot bamboo poles shove
-the unwieldy <i>lorchas</i> about, and the tiny <i>bancas</i> now toddle bravely along, now reel and wobble from the cuffs of their elders. The
-river is navigable for miles, and a trip upstream reveals successive combinations
-of meadows, high banks fringed with feathery bamboo, and here and there a village
-with its nipa houses and its gray stone church embowered in groves of coconuts and
-mangoes.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p046width" id="p046"><img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="The Cathedral, Walled City, Manila" width="720" height="407"><p class="figureHead">The Cathedral, Walled City, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9">OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Churches</span>
-You will find them at every turn. To see her churches alone, in detail&#x2014;St. Augustine&#x2019;s,
-built in 1599, with its ceiling of solid stone nearly four feet thick, and the illustrious
-dead beneath its hardwood floor; St. Sebastian&#x2019;s of solid steel made in Belgium and
-brought out in sections and assembled; St. Ignatius&#x2019; and others with exquisitely carved
-woodwork, the work of Filipinos; their altars, statues and paintings&#x2014;to appreciate
-their architecture and the engineering skill <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb47" href="#pb47">47</a>]</span>that erected them would require not days or weeks, but months.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Cathedral</span>
-Special mention should be made of the Cathedral, the historic edifice which has witnessed
-so many rare and brilliant ceremonies. It is a most ornate and yet harmonious structure.
-The massive dome can be seen from far out at sea. The nave of the cathedral is of
-most majestic proportions and its pillars and clusters, with their gilded capitals,
-are handsome. The cupola rises to an immense height and has an inside balcony. Its
-four corners are frescoed, and the subjects are the &#x201c;Four Evangelists.&#x201d; A beautiful
-sky, with angel heads, upon which stands the statue of the Immaculate Concepcion,
-is just above the high altar and around it, in sort of a frieze, are the heads of
-the apostles, while in the transepts, are the heads of the prophets, kings, and patriarchs.
-The architecture of the cathedral is of Roman Byzantine Style.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Ayuntamiento</span>
-On the right hand side of the cathedral, the traveler sees the Ayuntamiento, a two-story
-building, the original seat of the Spanish government, now the headquarters of the
-House of Representatives and of the six departments of the Philippine government.
-The cornerstone of this building was laid in 1735. On the main landing of its imposing
-staircase is a statue, a replica of that in the &#x201c;Biblioteca Nacional&#x201d; at Madrid, of
-Juan Sebastian Elcano, the navigator who, after the death of Magellan, brought to
-a safe conclusion the first voyage around the world. The doors in either side of the
-statue lead to the Marble Hall, named from its marble floor, where the house of representatives
-sits and where official receptions and state entertainments are often held.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p047width" id="p047"><img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="Philippine University Cadets in formation in front of the Ayuntamiento, the central government building" width="670" height="490"><p class="figureHead">Philippine University Cadets in formation in front of the Ayuntamiento, the central
-government building</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">University of Santo Tomas</span>
-In the rear of the Ayuntamiento, and occupying the other half of the same block, stands
-the building of the University of Santo Tomas, founded in 1619, the oldest educational
-institution of collegiate rank under American sovereignty. It is under the direction
-of the Dominican Order and has departments for the education of students in all the
-principal professions. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb48" href="#pb48">48</a>]</span>It keeps a valuable and extensive collection of zo�logical, ethnological, and other
-scientific specimens which is open to male visitors only (the university being by
-origin a monastic institution) on Sunday mornings from 9 to 11. In the little plaza
-on which the building fronts is a statue of Miguel Benavides, the second Archbishop
-of Manila, and founder of the University.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Dominican Church</span>
-At the end of this plaza stands the great Gothic Dominican Church, one of the very
-few examples of that style in the city. It has very fine doors and a beautifully decorated
-altar and pulpit. Connected with it, as with all the old churches of the friar orders,
-is an enormous convent, very plain outside, but containing much of interest within&#x2014;ancient
-libraries and some very quaint courtyards, cloisters, refection halls, and a series
-of religious pictures.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p048-1width" id="p048-1"><img src="images/p048-1.jpg" alt="Bureau of Printing Building" width="720" height="375"><p class="figureHead">Bureau of Printing Building</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Just back of this church is the gap in the wall, thru which the car line from the
-commercial center of the city enters. Hard by is the Intendencia Building, in which
-is located the Insular Treasury and the offices and session hall of the Philippine
-Senate. Behind this, on the river front, is a modest monument to Magellan, the one
-memorial of the great discoverer in the capital of the land he brought in contact
-with Latin civilization.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Avenues</span>
-The Walled City, except for a short space where the battlements of Fort Santiago are
-washed by the river, is completely surrounded by fine avenues, all bordered on the
-inside by the stretch of green which has replaced the former moat. The Magallanes
-Drive runs for a short distance between the walls and the Pasig river to the northeast.
-To the west is the Bonifacio Drive, with an avenue of palms. This is now bounded on
-its farther side by the new Port District, but in old days was the seaside promenade
-of Manila. The circuit of the wall is completed by the Bagumbayan Drive (now Burgos
-Drive), which sweeps in a beautiful acacia-bordered quadrant around the east, southeast,
-and south.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p048-2width" id="p048-2"><img src="images/p048-2.jpg" alt="A section of Manila&#x2019;s commercial district" width="608" height="486"><p class="figureHead">A section of Manila&#x2019;s commercial district</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb49" href="#pb49">49</a>]</span></p>
-<p>This avenue will, in a few years, be completely lined with Government buildings and
-grounds. It begins at the river, near the end of the Jones Bridge. Continuing down
-it toward the bay the traveler passes first the Mehan Gardens, really a public park,
-of moderate size, finely kept. It was the result of the work of a Spanish botanist
-and forester, Sebastian Vidal y Soler, of whom a statue stands in its midst. The garden
-was completely neglected and used as a camping ground during the insurrection, but
-was restored by the present Government. Beyond the garden in succession, are the buildings
-of the Bureau of Printing and the present temporary City Hall. The street branching
-off to the left between these is Calle Concepcion, on the right hand side of which,
-immediately back of the City Hall, are the buildings of the Young Men&#x2019;s Christian
-Association.
-</p>
-<p>Turning to the left from the riverside of the Botanical Garden and crossing the Pasig
-River on the Santa Cruz Bridge, then turning to the right, the traveler comes across
-another important and imposing avenue, called the <i>Rizal Avenue</i>. This avenue begins from the heart of the commercial district of the city, and leads
-to the northern suburb of Manila, which is destined to be one of the best residential
-sections.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p049width" id="p049"><img src="images/p049.jpg" alt="The Luneta Hotel, Manila" width="520" height="557"><p class="figureHead">The Luneta Hotel, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The principal attractions on this avenue, are the <i>Grand Opera House</i> where periodical performances are held by foreign opera companies, the <i>Stadium</i> where prize fighting is held between Filipino boxers as well as between Filipino
-and foreign boxers, the <i>Central Methodist Church</i>, and the <i>San Lazaro Hospital</i>.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Bilibid Prison</span>
-This avenue is intersected by an equally broad thoroughfare formed by Azcarraga Street,
-on which are numerous small shops, several theaters of various grades, and several
-residential homes. On the sea-side of this thoroughfare is situated the <i>Cathedral of the Independent Filipino Church</i>, an institution headed by Archbishop Aglipay, and having about 3,000,000 members.
-Other places of interest are the <i>Zorrilla <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb50" href="#pb50">50</a>]</span>Theater</i>, the <i lang="es">Centro Escolar de Se�oritas</i>, a private school for girls, being the biggest institution of the kind in Manila,
-and <i>Bilibid Prison</i>, the great central penitentiary of the Philippines and one of the largest and best-managed
-institutions of the kind in the world.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p050-1width" id="p050-1"><img src="images/p050-1.jpg" alt="Central Railroad Station, Manila Railroad Company" width="720" height="309"><p class="figureHead">Central Railroad Station, Manila Railroad Company</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The average number of inmates of Bilibid <span class="corr" id="xd29e3903" title="Source: Prsion">Prison</span> is between 2,500 and 3,000. The main part of the prison, which altogether covers
-twenty acres, consists of well-ventilated wards radiating from a central tower; cells
-are little used. There is a fine hospital, a school, and a highly developed system
-of industries. Visitors are admitted everyday for the ceremony of retreat, which occurs
-at about 4:30 in the afternoon. The salesroom, where the products of the prison shops
-may be seen and purchased, are open to the public during the regular office hours.
-Perhaps the best work is to be found in the furniture of native hardwood; but the
-wicker furniture, the desk sets, and other small articles of hardwood, the silverware,
-and the local curios are well worth inspection.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Taft Avenue</span>
-Another wide and picturesque avenue branches off from Burgos Drive, a short distance
-from the City Hall. This is called the <i>Taft Avenue</i>, after the first civil governor of the Philippines, Honorable William H. Taft, now
-Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Along this avenue are several modern
-concrete buildings, the most important of which are the Philippine Normal School,
-the Normal Hall, a dormitory for ladies, the Santa Rita&#x2019;s Hall, the Central School
-for American and European children, the Nurses&#x2019; Home, and the Philippine General Hospital.
-</p>
-<p>Turning to the right, on Padre Faura Street, the traveler comes across a number of
-the buildings of the Philippine University, all of which are of reinforced concrete
-and modern in every respect. The large vacant space behind these buildings is the
-University Campus where athletic exercises and military drills are held almost every
-afternoon.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p051-1width" id="p051-1"><img src="images/p051-1.jpg" alt="The Paco Railroad Depot, Manila" width="720" height="308"><p class="figureHead">The Paco Railroad Depot, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.7"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Central Observatory</span>
-Further on to the left on this same street, is the <i>Central Observatory</i> of the Philippine Weather Bureau. This intensely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb51" href="#pb51">51</a>]</span>interesting institution is open to the public on Tuesdays from half past 2 to half
-past 4 in the afternoon and on Saturdays from half past 8 to half past 11 in the morning.
-It is one of the oldest and best of its kind in the East, having been founded in 1865
-by the Jesuits and operated continuously since then, even in 1898, while hostile armies
-were contending for the possession of the city. The founder and director for many
-years was Fr. Frederic Faura, after whom the street on which the building stands is
-named. The present head is Fr. Jose Algu�, who has made for himself a world-wide reputation
-as a meteorologist. It is still directed by specially trained Jesuit priests and supported
-financially by an arrangement with the Philippine Government. Its great renown has
-been gained through its work in the field of earthquakes and typhoons.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p050-2width" id="p050-2"><img src="images/p050-2.jpg" alt="A Modern Thoroughfare, Taft Avenue, Manila" width="720" height="379"><p class="figureHead">A Modern Thoroughfare, Taft Avenue, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.8"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Luneta</span>
-At the extreme end of Burgos Drive, the traveler comes out on the broad expanse of
-a park, of partly natural and partly made land, on the inland side of which is the
-most famous recreation place of Manila&#x2014;the Luneta. This is an oval stretch of lawn
-where, nearly every evening, the music of the fine band of the Philippine Constabulary
-or that of some military organization combines with the sea breeze and the gorgeous
-sunsets behind the top of Mount Mariveles to bring together a crowd so varied and
-brilliant as to make this gathering one of the most distinctively picturesque sights
-of the city. Hundreds of carriages and motor cars draw up along the curb or make the
-circuit of the driveway, while thousands of pedestrians throng the walks and lawns.
-It is a gay and cosmopolitan gathering&#x2014;Government officials, wealthy Chinese merchants,
-Spaniards, officers of the Army and Navy, American women in the light and dainty gowns
-of the Tropics, and Filipino women of every class in the picturesque national dress
-of gorgeous semi-transparent native cloth, that has caused one observer to describe
-them as &#x201c;jet-crowned butterflies.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p051-2width" id="p051-2"><img src="images/p051-2.jpg" alt="The Jones Bridge, named after the author of the Jones Law giving the Filipinos practical autonomy in local affairs. A section of the historic Bridge of Spain, built by the Spaniards, is seen nearby" width="680" height="488"><p class="figureHead">The Jones Bridge, named after the author of the Jones Law giving the Filipinos practical
-autonomy in local affairs. A section of the historic Bridge of Spain, built by the
-Spaniards, is seen nearby</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb52" href="#pb52">52</a>]</span></p>
-<p>On the green of the Luneta facing Manila Bay is the monument to the national hero
-of the Philippines&#x2014;the physician, novelist, and patriot&#x2014;Dr. Jose Rizal. It was designed
-by the Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling, whose work was selected out of many in a contest
-for a substantial prize. The monument consists of<span class="corr" id="xd29e3940" title="Not in source"> a</span> granite obelisk, about fifty feet high, serving as a background for a bronze statue
-of heroic size.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.9"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Manila Hotel</span>
-To the north of the Luneta is the well-known Manila Hotel, reputed to be the finest
-in the Orient. Immediately opposite the hotel site, on the green at the corner of
-the former moat, is the monument to Miguel Lopez de Legaspi and Andres Urdaneta, the
-civil and ecclesiastical founders of Manila. This, as a work of art, is far superior
-to anything else of the sort now actually standing in the city. The pedestal supports
-idealized figures of the mailed warrior and the priest, holding aloft the banner of
-Castile and the Cross. These were cast in Spain and sent out prior to the change of
-sovereignty, but was never put up. They were found by the American conquerors in a
-warehouse, and it is to them that the monument owes its erection in its present excellent
-location. On the side of the green opposite the hotel and the Legaspi monument are
-the new buildings of the Elks and the Army and Navy Clubs.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p052-1width" id="p052-1"><img src="images/p052-1.jpg" alt="The principal buildings of the Philippine University" width="720" height="409"><p class="figureHead">The principal buildings of the Philippine University</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.10"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Museum</span>
-To the north of the Manila Hotel is the Philippine Museum, housed in a modern building.
-Those interested in the fauna and flora of this part of the globe, and in archeological
-collections will find in this museum an hour well spent.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.11"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Carnival Grounds</span>
-To the East of the present Luneta, immediately across the road, is the large tract
-of land known as Wallace (formerly Bagumbayan) Field. It is the site of athletic grounds
-and of the annual Carnival. It boasts a gruesome past and a distinguished future.
-Under the old r�gime it was a public execution ground for political prisoners, and
-here on the 30th of December, 1896, in the shadow of the old Luneta outwork, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb53" href="#pb53">53</a>]</span>since removed, Dr. Jose Rizal met his death before the Spanish firing squad. In a
-few years more, under the name of &#x201c;Government Center,&#x201d; it will be the site of the
-new Capitol, and of other Government buildings.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p053-1width" id="p053-1"><img src="images/p053-1.jpg" alt="The Normal Hall&#x2014;A dormitory for girls, Manila" width="720" height="407"><p class="figureHead">The Normal Hall&#x2014;A dormitory for girls, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>For the present this tract is the scene, for a week or more every February, of the
-great Philippine Carnival, which has become one of the established institutions in
-the Islands and one of the greatest attractions of Manila. While it lasts most of
-the town puts on festal garb and takes a series of half holidays, and dominoes become
-familiar sights on the public streets. Within the grounds are the usual amusement
-features&#x2014;the merry-go-round, the whip, shooting galleries, a hippodrome with spectacular
-performances, and extensive and interesting exhibits of the products of the Islands,
-sent by the provincial governments, the schools, and private concerns. Elaborate parades&#x2014;military,
-industrial, and carnival&#x2014;and great balls in an immense auditorium, both exclusive
-and popular, complete the program. The industrial and commercial exhibits are under
-the supervision of the Government.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p052-2width" id="p052-2"><img src="images/p052-2.jpg" alt="The Polo Grounds" width="720" height="295"><p class="figureHead">The Polo Grounds</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.12"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Dewey Boulevard</span>
-Capping the ensemble of all these attractions around the Luneta is a beautiful boulevard,
-comparable with the best anywhere, which leads from where the buildings of the Elks
-and the Army and Navy Clubs are situated and extends until the city limits, near Pasay,
-a suburb on the Manila South Road. This boulevard is a favorite driveway in the evening.
-The chain of lights that illuminate its entire length makes it attractive beyond comparison.
-To the right will be heard the splash of the waters of Manila Bay dashing against
-the rocks that fringe the Boulevard. To the left are some of the most imposing residences
-of the City. The steamers anchored in the bay present a lovely sight, especially in
-the stillness of the night. It is from this boulevard that the Philippine sunset,
-so entrancingly beautiful, can be seen without obstruction, while in the distance,
-to the left, is the City of Cavite, to which the Boulevard will in time lead, and
-hence has been originally named &#x201c;Cavite Boulevard.&#x201d; It was only recently that its
-name was changed to &#x201c;Dewey Boulevard&#x201d; in memory <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb54" href="#pb54">54</a>]</span>of Admiral Dewey who, a short distance out into the bay, by defeating the Spanish
-Squadron, sealed the fate of colonial Spain in this part of the globe.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p053-2width" id="p053-2"><img src="images/p053-2.jpg" alt="Philippine Carnival Auditorium, 1922, where sumptuous balls are held every evening during the Carnival week" width="720" height="378"><p class="figureHead">Philippine Carnival Auditorium, 1922, where sumptuous balls are held every evening
-during the Carnival week</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.13"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Clubs and Societies</span>
-All of the great fraternal orders have their branches in Manila&#x2014;The Masonic Order,
-The Knights of Columbus, The I.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;O. F., The Elks, and The Knights Templars. Religious,
-charitable, social, musical, literary, athletic, and other associations, also abound.
-There is a National Federation of Women&#x2019;s Clubs, having about 400 branches in all
-parts of the Archipelago and also a Catholic Federation of Women. All the foreigners
-also have their respective clubs and societies.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.14"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Cemeteries</span>
-The Cementerio del Norte is the municipal cemetery. It is the only modern garden cemetery
-in Manila. It covers a very large area (133 acres), only a small part of which has
-been developed. There are sections for Americans, Filipinos, and Chinese, each showing
-the distinctive emblems with which the several races mark the resting places of their
-dead. There are beautiful monuments and well-kept lawns.
-</p>
-<p>Adjoining the municipal cemetery is the Catholic cemetery and the chapel of La Loma.
-The Chinese also have an exclusive cemetery nearby. All the ground in this vicinity
-is historical, for much of the fighting of the early days of the insurrection centered
-about the district; there was a block-house which formerly stood back of the La Loma
-Chapel. Paco cemetery on San Marcelino is closed now, but once a year, on All Saints
-Day, it is opened and in the evening, brilliantly illuminated.
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.9.15"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Monuments</span>
-Among the most notable monuments are the Rizal monument in the Luneta; the Legaspi
-and Urdaneta monument near the Manila Hotel; the Anda monument at the foot of the
-Malecon Drive; the Magallanes monument near the Treasury building; the Statue of Elcano
-in the Ayuntamiento; the Statue of Benavides at Plaza of Sto. Tomas; and that of Charles
-IV at Plaza McKinley, and Queen Isabela II in <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb55" href="#pb55">55</a>]</span>Malate. The finest of the recent ones, are the monument of Balintawak, a short distance
-out, to commemorate the first cry of the revolution, and the monument to the Katipunan
-and the Liga Filipina at Raxa Matanda, Tondo.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p055width" id="p055"><img src="images/p055.jpg" alt="The Legaspi and Urdaneta Monument facing the Luneta, Manila" width="513" height="720"><p class="figureHead">The Legaspi and Urdaneta Monument facing the Luneta, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.10"><b>LIFE IN MANILA.</b>&#x2014;In Manila is felt the pulse of the world&#x2019;s activity&#x2014;the currents of political, commercial,
-and intellectual thought of the world&#x2014;more keenly than in New York or London. The
-reason is simple. Each man here is an individual machine; in the larger cities he
-is a cog. The elements of absolute economic dependence being absent, the inhabitants
-are forced into contact with many nations, together with all the social and economic
-relations which that contact entails. In the press Manila is not overwhelmed with
-a mass of unimportant news. The immensity of non-essential topics of no general interest
-is spared the residents. Only the essential and all the essential reaches them. Their
-horizon is not bounded by 42nd Street nor by neighbor Peet&#x2019;s farm. One of the many
-reasons for the happier life in Manila than in other cities of the world, so far at
-least as foreigners are concerned, is the natural selection of the fit and strong,
-which is invariably taking place. There are no crippled and weak, no poor nor invalid
-people in Manila to pester you. They do not come&#x2014;they seldom dare. Only those looking
-for adventure, those fitted to care for themselves, those determined to survive that
-come to make this part of the world his temporary or permanent abode.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p054width" id="p054"><img src="images/p054.jpg" alt="The Rizal Monument, at the Luneta, Manila" width="521" height="592"><p class="figureHead">The Rizal Monument, at the Luneta, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.10.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">No Vexing Conventionalities</span>
-The conventionalities and prescribed forms of daily living are absent. There is no
-Madam Gruncy to hector, there are no rules of the elite class or the would-be Four
-Hundred. You come and go unquestioned. You have absolute sovereignty over your own
-affairs. There are no neighbors to tell the foreigner what to think or how to vote.
-Neither a Democrat nor a Republican is disgraced for being so. A society of men and
-women from all corners of the globe accord respect to your judgment. Not living in
-San Francisco you are not disturbed by its claims of superiority to Seattle or New
-York.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb56" href="#pb56">56</a>]</span></p>
-<p>There is less attention paid to inconsequential details and boresome routine than
-in the complex centers of the Old and the New World. It is of less importance to know
-what Lady Jane wore at the ball than to know how she will run her embroidery establishment.
-More thought is given to one&#x2019;s failure and success and struggles with new conditions
-than of a man&#x2019;s politics. The interrelationship of races, the development of a virgin
-country, the wide latitude for one&#x2019;s activities accustom you to thinking in the large.
-Men talk little in the Tropics, but what they say has meaning.
-</p>
-<p>There is less violence in the Philippines than in any other land. The people are gentle
-and courteous. In provincial towns, in lonely districts, an American or European woman
-can remain alone for days without fear of molestation. One can take long trips through
-the wildest mountain in perfect safety. Firearms for self defense need not even be
-thought of.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p056-1width" id="p056-1"><img src="images/p056-1.jpg" alt="The Carnival grounds, Manila" width="720" height="265"><p class="figureHead">The Carnival grounds, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch6.10.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Competition Less Severe</span>
-Competition in Manila is not as severe as in other cities. Success is attained with
-greater ease. The routine of life is pleasant, and days pass quickly. In occidental
-cities one generally rushes through breakfast and rushes to his office. Also he rushes
-all the morning until 12 o&#x2019;clock. Not so in the Philippines. He dictates in a few
-minutes his day&#x2019;s correspondence which will probably leave port a week later, depending
-on the schedule of boats. Then he has new schemes to think over and conferences to
-hold with confr�res. After this there is usually considerable time for ice cream and
-further conferences outside. He probably visits his bank and the cable office, and
-does some more thinking. If he is a salesman, he has to talk with prospective customers.
-At all events he is a very busy man, with a dozen plans for expansion working in his
-brain; but there is time, aeons of time. There is so much to be done and so little
-danger that the field will be overworked before he gets to it that he fears nothing.
-At 12 o&#x2019;clock or thereabouts he goes back to his room for lunch. Afterwards he sleeps
-for two hours and drops back to his office. At 4 o&#x2019;clock he goes out for tea, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb57" href="#pb57">57</a>]</span>and at 5 o&#x2019;clock, if the day has been a hard one, he knocks off for golf or tennis
-or a swim, or goes back to his siesta chair for rest. After supper at 8 o&#x2019;clock, if
-he is socially inclined, he organizes a party for a cabaret and spends a pleasant
-evening. Otherwise he plays cards or billiards at his club. The next day repeats,
-and so on. He is never hurried, never tired, never worried.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p057-1width" id="p057-1"><img src="images/p057-1.jpg" alt="The Luneta, during a Carnival parade" width="720" height="266"><p class="figureHead">The Luneta, during a Carnival parade</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb58" href="#pb58">58</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch7" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e729">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">VII. The Environs of Manila</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">On the outskirts of the City of Manila, lies one of the most beautiful scenic routes
-in the tropics&#x2014;the expanse of country extending from the city itself to what is known
-as the Montalban Water Works, in Rizal Province, from which the city derives its water
-supply. At the head of a picturesque gorge, the Mariquina River is impounded by a
-dam, and the water is brought to the City of Manila, 39 kilometers distant, through
-aqueducts of cast iron.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p056-2width" id="p056-2"><img src="images/p056-2.jpg" alt="A view of Pier 5, Manila" width="720" height="297"><p class="figureHead">A view of Pier 5, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The ride to the gorge through the heart of the Mariquina valley, one of the most fertile
-regions of the Island of Luzon, is a veritable scenic fairyland. Lowland, mountain,
-hill, stream, field, bridge, road, village, and town combine to form a landscape that
-invariably fascinates the visitor. The scene is restful and pleasing to the eye at
-almost every vista that presents itself.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p058-2width" id="p058-2"><img src="images/p058-2.jpg" alt="Exterior view of Malaca�ang Palace, Manila" width="720" height="397"><p class="figureHead">Exterior view of Malaca�ang Palace, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p059-2width" id="p059-2"><img src="images/p059-2.jpg" alt="The Executive Offices, Malaca�ang Palace, Manila" width="720" height="379"><p class="figureHead">The Executive Offices, Malaca�ang Palace, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Crossing the Ayala Bridge and passing through General Solano Street, the visitor proceeds
-on his way to the famous valley. On both sides of General Solano stand old Spanish
-residences practically as they were in the days of the Spaniards. This was then the
-fashionable residential section of the city and its glories as such have not as yet
-entirely departed.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p057-2width" id="p057-2"><img src="images/p057-2.jpg" alt="A public market, Manila" width="720" height="357"><p class="figureHead">A public market, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Malaca�ang Palace</span>
-Soon, the Governor-General&#x2019;s palatial home known as the &#x201c;Malaca�ang Palace,&#x201d; is reached
-on the right, immediately after the only brewery in the City of Manila. The palace
-is beyond doubt the finest residence in the islands. The gardens are particularly
-well-kept, Governor-General Harrison having improved the residence and the grounds
-making it a sumptuous and fitting place for the first executive of the land.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p058-1width" id="p058-1"><img src="images/p058-1.jpg" alt="The Aquarium, Manila, exterior view" width="720" height="479"><p class="figureHead">The Aquarium, Manila, exterior view</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb59" href="#pb59">59</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Immediately next to the Governor&#x2019;s palace is the executive building housing the offices
-of the Governor-General&#x2019;s staff and cabinet. It is an elaborate structure decorated
-with hardwood carvings.
-</p>
-<p>After a detour to drive thru the grounds of the palace, the visitor proceeds on his
-way towards Santa Mesa. The next place of interest is known as the &#x201c;Rotonda&#x201d;&#x2014;a circular
-Plaza at which two important thoroughfares and some of lesser importance intersect.
-In the center of the Rotonda stands the <i>Carriedo Fountain</i> built in memory of Francisco Carriedo, the Spanish engineer who installed the first
-gravity water system in Manila sometime in the 19th century.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p059-1width" id="p059-1"><img src="images/p059-1.jpg" alt="A typical country scene" width="720" height="465"><p class="figureHead">A typical country scene</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Santa Mesa</span>
-Soon the visitor arrives at another residential section known as Santa Mesa. This
-section is on top of a hilly district overlooking the city. Fine bungalows and villas
-surrounded by beautiful lawns adjoin one another. Americans, Europeans, and Filipinos
-live here side by side. Mingled with the sumptuous abodes found in this section are
-several patches of nipa huts, furnishing a startling contrast&#x2014;the almost primitive
-native residence common throughout the archipelago, especially in the barrios, as
-compared with the architecturally highly developed occidental type of residence. In
-the midst of this ensemble of residences are rice fields cultivated in typical native
-fashion with terraces, ditches, carabaos, etc.
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">San Juan Bridge and Heights</span>
-The visitor now comes across a country that is more open, and cultivated patches of
-land become a more frequent sight. In a few minutes, he reaches the famous &#x201c;San Juan
-Bridge,&#x201d; a historical landmark. It was here, on February 4th, 1899, that the first
-shot of the Filipino-American war was fired. Two days later, the treaty of Paris ceding
-the Philippines to the United States was ratified, and the Filipinos continued to
-revolt.
-</p>
-<p>After crossing the bridge, the visitor reaches San Juan Heights, a suburban development
-project in the municipality of San Juan del Monte. Less than two years ago, an <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb60" href="#pb60">60</a>]</span>enterprising American formed a company and divided this property up into lots and
-started selling the parcels on the instalment plan. The project was a success and
-now a good sized community has settled on this district. Other parcels of land in
-the vicinity have been similarly divided into lots, and Manila suburban property is
-now rapidly undergoing development in the familiar American manner. Among these other
-parcels are the <i>San Juan Heights Addition</i>, the <i>Rosario Heights</i>, and the <i>Magdalena Estate</i>, the latter being an immense tract of land extending for several miles into the country.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p060-1width" id="p060-1"><img src="images/p060-1.jpg" alt="The Mariquina Valley" width="515" height="341"><p class="figureHead">The Mariquina Valley</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Reservoir</span>
-Nearby is located the distributing reservoir of the Manila Water Supply system, called
-&#x201c;El Dep�sito.&#x201d; It was constructed in Spanish days, but has now grown to be entirely
-too small for the ever-growing needs of the city.
-</p>
-<p>Along the side of the reservoir is the &#x201c;Boys&#x2019; Reformatory School,&#x201d; where wayward and
-recalcitrant youngsters are won back to good behaviour and useful life at the expense
-of the city and the Insular government.
-</p>
-<p>Turning back to the main roadway, the visitor sees the palatial residence of the Ex-Mayor
-of Manila, now Senator Hon. Ramon Fernandez.
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Mariquina Valley</span>
-From this point on, there is an entirely rural scenery, an immense plain bounded by
-mountains in the north and east. This is the Mariquina Valley. Somewhere on this valley
-just outside the municipality of San Mateo, was the spot where General Lawton was
-shot by the Filipino insurgents. This whole region was intensely fought over by the
-contending forces, the Filipino insurgents retreating to the mountains to the north
-and east.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p060-2width" id="p060-2"><img src="images/p060-2.jpg" alt="Salt beds, Pangasinan" width="514" height="340"><p class="figureHead">Salt beds, Pangasinan</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Town of Mariquina</span>
-Soon afterwards, the town of Mariquina is reached. It is a typical Filipino community.
-Proximity to the Philippine metropolis does not seem to have altered its appearance
-in the least. It has a rural air and atmosphere and the people evidently belong to
-the hard-plodding farmer-class.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb61" href="#pb61">61</a>]</span></p>
-<p>An excellent road makes driving a pleasure through the Mariquina Valley. The combination
-of colors and light, tropical vegetation and houses, the undulating mountain divides,
-the brilliant green of the palms and bamboo, contrasted with the intense verdure of
-the rice fields, present a vista that can be expressed adequately only by painting.
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.6"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Payatas Estate</span>
-After Mariquina comes the town of San Mateo, centrally situated in the Mariquina Valley.
-It was here that tenants of the vast Payatas Estate in the vicinity combined and bought
-the property from the Japanese owners three years ago. The enterprise was the first
-cooperative agricultural Filipino effort on a large scale and has proved to be a success.
-The purchase price was $775,000, and all of this amount but $100,000 has been paid
-up.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p061width" id="p061"><img src="images/p061.jpg" alt="Exterior view of the Lingayen Provincial Building, Pangasinan" width="720" height="305"><p class="figureHead">Exterior view of the Lingayen Provincial Building, Pangasinan</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch7.7"><span class="cut-in-left-note">At the Dam</span>
-Then the dam is reached. It is in the town of Montalban, 35 kilometers from Manila.
-The road winds in and out along the banks of the river, the banks of the river themselves
-become steeper and steeper, and soon the towering white limestone sides of the <span class="corr" id="xd29e4125" title="Source: M�riquina">Mariquina</span> gorge loom up several hundred feet, and the reservoir inclosure is reached.
-</p>
-<p>Those who desire to go as far as the dam must be sure to obtain permits from the Metropolitan
-Water District before leaving Manila, otherwise the trip will have to end at the head
-of the deep gorge at the gate of the reservoir. With such a permit the visitor is
-allowed to enter the reservoir gate and he proceeds up the shaded walk to the dam
-and reservoir.
-</p>
-<p>The walk to the reservoir is only a few minutes, up a well-kept path lined with shrubs,
-trees, and flowers with the rushing water of the river below to the left.
-</p>
-<p>The reservoir, surrounded by the green mountain sides, makes a pretty picture reminding
-the visitor of some of the descriptions of lakes in the Scottish Islands, as depicted
-by Sir Walter Scott in some of his works.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb62" href="#pb62">62</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch7.8"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Different Return Route</span>
-The return to Manila may be made by way of Pasig, the capital of the Province of Rizal,
-after leaving Mariquina where the roads branch. On this way back, Fort Wm. McKinley
-is worth visiting. It is said to be the largest army post under the American flag
-and one of the best administered. It cannot fail to impress the visitor because of
-its fine buildings, spacious parade grounds and attractive officers&#x2019; quarters.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb63" href="#pb63">63</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch8" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e799">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">VIII. Other Cities</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<div id="ch8.1" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e807">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">BAGUIO</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Baguio</span>
-Baguio, which is often called the Simla of the Philippines, is classed with even more
-famous mountain resorts by its admirers. By automobile it is about eight hours&#x2019; ride
-from Manila. By train and passenger trucks combined, it is about eleven hours.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p062width" id="p062"><img src="images/p062.jpg" alt="The Baguio Zig-zag coiling upon itself. All the trees are pine trees" width="523" height="672"><p class="figureHead">The Baguio Zig-zag coiling upon itself. All the trees are pine trees</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch8.1.1">The Benguet road is the most traveled route. It leaves the lowlands at Dagupan and
-now ascends, now crosses and recrosses the gorge of the Bued River, coiling back on
-itself in the famous <i>Zig-zag</i>, where the inspirations of Baguio&#x2019;s natural wonders begin. Cooler and cooler grows
-the air, behind drops all the lowland vegetation, to make room for sturdy trees of
-the temperate zone. Wave on wave the trees roll up the mountains that stand on each
-other&#x2019;s shoulders below, around and above the small tableland on which Baguio edges
-away from the sheer precipice at the head of the gorge.
-</p>
-<p>For some years a summer capital to which the Government transferred its work and personnel
-during the hot months, it is a chartered city, but the all-year residents are few,
-though many of the well-to-do of Manila have summer homes there. It has two hotels
-and several cottages for visitors.
-</p>
-<p>No one may know the Philippines adequately without visiting this, the temperate beauty
-spot of the Archipelago. Pure forest-scented air, cooled by lofty peaks and a city
-that is well laid out representing what is best in the Islands&#x2019; civic progress are
-the outstanding &#x201c;strands in the fabric of Baguio&#x2019;s attractions.&#x201d; Here is a fairyland
-of green&#x2014;gardens, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb64" href="#pb64">64</a>]</span>beautiful walks, and easily accessible peaks commanding exquisite vistas of valleys
-and neighboring mountain tops.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p063width" id="p063"><img src="images/p063.jpg" alt="The Amphitheater, Baguio, Benguet" width="669" height="488"><p class="figureHead">The Amphitheater, Baguio, Benguet</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch8.1.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Camp John Hay</span>
-Camp John Hay, the military hospital post, is the main show place, among its beauties
-being the open air amphitheater that General Bell built with mountaineer labor, terraced
-as their wonderful rice terraces are, and gay with flowers.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p064width" id="p064"><img src="images/p064.jpg" alt="The States? No! It&#x2019;s Baguio, Philippine Islands. The group of buildings is the Government Center, housing the government offices during the summer months" width="720" height="402"><p class="figureHead">The States? No! It&#x2019;s Baguio, Philippine Islands. The group of buildings is the Government
-Center, housing the government offices during the summer months</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Other places to see are the Mansion House, the official summer residence of the Governor-General;
-Bishop Brent&#x2019;s School for American children and the School for mountain girls; the
-Constabulary School; the rest houses of the different religious Orders; Mirador, the
-Observatory, and Mt. Santo Tomas, whence a glorious view may be had over the whole
-majestic panorama of mountains and valleys to the lowlands and to the China Sea. On
-horseback or afoot, in Baguio and its immediate environs, just enjoying the air, the
-roses, the pungent pines, the tree ferns, the fields of Benguet lilies, <span class="corr" id="xd29e4173" title="Source: everyday">every day</span> is a delight. But beyond lie more regions that beckon.
-</p>
-<p id="ch8.1.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Trinidad Valley</span>
-The strawberries and green peas at Trinidad, where are the Government stock farm and
-agricultural school, extend an occidental welcome to the visitors. On the mountain
-train to Bontoc the rest houses with their big open fire places are just like homes
-in the temperate zone. The great orerich valley of Amburayan lies on one side of the
-divide; on the other is the Lepanto basin with Cervantes in the cap of the hills.
-Sagada and Lubuagan are easy of access by side roads and trails, but to reach Tawang
-and Balbalan means difficult and proportionally interesting and exhilarating going
-through magnificent forests of cedar, from one rancheria to another. At Banaue are
-rice terraces nearly a mile in height. Generation after generation has toiled to build
-them. The mission stations with their schools where the young folks are taught modern
-trades and perfected in their own handicrafts are heart-warming evidences alike of
-Christian love and charity and self-sacrifice and grateful appreciation of the mountain
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb65" href="#pb65">65</a>]</span>peoples and their eagerness to join their brethren of the lowlands in the full light
-of civilization.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p065width" id="p065"><img src="images/p065.jpg" alt="The road to Baguio" width="648" height="486"><p class="figureHead">The road to Baguio</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Descending on horseback in a westward direction one comes to Butac, and a telephone
-message will bring an auto to whisk one on the Tagudin, the sea outlet of the Mountain
-Province, that has a Belgian convent noted for its laces and embroideries. The train
-or an auto will convey the traveler thence north to the extreme end of Luzon and back
-down the coast of Manila. The great North Road, that follows the sea most of the way,
-is a scenic route for its entire length, and along or near it are interesting old
-towns to visit, such as Laoag, San Fernando, which offer delightful sea bathing, Vigan,
-Paoay, San Vicente, and Bangui, where the Ilocano weavers, carvers, and potters can
-be watched at their fascinating tasks.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch8.2" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e837">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">CEBU</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The City of Cebu</span>
-Cebu, the metropolis of the Visayan Islands, is the oldest European city in the Philippines
-and one of the oldest occidental settlements in the East. Discovered and temporarily
-occupied by Magellan in 1521, it became a permanent Spanish possession in 1565, having
-thus almost exactly the same age as the other Spanish settlement, St. Augustine, in
-Florida. It is situated about midway of the east coast of the island of the same name.
-The island itself is practically coextensive with the Province of Cebu, of which the
-city is the capital. The province has the largest population of any in the Archipelago
-and is one of the most thickly inhabited. The city has a good harbor, protected by
-the Island of Mactan, and the scene which unfolds itself from the moment of entering
-the channel, between this Island and that of Cebu proper is a very busy one. There
-are good harbor facilities, and seagoing vessels of large draft are able to tie up
-along the docks.
-</p>
-<p>Cebu is a fascinating mixture of old and new and contains a considerable number of
-places of special interest. The waterfront is busy with the various activities arising
-from <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb66" href="#pb66">66</a>]</span>the city&#x2019;s position as one of the chief centers of the Islands&#x2019; hemp trade. Here is
-a good opportunity to see the finest grades of this important staple, of which the
-Philippines have practically a monopoly.
-</p>
-<p id="ch8.2.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Places of Historic Interest</span>
-Most of the places of historic interest are within a short distance of this point.
-<i>Calle Colon</i>, the oldest street in the Islands, is in this city. On the main plaza is a small
-building housing a large hollow cross. This contains within it another cross, which,
-according to the most probable story, is the original one erected to mark the spot
-where Magellan and his companions gathered for the first mass on Philippine soil.
-But a short distance away is the old triangular Fort <i>San Pedro</i>, standing approximately on the site of Magellan&#x2019;s fortifications; and in the same
-neighborhood stands the Augustinian church and convent. Here the <i>sacristan</i> will show to visitors the curious image known as the &#x201c;<i>Holy Child of Cebu</i>.&#x201d; It is agreed by historians that this is the one which was given by Magellan in
-1521 to the temporarily converted wife of the rajah of Cebu, and recovered forty years
-later after the landing of Legaspi.
-</p>
-<p>An automobile road through the Province of Cebu gives a pleasing succession of views
-of the sea through arcades of coconut palms that fringe the long narrow island of
-Cebu; a second road cuts across its backbone, giving finer views still.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch8.3" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e853">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">ILOILO</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The City of Iloilo</span>
-The City of Iloilo is the sugar port. It is situated on the east coast of the Island
-of Panay, along the lower reaches of the river whose name it bears, and is about 300
-miles from Manila, in a direction a little east of south. It is one of the most important
-ports of the Philippines and carries on with Cebu an amiable contest for the dignity
-of ranking as the second city. It has direct shipping connections with Europe, the
-Straits Settlements, China, Japan, and Australia; and there are many boats sailing
-to other portions of the Archipelago, including <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb67" href="#pb67">67</a>]</span>a regular service to Cebu. There are banking institutions and a number of importing
-and exporting houses, and the local trade reaches up into high figures. Substantial
-walls have been built along the river, where large steamers can unload. Ships of greater
-draft anchor in the harbor, where they are well in shore and protected.
-</p>
-<p id="ch8.3.1">Near it are two towns of considerable historic interest&#x2014;Jaro and Molo. A railroad
-runs through the province and its neighbor Capiz, thus making it easy to see a considerable
-portion of the Island of Panay, which is made up of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz,
-and Antique. There are the white coral cliffs near Ventura, honeycombed with caves,
-with interesting legends attached to them, as is the case with one having its outlet
-in Dumalag, Capiz. The stone church at Miagao has the most quaintly carved facade
-in the Islands. The hand weaving of the delicate textiles jusi, pi�a, and the like
-is one of the leading industries of Iloilo Province.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch8.4" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e869">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">ZAMBOANGA</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Zamboanga in Mindanao is the capital of the whole Moro Province and one of the most
-important ports in the Islands. Its population is very cosmopolitan&#x2014;an admixture of
-Moros, Filipinos, Orientals, and Caucasians. The city was for more than three centuries
-the rallying point of the Christian forces in their seemingly endless contest with
-the Moro pirates in neighboring waters.
-</p>
-<p>The city has a healthful site and is cooler than Manila. It has a modern water system
-and electric lighting plant. It is well laid out and maintained in park-like order
-for some distance back from the pier. This area, where many of the principal buildings
-are, is embellished by fountains and lily basins, ornamental stone and concrete seats
-and figures and an almost complete collection of the flowering and other ornamental
-trees, vines, and shrubs of the Philippines. The Provincial Capitol, the Army Post,
-and Constabulary Headquarters, the old fort of <i>Nuestra Se�ora del Pilar</i> and the Cathedral, and the Moro market are the most <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb68" href="#pb68">68</a>]</span>interesting to inspect. Nearby is the Moro village of Kawa-Kawa, built out over the
-water.
-</p>
-<p id="ch8.4.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The San Ramon Penal Colony</span>
-In the outskirts there are several points of interest reached by excellent roads&#x2014;the
-gorge, which has some beautiful mountain and river scenery, about five miles distant;
-the San Ramon Penal Colony about thirteen miles from the city where an experimental
-farm is being maintained. In addition to these attractions its position with respect
-to Borneo, Australia, the Dutch possessions, and the Malay Peninsula gives it great
-potential importance as a trade center.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb69" href="#pb69">69</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch9" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e890">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">IX. The Provinces&#x2014;Beauty Spots</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">The Philippine Archipelago is a compact group of islands. The distances between each
-island require only a few hours of sailing. They therefore have been said to possess
-strategic unity. From the northernmost port, Aparri, to the southernmost Zamboanga,
-the total distance is 895 miles. It takes only 36 hours from Manila to Aparri and
-about 72 from Manila to Zamboanga. With faster boats, the time required will be much
-less.
-</p>
-<p>In each island the provinces and the important towns are easily accessible. They are
-connected by good roads. In the bigger islands the Manila Railroad operates lines,
-such as in Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo.
-</p>
-<p>The trip through the provinces should be taken whenever possible. Barring the usual
-discomforts of a tropical clime, there are delights galore for everyone, even for
-the hardy sportsman&#x2014;pristine forests, crystal streams, splashing falls. The panoramas
-that unfold as the traveler motors from province to province or cruises about from
-island to island present a continuous series of scenic pictures of infinite variety.
-In other lands nature and man have combined their efforts in forming recreation spots
-of compelling charm. In the Philippines it is only nature that has done the work.
-</p>
-<p>The services of a guide should in all cases be secured in order to expedite the visits.
-Applications for guides should be made to the Director of the Bureau of Commerce and
-Industry.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.1"><b>LAGUNA PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;The Province of Laguna is situated on a narrow plain which lies to the east, south,
-and southeast of Laguna Lake, commonly known as Laguna de Bay. It is a very fertile
-province and has a very pleasant <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb70" href="#pb70">70</a>]</span>climate, the usual temperature being several degrees cooler than Manila. It produces
-coconuts, rice, sugar-cane, abaca, corn and a great variety of fruits and vegetables.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p070width" id="p070"><img src="images/p070.jpg" alt="The beautiful town of Pagsanjan, Laguna" width="720" height="465"><p class="figureHead">The beautiful town of Pagsanjan, Laguna</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>In industrial enterprises the province is very progressive. Some of the largest kind
-of hemp cables are made in the rope factory of Santa Cruz. Buntal hats and pandan
-mats are made in Majayjay and Luisiana, pandan hats in Cavisti, Sabutan hats in Mavitac,
-rattan chairs in Paquil and Los Ba�os, wooden slippers in Bi�an and Calamba, and abac�
-slippers in Lilio. Furniture is also made in Paete, soap in Santa Cruz, crude pottery
-in Lumban, better grade of glazed pottery in San Pedro Tunasan, coconut wine in the
-upper towns, and embroidery in Lumbang. Mineral waters are bottled in Los Ba�os, Pagsanjan,
-and Magdalena. A steam saw mill is located in Santa Maria. In Los Ba�os is a stone
-quarry that supplies crushed stone for the Provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas,
-and Tayabas.
-</p>
-<p>The province, besides having a rich soil, has an abundance of water supply. The Laguna
-de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, permits of easy and cheap transportation.
-Fifteen of the 28 municipalities are reached by water and a line of steam launches
-provides a daily service between the lake and the city of Manila. The lake abounds
-in fish. The swamps along its eastern shores are overgrown with pandan groves. The
-bay is covered during the rainy season with the pink-flowered lotus plant. Along the
-low shores are veritable hunting grounds which abound in snipe and wild ducks.
-</p>
-<p>The province also abounds in picturesque sceneries, in the San Pablo Valley there
-are nine beautifully-set crater lakes. Banahaw, a mountain having an elevation of
-7,382 feet, is covered with vegetation of all kinds. In the crater of San Cristobal
-which has an elevation of about 5,000 feet there is a beautiful fresh water lake.
-</p>
-<p>San Pablo is a progressive town well worth visiting. It is one of the largest towns
-in the Islands and is up-to-date in every respect. A large park overlooks a lake of
-rare beauty with the majestic San Cristobal mountains in the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb71" href="#pb71">71</a>]</span>background. A long flight of white stone steps leads from the cliff above down to
-the lake shore, and the park is a favorite picnic ground. The veteran&#x2019;s monument at
-this point always attracts much attention. The town has numerous private residences
-of striking architectural design.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Pagsanjan Falls</span>
-One of the prettiest and wildest spots lies within easy reach of Manila&#x2014;Pagsanjan
-Falls. Pagsanjan, the town, in itself worth seeing for its beautiful residences and
-the surrounding forests, can be reached in three and one-half hours by train or automobile
-through a lovely coconut country. There are good hotel accommodations with clean beds
-and food. Everything is done for the tourist; arrangements are made for boats and
-guides, and launches are provided.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p071width" id="p071"><img src="images/p071.jpg" alt="Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna" width="515" height="658"><p class="figureHead">Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>From the hotel you walk a short distance to a long row of bancas, prow on shore, and
-a noisy throng of men clamoring for the favor of your patronage; but you have probably
-chosen men at the hotel and are conducted to certain boats by your guide. In the center
-of your boat is the seat, a split bamboo chair with reclining back and bottom of bamboo
-splints. The two boatmen take their places at the ends of the boat and push off into
-the small stream for a few hundred yards to Pagsanjan River.
-</p>
-<p>The boat is paddled up the river past large rafts of coconuts, by great trees dipping
-their leaves into the water. Along the shores are parties of laughing people&#x2014;some
-bathing and some washing clothes. Now there are long reaches of quiet water, clear
-and deep; then banks begin to rise above you; there is a swirl here, a ripple there,
-and a swish below the gunwales. You are drawing toward the rapids. The boatmen get
-put into the water and pull and tug and shove; the water sucks viciously. The boat
-enters the gorge and its shadows. The river becomes silent stretches of black water,
-and the air is cold. Above, for hundreds of feet, tower the great cliffs of Pagsanjan
-to which cling vines, desperate trees, and dripping shrubs. On all sides are falls
-breaking upon the rocks and filling the canyon with a pleasant murmur; then more rapids
-and sweeps of fierce <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb72" href="#pb72">72</a>]</span>water. Great boulders have fallen into the river. Unable to paddle against the current
-or to wade, the men now fight painfully forward by clinging to vines, the rocks, anything.
-Then out of the boat again, lifting it and you bodily up steps of pouring water, around
-corners, shooting across a quiet pool into a fury of cascading foam. At times you
-scramble out of the boat and detour a little over intervening rocks, while the fight
-with the river goes on. For two hours the journey continues, until you come to the
-end&#x2014;a large pool&#x2014;above you, Pagsanjan Falls, the largest waterfall in the Islands,
-around, the insurmountable cliffs fringed above by shining palms. Monkeys and iguanas
-scurry over the slippery bluffs complaining at intrusion.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p072width" id="p072"><img src="images/p072.jpg" alt="Montalban Gorge" width="720" height="477"><p class="figureHead">Montalban Gorge</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>You should go prepared to rough it. Only a bathing suit is worn in the boats and except
-at times of low water, kodaks had better be left at the hotel, for rapids lap over
-the side. Indeed many have been the spills in the swift water. But there is no danger,
-and a wetting is of no consequence. The whole trip need cost no more than twenty pesos
-nor occupy more than a day and a half.
-</p>
-<p>It is a wonderful trip for those who enjoy the wilds. The gorge is considered one
-of the beauty spots of the world.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.2"><b>RIZAL PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;To the north of Laguna de Bay, is Rizal Province, named after the national hero of
-the Filipinos. Pasig, the capital is an important commercial town. It is located on
-the Pasig River, a stream which is navigable thruout the year. Malabon, noted for
-her fisheries and fish ponds, furnishes the City of Manila with choice fish to the
-value of hundreds of thousands of pesos a year. A flourishing poultry industry may
-be seen at Pateros. Para�aque is noted for its embroideries while in Mariquina the
-chief industry is the making of shoes and slippers. Along the borders of the Pasig
-River much grass is cultivated to furnish the Manila market with green fodder for
-horses and carabaos.
-</p>
-<p>In this province are the towns of Pasig, San Juan del Monte, and Caloocan where the
-first blood of the Philippine <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb73" href="#pb73">73</a>]</span>Revolution against Spain was shed. Here also is to be found the historic spot of Balintawak
-where Andres Bonifacio and his followers sounded the well-remembered &#x201c;Cry of Balintawak,&#x201d;
-the call for the outbreak of the Revolution.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p073width" id="p073"><img src="images/p073.jpg" alt="The Monument to the &#x201c;First Cry of Balintawak,&#x201d; commemorating the day when the revolution against Spain was started" width="518" height="668"><p class="figureHead">The Monument to the &#x201c;First Cry of Balintawak,&#x201d; commemorating the day when the revolution
-against Spain was started</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.2.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Antipolo</span>
-<i>Antipolo</i> has the shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Prosperous Voyages. It is a town about half
-an hour&#x2019;s ride from Manila. It is built on a mountainous section of the province of
-Rizal. The road is rather steep and the scenery quite wild and impressive.
-</p>
-<p>The image of the Virgin, commonly known as the &#x201c;Virgin of Antipolo,&#x201d; was originally
-brought from Mexico by the Spaniards to insure the safety of the galleons from the
-anger of the sea, and from the attacks of the pirates who used to lie in wait in the
-San Bernardino Strait and Verde Island Passage.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Shrine</span>
-The shrine is the most famous of all Philippine shrines. To it thousands of devout
-Filipinos journey annually to pay their respects. The Virgin is dressed in a robe
-that falls in a cone stiff with gold and other jewels. It is estimated that the value
-of her decoration is as high as &#x20b1;1,000,000.
-</p>
-<p>The true history of the image is interesting, but still more remarkable is the crust
-of legend with which the facts have become overlaid. It was actually brought to the
-Islands in 1626 by Juan Ni�o de Tabora, who had just been appointed Governor-General,
-and in 1672 it was removed to its present home. According to the legends, the Virgin
-crossed the Pacific eight or nine times, in addition to the original voyage, and,
-on each one, calmed a tempest. On other occasions she is said to have descended and
-appeared among the branches of the antipolo or bread-fruit tree (whence the name of
-the present church), to have survived the roaring fire in which the Chinese rebels
-cast her in 1639, and to have given the Spaniards a complete victory over twelve Dutch
-warships off Mariveles!
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p074width" id="p074"><img src="images/p074.jpg" alt="The Bamboo Organ, Las Pi�as" width="602" height="492"><p class="figureHead">The Bamboo Organ, Las Pi�as</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.3"><b>CAVITE PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;This province is in the southwestern part of Luzon lying along the shore of Manila
-Bay. It has <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb74" href="#pb74">74</a>]</span>a fine harbor in the city of Cavite, actually the site of the United States Naval
-Station.
-</p>
-<p>The most important agricultural products are rice, hemp, sugar, copra, cacao, coffee,
-corn, and coconuts.
-</p>
-<p>The city of Cavite, the capital, noted for its dock-yards is just across the bay from
-Manila. It is an old town of historic interest. It was there that the ships used in
-the Manila-Acapulco trade and in the expeditions against the Mohammedan pirates in
-the south were fitted out. In 1647 a Dutch squadron suddenly made its appearance off
-the coast of the city and bombarded the fort. It is said that the Dutch fired more
-than 2,000 cannon balls at the place, but in the end, however, were forced to withdraw.
-</p>
-<p>In 1872, a military mutiny led by Lamadrid took place in Cavite. This mutiny though
-insignificant in itself had important political results. The government made it an
-excuse for the execution of three leading native priests, Dr. Jose Burgos and Fathers
-Gomez and Zamora, and for the exile of many Filipino leaders of the liberal movement
-of 1869&#x2013;1871.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.3.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Zapote Bridge</span>
-From the beginning to the very end of the Revolution, Cavite Province was the center
-of military operations. Zapote bridge, for example, was more than once the scene of
-hard fighting. Practically every town in the province was at one time or another fought
-over. Many of the leaders of the Revolution, like Emilio Aguinaldo, who was President
-of the Philippine Republic, his cousin Baldomero, Noriel, Trias, and others are sons
-of Cavite. Moreover, when the Revolutionary Government was established, Bacoor was
-really the first capital.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.3.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Radio Station</span>
-The city of Cavite is the United States&#x2019; Navy base and radio station in the Philippine
-Islands. The arsenal as well as the modern wireless station in the extreme end of
-the peninsula should not be missed. The city is about an hour&#x2019;s ride by automobile
-passing through the towns of Para�aque, Las Pi�as, Kawit, Noveleta, and San Roque.
-In the church at Las Pi�as <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb75" href="#pb75">75</a>]</span>may be seen the famous bamboo organ, old and quaint, yet still serviceable. It was
-made by a priest exclusively from the native bamboo tree. Cavite can also be reached
-by water, there being small boats plying between the city and Manila at regular intervals.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.3.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Kawit</span>
-<i>Kawit</i> or Cavite Viejo is the town of General Emilio Aguinaldo. He has his home there, which
-is noted for its historic interest. It is preserved as it was during revolutionary
-days. Visitors can still see the desk used by the General during the revolution as
-well as the holes made by a cannon ball from Admiral Dewey&#x2019;s flagship &#x201c;The Olimpia.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p075width" id="p075"><img src="images/p075.jpg" alt="An abaca plantation" width="671" height="484"><p class="figureHead">An abaca plantation</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.4"><b>BATANGAS PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;Batangas Province is immediately south of Cavite Province. It has an irregular coastline
-and has many important ports, such as Nasugbu, Calatagan, Balayan, Calaca, Lemeri,
-Taal, San Luis, Batangas, Lobo, and San Juan.
-</p>
-<p>At Laiya on the coast between San Juan and Lobo are the famous Lobo submarine gardens.
-During fair weather the water here is as clear as crystal and the submarine growth
-may be seen in all its varied colors.
-</p>
-<p>The valleys and slopes of the province are extremely fertile because of the disintegrated
-volcanic rock that is carried down from the mountains by the river. Sugar, hemp, citrus
-fruits, coconut, corn, mangoes, and other fruits and vegetables are grown in abundance.
-The province is especially noted for its delicious oranges, grown in Tanawan and Santo
-Tomas. Great herds of horses famous throughout the archipelago as well as carabaos
-and cattle are raised on the mountain slopes. Bawan and Lemeri are famous for the
-fine jusi and pi�a cloths manufactured there and for the knotted abaca that is sent
-to Japan for the manufacture of hats.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.4.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Historical Incidents</span>
-Throughout the 17th century the coast towns of Batangas suffered greatly from Moro
-attacks. Stone forts were erected at various points along the coast&#x2014;in Lemeri, Taal,
-Bawan, and Batangas&#x2014;but still the Moros came. In 1754 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb76" href="#pb76">76</a>]</span>as many as 38 Moro vessels appeared off the coast. In 1763 the northern part of the
-province was visited by the British in search of the treasure of the galleon &#x201c;Philippine.&#x201d;
-The expedition failed to find the treasure but went as far as Lipa and plundered the
-town. Batangas was one of the first provinces to start the revolution of 1896. Two
-of the great leaders of the period were sons of the province, namely, the great lawyer
-and statesman, Apolinario Mabini, and Miguel Malvar, the famous general.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.4.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-Among the attractions are the old picturesque buildings of Lipa and Taal, the San
-Juan sulphur springs, the Bawan hot springs, and the Rosario fresh water spring. There
-are also several caves and grottos. The two largest are found in the slopes of Mount
-Pulan, Suya, and Kamantigue of San Juan. One of the caves has an opening of 40 meters
-in circumference. Issuing therefrom is an underground river which empties into Lake
-Taal. Along its course are extensive galleries and chambers lined with fantastically
-shaped stalactites and stalagmites. At the approach of an eruption of the Taal Volcano
-nearby, the cave emits a weird sound, audible at great distances.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p076width" id="p076"><img src="images/p076.jpg" alt="The church at Taal, Batangas Province, said to be the largest in the Islands" width="720" height="467"><p class="figureHead">The church at Taal, Batangas Province, said to be the largest in the Islands</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.4.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Taal Volcano</span>
-<i>Taal Volcano</i> is the great scenic asset of the province. Almost at the doors of Manila it is easily
-reached with practically none of the discomfort which a trip to nature&#x2019;s wild spots
-usually involves. The volcano is commonly known as the &#x201c;cloud maker&#x201d; and &#x201c;the terrible.&#x201d;
-How long this volcano has been emitting sulphurous smoke is not known; all that is
-known is that back in the geologic past, volcanic outbursts of enormous magnitude
-disturbed the regions about it. In the 18th century the volcano erupted several times,
-and ruined many towns in the neighborhood. The last and perhaps the worst eruption
-occurred in January, 1911.
-</p>
-<p>Then, after a long interval, old Taal, in a paroxysm of volcanic activity, showed
-that he was still lusty and capable of making a huge disturbance. In addition to the
-steam <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb77" href="#pb77">77</a>]</span>which had been coming from the crater more or less continuously, the volcano began
-throwing out mud. This activity increased, and culminated in a great explosion at
-about half past 2 on the morning of January 30th. The hot water, mud, and ashes completely
-devastated about 90 square miles of country; while some mud and fine ashes fell over
-an area of more than 800 square miles. Many villages were destroyed and the official
-estimate of the dead was 1,335. The spasm of activity died away until the volcano
-again assumed its normal state about February 8th. Since then it has been very quiet,
-though a small mud geyser has started up along the old fault line which extends from
-Taal to the coast. This is located on the beach at the village of Sinisian.
-</p>
-<p>Before the eruption the floor of the crater stood about five feet above the level
-of Lake Bombon. In it were four prominent features: Two small lakes of hot water,
-one green, the other more or less red; near the center a gas vent five or six feet
-in diameter, from which the hot gases roared as from a blast furnace; and just a little
-distance away a triangular obelisk of hard volcanic rock. During the eruption all
-of the material in the bottom of this crater, to a depth of about 230 feet, was heaved
-up and spread broadcast over the country. Later on, this hole filled up with water,
-which seeped in from the lake almost up to the level of the old floor, or about that
-of the lake itself. There is now one large body of steaming water in place of the
-former features, but the old obelisk still stands defiantly in its place.
-</p>
-<p>The volcano consists of an active crater near the center of a low island not over
-5� miles in its longest diameter. The island is situated at the center of Taal Lake
-(Bombon) which is about 17 miles long and 10� miles wide. The lake is 10 meters deep
-and is 2.5 meters above sea level.
-</p>
-<p>A small launch carries those who would look down into the crater across the lake to
-the island from which the volcano rises. The volcano is about a thousand feet in height
-and is fairly easy to climb.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p077width" id="p077"><img src="images/p077.jpg" alt="Sample of bridges and provincial scenery. This road leads to Batangas" width="720" height="406"><p class="figureHead">Sample of bridges and provincial scenery. This road leads to Batangas</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb78" href="#pb78">78</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.5"><b>TAYABAS PROVINCE</b>, the second largest, is on the Pacific coast of the Philippine Islands. The province
-is noted for its copra, abac� and corn which are raised for export. Mineral resources
-are abundant in the Bondoc Peninsula where gold, coal, and petroleum are found. Aside
-from agriculture and mining, however, there are other industries such as hat-making
-and lumbering. There is a lumber camp at Guinaya�gan and a modern saw and <span class="corr" id="xd29e4380" title="Source: planning">planing</span> mill in Lucena. The <span class="sc" id="ch9.5.1">Botocan Falls</span>, where a stream 40 feet wide makes a leap of 190 feet, could supply the entire province
-with light and power for all its needs.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.5.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Lucena and Atimonan</span>
-The spin to Lucena and Atimonan, both in the Province of Tayabas over the South Road,
-is a favorite one. On the east are the little town of Bina�gonan de Lampon, a celebrated
-port in the sixteenth century in the galleon trade, and the landlocked harbor of Hondagua,
-destined to be the direct port of call of steamers coming from the Pacific Coast of
-the United States and Canada.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p078width" id="p078"><img src="images/p078.jpg" alt="A Philippine Sugar Central. Calamba, Laguna Province" width="720" height="399"><p class="figureHead">A Philippine Sugar Central. Calamba, Laguna Province</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.1.1">On the way, stop can readily be made at the town of <i>Calamba</i>, Laguna, about 37 miles from Manila. This is the birthplace of the Filipino author,
-and patriot Dr. Jose Rizal. Although the house where he was born is no longer standing,
-the site can easily be found opposite the church and market. Calamba has an added
-importance in that the town has a modern sugar central, which the traveler should
-not fail to visit.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.1.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Los Ba�os</span>
-A short detour can readily be made also at <i>Los Ba�os</i> (&#x201c;The Baths&#x201d;), a town which owes its name and its importance to the hot mineral springs
-which abound in the neighborhood and have been found to be of great medicinal value
-especially for the treatment of certain skin diseases and rheumatism. The springs
-have been known for a great length of time. Even during the Spanish days the town
-was <span class="corr" id="xd29e4404" title="Source: much a">a much</span> frequented resort, a hospital with pools and vapored rooms having been built as far
-back as 1571.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb79" href="#pb79">79</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.1.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">College of Agriculture</span>
-A short distance from Los Ba�os, and occupying an extremely picturesque side are the
-palms and buildings of the <i>College of Agriculture</i> of the University of the Philippines, an institution which trains young Filipinos
-in a calling which must for many years to come be the foundation of the economic prosperity
-of the islands.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p079-1width" id="p079-1"><img src="images/p079-1.jpg" alt="Sprouting coconuts. Pagsanjan, Laguna" width="520" height="375"><p class="figureHead">Sprouting coconuts. Pagsanjan, Laguna</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p079-2width" id="p079-2"><img src="images/p079-2.jpg" alt="Coconut groves, San Ramon Penal Farm, Zamboanga, Mindanao" width="520" height="376"><p class="figureHead">Coconut groves, San Ramon Penal Farm, Zamboanga, Mindanao</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.6"><b>THE BICOL PROVINCES.</b>&#x2014;Farther south, are the provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon,
-known as the Bicol Provinces, because inhabited by Bicolanos. All four provinces are
-noted for their beautiful mountain views and extensive plantations of coconut and
-hemp. In <i>Albay</i> the forests are extensive, providing timber, rattan, pili-nuts, and gum for export.
-Gutta-percha and Para rubber trees are extensively cultivated. There are wide pasture
-grounds for horses, cattle, carabaos, goats, and sheep. The temperature is even and
-the nights are cool and refreshing. There are also salubrious mineral springs, the
-best known being the <i>Tiwi Hot Sulphur Springs</i> in the town of Naga.
-</p>
-<p>The Province of Catanduanes abounds in gold, copper, and iron. The Batan coal mines
-which are being operated are supplying several manufacturing and gas plants. There
-are quarries of marble in Pantaon; gypsum deposits in Ligao; and lime in Guinobatan
-and Camalig.
-</p>
-<p><i>Camarines Norte</i> is rich in mineral resources. Gold is found in many places, exploitation being actually
-carried on in Paracale. There are also deposits of iron, silver, lead, and copper.
-</p>
-<p><i>Camarines Sur</i>, on the valley of Bicol River and the Caramoan Peninsula, is noted for its rattan
-industry. Hemp planting and fishing and coconut growing are the other principal industries.
-</p>
-<p><i>Sorsogon</i> occupies the southernmost tip of the Bicol Peninsula. The largest indenture in its
-irregular coast is the gulf of Sorsogon, a land-locked body of water and one of the
-finest <span class="corr" id="xd29e4441" title="Source: harbor">harbors</span> in the Philippines. The land is mountainous and covered with excellent lumber suitable
-for ship-building <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb80" href="#pb80">80</a>]</span>and furniture making. In the forests rattan grows in abundance and is exported to
-all the provinces. The chief products are abaca and coconuts.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p080width" id="p080"><img src="images/p080.jpg" alt="The Sorsogon Provincial Government building and the Sorsogon Jail" width="720" height="399"><p class="figureHead">The Sorsogon Provincial Government building and the Sorsogon Jail</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Sorsogon, the capital, located on the gulf, is an important commercial town. Pilar
-is noted for her shipyards; ships, lorchas, and boats are built here from the fine
-timber grown nearby.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.6.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Sceneries</span>
-Among the sceneries are the Guinulajon waterfalls, near the capital, the wild vegetation
-and the cataracts along the Irosin River, the medicinal hot springs of Mombon, Bujan,
-and Mapaso, together with the beautiful panorama from the Bulusan Volcano are especially
-striking. Like Mount Vesuvius, Mount Bulusan has an old crater, and a new cone that
-has appeared on the slopes. Inside the crater, about 500 feet deep, are two pools
-of hot water which form the basin from which the Irosin River rises.
-</p>
-<p>A great event in the history of Sorsogon was the invention of a hemp-stripping machine
-by a priest named Espellargas, about 1669. The invention was made in Bacon, where
-it seems hemp then abounded. The contrivance was ingeniously constructed and was quite
-well adapted to local conditions.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.6.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Historical Incidents</span>
-Many of the galleons that the Spanish Government used in the Manila-Acapulco trade
-were built in Sorsogon, especially on the Island of Bagatao, at the entrance of Sorsogon
-Bay. Many of these ships were wrecked while navigating the waters of Sorsogon, because
-they laid their course for Mexico via the San Bernardino Strait, a passage which abounds
-in dangerous currents, shoals, and rocks. The galleon <i>San Cristobal</i> was wrecked in 1733 near the Calantas Rock. In 1793, the galleon <i>Magallanes</i> also ran aground at this place. Other vessels went down in this neighborhood from
-time to time, as the <i>Santo Cristo de Burgos</i>, in 1726, near Ticao, and the <i>San Andres</i>, in 1798, near Naranja Island.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p081width" id="p081"><img src="images/p081.jpg" alt="Mayon Volcano, Albay Province" width="645" height="483"><p class="figureHead">Mayon Volcano, Albay Province</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb81" href="#pb81">81</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.6.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Volcanoes</span>
-Peerless Mayon of the perfect cone is in Albay, the volcano of Isarog in Ambos Camarines,
-and Bulusan in Sorsogon.
-</p>
-<p>For those who love mountain climbing, the ascent to the peak of Mayon Volcano should
-not be missed.
-</p>
-<p>The actual ascent, though arduous, is perfectly practicable. It requires from a day
-and a half to two days from Albay. By leaving the latter place on horseback at noon
-it is possible to ride one-third of the way up before dark. Leaving the horses at
-the camping place, the summit can be reached and the return trip made to Albay on
-the following day. A vivid description of the trip, written by Dr. Paul C. Freer,
-Director of the Bureau of Science, follows:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;This great volcano rises from the seacoast, between Legaspi and Tabaco, in the form
-of an almost perfect cone&#x2014;the white houses and church towers of the surrounding settlements
-and the deeper-colored verdure of the trees at its base, higher up the brilliant green
-of the bare glass streaked here and there by old lava flows, and still higher a grayish
-black cinder and ash <span class="corr" id="xd29e4484" title="Source: come">cone</span> tapering to the peak, with a small plume of steam escaping apparently from the extreme
-summit. The ascent is interesting, but may, if proper precautions are not taken, be
-dangerous. The rise of the land in the first part is scarcely perceptible, the road
-winding through forest interspersed with great plantations of manila hemp; above,
-as it becomes steeper, the latter give way almost entirely to tropical jungle; and
-finally the path emerges into cogonal, which extends as far as the angle of the slope
-will permit. Here and there the entire slope is cut by deep ravines, indicating old
-lava flows. The way up the cone at first invariably lies in one of these ravines,
-but now and again the mountain climber is compelled to cross rolling cinder beds only
-a few inches deep, and lying upon a harder base, almost invariably with an abrupt
-descent below. The angle is so great that every precaution must be taken, as a slip
-would prove fatal. A good steelshod alpenstock is practically indispensable. The last
-five hundred feet are along the perpendicular lava and tuff crags of the summit, the
-ambitious climber clinging to the latter with hands and toes, wherever support is
-possible and slowly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb82" href="#pb82">82</a>]</span>working his way to the edge of the crater. Finally, standing upon the rotten foothold
-afforded by the latter he looks down into what appears to be a deep dark well from
-which small quantities of sulphur-laden gas escape. Around him on the margin jets
-of steam arise; the ground on which he stands is hot, the boys carrying the canteens
-are far below, the dry breeze helps the evaporation, and he realizes that he is very,
-very thirsty. However, the view from the top repays all effort. The entire southern
-portion of Luzon is visible, stretching away in a succession of fields, forests, and
-diminutive villages, to the straits of San Bernardino, across which Samar may be seen,
-and even Leyte, on a clear day. The lake of Bato, the interisland waters, and finally
-Burias are seen to the west; to the north there appears apparently one unbroken stretch
-of land with here and there a glimpse of the sea; and the Gulf of Albay with the towns
-of Legaspi, Tabaco, and Daraga, as well as the smaller islands to the east, seem to
-be almost within a stone&#x2019;s throw. I have been high up on the slopes of Etna, at the
-entrance to the Val del Bobe, from which many travelers maintain the finest in the
-world is to be obtained, but I certainly think that from the summit of Mayon the vista
-surpasses the one from its sister volcano in Sicily.&#x2026; Mayon Volcano is <span class="corr" id="xd29e4489" title="Source: decidely">decidedly</span> one of the show places of the Philippines, and the wonder is that many of our visitors
-do not take the opportunity to make the ascent.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.7"><b>BULACAN PROVINCE</b> is named from the Tagalog word &#x201c;bulac&#x201d; meaning &#x201c;cotton&#x201d; which was once the principal
-product of the region. Together with the Provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva
-Ecija, the province forms what is commonly known as the region of Central Luzon.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.7.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Description and History</span>
-The soil, which is of alluvial and volcanic origin, is rich. Rice, corn, sugar, pineapples,
-bananas, betel nut, mangoes, and all sorts of vegetables are raised in the well irrigated
-and low-lying lands. The nipa swamps which supply most of the nipa thatches, vinegar,
-and alcohol are the principal stand-by of a great many people. The forests cover over
-89,980 hectares and yield good commercial timber and many minor forest products.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb83" href="#pb83">83</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Aside from agriculture and mining, the industries of the province are making hats
-(Baliuag) and silk textiles, weaving, tanning, fish breeding, distilling alcohol,
-and furniture-making. Baliuag, Meycauayan, Obando, Polo, Hagonoy, and San Miguel are
-the centers of these industries.
-</p>
-<p>In the events which followed the arrival of the British in 1762, the province figured
-conspicuously, serving as a center of resistance during British occupation of Manila.
-The Spanish Governor, Anda, just before the capitulation of Manila escaped to this
-province where he organized a government of his own to carry on hostilities against
-the British and to hold the country in its loyalty to Spain. In the encounters, however,
-between Anda&#x2019;s forces and the British, Anda&#x2019;s resistance was overcome, and Bulacan
-like the other provinces fell into British hands.
-</p>
-<p>Some of the most notable events in the Philippine revolution took place in Bulacan
-Province. It was at <span class="sc" id="ch9.7.3">Biac-na-Bato</span>, in the mountains of Bulacan, where in December of 1897 the famous Pact of Biac-na-Bato
-was concluded, and the town of <i id="ch9.7.5">Malolos</i> was for some time the capital of the Philippine Republic. Here, in the historic church
-of Barasoain, the Congress which drafted the Constitution of the Republic held its
-sessions. Conspicuous figures of the revolution like M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce
-whose names are connected with the period of propaganda are sons of this province.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.7.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-Among the other attractions are the <i id="ch9.7.4">Mineral Baths at Marilao</i>, on the Manila north road, and <i>Sibul Springs</i> near San Miguel de Mayumo. This is a popular health resort only about three hours
-ride from Manila. The water of the springs have enjoyed a considerable reputation
-for a long time. They are very beneficial in diseases of the intestinal tract<span class="corr" id="xd29e4521" title="Not in source">,</span> especially those of a chronic and catarrhal nature. Owing to the gases which the
-water contains the baths are most refreshing.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.8"><b>PAMPANGA PROVINCE</b> is said to be the lowest and most level of all the provinces. It is the chief sugar
-raising province in Luzon. Some of the islands&#x2019; modern sugar <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb84" href="#pb84">84</a>]</span>centrals are there. Besides farming, sugar making, lumbering, and fishing, the people
-are engaged in several other industries such as distillation of alcohol, buri hat
-making, and pottery.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Historical Incidents</span>
-About the middle of the seventeenth century, two great rebellions broke out in the
-province. The first of these took place in 1645 as a result of the injustices connected
-with the collection of tributes. It spread quickly and extended to Zambales. The second
-revolt took place fifteen years later as a result of the forcible employment of natives
-in the work of cutting timber and of the failure of the Government to pay for large
-amounts of rice collected in Pampanga for the use of the royal officials. The leader
-of the rebellion was Francisco Maniago. It spread rapidly among the inhabitants of
-the towns along the banks of the Pampanga River, and was only suppressed after drastic
-measures were taken by Governor-General de Lara.
-</p>
-<p>Pampanga was one of the first provinces to start the Revolution. During the early
-part of the war Mariano Llanera commanded the Revolutionary forces. Later Tiburcio
-Hilario took possession of the province as governor in the name of the Revolutionary
-Government.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.8.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-Among the attractions are the sugar centrals, <span class="sc">Camp Stotsenberg</span>, one of the principal Army posts and an airplane station of the United States, dome-shaped
-Mount Arayat, about 3,300 feet in height and fairly easy to climb, and San Fernando,
-the capital, with its handsome capitol and school buildings grouped about the pretty
-plaza.
-</p>
-<p><i>Arayat</i>, a picturesque village lying at the foot of the mountain of that name is an ideal
-spot for those desiring to camp out. Nearby is the little barrio of Ba�o where there
-is an ancient tile bath constructed by the Spanish Friars. It consists of a tile lined
-tank some forty feet in length and of varying depths, filled by a crystal-clear spring
-which gushes into it from a grassy bank just above.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb85" href="#pb85">85</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Mount Arayat is a perfect cone that rises majestically from the immense plain of Central
-Luzon, and is visible for miles around, presenting the same conical shape no matter
-from what direction viewed.
-</p>
-<p>Several trails lead to the top of the mountain from where a wonderful panorama can
-be seen. It was an insurgent stronghold during the war, but its heights were scaled
-by American troops and its defenders dispersed. Scientists state that the mountain
-is an extinct volcano and local tradition has it that the original town of Arayat
-was destroyed by an eruption and covered by ashes.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.9"><b>TARLAC PROVINCE</b> is also in the central plain of Luzon. The province has two distinct geographical
-areas. The northern and eastern parts consists of an extensive plain while the rest
-is covered with mountains which abound in timber suitable for building material and
-furniture making. The minor forest products are anahaw, palasan, rattan, honey and
-bojo for sawali.
-</p>
-<p>There was an uprising in this province somewhere in 1762 headed by Juan de la Cruz
-Palaris. In 1896 the province was one of the original eight provinces where a state
-of war was declared to be in existence against the Spaniards. When Malolos was evacuated
-by the Philippine Revolutionary Government, the town of Tarlac became for a time the
-central headquarters.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.9.1">Among the attractions are the medicinal springs in O&#x2019;Donell in the municipality of
-Capas and those of Sinait.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.10"><b>NUEVA ECIJA PROVINCE</b> is the rice granary of the Philippine Islands, being first in the production of the
-cereal, Pangasinan coming second. The rolling hills towards the mountains are suitable
-for pasture lands. The mountains are thick with untouched forests that yield fine
-wood and other minor products. In the mountains and rivers gold is found. The province
-was one of the first eight provinces to raise the standard of revolt in 1896. It has
-a number of flourishing towns at present, due to the continuous boom in the rice market.
-There are many mineral hot springs, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb86" href="#pb86">86</a>]</span>ones at Bongabon and Pantaba�gan being the most important. Among the attractions are
-the irrigation system in San Jose which supplies water over an extensive territory
-and the <span class="sc" id="ch9.10.1">Government Agricultural School</span> at Mu�oz which is attended by many students from all the provinces, and which is
-noted for its unique method of practical instruction.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.11"><span class="cut-in-left-note" id="ch9.11.1">Attractions</span>
-<b>BATAAN PROVINCE</b> occupies the whole of the peninsula lying between the China Sea and Manila Bay. It
-is a province of various peculiar phenomena. Northwest of Dinalupihan is a small conical
-mountain, 250 meters high, which has a fresh water lake at the top. In the neighborhood
-of Malasimbo are a few shallow marshes, the shores and waters of which are tinted
-red by dust said to be formed from the remains of microscopic animalcul�. Near Orani
-is a bed of iron hydride which the people of the region used to make into paints for
-walls and carriages. There are also deposits of clay of which &#x201c;pilones&#x201d; are made.
-There is also a large deposit of shells which are burned for lime used in the indigo
-and sugar industries. On the shores of Orani is a fresh water spring that rises from
-a spot covered daily by the tides. Near the town of Orion is a <i>quaking bog</i>, impassable by either man or beast. Another, smaller one, is found in Ogon, Balanga.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.11.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Historical Incidents</span>
-During the first two decades of the seventeenth century, the coast of Bataan was more
-than once the scene of battles against the Dutch. The first of these encounters took
-place in 1600 off the coast of Mariveles. The Dutch were commanded by Admiral Van
-Noort, while the Spanish-Filipino army was led by the historian, Antonio de Morga,
-then an order of the Manila Real Audiencia. The Spanish-Filipino squadron suffered
-heavy losses, but the Dutch were nevertheless forced to retreat. Nine years later,
-the Dutch again appeared off the Mariveles coast. This time they were led by Admiral
-Wittert, against whom Governor Silva sent a hastily fitted out squadron of six small
-vessels manned by Spaniards and Filipinos. The Dutch were defeated. In spite of these
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb87" href="#pb87">87</a>]</span>reverses, the Dutch continued their hostile visits to the Philippines. In 1646, they
-bombarded Zamboanga, unsuccessfully attacked Cavite, and finally effected a landing
-in Abucay, Bataan. Here they committed depredations and massacred more than four hundred
-Filipino soldiers who had laid down their arms. They were not driven away until after
-a long siege.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.11.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Mariveles</span>
-The town of <i>Mariveles</i> and <i>Mount Mariveles</i> are the principal attractions. The town has an important harbor where the ships are
-detained and fumigated when necessary before entering or leaving Manila Bay. West
-of the town is a quarry of white stone called by the Spaniards, &#x201c;m�rmol de Mariveles.&#x201d;
-This stone has served as material for the pedestal and column of the statue of Charles
-IV in Manila. A well near the quarry produces siliceous water.
-</p>
-<p>There is a beautiful legend connected with the town of Mariveles. A Spanish girl by
-the name of Maria Velez, who was a nun in Santa Clara Convent, fell in love with a
-friar, with whom she later eloped to Kamaya, there to await a galleon on which they
-intended to secure passage for Acapulco. The <span class="corr" id="xd29e4590" title="Source: elopment">elopement</span> caused excitement in Manila, and the <i>corregidor</i> (magistrate) with a few men was sent to Kamaya in search of the refugees. It is said
-that in memory of the persons involved in this story Kamaya was given the name of
-Mariveles, the big island to the south was named Corregidor, the little island to
-the west was called Monja (nun) and another small island, off the Cavite coast, was
-called Fraile.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.11.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Mount Mariveles</span>
-<i>Mount Mariveles</i> rises in the midst of the whole peninsula of Bataan. It is about 4,700 feet in height
-and forms a conspicuous object from the city especially when illuminated by the brilliant
-hues of the sunset sky. Though once an active volcano its sides are now covered with
-vegetation and practically the whole of its slopes down to a very short distance off
-the shore are virgin tropical jungles. The ascent of the mountain can be conveniently
-made from a day and a half to two days from Lamao, where the Philippine Government
-maintains <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb88" href="#pb88">88</a>]</span>a scientific experimental farm. The trail up the mountain passes along a ridge with
-here and there steep but short slopes. As the ascent is made the trees become noticeably
-smaller and orchids, ferns, mosses and the like much more abundant. From the first
-peak 2,800 feet high, the traveler can obtain a view of what Agassiz termed the greatest
-wonders of nature&#x2014;the sea, the mountains, and the tropical forests.
-</p>
-<p>The view from the very top surpasses that from the first peak. To the east lies the
-bay, with Manila and Cavite in the distance; to the south nestles Corregidor Island
-with the surf beating its shores; beyond is the China Sea, dotted here and there with
-specks of vessels bound to and from Hongkong or the other islands; to the north and
-west is a semi-circle of forest-covered peaks, standing as sentinels guarding the
-amphitheater-like crater; and to the northeast lie the cultivated fields of rice and
-sugar cane, studded here and there with the church steeples that mark the sites of
-the towns.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.12"><b>ZAMBALES PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;North of Bataan along the western coast of Luzon is the Province of Zambales. It
-has two important harbors that are well sheltered&#x2014;Olongapo and Subic. Olongapo is
-a naval station which boasts of one of the largest floating dry docks in the world.
-</p>
-<p>Zambales was also visited by the Dutch during the early part of the seventeenth century.
-It was in 1617 that Admiral Spielbergen, with a powerful fleet appeared off the coast
-of Playa Honda. The Government forces, under the command of Juan Ronquillo, sallied
-out and engaged the Dutch squadron. Spielbergen displayed much bravery, but was defeated.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.12.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Naval Station</span>
-The only points of particular interest are the <i>Naval Station</i> along the coast which is, however, practically abandoned, and the fortifications
-on Grande Island, at the entrance to the bay. To visit either of them permits from
-the military or naval authorities are necessary. The floating dry-dock <i>Dewey</i> whose voyage <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb89" href="#pb89">89</a>]</span>from the United States was a matter of much public interest in 1906 is now located
-here.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.13"><b>PANGASINAN PROVINCE</b> is the second largest rice producing province in the archipelago. Tobacco and coconuts
-are also principal products. The swamp lands and the tide flats are sources of nipa
-thatches and alcohol. Mongo, cogon, sugar cane, and mangoes are also raised extensively.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.13.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Salt Making and Industries</span>
-Along the tidal flats, <span class="corr" id="xd29e4627" title="Source: saltmaking">salt making</span> is so universal that the province has been named &#x201c;Pangasinan,&#x201d; meaning, &#x201c;the place
-where there is salt.&#x201d; Large parts of these same tidal lands are converted into artificial
-fish ponds with suitable gates that admit water during high tide. Even as far south
-as Bayambang, the overflowed lands of the Agno River have been converted into similar
-ponds where quantities of <span class="corr" id="xd29e4630" title="Source: fresh waterfish">fresh-water fish</span> are obtained and shipped to Manila in large baskets containing water.
-</p>
-<p>The famous Calasiao hat made from the leaf of the buri palm comes from Pangasinan.
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e4635" title="Source: Matmaking">Mat-making</span> is an industry in Bani and Bolinao. Lingayen uses the palm fiber for making sugar
-sacks and San Carlos for the &#x201c;salacot&#x201d; or native helmet. Calasiao, Ma�galdan, and
-San Carlos prepare the &#x201c;tabo&#x201d; or native cup from the coconut shell. Binmaley and Dagupan
-manufacture the &#x201c;sueco&#x201d; (wooden shoe), from the woods cut in the Zambales mountains.
-San Carlos, Binmaley, Santa Barbara, Malasiqui, and Bayambang have brickyards and
-manufactories of pottery. Ma�galdan is famous for its indigo blue and blue-black dyes.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.13.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Historical Events</span>
-Historically the province is important in that it was there that in 1574 the Chinese
-pirate Limahong after his repulse in Manila appeared with his vast army at the mouth
-of the Agno River and tried to found a settlement on its banks. This attempt, however,
-was a failure.
-</p>
-<p>During the period from 1660 to about 1765, two important revolts occurred in Pangasinan.
-The first was in 1660 led by Andres Malong, who attempted to establish a great kingdom
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb90" href="#pb90">90</a>]</span>with Binalato�gan as capital and comprising all of northern and western Luzon as far
-south as Zambales and Pampanga. The second revolt was led by the famous Pangasinan
-leader, Juan de la Cruz Palaris, often known as &#x201c;Palaripar.&#x201d; It took place in 1762,
-caused by the injustices of the tribute. Its center was also at Binalato�gan. It lasted
-over two years, ending with the capture and execution of Palaris in 1765.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p090width" id="p090"><img src="images/p090.jpg" alt="The wonderful rice terraces at Ifugao, Mountain Province, Luzon" width="659" height="480"><p class="figureHead">The wonderful rice terraces at Ifugao, Mountain Province, Luzon</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.14"><b>MOUNTAIN PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;The Mountain Province is the third largest province in the Philippines. It comprises
-the vast mountainous territory between the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya,
-and the Ilocos. It is made up of several sub-provinces.
-</p>
-<p><i>Bakun</i> district in the sub-province of <i>Amburayan</i> has some of the most striking rice terraces thousands of feet high. It is a region
-surrounded by high precipices, so that parts of the trails to Bakun consist of ladders
-hundreds of feet high on the sides of the cliffs.
-</p>
-<p>The sub-province of <i>Apayao</i> contains one of the richest virgin forests in the Philippines but because of the
-difficulty of transportation lumber is not cut on a commercial scale. There are also
-deposits of copper and ore as well as limestone but they are little explored.
-</p>
-<p>The sub-province of <i>Benguet</i> is at present the most important gold-mining district in the Mountain Province. The
-Igorots had exploited the mines long before the coming of the Spaniards and it is
-said that because of the experience already acquired, the Igorots are today more skillful
-gold miners than those who use their knowledge of chemistry and mining engineering.
-Hot springs are found at Klondikes, Daklan, and Bungias. Coal deposits exist in Mount
-Kapangan.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p091width" id="p091"><img src="images/p091.jpg" alt="Rice terraces at Bontoc, Mountain Province" width="720" height="254"><p class="figureHead">Rice terraces at Bontoc, Mountain Province</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The city of <i>Baguio</i>, the capital of Benguet, is situated in the southwestern part of the province. About
-160 miles to the north of Manila, it is built high up among the Benguet mountains.
-It ranges in elevation from 4,500 to over 5,500 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb91" href="#pb91">91</a>]</span>feet, and is surrounded practically on all sides by high mountains. The city at present
-is the summer capital of the Philippines. For a fuller description see page 61.
-</p>
-<p>The sub-province of <i>Bontok</i> is exceedingly mountainous. Besides agriculture and pottery making, the principal
-industries consist of basket making, lumbering, weaving, and metal working. The women
-by means of their hand-looms weave a great deal of high colored cloth out of yarn
-which they get by barter from the people of Isabela and Abra. The men manufacture
-head-axes and knives.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.14.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Ifugao Rice Terraces</span>
-The sub-province of <i>Ifugao</i> is famous for the remarkable rice terraces along its mountain sides. Nowhere in the
-Philippines is irrigation developed to the point reached in this sub-province. There
-are approximately 100 square miles of irrigated rice terraces that are watered by
-great ditches several miles long. The terraces are all buttressed with stone walls
-which measure a total length of about 12,000 miles. These terraces have been built
-without any knowledge of engineering. It is believed that the construction of the
-present terraces and irrigation systems has taken from 1,200 to 1,500 years of time.
-Generation after generation had toiled on them patiently. The Ifugaos have so utilized
-every drop of available water supply that in most places no more ditches can be constructed
-for lack of water.
-</p>
-<p>The terraces are built of stones mined near by, of which there are extensive areas.
-No animals are used for field work everything being done by hand. Salt springs and
-deposits of rock salts are also found in several places.
-</p>
-<p>The sub-province of <i>Lepanto</i> is next to Ifugao in the number of rice terraces. Camotes, pineapples, sugar cane,
-and cotton are also raised. Lepanto and Benguet are the regions having the most minerals
-in Luzon. All the mountain ranges have millions of pesos worth of copper ore deposits.
-Mankayan is the center of the copper mining industry. Here the Spaniards found the
-natives using the Chinese method of mine smelting.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb92" href="#pb92">92</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.14.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Gold Mining and Industries</span>
-Suyok is the gold mining center. Here is found one of the most striking features of
-the world. The whole side of a range of mountains, about 15 kilometers across, slides
-down to the valley, and on this slide, named the Palidan Slide, are found parts of
-gold veins which must have their connection somewhere else.
-</p>
-<p>The household industries are well developed. Clay products, such as pots, jars, and
-pipes are made for export. The men are experts in metal-working. They make weapons,
-pots, and spoons out of copper which they mine and smelt by native process. They also
-manufacture iron or steel spears, bolos, knives, and tools of all sorts, which they
-sell to or barter with the natives of the lowlands. They also carve wood into images,
-bowls, ornaments, and other utensils.
-</p>
-<p>The women make sufficient cloths for their own use and for sale. They spin, dye, and
-weave the cotton raised there.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.15a"><b>LA UNION PROVINCE</b> occupies a narrow strip of land immediately north of the Province of Pangasinan and
-west of the Mountain Province. Tobacco, rice, sisal, hemp, sugar, coconuts, corn,
-and cotton form the most important products. At the foot of Mount Bayabas is a hot
-salt spring. The Manila Railroad operates lines as far as Bauang. <i>San Fernando</i>, the capital, may be reached either by boat or by automobile from Bauang.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.15b"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Industries</span>
-<b>ILOCOS SUR PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;Immediately north of La Union is the Province of Ilocos Sur, a region specially adapted
-to the cultivation of maguey the fiber of which constitutes the principal export.
-But because the soil will not support the population a great many persons have turned
-to manufacture and trade. This has given rise to industrial specialization in different
-towns. Those along the coast extract salt from the sea water and export it in great
-quantities to inland provinces. In San Esteban, there is a quarry of stone from which
-mortars and grindstones are made. San Vicente, Vigan, and San Ildefonso specialize
-in woodworking, the first in carved wooden boxes and images and the others in household
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb93" href="#pb93">93</a>]</span>furniture. Most of the wood used in these handicrafts is imported from Abra and Cagayan.
-Bantay is the home of skilled silversmiths. In the other towns saddles, harness, slippers,
-mats, pottery, and hats are made and exported to some extent. Sisal and hemp fiber
-extraction and weaving of cotton cloth are common household industries throughout
-the province.
-</p>
-<p>The province embraces within its confines some of the oldest towns in the Philippines.
-Besides Vigan several other towns already existed in this region before the close
-of the sixteenth century; namely, Santa, Narvacan, Bantay, Candon, and Sinait.
-</p>
-<p>Just above Narvacan, on the highway which runs along the beach is an ancient watch-tower
-and a stretch of road bordered by a curious brick retaining wall of Spanish construction.
-Numerous ancient shrines are also to be seen along the Ilocos roads where the pious
-prayed that Heavenly favor might be shown them in their journeys.
-</p>
-<p>The towns of Paoay and Batac are noted for their magnificent churches which are worth
-traveling a long distance to see.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Historical</span>
-Two important uprisings are recorded in the history of Ilocos Sur&#x2014;the Malong rebellion
-in 1660 and the Silang rebellion in 1763. Malong, who was trying to carve out a kingdom
-for himself in Pangasinan and the neighboring territory, sent his two able generals,
-&#x201c;Count&#x201d; Gumapos and Jacinto Macasiag to the north to effect the conquest of this region.
-Gumapos and Macasiag, however, proceeded only as far as Vigan, from which place they
-were recalled by Malong. Diego Silang, who led the great rebellion of 1762, dominated
-the greater part of Ilocos Sur. He fought pitched battles with the Spanish forces
-at Vigan and Cabugao and practically succeeded in establishing a government of his
-own in Ilocos Sur.
-</p>
-<p><b>ILOCOS NORTE PROVINCE</b> occupies the whole of the coastal plain in the northwestern corner of Luzon. This
-province is noted for the many revolts that occurred there, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb94" href="#pb94">94</a>]</span>from the beginning of Spanish rule to the first decades of the nineteenth century.
-The two most important were those caused by the general discontent over the tobacco
-monopoly and over the wine monopoly, which occurred in 1788 and 1807 respectively.
-</p>
-<p>The mountains surrounding the province are covered with fine timber trees. Resin,
-honey, and wax are also found <span class="corr" id="xd29e4731" title="Source: in">on</span> their slopes. A few grottos or caves are found in the interior. There are a number
-of stone quarries. Limestone is found in at least three places, while the beach supplies
-a great amount of coral for road building. There are also deposits of manganese and
-asbestos which are being exploited.
-</p>
-<p>The weaving of textiles&#x2014;towels, blankets, wearing apparel, and handkerchiefs&#x2014;is the
-principal industry among women. Mat-making and the pottery industry are also well
-developed.
-</p>
-<p>Laoag, the capital, has a population of about 40,000. It is entered from the south
-by crossing the longest bridge in the islands. Laoag plaza, on which the provincial
-buildings front, is well cared for and the ancient bell tower on the opposite side
-is said to resemble a famous Italian campanile.
-</p>
-<p>Bangui is &#x201c;farthest north&#x201d; in Luzon where the highway ends. Its climate is cool resembling
-that of a California summer. Woolen clothes may be worn with comfort in the cold season.
-It is always swept <span class="corr" id="xd29e4739" title="Source: be">by</span> cool breezes. The view of sea and land from the crest of a hill just before Bangui
-is entered will hold the attention of even the most travelled tourist.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.16"><b>ABRA PROVINCE</b> is south of Ilocos Norte. It is a beautiful mountainous region. It is considered
-to be the seismic center of Northern Luzon. It is drained by the voluminous Abra River
-which is the highway to the Province of Ilocos Sur. The valley drained by this river
-and its tributaries is covered with luxuriant vegetation. Corn, tobacco, and rice
-are the most important products. The mountains are covered with forests containing
-timber eminently suitable for construction. There is gold dust along the Bino�gan
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb95" href="#pb95">95</a>]</span>River in the town of Lacub. Of mineral springs that of the Iomin River is the most
-important. This has a temperature ranging from 70 degrees to 80 degrees Fahrenheit
-with a flow of 3 to 4 cubic centimeters per second.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.17"><span class="cut-in-left-note" id="ch9.17.1">Cagayan River</span>
-<b>THE CAGAYAN VALLEY.</b>&#x2014;Adjoining the Mountain Province in the very northeastern corner of Luzon is the Province
-of Cagayan. Together with the neighboring Provinces of Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya to
-the south it forms what is known as the Cagayan Valley. Something of these great tobacco
-provinces can be seen by taking the steamer from Manila to Aparri and then sailing
-up the <i>Cagayan River</i>. This is a <span class="corr" id="xd29e4757" title="Source: Missisippi">Mississippi</span>, a Nile of a river, navigable by interisland steamers for twenty-five miles. Its
-chief importance lies in its periodical inundations, which, leaving their deposits
-of alluvial loam along the strips of lowland by the banks of the stream, make it the
-finest tobacco country of this part of the world. This crop has for a very long time
-been the staple source of wealth, though other plants can be cultivated with success.
-How great is the productivity of the soil, despite the exhausting effect of tobacco
-upon it, may be gathered from the following remark made in an official report. &#x201c;The
-&#x2018;good land&#x2019; was understood to be those parts fertilized annually by the overflow of
-the river.&#x2026; The other land was not considered first class because it could only produce
-tobacco for ten or twelve years without enrichment, the subject of fertilizing never
-having received any attention from the planters of that region.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p>By small boats it is possible to reach Cauayan, Isabela. From there the road is so
-nearly completed that autos can be taken to Santa F�, Nueva Vizcaya, where it divides,
-one branch, an automobile road, leading to San Jose, Nueva Ecija, and thence to Manila;
-the other a horseback trail to San Nicolas, Pangasinan, a short and easy stage to
-the railroad. Among the sights is a <i>salt-incrusted mountain</i>, a dazzling landmark for miles around in Nueva Vizcaya. The people thereabouts often
-place small objects, such as baskets, under the drip of the salt springs. These become
-coated <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb96" href="#pb96">96</a>]</span>with salt in such a manner that they appear to be of pure marble.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.18"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Isabela and Palanan</span>
-Like many other provinces Isabela Province was the scene of important uprisings. In
-1763, for example, stirred by the influence of the Silang rebellion in Ilocos, the
-people of Isabela revolted, led on by Dabo and Juan Morayac. The centers of rebellion
-were Ilagan and Cabagan. Again in 1785, another revolt broke out. This time the rebellion
-was led by Labutao and Baladon. The rebellion was caused by the grievances of the
-people against the collection of tribute and the enforcement of the tobacco monopoly.
-</p>
-<p>The historical spot of Isabela is the little town of <i>Palanan</i> on Palanan Bay, <span class="corr" id="xd29e4774" title="Source: in">on</span> the Pacific Coast. The bay is exposed to the weather and the anchorage is reefy,
-while the town is separated from the rest of the province by great mountains which
-make communication and travel difficult and dangerous. It was in this town that General
-Emilio Aguinaldo retreated and maintained his headquarters until his capture by General
-Funston by a ruse in March, 1901.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.19"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Salinas Salt Springs</span>
-<b>NUEVA VIZCAYA PROVINCE</b> is south of Cagayan on the Pacific Coast of Luzon. It contains vast areas of fertile
-public lands suitable for rice, tobacco, sugar, coconuts, beans, potatoes, coffee,
-and abaca, practically untouched, as well as virgin forests filled with all classes
-of valuable timber. The province is the gateway to and granary of the tobacco-producing
-provinces to the north. The climatic conditions of the province are unsurpassed. There
-are places the climate of which is similar to that of Baguio. There are also places
-of scenic beauty, such as Salinas, which are not inferior to world-famous objectives
-of tourist travel. The salt springs at Salinas have been from time immemorial the
-source of this essential food element to the peoples of even distant regions.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.20"><b>MINDORO PROVINCE</b> is named after the Spanish phrase &#x201c;mina de oro&#x201d; or &#x201c;gold mine,&#x201d; as mining is said
-to have once been a great source of wealth in the region. The province is co-extensive
-in territory with the Island of Mindoro, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb97" href="#pb97">97</a>]</span>southwest of Luzon. Rice, copra, abac�, sugar, and corn are the principal products.
-Along the coast are extensive nipa swamps.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.20.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Mineral Deposits</span>
-Gold is found in the Rivers of Binabay, Baco, Bongabong, and Magasauan Tubig. Coal
-of good quality is found north and west of Bulalacao, white marbles northwest of Mount
-Halcon, slate deposits near the headquarters of Pagaban and other rivers of the western
-coast, sulphur, and gypsum on Lake Naujan, and south of Calapan, hot springs between
-the sea and the northwestern part of Lake Naujan, and salt springs in Damagan, Bulalacao.
-Guano deposits are found in the caves.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.20.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Submarine Garden</span>
-An interesting two-day trip from Manila is that to the landlocked harbor of <i>Puerto Galera</i> at the northern end of the island. The attraction of the place lies in the fine scenery
-along the coast and in the unusual transparency of the water, which permits visitors,
-especially if glass-bottomed boats are at hand, to inspect the varied life which teems
-in the depths below. There is here as <span class="corr" id="xd29e4801" title="Source: in">on</span> the coast of Batangas a marine garden of bewildering and exquisite beauty. Nature
-seems to have made special effort to crowd beneath a few acres of sea all of the most
-entrancing wonders of the deep. There is coral of every design, color, and variety.
-There are thousands of plants which present a wealthy and gorgeous harmony of color.
-There are myriads of wonderful fish which outrival the coral and the vegetation in
-variety and richness of hue. Some are as green as grass, others as gold as a guinea.
-</p>
-<p>There are at present no regular boats making the trip and special arrangements will
-have to be made in order to be able to visit the place.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.21"><b>PALAWAN.</b>&#x2014;The province of Palawan occupies the long and narrow Island of Palawan situated between
-Mindoro on the north and Borneo on the south. Besides this long and narrow island
-the province includes about 200 other small islets. A great part of the island is
-still unexplored, the island itself not being accessible to the traveler. The chief
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb98" href="#pb98">98</a>]</span>industries of the people are fishing, gathering trepangs, sea-shells, and edible birds&#x2019;
-nest on the limestone cliffs near the shore.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p098-1width" id="p098-1"><img src="images/p098-1.jpg" alt="" width="512" height="340"></div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p098-2width"><img src="images/p098-2.jpg" alt="Boobies at Tubataja Reef, Sulu" width="512" height="340"><p class="figureHead">Boobies at Tubataja Reef, Sulu</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The proximity of the island with the Dutch East Indies and to Borneo puts it in a
-very advantageous position commercially. It is also favored by valleys of great fertility
-and by well protected harbors.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Iwahig Penal Colony</span>
-Among the places of special interest in Palawan may be mentioned Balabac on the island
-of the same name. It was to this island that many of the Filipinos were exiled in
-1896 because of alleged complicity in the Katipunan which in August of that year raised
-the standard of revolt. The Iwahig Penal Colony about 8 miles from Puerto Princesa,
-the capital, is also easy of access. This is a novel experiment in the reformatory
-treatment of criminals. Here have been gathered under the name of &#x201c;colonists&#x201d; over
-500 convicts who have conducted themselves well at Bilibid prison in Manila. They
-are put at entire liberty without any armed guard or any special restraint. All of
-the petty officers are prisoners as are also all the police. Agriculture and various
-trades are carried on, and, under certain conditions, the prisoners are given an allotment
-of land and their families are allowed to join them.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.21.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Culion Leper Colony</span>
-To the north of the province is the little Island of Culion where the leper colony
-is situated. There is no regular transportation except by the government cutter that
-makes periodical trips, and the colony itself is not ordinarily open to visitors.
-There are about 2,000 inmates in the colony and <span class="corr" id="xd29e4827" title="Not in source">they </span>are well taken care of by the Philippine Government, many having been cured completely
-of the unfortunate malady. In minor matters the lepers form a self-governing community
-electing their own council and supplying the policemen and other subordinate officials.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.21.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Underground River</span>
-On the west coast of Palawan, almost uninhabited and still largely uncharted, there
-is a very remarkable <i>underground <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb99" href="#pb99">99</a>]</span>river</i>. This has been explored several times by Government officials, a launch having in
-one instance entered the mouth and proceeded under the mountain for more than 2 miles.
-At present the river can only be reached by taking a long and expensive trip away
-from the main routes of travel, but it is destined some time to be known as one of
-the remarkable sights of the world.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p099width" id="p099"><img src="images/p099.jpg" alt="The subterranean river, Saint Paul&#x2019;s Bay, Palawan taken by flashlight, looking toward the exit" width="670" height="481"><p class="figureHead">The subterranean river, Saint <span class="corr" id="xd29e4842" title="Source: Pauls&#x2019;">Paul&#x2019;s</span> Bay, Palawan taken by flashlight, looking toward the exit</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.22"><b>ROMBLON PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;The Province of Romblon has nothing of special interest to the tourist except the
-town of Romblon which has one of the best natural harbors in the islands and the extensive
-marble deposits which have been quarried and used for years and are now disappearing.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23"><b>THE VISAYAS.</b>&#x2014;The &#x201c;Visayas&#x201d; is the general name given to the central portion of the Philippine
-Archipelago. It includes the large Islands of Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and
-Samar, and a very great number of smaller islands and islets. Though greatly broken
-up by mountains, these contain the most thickly populated districts in the Islands
-and constitute by far the largest area inhabited by a single stock (the Visayan) and
-speaking, though with many dialect variations, one language. Within this area are
-the best sugar and some of the best hemp lands, and many other important products
-of the Islands grow well. To the tourist, perhaps, they do not, outside of the cities
-of Cebu and Iloilo, abound in &#x201c;sights.&#x201d; But the larger islands exhibit many fine vistas;
-and the smaller ones, mostly mountainous, form with the surrounding tropical waters
-a combination which, for color and variety of outline, rivals the Inland Sea of Japan
-at its best.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.1"><b>SAMAR PROVINCE</b> comprises the whole Island of Samar which is the fourth largest island in the Archipelago.
-It lies southeast of Luzon and is separated from the Province of Sorsogon by the San
-Bernardino Strait. The island is very rugged and nearly all of the towns are located
-near the coast. Another characteristic feature of the mountain regions is the presence
-of caves of which the most noted <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb100" href="#pb100">100</a>]</span>is the Sohotan cave near Basey. River transportation is the chief means of communication.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Where the Spaniards first landed</span>
-To Samar belongs the distinction of being the first island of the Philippine Archipelago
-to be discovered by the Spaniards. On March 16, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan sighted the
-island, and the day following, landed on the little island of Homonhon. In 1649 the
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e4865" title="Source: great">greatest</span> part of the Island of Samar became involved in a great rebellion which became the
-signal of general uprising in the Visayan Islands and in parts of Mindanao. The cause
-of the uprising was enforced labor in connection with shipbuilding. It lasted about
-a year. The rebels fortified themselves in the mountains and there established an
-independent settlement. From here they sallied forth from time to time and harassed
-the Spanish forces sent against them.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.2"><b>ILOILO AND CAPIZ.</b>&#x2014;The Provinces of Iloilo and Capiz occupy the entire eastern portion of the Island
-of Panay, immediately south of Romblon Island. They consist of an extensive plain
-extending far back to the foot of a range of mountains that traverses the western
-part of the island.
-</p>
-<p>The Panay line of the Philippine Railway Company cuts directly through this plain
-extending as far as Capiz, the capital of the province of the same name, immediately
-north of Iloilo Province.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-The trip over the railroad takes the traveler past several points of interest. Just
-beyond Ventura there are seen to the west of the tract a series of high mountain cliffs
-of white coral rock. These are honeycombed by caves of wonderful structure and great
-beauty. One of the most beautiful resembles an immense stage, set with elaborate scenery.
-Another of great extent and variety is entered by descending through a shaft resembling
-a well. An hour&#x2019;s walk from the entrance leads the traveler to a place where the roof
-has collapsed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb101" href="#pb101">101</a>]</span>and trees have grown to gigantic heights, the cave continuing to an unknown distance.
-</p>
-<p>The natural bridge of Suhut in the town of Dumalag, Capiz, is also worth visiting.
-Near the natural bridge is a spring of sulphurous and salty water.
-</p>
-<p>The City of Iloilo is described elsewhere, page 64.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note" id="ch9.23.3.1">Haciendas and Sugar Centrals</span>
-<b>THE ISLAND OF NEGROS.</b>&#x2014;This island is divided into two provinces&#x2014;Occidental Negros and Oriental Negros.
-Occidental Negros is about three hours&#x2019; ride by boat from the City of Iloilo. It is
-the most important sugar producing district in the Philippines. About 75 per cent
-of all the exported sugar comes from this province. Bacolod, Bago, Talisay, San Carlos,
-Binalbagan, and La Carlota are the centers of the sugar industry. There are about
-518 haciendas and about half a dozen sugar centrals in actual operation. The sugar
-centrals are well worth the visit and the traveler should not miss them. Other <span class="corr" id="xd29e4888" title="Source: princpial">principal</span> places of interest are Mount Canlaon, an active volcano and the Mambucal Hot Springs,
-which is recommended by medical authorities.
-</p>
-<p>The trip to Oriental Negros has to be made direct from Manila, although there are
-boats from Cebu and Iloilo calling occasionally at <i>Dumaguete</i>, the capital.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.3.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Silliman Institute</span>
-The principal points of interest in <i>Dumaguete</i> are the old watch-tower on the plaza, built to guard against surprise by piratical
-Moro fleets, and the buildings of the Silliman Institute. This latter is a high-grade
-Protestant endowed school, with preparatory, classical, and industrial departments;
-in it are enrolled some 500 students, representing a wide range of localities. It
-was founded in 1901 with a gift of Dr. Horace B. Silliman, of New York, and is now
-maintained by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. The buildings are located
-on the beach, about five minutes&#x2019; walk from the central part of the town.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb102" href="#pb102">102</a>]</span></p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Other Places of Interest</span>
-There are a few other places of some interest within a moderate distance of Dumaguete.
-Among these are some hot springs, about 6 kilometers (about 4 miles) west of the town.
-There is a fairly good horse trail to within a few minutes&#x2019; walk of them, and the
-scenery along the route is picturesque. Of more interest is the active <i id="ch9.23.3.3">Volcano of Magaso</i>, which lies 14 kilometers to the south. It is accessible by a good trail; and a horse
-can be ridden to the top of the crater. The descent into the latter is not difficult.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.4"><b>CEBU PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;The Island of Cebu which is co-extensive with the province of that name was discovered
-by Magellan on April 7, 1521. The town was then under the rule of Raja Humabon, a
-powerful chief who had eight subordinate chieftains and a force of some two thousand
-warriors under him. Magellan made friends with Humabon and succeeded in baptizing
-him, his wife, and as many as eight hundred of his men. Magellan also endeavored to
-bring the people of Mactan under Spanish influence. In this attempt, he was killed
-while engaged in battle with the people of Opon who were then under Chief Lapulapu.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p102width" id="p102"><img src="images/p102.jpg" alt="Magellan Monument, Mactan Island" width="498" height="720"><p class="figureHead">Magellan Monument, Mactan Island</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.4.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">First Spanish Settlement</span>
-Forty-four years after Magellan&#x2019;s time, Legaspi occupied the town of Cebu which was
-then under the rule of Tupas. Here Legaspi founded the first Spanish settlement in
-the Philippines which he called <i>San Miguel</i>. The town, which was planned in the shape of a triangle, was defended on the land
-side by a palisade and on the two sides facing the sea by artillery. The name of the
-town was later changed to the City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus &#x201c;in honor of an
-image of the Child Jesus which a soldier had found in one of the houses.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p>The establishment of the Spanish settlement in Cebu brought to this island the Portuguese
-who then disputed the ownership of the Archipelago. In 1566, 1568, and 1570, Portuguese
-expeditionary forces were sent to Cebu to drive away the Spaniards. First in 1568
-and again in 1570, the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb103" href="#pb103">103</a>]</span>Portuguese blockaded Cebu, but in both cases the blockade resulted in a failure.
-</p>
-<p>The plains yield as many as three crops of corn a year. Coconuts, sugar cane, abaca,
-peanuts, bananas, pineapples, camotes, and tobacco are other products.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Industries</span>
-The island is rich in minerals, of which gold and coal are the most important. Industries
-are well developed in Cebu. Good fishing banks found along the coast furnish the people
-with food for local use and for export. Hogs and goats are raised for local use. Poultry
-raising enables the people to export chickens and eggs to neighboring islands and
-even to Manila. Cotton cloth, woven for local use and sinamay made from the fiber
-extracted from banana and pineapple leaves, are exported. Much <i>tuba</i>, a native wine, is collected in the coconut regions.
-</p>
-<p>The town of Cebu, however, existed as a prosperous native settlement before the discovery
-of the Philippines by Magellan. For a description of the places of interest in the
-city, see page 63.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p103width" id="p103"><img src="images/p103.jpg" alt="Panoramic view of Dapitan where Rizal was exiled by the Spaniards" width="720" height="251"><p class="figureHead">Panoramic view of Dapitan where Rizal was exiled by the Spaniards</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.5"><b>BOHOL PROVINCE</b>, the island <span class="corr" id="xd29e4944" title="Source: southwest">southeast</span> of Cebu, is noted for the two big rebellions against the Spaniards which occurred
-in 1622 and 1744, respectively. The leader of the revolt in 1622, which was really
-an armed protest against Jesuitical influence, was one by the name of Tamblot. The
-uprising rapidly spread throughout the entire island; only the towns of Loboc and
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e4947" title="Source: Baklayon">Baclayon</span> remained peaceful. The rebels retreated &#x201c;to the summit of a rugged and lofty hill,
-difficult of access,&#x201d; and there fortified themselves. It took the government six months
-to suppress this rebellion.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.5.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Rebellions</span>
-Another rebellion, no less formidable than the Tamblot uprising, broke out in 1744.
-It gained strength in 1750 under the leadership of Dagohoy, who for a long time was
-the whole soul of the movement. The rebellion affected almost the entire island and
-lasted for over eighty years. The government sent several expeditions to put it down,
-but without success. The rebels <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb104" href="#pb104">104</a>]</span>established a local government and lived as an independent people. This was, perhaps,
-the most successful revolt the Filipinos ever conducted from the viewpoint of duration
-of resistance.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.5.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-Among the attractions are the mineral springs in Guindulman as well as those in San
-Juan, Candon, Napo, Lubod, and Cambalaguin which are reputed to be efficacious for
-curing skin diseases. Edible birds&#x2019; nests are gathered in the Cananoan Cave. Other
-caves are found in Baclayon<span class="corr" id="xd29e4961" title="Source: .">,</span> Guindulman, Jagna, and Sierra Bullones. &#x201c;Buri,&#x201d; &#x201c;ticog,&#x201d; and &#x201c;salacot&#x201d; hats are made
-in almost every town. The weaving of &#x201c;pi�a&#x201d; and &#x201c;sinamay&#x201d; cloth is a specialty in
-Baclayon, Loboc, Jagna, and Duero, and &#x201c;saguaran&#x201d; weaving in Talibon, Inabanga, Baclayon,
-and Jetafe. The commercial exploitation of the pearl and shell banks in the Bohol
-seas has only recently been begun. The catching of the flying lemur and the tanning
-and preparation of its hide is a new occupation. Most of the towns are found along
-the coast so that a great portion of the inhabitants are engaged in coastwise and
-interisland trade.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.6"><b>LEYTE PROVINCE</b> and island, one of the largest and most fertile regions in the Visayan group, is
-situated southwest of Samar and is separated from Samar by the San Juanico Strait,
-said to be one of the most beautiful water-ways in the world. Hemp and copra are the
-most important products exported. Coal is found in the towns of Leyte, Ormoc, and
-Jaro. Asphalt is being mined in Leyte for street paving purposes. Gold is found in
-Pintuyan and San Isidro; sulphur in Mahagnao; mineral springs in the crater of Mahagnao,
-Ormoc, San Isidro, Mainit, and Carigara.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.23.6.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Where Mass First Celebrated</span>
-Limasawa, a little island south of Leyte, has the unique distinction of being the
-place where mass was first celebrated in the Philippines. Toward the end of March,
-1521, Magellan discovered this little island, which then appeared to be a prosperous
-community. It was here that Magellan met Raja Calambu and Ciagu, who feasted the Spaniards
-and exchanged presents with them. The Island of Leyte itself, then called Tandaya,
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb105" href="#pb105">105</a>]</span>was the first island of the Philippine Archipelago to receive the name of &#x201c;Felipina.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24"><b>THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO.</b>&#x2014;This island is the second largest and potentially perhaps the richest of the archipelago.
-It is divided into seven provinces&#x2014;Zamboanga, Misamis, Lanao, Bukidnon, Cotabato,
-Davao, Agusan, and Surigao.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Origin of Name</span>
-The term &#x201c;Mindanao&#x201d; or &#x201c;Maguindanao&#x201d; was originally given to the town now known as
-Cotabato and its immediate vicinity. (See page 104.) The word is derived from the
-root &#x201c;danao&#x201d; which means inundation by a river, lake, or sea. The derivative &#x201c;Mindanao&#x201d;
-means &#x201c;inundated&#x201d; or &#x201c;that which is inundated.&#x201d; &#x201c;Maguindanao&#x201d; means &#x201c;that which has
-inundated.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Islam</span>
-Islam was successfully introduced and firmly established in Mindanao by Sharif Mohammed
-Kabungsuwan. He is believed to have established himself in this region toward the
-end of the fifteenth century. He was also the founder of the Sultanate so that today
-most of the inhabitants of Mindanao are Mohammedans. The Christian population came
-from the northern islands. They immigrated into Mindanao to exploit the rich sections
-of the islands. They have built their homes along the river basins and near the bays
-accessible to commerce. In many cases they hold the important municipal positions
-such as tax-collectors and teachers. The Moros who inhabit the interior valleys have
-acknowledged the authority of their Christian brothers from the north and are living
-peacefully with them.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.3"><b>THE PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA</b> includes the whole of the western peninsula of the island. The central portion is
-covered with dense forests containing much valuable hardwood timber. Abaca and copra
-are the principal products though sugar, cacao, hemp, and rice are cultivated to some
-extent. Among the important forest products are guttapercha for insulating cable wires
-and almaciga for varnish. Basilan Island nearby is covered with forests, and lumber
-mills are in operation. There are also plantations for the growing of rubber in this
-island.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb106" href="#pb106">106</a>]</span></p>
-<p>As a whole the interior of the province is not at present very accessible, and most
-of the attractions center in the capital City of Zamboanga at the extreme end of the
-peninsula, which is described on page 65.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.4"><b>COTABATO PROVINCE</b> is in the southwestern portion of Mindanao. The term &#x201c;Cotabato&#x201d; signifies a &#x201c;stone
-fort.&#x201d; Cotabato is the capital and is located near the mouth of the river called Cotabato
-also. The Cotabato River system, though not as swift as the Rhine River of Germany,
-serves the same purpose to Cotabato as the Rhine to Germany in the sense that it forms
-the chief means of communication and transportation for conveying finished products
-and raw materials from the different towns to the coast.
-</p>
-<p>On the valley of this river are some of the most fertile and productive regions of
-the whole Philippine Archipelago, although due to the scarcity of population and of
-laborers very little cultivation has been done.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.6">On the eastern side of the valley are many extensive but shallow swamps, such as the
-Liguasan and Libungan. Large lakes as Buluan and Cebu, and many small ones abound.
-These natural basins yield an immense wealth for the country. On the marshes, mangroves
-and nipa grow in abundance, while the lakes teem with the rarest and choicest fish.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-Sulphur is abundant near and around <i id="ch9.24.7">Mount Apo</i>, an extinct volcano, 9,610 feet high, being the highest peak in the archipelago.
-The difficult ascent and the lack of transportation facilities make exploitation impossible
-at present. Mineral springs can be found near the town of Cotabato.
-</p>
-<p>The land is well adopted to the cultivation of coconut and rice. The mountains are
-densely wooded. With the exception of the small portion around Sarangani Bay where
-logging is being carried on most of the forested area is not yet exploited. The most
-important forest products, which are at present exported in great quantities, are
-the candlenut, almaciga, and guttapercha.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb107" href="#pb107">107</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.24.8"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Fertility</span>
-<b>BUKIDNON PROVINCE</b> occupies the great fertile plateau of Mindanao immediately north of Cotabato. It
-contains immense areas of fertile soil unsurpassed for grazing and general farming.
-There are at least 300,000 hectares of open grass-covered land which would yield rich
-returns under the plow. The Bukidnons themselves, learning to use modern agricultural
-implements, are taking advantage of their opportunities, this being clearly evidenced
-by the beautiful fields of corn surrounding their settlements, by the increased plantings
-of rice and camotes, and by the great increase in the exportation of hemp and coffee.
-The lower levels of Bukidnon produce the best grade of hemp in northern Mindanao.
-Corn grows to a height of 13 feet on the Bukidnon plateaus, the stalks supporting
-two ears. Two crops may be grown annually.
-</p>
-<p>There are some Manobos and a few Moros in the province, but the greater part of the
-inhabitants are Bukidnons who are timid, peaceable farmers.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.9"><b>LANAO PROVINCE.</b>&#x2014;Between Bukidnon and Zamboanga is the Province of Lanao which includes the region
-centering about the large Lake of Lanao. It consists for the most part of a plateau
-(altitude, about 2,200 feet), with an invigorating climate and fine stretches of grazing
-land. The soil is in the main excellent and, at various altitudes, produces a very
-great variety of crops, including the usual staples, some fruits like the &#x201c;durian,&#x201d;
-unknown or rare in the northern islands, coffee, and a variety of wild rubber, for
-which plant, in its cultivated form, the district is well adapted.
-</p>
-<p>For many years this valuable country has been the scene of the lawlessness of the
-Lanao Moros, but after the institution of civil government among them they have settled
-down and are living peacefully side by side with the immigrants from the northern
-islands. The same is true with the other provinces in the Island of Mindanao.
-</p>
-<p>Much of the scenery in the Lanao Province is said to be among the finest in the world,
-while the Moros are extremely <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb108" href="#pb108">108</a>]</span>interesting and manufacture many small articles of great artistic value, especially
-brasswork and weapons.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-Among the attractions is <i>Lake Lanao</i>, believed to have been formed as a result of the subsidence of the land accompanying
-the eruption of the volcanoes in the surrounding country. There are three of these
-volcanoes, which are still active. The climate, especially around Lake Lanao, is very
-cool. Dansalan nearby is the favorite resort of the people in the lowlands of Mindanao
-and bears the promise of being the Baguio of the southern islands.
-</p>
-<p>Other attractions are the <i>Maria Cristina Falls</i> about 191 feet high and the Mataling Fall about 40 feet in height, both of which
-are on the road to the lake.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.10"><b>DAVAO PROVINCE</b> occupies the southeastern part of Mindanao. Though perhaps less fertile for some
-crops than the neighboring Province of Cotabato, Davao comprises the finest hemp land
-in the archipelago and there is<span class="corr" id="xd29e5041" title="Not in source"> a</span> considerable colony of Japanese, American, and Filipino planters.
-</p>
-<p>More than half of the population, however, are pagans, the Mandayas and Bagobos predominating
-in number. These two pagan tribes have the best primitive civilization among all the
-non-Christian peoples of the archipelago. Their women weave excellent cloth which
-is dyed in curious and ornamental patterns and the men make daggers, spears, and other
-articles of metal.
-</p>
-<p>The town of Davao is the capital and principal port. It is well laid out and has a
-number of interesting monuments.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.24.11"><b>AGUSAN PROVINCE</b>, north of Davao, occupies the whole northern Valley of Agusan. The soil is of the
-greatest fertility, holding a constant moisture. The rainfall is very evenly distributed
-throughout the year, and there has been no drought or destructive typhoon recorded.
-Abaca and coconuts thrive well in this region. A splendid rice crop is produced without
-irrigation. Bananas, papayas, and other tropical fruits are grown in great abundance,
-the famous <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb109" href="#pb109">109</a>]</span>Mindanao papaya attaining its perfection in the region about Butuan.
-</p>
-<p>The numerous lakes and the extensive area of swampy land are sources of incalculable
-wealth. Choicest fish abound in the lakes, while nipa from which tuba and alcohol
-are obtained, and mangroves for fuel and tanning purposes, grow wild in the fenlands.
-</p>
-<p>Gold deposits exist in abundance. Most of these deposits are found in the mountains
-on the eastern side of the valley. The location of these mines is favorable, being
-near rivers. There are several gold mining claims at present under operation.
-</p>
-<p>Butuan, the capital and most important town of the province, is near the mouth of
-the navigable Agusan River. This river port serves the same purpose for the settlements
-built along Agusan River and its tributaries, as the town of Cotabato to the well-scattered
-towns of the Cotabato Valley.
-</p>
-<p><b>SURIGAO PROVINCE</b>, north of Agusan, occupies the whole northeastern part of the Island of Mindanao.
-Abaca, copra, and corn are the most important agricultural products. There is much
-fine timber in the forests, the best obtainable equalling iron and concrete in durability.
-Gold is at present mined in some parts of the province.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.25"><b>THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO.</b>&#x2014;The Sulu Province includes all of the islands of the Sulu Archipelago, a region which
-is often visited by earthquakes, the Sulu Sea being the seismic center. The climate
-of this region is warm and moist, being near the equator.
-</p>
-<p>Fishing is the most important industry. Jolo is the center for most of the pearling
-fleet. Sitanki, Omapui, Tumindao, Balimbing, Landubas, Laja, and Siasi are other important
-fishing centers. The sea turtle, fish of all kinds, and the trepang are caught. Beautiful
-trays and combs and other articles are made from the back of the sea turtle, and the
-fish and trepang are cured and exported.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb110" href="#pb110">110</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.25.1">The Sulu Archipelago, especially Jolo, the capital and principal port, trades with
-Zamboanga, Borneo, and Singapore. Chinese merchants traded with Sulu long before the
-arrival of Legaspi in the Philippines. When Manila and Cebu were yet small settlements,
-Jolo was already a city, the most important in the Philippines.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p110-1width" id="p110-1"><img src="images/p110-1.jpg" alt="A view of Jolo, Sulu" width="509" height="362"><p class="figureHead">A view of Jolo, Sulu</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p110-2width" id="p110-2"><img src="images/p110-2.jpg" alt="The Cebu wharf" width="511" height="363"><p class="figureHead">The Cebu wharf</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.25.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Introduction of Mohammedanism</span>
-Mohammedanism was introduced and firmly established in the Archipelago by three men&#x2014;Makdum,
-Raja <span class="corr" id="xd29e5081" title="Source: Baguinda">Baginda</span>, and Abu Bakr. Makdum was a noted Arabian scholar who, after introducing Mohammedanism
-into Malacca, visited almost every island of the Sulu Archipelago toward the end of
-the fourteenth century and made numerous converts especially in Bevansa and Tapul.
-Raja Baginda, soon after the arrival of Makdum, came by way of Zamboanga and Basilan.
-He was of princely rank and is believed to have come accompanied by ministers of state.
-He settled in Bevansa and became the supreme ruler of Sulu. Abu Bakr, who seemed to
-have been quite a learned man, arrived in Bevansa about the middle of the fifteenth
-century. Here, he lived with Raja Baginda, teaching the people the Mohammedan religion.
-He later married Parasimuli, the daughter of Raja Baginda, and succeeded his father-in-law
-as sultan.
-</p>
-<p>The reign of Abu Bakr (1450&#x2013;1480) was noteworthy not only because of the firm establishment
-of Mohammedanism, but also because of the governmental reforms then effected. Abu
-Bakr reorganized the government of Sulu, dividing it into five main administrative
-districts, each under a Panglima. He promulgated a new code of laws which became the
-guide for all officials of the state. During his reign, Sulu&#x2019;s power was felt not
-only in Mindanao and the Visayas, but even in Luzon.
-</p>
-<p>The administration of Governor-General Sande (1575&#x2013;80) was the beginning of a continuous
-state of warfare between Spain and Sulu which lasted to within two decades before
-the end of the Spanish rule. Sande wanted to reduce Sulu to a subject state, impose
-tribute on its people, secure for the Spaniards the trade of the Archipelago, and
-convert the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb111" href="#pb111">111</a>]</span>inhabitants to Catholicism. To attain these ends, he sent Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa
-to Sulu with a large army. This expedition, however, accomplished nothing beyond the
-arousing of the Sulus to hostility and the inception of numerous Moro raids on the
-Visayas and Luzon.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p111width" id="p111"><img src="images/p111.jpg" alt="Moro weapons" width="720" height="456"><p class="figureHead">Moro weapons</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.25.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Sultan and His Present Position</span>
-The whole Archipelago is still under the nominal sway of the Sultan of Sulu, who lives
-in the Island of Jolo and enjoys pensions from the Philippine Government and the British
-North Borneo Company. All of the Moros in Mindanao and in Sulu have long ago recognized
-the authority of the central Philippine Government in Manila, and the hostility which
-has existed between the Moros and the inhabitants of the northern islands during Spanish
-rule, has long passed away. The policy of attraction inaugurated by the Philippine
-Government has succeeded wonderfully. Disturbances among the Moros are now very few
-and far between. They have their own senator in the Philippine Senate and they have
-their own representatives in the House.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.25.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Results of the Policy of Attraction</span>
-Considering the past history of these southern islands, it is almost incredible that
-such results have become possible. Many of the <span class="corr" id="xd29e5101" title="Source: non-Chritians">non-Christians</span> in the interior of Mindanao-Sulu have even changed their manner of dressing and have
-adopted the garb of the Christians, whom they are endeavoring to imitate as much as
-possible, mingling with them in their work, and assisting in maintaining law and order.
-The Moros themselves have changed a great deal; the <i>juramentado</i> (running amok) is practically a thing of the past; they show greater religious tolerance
-and a high sense of responsibility; they cooperate in every way possible with the
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e5106" title="Source: Christian">Christians</span> and the Government authorities in the maintenance of a government of law and order,
-and do everything they can to identify themselves with the inhabitants of the north.
-For this reason more beneficial and lasting changes have been accomplished in the
-last five years, in moral, social, and political respects, as well as in the material
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb112" href="#pb112">112</a>]</span>development of the people, than had been accomplished for several centuries past.
-This progress is principally due to the efforts of the Philippine Legislature, which
-furnished the Department of Mindanao and Sulu with large annual appropriations and
-thus made the policy of attraction a success.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.25.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">The town of Jolo</span>
-The <i>town of Jolo</i> is the political and commercial center of the archipelago and is reached from Manila
-direct. The trip through island-studded Sulu Sea, is one of great scenic beauty.
-</p>
-<p>Jolo consists of a picturesque little walled city and a considerable town outside.
-The population is cosmopolitan. The town is more Malayan, more Arabic, and more Oriental
-than Zamboanga. Thus it has many attractions for the traveler.
-</p>
-<p>The part within the walls has excellent streets and walks and is adorned with parks,
-gardens, and fountains. One of the most curious sights is furnished by the half-tame
-deer, which run at large about the streets. The point of greatest interest in the
-outer town is the &#x201c;Chinese pier,&#x201d; a rickety affair, on which most of the merchants
-of that nationality have their shops, both as a measure of safety and for convenience
-in handling cargoes. These shops are the best places to go to for Moro curios.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Attractions</span>
-The town as a whole is an excellent place in which to see the daily life and occupations
-of the Moro people in their most characteristic forms. The fact that it is the chief
-center of the pearl fisheries of the Islands puts the pearling boats when in port,
-the market where the pearls and shell are sold, and the places of manufacture and
-sale of the shell ornaments, among the principal sights. Leading from the town to
-the barracks at Asturias is a fine coconut avenue, known as &#x201c;Ariolas&#x2019; Walk.&#x201d; It is
-named after its builder, who was the Spanish military governor of the place in the
-early years of the last century.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb113" href="#pb113">113</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch9.26"><b>THE LANGUAGE FOR THE TOURIST.</b>&#x2014;Spanish and English are the languages universally used in the archipelago. As a general
-rule, however, an English speaking tourist can travel in the different places described
-in this book without knowledge of any except his mother tongue. Almost all of the
-officials and employees of the government speak English and, if there is no one else,
-a school child can generally be found to do the interpreting.
-</p>
-<p id="ch9.26.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">English-Speaking Filipinos</span>
-Statistics show that there are at present more Filipinos who can read, write, and
-speak the English language than those who can read, write, and speak the Spanish language.
-The last Census (1918) gives the following figures:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Males </td>
-<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Females
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Filipinos of 10 years of age or over who can read English. </td>
-<td>563,495 </td>
-<td class="cellRight">322,359</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Those who can read Spanish. </td>
-<td>587,588 </td>
-<td class="cellRight">292,223</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Those who can both read and write English. </td>
-<td>540,552 </td>
-<td class="cellRight">313,993</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Those who can both read and write Spanish. </td>
-<td class="cellBottom">454,052 </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom">210,270</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>As a matter of fact the English language serves at the present time as a common medium
-of communication among the inhabitants of the Philippines who still speak their own
-dialects. Because of the work of public schools during the last quarter of a century
-it is the language which is most widely spoken in the whole Archipelago.
-</p>
-<p>Business between the central government and the provinces and municipalities is transacted
-in English. The proceedings of the Philippine Legislature although still in Spanish,
-are translated into English. In commercial transactions the English language prevails
-throughout the islands. It will not be very long before the language will be the official
-language even in the courts and the language which is more generally used in private
-life. The present leaders of the people have a working knowledge of the language and
-many can read and write it fairly. The younger generation has a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb114" href="#pb114">114</a>]</span>thorough knowledge of English and speaks and writes it in most cases.
-</p>
-<p>The spread of the language as the common language of the inhabitants is assured, not
-only because it is the basis of instruction in the public schools and in the universities,
-but also because it is essential to the best interest and political future of the
-people.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb115" href="#pb115">115</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch10" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1638">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">X. Agricultural Products, Forest Resources, Minerals, and Other Industries</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">The Philippines are eminently an agricultural country. Agriculture is the principal
-source of the Islands&#x2019; wealth, and the bulk of the exports consists mostly of agricultural
-products.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Hectares under cultivation</span>
-An estimate of the number of hectares under cultivation during the year 1922, shows
-the following:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="tbl.cultivation">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">Hectares devoted to rice. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop">1,661,430</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to abaca. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 494,990</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to sugar-cane. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 240,820</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to coconuts. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 422,684</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to corn. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 549,960</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to tobacco. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 59,870</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to maguey. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 27,670</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to cacao. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,155</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hectares devoted to coffee. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 882
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum">3,459,461</span></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>This is only about 10 per cent of the total area of the Islands.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.2">Extensive areas of agricultural lands which remain undeveloped are the Agusan Valley
-in eastern Mindanao; the Cotabato Valley in central Mindanao; sections of the plains
-of central Luzon and of the Cagayan Valley; the central plain of Panay and the meadowlands
-of Palawan, Samar, and Mindoro. There are also the coastal plains of Zamboanga, Mindanao,
-Leyte, and Negros.
-</p>
-<p>The average area of farms in the Islands according to the Census of 1918 is 2.33 hectares,
-as against 3.47 hectares in 1903.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb116" href="#pb116">116</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch10.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Farms owned by Filipinos</span>
-Out of the 1,955,276 farms in the Islands today 1,946,580 or 96 per cent, are owned
-by Filipinos, 2,678 by Americans, 949 by Europeans<span class="corr" id="xd29e5252" title="Not in source">,</span> 1,612 by Asiatics, and 3,457<a id="xd29e5254"></a> by other nationalities.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Exports</span>
-<b>THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.</b>&#x2014;The principal crops produced by the islands are rice, abaca (Manila hemp), coconut,
-sugar, and tobacco. All of these except rice are articles of export. The following
-table shows the respective values of these exports:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Article </td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e5271">Value</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">1922
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Abaca (Manila hemp). </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">&#x20b1;25,969,385 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">&#x20b1;39,081,829</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Coconut oil. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 32,103,036 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 31,468,971</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Copra. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 26,146,913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 28,206,146</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sugar. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 51,037,454 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 51,165,110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tobacco products. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,564,434 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 17,340,236</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Maguey. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,848,794 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,973,203</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cordage. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 918,544 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,099,375</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fruits and nuts. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 239,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 532,632</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Rubber, crude. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Ilang-ilang oil. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 57,554 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 60,606</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Rice is almost exclusively the staple foodstuff of the people; but corn in some provinces
-constitutes an important part of the daily diet. Although the production of rice has
-been increasing steadily since 1910 the Philippines has had to import rice from other
-countries, especially Indo-China, for a part of its supply. The government is now
-exerting every effort towards solving the problem. Immense sums are being appropriated
-for the construction of irrigation systems so indispensable in the successful growing
-of rice.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Fibers</span>
-<b>Abaca (Manila hemp).</b>&#x2014;The Philippines is the only source in the world for abaca, commercially known as
-Manila hemp. There are two other commercial fibers, however, that grow in the islands.
-These are sisal and maguey. Although other kind of fibers grow in other countries
-especially in Mexico, the world must always use a certain amount of the Manila hemp
-for binder twine and for high grade ropes.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb117" href="#pb117">117</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Hemp exports, 1913&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop xd29e5374">Year ended December 31&#x2014;
-</td>
-<td colspan="4" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To all countries
-</td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To the United States</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Average value per 1,000 kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Percentage of total export
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight">Percentage of total hemp</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">119,821,435 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,242,168 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">352.54 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">44 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">47,144,252 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">19,574,434 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">116,386,575 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 38,389,630 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">329.85 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">39 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">50,140,193 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">19,238,752 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">142,010,431 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,678,200 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">300.53 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">40 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">69,251,180 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22,702,566 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">53</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">137,326,092 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 53,384,593 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">388.70 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">38 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">66,344,154 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">27,279,018 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">51</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">169,435,204 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 98,615,559 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">552.51 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">49 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">95,580,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">59,291,095 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">169,260,377 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">116,383,100 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">687.60 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">43 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">86,823,997 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">65,468,402 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">121,247,668 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 53,703,052 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">442.92 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">24 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">65,509,134 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">32,390,957 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">141,485,785 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 71,724,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">506.93 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">24 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">67,041,769 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">41,228,052 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">58</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">100,401,940 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,969,385 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">258.65 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">15 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">34,558,262 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10,914,117 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">42</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">172,026,591 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 39,081,829 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">227.18 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">83,544,420 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">20,663,552 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">53</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb118" href="#pb118">118</a>]</span></p>
-<p><b>Coconuts.</b>&#x2014;In the production of coconut, the Philippines is the third most important source
-in the world. It is excelled only by the Dutch East Indies and the Federated Malay
-States. It is estimated that there are some 84,536,710 trees in the islands which
-in 1922 produced 366,808,888 kilos of coprax, valued at &#x20b1;44,057,045.
-</p>
-<p>The traveler in Philippine waters always notices along the coast the extensive groves
-of coconut palms which extend miles and miles into the hinterland as far as the eye
-can reach.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Uses of the Coconut</span>
-In the Philippines the coconut tree serves many ends. The meat is eaten as a delicacy.
-The leaves supply roofing for houses. The shell of the nut is used for dishes, cups,
-and spoons; the oil for soap and illumination; in some sections the same oil is used
-as a frying fat for cooking purposes. The fiber from the husk is used for ropes and
-mats. The husk itself is used for fuel. The water inside the nut is an ever-ready
-delicious drink.
-</p>
-<p>Oleomargarine comes from coconut oil fat, an industry which has developed considerably
-in Denmark and Germany and also in the United States.
-</p>
-<p><b>Copra, or coprax&#x2014;Other by-products.</b>&#x2014;Copra, or coprax as it is sometimes called, is the dried meat of the ripe coconut.
-It is obtained by breaking the nut into halves and drying them in the sun or artificially
-in kilns until the nut-meat is separated from the shell.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb119" href="#pb119">119</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The exportation of coconut oil from the Philippines since 1913 is shown in the following
-table:
-</p>
-<p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Coconut oil exported, 1913&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop xd29e5374">Year ended December 31&#x2014;
-</td>
-<td colspan="4" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To all countries
-</td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To the United States</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Average value per 1,000 kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Percentage of total export
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight">Percentage of total coconut oil</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,010,429 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,292,678 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">457.58 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2.40 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,805,384 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,190,876 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">96.56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,943,329 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,238,366 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">438.60 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5.38 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,896,975 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,214,326 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">99.54</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,464,169 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,641,003 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">418.96 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5.24 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,367,932 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,609,263 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">99.44</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,091,169 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,851,469 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">487.94 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5.61 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,307,429 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,388,748 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">94.11</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,198,415 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22,818,294 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">504.85 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">11.93 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,045,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22,755,319 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">99.72</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">115,280,847 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">63,328,317 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">549.33 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">23.42 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">113,524,729 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">62,198,528 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">98.22</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">139,942,612 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">73,719,504 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">526.78 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">32.59 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 85,376,904 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">45,797,329 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">62.12</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 77,571,405 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">46,537,773 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">599.93 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">15.40 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 71,944,801 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">43,366,086 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">93.18</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 90,292,242 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">32,103,036 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">355.55 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">18.22 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 80,504,458 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">27,907,379 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">86.98</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">107,208,191 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">31,468,971 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">293.63 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">16.46 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">106,645,477 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">31,288,505 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">99.43</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb120" href="#pb120">120</a>]</span></p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Copra meal</span>
-Another by-product of the coconut oil is known as copra meal. It is the meal remaining
-after most of the oil has been expressed. This is used as cattle feed in Germany and
-Denmark.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Soap</span>
-Recently, certain corporations in the Philippines have gone so far as to use their
-oil to manufacture many of the varied products which were formerly made only in the
-United States and Europe. Soap was the first product to be manufactured locally. There
-are two companies now, however, which manufacture lard substitutes under their own
-trade names. There is an attempt also to manufacture coconut butter for sale in the
-islands.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Desiccated Coconut</span>
-The manufacture of desiccated coconut is an infant industry in the Philippine Islands.
-The demand for this in Europe and particularly in the United States is very large
-and is mostly filled by Ceylon or by factories in the United States which import the
-whole nuts from the West Indies. Last year, however, the desiccated coconut from the
-Philippines gained a strong foot-hold in the United States and it is expected that
-Ceylon will be ousted from this field in the near future due to the free trade relations
-between the United States and the Philippines. On desiccated coconut imported into
-the United States from foreign countries, a duty of 3� per cent is levied. At present
-there are six factories of desiccated coconut in the Islands.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Coir</span>
-Another opportunity for development lies in the use of coir, the tough fiber of the
-husk surrounding the nut. In other countries this is worked up into door mats, rope,
-twine, etc., but in the Philippines the husks are usually burned as fuel except in
-a few instances where they are utilized for domestic purposes. It is also possible
-that some day other minor parts of the palm may be used. At present the midribs of
-the palm leaflets are used in making brooms and baskets, but the demand for exports
-is still small.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb121" href="#pb121">121</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The exportation of copra from 1913 to 1922 is as follows:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop xd29e5374">Year ended December 31&#x2014;
-</td>
-<td colspan="4" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To all countries
-</td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e5271"><span class="corr" id="xd29e5859" title="Not in source">To the United States</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Average value per 1,000 kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Percentage of total export
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight">Percentage of total copra</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 82,219,363 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">19,091,448 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">232.20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">19.98 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10,027,813 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,398,166 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">12.56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 87,344,695 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">15,960,540 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">182.73 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">16.39 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">18,181,371 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,212,266 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">20.13</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">139,092,902 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22,223,109 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">159.77 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">20.65 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">21,217,754 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,520,090 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">15.84</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 72,277,164 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">14,231,941 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">196.90 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10.17 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">35,470,438 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,079,128 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">49.74</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 92,180,326 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">16,654,301 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">180.67 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8.71 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">68,253,929 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">12,235,902 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">73.47</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 55,061,736 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10,377,029 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">188.46 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3.84 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">55,061,641 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10,377,011 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">99.99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,094,027 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,839,376 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">352.25 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3.91 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,313,967 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 818,246 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9.26</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,803,044 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,433,741 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">288.10 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2.46 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,433,311 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 382,409 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.14</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">150,335,314 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">26,146,918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">173.92 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">14.84 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">52,928,570 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,665,554 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">33.14</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">173,051,980 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">28,206,146 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">162.99 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">14.76 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">89,358,118 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">14,495,014 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">51.00</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb122" href="#pb122">122</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Until the production of copra in the Philippines is much higher than at present, it
-will be impossible to keep all the expellers and presses now installed working at
-full capacity. It is therefore proposed to start a campaign for the planting of quick-growing
-crops of oil-bearing seeds. Among the plants that were most popular at first was the
-ta�gan-ta�gan, or castor bean. This grows very rapidly and yields a very high percentage
-of castor oil, which was sold at high prices during the war as a lubricant for aeroplanes
-and other delicate machinery. At the present writing, however, it is generally thought
-that the mills will do better if they can turn to the production of peanut oil, using
-imported peanuts to begin with and enlarging the return as the domestic yield increases.
-</p>
-<p><b>Sugar.</b>&#x2014;Cane-sugar ranks first among the islands&#x2019; agricultural exports.
-</p>
-<p>As early as 1795 the United States have been importing sugar from the Philippine Islands;
-for that year 132 long tons were imported.
-</p>
-<p>Up to the middle of the nineteenth century, however, the production of sugar-cane
-in the Philippines was confined largely <span class="corr" id="xd29e6072" title="Source: in">to</span> the provinces of Luzon near Manila. But shortly after the Crimean war the demand
-for sugar in Europe increased, and interest in the industry was greatly stimulated
-in the Islands. This resulted in the extension of the industry into the Visayan Islands,
-Occidental Negros becoming the largest cane producing section of the Archipelago,
-and so continues until the present day.
-</p>
-<p>As late as 1914 most of the sugar produced in the Islands was <i>muscovado</i>. It was not until the establishment of modern sugar centrals that centrifugal sugar
-was produced. The production of sugar became so stimulated as a result, and in 1922,
-as many as 455,404,427 kilos were produced. There are now 28 sugar centrals in the
-Islands as against one in 1910, and several are in process of construction.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb123" href="#pb123">123</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The following table shows the growth of the sugar industry from 1913 to 1922:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Year
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Area under cultivation
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Production of sugar
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">Total value of sugar products</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Acres</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Short <span class="corr" id="xd29e6106" title="Source: tones">tons</span></i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">435,188 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">345,080 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">$12,849,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">418,676 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">408,343 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,314,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">427,710 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">421,196 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 16,606,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">444,189 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">412,278 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 17,068,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">459,436 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">425,270 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 19,352,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">507,818 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">474,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 20,579,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">494,692 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">453,350 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 37,231,400</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">487,783 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">466,917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 79,648,600</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">596,363 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">589,443 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 48,189,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">595,066 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">533,194 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 29,974,125</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The quantity and value of the exportation of this product is shown below:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table" id="tbl.sugar.export">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Sugar exported, 1913&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop xd29e5374">Year ended December 31&#x2014;
-</td>
-<td colspan="4" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To all countries
-</td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e5271"><span class="corr" id="xd29e6221" title="Not in source">To the United States</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Average value per 1,000 kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Percentage of total export
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Quantity
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight">Percentage of total sugar export</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Kilos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">157,333,707 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">14,065,778 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 89.40 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">14.72 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,716,886 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,128,072 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">22.24</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">236,498,001 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22,119,186 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 93.53 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22.71 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">168,530,115 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">16,483,706 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">74.62</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">211,012,817 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">22,620,430 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">107.20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">21.02 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 82,841,168 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10,283,159 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">45.46</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">337,490,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">37,175,185 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">110.12 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">26.58 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">131,885,246 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">17,267,401 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">46.45</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">205,908,492 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">24,555,357 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">119.25 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">12.84 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 62,377,758 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">10,811,518 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">44.08</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">273,258,396 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">31,608,780 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">115.67 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">11.69 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">106,080,676 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">16,559,780 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">52.39</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">136,060,322 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">30,415,701 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">223.55 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">13.44 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 32,159,363 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,717,934 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">25.37</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">180,340,670 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">99,238,520 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">550.28 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">32.83 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">123,947,209 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">78,697,869 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">79.30</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">289,876,164 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">51,037,454 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">176.07 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">28.96 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">150,478,581 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">33,752,357 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">66.13</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">362,071,661 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">51,165,110 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">141.31 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">26.77 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">244,851,617 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">40,020,490 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">78.22</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p124width" id="p124"><img src="images/p124.jpg" alt="A Cigar Factory in Manila" width="686" height="480"><p class="figureHead">A Cigar Factory in Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p><b>Tobacco&#x2014;The Manila cigar.</b>&#x2014;The Manila cigar is just as well known to the world as the Manila hemp. It is among
-the few manufacturing enterprises that have developed factory conditions in the Islands.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">History</span>
-For generations the Spaniards conducted the tobacco business in the Philippines on
-the basis of Government monopoly. The monopoly came to an end in 1882 when the Filipino
-workers defied both the Spanish government and those directing the work in the factories
-because of the harsh and cruel treatment they were getting.
-</p>
-<p>Thereafter, for many years, the tobacco business suffered extreme depression, and
-it was not until American occupation that the industry received anything of a stimulus.
-The Manila cigar, however, was then at a disadvantage in comparison with cigars from
-other countries, because the latter were allowed a discount from the tariff, while
-the Manilas were required to pay the full customs duty.
-</p>
-<p>With the establishment of free trade, however, between the islands and the United
-States the Manila cigar has been able to compete with other cigars in the United States,
-by far the greatest market therefor. This fact accounts for the unprecedented steady
-increase of the amount of cigars exported from the islands. In 1904 the exports amounted
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb125" href="#pb125">125</a>]</span>to 104,753,000 cigars, valued at &#x20b1;2,011,790. In 1919 the exports had risen to 392,339,000
-worth &#x20b1;18,157,707.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Tobacco Region</span>
-Although tobacco is grown in many parts of the islands, all that which is exported
-comes from the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya, in northern Luzon.
-All grown elsewhere is consumed locally, also exported to European and other countries.
-The tobacco growing districts in these three provinces lie in the valley of the Cagayan
-River, a stream which is about 160 miles long. The valley is from 2 to 14 miles wide.
-During the rainy season, which is between the time that one crop is harvested and
-the next one planted, the Cagayan River rises to a height of 40 feet inundating all
-of the lowlands. This overflow never fails, and it always leaves on the valley a deposit
-of rich soil, renewing the fertility of the entire valley and making the use of fertilizers
-unnecessary. On one field in Cagayan Valley, crops have been produced without interruption
-and without fertilizer for one hundred and thirty-five years.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p125width" id="p125"><img src="images/p125.jpg" alt="Makers of Manila Cigars" width="720" height="429"><p class="figureHead">Makers of Manila Cigars</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Government control and Guaranty</span>
-No cigar in the world today is produced under such carefully prepared and rigidly
-enforced regulations as the Manila cigar. The Philippine government has assumed control
-of the industry, has established invariable standards of excellence, and has guaranteed
-the production under its own official stamp. If you will examine the next box of Manila
-cigars you see, you will find that it bears a label stating that its contents are
-guaranteed by the Philippine government. One of the regulations enforced provides
-that, under certain limitations, cigars which reach the American dealer in a damaged
-condition may be returned to the Philippines at the expense of the Philippine government.
-Another regulation is to the following effect:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;To be up to the standard established by the Government, Philippine cigars are required
-to be made from good, clean, selected tobacco, properly cured and seasoned, exclusively
-the product of the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya, well made with
-suitable spiral wrapper and with long filler from which <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb126" href="#pb126">126</a>]</span>must have been removed all stems dust, scrap or sun-burned tobacco; cigars to be properly
-assorted and packed in clean receptacles of wood not before used, manufactured from
-native wood known as Calantas or from imported cedar. No cigars made between sunset
-and sunrise may be graded as standard.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Cigar Factories</span>
-The factories in which the Manila cigars are made are worth visiting. They are counted
-among the show-places of the city. Visitors are always welcome and given an opportunity
-to follow the entire process of manufacture from the time the bales of tobacco reach
-the warehouses until the finished cigars are packed in air-tight cases for shipment
-to all parts of the world.
-</p>
-<p>In these factories every precaution is taken to guard against dirt and disease. No
-one is employed except after a searching physical examination and thereafter all the
-employees are regularly examined twice a month. Every now and then, government inspectors
-visit the factories, and these have a right to condemn a lot of cigars which they
-do not think is up to the standard.
-</p>
-<p>No scraps of any kind are used in the making of Manila cigars. There are no broken
-leaves and no dust. There is nothing in the cigar but long, clean leaves of tobacco.
-The Manila cigar is the mildest made. It is the most pleasant and satisfying smoke
-that can be had at any price.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Cigars exported, 1913&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop xd29e5374">Year
-</td>
-<td colspan="4" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To all countries
-</td>
-<td colspan="5" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e5271">To the United States</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Number
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Average value per thousand
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512">Per cent of total exports
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 xd29e5271">Number
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 xd29e5271">Value
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight">Average value per thousand</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Pesos
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Cigars
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Per cent
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Cigars
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Per cent
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">191,762,442 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,024,468 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">31.42 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">6.31 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 71,513,141 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">37.29 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,285,776 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">54.54 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">45.95</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">154,753,363 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,630,318 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">29.92 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">4.75 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 56,205,050 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">36.32 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,400,252 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">51.84 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">42.71</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">134,647,687 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,114,605 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">30.56 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">3.82 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 61,169,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">45.43 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,302,444 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">55.96 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">37.64</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">193,025,578 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,688,751 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">29.47 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">4.02 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">111,478,216 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">57.75 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,066,242 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">71.48 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">36.47</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">284,524,500 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,588,192 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">33.70 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">5.07 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">202,198,534 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">71.07 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,725,966 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">38.20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">38.29</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">360,144,827 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">14,252,637 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">39.57 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">5.21 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">248,747,584 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">69.07 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">11,365,675 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">79.85 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">45.69</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">392,339,462 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">18,157,707 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">46.28 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">8.07 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">263,942,555 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">67.27 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">13,828,639 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">76.16 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">52.39</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">421,545,143 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">25,442,276 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">60.35 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">8.43 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">316,862,859 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">75.17 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">21,092,607 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">82.90 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">66.57</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">154,879,488 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,454,886 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">41.67 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">3.66 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 68,216,608 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">44.04 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,960,503 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">61.36 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">58.06</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">300,484,824 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">11,602,219 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">38.61 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">6.07 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">173,317,046 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">57.68 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 8,519,576 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">73.43 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">49.16</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb127" href="#pb127">127</a>]</span></p>
-<p><b>SECONDARY FOOD PRODUCTS.</b>&#x2014;Corn leads in importance among the secondary food products. In 1918 there were 1,035,067
-acres grown to corn producing 11,269,258 bushels valued at $10,686,061. The other
-food crops worth mentioning under this heading are sweet potatoes, cassava, sesame,
-mongoes, peanuts, bananas, mangoes, citrus, lanzones, and a great number of tropical
-fruits and vegetables. Including the edible alg� and fungi there are more than 100
-species of plants in the Philippines, either wild or cultivated, that find a place
-in the dietary system of the people. So rich is the country in food producing plants.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.5"><b>PROSPECTIVE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES.</b>&#x2014;The plants from which the various other tropical staple products in the world&#x2019;s markets
-are derived, such as rubber, coffee, tea, cacao, pepper, cinchona, and cassava are
-all known to thrive well in the Philippines, although the growing of those enumerated
-is yet of comparatively little importance. Rubber has the greatest future of these.
-The great Island of Mindanao, which is outside the typhoon zone, has been found to
-be suitable to the growing of rubber. All the large rubber plantations of the Philippines
-are located on Mindanao or the adjacent Island of Basilan.
-</p>
-<p>During the early years of American occupation, when the acreage planted to rubber
-in other countries increased by <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb128" href="#pb128">128</a>]</span>leaps and bounds, the erroneous impression somehow gained ground that the Philippines
-were unsuited to rubber. And it is not very many years ago that a planter was able
-to demonstrate beyond doubt that rubber could be grown in the Islands successfully.
-The company he heads now has some 80,000 rubber trees planted. The success of its
-operations has induced others to plant rubber, and while the Philippine output of
-rubber is still insignificant, it may be said that the rubber industry has come to
-stay.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.6"><b>IRRIGATION.</b>&#x2014;Irrigation has been practiced in the Philippines in some form for centuries, for,
-in general, it may be said that the certainty of a rice harvest depends upon irrigation
-to <span class="corr" id="xd29e6753" title="Source: suplement">supplement</span> the natural rainfall. When the rainfall is copious and well distributed during the
-rice growing season, there is little demand for artificial irrigation but in the event
-of a drought or irregular rainfall irrigation has to be used to insure a normal rice
-crop. With irrigation it is also possible to grow two crops of rice a year, whereas
-without it the planting of one is often hazardous. Prior to 1908 very little attention
-was given to the development of irrigation systems so that the only irrigation works
-constructed were by private and communal enterprise. These old systems are found in
-different parts of the Islands, the most notable being the extensive systems with
-permanent dams, tunnels, and ditches constructed by the friars and the remarkable
-side hill terraces built by the mountain people in the subprovince of Ifugao.
-</p>
-<p>Studies of irrigation possibilities have now advanced sufficiently to warrant the
-Bureau of Public Works recommending a ten-year program for the construction of 40
-irrigation systems in 20 of the principal rice producing provinces to water an area
-of approximately 750,000 acres. It is estimated that these 40 systems will cost about
-$25,000,000. With these systems completed and operating, there will be no further
-need of importing rice from other countries.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.7"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Rural Credit</span>
-<b>RURAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS.</b>&#x2014;The Rural Credit Law has removed the restriction in the Corporation Law requiring
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb129" href="#pb129">129</a>]</span>&#x20b1;200,000 paid-in capital before a bank may be started. Under the new law, associations
-may incorporate with a paid-in capital as low as &#x20b1;100 or as high as &#x20b1;10,000. The Government
-does not furnish any financial help except that the organizing staff is paid and maintained
-by it. To give security to small investors the bonded municipal treasurer acts as
-treasurer ex-officio of the association and Government auditors audit its books.
-</p>
-<p>The purpose of the Rural Credit Law is to encourage small farmers to co�perate and
-furnish their own capital. Only one association may be incorporated in a municipality
-to avoid rivalry and factions.
-</p>
-<p>On October 19, 1916, the first rural credit association was incorporated, and after
-practically six years, there are now 544 incorporated associations with a paid-in
-capital of &#x20b1;807,178.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Number of rural credit associations and average number of stockholders, amount of
-capital stock paid up, and loans made in 1923, by provinces and subprovinces</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Province and subprovince
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Number of associations
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Number of stockholders
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Capital paid up
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">Loans</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Abra </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 908 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,766 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 17,749.72</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Agusan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 222 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,185 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,595.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Albay </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,188 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 52,703.05</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Antique </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,095 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 35,596 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 95,237.75</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bataan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,425 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20,972 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 52,535.85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Batangas </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,180 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 31,428 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 112,678.59</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bohol </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 34 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,208 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,175 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 138,243.37</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bulacan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,195 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,824 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 75,292.80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cagayan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,355 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,404 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 41,618.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Camarines Norte </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 302 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,903.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Camarines Sur </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,311 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 27,628 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 101,468.92</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Capiz </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,362 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 34,882 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 125,913.76</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cavite </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,924 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 28,856 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 108,447.54</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cebu </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,188 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20,637 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 68,348.34</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cotabato </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 141 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,372 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,975.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Davao </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 527 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,005 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,520.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Ilocos Norte </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,569 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,952 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 57,974.10</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Ilocos Sur </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,101 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,726 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 50,654.86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Iloilo </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,076 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 68,209 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 199,912.19</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Isabela </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 698 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,611 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 18,093.00<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb130" href="#pb130">130</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Laguna </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,815 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 21,501 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 62,233.64</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Lanao </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 125 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,984 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,788.96</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">La Union </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,774 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 21,382 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 62,891.56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Leyte </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 937 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,711 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 19,306.70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Masbate </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 98 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,491 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,580.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Misamis </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,415 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,455 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 26,744.79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Nueva Ecija </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,698 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,209 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 98,095.31</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Nueva Vizcaya </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 703 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,189 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12,737.76</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Oriental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 269 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,878.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 384 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,378 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 23,295.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Palawan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 154 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,544 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,710.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Pampanga </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,826 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,675 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 117,602.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Pangasinan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 41 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,464 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 77,146 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 186,512.29</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Rizal </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,950 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 69,022.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Romblon </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 544 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10,039.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Samar </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,104 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,759 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 47,620.35</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sorsogon </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 737 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,724 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 24,956.10</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Surigao </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 386 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,655 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 15,824.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tarlac </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,761 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 39,844 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 131,155.60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tayabas </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,023 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 41,898 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 86,637.99</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Zambales </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,095 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,028 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 47,327.59</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Zamboanga </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 149 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,114 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 850.00
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 544 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 75,114 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> <span class="corr" id="xd29e7278" title="Source: 807,178">808,183</span> </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum"><span class="corr" id="xd29e7282" title="Source: 2,401,676.46">2,401,676.48</span></span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<div id="ch10.8" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1695">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">FOREST RESOURCES</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch10.8.1" class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Area</span>
-The <span class="corr" id="xd29e7291" title="Source: forest">forests</span> of the Philippines cover about 18,706,093 hectares, or 72,224 square miles, which
-is about 63.1 per cent of the total area of the Archipelago. Of these number, 16,609,108
-hectares or 64,127 square miles, 88.6 per cent of the entire forest area are of a
-commercial character. In addition, there are estimated to be about 2,096,985 hectares,
-or 8,096 square miles of second growth forests which will yield large quantities of
-fine wood and small size timber. It is said that taken together, the virgin and second
-growth forests in the Islands cover an area about equal to the area of the State of
-Nebraska.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p130width" id="p130"><img src="images/p130.jpg" alt="A lumber yard. Kolambugan, Mindanao" width="668" height="477"><p class="figureHead">A lumber yard. Kolambugan, Mindanao</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb131" href="#pb131">131</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch10.8.2"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Ownership</span>
-More than 99 per cent of the timber belongs to the Philippine government and is under
-the administrative control of the Bureau of Forestry. Less than 1 per cent is held
-under title of private ownership.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Volume of Timber Resource</span>
-The volume of this timber resource of the Philippines is 192,000,000,000 board feet
-or 777,000,000 cubic meters. Most of the timber belong to the dipterocarp family.
-The largest reach about 200 feet in height and some specimens have a diameter of 7
-feet. The well-known woods of this family are <i>tanguile</i>, <i>red lauan</i>, <i>almon</i>, <i>apitong</i>, <i>guijo</i>, and <i>yakal</i>. These woods have found favorable acceptance in the markets of China and the United
-States.
-</p>
-<p>Next to the dipterocarp family is the molave family. Among the woods of this family
-are aranga, du�gon, and molave. There are about 1,036,000 hectares of this timber
-with a total volume of 7,680,000,000 board feet. These woods are appropriate for railway
-ties and for building construction purposes.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.8.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Timber Output and Export</span>
-The timber output of the islands was 184,628 cubic meters in 1911; 297,094 cubic meters
-in 1914; 385,150 cubic meters in 1918 and 630,973 in 1922. It is said that this output
-can be trebled, even quadrupled, without exhausting the supply for several hundred
-years.
-</p>
-<p>The export of timber in 1914 was 27,070 cubic meters valued at &#x20b1;681,272; for 1916,
-40,164 cubic meters worth &#x20b1;1,030,276; for 1919, 15,704 cubic meters worth &#x20b1;791,823
-and for 1922, 43,008 cubic meters worth &#x20b1;1,656,812.
-</p>
-<p>The lumber industry in the islands offers many advantages. The government charges
-are nominal, ranging from &#x20b1;2.00 to &#x20b1;10.00 per 1,000 board feet according to class.
-Logging and sawmill equipment and machinery enter free of duty if imported from the
-United States and only 15 per cent duty, if bought from other countries. For fuel,
-sawmill waste <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb132" href="#pb132">132</a>]</span>can be utilized. Water power is available from streams in a number of places.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.8.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Obtaining a Tract of Timber</span>
-The public forests of the Philippines are not sold, but are developed under a license
-system. Small operators usually work under ordinary yearly licenses for definite small
-areas. Exclusive licenses, or concessions as they are popularly called, are generally
-in the form of a twenty-year exclusive license to cut and extract timber and other
-forest products from a specified tract. The land itself is in no way affected by such
-a license. Only the timber and minor forest products are included.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.8.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Sawmills</span>
-At present there are about 50 sawmills of all sizes and descriptions operating in
-the Islands. About 12 of these can be compared to the average modern sawmills in the
-United States. The largest sawmills are located on timber concessions, while the others
-are operated under short-term licenses. The total cut of the sawmills of the Philippine
-Islands is about 100 to 130 million board feet per year.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p131width" id="p131"><img src="images/p131.jpg" alt="View of San Jose Estate sugar mill. San Jose, Mindoro" width="659" height="479"><p class="figureHead">View of San Jose Estate sugar mill. San Jose, Mindoro</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.8.6"><b>MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS.</b>&#x2014;This term includes all products of the forest except timber or lumber. Many of the
-minor forest products of the Philippines are at present almost unknown in the world&#x2019;s
-markets and are largely confined to local use.
-</p>
-<p>The most important are nipa, sugar, and alcohol; rattan, used in making furniture;
-Manila copal or almaciga, used in making high grade varnish; lumbang, a nut-producing
-high grade oil for varnish; dye-woods and barks; guttapercha and rubber; paper pulp;
-fibers suitable for making baskets, hats, mats, ropes, etc.; soap barks; pili nuts,
-declared by many as superior even to almonds; wax; and different kinds of medicinal
-plants.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch10.9" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1746">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">MINERALS</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">The Islands are rich in mineral products, and it should not be long before the working
-of minerals should constitute <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb133" href="#pb133">133</a>]</span>one of its basic industries. The most important minerals are gold, silver, lead, zinc,
-copper, iron, coal, petroleum, sulphur, asphalt, asbestos, manganese, guano, mineral
-waters, gas, cement, and many others of minor importance.
-</p>
-<p><b>Gold.</b>&#x2014;There are a number of successful gold mines in the islands today. One of them is
-the Colorado mine in Masbate which produces &#x20b1;2,000 worth of gold a day at a cost of
-&#x20b1;1,000. Other successful mines are those of Paracale, Ambos Camarines; Baguio, Mountain
-Province; and Aroroy, Masbate. There are large areas of placer ground in Nueva Ecija,
-Mindanao, and Misamis.
-</p>
-<p>According to an estimate of the Bureau of Science, there are in all 800 to 1,000 square
-kilometers of placer grounds in the Philippines still undeveloped. The production
-of gold in 1916 was 2,265,789 fine grams, worth &#x20b1;3,011,755; in 1918 the production
-was 1,937,941 fine grams valued &#x20b1;2,575,970.
-</p>
-<p><b>Silver.</b>&#x2014;Silver is found alloyed with the gold in all of the gold deposits in the ratio of
-1 to 4. No attempt has as yet been made to develop the silver mines of the islands.
-There is no doubt, however, that the silver deposits can be advantageously developed
-on a commercial basis because the supply of silver in the world is declining and because
-the neighboring countries, such as China and Japan, are on the silver standard basis.
-</p>
-<p><b>Iron.</b>&#x2014;Valuable deposits of high grade iron ores are found in the eastern and southeastern
-cordilleras of Luzon. Extensive deposits are available in Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines,
-and Surigao. The Surigao field has a total area of 100 square kilometers with an average
-depth of 3 meters. The total estimated iron-ore deposit is about 500,000,000 tons.
-This region is accessible from the coast. The Bulacan deposit contains approximately
-1,200,000 tons of ore. No survey has been made of other fields, but it is estimated
-that at least another 500,000,000 tons of ore are dormant in them. If properly developed,
-these deposits would yield sufficient ore to meet the local needs for iron and steel
-products, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb134" href="#pb134">134</a>]</span>perhaps with a surplus for exportation. As a result of the economic development of
-the country, the importation of iron and steel and their manufactures has shown an
-annual tendency to increase, as may be seen from the following figures:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Importation of iron and steel and manufactures thereof</i></h4>
-<table class="ch4.3">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">&#x20b1;11,118,916</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 17,227,808</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 24,507,970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 44,735,174</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 43,759,204</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 43,529,079</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 15,208,761</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The demand for iron and steel goods in the Philippines is bound to remain on the ascendant
-with the daily increase in the use of structural iron and steel for Government buildings
-as well as for private structures. Here again is another vast field awaiting exploitation
-by enterprising men and capital.
-</p>
-<p><b>Manganese.</b>&#x2014;Manganese deposits are found in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Tarlac, Masbate,
-and Benguet. Little, if anything, seems to have been done in the way of developing
-them. This mineral product is of great industrial value and has a sure demand on the
-world&#x2019;s market. The United States in 1914 imported 288,306 tons<a id="xd29e7420"></a> of this product, and in 1917, 656,088 tons, valued at &#x20b1;21,000,000.
-</p>
-<p><b>Coal.</b>&#x2014;No other mineral deposits are as widely scattered in almost every island of the Archipelago
-as coal. Extensive deposits which would warrant investments of capital are found in
-Cebu, Polillo, Mindanao, Masbate, and Mindoro. According to estimates made by the
-Bureau of Science the probable minimum tonnage of the different grades of coal found
-in this country is about 68,000,000 metric tons. Tests made by the same bureau show
-the following figures on the comparative calorific value of imported and local coal:
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb135" href="#pb135">135</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Calorific values of various coals</i></h4>
-<table class="ch4.3">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Source of sample </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Calories
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Australia </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">6,614&#x2013;6,987</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Japan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">6,691&#x2013;7,127</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Borneo </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">6,664</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Philippines: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Bataan </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">4,753</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Uling, Cebu </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">6,733</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Polillo </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">5,925</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">4,402</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Zamboanga </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">6,427</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Laguna </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">4,510</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3657"> Butong </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">7,779</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>At present only the Cebu coal fields are extensively developed. The latest data on
-coal production in the Philippines are 5,407 metric tons for 1917; about 20,000 metric
-tons for 1918; 40,011 for 1921 and 36,939 for 1922.<a class="noteref" id="xd29e7496src" href="#xd29e7496">1</a> The importations from 1908 to 1922 were as follows:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Importations of coal into the Philippine Islands, 1908&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.coal">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Year </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Quantity </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">Value</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Metric ton</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1908 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">504,244 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,884,764</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">597,131 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,499,490</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">400,537 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,781,307</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">540,056 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">10,792,077</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">461,889 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,987,004</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">461,478 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 5,009,362</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch10.10" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1753">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">OTHER INDUSTRIES</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"><b>Fishing.</b>&#x2014;Philippine waters abound in food fishes of all kinds. However, the amount of fish
-caught is not even enough to meet the local demand. Fishing is mostly done in shallow
-water, the methods employed not being adequate for deep-sea fishing. There is great
-need for modern equipment for purposes of deep-sea fishing. The islands are still
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb136" href="#pb136">136</a>]</span>a heavy importer of fish products. The City of Manila alone consumes &#x20b1;4,000,000 worth
-of fresh fish a year.
-</p>
-<p>There are various sea products of the islands, which can be profitably exploited,
-such as oysters and other shell fish. Raw materials for canning purposes are available.
-Oil and tomatoes could easily be procured that possess good preserving qualities.
-</p>
-<p><b>Alcohol.</b>&#x2014;For the manufacture of alcohol the Philippines offer an abundant supply of raw materials.
-There is the nipa sap from nipa palms which are found in extensive groves in water
-swamps. There is the discarded molasses from the sugar mills amounting annually to
-7,000,000 gallons. There are fruits, especially bananas, which could be grown in unlimited
-quantities and manufactured into alcohol. To these, may be added wood-waste and sawdust
-from the lumber mills.
-</p>
-<p><b>Cordage.</b>&#x2014;The manufacture of cordage is another profitable Philippine industry with the promise
-of a constant world demand. The islands have all the natural advantages for the extensive
-development of the industry. Abaca, sisal, and maguey affording strong fibers can
-be grown in abundance. At present the islands are an exporter of cordage. In 1915,
-454,621 kilograms were exported; in 1918 the export rose to 2,209,064 kilograms valued
-at &#x20b1;1,733,968, in 1921 the export 2,631,953 kilos valued at &#x20b1;1,099,378. Most of this
-was exported to British East Indies, Hongkong and the United States.
-</p>
-<p><b>Paper and paper pulp.</b>&#x2014;The industry which for some time has interested the Government and private individuals,
-and for the development of which nothing substantial so far has been accomplished,
-is the paper and paper pulp industry. There is at present a large demand for paper
-pulp in America, Europe, and Japan. According to authorities on the subject, the spruce
-wood, which forms at least two-thirds of all the woods converted into pulp, is being
-exhausted. Very recently newspapers in the United States gave accounts of plans to
-develop the forest resources of Alaska to supply paper pulp for the production of
-paper. The <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb137" href="#pb137">137</a>]</span>world&#x2019;s annual paper production is about 8,000,000 tons, and it is estimated that
-for every ten years there is an increase in demand amounting to 25 per cent.
-</p>
-<p>The Bureau of Science has made an exhaustive study of raw materials available in the
-Philippines for the manufacture of paper pulp. The investigation shows that there
-is an abundant supply of raw materials for the manufacture of paper. Among these are
-bamboo (<i>ca�a bojo variety</i>), cogon grass, and abaca waste. These materials contain all the elements for the
-manufacture of an excellent pulp product. The supply of bamboo and cogon grass is
-almost unlimited thruout the Islands. Bamboo fiber is eminently fitted for the manufacture
-of pulp used for the making of book papers and for certain grades of writing and lithographic
-materials.
-</p>
-<p><b>Cattle raising.</b>&#x2014;There are extensive grass lands suitable for cattle raising in the islands. Seventy
-five per cent of the country is a rolling expanse of upland territory to the foot-hills
-with an elevation of 4,500 feet. Aside from forest areas, there are extensive pasture
-lands such as the grass-covered hills of Nueva Vizcaya, the Mountain Province, and
-the green plateaus of Bukidnon in Mindanao. There are now cattle raising projects
-in those places but there is plenty of room left elsewhere.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p136width" id="p136"><img src="images/p136.jpg" alt="Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila" width="696" height="477"><p class="figureHead">Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p><b>Embroidery.</b>&#x2014;Hand embroidery in the Philippine Islands has been known for over four centuries,
-having been introduced by Spanish, French, and Belgian nuns, who taught this artcraft
-to the Filipino women in their convents where exquisitely fine work was done, mainly
-for Church altars and tapestries used for decorations.
-</p>
-<p>At the present time there are scattered over the Islands, but chiefly in central Luzon,
-thousands of men, women and children engaged in this enterprise, which is a means
-of adding to their income, but is not considered the mainstay of their livelihood,
-as they work only when they prefer to and not of necessity.
-</p>
-<p>France and Belgium, where the embroidery industry was crippled by the war, are coming
-back into the field, but it is <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb138" href="#pb138">138</a>]</span>a question whether they will ever again be able to compete with the Philippine Islands
-in the quality and price of goods. The Filipinos also excel in fine art work done
-on <i>pi�a</i> (pineapple fabric) and silk.
-</p>
-<p>In the Philippines, embroidery is a part of the curriculum of all the schools, so
-that every girl student learns how to embroider from an early age.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p137width"><img src="images/p137.jpg" alt="Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila" width="682" height="477"><p class="figureHead">Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The demand for Philippine embroideries greatly exceeds the supply. At present the
-greatest demand is for ladies&#x2019; underwear, but there is also a tremendous demand for
-infants&#x2019; and children&#x2019;s underwear and fine frocks. The making of children&#x2019;s dresses,
-especially in the larger sizes, is probably the most complicated of all handmade merchandise,
-not only in the fine embroidery stitchery but also in the cutting and sewing. This
-class of workmanship is finding favor by leaps and bounds in the United States.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Embroidery Factories</span>
-There are about forty embroidery factories in Manila, the entire output of which is
-practically absorbed by the United States. Recently new markets have opened up, notably
-India, Australia, and China, where the dainty work of the Filipino women has been
-much admired.
-</p>
-<p>The following figures show the growth of the embroidery industry of the Philippines
-during the years indicated:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="ch4.3">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Values of exports
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x20b1;352,338</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 324,912</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 735,303</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,328,024</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,929,318</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,319,501</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,913,004</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">15,623,567</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">10,696,207</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 6,514,597</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p><b>Perfumes.</b>&#x2014;The Orient, since the most ancient times, has been famous for perfumes, and in this
-regard the Philippines are not behind from other oriental countries. Over two scores
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb139" href="#pb139">139</a>]</span>of aromatic oils from plants have been studied by the Bureau of Science and found
-to be available for perfumery and medicine; and, as exploration progresses, undoubtedly
-others will become better known.
-</p>
-<p><b>Ilang-ilang.</b>&#x2014;At least one Philippine essential oil, namely ilang-ilang, has enjoyed a world-wide
-fame among perfumes for several years. Although the oil is extracted also from the
-flowers of the same tree in other oriental countries, the Philippine product always
-has brought and still does bring the highest prices in the perfume trade in Europe.
-</p>
-<p><b>Patchouli oil.</b>&#x2014;Another oil that has been known in the Orient for thousands of years and in Europe
-for centuries is patchouli oil. This, while of no commercial importance in the Philippines
-at present, has a peculiar interest to the botanist, for while the plant is cultivated
-in many parts of the Orient in considerable quantities, there is no record of its
-flowering except in the Philippines.
-</p>
-<p><b>Rattan.</b>&#x2014;The thirty odd kinds of rattans, and the climbing members of the palm family, furnish
-strips and reeds for the manufacture of furniture. Considerable exports in rattan
-were made during the war; and, should the rattan be prepared and graded in a manner
-similar to what is being done in Singapore, this item of export alone would not only
-be increased, but much higher prices would be received for the product. Rattan strips
-are used in enormous quantities all over the Islands as tying material for houses,
-bridges, wharfs, boats, fish weirs, and so forth, besides being almost the only material
-used for tying bales of Manila hemp, tobacco, sugar bags, and similar commercial packages.
-</p>
-<p><b>Shoes.</b>&#x2014;The shoe industry in the Philippines is in its infant stage. The exportation during
-1919 was only 2,368 pairs of leather shoes and 674 pairs of canvas shoes, worth &#x20b1;20,695
-and &#x20b1;2,351, respectively. Shoes, however, that left the Islands through the military,
-probably worth more than the amount given, are not included. On the other hand over
-&#x20b1;5,000,000 worth of shoes of all kinds were imported in 1919.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb140" href="#pb140">140</a>]</span></p>
-<p>There are two factories in the City of Manila manufacturing shoes by machinery. Filipino
-laborers are employed and have proved competent to undertake all phases of the manufacture
-of shoes. These factories are making shoes that compare very favorably with the better-grade
-shoes made in the United States, using only the best imported leathers and other necessary
-materials from the United States. The two factories have a capacity of about one thousand
-pairs of shoes per day.
-</p>
-<p>Besides the two factories mentioned, there is also a considerable quantity of shoes
-manufactured in small shops throughout the City of Manila and the provinces that make
-their shoes entirely by hand and use a great deal of material produced in the Philippines,
-especially sole leather and portions of the upper leathers. These small shops turn
-out products of good quality and make most of their shoes on individual orders.
-</p>
-<p><b>Hats.</b>&#x2014;The making of Philippine hats is almost a household industry. Hats manufactured here
-are as durable and as beautiful as those produced in Panama. Philippine <i>buntal</i>, <i>buri</i>, hemp, and bamboo hats make attractive and comfortable wear. The towns of Baliuag,
-Bulacan, and Lucban, Tayabas, have become famous for the excellent hats they produce.
-</p>
-<p>The hat industry in the Philippines, although exploited only to a small extent, made
-it possible for the Islands to record exportation on this product in 1919 amounting
-to 1,470,026 pesos as compared with only 753,942 pesos worth of hats imported for
-the same year.
-</p>
-<p>Of the 1,470,026 pesos&#x2019; worth of hats sent out of the Islands in 1919, 1,280,968 pesos&#x2019;
-worth went to the United States. With the increasing popularity which Philippine hats
-enjoy in the American market, hat exportation to the United States is expected to
-reach greater proportions. China, with its hundreds of millions of souls, many of
-whom have already begun to wear hats, is also a big potential market for this Philippine
-product.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb141" href="#pb141">141</a>]</span></p>
-<p>There is one large hat factory in the Philippines which manufactures straw hats, wool
-hats, and also umbrellas. Its actual annual production reaches half<span class="corr" id="xd29e7726" title="Not in source"> a</span> million straw hats and half a million woolen hats.
-</p>
-<p><b>Matches.</b>&#x2014;There is one match factory in the Philippines which supplies a portion of the local
-need, averaging 70,000 to 80,000 tins annually. One tin contains 1,440 small boxes.
-This factory has been in operation since eighteen years ago. The Philippines imported
-last year matches worth 949,205 pesos, while its exports of the same product were
-only 33,207 pesos.
-</p>
-<p><b>Pearls.</b>&#x2014;Pearls abound in Philippine waters, especially in the neighborhood of Mindanao and
-Sulu. The Japanese go as far as Sulu to fish for pearls. Merchants from Paris and
-London come to the Islands to get their supply of pearls.
-</p>
-<p>Until 1910 the pearl industry of the Philippines was totally in the hands of Moros
-and Chinese in Mindanao, who sent their pearls directly to Singapore for sale. After
-that year jewelry houses in England and France sent their representatives here to
-purchase pearls, and since then large quantities have been shipped directly to those
-countries. At present not even one per cent of the pearls fished in Philippine waters
-remains in the Islands. The rest are shipped out of the country to be manufactured
-into beautiful jewels, which are sent back to the Islands to be sold at high prices.
-In 1919 the Islands exported raw pearls valued at 152,543 pesos, while the manufacture
-pearls that were imported were worth 155,150 pesos.
-</p>
-<p><b>Buttons.</b>&#x2014;The raw materials used for the manufacture of shell buttons are trocha, pearl shell,
-green snail, and the chambered-nautilus. The Islands have an abundant supply of these
-shells. They are found in the waters of Jolo and also in the vicinity of Sitanki,
-and the regions farther north, such as the Ta�on Strait and along the coasts of most
-of the Visayan Islands; some are found along the coasts of Pangasinan and Ambos Camarines.
-</p>
-<p>In 1918 the United States alone imported 2,500,000 pesos&#x2019; worth of buttons; the Philippine
-exports of this product <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb142" href="#pb142">142</a>]</span>showed only 251,144 gross in quantity, valued at 231,811<a id="xd29e7746"></a> pesos; while the Islands imported buttons worth 119,787 pesos. Japan is supplying
-one-half of the button importation of America. In 1922, imports were valued at &#x20b1;216,086.
-</p>
-<p>There are two button factories in the Philippines. These two companies use only a
-very small portion of the suitable material that could be obtained. The annual supply
-of shells which the Philippines produces is 1,000,000 kilograms. The two local factories
-use less than 300,000 kilograms a year. This limited local demand for shell and the
-better prices offered abroad result in the Philippine supply of shells being exported
-to other lands.
-</p>
-<p>It is estimated that a small button factory, destined only for the local trade and
-capable of producing fifty gross of buttons daily, would require an investment of
-about 20,000 pesos, exclusive of the cost of buildings.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch10.11" class="div2 section"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1760">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">PUBLIC LANDS</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch10.10.1" class="first">There are approximately 73,214,742 acres of public land in the Philippine Islands.
-</p>
-<p>Of this area 41,029,900 acres are considered suitable for agriculture, while the total
-area applied for as homesteads, lease, and sale concession amounts to only 3,159,712
-acres. There are still 37,870,188 acres of agricultural domain that have not yet been
-appropriated.
-</p>
-<p>In the Province of Cotabato alone on the great Island of Mindanao, there are still
-3,578,169 acres of agricultural public land not yet occupied nor applied for, and
-in the Province of Samar, one of the Visayan group, 2,524,388 acres. In the Island
-of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago may also be found some of the most suitable agricultural
-lands for growing rubber, hemp, coconut, rice, tobacco, and other staple products,
-which are available to the farmers at practically no expense. The various modes of
-acquiring public land are explained below.
-</p>
-<p id="ch10.10.2"><b>Homestead.</b>&#x2014;Any citizen of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, over the age of 18
-years, or the head of a family, who does not own more than 59 acres of land <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb143" href="#pb143">143</a>]</span>in the Philippines may enter a homestead of not exceeding 59 acres of agricultural
-land of the public domain.
-</p>
-<p>Upon the filing of an application and approval thereof by the Director of Lands, possession
-may be taken of the land applied for upon payment of $5 as entry fee.
-</p>
-<p>The certificate or patent is issued after the land has been improved and cultivated.
-The period granted by law to homesteaders for the improvement and cultivation of their
-claims is from two to five years from and after the date of the approval of the application.
-After an applicant has complied with all the requirements of the law and the regulations
-promulgated in accordance therewith, he will be entitled to a patent upon payment
-of an additional amount of $5, thus making the total homestead fee $10; and small
-as this amount is, the law gives the homesteader the option to pay for it in annual
-installments.
-</p>
-<p><b>Sale of public land.</b>&#x2014;Any citizen of lawful age of the Philippine Islands or of the United States, and
-any corporation or association of which at least 61 per centum of the capital stock
-or of any interest in said capital stock belongs wholly to citizens of the Philippine
-Islands or of the United States may purchase any tract of public agricultural land
-of not to exceed 247 acres in the case of an individual and 2,530 acres in that of
-a corporation or association. Citizens of countries the laws of which grant to citizens
-of the Philippine Islands the same right to acquire public land as to their own citizens,
-may, while such laws are in force, but not thereafter, with the express authorization
-of the Legislature, purchase any parcel of agricultural land, not in excess of 247
-acres.
-</p>
-<p>Lands sold in this way must first be appraised by the Director of Lands with the approval
-of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources and then sold at public auction.
-An individual may purchase as much as 247 acres of land and a corporation 2,530 acres
-and, in addition, lease 2,530 acres.
-</p>
-<p><b>Lease of public lands.</b>&#x2014;Another manner of occupying public land is by leasing it. The same conditions required
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb144" href="#pb144">144</a>]</span>for citizenship of individuals and corporations for the purchase of public lands are
-laid down regarding leasing public lands, the only exception being that an individual
-may lease as much as 2,530 acres whereas under the law he may purchase only 247 acres.
-</p>
-<p>The annual rental of lease must be at least equal to three per cent of the appraised
-valuation of the land, which is subject to reappraisal every 10 years from the date
-of the approval of the contract. Lease contracts run for 25 years but may be renewed
-for another period of not to exceed 25 years. In case the lessee shall have made important
-improvements which, in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural
-Resources, justify a renewal of the lease, a further renewal for an additional period
-not to exceed 25 years may be granted.
-</p>
-<p><b>Friar lands.</b>&#x2014;The <span class="corr" id="xd29e7781" title="Source: Philipppine">Philippine</span> Government has another kind of land holdings commonly called &#x201c;Friar Lands.&#x201d; These
-were formerly estates belonging to the religious corporation which were acquired by
-the Government for $7,239,784.16.
-</p>
-<p>Any person of legal age may purchase not to exceed 39 acres of the &#x201c;Friar Lands&#x201d; estate.
-A corporation duly registered in the Philippine Islands may purchase as much as 2,530
-acres.
-</p>
-<p>Payment for the land may be made in full at the time of the purchase or in annual
-installments. If purchased on the installment plan the purchaser is allowed 12 years
-in which to pay the purchase price, beginning January first of the year following
-the purchase, plus interest of four per cent per annum on the unpaid balance.
-</p>
-<p>After the purchaser has paid for the land applied for by him in full a deed is issued
-in his favor.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb145" href="#pb145">145</a>]</span></p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p145width"><img src="images/p145.png" alt="PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF ALL MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS DURING THE YEAR 1918" width="519" height="524"><p class="figureHead">PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF ALL MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS DURING THE
-YEAR 1918</p>
-<p class="first"></p>
-<ul>
-<li>(a) Tailoring shops, &#x20b1;3,466,478
-</li>
-<li>(b) Lithography, printing, and bookbinding shops, &#x20b1;3,989,662
-</li>
-<li>(c) Gas, electric light, and power plant, &#x20b1;5,673,576
-</li>
-<li>(d) Bakeries and cake factories, &#x20b1;8,653,329</li>
-</ul><p></p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb146" href="#pb146">146</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p146width"><img src="images/p146.png" alt="PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPAL HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES DURING THE YEAR 1918" width="519" height="528"><p class="figureHead">PERCENTAGE OF THE VALUE OF PRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPAL HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES DURING
-THE YEAR 1918</p>
-<p class="first"></p>
-<ul>
-<li>(a) Sabutan mat industry, &#x20b1;306,124
-</li>
-<li>(b) Buri sack industry, &#x20b1;333,767
-</li>
-<li>(c) Native sugar-cane industry, &#x20b1;347,632
-</li>
-<li>(d) Oil industry, &#x20b1;377,950
-</li>
-<li>(e) Salt making, &#x20b1;380,921
-</li>
-<li>(f) Rice mills, &#x20b1;394,751
-</li>
-<li>(g) Pottery, &#x20b1;434,227
-</li>
-<li>(h) Blacksmithing, &#x20b1;447,437
-</li>
-<li>(i) Gold and silver work, &#x20b1;479,750</li>
-</ul><p></p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure map-trade-routeswidth" id="map-trade-routes"><a href="images/map-trade-routes-h.jpg"><img src="images/map-trade-routes.jpg" alt="Trade routes of the Philippine Islands" width="720" height="474"></a><p class="figureHead">Trade routes of the Philippine Islands</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb147" href="#pb147">147</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="footnotes">
-<hr class="fnsep">
-<div class="footnote-body">
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e7496" href="#xd29e7496src">1</a></span> Not complete report.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e7496src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch11" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1788">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">XI. The Trade of the Philippine Islands</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Background</span>
-The Philippines are practically alone among tropical countries in having, through
-a fortunate chain of historical circumstances, a population advanced in civilization
-and able to become a part of the complicated organization which modern commerce demands.
-The business machinery of collecting the products from the plantations and getting
-them to Manila has long been in the hands of Filipinos and in this they are rarely
-assisted financially by Americans or foreigners. In connection with man power, however,
-there is a problem very difficult to solve&#x2014;the scarcity of manual labor&#x2014;the population
-of the Islands being insufficient to till their fertile acres and get their products
-ready for commerce. Probably only time can remedy this.
-</p>
-<p>The stability of the Government of the Islands during a time of growing Filipino participation
-is a proof to the world that when the time comes for the government to be entirely
-in the hands of the Island&#x2019;s inhabitants, both as to internal and external affairs,
-foreign commerce need not fear for loss of credit or trade, due to any of the great
-political upheavals which have been so common in other countries which were once colonies
-but are now independent.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note" id="ch11.2">Trade Routes</span>
-<b>ECONOMIC POSITION.</b>&#x2014;Lying within thirty-six hours&#x2019; sailing from the port of Hongkong, the Philippine
-Archipelago bears promise of being an important distributing center for goods destined
-for the markets of the Far East. The ports and harbors have exceptional advantages
-of anchorage, and port facilities are easily obtained. The islands are close to the
-main trade route between America and Europe, via the Pacific. They are also close
-to the route from the extreme Orient to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb148" href="#pb148">148</a>]</span>Europe and to the route from the ports of southern Asia to the two Americas. Furthermore,
-they lie on one of the most promising trade routes between Australia and Asia. Manila,
-however, is in competition with such ports as Hongkong, Singapore, Saigon, and Batavia,
-which are in most respects better situated especially for European trade. As regards
-American bound traffic, however, Manila has the advantage. Feeder lines are actually
-operated from Singapore to Manila and Zamboanga, and from Batavia to the ports of
-Mindanao. For goods coming from the United States for the east, direct sailings are
-conveniently made from the Pacific coast of Canada to the ports of the Philippine
-Islands, where transhipments can be made for any of the ports of Asia, Japan, India,
-Singapore, the Dutch East Indies, and even Australasia.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Filipino capital</span>
-The port of Manila has now a marine terminal that can compare favorably with any in
-the Orient. There are three piers provided with modern conveniences, and there is
-a good-sized basin inclosed with strong breakwater. If the development of the Philippine
-resources, however, should in the future proceed as rapidly as the development during
-the last decade, and if shipping opportunities generally in the East are taken advantage
-of, there will be need for a still larger marine terminal and for efficient ship-repairing
-and dry-docking facilities. But there will always be available sites on Manila Bay.
-</p>
-<p>To emphasize the importance of Manila as a trade center, attention is drawn to the
-chart of page 146 where a circle, drawn with Manila as a center and having a radius
-of 1,700 miles, will comprise within its circumference no less than 20 cities of equal
-importance and would reach a population of no less than 125,740,711, while a radius
-of 3,500 miles would make the circumference of the circle reach into the interior
-of Siberia and China to the north, all of India and Colombo to the west, and about
-two-thirds of Australia to the South.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb149" href="#pb149">149</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch11.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Filipino capital</span>
-<b>THE PERSONNEL OF PHILIPPINE COMMERCE.</b>&#x2014;Before the coming of the Spaniards, the Filipino people were known traders, their
-interisland life leading naturally to a use of the sea as a means of communication.
-During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries trade was controlled by the Spanish
-residents. The result of limited Filipino participation was a disinclination, through
-lack of knowledge and practice, to engage in trade, and it is only within the last
-few years that Filipino business men have been an appreciable factor. Dozens of enterprising
-and well-educated young men are now venturing into business. Filipino capital has
-hitherto been invested in great estates; the <span class="corr" id="xd29e7851" title="Source: millionaries">millionaires</span> of the Islands with few exceptions have obtained their incomes from rentals and produce.
-All that is rapidly changing; oil companies, shipping firms, and importing houses
-are now financed by Filipino capital and managed by Filipino brains; but Filipino
-participation in the trade of their country has not yet assumed commanding proportions.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Foreigners</span>
-The people of all the great trading nations have established houses in Manila and
-have a vital part of the Islands&#x2019; commerce, transacting a considerably greater proportion
-of the foreign trade. Of these, Americans are, of course, the most numerous, having
-as a basis the political bond between the two countries. A large part of these are
-ex-Government employees, who saw the opportunities for business development during
-their terms of service in the Insular Government.
-</p>
-<p>The British probably occupy second place, though the Spaniards and their descendants
-in the Islands are important factors, their houses handling every branch of import
-and export trade. The British firms are for the most part long established, and their
-trade has the strong aspect characteristic of British trade the world over. They specialize
-in the export of the staples hemp, sugar, and tobacco. The French and Swiss have houses,
-which were here prior to American occupation. The Japanese are a new element; <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb150" href="#pb150">150</a>]</span>they have of late been invading every branch of commerce, with increasing momentum.
-Millions of Japanese capital are being invested in the basic industries of the Islands,
-and each month sees the incorporation of new companies. The post-war depression, however,
-has reduced their number and commercial activities very materially.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.4"><b>AMERICA&#x2019;S MONOPOLY IN PHILIPPINE TRADE.</b>&#x2014;The old saying that &#x201c;trade follows the flag&#x201d; has held true in the Islands. At the
-time of the American occupation a very small portion of the Islands&#x2019; commerce was
-with the United States; now it is about two-thirds, seven times that of any other
-country.
-</p>
-<p>In the beginning, the growth was slow, and what growth there was, was due to the increasing
-American civil population. The few American houses were young and struggling with
-inexperience and lack of capital. The older foreign houses, with their branches in
-the provincial centers and established clientele, had a very strong hold on import
-trade.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Effect of Free Trade</span>
-In 1909 a tariff law providing for reciprocal free trade between the United States
-and the Islands was passed, with a few limitations which were removed in 1913. Immediately
-following the passage of this law American goods sprang to the fore and trade increased
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e7872" title="Source: three fold">threefold</span> from 1909 to 1912, $24,000,000 worth having been imported in that year.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.5"><b>MEDIUMS OF TRADE.</b>&#x2014;Generally speaking, there are three methods by which goods coming from foreign countries
-are brought to consumers in the Archipelago.
-</p>
-<p>Some manufacturers establish branches throughout the Islands and sell only their particular
-line. For others having a smaller volume of trade various commission and indent houses
-stand ready to handle their goods together with other lines. Still other manufacturers
-having a large volume of business in the Islands transact business thru a branch or
-agent direct without any intermediary.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb151" href="#pb151">151</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch11.6"><b>TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES.</b>&#x2014;The following table shows the volume of trade between the Philippines and the other
-countries of the world for the years 1917 to 1922:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Total trade (imports and exports) by countries for the years ended December 31, 1917&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Countries </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">1917</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">United States </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">223,699,852 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">248,973,616 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">395,012,081 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">264,288,213 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">295,932,059 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight">201,710,012</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Hawaii </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,199,666 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,404,761 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,310,625 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,584,195 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 958,872 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 968,859</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Porto Rico </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 159 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Guam </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 279,929 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 344,211 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 223,304 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 198,134 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 522,822 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 208,494</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">United Kingdom </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 16,788,965 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17,892,548 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 34,559,572 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 37,111,249 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 44,492,810 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 26,532,640</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Austria-Hungary </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 298,425 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 353,670 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 23,305 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 391 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,633 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,063</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Belgium </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,187,310 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 719,089 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 812,910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 915,390 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 474 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 43,606</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Denmark </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 49,800 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 86,745 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 103,098 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 36,667 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 40,810 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 87,417</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">France </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,519,468 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,812,258 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,828,482 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 11,423,798 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,097,446 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,506,617</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Germany </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,934,643 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,429,125 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,787,824 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 733,882 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 65,215 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 321,879</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Italy </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 984,018 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 469,804 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 663,707 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 337,104 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 378,305 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 427,312</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Netherlands </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,670,345 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,859,875 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,292,425 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17,213,031 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 90,927 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 176,910</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Spain </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,467,255 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,548,425 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12,878,951 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,728,135 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,860,335 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,881,013</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Norway </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 124,795 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 39,105 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,539 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 37,610 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 15,475 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 29,858</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Switzerland </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,510,333 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,875,403 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,890,888 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,347,920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,215,741 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,120,127</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Canada </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,320,070 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,236,079 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,007,190 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 481,439 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,400,341 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,119,188</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">China </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17,786,205 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 24,054,116 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 25,915,481 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 21,884,855 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 19,652,486 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 12,839,167</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Japanese-China </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 748,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 317,378 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 90,597 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 435,731 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 221,431 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 339,971</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">British East Indies </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,558,247 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,373,683 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,645,447 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,592,592 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,031,771 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,339,107</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Dutch East Indies </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,569,494 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,813,437 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,524,312 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8,242,028 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,662,846 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,490,819</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">French East Indies </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,191,832 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,516,898 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,226,884 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,456,432 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 16,560,839 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 11,309,048</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hongkong </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,664,825 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,146,269 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 14,960,216 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 14,882,990 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,129,983 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 11,154,093</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Japan </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 28,964,902 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 35,094,966 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 47,064,272 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 37,285,086 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 42,144,920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 31,088,379</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Siam </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 466,336 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,196,598 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8,733,450 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,637,467 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,439,348 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 753,449</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Australasia </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,105,550 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,835,955 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,199,782 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,668,854 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8,873,767 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 5,977,807</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">British Africa </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 50,936 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 72,990 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 145,457 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 402,018 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 161,063</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">French-Africa </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 35,975 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">All other <span class="corr" id="xd29e8342" title="Source: countires">countries</span> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 348,663 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 249,812 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 845,106 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 384,283 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 213,776
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Totals </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum">351,561,885 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum">407,907,793 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum">601,124,276 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum">463,513,756 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum">467,587,387 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum">322,802,674</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb152" href="#pb152">152</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch11.7">The values of imports and exports and the trade balance for each year, from 1913 to
-<span class="corr" id="xd29e8376" title="Source: 1921">1922</span>, follow:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Values of imports and exports, and total volume of trade, showing balance for each
-year, from 1913 to <span class="corr" id="xd29e8384" title="Source: 1921">1922</span></i></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Excluding gold and silver ore, bullion and coin]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Year
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Imports
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Exports
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Total trade
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Balance of trade</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e3512">In favor of Islands
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight">Against Islands</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">106,625,572 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 95,545,912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">202,171,484 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">11,079,660</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 97,177,306 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 97,379,268 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">194,556,574 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 201,962 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 98,624,367 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">107,626,008 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">206,250,375 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,001,641 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 90,992,675 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">139,874,365 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">230,867,040 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">48,881,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">131,594,061 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">191,208,613 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">322,802,674 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">59,614,552 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">197,198,423 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">270,388,964 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">467,587,387 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">73,190,541 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">237,278,104 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">226,235,652 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">463,513,756 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">11,042,452</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">298,876,565 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">302,247,711 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">601,124,276 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,371,146 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">231,677,148 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">176,230,645 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">407,907,793 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">55,446,503</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">160,395,289 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">191,166,596 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">351,561,884 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">30,771,307 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb153" href="#pb153">153</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch11.8"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Values of principal articles exported, 1921&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Bureau of Commerce and Industry]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Articles </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">1922</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Beeswax </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 18,670 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,010</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Breadstuffs: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Rice </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 49,142 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 58,164</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,941 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,919</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Chemicals, drugs, dyes and medicines: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Sapan wood </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,781 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 16,859</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,674 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,670</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Copra </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 26,146,913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 28,206,146</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Copra meal </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,208,930 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,435,290</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cotton, vegetable fiber and manufactures of: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Unmanufactured&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Canton </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,342 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 61,530</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Hemp (Manila) </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 25,969,385 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 39,081,829</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Maguey </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,848,794 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,973,203</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Pacol </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,662 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,489</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Sisal </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 28,151 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 52,585</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> All other unmanufactured </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 47,697 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 133,060</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Manufactures of&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Cloth </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 221,944 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 24,536</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Cordage </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 918,544 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,099,375</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Crochet </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 15 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 5,533</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Embroideries </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,696,207 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 6,514,597</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Knotted hemp </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 100,267 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 904,440</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Laces </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 30,057 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 17,082</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> All other manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 28,998 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 103,950</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fish and fish products </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 175,847 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 252,912</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fruits and fruit nuts </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 239,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 532,632</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Gold and silver manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,644 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,787</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Gums and resins: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Copal </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 140,607 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 127,209</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Elemi </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,689 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 9,266</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Gutta-percha </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,466 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 8,460</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Rubber </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 25,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hats </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 608,724 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 950,788</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hides and skins </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 16,094 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 27,435</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Iron and steel, scrap and old </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 95,692 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 28,588</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Malt liquors </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 34,127 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 28,757</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Matches </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 15,360 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 33,207</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Mineral water </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 300 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Oils: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Coconuts </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 32,103,036 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 31,468,971</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Ilang-ilang </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 57,554 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 60,606</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Lumbang or candlenut </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 161 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 565 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 220</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Pearls, unset </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,444 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 15</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sesame seed </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 75,499 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,762</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Shells: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Unmanufactured </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 205,249 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 286,816</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Manufactures of&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> <span class="corr" id="xd29e8935" title="Source: Pearls">Pearl</span> buttons </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 245,905 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 418,933</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 19,141 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 12,848</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Shoes </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12,026 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 5,190</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Slippers </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 16,917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 10,867</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Soaps </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,860 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 16,323<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb154" href="#pb154">154</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Spirits, distilled </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 57,895 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 56,796</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sponges </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,575 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,121</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sugar: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Centrifugal </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 37,175,898 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 38,628,040</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Raw </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,854,586 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 11,398,580</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Refined </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,970 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,138,490</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tobacco: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Leaf </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,522,812 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,546,234</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Cigars </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,454,886 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 11,602,219</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Cigarettes </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 87,530 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 165,880</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Smoking </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 328,853 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 674,948</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 170,353 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 350,955</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Vegetables </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,092 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,471</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Wood: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Timber </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,591 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 10,328</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Lumber </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,567,533 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,656,812</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Rattan and reeds </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 615 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 943</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Veneers </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 75,930 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 210,222</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Basketware </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 118,802 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 76,379</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Furniture </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 50,265 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 48,789</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 94,978 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 22,627</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">All other domestic exports </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 722,335 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 635,919</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Exports of foreign merchandise </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,465,365 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,951,818
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e9132"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum">176,230,645 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum">191,166,596</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.9"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Values of principal articles imported, 1921&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Bureau of Commerce and Industry]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Articles </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">1922</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Animals: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Carabaos </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 758,862 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 65,033</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Other cattle </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,315,863 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,596,156</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Brass, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 932,637 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 454,049</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Breadstuffs: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Rice </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,649,395 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,604,315</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Wheat flour </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,017,174 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 5,783,194</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Other breadstuffs </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,358,513 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,043,708</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cars, carriages, other vehicles, and parts of: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Automobiles and parts of </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,459,214 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,406,965</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Other cars, carriages, etc., and parts
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,345,418 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 907,856</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cement </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,005,264 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,587,383</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Chemicals, drugs, dyes and medicines </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,349,384 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,946,324</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Clocks and watches, and parts </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 508,305 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 261,504</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Coal </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,987,004 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 5,009,362</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cocoa or cacao </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 797,527 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 713,839</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Coffee </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 760,593 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 880,135</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Copper and manufactures of </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 794,014 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 190,170<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb155" href="#pb155">155</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cotton, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 37,648,201 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 47,229,720</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Cotton cloths </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 25,463,804 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 34,408,508</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Other manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12,184,397 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 12,821,212</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Diamonds and other precious stones, unset </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 517,893 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 374,109</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Earthen, stone and chinaware </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 781,366 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 964,678</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Electrical machinery, apparatus, and appliances </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,683,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,891,967</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Eggs </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,695,605 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,457,923</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fibers, vegetable, and their manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,507,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,331,324</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fish and fish products </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,965,912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,834,949</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fruits and nuts </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,115,644 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,576,678</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Glass and glassware </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,812,285 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 869,870</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Gold, platinum and silver, and their manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 378,899 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 219,618</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hats and caps and parts of </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 617,369 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 647,620</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">India rubber, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,511,910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,534,399</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft"><span class="corr" id="xd29e9391" title="Source: Intruments">Instruments</span> and apparatus:
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Not electrical </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,279,204 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 509,802</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Motion-picture, and films for </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 574,275 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 600,948</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Iron and steel, and their manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 43,529,079 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 15,208,761</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Agricultural implements, and parts
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 700,421 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 30,572</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Machinery and parts </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17,665,808 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,022,834</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other iron and steel </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 25,162,850 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 11,155,355</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Leather, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,786,461 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,563,939</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Meat and dairy products: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Meat products </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,255,609 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,623,158</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Dairy products </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,325,411 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,924,896</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Musical instruments, and parts </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 508,349 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 269,132</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Oils: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Crude </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 954,463 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 5,337,775</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Illuminating </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,014,714 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,476,158</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Lubricating and heavy paraffin </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,943,456 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 655,264</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Naphthas, including all lighter products of distillation
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8,832,227 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,804,003</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other oils </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,060,068 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,004,899</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Paints, varnishes and pigments </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 966,845 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 882,485</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Paper, and its manufactures: </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Books and other printed matter </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,013,988 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,407,916</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,066,029 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,511,832</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Perfumery and toilet preparations </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,530,011 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,026,213</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Photographic equipments and supplies </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 446,066 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 350,949</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Plateware, gold and silver </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 328,300 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 135,387</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Silk, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,721,538 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 3,117,454</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Soap </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 710,879 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 718,802</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Spirits, wines and liquors </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,564,629 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 822,933</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sugar and molasses </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 984,538 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 722,910</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tobacco, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,301,769 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,480,322</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Vegetables </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,825,998 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,665,212</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Wax </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 216,893 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 350,211</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Wood, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,731,758 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 645,116</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Wool, and its manufactures </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,645,701 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,337,484</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">All other imports </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,284,579 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 8,858,480
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 231,677,148 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 160,395,289</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb156" href="#pb156">156</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Because the products of the Islands are usually exported to the countries where the
-imports come from, there have been established firms which deal in exports and imports
-of every variety, and have buying and selling organization both in the Islands and
-abroad. This double business, so to speak, besides being very profitable, lends itself
-to large scale <span class="corr" id="xd29e9646" title="Source: interprises">enterprises</span> and millions of capital have been brought together under one managing head.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.10"><b>SHIPPING.</b>&#x2014;The foreign, as well as the domestic trade of the Philippines, will always depend
-on an adequate supply of shipping. As fast as the agriculture and industries of the
-Islands develop, the supply of shipping must correspondingly increase, otherwise,
-the commercial development of the Islands will be retarded. Hemp, oil, and sugar are
-bulky and the surface they require when exported is large in proportion to their value.
-Practically, all Philippine goods are carried thousands of miles before they reach
-their destinations, either to New York or London and the continent&#x2014;half way around
-the world. Because of this, reasonable <span class="corr" id="xd29e9653" title="Source: wage">wages</span> and a regular supply of surface for cargo in the ships calling at the ports of the
-Islands are indispensable. Because of this, also, it is necessary for the Islands
-to have a merchant marine of its own in order that products therefrom can be easily
-transported to the markets of the world.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.10.2"><b>INTERISLAND TRANSPORTATION.</b>&#x2014;Water transportation is the key to the interisland trade of the Islands. For hundreds
-of years before the coming of the steamboat, the Philippine seas were dotted with
-small sailboats of every description, made out of a log, or of rough hewn planks surmounted
-by a sail made from abaca cloth. They were manned by sturdy, courageous voyagers inured
-to hardships, who dared to go forth even into strange oceans, through typhoon and
-tempest.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.10.1">The following table shows the entrances and clearances of vessels in the Philippine
-Islands by nationalities during 1920&#x2013;1923:
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb157" href="#pb157">157</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.10.3"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Aggregate value of merchandise carried by vessels engaged in foreign trade, by nationality</i></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Bureau of Customs]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Nationality of vessels
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">Vessels entered and cleared
-</td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e7891 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">1921
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e7891 cellHeadTop">Vessels entered and cleared
-</td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e8403">1922</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e7891">Imports
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Exports
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Total
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Imports
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Exports
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight">Total</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Philippine </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 170 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,379,522 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 484,817 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,864,339 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 194 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,811,668 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,344,485 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,156,153</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">American </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 336 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 74,809,502 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 64,206,170 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 139,015,672 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 367 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 48,873,151 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 83,313,550 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 132,186,701</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">British </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 740 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 109,387,341 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 60,335,999 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 169,723,340 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 704 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 79,488,095 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 56,090,093 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 135,578,188</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Chinese </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 40 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 499,454 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 325,625 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 825,079 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 31 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,293,429 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 587,691 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 1,881,120</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Danish </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Dutch </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 94 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,314,435 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,203,844 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 19,517,779 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 111 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,792,919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 14,244,306 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 21,037,225</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">French </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 482,434 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 482,434 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 86,423 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 19,900 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 106,323</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">German </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 16 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 22,002 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 3,003,029 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,025,031</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Spanish </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,304,940 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 5,011,874 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,316,814 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,272,832 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,993,246 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,266,078</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Swedish </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,788,182 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,788,199 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 41 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,031,697 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 4,031,738</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Norwegian </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 30 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,637,253 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,637,253 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 38 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 296,657 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,295,116 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 2,591,773</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Japanese </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 319 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 29,169,887 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 20,746,925 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 49,916,812 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 315 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 14,809,799 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17,520,311 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 52,330,110</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Mail </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,692,363 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,125,959 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 14,818,322 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> &#x2014;&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4,648,273 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6,725,172 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 11,371,445
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 1,759 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 231,677,148 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 176,230,645 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 407,907,793 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 1,801 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 160,395,289 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 191,166,596 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 351,561,885</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Not until the coming of the cargo steamer, however, could the bulky products of the
-Islands be gathered together in large quantities and become an important factor in
-the world&#x2019;s commercial necessities. Every portion of the Islands is now covered by
-steamers, plying regular routes.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb158" href="#pb158">158</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch11.10.4"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Interisland Lines</span>
-To the north a route leads to Aparri, the outlet from the fertile Cagayan Valley,
-a tobacco country, where thousands of hectares of rich unoccupied prairies await only
-the touch of capital. To the southward are the main channels of trade. Cebu is the
-metropolis of the Southern Islands, and to this port come the hemp and copra of all
-the Visayas, there to be transferred to Manila. Some ocean liners load direct at Cebu
-for the homeward voyage, saving the haul to Manila. Cebu harbor accommodates vessels
-of 30-foot draft, which can anchor at the sea wall, close to the warehouses of the
-principal commercial houses. From Iloilo comes the sugar of Negros and Panay. Here,
-too, is a harbor of sufficient depth to allow ocean vessels of fair tonnage to load.
-Ships of the Spanish lines in particular are accustomed to procure their cargoes here
-and omit Manila. Commercial routes encircle Mindanao, drawing from it copra and hemp,
-and supplying in return cotton cloth, canned goods, rice, and other commercial staples.
-Smaller vessels ply between the Bicol provinces, Masbate, Leyte, and Manila, carrying
-hemp principally.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.10.5"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Control over Rates</span>
-The steamers of the Philippine Islands are not allowed to charge the prices &#x201c;the traffic
-will bear,&#x201d; without any recourse by shippers. The Public Utility Commission fixes
-the maximum rates for all classes of traffic and for all ports of the Islands. In
-this way the interests of the producing and consuming public are protected, and destructive
-rate wars between shipper and carrier and among the several companies are avoided.
-</p>
-<p id="ch11.10.6">The number and tonnage of vessels engaged in domestic shipping are as follows:
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb159" href="#pb159">159</a>]</span></p>
-<p class="xd29e120"><i>Number and registered tonnage of vessels engaged in domestic shipping, by ports of
-entry, 1918&#x2013;22</i>
-</p>
-<p class="xd29e10015">[Source: Bureau of Customs]
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">MANILA</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.manila">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year </td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Entered </td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Cleared
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,782 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 630,980 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,858 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 644,831</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,359 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 709,980 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,474 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 723,986</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,266 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 845,227 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,452 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 975,448</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,210 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 888,238 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,410 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,090,668</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 3,570 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,006,556 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 3,741 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 1,293,564</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">ILOILO</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.manila">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">1918. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 4,770 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 357,641 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 4,755 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop"> 320,441</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,317 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 447,272 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,355 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 456,308</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,830 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 687,828 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,818 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 625,746</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,699 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 755,521 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,708 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 667,506</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 6,822 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 878,074 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 6,843 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 806,642</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">CEBU</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.manila">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">1918. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 5,625 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 357,523 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 5,645 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop"> 327,196</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,386 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 432,007 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,562 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 437,896</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,947 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 560,925 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,029 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 464,791</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,157 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 634,904 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,170 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 465,355</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 5,713 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 967,494 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 5,800 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 656,828</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">ZAMBOANGA</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.manila">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">1918. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 831 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 158,116 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 859 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop"> 165,043</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,161 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 207,992 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,168 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 215,233</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,520 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 231,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,533 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 224,499</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,515 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 219,732 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,520 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 242,201</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,272 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 278,481 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,280 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 303,311</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">ALL OTHERS</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.manila">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">1918. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 138 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 31,430 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 137 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop"> 30,983</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 185 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 49,787 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 182 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 47,578</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 175 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 36,665 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 179 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 36,365</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 153 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,893 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 150 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 42,577</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 177 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 50,093 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 182 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 50,218</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">TOTAL</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.manila">
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellTop">1918. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 15,146 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 1,535,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellTop"> 15,254 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellTop"> 1,488,494</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,408 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,847,038 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,741 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,881,001</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,738 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,361,705 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,011 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,326,849</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,734 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,541,288 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,958 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,508,307</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 17,554 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 3,180,698 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 17,846 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 3,110,563</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb160" href="#pb160">160</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch12" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e1924">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">XII. Structure of the Philippine Government</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch12.1" class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Patterned after American system</span>
-The government of the Philippine Islands as it now exists and functions resembles
-in structure the Federal and State governments of the United States. It is reared
-on the same fundamental principles of representative democracy which have made the
-United States government the model for other states, so that the Philippine government
-is just as much a republican government as that of the United States; the will of
-the majority rules.
-</p>
-<p>The law of public officers as observed in the United States is in effect in the Philippine
-Islands. The principle of division of powers is recognized, and the functions of government
-are distributed among three departments, the executive, the legislative, and the judicial.
-The principle of checks and balances is likewise observed, and the legislature and
-the courts are prohibited from delegating their powers. The passage of irrepealable
-laws is forbidden. The government is immune from suit at the instance of private individuals
-except with its consent.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p160width" id="p160"><img src="images/p160.jpg" alt="The Council of State in session" width="720" height="431"><p class="figureHead">The Council of State in session</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.2"><b>DEPARTURES FROM AMERICAN STANDARDS.</b>&#x2014;There have been several departures, however, from the American standard of government
-that have been made by the Filipinos. For instance, the <i id="ch12.2.1">budget system</i> has been adopted previous to its adoption in the United States to provide for economy
-and certainty in expenditures. The <i id="ch12.2.3">Council of State</i> was created as a co�rdinating and advisory body to the Governor-General. It is made
-up of the Governor-General as presiding officer, the six members of the cabinet, the
-President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb161" href="#pb161">161</a>]</span>It also serves to bring the executive and the legislative departments into close relationship.
-The creation of the council seems to indicate a tendency to adopt in the future a
-parliamentary or semi-parliamentary system of government.
-</p>
-<p>In addition to the foregoing departments there is the further innovation conferring
-on either house of the legislature, <i>the right to call and interpellate the secretaries of departments</i> before it. The secretaries of departments in turn have the right to be heard in the
-legislature. The chairmen of the appropriation committees are also empowered to require
-the attendance of chiefs of bureaus and offices, thus bringing the executive and legislative
-departments in close harmony.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Autonomy</span>
-All of the officials of the government are Filipinos with the exception of the Governor-General
-and the Vice-Governor-General and the majority of the members of the Supreme Court
-who are Americans, appointed by the President of the United States. There is thus
-a practical autonomy, the American chief executive having supervision and control
-of the government in theory but in actual practice rarely acting on matters of domestic
-concern except with the advice of the Council of State.
-</p>
-<p>Appointments made by the Governor-General are with the advice and consent of the Philippine
-Senate.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p161width" id="p161"><img src="images/p161.jpg" alt="The Members of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands" width="720" height="471"><p class="figureHead">The Members of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands</p>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.3"><b>THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.</b>&#x2014;The Governor-General is appointed by the President by and with the consent of the
-Senate and holds his office at the pleasure of the President and until his successor
-is chosen and qualified. Through the Secretary of War, he is responsible to the President
-and the American people for his acts. He has a more responsible position than that
-held by the Governors of the several states of the union. He is paid a handsome salary
-from the Philippine government and is given free quarters. As chief executive of the
-Islands, he is in charge of the executive control of the Philippine government; which
-he exercises <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb162" href="#pb162">162</a>]</span>either in person or through the secretaries of departments. He can veto laws passed
-by the Philippine Legislature.
-</p>
-<p><b>THE VICE-GOVERNOR.</b>&#x2014;The Vice-Governor is also appointed by the President of the United States with the
-consent of the Senate. He acts at the same time as the Secretary of Public Instruction
-and may be assigned such other executive duties as the <span class="corr" id="xd29e10458" title="Source: Governro-General">Governor-General</span> may designate. In case of vacancy in the office of the Governor-General, the Vice-Governor
-acts.
-</p>
-<p><b>THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.</b>&#x2014;There are six executive departments. At the head of each is a department secretary,
-who, with the exception of the Secretary of Public Instruction, must be a citizen
-of the Philippine Islands. As Secretary he is assisted by an under-secretary who temporarily
-performs the duties of department secretary in case of vacancy. The executive departments
-and bureaus, offices, and boards pertaining to each are given below:
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li><span class="sc">Governor-General</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Audits.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Civil Service.
-</li>
-<li>All other offices and branches of the service not assigned by law to any Department.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><span class="sc">Department of the Interior</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine General Hospital.
-</li>
-<li>Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners.
-</li>
-<li>Board of Medical Examiners.
-</li>
-<li>Board of Dental Examiners.
-</li>
-<li>Board of Optical Examiners.
-</li>
-<li>Board of Examiners for Nurses.
-</li>
-<li>Board of Dental Hygiene.
-</li>
-<li>Executive Bureau.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Constabulary.
-</li>
-<li>Public Welfare Commissioner.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><span class="sc">Department of Public Instruction</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Education.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Health Service.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Quarantine Service.
-</li>
-</ul>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb163" href="#pb163">163</a>]</span></li>
-<li><span class="sc">Department of Finance</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Customs.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Internal Revenue.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of the Treasury.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Printing.
-</li>
-<li>General supervision over banks, banking transactions, coinage, currency, and except
-as otherwise specially provided, over all funds the investments of which may be authorized
-by law.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><span class="sc">Department of Justice</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Justice.
-</li>
-<li>Courts of First Instance and Inferior Courts.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Library and Museum.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Prisons.
-</li>
-<li>Public Utility Commission.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><span class="sc">Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Agriculture.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Forestry.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Lands.
-</li>
-<li>Matters pertaining to colonies and plantations on public lands.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Science.
-</li>
-<li>Weather Bureau.
-</li>
-<li>Matters concerning hunting, fisheries, sponges, and other sea products.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-<li><span class="sc">Department of Commerce and Communications</span>:
-<ul>
-<li>Bureau of Public Works.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Posts.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Supply.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Labor.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey.
-</li>
-<li>Bureau of Commerce and Industry.
-</li>
-</ul>
-</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p>The Executive Bureau and the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, both of which are under
-the Department of the Interior, exercise supervision over the provincial and municipal
-governments. The Executive Bureau has charge of the so-called regular provinces, and
-the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes of those inhabited by the backward inhabitants
-of the Philippines including the Moros in Mindanao and the Igorotes of the mountain
-regions of Luzon. The functions of these two bureaus are practically identical, the
-difference lying only in the degree of civilization of the inhabitants over whom they
-have supervision.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb164" href="#pb164">164</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch12.4"><b>THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.</b>&#x2014;The legislative branch of the Philippine government is vested in the Philippine legislature.
-It is made up of two separate co�rdinate bodies, the Senate and the House of Representatives.
-All the senators and representatives are elected by direct popular suffrage with the
-exception of the representatives and senators from the Mountain Province, the Province
-of Nueva Vizcaya, and the provinces in Mindanao and Sulu who are appointed by the
-Governor-General with no restriction as to residence or length of office. The elective
-representatives hold their office for terms of three years and the senators for terms
-of six years.
-</p>
-<p>Laws dealing with certain special subjects such as the tariff and the mining laws
-require the approval of the President of the United States.
-</p>
-<p>The Senate has twenty-four members consisting of two senators from each of the twelve
-senatorial districts. The lower house has ninety members, determined by the population
-of each province. Appropriation bills originate by custom in the House of Representatives.
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.5"><b>THE JUDICIARY.</b>&#x2014;An independent judiciary system completes the governmental structure. The administration
-of justice is entrusted to the Supreme Court, the Courts of First Instance, the Municipal
-Court of the City of Manila, and the courts of justices of the peace in each municipality.
-</p>
-<p>The Supreme Court is the highest legal entity in the judiciary system. It has an appellate
-jurisdiction in all actions and special proceedings brought to it from the Courts
-of First Instance and from other inferior tribunals from whose decision appeals to
-the Supreme Court are allowed. The justices of the Supreme Court are appointed by
-the President of the United States with the consent of the United States Senate and
-serve during good behavior. It is made up of nine justices, the chief justice and
-eight associate justices. The chief justice has always been a Filipino. It seats in
-banc to transact business. It also seats in divisions for the same purpose, and when
-it so sits, four <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb165" href="#pb165">165</a>]</span>justices constitute a <i>quorum</i> so that two divisions may <span class="corr" id="xd29e10569" title="Source: seat">sit</span> at the same time.
-</p>
-<p>Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States are allowed in certain cases only.
-</p>
-<p>The judges of the Court of First Instance are appointed by the Governor-General with
-the consent of the Philippine Senate and serve practically for life, the only restriction
-being that they must retire upon reaching sixty-five years of age. The justices of
-the peace are also appointed by the Governor-General with the advice and consent of
-the Philippine Senate.
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.6"><b>PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.</b>&#x2014;The Philippine Archipelago is divided into 46 provinces, 34 of which are designated
-as <i>regular provinces</i> and the remaining 12 as <i>special provinces</i>.&#x2014;The chief executive of a regular province is the provincial governor, who is an
-elective official. He, together with two other elective members, form the provincial
-board which constitutes the legislative branch of the provincial government. In the
-special provinces, with the exception of Mindoro, Palawan, and Batanes, the provincial
-governors are appointive officials.
-</p>
-<p><b>MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.</b>&#x2014;As the name indicates, this branch of the Government has charge of the municipalities
-or towns. The chief executive of a municipality is called the municipal president.
-The municipal council, which is the legislative branch of the municipal government,
-consists of from 8 to 18 councilors, depending on the size of the municipality. There
-is a vice-president who substitutes the president during his absence or disability
-and who is ex-officio member of the council. All these officials are elected by the
-people.
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.7"><b>EXPENSES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT.</b>&#x2014;All the expenses of the Philippine government are paid for from the Insular Treasury.
-The United States government pays for nothing in the administration of the Islands
-except for the army and navy and the salaries of the resident commissioners <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb166" href="#pb166">166</a>]</span>from the Philippines who are stationed in Washington and granted the privileges of
-members of Congress.
-</p>
-<p>An investigation into the expenses incurred by the United States for the Philippine
-Islands, exclusive of the maintenance of her army and navy, elicits the following
-facts:
-</p>
-<p>1. That the Philippines has always been a self-supporting country; all expenditures
-have been drawn from ordinary revenues.
-</p>
-<p>2. That the sum of $267,663.26 pertaining to the former government of Spain and seized
-by the United States, and therefore legally pertaining to the latter country, was
-subsequently turned over into the general fund of the insular government.
-</p>
-<p>3. That the Congress of the United States appropriated the sum of $3,000,000, known
-as the &#x201c;Congressional Relief Fund,&#x201d; for the purchase, distribution and sale of farm
-implements, farm or draft animals, supplies and necessaries of life, extermination
-of pests, relief for sufferers due to fire and other calamities, etc. This amount
-has been, at different times, appropriated by the Philippine Commission for the purposes
-above mentioned. The unexpended balance from this fund was subsequently turned over
-into the general funds.
-</p>
-<p>Aside, therefore, from the Spanish seized funds and the expenses for the army and
-navy, the only amount expended by the United States directly for the benefit of the
-Philippine Islands was the Congressional Relief Fund. The Philippine government having
-always had, at the end of every year, an excess of ordinary revenue over ordinary
-expenditure, the United States could not have any other occasion to give direct pecuniary
-aid for the maintenance of the Islands.
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.8"><b>FINANCIAL STATUS.</b>&#x2014;The Philippine government today is on a solid financial basis as any government in
-the world. It is self-supporting, its taxation is adequate to its needs, the per capita
-tax of the people is low. The Filipinos bear a <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb167" href="#pb167">167</a>]</span>smaller burden of taxation than the natives of Great Britain, United States, Japan,
-Argentina, and Brazil. The year, 1922, was presented with an aggregate surplus of
-approximately $64,000,000 in central, provincial, and municipal governments including
-the City of Manila. This goes to show that both the central and local governments
-are on a sound financial basis.
-</p>
-<p>A clearer comprehension of the financial standing of the government may be had from
-an inspection of the following tables:
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.8.1"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Statement of receipts, expenditures, and surplus of the Insular government, 1921&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Bureau of Audits]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Items of revenue and expenditures </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> 1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> 1922
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Revenue: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> <i>Pesos</i></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Licenses and business. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,246,440 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13,755,670</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Import duties. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,778,791 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 11,362,250</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Excise Tax. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,327,843 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13,444,281</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Income tax. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,880,370 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,943,716</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Wharfage tax. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,473,627 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,852,095</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Franchise tax. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 243,618 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 109,749</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Documentary stamp tax (customs and internal revenue).
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 951,809 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 990,933</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Immigration tax. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 237,040 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 239,152</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Tonnage dues. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 254,515 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 276,130</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Inheritance tax. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 210,303 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 121,812</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Revenue from public forests. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 923,216 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 854,337</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> United States internal revenue. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 756,444 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,428,959</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Fines and forfeitures. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 663,415 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 799,553</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Sales and rentals of public domain. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,110 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 24,254</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Income from commercial and industrial units. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,771,068 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 11,130,403</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Income from operating units. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 254,514 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 133,698</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Dividends on bank stock. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 463,373 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Interest repayments, railway companies. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 192,716 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 387,785</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> All other income<a class="noteref" id="xd29e10761src" href="#xd29e10761">1</a>.
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 67,430,039 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 74,427,334</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Prior year adjustments. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,282,547 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 531,826
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Total. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"><span class="sum"> 133,363,798 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"><span class="sum"> 133,813,937</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Less apportionments of internal revenue to local governments.
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,164,084 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,164,084
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Total revenue. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"><span class="sum"> 130,199,714 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"><span class="sum"> 130,649,853<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb168" href="#pb168">168</a>]</span></span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Expenditures: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> General administration<a class="noteref" id="xd29e10806src" href="#xd29e10806">2</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,046,646 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,272,591</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Legislation </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,413,541 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,547,683</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Adjudication </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,891,080 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,747,093</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Protective service<a class="noteref" id="xd29e10831src" href="#xd29e10831">3</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,783,904 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,866,840</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Social improvement<a class="noteref" id="xd29e10844src" href="#xd29e10844">4</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,084,682 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13,709,846</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Economic development<a class="noteref" id="xd29e10854src" href="#xd29e10854">5</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 53,820,568 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,037,386</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Aid to local governments </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,305,267 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 15,561,867</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Expense of revenue collection </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,275,497 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,963,714</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Public debt </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,811,266 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5,117,494</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Public works and purchase of equipment </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,209,597 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,670,476</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Retirement gratuities<a class="noteref" id="xd29e10892src" href="#xd29e10892">6</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 521,226 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 397,886</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Pensions Acts 2909 and 2922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Prior year adjustments </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,937 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,248
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"><span class="sum"> 118,194,211 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"><span class="sum"> 78,911,424
-</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Current surplus for the year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"><span class="sum"> 12,005,503 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"><span class="sum"> 51,738,429</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Current surplus at the beginning of the year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 43,937,712 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 55,943,215</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Current surplus at the end of the year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 55,943,215 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 107,681,644</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e10761" href="#xd29e10761src">1</a></span> Includes income incidental to functional activities, sales of fixed property, Friar
-Lands estates and San Lazaro estate, proceeds of loan from currency reserve fund,
-and sales of agricultural bank loans, etc.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e10761src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e10806" href="#xd29e10806src">2</a></span> Executive direction and control.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e10806src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e10831" href="#xd29e10831src">3</a></span> Includes expenditures on law and order, national defense, <span class="corr" id="xd29e10833" title="Source: supression">suppression</span> of animal diseases and plant pests, protection against forces majeures and other
-protective service.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e10831src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e10844" href="#xd29e10844src">4</a></span> Includes expenditures on public health, public education, public corrections, public
-charities, and other social improvements.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e10844src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e10854" href="#xd29e10854src">5</a></span> Includes expenditures on conservation of natural resources, development of commerce
-and agriculture, regulation of public utilities, Philippine publicity, development
-of industrial arts and sciences, operation of commercial and industrial units, corporate
-investments, advances to railway companies under guaranty contracts and exchange on
-advances to railway companies, etc.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e10854src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e10892" href="#xd29e10892src">6</a></span> Act No. 2589, amended by Act No. 2796, provides for a gratuity by reason of retirement
-to officers and employees of the Philippine Government who have rendered satisfactory
-service during six continuous years or more.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e10892src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-</div>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb169" href="#pb169">169</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch12.8.2"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Budget estimates for the Insular government, 1918&#x2013;1923</i></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Budget presented by the Executive Department to the Philippine Legislature]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Items of revenue and expenditures </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop"> 1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop"> 1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop"> 1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop"> 1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop"> 1923</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Income </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,511,037 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 70,957,757 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 73,977,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 84,289,932 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 63,051,435 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 65,952,560
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Revenue from taxation </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,220,916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 48,463,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 47,012,230 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 56,036,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,867,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 42,925,310</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Incidental revenue </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,730,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,950,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,495,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,681,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,120,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5,233,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Earnings and other credits </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,560,120 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,544,157 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 23,469,770 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 23,572,332 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,064,115 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13,143,750</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Income from proposed legislation </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e11068src" href="#xd29e11068">b</a>4,650,000
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Current surplus at the beginning of the year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,996,477 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 33,470,664 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,560,300 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,964,152 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Total available for expenditures </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 64,477,514 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 104,428,421 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 84,537,300 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 84,289,932 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 75,015,587 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 65,952,560
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Expenditures </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 51,051,725 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 92,003,494 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 84,453,806 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 83,549,778 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 72,538,593 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 65,677,327
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Expense of revenue collection </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,138,904 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,835,078 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,741,202 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,688,370 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,564,726 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,611,533</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Operating expense of commercial and industrial units </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,002,820 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,699,877 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,089,177 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,502,504 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,981,853 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,661,867</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Public debt </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,087,500 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,310,276 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,308,326 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,459,281 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,189,878 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,698,667</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> General administration </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,911,100 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,083,832 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,114,677 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,202,098 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,995,090 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5,170,217</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Protective service </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,261,259 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,696,100 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,185,108 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,373,411 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,284,643 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,393,072</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Social improvement </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,680,914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,987,190 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,498,527 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,093,423 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,818,029 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,317,816</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Economic development </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,950,459 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,883,934 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,397,034 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,437,851 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,740,857 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,326,511</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Aid to local governments </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,618,425 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 11,992,281 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,163,155 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,347,095 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,883,667 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13,287,409</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Retirement gratuities, Act 2589 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 700,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 800,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 750,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 600,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 500,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 300,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Emergency service </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,000,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,000,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,000,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,000,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,000,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Outlays and investments </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,700,344 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,102,181 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,206,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,845,745 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,579,850 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,910,235</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Appropriation balances for public works </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> <a class="noteref" id="tbl.budget.asrc" href="#tbl.budget.a">a</a>4,296,754 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Appropriation balances for miscellaneous accounts
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> <a class="pseudonoteref" href="#tbl.budget.a">a</a>10,315,991 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Current surplus at the end of the year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 13,425,789 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 12,424,927 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 83,494 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 740,154 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 2,476,994 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 275,233</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="tbl.budget.a" href="#tbl.budget.asrc">a</a></span> Unexpended balances from appropriations for public works and for cadastral survey,
-construction of irrigation systems, etc.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#tbl.budget.asrc">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e11068" href="#xd29e11068src">b</a></span> Proceeds of proposed luxury tax to cover probable deficit.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e11068src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-</div>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb170" href="#pb170">170</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch12.8.3"><b>CURRENCY.</b>&#x2014;At the time of the American occupation, the Mexican dollar and the Spanish peso were
-in circulation in the Islands as a part of the currency. The Mexican dollar had been
-introduced because of the trade between the Philippines and Mexico, which was fostered
-by the Spanish galleons. Besides the Mexican dollar and the Spanish peso, there also
-circulated the silver peso or dollar of the various South American countries. For
-fractional currency, <span class="corr" id="xd29e11334" title="Source: howover">however</span>, the Spanish coins predominated. The denominations were half peso, <i>peseta</i>, and <i>media peseta</i>. Gold pieces were of &#x20b1;1, &#x20b1;2, and &#x20b1;4 denominations.
-</p>
-<p>The first mint in the Islands was installed during the reign of Isabela II. It was
-then that the Philippine peso, both in gold and silver, was first coined.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Currency Legislation</span>
-America early decided to make the currency system more stable and scientific. On March
-2, 1903, Congress passed the Philippine Coinage Act which established the conant or
-Philippine peso as the official coin of the Islands. The effect of this Act was to
-drive away all the previous coins in circulation, and it is the basis of the present
-currency system in the Philippine Islands. The coins provided for were of the denomination
-of the peso, half-peso, <i>peseta</i>, <i>media peseta</i>, 5 centavos, 1 centavo, and one-half centavo, while the silver certificates were
-in the denominations of &#x20b1;2, &#x20b1;5, &#x20b1;10, &#x20b1;20, &#x20b1;50, &#x20b1;100, &#x20b1;500. The peso was issued on
-the basis of two Philippine pesos (&#x20b1;2) to one dollar ($1) gold, United States currency.
-To maintain the parity the Gold Standard Act was passed by the Philippine Commission
-in October, 1903. There are gold deposits in the banks of the United States to guarantee
-every Philippine Government certificate in circulation. This places the Philippines
-practically on an actual gold basis.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Notes</span>
-The notes in circulation at the time the Americans came were those issued by the Banco
-Espa�ol-Filipino. They were in 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 Mexican denominations. After
-the introduction of the Philippine peso, &#x20b1;1 notes were also allowed to circulate.
-In 1912, this same Banco Espa�ol was allowed <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb171" href="#pb171">171</a>]</span>to change its name to that of the Bank of the Philippine Islands, and thereafter,
-a new series of notes were issued, having the same size as the certificates issued
-by the Philippine Government, but of the denominations of &#x20b1;5, &#x20b1;10, &#x20b1;20, &#x20b1;50, &#x20b1;100,
-and &#x20b1;200.
-</p>
-<p>When the Philippine National Bank was established in 1916, it was authorized to issue
-notes to be known as circulating notes. In accordance with this authorization, denominations
-of &#x20b1;1, &#x20b1;2, &#x20b1;5, and &#x20b1;10 began to appear.
-</p>
-<p>The stability of the currency system in the Philippines depends solely on the maintenance
-of the parity of the Philippine peso with the gold dollar on the established basis
-of 2 to 1. This can be easily accomplished by keeping always intact the gold deposits
-in the United States.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Table of currency in circulation, 1913&#x2013;1922</i></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Year </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Amount in circulation </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">Per capita circulation</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd29e11380" title="Not in source"><i>Pesos</i></span>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 50,697,253 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.53</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 52,575,118 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 51,284,907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.40</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 67,059,189 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6.86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 102,580,314 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10.20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 131,151,883 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12.67</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 146,576,956 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13.87</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 124,589,240 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 11.56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 103,661,820 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10.01</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 97,217,468 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 9.03</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch12.9"><b>ELECTORS.</b>&#x2014;The total number of electors registered in the election of June 3, 1919, was 717,295
-and the votes cast was 672,722, which is a very fine percentage when compared to the
-interest in elections shown in other countries. In the elections of 1912, 248,154
-voters registered, of which 235,786 voted. Of the number of voters registered in 1919,
-407,346 possessed educational qualifications, while only 81,916 were educationally
-qualified in 1912. It should be noted that the Philippine voters must have either
-property or educational qualifications, so that these figures show the progress of
-the people in political matters and in education in general during the last few years.
-In the elections of June, 1922, there were 824,058 voters registered.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb172" href="#pb172">172</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The minority party has always accepted the decision of the majority, unless it thinks
-that the election has been vitiated by some illegal act, in which case it takes the
-matter up with the courts for decision. The practice of revolutionary countries where
-defeated minorities take the law in their own hands or use violence against the triumphant
-party, or utilize every other means to hinder the working of the government, has never
-been resorted to in the Islands.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb173" href="#pb173">173</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch13" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e2046">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">XIII. The Filipinos in Control</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Original Policy</span>
-The Second Philippine Commission sent out to the Philippines by President McKinley
-on March 16, 1900 were given the following instruction, among others:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;That in all cases, the municipal officers who administer the local affairs of the
-people are to be selected by the people and that wherever officers of more extended
-jurisdiction are to be selected in any way, natives of the Islands are to be preferred,
-and if they can be found competent and willing to perform their duties they are to
-receive the offices in preference to any others.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>These instructions were confirmed by President Roosevelt when he said that the Government
-of the Philippine Islands would cease to be a government of Americans aided by Filipinos
-and instead would be a government of Filipinos aided by Americans. And in 1908 after
-the opening of the Philippine Assembly, President Roosevelt in his message to Congress
-added:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;I trust that within a generation the time will arrive when the Filipinos can decide
-for themselves whether it is well for them to become independent or continue under
-the protection of a strong and disinterested power, able to guarantee to the islands
-order at home and protection from foreign invasion.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Filipinization</span>
-In pursuance of all this policy the placing of Filipinos in government offices was
-hastened from 1913 to 1921, the turning over of power into Filipino hands having been
-virtually made complete by the passage of the Jones Law in 1916. This law provided
-for the creation of an elective Senate and House of Representatives and for the appointment
-of heads of departments and <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb174" href="#pb174">174</a>]</span>other government officials. Appointments made by the Governor-General were made to
-be with the advice and consent of the Philippine Senate.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.2">The <i>proportion of Filipinos to Americans</i> in the Philippine Government during the period 1914&#x2013;1921 is shown in the following
-table:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.filipinos">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop"> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e7891 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Number
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Percentage</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft">Year </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Americans </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Filipinos </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891">Americans </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight">Filipinos</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadBottom"><i>Per cent</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Per cent</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 2,148 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,283 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,451 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 23 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 77</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,935 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 7,881 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,816 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,730 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8,725 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,455 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 17 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 1,310 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 9,859 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 11,169 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 88</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 948 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 10,866 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 11,814 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 8 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 92</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 760 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12,047 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12,807 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 6 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 94</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 582 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 12,651 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,143 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 96</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 614 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,240 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 13,854 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891"> 4 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight"> 96</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"> 604 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"> 13,726 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"> 14,330 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellBottom"> 4 </td>
-<td class="xd29e7891 cellRight cellBottom"> 96</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.3"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Instruments of Autonomy</span>
-The principal agencies that gave the Filipinos effective control over domestic affairs
-in <span class="corr" id="xd29e11653" title="Source: comformity">conformity</span> with the spirit of the Jones Law, were the following:
-</p>
-<p>1. The creation of a Council of State on October 16, 1918, to help and advise the
-Governor-General on matters of public importance. In this council many prominent leaders
-of the Filipino people have figured prominently.
-</p>
-<p>2. The creation of the Philippine Cabinet by which the Government Departments were
-organized and the work of the Executive Department divided among them. The aim was
-to have them undertake the work expressly entrusted to them, and to have in each branch
-of the administration a head responsible for its policy and direction. Each Secretary
-of Department assumes responsibility for all the activities of the government under
-his control and supervision. To this end he has the power to initiate, the power <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb175" href="#pb175">175</a>]</span>to regulate, the power to direct and inspect, and the power to appoint and remove.
-</p>
-<p>3. The several laws that had given to the Council of State and to the Chairmen of
-the two houses of the Legislature the power to supervise and control the execution
-of the laws.
-</p>
-<p>4. The liberal policy followed by Governor-General Harrison in accordance with the
-liberal tenor of the Jones Law, a policy really preparatory for the independence of
-the Philippines.
-</p>
-<p>Speaking of this policy, Governor-General Harrison on September 1, 1916, said:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;I firmly believe that the Chief Executive should consult the people through their
-representatives who are called upon to serve them. This is the very life-blood of
-self-government. It should never be possible for a Chief Executive&#x2014;and it will now
-never be possible here&#x2014;to ride ruthlessly over the people he has been sent here to
-govern, without taking into account their feelings, and without due consideration
-to their desires.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4"><b>ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE FILIPINO GOVERNMENT.</b>&#x2014;The outstanding achievements of the Filipinized government are summarized below.
-</p>
-<p><b>I. REORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENTS.</b>&#x2014;The <span class="corr" id="xd29e11677" title="Source: reorganization">Reorganization</span> Act, as finally passed by the Philippine Legislature (Act No. 2666 as amended by
-Act No. 2803), has provided the Philippine government with a more logical and scientific
-grouping of bureaus and offices. It has given the new department heads more authority
-and power over the offices and bureaus under them. They are now empowered to promulgate
-rules, regulations, orders, circulars, memorandums, and other instructions for the
-harmonious and efficient administration of each and all of the offices and dependencies
-of each department. Secretaries of departments may be called by either of the two
-Houses of the <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb176" href="#pb176">176</a>]</span>Legislature for the purpose of reporting on matters pertaining to their departments.
-In this case they are also responsible to the two Houses. The six departments created
-by the Reorganization Act correspond to the six principal purposes of a fairly well
-organized government, to wit:
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Functions of the Departments</span>
-(1) The maintenance of order and political direction of local administrative units,
-such as departments, provincial and municipal governments, and special governments&#x2014;the
-Department of Interior;
-</p>
-<p>(2) The guardianship of the State over the mental development and physical welfare
-of the citizens&#x2014;the Department of Public Instruction;
-</p>
-<p>(3) The collection of the public revenues and administration of the finances and business
-of the government&#x2014;the Department of Finance;
-</p>
-<p>(4) The enforcement of the law and safeguarding of the citizens and their rights&#x2014;the
-Department of Justice;
-</p>
-<p>(5) The guardianship in connection with the preservation of the natural resources
-and the development of the country&#x2019;s sources of wealth&#x2014;the Department of Agriculture
-and Natural Resources; and
-</p>
-<p>(6) The carrying out of such work and services as cannot be performed by private citizens,
-conducive to the common welfare and public prosperity&#x2014;the Department of Commerce and
-Communications.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.2"><b>II. ADOPTION OF A BUDGETARY SYSTEM.</b>&#x2014;A scientific budgetary system has been adopted. Under the system the estimates are
-made under the supervision and control of the department heads who have the power
-to add or cut down items. These different estimates are then submitted to the Secretary
-of Finance, who co�rdinates them. Any conflict between a departmental head and the
-Secretary of Finance is submitted to the Council of State for decision. Once the budget
-is definitely approved by the Council of State the Governor-General submits it with
-a message to the Legislature.
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure p176width" id="p176"><img src="images/p176.jpg" alt="The Gilbert Steel bridge, Laoag, Ilocos Norte" width="720" height="378"><p class="figureHead">The Gilbert Steel bridge, Laoag, Ilocos Norte</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb177" href="#pb177">177</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The lower house is the first one to take up the budget. The corresponding Department
-Secretary appears before it to explain the details of the budget for his Department
-and to answer all questions by the members. Once the budget is approved in principle
-it is sent to the Committee on Appropriations with instructions to draft the appropriation
-bill in accordance therewith. When the appropriation bill is approved by the house,
-it is sent to the Senate and practically the same procedure is followed.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">The Emergency Board</span>
-To make the budgetary system sufficiently elastic to meet changing conditions, there
-has been created the so-called Emergency Board composed of the Secretary of Finance
-as Chairman, two members of the Legislature, the Insular Auditor and the Attorney-General
-as members. In the general Appropriation Act, this board is given a substantial amount
-with which to supply the additional funds that the various units of the government
-may need for the purpose authorized by the appropriation law. As an additional safe-guard,
-the actions of the Emergency Board do not become operative until after approval by
-the Governor-General and the presidents of both houses.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.3"><b>III. PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.</b>&#x2014;In public improvements, the following was the record of the Filipinos within the
-last <i>nine years</i>. The mileage of first-class roads was more than doubled increasing from 2,172 kilometers
-in 1913 to 4,782 in 1922, not to speak of the second and third class; 7,562 permanent
-bridges and culverts are now in existence; 725 permanent government buildings were
-built, including schools, public markets, hospitals, provincial capitols, and large
-and beautiful edifices for the university and the Insular government; a network of
-wireless stations was erected throughout the provinces; a vast program of improvements
-in port works was launched, and a bond issue of ten million pesos was sold in the
-United States for harbor improvements in Manila alone; irrigation works estimated
-to cost about ten million pesos, and designed to benefit 150,000 <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb178" href="#pb178">178</a>]</span>acres of land in sixteen different localities, were initiated; 949 artesian wells
-in the different provinces, an average of one to each municipality, were drilled at
-a total cost of nearly two and one-half million pesos, and 55 new water-works systems
-were installed with 36 more under active construction, to cost more than three million
-pesos.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.4"><b>IV. AGRICULTURE AND TAXATION.</b>&#x2014;The progress in agriculture was remarkable. The chief point of interest here is that
-the placing of Filipinos in control of the agricultural departments greatly enlarged
-the power of the Government to influence the people to increased production. Of rice
-alone, 1,285,385 acres more were planted during the last nine years (1913&#x2013;1922); 544
-rural-credit societies were established with a membership of 75,114 and co�peration
-in agriculture, a new spirit among the farmers, encouraged and explained.
-</p>
-<p>Taxation was revised and increased, and the government revenue from this source which
-in 1913 had been only &#x20b1;39,236,007, rose to &#x20b1;62,900,403 in 1919 and &#x20b1;64,259,776 in
-1922; there are twelve banking institutions in the Islands, now, instead of only six,
-and the money in circulation has risen from &#x20b1;50,000,000 in 1914 to three times that
-figure.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.5"><b>V. PUBLIC ORDER.</b>&#x2014;Public order, the first requisite of a stable government, has been splendidly maintained
-through the agency of the Philippine Constabulary and the municipal police. The Constabulary
-has always been dependable and thoroughly efficient. There is hardly any country in
-the world more peaceful than the Philippines.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.6"><b>VI. EDUCATION.</b>&#x2014;The present school system in the Philippines has been one of the principal uplifting
-agencies in the colonial enterprise undertaken by the United States as a result of
-the Spanish-American war. Immediately after the capitulation of Manila, an army officer
-acting as superintendent of schools opened schools. Everywhere the army went afterwards
-a public school was established and put into operation.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb179" href="#pb179">179</a>]</span></p>
-<p>The school system is supported entirely from Philippine revenue. The advance has been
-rapid, there now being about a million pupils in the schools being taken care of by
-the Philippine government. The attendance of almost a million is entirely voluntary,
-there being no compulsory education law.
-</p>
-<p>The public school system has received the unstinted support of the Filipino people.
-The first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly in 1907 was the appropriation of
-one million pesos for the building of rural schools. In 1918 the thirty million-peso
-act was passed, which provided that thirty million pesos be set aside, over and above
-the regular annual appropriation, for school-housing and equipment. The law is expected
-to provide school facilities for every boy and girl of school age in the Islands by
-1924.
-</p>
-<p>The head of the public-school system is the Vice-Governor-General who is at the same
-time Secretary of Public Instruction. The executive control is centered in the Bureau
-of Education headed by a director, who is responsible for the conduct of public schools
-and has the authority necessary to make his control effective.
-</p>
-<p><b>School divisions.</b>&#x2014;The Islands are divided into forty-nine school divisions, each division generally
-coinciding with the boundaries of a province, except the City of Manila, and four
-Insular schools&#x2014;the Philippine Normal School, the Philippine School of Arts and Trades,
-the Philippine Nautical School, and the Central Luzon Agricultural School&#x2014;each of
-which is considered as a distinct division. A division is under the immediate charge
-of a superintendent who is the representative of the Director of Education. The Division
-Superintendent in the province is generally assisted by a provincial industrial supervisor
-and an academic supervisor. Each provincial division is divided into different districts
-consisting of one or more municipalities and several barrios or villages, each under
-the charge of a supervising teacher.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb180" href="#pb180">180</a>]</span></p>
-<p>There are 50 provincial high schools. There are 20 provincial trade schools and 14
-provincial shops, the principals of which are responsible directly either to the principal
-of the provincial school or to the Division Superintendent of Schools.
-</p>
-<p>The original feature of all school work was the academic. Soon the Bureau of Education
-labored to make industrial work a part and parcel of the curriculum. This was followed
-by making physical education a vital part of the courses. And now the aim is to maintain
-a proper balance in the academic, industrial, physical, and social work.
-</p>
-<p>The English language is the only medium of instruction.
-</p>
-<p>There are seven elementary grades&#x2014;four primary and three intermediate. The secondary
-courses take four years. There has been built up an English-speaking Filipino teaching
-staff&#x2014;a distinctive achievement reflecting credit on Filipinos and Americans alike.
-</p>
-<p><b>Vocational instruction.</b>&#x2014;Graded vocational instruction occupies an important place in the school curricula.
-Approximately 14 per cent of the total time in the primary grades and about 17 per
-cent of the total time in the general intermediate course is devoted to this form
-of instruction. The special intermediate vocational courses include farming and trades
-for boys and housekeeping and household arts for girls. The chief aims of industrial
-instruction are: first, industrial intelligence; second, industrial skill; and, third,
-industrial sympathy. The educational and economic values of industrial education are
-kept in view. It may be of interest to mention that the Bureau of Education annually
-receives orders amounting to $150,000 a year from various firms abroad, especially
-from America, for handicraft articles; that trade school production yearly is over
-$100,000 and that the yearly agricultural production of the schools is over $281,000.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb181" href="#pb181">181</a>]</span></p>
-<p><b>Agricultural education.</b>&#x2014;The Philippines being essentially an agricultural country, agricultural education
-is given considerable attention. The Bureau of Education at present maintains 13 large
-agricultural schools, 15 farm schools, and 162 settlement farm schools. The agricultural
-school range in area from about 125 to about 3,000 acres; the farm schools, from about
-40 to 125 acres; the settlement farm schools, from about 30 to about 100 acres. In
-addition to these, the Bureau of Education has an extensive program of school and
-home gardening and maintains numerous agricultural clubs for boys and girls. Under
-the stress of the world-wide economic crisis brought about by the World War, the general
-office appealed to the country for increased productions, and in response to this
-appeal, the schools now have over 4,000 school gardens and over 100,000 home gardens.
-Annually there are held over 20,000 Garden Days where there are over 143,000 pupils&#x2019;
-exhibits and about 40,000 farmers&#x2019; exhibits.
-</p>
-<p><b>Athletics.</b>&#x2014;The system of physical education here compares favorably with the best in the world.
-The temptation of developing only a few &#x201c;stars&#x201d; has been valiantly resisted and the
-athletic slogan of &#x201c;Athletics for Everybody&#x201d; has been stressed instead. As a result
-of this policy over 96 per cent of the pupils enrolled in the elementary and secondary
-schools take active participation in the program of athletics and games during the
-year.
-</p>
-<p><b>Primary and Secondary Curriculum.</b>&#x2014;In the seven years&#x2019; course the studies are principally language, reading, good manners
-and right conduct, arithmetic, civics, hygiene and sanitation, writing, drawing, music,
-and Philippine history and government, in addition to a definite vocational training
-and organized play and athletics. Besides the regular secondary course, specialized
-secondary courses such as the normal, commercial, trade, agricultural, and domestic
-science are offered.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb182" href="#pb182">182</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch13.4.6.1"><b>Number of pupils.</b>&#x2014;The enrollment of pupils in the public schools below the University of the Philippines
-from the school year 1913&#x2013;1914 to 1920&#x2013;1921 is as follows:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e11769 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e11769 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Enrollment
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e11769 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Increase over previous year</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Number </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Per cent
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913&#x2013;1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 621,114 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 180,980 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 41.0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914&#x2013;1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 621,114 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">&#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">&#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915&#x2013;1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 638,548 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,434 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2.8</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916&#x2013;1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 675,997 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 37,449 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.8</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917&#x2013;1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 671,398 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,699 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .7</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918&#x2013;1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 681,588 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,290 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1.5</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919&#x2013;1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 791,626 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 110,040 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 16.0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920&#x2013;1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 943,364 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 151,736 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 19.0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1921&#x2013;1922. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,077,342 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 133,978 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 13.0</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.6.2"><b>Number of schools and teachers.</b>&#x2014;The number of schools rose from 2,934 in 1913 to 7,670 in March, 1922, representing
-an increase of 128 per cent. The average annual decrease in the number of schools
-from 1909 to 1913 (5 years preceding Filipino autonomy) was 181, or 4.8 per cent,
-while the average yearly increase from 1914 to 1920 was 416.
-</p>
-<p>The number of Filipino teachers increased from 7,671 in 1913 to 24,017 in 1922, which
-means an increase of 16,346, or 213 per cent. The number of American teachers dropped
-from 658 in March, 1913, to 347 in March, 1922.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.6.3"><b>Number of school buildings.</b>&#x2014;The number of permanent school buildings constructed up to 1913 was 624, which number
-rose to 1,301. In other words, during nine years (1913&#x2013;1922), 108 per cent more permanent
-buildings were erected.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.6.4"><b>Universities.</b>&#x2014;Foremost among the universities in the Islands is the University of the Philippines,
-which corresponds to a state university. It gives courses in liberal arts, the sciences,
-education, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy, agriculture, veterinary medicine,
-engineering, law, forestry, music, and the fine arts. Collegiate degrees are <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb183" href="#pb183">183</a>]</span>conferred upon graduates in all the courses mentioned with the exception of the last
-two, for which diplomas of proficiency are issued to the graduates.
-</p>
-<p>The enrollment in the University for the school year 1922&#x2013;1923 is 4,839, so that in
-10 years the attendance rose from 1,400 in 1911&#x2013;1912 to 4,839 in 1922&#x2013;1923, representing
-an increase of 237 per cent. The University has now 45 buildings of permanent materials.
-</p>
-<p>The Santo Tomas University was the first to be established. It has the distinction
-of being the oldest university under the American flag, having been founded a quarter
-of a century before Harvard. It gives courses in law, medicine, pharmacy, civil engineering,
-philosophy and letters, and theology, and has about 700 students. The medium of <span class="corr" id="xd29e11883" title="Source: instructon">instruction</span> is the Spanish language.
-</p>
-<p>Besides these two universities there is the National University with upwards of 4,500
-students and the Manila University with almost 3,000. The presidents of the last two
-universities are Filipinos.
-</p>
-<p>The overwhelming majority of the faculty in all the institutions of high learning
-in the Islands are Filipinos.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.7"><b>VII. SANITATION.</b>&#x2014;In sanitation the progress attained by the Philippines during the Filipinized government
-has also been rapid. The sanitary work is now controlled by a central bureau called
-the Philippine Health Service. With this centralization of activities health measures
-can be enforced more economically and more effectively than in previous years.
-</p>
-<p>The municipalities are grouped into sanitary divisions, each of which is in charge
-of a competent official. With few exceptions the men in charge are qualified physicians.
-At the end of the year 1921, there were 307 sanitary divisions comprising 792 out
-of the 846 municipalities. In other words, nearly 94 per cent of the total number
-of municipalities in the Philippines form a part of these sanitary divisions.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb184" href="#pb184">184</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Some of the important functions of the Philippine Health Service are as follows:
-</p>
-<p>1. Control and supervision of all hospitals for dangerous communicable diseases, and
-the isolation of persons suffering from such diseases.
-</p>
-<p>2. Control of sanitation of schoolhouses and premises, prisons and all other places
-for the detention of prisoners.
-</p>
-<p>3. Establishment and maintenance of internal quarantine in times of epidemic and the
-systematic inoculation of the inhabitants with virus, sera, and prophylactics.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.7.1"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption"><i>Comparative death rate scale for 1917</i></h4>
-<table class="tbl.cultivation">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Countries </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Death rate per 1,000 inhabitants
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft"><span class="sc">Oriental</span>: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Egypt. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">40.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> China. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">40.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> India. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">35.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Straits Settlement. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">31.64</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Ceylon. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">27.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Burma. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">24.93</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Philippines. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">22.29</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft"><span class="sc">Anglo-Saxon</span>: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> United States. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">14.70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> England. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">13.70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Canada. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">12.70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> South Australia. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">11.73</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Queensland. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">11.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> New Zealand. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">10.35</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft"><span class="sc">Latin</span>: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Porto Rico. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">28.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Mexico. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">23.39</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Cuba. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">19.70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Italy. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">18.20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3657"> France. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">17.70</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.8"><b>VIII. LOCAL AUTONOMY.</b>&#x2014;Greater autonomy has been extended to the provinces and municipalities especially
-as regards local taxes, education, sanitation, and permanent public improvements.
-</p>
-<p>One of the significant and substantial results of the new policy is the remarkable
-improvement in the finances of the provinces and municipalities. During the period
-1914 to <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb185" href="#pb185">185</a>]</span>1920 a general revision of assessment of real properties was conducted in all the
-provinces. From this assessment we find an increase of 1,703,449 in the number of
-lots of taxable real property on December 31, 1920, as compared with the corresponding
-figure on September 30, 1913, representing an increase of about 100 per cent. The
-increase, of course, means increased revenue from the real property taxes for the
-local government.
-</p>
-<p>A study of the revenues of the provinces and municipalities during 1914 to 1920, as
-compared with the period 1909 to 1913, shows an increase of 1,090 per cent, the average
-percentage of yearly increase being 155.5 per cent. In 1922 the revenues of the provinces
-were &#x20b1;19,264,264; those of the municipalities were &#x20b1;32,486,068.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.9"><b>IX. PUBLIC WELFARE.</b>&#x2014;One of the first acts of the Philippine government since control was turned over
-into the hands of Filipinos was the creation of the so-called Public Welfare Board
-entrusted with the task of co�rdinating the work of private and public welfare agencies.
-The board acts as the agency for <span class="corr" id="xd29e12035" title="Source: controling">controlling</span> the disbursement of public charity funds to semi-public institutions like the Anti-tuberculosis
-Society, the Gota de Leche, and the Women&#x2019;s Clubs.
-</p>
-<p>On February 23, 1916, an act was passed by the Legislature appropriating &#x20b1;1,000,000
-for the protection of early infancy and the establishment of branches of the &#x201c;Gota
-de Leche.&#x201d; Local organizations were granted aid from this funds as much as what they
-raised.
-</p>
-<p>In 1917 the government established an orphanage for destitute and dependent children
-from all over the islands, managed according to the most modern methods.
-</p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Public Welfare Commissioner</span>
-On February 18, 1918, the public welfare board membership was reduced to five and
-its administrative control placed under the Department of the Interior. The administration
-of the million-peso funds for the protection of early infancy and the establishment
-of maternity and child-welfare centers were also placed under the control of the Secretary
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb186" href="#pb186">186</a>]</span>of the Interior on March 22, 1920. Later these activities were all grouped together
-by Act 2988, enacted February 24, 1921, into one office&#x2014;the office of the public welfare
-commissioner&#x2014;which started operation on May 1, 1921.
-</p>
-<p>The aim of the office is summarized thus: To promote all work directed towards the
-early reduction of infant mortality in the Philippines by employing adequate means
-for this purpose and for carrying out other activities intended to bring about the
-general welfare of the community, especially that which concerns children.
-</p>
-<p>A central executive office is maintained in Manila. It investigates social conditions
-and compiles sociological information for distribution. Social centers are being established
-throughout the Islands. On December, 1922, 183 puericulture centers were in existence
-as against 80 on December, 1921.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.10"><b>X. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.</b>&#x2014;The Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands presided over by a Filipino has always
-enjoyed the respect and confidence of every citizen. It is above all influence, being
-composed of men of integrity and of exceptional talent.
-</p>
-<p>The Courts of First Instance have also a comparatively good record as is evident from
-the number of decisions affirmed, reversed, and modified by the Supreme Court. The
-figures are as follows:
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.10.1"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Period
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Total number
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Affirmed
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Reversed
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Modified</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Number </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Per cent </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Number </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Per cent </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Number </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Per cent
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">August 31, 1911 to September, 1, 1913. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,454 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 62.5 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 365 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25.1 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 179 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12.2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">March 3, 1919 to March 4, 1921. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,782 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,194 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 67.0 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 372 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 20.8 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 216 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 12.1</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>The foregoing figures indicate that there was a larger percentage of decisions affirmed
-and smaller percentage of decisions reversed by the Supreme Court during the time
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb187" href="#pb187">187</a>]</span>when the Filipino people were given substantial autonomy proving that the administration
-of justice has been considerably improved with the Filipinos in control.
-</p>
-<p>In 1913 there were 12,000 pending cases disposed of; in 1921 the number rose to 16,874;
-in 1922, 20,632.
-</p>
-<p>From 1907 to 1913, for a period of seven years before Filipino autonomy, the average
-yearly number of decrees of titles to land issued by the Philippine courts was only
-1,935; while from 1914 to 1920, during seven years of Filipino self-government, the
-average yearly number of land titles settled was 12,396, six times more than the preceding
-period.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.11"><b>XI. GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES.</b>&#x2014;In order to hasten the economic progress of the Islands, the Philippine government
-has been compelled to organize and engage in certain business enterprises of national
-importance that private initiative and capital have so far failed to develop. There
-are now four of these government owned enterprises&#x2014;the Philippine National Bank, the
-Manila Railroad, the National Coal Company, and the National Development Company.
-The underlying motives behind these ventures are:
-</p>
-<p>(1) To conserve the resources of the Islands for Filipinos; (2) to protect the people
-against exploitation; (3) to safeguard against profiteering; (4) to facilitate the
-extension of credit to private concerns.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.11.1"><b>The Philippine National Bank.</b>&#x2014;The need for a national bank in the Islands has long been felt. Previous to its establishment,
-Filipino farmers and merchants had to go to foreign banks in order to secure the necessary
-capital. The Philippine government had also to deposit its money with foreign banking
-institutions which gave a very low rate of interest. All the foreign banks made very
-little investments in the Islands, preferring to deal almost exclusively with export
-and import trade.
-</p>
-<p>To remedy these conditions the Philippine National Bank was organized. From a modest
-beginning the bank grew by leaps and bounds, especially during the war.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb188" href="#pb188">188</a>]</span></p>
-<p><span class="cut-in-left-note">Constructive Service</span>
-In spite of the many criticisms hurled against it, the constructive service that the
-bank has rendered to the community stands out in bold relief&#x2014;the financing of the
-liberty loans, the handling of the sale of alien property, the financial assistance
-extended in time of dire need to two banks doing business in the islands, the financing
-of sugar centrals, the giving of loans to agriculturists, and the extension of banking
-facilities to merchants and manufacturers.
-</p>
-<p>The post-war depression caught the bank unprepared to meet the emergencies and it
-suffered heavy losses. The bank, however, is now in a fair way to sound footing. But
-as an institution, despite its reverses, it has come to be part and parcel of Philippine
-financial life. The Filipino people regard the bank as indispensable in the economic
-development of the islands.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.11.2"><b>The Manila Railroad.</b>&#x2014;The Philippine railroads were taken over by the government in 1916. They were bought
-from an old English company. The principal motive that impelled the purchase of the
-lines from the English owners was the failure of the owners to operate the lines with
-profit. This failure resulted in the imposition of greater burden on the taxpayers
-in the way of payment for interest on railroad bonds guaranteed by the government
-from the early days of American administration. The secondary motive was of course
-to nationalize this most important medium of communication and to put it at government
-disposal in case of emergency.
-</p>
-<p>From 1914 to 1916 the aggregate net deficit of the company was about $600,000. Under
-government management the railroad has been gaining steadily. In 1917 the gain was
-$400,000; in 1918, $130,000; in 1920, $120,000; and in 1921 $148,000, with the added
-advantage that the government has not been called upon to pay any interest on the
-bonds.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.11.3"><b>The National Coal Company.</b>&#x2014;During the war the coal shortage was one of the great problems that the government
-had to solve. The Philippine Islands are rich in coal deposits, but very little private
-capital has been invested in its <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb189" href="#pb189">189</a>]</span>exploitation. The Philippine Legislature, therefore, chartered the National Coal Company
-and supplied it with a capital of $1,700,000. The company is now ready to furnish
-at least the coal needed by the government, which is about 120,000 tons a year, heretofore
-imported from foreign countries.
-</p>
-<p id="ch13.4.11.4"><b>The National Development Company.</b>&#x2014;The company was organized for the purpose of financing isolated commercial, industrial
-or agricultural enterprises that the government may desire to establish for the general
-welfare of the country, the motive being that whenever or wherever there was profiteering
-the government should enter into competition with the profiteer and compel him to
-reduce the cost of his goods.
-</p>
-<p>The stock of the company is controlled, as in other government companies, by a committee
-of three, composed of the Governor-General, the President of the Senate, and the Speaker
-of the House of Representatives.
-</p>
-<p>Other development companies which have been established by law, some of which have
-not yet begun to function, are the National Cement Company (2855), the National Coal
-Company (2705), the National Iron Company (2862), and the National Petroleum Company
-(2814).
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb190" href="#pb190">190</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch14" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e2245">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">XIV. The Independence Movement</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">The sporadic but persistent agitation for reform which ultimately evolved into the
-organized movement for independence since 1892, began soon after the discovery of
-the Islands. In the beginning, dissatisfaction manifested itself in more or less unimportant
-and localized uprisings against the oppressive measures which the Spanish rulers sought
-to impose upon the inhabitants.
-</p>
-<p>Some of these uprisings, in outline form, were the following:
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.1"><span class="cut-in-left-note">Uprisings against Spain</span>
-1574.&#x2014;The first governor in Manila ordered the residents to supply his troops food,
-and took two of the leading Filipinos as hostages. After a time the Filipinos refused
-to submit any longer to the imposition. The governor ordered the hostages to be shot.
-The Filipinos revolted.
-</p>
-<p>1585.&#x2014;The Province of Pampanga was a center of revolts.
-</p>
-<p>1588.&#x2014;A conspiracy against Legaspi and against the principal officials of the city.
-The idea in this revolt was to expel the Spaniards from the Philippine Islands.
-</p>
-<p>1589.&#x2014;Popular revolt in the Provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte.
-</p>
-<p>1622.&#x2014;Like Pampanga, Bohol became a center of revolts. This year saw a strange revolt
-which had a religious cause but later gained national importance. It also developed
-leadership in the person of one Tamblot. He was executed but his memory lived to inspire
-another rebellion.
-</p>
-<p>This same year saw an uprising in the Province of Leyte.
-</p>
-<p>1643.&#x2014;Ladia led a revolt in Bulacan. His plan was easily discovered and he was put
-to death.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb191" href="#pb191">191</a>]</span></p>
-<p>1645.&#x2014;An uprising against the tax system in the Province of Pampanga, the second revolt
-in that province.
-</p>
-<p>1649.&#x2014;The most widespread revolt the Spanish government had yet seen against the system
-of conscripting labor whenever a Spaniard needed it. Starting in Leyte the uprising
-spread from one province to another and would not have been suppressed had not the
-governor incited Filipinos against Filipinos.
-</p>
-<p>1660.&#x2014;Miniago led a rebellion in Pampanga against the system of forced labor. At this
-time the Filipinos had already learned the Spanish way of making promises which were
-never fulfilled, thus instilling hatred in the Filipinos.
-</p>
-<p>This same year witnessed another revolt in Pangasinan following the Miniago revolt.
-The leader by the name of Malong gave the Spanish government an almost unbearable
-trouble. He proclaimed his province, Pangasinan, independent and started to set up
-a government of its own. His army swept everything before it, but at last suffered
-defeat <span class="corr" id="xd29e12189" title="Source: in">by</span> the hands of Spaniards. The Filipinos were gradually developing military men, and
-at this time, one General Pedro Gumapus had been recognized. He was arrested, however,
-and put to death with many of his comrades.
-</p>
-<p>1661.&#x2014;A revolt in Ilocos, an aftermath of the Malong rebellion.
-</p>
-<p>1686.&#x2014;A conspiracy in Manila, but soon suppressed.
-</p>
-<p>1719.&#x2014;The riot in which Governor Bustamante and his son were killed. This was the
-result of the long discord between the government and the church.
-</p>
-<p>1744.&#x2014;Another rebellion in Bohol. This time the leader was Dagohoy and under his leadership
-his army was able to drive the Spanish troops<span class="corr" id="xd29e12197" title="Not in source"> away</span>. Dagohoy set up a government in Bohol.
-</p>
-<p>1762.&#x2014;Pangasinan revolted again, but again unsuccessful.
-</p>
-<p>1762.&#x2014;A revolt occurred during the war with Great Britain. Silan offered his services
-to raise troops against the British. In reply the government sent him to prison for
-a spy. The Filipinos revolted and broke jail, letting the prisoner out. Silan was
-later murdered by an assassin whom the Spaniards hired. His widow who continued the
-revolt was arrested and hanged.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb192" href="#pb192">192</a>]</span></p>
-<p>1762.&#x2014;The Provinces of Cagayan, Laguna, and Batangas revolted against the tax system.
-</p>
-<p>1785.&#x2014;Nueva Ecija revolted.
-</p>
-<p>1807.&#x2014;A rebellion in Ilocos in which the Filipinos demanded constitutional rights.
-The rebels captured the town of Piddig and overcame the Spanish forces.
-</p>
-<p>1811.&#x2014;The Igorots plotted to annihilate all the Spaniards. The plan was betrayed to
-the authorities and was nipped in the bud.
-</p>
-<p>1812.&#x2014;For the first time in the history of Spain the demand for reforms was met with
-constitutional concession. The Filipinos were to have representation in the Cortes
-of Spain. The constitution was later discarded by King Ferdinand VII and upon hearing
-this the Filipinos revolted.
-</p>
-<p>1814.&#x2014;A rebellion against the oppressive tax system.
-</p>
-<p>1820.&#x2014;An uprising during a cholera epidemic, as the people believed that the government
-had been neglecting its duty. It was quelled, and a frightful massacre followed.
-</p>
-<p>1823.&#x2014;A mutiny at Novales led by a mestizo army officer.
-</p>
-<p>1827.&#x2014;This year the rebels of <span class="corr" id="xd29e12214" title="Source: Bohols">Bohol</span> were temporarily subjugated after an independence of about eight years.
-</p>
-<p>1840.&#x2014;An extensive revolt in southern Luzon led by Apolinario de la Cruz, a student
-in theology. Cruz organized a Brotherhood of San Juan and asked for the co�peration
-of the church. In reply, De la Cruz was arrested for working seditiously. Revolt followed
-in which the leader was arrested and shot.
-</p>
-<p>1843.&#x2014;An uprising in Manila as a resentment against the treatment of De la Cruz.
-</p>
-<p>1872.&#x2014;This revolt was different from any other previous revolt as it was no longer
-a protest against specific injustice but a revolt based upon idealistic basis. The
-leaders came from the educated class. The victims included such harmless men as Father
-Burgos, Father Zamora, and Father Gomez who were executed.
-</p>
-<p>1883, 1888.&#x2014;These years saw various revolts against oppressive treatments.
-</p>
-<p>1892.&#x2014;This year marked the beginning of the long and constructive struggle which changed
-the history <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb193" href="#pb193">193</a>]</span>of the Filipino people. It was characterized by a systematic campaign for freedom,
-culminating in the execution of Jose Rizal and the <span class="corr" id="xd29e12226" title="Source: succesful">successful</span> Revolution of 1896.
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.2"><b>THE ORGANIZED MOVEMENT.</b>&#x2014;The leadership and the national ideals which these uprisings developed, became apparent
-in the Revolution of 1896 when the masses rose in arms against Spain and demanded
-separation and freedom. General MacArthur said of this Revolution:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;When I first started in against these rebels, I believed that Aguinaldo&#x2019;s troops
-represented only a faction. I did not like to believe that the whole population of
-Luzon&#x2014;the native population, that is&#x2014;were opposed to us and our offers of good government.
-But after having come this far, after having occupied several towns and cities in
-succession, and having been brought much in contact with both <i>insurrectos</i> and <i>amigos</i>, I have been reluctantly compelled to believe that the Filipino masses were loyal
-and devoted to Aguinaldo and the government which he heads.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>Upon the cessation of hostilities and after the organization of the civil government
-in the Islands under the American r�gime, the Philippine Commission passed an act
-which virtually prohibited all agitations for Philippine independence. Under these
-circumstances, the movement had to go on in an unorganized manner against the opposition
-of the Federal Party which indorsed annexation of the Philippines to the United States.
-The party, however, never had any substantial support, and soon lost the little it
-had. Another party had appeared <span class="corr" id="xd29e12243" title="Source: in">on</span> the scene, having immediate independence for its slogan and the multitude rallied
-around its standard.
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.3">As an organized and systematic movement, the agitation began with the institution
-of the Philippine Assembly in 1907. The Philippine Assembly was then the popular branch
-of the Philippine Legislature, the upper house being the Commission of which the majority
-were Americans. The issue in the general elections was independence for the Islands,
-and the Nacionalista Party, which championed the cause, gained an overwhelming majority
-in the Assembly <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb194" href="#pb194">194</a>]</span>over the Federal Party. At the close of the first session of this representative body,
-the Speaker, Hon. Sergio Osme�a, declared:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;Permit me, gentlemen of the chamber, to declare solemnly before God and before the
-world, upon my conscience as a deputy and representative of my compatriots, and under
-my responsibility as president of this chamber, that we believe the people desire
-independence, and that we believe ourselves capable of leading an orderly existence,
-efficient both in internal and external affairs, as a member of the free and civilized
-nations.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>The cause of Philippine independence has been paramount in Philippine affairs since
-then, but the Filipino people have been striving for that national objective in the
-most peaceful manner. After the war the movement was resumed, and since 1919 two delegations
-have been sent to the United States to present pleas for independence to the President
-and Congress. The first went in 1919, the second in 1921.
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.4"><b>AMERICA&#x2019;S POLICY AND PROMISE TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE.</b>&#x2014;The plea for freedom is based on two contentions. First, that it is the right of
-all nations to be free; second, that independence has been promised by the United
-States. Both of which premises are admitted. The only question is when independence
-will be granted.
-</p>
-<p>The Filipino people are one in their appeal for independence. All political parties
-have this as a common objective. There is not one discordant note in the age-long
-desire. The people are willing to stake their all&#x2014;take all the chances attendant upon
-an independent existence. They want their freedom now.
-</p>
-<p>On the other hand, America&#x2019;s policy toward the Islands has been consistent. The pronouncements
-of her executive officials as well as Congressional legislations all point to one
-conclusion: It has never been the intention to make of the Philippines a perpetual
-possession; independence is to be granted as soon as a stable government &#x201c;can be established.&#x201d;
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb195" href="#pb195">195</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch14.4.1"><b>PRONOUNCEMENTS OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTS.</b>&#x2014;In January 30, 1899, eight months after the battle of Manila Bay, President McKinley
-dispatched the First Philippine Commission to the Islands with the assurance that
-the Commission would bring &#x201c;<i>the richest blessings of a liberating rather than a conquering nation</i>.&#x201d; Later on he added: &#x201c;<i>The Philippines are ours, not to exploit but to develop, to civilize, to educate,
-to train in the science of self-government.</i>&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p>In 1903 Mr. Taft, as Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands, eloquently expressed
-himself thus:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;From the beginning to the end, the state papers which were circulated in these Islands
-as authoritative expressions of the Executive had for their motto that &#x2018;the Philippines
-are for the Filipinos,&#x2019; and that the government of the United States are here for
-the purpose of preserving the &#x2018;Philippines for the Filipinos&#x2019; for their benefit, for
-their elevation, for their civilization, again and again appears.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>And again, in 1907, he said:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;The policy looks to the improvement of the people, both industrially and in self-governing
-capacity. As the policy of extending control continues, it must logically reduce and
-finally end the sovereignty of the United States in the Islands, unless it shall deem
-wise to the American and Filipino peoples, on account of mutually beneficial trade
-relations and possible advantages to the Islands in their foreign relations, that
-the bond shall not be completely severed.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>In his message in 1908 President Roosevelt said:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;I trust that within a generation the time will arrive when the Filipinos can decide
-for themselves whether it is well for them to become independent or to continue under
-protection of a strong and disinterested power, able to guarantee to the Islands order
-at home and protection from foreign invasion.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>And in his autobiography Mr. Roosevelt remarked:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;As regards the Philippines my belief was that we should train them for self-government
-as rapidly as possible and leave them free to decide their own fate.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb196" href="#pb196">196</a>]</span></p>
-<p>On October 6, 1913, President Wilson, in a message for the Filipino people, formulated
-America&#x2019;s policy thus:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;We regard ourselves as trustees not for the advantage of the United States, but for
-the benefit of the people of the Philippine Islands. Every step we take will be taken
-with a view to ultimate independence of the Islands and as a preparation for that
-independence.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.4.2"><b>THE JONES LAW.</b>&#x2014;All these official declarations at last found Congressional sanction and expression
-in the Jones Law passed in 1916 which in the opinion of the author, Congressman William
-Atkinson Jones, is &#x201c;the everlasting covenant of a great and generous people speaking
-through their accredited representatives that they (the Filipinos) shall in due time
-enjoy the incomparable blessings of liberty and freedom.&#x201d; The preamble of the Law
-reads:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;<i>Whereas it was never the intention of the people of the United States in the incipiency
-of the War with Spain to make it a war of conquest or territorial aggrandizement;
-and</i>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;<i>Whereas it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people of the United States
-to withdraw their sovereignty over the Philippine Islands and to recognize their independence
-as soon as a stable government can be established therein; and</i>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;<i>Whereas, for the speedy accomplishment of the purpose, it is desirable to place in
-the hands of the people of the Philippines as large a control of their domestic affairs
-as can be given them without in the meantime impairing the exercise of the right of
-sovereignty by the people of the United States in order that by the use and exercise
-of popular <span class="corr" id="xd29e12314" title="Source: franchies">franchise</span> and government powers they may be better prepared to fully assume the responsibilities
-and enjoy all the privileges of complete independence;</i>
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;<i>Therefore.&#x2026;</i>&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>This law is the first formal pronouncement of the American people, through their accredited
-representatives, on the purpose of the United States as regards the Philippine Islands.
-It is the formal pledge that Independence will be granted. The only condition required
-is that a stable government be first established in the Islands.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb197" href="#pb197">197</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch14.4.3"><b>Executive recommendation for the fulfillment of America&#x2019;s promise.</b>&#x2014;That there is now such a stable government in the Islands is the claim of the Filipinos,
-and America is being asked to perform her part of the covenant. In this claim of theirs,
-the Filipinos are supported by the official representatives of the American people
-themselves.
-</p>
-<p>In his last message to Congress, December 2, 1920, President Wilson made this recommendation:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;Allow me to call your attention to the fact that the people of the Philippine Islands
-have succeeded in maintaining a stable government since the last action of the Congress
-in their behalf, and have thus fulfilled the condition set by the Congress as precedent
-to a consideration of granting independence to the Islands.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;I respectfully submit that this condition having been fulfilled, it is our liberty
-and our duty to keep our promise to the people of those islands by granting them the
-independence which they so honorably covet.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>Governor-General Harrison also testified before the Joint Committee of Congress in
-1919 that a stable government had already been established in the Philippine Islands,
-to wit, &#x201c;a government elected by the suffrages of the people, which is supported by
-the people, which is capable of maintaining order and of fulfilling its international
-obligations.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5"><b>MISSIONS TO UNITED STATES.</b>&#x2014;Soon after the termination of the world war, it was decided to push the campaign
-for freedom with greater vigor than ever before.
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5.1">There was need, besides, of centralizing the campaign if it was to be more effective.
-Accordingly, the Philippine Legislature, on November 1, 1918, created a &#x201c;Commission
-of Independence,&#x201d; composed of the presiding officers and members of both houses of
-the Legislature. The Commission was for the purpose of considering and reporting to
-the Legislature:
-</p>
-<p>(<i>a</i>) Ways and means of negotiating immediately for the granting and recognition of the
-Independence of the Philippines.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb198" href="#pb198">198</a>]</span></p>
-<p>(<i>b</i>) External guarantees of the stability and permanence of said independence as well
-as of territorial integrity.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>c</i>) Ways and means of organizing in a speedy, effectual and orderly manner a constitutional
-and democratic internal government.
-</p>
-<p><b>The First Mission.</b>&#x2014;One of the first actions of the Commission was to recommend the sending of a special
-mission to the United States to present the plea for freedom in a formal manner. The
-Legislature approved this recommendation, and in May, 1919, a delegation arrived at
-Washington, composed of forty prominent Filipinos representing the two houses of the
-Legislature as well as the commercial, industrial, agricultural, and labor interests
-of the Islands.
-</p>
-<p>About the time it sailed, the Legislature<a id="xd29e12363"></a> adopted a &#x201c;Declaration of Purposes&#x201d; for the guidance of the Commission of Independence
-and the Philippine Mission. This declaration recited, among other things:
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5.1.1"><b>Declaration of Purposes.</b>&#x2014;* * * &#x201c;In applying the principles enunciated in documents and utterances on the Philippines
-to the conditions now existing in the Islands, the Commission of Independence will
-find the following facts:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;That there exist likewise in the Philippines all the conditions of stability and
-guarantees for law and order that Cuba had to establish to the satisfaction of America
-in order to obtain her independence, or to preserve it, during the military occupation
-of 1898&#x2013;1902 and during the intervention of 1906&#x2013;1909, respectively.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;That the &#x2018;preparation for independence&#x2019; and the &#x2018;stable government&#x2019; required by President
-Wilson and the Congress of the United States, respectively, contain no new requisite
-not included in any of the cases above cited.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;That these prerequisites for Philippine Independence are the same as those virtually
-or expressly established by the Republican administration that preceded President
-Wilson&#x2019;s administration.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;That during the entire time that the Filipino people have been with America, they
-have been living in the confidence that the American occupation was only temporary
-and that its final aim was not aggrandizement <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb199" href="#pb199">199</a>]</span>or conquest, but the peace, welfare, and liberty of the Filipino people.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;That this faith in the promises of America was a cardinal factor not only in the
-co�peration between Americans and Filipinos during the years of peace, but also in
-the co�peration between Americans and Filipinos during the late war.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;That the condition of thorough development of the internal affairs of the country
-and the present international atmosphere of justice, liberty, and security for all
-peoples, are the most propitious for the fulfillment by America of her promises and
-for her redemption of the pledges she has made before the world.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Therefore, so far as it is humanly possible to judge and say, we can see only one
-aim for the Commission of Independence&#x2014;independence; and we can give only one instruction&#x2014;to
-get it. * * *&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5.2">The Mission proceeded to Washington to confer with President Wilson and to make known
-their desires. It happened, however, that the President was in Paris, at the Peace
-Conference, and could not receive the mission in person. He delegated Secretary of
-War Baker to represent him and to read for him to the Mission a letter in which he
-expressed sentiments of sympathy and good will. In that letter, the President said
-in part:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p id="ch14.5.2.1" class="first">&#x201c;I am sorry that I cannot look into the faces of the gentlemen of this Mission from
-the Philippine Islands and tell them all that I have in mind and heart as I think
-of the patient labor, <i>with the end almost in sight</i>, undertaken by the American and Filipino people for their permanent benefit. I know,
-however, that your sentiments are mine in this regard and that you will translate
-truly to them my own feelings.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>And Secretary Baker, on his part, said:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p id="ch14.5.2.2" class="first">&#x201c;I know that I express the feeling of the President&#x2014;I certainly express my own feeling;
-I think I express the prevailing feeling in the United States&#x2014;when I say that we believe
-the time has substantially come, if not quite come, when the Philippine Islands can
-be allowed to sever the mere formal political tie remaining and become an independent
-people.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb200" href="#pb200">200</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch14.5.2.3"><b>Hearing Before Congressional Committee.</b>&#x2014;Because of the absence of President Wilson, the mission had to return to the Islands
-with its object unattained. The members, however, had visited many cities of the United
-States and delivered speeches pleading for independence. They also succeeded in getting
-a hearing before a joint-committee of Congress, presided over by the then Senator
-Harding. But the committee was adverse to any action being taken at the time on the
-issue of Philippine independence and so stated. The Mission then presented a memorial
-&#x201c;to the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States,&#x201d; wherein it submitted
-the case of the Filipinos in substance thus:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">1. That as defined and established in the Act of Congress of August 29, 1916, the
-purpose of the Government of the United States is to withdraw its sovereignty over
-the Philippine Islands as soon as a stable government can be established therein.
-</p>
-<p>2. That in accordance with the terms and provisions of said law, the people of the
-Philippines have organized a government that has been in operation for nearly three
-years and which has offered complete evidence that conditions are ripe for the establishment
-of an independent government that will be fully capable of maintaining law and order,
-administer justice, promote the welfare of all the inhabitants of the islands, and
-discharge as well its international obligations.
-</p>
-<p>3. That the Filipino people desire their independence at this time, and along with
-that independence, they confidently hope to preserve the bonds of good understanding
-and friendship which bind them to the United States, and to foster the free development
-of commercial relations between the two countries.</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5.3"><b>The Second Mission.</b>&#x2014;The first Mission failing to get independence, a second one was dispatched in 1922,
-with identically the same purpose&#x2014;to negotiate for independence. It was designated
-a <i>Parliamentary Mission</i>, presided over by the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate, and was
-composed of 14 members. Arriving at Washington, it presented a memorial to President
-Harding, which, in point of logic, force, earnestness, and diction, must stand unique
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb201" href="#pb201">201</a>]</span>in the annals of peoples aspiring to be free through peaceful methods. It is the case
-of the Filipinos in a nutshell. It recites in part:
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5.3.1">MEMORIAL OF JUNE 16, 1922
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;<span class="sc">Mr. President</span>: With the deepest sense of loyalty and confidence in the American people, the Philippine
-Legislature has decided to send the present Parliamentary Mission to the United States.
-The Mission brings a message of good-will and friendship from the Filipino people
-to the people of the United States, and is charged to resume the negotiations for
-the independence of the Philippines begun by the first Mission sent in 1919.
-</p>
-<p>MCKINLEY AND ROOT&#x2019;S DEFINITION OF STABLE GOVERNMENT
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;There are, in President McKinley&#x2019;s estimate, two main elements in a stable government:
-First, ability to maintain order and insure peace and tranquility, and the security
-of citizens; second, ability to observe international obligations. To those two elements,
-Mr. Root in his instruction for the Cuban people, added the following: It must rest
-upon the peaceful suffrages of the people and must contain constitutional limitations
-to protect the people from the arbitrary actions of the Government. All these elements
-are to be found in the Philippines today.
-</p>
-<p>PRESENT PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SATISFIES ALL CONDITIONS
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;It is admitted by the Wood-Forbes Mission that order has been properly maintained
-and that our Insular police or constabulary, &#x201c;has proved itself to be dependable and
-thoroughly efficient. * * * They are naturally an orderly people.&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The Filipino people are by nature and tradition hospitable and courteous to foreigners.
-There has been no anti-foreign agitation or outbreak. The business of foreigners has
-been amply protected and will continue to be so protected under an independent Philippines.
-During the short-lived Philippine Republic prisoners of war were treated according
-to the law of nations, and there was security for foreigners.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb202" href="#pb202">202</a>]</span></p>
-<p>ORDERLY ELECTIONS
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The Insular, provincial, and municipal governments of the Philippines rest on the
-free and peaceful suffrage of the people. The people elect members of the Insular
-legislature, provincial governors, members of the provincial boards, municipal presidents,
-and members of the municipal councils. Interest in the elections is widespread and
-election day passes without any serious disturbances. There was a general, quiet acceptance
-by the minority of the results of the popular vote. * * *
-</p>
-<p>CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The structure and workings of our government also conform to the standard defined
-by Mr. Root in that it is &#x201c;subject to the limitations and safeguards which the experience
-of a constitutional government has shown to be necessary to the preservation of individual
-rights.&#x201d; The Filipino people fought for such constitutional safeguards during the
-Spanish r�gime. A modern bill of rights was inserted in the Constitution of the Philippine
-Republic. Our present constitutional limitations and safeguards have been in operation
-since 1900 when President McKinley in his instructions to the second Philippine Commission
-set down as inviolable rules the fundamental provisions of the American Bill of Rights.
-These provisions with slight modification were later included in the Organic Act of
-1902, and again set forth in the Jones Law of 1916. For more than twenty years, therefore,
-the Philippine Government has been subject to constitutional practices. They are imbedded
-in the political life of the people, and no matter what political change may occur
-in the Philippines they will find no material alteration. An impartial judiciary is
-there to enforce them.
-</p>
-<p>COMPETENT JUDICIARY
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;The Supreme Court has the respect and confidence of the Filipino people. The courts
-of First Instance, mostly presided over by Filipinos ever since 1914, have maintained
-a standard which, in general, compares favorably with the state courts of the Union.
-From August 31, 1912, to September 1, 1913, during the last two years of Governor
-Forbes&#x2019; administration, only 25.1 per cent of the decisions appealed from these courts
-were reversed by the Supreme Court. <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb203" href="#pb203">203</a>]</span>From March 3, 1919, to March 4, 1921, another period of two years with Filipinos in
-control, the percentage of reversals decreased to 20.8 per cent. The number of cases
-disposed of by the Courts of First Instance for the eight years (1906 to 1913, inclusive)
-was as many as 82,528. The total number of cases disposed of for the same length of
-time, with Filipinos in greater control (1914 to 1921, inclusive), was 117,357 or
-an increase of 34,829, or 42 per cent.
-</p>
-<p>GENERAL PROGRESS
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Philippine autonomy has also increased the agencies of social and political progress,
-such as schools, roads, public buildings, hospitals, etc. In 1913, when the Filipino
-people had even less share in the government than they have now, there were enrolled
-in public schools 440,050 pupils, in 1921 there were nearly a million (943,422). In
-1913, there were only 2,934 public schools; in 1920 there were 5,944. In 1913, there
-were 2,171 kilometers of first-class roads in operation, in 1921 the figure was 4,698.8
-in addition to about 5,000 kilometers of second-class roads. In 1913, there were no
-dispensaries where the poor could be given medical treatment; in 1921, there were
-over 800. In 1913 the appropriation for medical aid to the poor was &#x20b1;1,548,371.25;
-in 1921 the sum was &#x20b1;3,153,828.00.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Social and economic progress has also been tremendous during this period. In 1913
-there were hardly a dozen women&#x2019;s clubs, in 1921 there were 342 in active work. In
-1913, the volume of Philippine commerce was only &#x20b1;202,171,484, in 1920 it swelled
-to &#x20b1;601,124,276. The cultivated area in 1913 was 2,361,483 hectares as compared with
-3,276,942 hectares in 1920, or 38.7 per cent increase. The present conditions in the
-Philippines compare favorably with those existing in many nations whose right to national
-sovereignty is not in the least questioned.
-</p>
-<p>THE FAVORABLE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Three years ago the impression of the members of the first Philippine Mission was
-that the main objection in the minds of many Americans to the immediate independence
-of the Philippines was the danger of foreign aggression. While this is entirely outside
-of the question as to whether we have complied <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb204" href="#pb204">204</a>]</span>with the requirements of the Jones Law, it may not be amiss to call the attention
-of those Americans to the great change in international affairs which has taken place
-since the visit of the last Mission.
-</p>
-<p>THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
-</p>
-<p><span class="corr" id="xd29e12448" title="Not in source">&#x201c;</span>Wholesome relationship has especially been established in the Pacific area. The recent
-Washington Conference has cleared away many doubts and misgivings.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;In the words of the President of the United States that conference was called <span class="corr" id="xd29e12452" title="Source: &#x201c;">&#x2018;</span>to provide some means whereby just, thoughtful, righteous peoples, who are not seeking
-to seize something which does not belong to them can live peaceably together and eliminate
-cause of conflict.<span class="corr" id="xd29e12455" title="Not in source">&#x2019;</span>&#x201d;
-</p>
-<p>IRELAND, EGYPT, AND INDIA
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;To the favorable international atmosphere may be added the fact that the first of
-colonial powers is already reversing her former policies. She has granted recognition
-of freedom and equality to peoples hitherto held as subjects and vassals. Egypt has
-regained her independence. The Irish people have been asked to enter into an agreement
-with England, looking to the establishment of a free state. Liberal institutions are
-now being established in India.
-</p>
-<p>TRIUMPH OF AMERICAN IDEALS
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;We see in all these events the gradual triumph of American ideals, especially of
-that fundamental American principle that declares that governments derive their just
-powers from the consent of the governed.
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Hence we come to America in the full expectation that the United States can do no
-less than other nations have done to their dependencies; that she cannot now refrain
-from practicing those principles which were initiated by her and followed by her sister
-nations; that she cannot now refuse specific realization of those purposes and ideals,
-which found eloquent expression in her spokesmen both in times of war and in times
-of peaceful reconstruction; and that she will make the Filipino people a determining
-factor in the relationship that should exist between the United States and the only
-unincorporated and subject country now under the American flag.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb205" href="#pb205">205</a>]</span></p>
-<p>MISSION HAS FULL POWERS
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;We, therefore, submit our case, with faith and confidence, frankly and without evasion.
-It is the case of the Filipino people whom in fact and in law<span class="corr" id="xd29e12468" title="Not in source"> we</span> represent, for certainly under the present circumstances no other agency can speak
-or act with as much authority on what the Filipino people want or on <span class="corr" id="xd29e12470" title="Source: Philipine">Philippine</span> conditions in general, as their duly accredited representatives. That is the very
-essence of representative government.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.5.3.2">President Harding replied after due deliberation, stating that he was not yet ready
-to recommend the concession of independence to Congress, but assured the members of
-the Mission and, thru them, the Filipino people, that there would be no backward step
-taken during his administration, and that the autonomy now enjoyed by the Filipinos
-would remain unimpaired.
-</p>
-<p id="ch14.6"><b>Petition for a constitutional convention.</b>&#x2014;The second Mission, failing in its object like the first, the Philippine Legislature
-at its next session in 1922, set about to devise other means whereby action on the
-question of independence could be hastened. After days of stirring debate, it was
-decided to ask Congress for permission to call a Constitutional Convention to draft
-a Constitution for a Philippine Republic, and the following resolution was passed:
-</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p class="first">&#x201c;Whereas, the people and government of the United States have solemnly promised to
-grant independence as soon as a stable government can be established in the Philippines;
-and
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Whereas, a stable government now exists and is now in operation with the necessary
-guarantees that insure success, permanency, and security; and
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Whereas, preparation and approval by legitimate representatives of the Filipino people
-of a political constitution for the Philippines is, in the sense of the legislature,
-a proper and efficacious step for the securing of Philippine independence; therefore,
-be it
-</p>
-<p>&#x201c;Resolved, by the Philippine Senate, with the concurrence of the House of Representatives,
-that the United States Congress be asked, as it is hereby asked, <span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb206" href="#pb206">206</a>]</span>to authorize the Philippine Legislature to make arrangements for the holding of a
-general election for the selection of delegates to a constitutional assembly which
-shall have the duty of preparing, discussing, and adopting a political constitution
-for an independent Philippine Republic; of determining, with the government of the
-United States, what kind of relationship, if any, should exist between said government
-of the United States and the Philippines; and finally of prescribing the election
-by the people of the Philippines of officials that shall exercise the authority and
-functions prescribed by the constitution to be adopted and to whom the present government
-of the Philippines shall be transferred as soon as they have legally assumed their
-posts.&#x201d;</p>
-</blockquote><p>
-</p>
-<p>This resolution is now before the Congress of the United States, awaiting action by
-that body.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb207" href="#pb207">207</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div id="ch15" class="div1 chapter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#xd29e2394">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main"><span class="corr" id="xd29e12495" title="Source: XVI">XV</span>. Appendices</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p id="ch15.1" class="first">WHERE TO GO IN MANILA
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.1">LIST OF HOTELS
-</p>
-<p>There is generally a hotel in the principal towns and cities, conducted on the American
-plan.
-</p>
-<p>The following are the principal hotels in Manila:
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>The Delmonico Hotel, 278 General Luna, Intramuros.
-</li>
-<li>The Imperial, 118 Real, Intramuros.
-</li>
-<li>The Oriente Hotel, 121 Real, Intramuros.
-</li>
-<li>The Luneta Hotel, 38&#x2013;40 San Luis.
-</li>
-<li>The Manila Hotel, Luneta.
-</li>
-<li>Banahaw Hotel, 104 Postigo.
-</li>
-<li>Bayside Hotel, 121 Alhambra.
-</li>
-<li>Chicago Hotel, 219 Real.
-</li>
-<li>Cosmopolitan Hotel, 504 Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Hotel de France, 35 Plaza Goiti.
-</li>
-<li>Hotel Dimas-Alang, 525 Magdalena.
-</li>
-<li>Hotel Mecca, 323&#x2013;31 P. Gomez.
-</li>
-<li>Hotel Mignon, 119 T. Pinpin.
-</li>
-<li>Japanese Hotel, 335 Regidor.
-</li>
-<li>New Paris Hotel, 135 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-</li>
-<li>New Washington Hotel, 207&#x2013;9 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Elite Hotel, 300 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Palma de Mallorca, Intramuros.
-</li>
-<li>Park Hotel, 1099 R. Hidalgo.
-</li>
-<li>San Sebastian Hotel, 103&#x2013;105 Legarda.
-</li>
-<li>Stag Hotel, 300 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Vallejo&#x2019;s Hotel, 165 Solana.
-</li>
-<li>Windsor Hotel, 4 Nebraska.</li>
-</ul><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb208" href="#pb208">208</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch15.1.2">GARAGES AND STABLES
-</p>
-<p><span class="sc">(Note.</span>&#x2014;There are no &#x201c;taxis&#x201d; in the Islands. The traveler either has to hail a car marked
-&#x201c;PU&#x201d; (Public Utility) or telephone for a garage car, marked &#x201c;G.&#x201d; They are paid by
-the hour depending on the make of the car.)
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Banner Garage, 55 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Bulake�a Garage, D. Mistica, prop., 1312 F. Huertas.
-</li>
-<li>Cosmopolitan Garage and Stables, 677 Legarda.
-</li>
-<li>Estrella Auto Palace, 560 Gandara.
-</li>
-<li>Iberia Garage, Branch Office 126 Plaza Goiti.
-</li>
-<li>La Palma de Mallorca Garage, 154 Real, Intramuros.
-</li>
-<li>Luneta Motor Co., Inc., 54 San Luis.
-</li>
-<li>Malate Stables, Garage &amp; Car Works, 767 Dakota.
-</li>
-<li>Manila Garage, 1423 Herran.
-</li>
-<li>N. &amp; B. Port Stables, 22d Street.
-</li>
-<li>National Garage, 3158 Azcarraga.
-</li>
-<li>One-Two-Three Garage, 159 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-</li>
-<li>Paco American Stables, 723 Kansas.
-</li>
-<li>Paco Stables and Garage, 723 Kansas.
-</li>
-<li>Pedro&#x2019;s Garage and Livery Stables, 141 Real.
-</li>
-<li>Real Stables and Garage, 118 Real.
-</li>
-<li>Rosenberg&#x2019;s Garage, 473 A. Mabini.
-</li>
-<li>San Jose Garage, 212 Perdigon.
-</li>
-<li>Waldorf Stables, 731 Rizal Avenue.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.3">STEAMSHIP AGENCIES
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Admiral Line, The, 24 David.
-</li>
-<li>American and Manchurian Line, Smith, Bell &amp; Co., agents, Hongkong Shanghai Bank Building.
-</li>
-<li>Atkins Kroll &amp; Co., 324&#x2013;326 Pacific Building.
-</li>
-<li>Australian Oriental Line, 503&#x2013;511 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Barber Steamship Lines, Admiral Line, agents, 24 David.
-</li>
-<li>China Navigation Co., Smith, Bell &amp; Co., agents, Hongkong-Shanghai Bank Building.
-</li>
-<li>Canadian Pacific Railway, Roxas Building, Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Columbia Pacific Shipping Co., 321 Roxas Building.
-</li>
-<li>Compa��a Trasatl�ntica de Barcelona, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb209" href="#pb209">209</a>]</span></li>
-<li>Dollar Co., The Robert, 406&#x2013;410 Uy Chaco Building.
-</li>
-<li>Eastern &amp; Australasian Steamship Co., Smith, Bell &amp; Co., agents, Hongkong-Shanghai
-Bank Building.
-</li>
-<li>Ellerman Line, W.&nbsp;F. Stevenson &amp; Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li>Hamburg-Amerika Linie, Viegelman, Inc., agents, 90 Rosario.
-</li>
-<li>Holland-East Asia Line, 979 Muelle de la Industria.
-</li>
-<li>Hugo Stinnes Lines, 132 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Indo-China Navigation Co., Smith, Bell &amp; Co., agents, Hongkong-Shanghai Bank Building.
-</li>
-<li>Isthmian Line, McCleod &amp; Co., agents, <span class="corr" id="xd29e12585" title="Source: Yy">Uy</span> Chaco Building.
-</li>
-<li>Lloyd Triestino, S.&nbsp;N. Co., Wise Building.
-</li>
-<li>Messageries Maritimes, 540 Sales Street.
-</li>
-<li>Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Warner Barnes &amp; Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li>Osaka Shosen Kaisha, Stevenson &amp; Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li>Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 104 Nueva.
-</li>
-<li>P. &amp; O.&nbsp;S.&nbsp;N. Line, Stevenson &amp; Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li>Prince Line, Ltd. Warner Barnes, agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li>Struthers &amp; Barry, San Francisco-Los Angeles, direct service, Pacific Building.
-</li>
-<li>Tampa Inter-Ocean Steamship Co., Pacific Mail, agents, 104 Nueva.
-</li>
-<li>The Blue Funnel Line, London Service, Smith, Bell &amp; Co., agents, Hongkong Bank Building.
-</li>
-<li>The Blue Funnel Line, New York Service, W.&nbsp;F. Stevenson &amp; Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-Building.
-</li>
-<li>Toyo Kisen Kaisha, Uy Chaco Building.
-</li>
-<li>United States Shipping Board, Masonic Temple.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.4">FOREIGN CONSULATES
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li><b>Argentine Republic.</b>&#x2014;J.&nbsp;F. Fernandez, consul, 109 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li><b>Belgium.</b>&#x2014;M. Verlinden, acting consul, 205 El Hogar Filipino.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb210" href="#pb210">210</a>]</span></li>
-<li><b>Brazil, United States of.</b>&#x2014;Jean M. Poizat, consul, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li><b>Chili.</b>&#x2014;Antonio Malvehy, consul, 212 Marques de Comillas.
-</li>
-<li><b>China.</b>&#x2014;Chow Kwo Hsien, consul general, 62 M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar, Ermita; C.&nbsp;F. Pan, vice-consul;
-C.&nbsp;C. Chu, deputy consul.
-</li>
-<li><b>Denmark.</b>&#x2014;W.&nbsp;V. Caddel Kauffeldt, consul, 15 Cristobal.
-</li>
-<li><b>France.</b>&#x2014;A. Valentini, consul, 443 A. Mabini, Ermita.
-</li>
-<li><b>Germany.</b>&#x2014;Swiss consul, in charge. (<i>See</i> Switzerland.)
-</li>
-<li><b>Great Britain.</b>&#x2014;Thomas Harrington, consul general, Manila, 231 General Solano; E.&nbsp;H. de Bunsen, acting
-vice-consul, Manila; H. Walford, acting vice-consul, Iloilo; Guy Walford, acting vice-consul,
-Cebu; H. Thompson, Zamboanga, acting vice-consul.
-</li>
-<li><b>Italy.</b>&#x2014;C.&nbsp;G. Ghezzi, 256 Calle David.
-</li>
-<li><b>Japan.</b>&#x2014;Tsunezo Sugimura, consul general; Mitsuo Hamaguchi, vice-consul, 213 Roxas Bldg.
-Detached office in Davao; Mikaeru Shibasaki, vice-consul.
-</li>
-<li><b>Liberia.</b>&#x2014;R. Summers, consul, 792 Santa Mesa.
-</li>
-<li><b>Mexico.</b>&#x2014;Teodoro R. Yangco, honorary consul, 421 Muelle de la Industria.
-</li>
-<li><b>Netherlands.</b>&#x2014;P.&nbsp;K.&nbsp;A. Meerkamp van Embden, consul general; T. Bremer, vice-consul, 979 Muelle
-de la Industria. Guy <span class="corr" id="xd29e12666" title="Source: Wolford">Walford</span>, vice-consul, Cebu; H. Walford, vice-consul, Iloilo.
-</li>
-<li><b>Nicaragua.</b>&#x2014;T.&nbsp;R. Lacayo, consul (absent), 7 Magallanes; Dr. Carlos Gelano, acting consul, 1919
-Herran.
-</li>
-<li><b>Norway.</b>&#x2014;Capt. N.&nbsp;C. Gude, consul general, Uy Chaco Bldg., Cebu; Guy Walford, vice consul,
-Iloilo; H. Walford, acting vice-consul.
-</li>
-<li><b>Peru.</b>&#x2014;Antonio M. Barretto, consul, Hotel de France.
-</li>
-<li><b>Portugal.</b>&#x2014;J.&nbsp;W. Ferrier, consul, 12 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li><b>Russia.</b>&#x2014;(<i>See</i> France.)
-</li>
-<li><b>Spain.</b>&#x2014;Juan Potous y Martinez, consul general; Jose Ledesma y Reina, vice-consul, Casa de
-Espa�a, Taft Avenue; Jose de Reguera, acting consul, Iloilo; Cristobal Garcia Gimenez,
-vice-consul, Cebu.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb211" href="#pb211">211</a>]</span></li>
-<li><b>Sweden.</b>&#x2014;Carl Orton, consul general, Connell Bros., Lack &amp; Davis Bldg.
-</li>
-<li><b>Switzerland.</b>&#x2014;Albert Sidler, consul, 936 Raon, Quiapo.
-</li>
-<li><b>Venezuela.</b>&#x2014;Albert P. Delfino, consul, 546 Calle Sales.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Note.</span>&#x2014;The Governments of Belgium, China, France, Great Britain, Japan, and Spain are represented
-by consuls of career.
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.5">CABLE OFFICES
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Co., El Hogar Filipino Building.
-</li>
-<li>Commercial Pacific Cable Co., El Hogar Filipino Building.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.6">LIST OF BANKS DOING BUSINESS IN 1923
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>The International Banking Corporation. Head office in New York; Branch in Manila,
-Plaza Moraga; local branches in Cebu and Iloilo.
-</li>
-<li>The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. Head office in London; branch in
-Manila, Plaza Cervantes; agencies in Cebu, Iloilo, and Zamboanga.
-</li>
-<li>The Bank of the Philippine Islands. Head office in Manila, Plaza Cervantes; agencies
-in Iloilo and Zamboanga.
-</li>
-<li>The China Banking Corporation, Manila.
-</li>
-<li>The Philippine Trust Company, Manila.
-</li>
-<li>The Monte de Piedad and Savings Bank, Manila.
-</li>
-<li>El Hogar Filipino, Manila.
-</li>
-<li>The Manila Building and Loan Association, Manila.
-</li>
-<li>The Zamboanga Building and Loan Association, Cebu.
-</li>
-<li>The Cebu Mutual Building Association, Zamboanga.
-</li>
-<li>The Philippine National Bank, Head Office in Manila; branches in Cebu, Iloilo, Lucena,
-Aparri, Legazpi, Dagupan, Naga, Davao, and Cabanatuan.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.7">CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Alliance <span class="corr" id="xd29e12741" title="Source: Francaise">Fran�aise</span>, 445 A. Mabini.
-</li>
-<li>American Chamber of Commerce, 2 T. Pinpin.
-</li>
-<li>Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, 12 Escolta.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb212" href="#pb212">212</a>]</span></li>
-<li>Chambre de Commerce <span class="corr" id="xd29e12750" title="Source: Francaise">Fran�aise</span>, 445 A. Mabini.
-</li>
-<li>Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 175 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>C�mara de Comercio Espa�ola, Taft Avenue.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.8">CINEMATOGRAPHS AND THEATRES
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Amor Theatre, 254 Cabildo.
-</li>
-<li>Zorilla Theatre, Azcarraga.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Magdalo, 973 Magdalena.
-</li>
-<li>Empire Theatre, The, 212 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Grand Opera House, Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Fraternidad, Inc., 729 Dart.
-</li>
-<li>Gaiety Theatre, The, 630 M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar.
-</li>
-<li>Ideal Cinematograph, 417 Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Lux Cinematograph, 149&#x2013;51 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-</li>
-<li>Lyric Theatre, 81&#x2013;83 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Rivoli Theatre, 123 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-</li>
-<li>Savoy Theatre, 57 Echague.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Star, Azcarraga, Tondo.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Plaridel, Madrid, San Nicolas.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Madrid, Madrid, San Nicolas.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Royal, Potenciana, Walled City.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Magallanes, Magallanes, Walled City.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Paz, Herran, Paco.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Paco, Dart, Paco.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Obrero, Casta�os, Sampaloc.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Kami-Naman, Anak n&#x360;g Bayan, Malate.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Katubusan, Moriones, Tondo.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Dimasalang, Azcarraga, Tondo.
-</li>
-<li>Cine Moderno, Legarda, Sampaloc.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.9">CLUBS
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Army and Navy Club, South Boulevard.
-</li>
-<li>Bohemian Sporting Club<span class="corr" id="xd29e12792" title="Source: .">,</span> 428 Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Cantonese Club, 459 Dasmari�as.
-</li>
-<li>Casino Espa�ol, Taft Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Che Yong Club, 470 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Che Lon Pit Sui, 424 Soler.
-</li>
-<li>Chin Poo Tong, 245 Carvajal.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb213" href="#pb213">213</a>]</span></li>
-<li>Chinese Merchants Club, 1377 General Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Chinese Reading Club, 522 Benavides.
-</li>
-<li>Club Filipino, 1012 Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Club Libertad, 826 Magdalena.
-</li>
-<li>Club Nacionalista de Chinos, 276 M. de Binondo.
-</li>
-<li>Columbia Club of Manila, 573 Isaac Peral.
-</li>
-<li>Coon Woo Club, 522 Misericordia.
-</li>
-<li>Deutscher Club, Inc., and German Club, 1034 Isaac Peral.
-</li>
-<li>Elks Club, South Boulevard.
-</li>
-<li>Rotary Club, Manila Hotel.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.10">BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Libreria de P. Sayo Vda. de Soriano, Rosario.
-</li>
-<li>Agencia Editorial, 200 Carriedo.
-</li>
-<li>Escolta Bazar and Book Store, Inc., The, 139&#x2013;141 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Martinez, J., 108 Plaza Calderon de la Barca.
-</li>
-<li>Oriental Commercial Co., Inc., 684 Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Education Co., Inc., 34 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Frank &amp; Co., Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Manila Filat�lica, Carriedo.
-</li>
-<li>Libreria de I.&nbsp;R. Morales, Plaza Miranda, Quiapo.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.11">EMBROIDERIES
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Art Embroidery Co., The, 2641 Herran.
-</li>
-<li>Ackad &amp; Co., E., 435 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Bardwill Brothers, 252 Plaza Guipit.
-</li>
-<li>Blanca Nieve, 209 Ongpin.
-</li>
-<li>Blanco &amp; Reyes, 1018 Herran.
-</li>
-<li>Brown Louise P. Retail, 12 San Luis.
-</li>
-<li>Cacho, Jusi and Pi�a, 233 General Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Daisy Philippine Underwear, 1515&#x2013;23 General Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Elser, H. W., 600 M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar.
-</li>
-<li>Feltman Bros. and Hermel Inc., 1103 Herran.
-</li>
-<li>Filipino Hand Embroidery and Hat Co., 33 Aviles.
-</li>
-<li>Mallouk &amp; Brother, E.&nbsp;G. Orfaley Manager, 562 Legarda.
-</li>
-<li>Manila A B C Embroidery Co., 694 A. Mabini.
-</li>
-<li>Manila Lingerie Corporation, 2915 Herran.
-</li>
-<li>Marshall Field &amp; Co., 72 Gastambide.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb214" href="#pb214">214</a>]</span></li>
-<li>Miller Embroidery Co., The Alic M., 155 M. de Comillas.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Handicraft Export, 20 Divisoria.
-</li>
-<li>Phil. &#x201c;X L Ent&#x201d; Embroidery Co., 1445 California.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Underwear Co., 228 Alonso.
-</li>
-<li>Powis-Brown Co., 2957 Herran.
-</li>
-<li>Reyes, Rafaela Tolentino de, 267 Lavanderos.
-</li>
-<li>Salamy &amp; Baloutine, 426 San Luis.
-</li>
-<li>Schulz Embroideries, 20 Divisoria.
-</li>
-<li>Waddington &amp; Co., 1234 A. Mabini.
-</li>
-<li>Woolf Alex. L., 60 San Luis.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.12">PHILIPPINE HATS
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Aguado Hermanos, 103 Balmes.
-</li>
-<li>Alonso, H., 169 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Ang Manggagawa, 487 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Ang Tonde�a, 175 Rosario.
-</li>
-<li>Austria, P., 247 Carriedo.
-</li>
-<li>Baliwag Hat Store, 82&#x2013;84 Real.
-</li>
-<li>Bazar Remedios, 982 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Hat Store S. Pacheco &amp; Co., 71 Real.
-</li>
-<li>Ideal Sombreria, 481 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Jureidini &amp; Bros., A. N., 205 David.
-</li>
-<li>Koch &amp; Co., A., 333 Azcarraga.
-</li>
-<li>La Bulake�a, 205 Rosario.
-</li>
-<li>La Minerva, 45&#x2013;47 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Largest Baliwag Hat Store, The, 409 M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar.
-</li>
-<li>Manila Hat Store Factory, 319 M.&nbsp;H. del Pilar.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Hat Co., Inc., 424 Azcarraga.
-</li>
-<li>Philippine Hat Factory, 73 Real, Intramuros.
-</li>
-<li>Reyes Hat Store, 415 Rizal Avenue.
-</li>
-<li>San Marcelino Hat Store, 84 San Marcelino.
-</li>
-<li>Sombreria Bagong Araw, 735 Legarda.
-</li>
-<li>Sombreria Ideal, 481 Juan Luna.
-</li>
-<li>Sombreria J. Tolosa, 404 Carriedo.
-</li>
-<li>Syyap &amp; Co., 21 Escolta.
-</li>
-<li>Veloso &amp; Co., J., 89&#x2013;91 Real.
-</li>
-<li>Vicente &amp; Co., R., 411 R. Hidalgo.
-</li>
-<li>White Star Hat Store, The, 152&#x2013;4 Villalobos.</li>
-</ul><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb215" href="#pb215">215</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch15.1.13">LIST OF CHURCHES HOLDING SERVICES IN ENGLISH
-</p>
-<ul class="xd29e10466">
-<li>Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint John, corner Isaac Peral and San Antonio, Ermita
-(Protestant Episcopal).
-</li>
-<li>Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Plaza McKinley, Intramuros (Roman Catholic).
-</li>
-<li>Central Methodist Episcopal Church, 120 Nozaleda, Ermita.
-</li>
-<li>Christian Church, Azcarraga, Santa Cruz.
-</li>
-<li>Christian Science Society of Manila, 272 Nueva, Ermita.
-</li>
-<li>First Presbyterian Church, Padre Faura, Ermita.</li>
-</ul><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.14">RATES OF FARE FOR PUBLIC VEHICLES
-</p>
-<p>The rates of fare for use of each public carriage shall be computed from the time
-the same is engaged until dismissed, in accordance with the following schedule:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">FIRST CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">First one fourth hour </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">First one half hour </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">First hour </td>
-<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Each succeeding hour
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Motor vehicle of five-passenger capacity or less.
-</td>
-<td>&#x20b1; 2.00 </td>
-<td>&#x20b1; 3.00 </td>
-<td>&#x20b1; 5.00 </td>
-<td class="cellRight">&#x20b1; 4.50</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Motor vehicle of more than five-passenger capacity.
-</td>
-<td> 2.50 </td>
-<td> 4.00 </td>
-<td> 7.00 </td>
-<td class="cellRight"> 6.00</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Four-wheeled vehicle, two horses. </td>
-<td> .60 </td>
-<td> 1.00 </td>
-<td> 1.60 </td>
-<td class="cellRight"> 1.20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Four-wheeled vehicle, one horse. </td>
-<td> .40 </td>
-<td> .60 </td>
-<td> 1.00 </td>
-<td class="cellRight"> .80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Two-wheeled vehicle, one horse. </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> .40 </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> .70 </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> 1.00 </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom"> .80</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">SECOND CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">First one fourth hour </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">First one half hour </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">First hour </td>
-<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Each succeeding hour
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Four-wheeled vehicle, two horses. </td>
-<td>&#x20b1; 0.30 </td>
-<td>&#x20b1; 0.50 </td>
-<td> &#x20b1; 1.50 </td>
-<td class="cellRight"> &#x20b1; 0.70</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Four-wheeled vehicle, one horse. </td>
-<td> .20 </td>
-<td> .40 </td>
-<td> .70 </td>
-<td class="cellRight"> .60</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Two-wheeled vehicle, one horse. </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> .30 </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> .40 </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> .70 </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom"> .60</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Double fare may be charged between one and five o&#x2019;clock antemeridian. Drivers shall
-not be compelled to carry passengers beyond the city limits.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb216" href="#pb216">216</a>]</span></p>
-<p>In the smaller towns and in the country the hiring of a vehicle, like most commercial
-transactions, is a matter of bargain. The proper fare depends very largely on the
-state of the road and the chance of securing a return passenger, and therefore varies
-very greatly. The customary rate over a frequently traveled route can usually be learned
-by consulting some disinterested person, preferably an American. In every case the
-amount to be paid should be settled in advance.
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.1.15">POSTAL, TELEGRAPH, AND CABLE RATES
-</p>
-<p>(<i>a</i>) Rates on mail addressed for delivery in the Philippine Islands: <i>First class</i>, &#x20b1;0.02 for each half ounce or fraction; no limit of weight; post cards, &#x20b1;0.02.
-</p>
-<p><i>Second class</i> (newspapers and periodicals), when mailed by publishers, &#x20b1;0.02 per pound or fraction;
-when mailed by others, &#x20b1;0.02 for each four ounces or fraction; no limit of weight.
-</p>
-<p><i>Third class</i> (printed <span class="corr" id="xd29e13043" title="Source: mater">matter</span>), &#x20b1;0.02 for each two ounces or fraction, except single books weighing more than that
-amount; limit of weight, four pounds.
-</p>
-<p><i>Fourth class</i> (merchandise), &#x20b1;0.02 per ounce or fraction; limit of weight, four pounds, except
-single blank books.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>b</i>) Rates on Mail addressed for delivery in the United States (including Hawaii and
-Porto Rico), Guam, Tutuila, the Canal Zone, the Shanghai Postal Agency, Canada, Cuba,
-Mexico, and Panama:
-</p>
-<p>First class, &#x20b1;0.04 for each ounce or fraction; weight limit, four pounds.
-</p>
-<p>Second, third, and fourth classes same as (<i>a</i>) above.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>c</i>) Rates on mail addressed for delivery in all other countries: Letters, &#x20b1;0.10 for
-each half ounce or fraction; no limit of weight; post cards, &#x20b1;0.04 each.
-</p>
-<p>Printed matter (within certain limits of size), &#x20b1;0.02 for each two ounces or fraction;
-limit of weight, four pounds six ounces.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb217" href="#pb217">217</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Samples of merchandise (within certain limits of size), &#x20b1;0.04 for first four ounces
-or less; and &#x20b1;0.02 for each additional two ounces or fraction; limit of weight twelve
-ounces.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>d</i>) Rates on mail specially addressed via the Trans-Siberian Railway; letters, &#x20b1;0.20
-for each half ounce or fraction; post cards, &#x20b1;0.08 each.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>e</i>) Rates on registered mail, &#x20b1;0.16 in addition to ordinary postage. All classes of
-mail may be registered.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>f</i>) There are parcels post arrangements between the Philippines and a considerable number
-of foreign countries. Details in regard to the size, weight, and value of parcels,
-and the rates may be obtained on application at the Bureau of Posts.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>g</i>) Money orders are now issued in the Philippines to be paid in the United States and
-its possessions, Cuba, Mexico, and most of the British dominions in the Western Hemisphere,
-at the following rates:
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Amount of order
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">(<abbr title="United States">U.S.</abbr> currency)
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Payable in the Philippine Islands (U.S. currency)
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Payable in the other countries named above (U.S. currency)
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">For orders for sums not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> $2.50 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> $0.05 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> $0.05</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over $2 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .70 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .07</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 5 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .10 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .10</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 10 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .12 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .16</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 20 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .14 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .24</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 30 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 40.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .17 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .31</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 40 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 50.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .38</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 50 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 60.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .22 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .45</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Over 60 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 75.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> .27 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> .58</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Over 75 and not exceeding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 100.00 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> .32 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> .75</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>Money orders may also be purchased, payable in some thirty-five other foreign countries
-and dependencies. Information regarding the fees will be furnished by the post-master
-at any money-order office. No order is issued for a sum greater than one hundred dollars
-($100), United States currency.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb218" href="#pb218">218</a>]</span></p>
-<p>(<i>h</i>) Under the present customs laws, all goods which are the growth, product, or manufacture
-of the United States, the Philippine Islands, or of both, or which do not contain
-foreign materials to the value of more than 20 per cent of their total value, are,
-with certain exceptions, admitted free of duty when mailed from the Islands to the
-United States. The only exceptions of importance to travelers are cigars and cigarettes,
-which are subject to a fine equivalent to the duty, if sent by mail. In order to assure
-the free entry of other mail shipments, every package worth less than &#x20b1;20 should have
-its true value and the fact that it comes within the limits just defined, certified
-to by the sender on the wrapper. Packages whose value is &#x20b1;20 or more require a certificate
-of origin, which can be issued only by the Collector of Customs at a port of entry.
-In Manila, however, a customs official is on duty at the central post office at certain
-hours to issue these documents. The certificate must be pasted in the wrapper or be
-placed in an envelope to the package. If the shipment is valued at &#x20b1;50 or more, a
-fee of &#x20b1;2 is charged for the certificate.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>i</i>) Rates for telegrams over the government lines:
-</p>
-<p>For ordinary message, &#x20b1;0.06 per word, including address and signature.
-</p>
-<p>For rush messages, &#x20b1;0.12 per word.
-</p>
-<p>For repeated messages, one-half more than the regular rate.
-</p>
-<p>(<i>j</i>) Rates for cablegrams over the most important private lines from Manila:
-</p>
-<p>To the United States (Continental): Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph
-Company, &#x20b1;3.48 to &#x20b1;3.66 per word, according to locality.
-</p>
-<p>To Honolulu: Commercial Pacific Cable Company, &#x20b1;1.70 per word.
-</p>
-<p>To Hongkong: Eastern Extension, <span class="corr" id="xd29e13216" title="Source: Autralasia">Australasia</span> and China Telegraph Company &#x20b1;0.42 per word.
-</p>
-<p>Commercial Pacific Cable Company, &#x20b1;0.42 per word.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb219" href="#pb219">219</a>]</span></p>
-<p>To Shanghai: Eastern Extension, Autralasia and China Telegraph Company, &#x20b1;0.74 per
-word.
-</p>
-<p>Commercial Pacific Cable Company, &#x20b1;0.74 per word.
-</p>
-<p>To Japan: Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company, &#x20b1;1.56 per word.
-</p>
-<p>Commercial Pacific Cable Company, &#x20b1;1.56 per word.
-</p>
-<p>To Europe: Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company, &#x20b1;1.42 to &#x20b1;2.54
-per word, according to locality.
-</p>
-<p>To the Visayas (Iloilo, Cebu, and Bacolod): Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China
-Telegraph Company, &#x20b1;0.22 per word.
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.2">INTERISLAND SHIPPING SCHEDULE
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">MANILA-ILOILO</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">From Manila </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Vessel </td>
-<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">From Iloilo
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tuesdays. </td>
-<td><i>VENUS</i> (Inchausti &amp; Co.) </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Fridays.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Wednesdays. </td>
-<td><i>ROMULUS</i> (Compa��a Mar�tima) </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Saturdays.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Saturdays. </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"><i>VIZCAYA</i> (Inchausti &amp; Co.) </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom">Tuesdays.</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">MANILA-CEBU</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">From Manila </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Vessel </td>
-<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> From Cebu
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Wednesday. </td>
-<td><i>CEBU</i> (Compa��a Mar�tima) </td>
-<td class="cellRight"><span class="corr" id="xd29e13283" title="Source: Monday">Mondays</span>.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">Saturdays. </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"><i>BELGIKA</i> (Compa��a Mar�tima) </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd29e13293" title="Source: Tuesday">Tuesdays</span>.</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p>MANILA-JOLO-COTABATO via Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, 15 days round trip.
-</p>
-<p>Vessels: <i>Fernandez Hermanos</i>, <i>Islas Filipinas</i>, and <i>Panglima</i> all owned by Compa��a Mar�tima.
-</p>
-<p>MANILA-DAVAO via <i>Cebu</i> or <i>Iloilo</i>, <i>Pulupandan</i>, <i>Zamboanga</i>, and <i>Cotabato</i>, 30 days round trip.
-</p>
-<p>Vessels: <i>Luzon</i>, <i>Albay</i>, and <i>Neil Maccleod</i> all owned by Compa��a Mar�tima.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb220" href="#pb220">220</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch15.3"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF PHILIPPINE MONEY</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Country
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Legal standard
-</td>
-<td colspan="4" class="colspan cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Monetary unit
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Value in terms of Philippine money
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Argentine Republic. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg">Gold</span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peso </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight">&#x20b1;1.9296</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Austria-Hungary. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Krone </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .4052</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Belgium. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold and silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Franc </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Bolivia. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Boliviano </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .7786</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Brazil. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Milreis </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.0924</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">British Colonies in Australasia and Africa.
-</td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Pound sterling </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 9.7330</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Canada. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Central American states: </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft xd29e3657">Costa Rica. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Colon </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .9306</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft xd29e3657">British Honduras. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft xd29e3657">Nicaragua. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Cordoba </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft xd29e3657">Guatemala. </td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan rightbrace"><img src="images/rbrace2.png" alt="}" width="12" height="40"></td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e13332">Silver </td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan"> </td>
-<td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="rowspan colspan xd29e13332">Peso </td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.8542</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft xd29e3657">Honduras.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Salvador. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Colon </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Chile. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peso </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .7300</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td rowspan="20" class="rowspan xd29e13330 cellLeft">China. </td>
-<td rowspan="20" class="rowspan"> </td>
-<td rowspan="20" class="rowspan xd29e13332">Silver. </td>
-<td rowspan="20" class="rowspan leftbrace"><img src="images/lbrace20.png" alt="{" width="14" height="410"></td>
-<td rowspan="17" class="rowspan xd29e13332">Tael </td>
-<td rowspan="17" class="rowspan leftbrace xd29e13332"><img src="images/lbrace17.png" alt="{" width="14" height="348"></td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Amoy. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 3.0382</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Canton. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 3.0292</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Cheefoo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.9058</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Chin Kiang. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.9680</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Fuchau. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.8104</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Haikwan (customs). </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 3.0914</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Hankow. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.8426</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Kiaochow. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.9442</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Nankin. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 3.0066</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Niuchwang. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.8492</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Ningpo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.9212</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Peking. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.9620</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Shanghai. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.7752</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Swatow. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.8066</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Takau. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 3.0574</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Tientsin. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.9442</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Yuan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.9910</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td rowspan="3" class="rowspan leftbrace xd29e13332"><img src="images/lbrace3.png" alt="{" width="14" height="45"></td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Hongkong. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.9982</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">British. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.9982</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Mexican. </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0130</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Columbia. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.9466</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Cuba. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peso </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Denmark. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Krone </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .5360</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Ecuador. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Sucre </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .9734</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Egypt. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Pound (100 piasters) </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 9.8862</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Finland. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Markka </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">France. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold and silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Franc </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Germany. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Mark </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .4764</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Great Britain. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Pound Sterling </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 9.7330</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Greece. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold and silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Drachma </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Haiti. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Gourde </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .5000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">India (British). </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Rupee </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .6488</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Indo-China. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Piaster </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0016</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Italy. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold and silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Lira </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Japan. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Yen </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .9970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Liberia. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Mexico. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peso </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .9970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Netherlands. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Guilder (Florin) </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .8040</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Newfoundland. </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb221" href="#pb221">221</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Norway </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Krone </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .5360</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Panama </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Balboa </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Paraguay </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peso (Argentine) </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.9296</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e13330 cellLeft">Persia </td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan leftbrace"><img src="images/lbrace2.png" alt="{" width="12" height="40"></td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Archrefi </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .1918</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Kran </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3412</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Peru </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Libra </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 9.7330</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Portugal </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Escudo </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.1610</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Roumania </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Leu </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Russia </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Ruble </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.0292</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Santo Domingo </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Serbia </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dinar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Siam </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Tical </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .7418</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Spain </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold and silver </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peseta </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Straits Settlements </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332">Gold </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 1.1355</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Sweden </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Krona </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .5360</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Switzerland </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Franc </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Turkey </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Piaster </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> .0880</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">United States </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Dollar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft">Uruguay </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332">Peso </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight"> 2.0684</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e13330 cellLeft cellBottom">Venezuela </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e13332 cellBottom"><span class="seg"><span class="ditto"><span class="s">Gold</span><span class="d"><span class="i">,,</span></span></span> </span> </td>
-<td class="cellBottom"> </td>
-<td colspan="3" class="colspan xd29e13332 cellBottom">Bolivar </td>
-<td class="xd29e13337 cellRight cellBottom"> .3860</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.4"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">BANKING: COMBINED CONDITION OF ALL THE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
-IN PESOS</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">1922
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e14244">RESOURCES </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Loans and discounts </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;131,507,519 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x20b1;149,717,446</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Overdrafts </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 70,753,659 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 45,609,527</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Stock, securities, etc<span class="corr" id="xd29e14266" title="Not in source">.</span> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,407,808 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,519,139</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Real estate, furniture, and fixtures </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,915,883 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,242,125</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Other real estate and mortgages owned </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 650,371 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,613,756</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Due from head office and branches </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 67,650,248 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 40,458,548</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Due from other banks </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,862,073 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,850,498</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Due from agents and correspondence </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,407,068 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5,323,482</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bill of exchange </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,497,053 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 15,747,964</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cash on hand </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,915,519 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,968,282</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Checks and other cash items </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,011,653 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,533,338</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Profit and loss account </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,877,758 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 23,881,482</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Resources other than those above </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 44,046,038 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,737,874</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Suspense accounts </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">&#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">&#x2014;&#x2014;
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"><span class="sum"> 380,502,650 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"><span class="sum"> 326,203,461
-</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e14244">LIABILITIES </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Capital stock </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;49,393,814 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x20b1;48,695,900</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Reserve fund </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,007,373 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5,119,795</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bank notes in circulation </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,237,752 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 41,391,580</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Undivided profits </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 477,326 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 38,567</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Due to head office and branches </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 90,812,907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 69,386,521<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb222" href="#pb222">222</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Due to other banks </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,291,346 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,091,166</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Due to agents and correspondents </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,916,581 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,823,688</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Dividends due and unpaid </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 103,160 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,683</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Demand deposits </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 428,875 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,092,342</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Time deposits </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 26,151,621 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 62,063,047</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Savings deposits </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,359,041 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13,296,858</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Current accounts </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 46,582,381 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 52,821,970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Profit and loss accounts </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,613,172 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,506,626</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bills payable: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Domestic </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 119,766 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,348,386</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft xd29e3657"> Foreign </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 224,593 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 336,032</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cashier&#x2019;s check outstanding </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 939,336 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 398,971</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Certified checks </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 104,978 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 670,617</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Suspense accounts </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">&#x2014;&#x2014;</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 185,704</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Liabilities other than those above </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,062,967 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 11,933,088</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Government funds </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 54,675,662 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight">&#x2014;&#x2014;
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 380,502,650 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 326,203,461</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.5"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">THE AMOUNT OF CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION AND THE PER CAPITA CIRCULATION IN THE PHILIPPINE
-ISLANDS FROM <span class="corr" id="xd29e14524" title="Source: 1905">1906</span> TO 1922</h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Insular Treasury]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e14529 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Amount in circulation
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Per capita circulation
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft xd29e14540">June 30&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1906 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;30,030,411 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x20b1;3.72</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,814,315 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.21</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1908 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 40,337,982 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4.82</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1909 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 41,528,608 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4.88</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 48,155,587 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.62</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1911 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 48,155,587 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.45</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 52,055,893 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 52,034,389 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6.68</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft xd29e14540">December 31&#x2014; </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 50,697,253 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.53</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 52,575,118 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.63</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 51,284,907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5.40</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 67,059,189 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6.86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 102,580,314 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10.20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 131,151,883 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12.67</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 146,576,956 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 13.87</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 124,589,240 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 11.56</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 103,661,820 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10.01</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft cellBottom"> 1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 97,217,468 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 9.03</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb223" href="#pb223">223</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.6"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">TABLE SHOWING THE ASSESSED VALUATION OF REAL PROPERTY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (EXCEPT
-THE CITIES OF MANILA AND BAGUIO), BY PROVINCES</h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Executive Bureau]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop"> </td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">December, 1921
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">December, 1922
-</td>
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop xd29e8403">March, 1923</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom">Provinces
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Taxable </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Exempt
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Taxable </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Exempt
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Taxable </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom">Exempt
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Abra. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;6,827,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;732,010 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;6,686,460 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;746,620 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;6,649,470 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x20b1;776,230</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Albay. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,985,290 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,085,870 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,620,610 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,655,970 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,615,200 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,653,070</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Antique. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,013,680 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 580,890 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,783,590 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 746,260 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,792,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 746,420</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bataan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,485,270 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 981,560 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,152,240 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,008,960 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,179,560 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,008,970</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Batanes. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,492,050 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 154,800 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,460,830 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 155,730 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,463,790 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 155,730</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Batangas. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,598,330 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,384,650 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 37,839,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,364,360 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 37,263,760 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,372,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bohol. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,817,920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,124,890 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 29,526,900 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,367,660 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 29,537,810 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,374,300</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Bulacan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,545,640 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,106,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,692,580 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,219,540 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 46,182,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,220,180</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cagayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,583,840 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 594,550 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,210,960 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,153,810 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 21,887,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 6,368,170</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Camarines Norte. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,155,290 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 462,150 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,356,900 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 458,480 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 13,331,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 458,420</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Camarines Sur. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 28,912,970 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,057,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 26,800,210 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,177,820 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 26,796,940 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,181,140</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Capiz. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 38,692,980 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,174,380 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 35,427,240 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,237,770 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 34,924,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,238,300</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cavite. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,676,350 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,912,180 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,857,950 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,893,960 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,086,150 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,935,890</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 59,659,580 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,712,200 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 59,360,360 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,785,210 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 59,372,120 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,790,560</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Ilocos Norte. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 31,680,880 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,210,430 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 32,248,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,689,710 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 31,619,610 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,647,460</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Ilocos Sur. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,183,610 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,726,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,800,120 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,777,580 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,808,400 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,797,200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 76,006,720 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,694,720 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 75,995,250 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,788,350 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 75,826,940 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 15,787,250</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Isabela. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,611,879 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,588,580 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,757,289 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,607,630 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,847,500 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,612,250</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Laguna. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 52,514,740 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,765,180 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 46,299,570 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,997,079 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 46,077,720 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,980,879</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">La Union. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 20,109,110 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,920,050 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,314,180 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,409,719 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,336,510 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,370,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Leyte. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 40,262,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,911,800 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,946,880 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,598,440 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 43,469,340 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 5,630,190</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Marinduque. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,247,290 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 694,740 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,315,340 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 753,040 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,324,240 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 754,760</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Masbate. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,653,280 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 885,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,946,630 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 925,140 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,956,885 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 924,400</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Mindoro. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,542,955 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 366,530 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,216,237 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 495,690 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,131,137 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 619,790</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Misamis. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 40,275,740 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,454,160 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 38,615,660 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,456,650 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 38,546,184 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,456,650</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Nueva Ecija. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 55,157,610 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,609,430 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 55,593,930 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,871,460 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 54,777,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,965,410</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Occidental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 80,710,280 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,049,390 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 81,279,000 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,296,020 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 81,266,630 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,306,870</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Oriental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,111,890 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,891,630 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,671,890 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,004,890 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,300,200 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,004,780</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Palawan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,256,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 755,030 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,905,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 788,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,905,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 778,600<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb224" href="#pb224">224</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft"><span class="corr" id="xd29e15159" title="Source: Pumpanga">Pampanga</span>. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 55,940,550 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,357,730 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 53,784,310 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,348,370 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 53,752,530 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,346,550</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Pangasinan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 50,894,810 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,469,050 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 50,188,090 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,556,680 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 82,768,990 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,191,040</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Rizal. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,610,750 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,500,700 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 47,062,340 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,543,580 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 47,430,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,545,280</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Romblon. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,779,010 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 550,340 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,698,790 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 580,310 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,698,790 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 580,310</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Samar. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,662,030 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,930,740 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,706,880 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,912,730 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,748,410 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,828,060</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sorsogon. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,759,780 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,658,040 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,865,480 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,615,630 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,796,620 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,589,900</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Surigao. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,263,780 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,421,820 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,306,570 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,424,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,351,320 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,431,220</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tarlac. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,980,990 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,440,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 36,994,920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,492,340 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 37,046,860 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 3,346,550</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tayabas. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 69,530,480 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,287,190 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 70,166,080 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,572,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 70,930,150 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,573,420</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Zambales. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,283,060 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 659,470 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,051,480 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 758,520 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,062,330 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 774,840
-</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 11,457,730,340 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 131,409,220 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 11,725,068,160 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 149,002,759 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 12,038,634,420 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 145,123,539</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb225" href="#pb225">225</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.7"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">GROWTH OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year&#x2014;
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">No. of schools
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Annual enrollment
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Average monthly enrollment
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Average daily attendance
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Percentage of attendance
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,624 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 479,978 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 346,245 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 85</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1908 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,932 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 486,676 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 339,243 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 270,732 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1909 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,424 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 570,502 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 405,478 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 321,415 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 79</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,531 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 587,317 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 427,105 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 337,307 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 86</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1911 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,404 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 610,493 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 446,889 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 355,722 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 80</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,685 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 529,665 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 395,075 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 329,073 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 83</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 2,934 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 440,050 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 329,756 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 287,995 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 87</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,235 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 621,030 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 489,070 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 428,552 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 88</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,187 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 610,519 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 493,763 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 441,742 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 89</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,538 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 638,543 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 523,272 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 471,195 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,702 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 675,998 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 567,625 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 514,263 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 91</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,747 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 671,398 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 569,744 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 521,377 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 92</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,962 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 681,588 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 569,744 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 501,989 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 88</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 5,944 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 791,626 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 678,956 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 618,392 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 91</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 6,904 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 943,364 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 836,281 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 774,882 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 93</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 7,670 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,077,342 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 976,093 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 909,947 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 93</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb226" href="#pb226">226</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.8"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">PRIVATE SCHOOLS: ANNUAL ENROLLMENT, NUMBER OF TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS, 1918&#x2013;1922</h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Office of the Superintendent of private schools]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">School year
-</td>
-<td colspan="5" class="colspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop xd29e8403">Number of schools
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Total
-</td>
-<td rowspan="2" class="rowspan xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Total enrollment</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Primary
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Intermediate
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">High school
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">College
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom">Other schools
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1917&#x2013;1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 129 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 77 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 34 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 77 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 257 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 35,907</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918&#x2013;1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 152 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 90 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 36 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 297 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 38,716</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919&#x2013;1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 169 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 104 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 38 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 330 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 45,947</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920&#x2013;1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 190 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 113 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 382 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 57,281</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1921&#x2013;1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 245 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 150 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 86 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 24 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 525 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"> 64,835</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.9"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION, 1918&#x2013;1922<a class="noteref" id="xd29e15687src" href="#xd29e15687">a</a></h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Bureau of Education]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Year
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Insular
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Provincial
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Municipal
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Total
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Voluntary contribution
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Total
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Per capita expenditure on education
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;6,067,277 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;431,018 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;3,614,515 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;10,112,810 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;617,400 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> &#x20b1;10,730,210 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> &#x20b1;1.04</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,087,450 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 468,125 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,715,552 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,271,127 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 682,550 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,953,677 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1.45</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,802,247 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,050,492 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,358,800 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,211,540 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 799,538 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,011,078 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1.82</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,313,825 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 3,278,606 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,709,287 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,301,718 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 1,347,124 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 23,648,842 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2.23</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 14,884,238 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> <a class="noteref" id="tbl.ee.bsrc" href="#tbl.ee.b">b</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><a class="pseudonoteref" href="#tbl.ee.b">b</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><a class="pseudonoteref" href="#tbl.ee.b">b</a>
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 1,498,110
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><a class="noteref" id="tbl.ee.csrc" href="#tbl.ee.c">c</a>16,382,348
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><a class="pseudonoteref" href="#tbl.ee.c">c</a>1.52</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e15687" href="#xd29e15687src">a</a></span> Excluding expenditures for the University of the Philippines and Government scholarships
-in foreign countries.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e15687src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="tbl.ee.b" href="#tbl.ee.bsrc">b</a></span> Data not yet available.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#tbl.ee.bsrc">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="tbl.ee.c" href="#tbl.ee.csrc">c</a></span> Insular and voluntary contributions only.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#tbl.ee.csrc">&#x2191;</a></p>
-</div>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb227" href="#pb227">227</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.10"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">TOTAL RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND ACCUMULATED SURPLUS OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT,
-1901&#x2013;1922 IN PESOS</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e14529 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop">Year ended&#x2014;
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Surplus at the beginning of the year
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Receipts
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Total
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadTop">Expenditures
-</td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop">Accumulated surplus of the year</td>
-</tr>
-<tr class="unit">
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e14529 cellHeadLeft cellHeadBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i> </td>
-<td class="xd29e5268 xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadBottom"><i>Pesos</i>
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft xd29e14540">June 30: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1901 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> (14,395,583)</td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 21,419,118 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,023,535 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,200,907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,822,628</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1902 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,822,628 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,072,978 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 23,895,606 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,314,006 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,581,600</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1903 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,581,600 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,006,141 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,587,741 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 21,078,373 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 9,509,368</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1904 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9,509,368 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 19,066,227 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 28,575,595 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 23,924,104 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,651,491</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1905 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,651,491 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,368,818 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,020,309 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 25,256,215 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 4,764,094</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1906 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 4,764,094 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,685,769 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 29,449,863 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,047,029 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 7,402,834</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1907 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 7,402,834 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 26,424,817 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 33,827,651 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 31,014,693 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12,812,958</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1908 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,812,958 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 28,359,502 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 41,172,460 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 27,035,532 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,136,928</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1909 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,136,928 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 30,050,729 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 44,187,657 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 31,830,224 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 12,357,433</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 12,357,433 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 36,741,964 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 49,099,397 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 35,090,828 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,008,569</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1911 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,008,569 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,977,123 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 56,985,692 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 39,805,578 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 17,180,114</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 17,180,114 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 42,922,030 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 60,102,144 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 43,136,104 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 16,966,040</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 16,966,040 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 41,818,182 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 58,784,222 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 44,392,124 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 14,392,098</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft xd29e14540">December 31: </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 14,392,098 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 18,274,064 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 32,666,162 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 22,496,962 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10,169,200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,169,200 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 35,334,625 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,503,825 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 36,944,597 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,559,228</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1915 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 8,559,228 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 41,428,010 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 49,987,238 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 39,753,121 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 10,234,117</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 10,234,117 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,704,856 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 55,938,973 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 40,906,813 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 15,032,160</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 15,032,160 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 54,781,241 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 69,813,401 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 45,408,718 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 24,404,683</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 24,404,683 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 68,690,105 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 93,094,788 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 57,496,044 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 35,598,744</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 35,598,744 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 79,686,923 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">115,285,667 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 86,742,589 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 28,543,078</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1920 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 28,543,078 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 99,404,913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">127,947,991 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 84,010,279 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 43,937,712</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft"> 1921 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 43,937,712 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">130,199,714 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">174,137,426 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512">118,194,211 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 55,943,215</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e14529 cellLeft cellBottom"> 1922 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 55,943,215 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">130,649,853 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom">186,593,068 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"> 78,911,424 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom">107,681,646</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p><span class="sc">Note.</span>&#x2014;Figures in parentheses are overdrafts.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb228" href="#pb228">228</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch15.11"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">FIRE, MARINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE COMPANIES DOING ACTIVE BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINE
-ISLANDS, DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1922</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Name of company </td>
-<td class="cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Kind of business </td>
-<td class="cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Home office
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Alliance Assurance Co., Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire, motor car. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Atlas Assurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">British and Foreign Marine Insurance Company, Limited. </td>
-<td>Marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Liverpool, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">British Traders&#x2019; Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, typhoon, flood, and earthquake. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Victoria, Hongkong.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Canton Insurance Office, Limited. </td>
-<td>Marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Victoria, Hongkong.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">China Mutual Life Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Life. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Shanghai, China.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">China Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Victoria, Hongkong.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, accident, and motor car. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">East India-Sea &amp; Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, and motor car. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Amsterdam, Holland.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Employers&#x2019; Liability Assurance Corporation. </td>
-<td>Fire, accident, motor car, plate glass, and bond. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fidelity and Surety Company of the Philippine Islands. </td>
-<td>Surety, fire, marine, typhoon, flood, and earthquake. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">&#x201c;Filipinos&#x201d; Compa��a de Seguros. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, life, and accident. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fire Association of Philadelphia. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, <abbr title="United States of America">U.S.A</abbr></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fireman&#x2019;s Fund Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire and Marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">San Francisco, California, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Fuso Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Tokyo, Japan.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Great American Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">New York, New York, <span class="corr" id="xd29e16310" title="Source: U. S.">U.S.A</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Hongkong Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Victoria, Hongkong.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Life, health, and accident. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Insurance Company of North America. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Law Union and Rock Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company, Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, and motor car. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Liverpool, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">London Assurance Corporation. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">L&#x2019;Union Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Paris, France.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">L&#x2019;Urbaine Fire Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Paris, France.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">&#x201c;Manila&#x201d; Compa��a de Seguros. </td>
-<td>Marine, fidelity, and surety. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb229" href="#pb229">229</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Manufacturers&#x2019; Life Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Life. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Toronto, Canada<span class="corr" id="xd29e16391" title="Not in source">.</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">National Insurance Co. Incorporated. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">National Surety Company. </td>
-<td>Fidelity, surety, burglary. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">New York, New York, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Netherlands Fire and Life Insurance Co. of the Hague. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">The Hague, Holland.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">New York Life Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Life. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">New York, New York, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Niagara Fire Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">New York, New York, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">North British and Mercantile Insurance Co. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, accident, and casualty. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">North China Insurance Co., Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Shanghai, China.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Northern Assurance Co., Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society, Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Norwich, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Orient Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Ph&#x153;nix Assurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Royal Insurance Company, Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, and motor car. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Liverpool, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Scottish Union and National Insurance Co. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight"><span class="corr" id="xd29e16490" title="Source: Edinburg">Edinburgh</span>, Scotland.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Shanghai Life Insurance Co., Limited. </td>
-<td>Life. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Shanghai, China.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">South British Insurance Co., Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Auckland, New Zealand.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Co. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Springfield, Mass., U.S.A<span class="corr" id="xd29e16515" title="Not in source">.</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">State Assurance Co., Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Liverpool, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sun Insurance Office. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada. </td>
-<td>Life. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Montreal, Canada.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Liverpool, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">The Continental Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">New York, <abbr title="New York">N.Y.</abbr>, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">The Philippine Guaranty Co., Incorporated. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, fidelity, and surety. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Tokio Marine and Fire Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Tokio, Japan.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire marine, typhoon flood, and earthquake </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Victoria, Hongkong.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Union Guarantee Company, Limited. </td>
-<td>Fidelity and surety. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Yangts-ze Insurance Association. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Victoria, Hongkong.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Yek Tong Lin Fire and Marine Insurance Company, Limited. </td>
-<td>Fire and marine. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">Manila, P.I.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Yokohama Fire, Marine, Transit, and Fidelity Insurance Company. </td>
-<td>Fire, marine, transit, and fidelity. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">70 Honcho Gochome, Yokohama, Japan.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Yorkshire Insurance Co., Ltd. </td>
-<td>Fire and motor car. </td>
-<td class="cellRight">London, England.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom">West Coast-San Francisco Life Insurance Company. </td>
-<td class="cellBottom">Life and accident. </td>
-<td class="cellRight cellBottom">San Francisco, California, U.S.A</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb230" href="#pb230">230</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch15.12"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">AMERICANS AND FILIPINOS IN THE PHILIPPINE SERVICE ON JULY 1, 1921<a class="noteref" id="xd29e16631src" href="#xd29e16631">a</a></h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Office </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> Americans </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom"> Filipinos
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Legislative. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> <a class="noteref" id="xd29e16650src" href="#xd29e16650">b</a>302</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Executive. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 535 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 8,208</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Judicial. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,158</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Provincial service. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 9 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 2,651</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft">Municipal service of Manila </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512"> 61 </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight"> 1,371</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="cellLeft cellBottom xd29e3560"> Total. </td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 614 </span></td>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellRight cellBottom"><span class="sum"> 13,690</span></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-<div class="footnotes">
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e16631" href="#xd29e16631src">a</a></span> The following employees are not included: Temporary and emergency employees; enlisted
-men of the Philippine Constabulary; semiskilled and unskilled laborers; and persons
-compensated by fees only.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e16631src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-<p class="footnote"><span class="label"><a class="noteref" id="xd29e16650" href="#xd29e16650src">b</a></span> Members of the Philippine Legislature are included in these figures.&nbsp;<a class="fnarrow" href="#xd29e16650src">&#x2191;</a></p>
-</div>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p id="ch15.13"></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES, AS PER REVISION MADE UP TO JUNE
-18, 1923</h4>
-<h4 class="tablecaption xd29e8386">[Source: Bureau of Commerce and Industry]</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.english">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td colspan="2" class="colspan xd29e3512 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Names and addresses </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Language </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Frequency of issue
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">1. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Advertiser, The, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">2. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">American Chamber of Commerce, The<span class="corr" id="xd29e16719" title="Not in source">,</span> Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">3. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Kabus, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">4. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Kahayag, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">5. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Kataru�gan, Cagayan, Misamis. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">6. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Mabuting Balita, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">7. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Paraluman, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">8. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Sulo, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Panayan-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">9. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Tanglaw, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">10. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ang Watawat, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">11. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ateneo Monthly, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">12. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Babalang Kristiano, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">13. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Bagong Lipang Kalabaw, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">14. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Bagong Kusok, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 121, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">15. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Benedicto&#x2019;s Weekly, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">16. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Bituen Ti Amianan&#x2014;North Star, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 39, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb231" href="#pb231">231</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">17. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Bolet�n Eclesi�stico de Filipinas, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">18. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Bolet�n de la Iglesia de San Ignacio, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">19. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Bolet�n Oficial de la C�mara de Comercio de Filipinas, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">20. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Cable Tow, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">21. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Cabuhi Sang Banua, Jaro, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">22. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Chinese Commercial News, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 452, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Chinese. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">23. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Clarion, The, 884 O&#x2019;Donell, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">24. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Community&#x2014;Comunidad, 102 P. Faura, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Thrice a month.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">25. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Cultura Social, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">26. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Daguiti Naimbag a Damag, San Fernando, La Union. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">27. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Dalan ti Cappia&#x2014;Way of Peace, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">28. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Damag a Nacristianoan, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">29. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Damag ti Pagarian, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">30. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Diocesan Chronicle, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">31. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Eco de Samar y Leyte, Calbayog, Samar. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">32. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ecos, 1223, Vergara, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">33. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Adalid, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">34. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Bolet�n Cat�lico, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">35. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Centinela, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">36. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Comercio, 432 P. Gomez, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">37. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Debate, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">38. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Democrata, Magallanes-N. America, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">39. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Feniz, Zamboanga, Zamboanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">40. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Heraldo Ilocano, Vigan, Ilocos Sur. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">41. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Mercantil, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">42. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Norte, Baguio, Mt. Province. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">43. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Noticiero de Negros, Bacolod, Occidental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Thrice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">44. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Precursor, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 101, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">45. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">El Pueblo, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">46. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Estudio, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">47. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Excelsior, 442 A. Mabini, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Thrice a month.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">48. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Far Eastern Free Mason, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">49. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Freeman, The, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 318, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">50. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Gazette, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">51. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Health Educator, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">52. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Heraldo Bicol, Legaspi, Albay. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Bicol. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">53. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ilocano Pagadalan a Maipaay ti Escuela Dominical, San Fernando, La Union. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">54. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ideales, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 55, Dagupan, Pangasinan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">55. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Independent, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">56. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ing Catala, San Fernando, Pampanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Pampango. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">57. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ing Daclat ning Catutuan, San Fernando, Pampanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Pampango. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb232" href="#pb232">232</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">58. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ing Katipunan, San Fernando, Pampanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Pampango. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">59. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Intelligencer, The<span class="corr" id="xd29e17241" title="Not in source">,</span> Dagupan, Pangasinan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">60. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Journal of the Philippine Islands Medical Ass&#x2019;n, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Bimonthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">61. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Juan de la Cruz, Naga, Camarines Sur. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Bicol. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">62. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Khaki and Red, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">63. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Kong Li Po, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Chinese. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">63a. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Kusug Sang Imol, Bacolod, Occidental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">64. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Defensa, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">65. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Lucha, Manila (P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 996). </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">66. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Naci�n, 131 Legarda, Sampaloc, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">67. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Prensa, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">68. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Vanguardia, 334 Carriedo, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">69. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Revoluci�n, Cebu, Cebu. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">70. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Verdad, Tuguegarao, Cagayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish-Ibanag. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">71. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">La Voz del Pueblo, Zamboanga, Zamboanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">72. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Level, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">73. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Leyte Educational News, The, Tacloban, Leyte. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">74. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Lioaoa, Manaoag, Pangasinan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Pangasinan-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">74a. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Liwayway, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">75. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Makinaugalingon, 62 Iznart, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">76. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Man Ho Po, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Chinese. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">77. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Manila Daily Bulletin, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">78. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Manila Times, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily and Sunday.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">79. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Manila Young Men, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">80. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Manogbantay, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Twice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">81. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Manugbantala, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">82. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Marayo, Pontevedra, Occidental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">83. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Mindanao Herald, The, Zamboanga, Zamboanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">84. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Mizpa, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">85. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">National Forum, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">86. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Official Gazette&#x2014;Gaceta Oficial, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Thrice a week.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">87. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Pearl of the Orient, The, Iloilo, Iloilo. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">88. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Peng Min Daily News, P.&nbsp;O.&nbsp;B. 1478, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Chinese. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">89. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Agricultural Review, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb233" href="#pb233">233</a>]</span></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">90. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Agriculturist, Los Ba�os, Laguna. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">91. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Christian, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">92. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Education, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">93. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Collegian, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">94. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine General Hospital Alumni Quarterly, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">95. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Islands Sunday School Journal, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">96. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Journal of Education, </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">English. Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">97. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Journal of Science, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">98. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Observer, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">99. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Presbyterian, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">100. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine R�sum�, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">101. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippine Survey, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Quarterly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">102. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippines Free Press, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">103. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Philippines Herald, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily and Sunday.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">104. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Post-Telegraph Review, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">105. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Progreso Econ�mico de Filipinas, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">106. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Public Opinion, The, Cagayan, Misamis. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Visayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">107. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Revista de la C�mara de Comercio de las Islas Filipinas, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">108. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Revista Econ�mica, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">109. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Revista Filipina de Medicina y Farmacia, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">110. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Rising Filipina, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">111. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Rizal Review, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">112. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Rural <span class="corr" id="xd29e17744" title="Source: Cr�dit">Credit</span>&#x2014;Cr�dito Rural, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">113. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Say Abigado Cristiano Pangasinan, Lingayen, Pangasinan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Pangasinan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">114. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">School News Review, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">115. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Sillimanian, The, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">116. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Sinceridad, Tuguegarao, Cagayan. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Ibanag. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">117. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Sports, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">118. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Sugar Central and Planters News, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">119. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Taliba, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Daily.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">120. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Surat Habar Sing Sug, Zamboanga, Zamboanga. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Moro. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">121. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Telembang, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">122. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Telembang na Bicol, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Bicol. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">123. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ti Bagnos, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">124. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Ti Silaw&#x2014;The Light, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Spanish-Ilocano. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Fortnightly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">125. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Trabajo, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">126. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Unitas, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">127. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Way of Peace&#x2014;Ang Daan ng Kapayapaan, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English-Tagalog. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Weekly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft">128. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695">Woman&#x2019;s Journal, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696">English. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e3512 cellLeft cellBottom">129. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16695 cellBottom">Woman&#x2019;s Outlook, The, Manila. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellBottom">English-Spanish. </td>
-<td class="xd29e16696 cellRight cellBottom">Monthly.</td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb234" href="#pb234">234</a>]</span></p>
-<p id="ch15.14" class="xd29e120">LIST OF SUGAR CENTRALS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">CENTRALS COMPLETED</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.filipinos">
-<thead>
-<tr class="label">
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellHeadLeft cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Name </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Location </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Built </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellHeadRight cellHeadTop cellHeadBottom">Capacity; tons of cane per day
-</td>
-</tr>
-</thead>
-<tbody>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Calamba Sugar Estate </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Canlubang, Laguna </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,800</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Pampanga Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Floridablanca, <span class="corr" id="xd29e17941" title="Source: Panpamga">Pampanga</span> </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">San Carlos Milling Co </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">San Carlos, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Mindoro Sugar Co </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">San Jose, Mindoro </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1910 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Isabela Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Isabela, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1919 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 600</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">North Negros Sugar Co </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Manapla, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 600</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Bearing Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Cabancalan, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Phil. Sugar Development Co </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Calamba, Laguna </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 300</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">De la Rama Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Bago, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 300</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Guanco Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Hinigaran, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 300</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">San Isidro Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Cabancalan, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 250</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Carmen Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Calatagan, Batangas </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1914 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Palma Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Ilog, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 200</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">San Antonio Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">La Carlota, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 150</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Dinalupihan Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Dinalupihan, Bataan </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 125</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Talisay Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Talisay, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 125</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Canlaon Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Canlaon, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1913 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 125</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Muntinlupa Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Muntinlupa, Rizal </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 100</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Saint Louis Oriental Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Manaoag, Pangasinan </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1912 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellBottom">Look Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellBottom">Nasugbu, Batangas </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellBottom"></td>
-</tr>
-</tbody>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">CENTRALS UNDER CONSTRUCTION</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.filipinos">
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellTop">Hawaiian-Philippine Co </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellTop">Silay, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellTop">1920&#x2013;21 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellTop"> 1,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Ma-ao Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Ma-ao, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916">1920&#x2013;21 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,500</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">La Carlota Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">La Carlota, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916">1919&#x2013;20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellBottom">Bais Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellBottom">Bais, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellBottom">1919&#x2013;20 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellBottom"> 1,000</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">PROJECTS DEFINITELY PLANNED FOR DEVELOPMENT</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.filipinos">
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellTop">Talisay-Silay Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellTop">Talisay, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellTop"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellTop"> 1,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Bacolod-Murcia Sugar Central </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Bacolod, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 1,000</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellBottom">Pampanga Development Co </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellBottom">San Fernando, Pampanga </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellBottom"> </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellBottom"> 1,200</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="table">
-<h4 class="tablecaption">SMALL FACTORIES USING OPEN TRAIN EVAPORATORS AND VACUUM PANS</h4>
-<table class="verticalBorderInside tbl.filipinos">
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellTop">Pampanga Sugar Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellTop">Floridablanca, Pampanga </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellTop"> 1916 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellTop"> 100</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Bernia Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Dinalupihan, Bataan </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">Kennedy Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Isabela, Occidental Negros </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft">De la Vi�a Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914">Vallehermosa, Occidental Negros</td>
-<td class="xd29e17916"> 1918 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight"> 90</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellLeft cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd29e18236" title="Source: Tubigan">Tubigon</span> Sugar Factory </td>
-<td class="xd29e17914 cellBottom"><span class="corr" id="xd29e18240" title="Source: Tubigan">Tubigon</span>, Bohol </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellBottom"> 1917 </td>
-<td class="xd29e17916 cellRight cellBottom"> 90</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div><p>
-</p>
-<p></p>
-<div class="figure map-manilawidth" id="map-manila"><a href="images/map-manila-h.jpg"><img src="images/map-manila.jpg" alt="Map of the City of Manila" width="555" height="720"></a><p class="figureHead">Map of the City of Manila</p>
-</div><p>
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb235" href="#pb235">235</a>]</span></p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="back">
-<div class="div1 index"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h2 class="main">Index</h2>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">A</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Abac�, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Abra Province, <a href="#pb94" class="pageref">94</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Administration of justice, <a href="#pb186" class="pageref">186</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Agricultural products, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Agriculture, College of, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a><span class="corr" id="xd29e18282" title="Source: ;">,</span> <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Agusan Province, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Amburayan, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Americans in Government Service, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.
-</p>
-<p>America&#x2019;s Monopoly in Philippine Trade, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.
-</p>
-<p>American occupation, <a href="#pb19" class="pageref">19</a>;
-<br>establishment of Civil Government, <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Antipolo, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Apayao, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Apo, Mount, <a href="#pb106" class="pageref">106</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Arayat, Mount and village, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Area, <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>;
-<br>comparative, <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Articles exported, <a href="#pb153" class="pageref">153</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Articles imported, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Assessed valuation of real property, <a href="#pb223" class="pageref">223</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days, <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>;
-<br>religion, alphabet, books, <a href="#pb23" class="pageref">23</a>;
-<br>traders and artisans, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>;
-<br>able agriculturists, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>;
-<br>written and unwritten laws, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>;
-<br>Code of Calantiao, <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>;
-<br>testimonies of occidental writers, <a href="#pb26" class="pageref">26</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Atimonan, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Autonomy, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>;
-<br>original policy, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>;
-<br>Filipinization, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>;
-<br>instruments of
-<br>autonomy, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>;
-<br>achievements of Filipino Government, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Avenues at Manila, <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Ayuntamiento, <a href="#pb47" class="pageref">47</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">B</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Baguio, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a>, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Balance of trade, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Banahaw Mountain, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Banking condition, <a href="#pb221" class="pageref">221</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Banks, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Barasoain, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bataan Province, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Batangas Province, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>;
-<br>products, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>;
-<br>historical incidents and attractions, <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Beauty spots in Archipelago, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Benguet Subprovince, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Biac-na-Bat�, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bicol Provinces, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>;
-<br>products, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>;
-<br>sceneries, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>;
-<br>historical incidents, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bilibid Prison, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bohol Province, <a href="#pb103" class="pageref">103</a>;
-<br>attractions and industries, <a href="#pb104" class="pageref">104</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Booksellers and stationers, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bontoc, <a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Budget estimates&#x2014;1918&#x2013;1923, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Budgetary system, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>;
-<br>Emergency Board, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bukidnon Province, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bulacan Province, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>;
-<br>description and history, <a href="#pb82" class="pageref">82</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Bulusan Volcano, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Buttons, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">C</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Cable offices, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cable rates, <a href="#pb218" class="pageref">218</a>.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb236" href="#pb236">236</a>]</span>
-</p>
-<p>Cagayan Valley, <a href="#pb95" class="pageref">95</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Calantiao, Code of, <a href="#pb25" class="pageref">25</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Calamba, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Camarines Norte, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Camarines Sur, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Camp John Hay, Baguio, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Camp Stotsenburg, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Canalaon Volcano, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Capital, <a href="#pb148" class="pageref">148</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Capiz Province, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Carnival grounds, <a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cattle raising, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cavite Province, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cebu, city of, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>;
-<br>places of interest, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cebu Province, <a href="#pb102" class="pageref">102</a>;
-<br>industries, <a href="#pb103" class="pageref">103</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Central Observatory, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Central School, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Centro Escolar de Se�oritas, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Chambers of Commerce, <a href="#pb211" class="pageref">211</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Churches, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cigar, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>;
-<br>exports, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cinematographs and theaters, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Circulation, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>, <a href="#pb222" class="pageref">222</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Cities&#x2014;Manila, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>;
-<br>Baguio, <a href="#pb63" class="pageref">63</a>;
-<br>Cebu, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>;
-<br>Iloilo, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>;
-<br>Zamboanga, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Climate, <a href="#pb41" class="pageref">41</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Clubs in Manila, <a href="#pb212" class="pageref">212</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Coal, <a href="#pb134" class="pageref">134</a>;
-<br>calorific values, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>;
-<br>importation, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Coal Company, National, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Coconuts, <a href="#pb118" class="pageref">118</a>;
-<br>oil exports, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Coir, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Constitution of Malolos, <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>;
-<br>salient features, <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Consulates, <a href="#pb209" class="pageref">209</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">D</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Davao Province, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Death rate, comparative, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>.
-</p>
-<p><span class="corr" id="xd29e18868" title="Source: Dessicated">Desiccated</span> coconut, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Development Company, National, <a href="#pb189" class="pageref">189</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Dewey Boulevard, <a href="#pb53" class="pageref">53</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Differences in time, <a href="#pb41" class="pageref">41</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Discovery, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Dominican Church, <a href="#pb48" class="pageref">48</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">E</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Economic position, <a href="#pb147" class="pageref">147</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Education, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>;
-<br>system of instruction, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a> <i>et seq</i>;
-<br>expenditures for education, <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Electors, <a href="#pb171" class="pageref">171</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Embroidery, <a href="#pb137" class="pageref">137</a>;
-<br>factories, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>, <a href="#pb213" class="pageref">213</a>;
-<br>exports, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.
-</p>
-<p>English speaking Filipinos, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Environs of Manila, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Executive departments, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Expenses, Philippine Government, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Exports, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>, <a href="#pb119" class="pageref">119</a>, <a href="#pb121" class="pageref">121</a>, <a href="#tbl.sugar.export" class="pageref">124</a>, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">F</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Factories, cigar, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Farms owned by Filipinos, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Filipino-American War, <a href="#pb20" class="pageref">20</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Filipino Independent Church, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Filipinization, <a href="#pb173" class="pageref">173</a>;
-<br>proportion of Filipinos and Americans in service, <a href="#pb174" class="pageref">174</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Financial status, <a href="#pb166" class="pageref">166</a>.
-</p>
-<p>First Philippine Republic, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>.
-</p>
-<p>First Spanish settlement, <a href="#pb102" class="pageref">102</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Fishing, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Foreign money and Philippine equivalent, <a href="#pb220" class="pageref">220</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Foreigners, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Forest resources, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>;
-<br>area and ownership, <a href="#pb130" class="pageref">130</a>;
-<br>volume, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>;
-<br>timber output, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Foreword, <a href="#pb15" class="pageref">15</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Fort Santiago, <a href="#pb44" class="pageref">44</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Free trade, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Friar lands, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">G</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Garages and stables, Manila, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>.
-</p>
-<p>General Hospital, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Geographical items, <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>;
-<br>number of islands, <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>;
-<br>total land area, <a href="#pb39" class="pageref">39</a>;
-<br>physical features, <a href="#pb40" class="pageref">40</a>;
-<br>rainfall, <a href="#pb42" class="pageref">42</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Gold, <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb237" href="#pb237">237</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Government&#x2014;structure of, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>;
-<br>departures from American standards, <a href="#pb160" class="pageref">160</a>;
-<br>executive departments, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>;
-<br>legislative department, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>;
-<br>expenses of, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>;
-<br>financial status, <a href="#pb166" class="pageref">166</a>;
-<br>receipts and surplus, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>;
-<br>Budget estimates, <a href="#pb169" class="pageref">169</a>;
-<br>functions of departments, <a href="#pb176" class="pageref">176</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Governor-General, <a href="#pb161" class="pageref">161</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Government enterprises, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Grand Opera House, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Guinulajon Falls, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">H</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Hats, <a href="#pb140" class="pageref">140</a>;
-<br>factories, <a href="#pb214" class="pageref">214</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Hectares under cultivation, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Hemp, <a href="#pb116" class="pageref">116</a>;
-<br>exports, <a href="#pb117" class="pageref">117</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Historical background, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Homestead, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Homogeneity, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Homonhon Island, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Hospital, Philippine General, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Hotel, Manila, <a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a>;
-<br>list of hotels, <a href="#pb207" class="pageref">207</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Household industries, value of production, <a href="#pb146" class="pageref">146</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">I</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Ifugao, <a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a>;
-<br>rice-terraces, <a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Iloilo, city of, <a href="#pb66" class="pageref">66</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Iloilo Province, <a href="#pb100" class="pageref">100</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Ilocos Norte Province, <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Ilocos Sur Province, <a href="#pb92" class="pageref">92</a>;
-<br>industries, <a href="#pb92" class="pageref">92</a>;
-<br>old towns, <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a>;
-<br>historical incidents, <a href="#pb93" class="pageref">93</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Imports, <a href="#pb154" class="pageref">154</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Imports and exports, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Independence movement, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>;
-<br>the organized movement, <a href="#pb193" class="pageref">193</a>;
-<br>America&#x2019;s policy and promise, <a href="#pb194" class="pageref">194</a>;
-<br>pronouncement of American Presidents, <a href="#pb195" class="pageref">195</a>;
-<br>the Jones Law, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>;
-<br>missions to the United States, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;
-<br>memorials, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>;
-<br>petition for Constitutional Convention, <a href="#pb205" class="pageref">205</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Industries, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>;
-<br>miscellaneous, <a href="#pb135" class="pageref">135</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Insurance companies, <a href="#pb228" class="pageref">228</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Interisland lines, <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Interisland shipping schedule, <a href="#pb219" class="pageref">219</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Interisland transportation, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Iron, <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>;
-<br>importation of iron and steel, <a href="#pb134" class="pageref">134</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Irrigation, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Isabela Province, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Islam in Mindanao, <a href="#pb105" class="pageref">105</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Iwahig Penal Colony, <a href="#pb98" class="pageref">98</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">J</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Jolo town, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb112" class="pageref">112</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Jones Law, The, <a href="#pb196" class="pageref">196</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Judiciary, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">K</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Kawit, <a href="#pb75" class="pageref">75</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">L</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Laguna Province, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>;
-<br>industries, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Lake Lanao, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Lanao Province, <a href="#pb107" class="pageref">107</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Language for the tourist, <a href="#pb113" class="pageref">113</a>.
-</p>
-<p>La Union Province, <a href="#pb92" class="pageref">92</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Legislative department, <a href="#pb164" class="pageref">164</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Lepanto Subprovince, <a href="#pb91" class="pageref">91</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Leyte Province, <a href="#pb104" class="pageref">104</a>;
-<br>minerals, <a href="#pb104" class="pageref">104</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Life in the Islands, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Limasawa, <a href="#pb104" class="pageref">104</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Literacy, percentage of, <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Los Ba�os, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Lucena, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Luneta, The, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">M</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Mactan Island, <a href="#pb65" class="pageref">65</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Malaca�ang Palace, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Malolos Constitution, <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mambucal Hot Springs, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Manganese, <a href="#pb134" class="pageref">134</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Manila, city of, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>;
-<br>entrance to Bay, <a href="#pb43" class="pageref">43</a>;
-<br>Walled City, <a href="#pb44" class="pageref">44</a>;
-<br>Fort Santiago, <a href="#pb44" class="pageref">44</a>;
-<br>three Manilas, <a href="#pb45" class="pageref">45</a>;
-<br>costumes, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>;
-<br>shops, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>;
-<br>Pasig River, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>;
-<br>churches, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>;
-<br>other places of interest, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>;
-<br>avenues, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>;
-<br>clubs and societies, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>;
-<br>cemeteries, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>;
-<br>monuments, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>;
-<br>life in Manila, <a href="#pb55" class="pageref">55</a>;
-<br>environs, <a href="#pb58" class="pageref">58</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Manila Hotel, <a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Manila Railroad, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb238" href="#pb238">238</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Manufacturing establishments, percentage of production, <a href="#pb145" class="pageref">145</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Maria Cristina Falls, <a href="#pb108" class="pageref">108</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mariquina Valley, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>;
-<br>town of Mariquina, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mariveles, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>;
-<br>mount, <a href="#pb87" class="pageref">87</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Matches, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Material Spain found, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mayon Volcano, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mediums of trade, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Memorials, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>, <a href="#pb201" class="pageref">201</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mindanao Island, <a href="#pb105" class="pageref">105</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mindoro Province, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>;
-<br>mineral deposits, <a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Minerals, <a href="#pb115" class="pageref">115</a>, <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mineral baths at Marilao, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Minor forest products, <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Misrepresentation about Philippines, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Missions to the United States, <a href="#pb197" class="pageref">197</a>;
-<br>first mission, <a href="#pb198" class="pageref">198</a>;
-<br>second mission, <a href="#pb200" class="pageref">200</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mohammedanism in Sulu, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Montalban Dam, <a href="#pb61" class="pageref">61</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Monuments, <a href="#pb54" class="pageref">54</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mountain Province, <a href="#pb90" class="pageref">90</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Municipal government, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>;
-<br>autonomy, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Mu�oz Agricultural School, <a href="#pb86" class="pageref">86</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Museum, <a href="#pb52" class="pageref">52</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">N</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">National Bank, <a href="#pb187" class="pageref">187</a>;
-<br>constructive service, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Negros Island, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Newspapers, <a href="#pb230" class="pageref">230</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Non-Christian population, <a href="#pb21" class="pageref">21</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Normal Hall, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Normal School, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Nueva Ecija Province, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Nurses&#x2019; Home, Manila, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Nueva Vizcaya Province, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">O</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Observatory, Central, <a href="#pb51" class="pageref">51</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Occidental Negros, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Opera House, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Oriental Negros, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">P</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Pagsanjan Falls, <a href="#pb71" class="pageref">71</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Palanan, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Palawan Province, <a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Pampanga Province, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>;
-<br>attractions and historical incidents, <a href="#pb84" class="pageref">84</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Pangasinan Province, <a href="#pb89" class="pageref">89</a>;
-<br>industries, <a href="#pb89" class="pageref">89</a>;
-<br>historical incidents, <a href="#pb89" class="pageref">89</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Paper and paper pulp, <a href="#pb136" class="pageref">136</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Pasig River, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Patchouli oil, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Payatas Estate, <a href="#pb61" class="pageref">61</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Pearls, <a href="#pb141" class="pageref">141</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Perfumes, <a href="#pb138" class="pageref">138</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Personnel of Philippine Commerce, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Philippine Islands&#x2014;economic position, <a href="#pb147" class="pageref">147</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Population, <a href="#pb37" class="pageref">37</a>;
-<br>total, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>;
-<br>foreign, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>;
-<br>comparative, <a href="#pb38" class="pageref">38</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Postal rates, <a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Pre-Spanish Days, attainments, <a href="#pb22" class="pageref">22</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Private schools, <a href="#pb226" class="pageref">226</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Prospective agricultural industries, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Provinces&#x2014;beauty spots, <a href="#pb69" class="pageref">69</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Provincial government, <a href="#pb165" class="pageref">165</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Public improvements, <a href="#pb177" class="pageref">177</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Public lands, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>;
-<br>homestead, <a href="#pb142" class="pageref">142</a>;
-<br>sale of, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>;
-<br>lease of, <a href="#pb143" class="pageref">143</a>;
-<br>friar lands, <a href="#pb144" class="pageref">144</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Public order, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Public school system, growth, <a href="#pb225" class="pageref">225</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Public vehicles, rates of fare, <a href="#pb215" class="pageref">215</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Public welfare, <a href="#pb185" class="pageref">185</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">R</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Radio station, Cavite, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Railroad, <a href="#pb188" class="pageref">188</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Ramon, San, Penal Colony, <a href="#pb68" class="pageref">68</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Rattan, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Reforms, nineteenth century, <a href="#pb18" class="pageref">18</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Reorganization of departments, <a href="#pb175" class="pageref">175</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Republic, First Philippine, <a href="#pb31" class="pageref">31</a>;
-<br>government machinery<span class="corr" id="xd29e20144" title="Not in source">,</span> <a href="#pb31" class="pageref">31</a>;
-<br>Malolos Constitution, <a href="#pb32" class="pageref">32</a>;
-<br>comments of foreigners, <a href="#pb34" class="pageref">34</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Reservoir, <a href="#pb60" class="pageref">60</a>.
-<span class="pagenum">[<a id="pb239" href="#pb239">239</a>]</span></p>
-<p>Revenues and surplus, <a href="#pb227" class="pageref">227</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Revolutions, earlier;
-<br>causes of, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>;
-<br>Revolution of 1896, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>;
-<br>Pact of Biac-na-Bato, <a href="#pb30" class="pageref">30</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Rizal Province, <a href="#pb72" class="pageref">72</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb73" class="pageref">73</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Romblon Province, <a href="#pb99" class="pageref">99</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Rural Credit Associations, <a href="#pb128" class="pageref">128</a>;
-<br>statistics, <a href="#pb129" class="pageref">129</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">S</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Salinas Salt Springs, <a href="#pb96" class="pageref">96</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Samar Province, <a href="#pb99" class="pageref">99</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sanitation, <a href="#pb183" class="pageref">183</a>;
-<br>death rate, <a href="#pb184" class="pageref">184</a>.
-</p>
-<p>San Juan Bridge and Heights, <a href="#pb59" class="pageref">59</a>.
-</p>
-<p>San Lazaro Hospital, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>San Pablo, <a href="#pb70" class="pageref">70</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Santa Mesa, <a href="#pb59" class="pageref">59</a>.
-</p>
-<p>St. Rita&#x2019;s Hall, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Santo Tomas University, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Secondary food products, <a href="#pb127" class="pageref">127</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Shipping, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>;
-<br>value of merchandise, <a href="#pb157" class="pageref">157</a>;
-<br>control over rates, <a href="#pb158" class="pageref">158</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Shoes, <a href="#pb139" class="pageref">139</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Shops in Manila, <a href="#pb46" class="pageref">46</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sibul Springs, <a href="#pb83" class="pageref">83</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Silliman Institute, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Silver, <a href="#pb133" class="pageref">133</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Soap, <a href="#pb120" class="pageref">120</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sorsogon, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Spanish Rule, <a href="#pb17" class="pageref">17</a>;
-<br>progress, <a href="#pb27" class="pageref">27</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Schools and colleges during, <a href="#pb19" class="pageref">19</a>, <a href="#pb27" class="pageref">27</a>;
-<br>Filipino record abroad, <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>;
-<br>opinions of foreign authors, <a href="#pb28" class="pageref">28</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Stables, Livery, Manila, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Stadium, Manila, <a href="#pb49" class="pageref">49</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Statements of receipts, surplus and expenditures of Philippine Government, <a href="#pb167" class="pageref">167</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Steamship agencies, <a href="#pb208" class="pageref">208</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Submarine garden, Mindoro, <a href="#pb97" class="pageref">97</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sugar, <a href="#pb122" class="pageref">122</a>;
-<br>growth of industry, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>;
-<br>export of, <a href="#tbl.sugar.export" class="pageref">124</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sugar Centrals, <a href="#pb234" class="pageref">234</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sulu Archipelago, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>;
-<br>introduction of Mohammedanism, <a href="#pb110" class="pageref">110</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Sultan of Sulu and his present position, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>;
-<br>policy of attraction, <a href="#pb111" class="pageref">111</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Surigao Province, <a href="#pb109" class="pageref">109</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">T</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Taal Volcano, <a href="#pb76" class="pageref">76</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Taft Avenue, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Tarlac Province, <a href="#pb85" class="pageref">85</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Tayabas Province, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>;
-<br>attractions, <a href="#pb78" class="pageref">78</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Taxation, <a href="#pb178" class="pageref">178</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Telegraph rates, <a href="#pb216" class="pageref">216</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Timber output, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>;
-<br>export, <a href="#pb131" class="pageref">131</a>;
-<br>acquisition, <a href="#pb132" class="pageref">132</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Tiwi Hot Sulphur Springs, <a href="#pb79" class="pageref">79</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Tobacco, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>;
-<br>history, <a href="#pb123" class="pageref">123</a>;
-<br>industry, <a href="#pb125" class="pageref">125</a>;
-<br>Government control, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>;
-<br>factories, <a href="#pb126" class="pageref">126</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Trade, <a href="#pb147" class="pageref">147</a>;
-<br>trade routes, <a href="#pb147" class="pageref">147</a>;
-<br>Filipino capital, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>;
-<br>foreign, <a href="#pb149" class="pageref">149</a>;
-<br>America&#x2019;s monopoly, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>;
-<br>free trade, <a href="#pb150" class="pageref">150</a>;
-<br>total trade, table, <a href="#pb151" class="pageref">151</a>;
-<br>trade balance, <a href="#pb152" class="pageref">152</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Transportation, interisland, <a href="#pb156" class="pageref">156</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Trinidad Valley, Baguio, <a href="#pb64" class="pageref">64</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">U</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Underground river, Palawan Province, <a href="#pb99" class="pageref">99</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Uprisings against Spain, <a href="#pb190" class="pageref">190</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">V</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Vessels, tonnage of, in domestic shipping, <a href="#pb159" class="pageref">159</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Vice Governor-General, <a href="#pb162" class="pageref">162</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Visayas, The, <a href="#pb99" class="pageref">99</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Volcanoes&#x2014;Taal, <a href="#pb77" class="pageref">77</a>;
-<br>Mayon, <a href="#pb81" class="pageref">81</a>;
-<br>Bulusan, <a href="#pb80" class="pageref">80</a>;
-<br>Canlaon, <a href="#pb101" class="pageref">101</a>;
-<br>Apo, <a href="#pb106" class="pageref">106</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">W</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Walled City at Manila, <a href="#pb44" class="pageref">44</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Written and unwritten laws, <a href="#pb24" class="pageref">24</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="div2 letter"><span class="pagenum">[<a href="#toc">Contents</a>]</span><div class="divHead">
-<h3 class="main">Z</h3>
-</div>
-<div class="divBody">
-<p class="first">Zambales Province, <a href="#pb88" class="pageref">88</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Zamboanga, city of, <a href="#pb67" class="pageref">67</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Zamboanga Province, <a href="#pb105" class="pageref">105</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Zapote Bridge, <a href="#pb74" class="pageref">74</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Zorrilla Theater, <a href="#pb50" class="pageref">50</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-</div>
-<div class="transcriberNote">
-<h2 class="main">Colophon</h2>
-<h3 class="main">Availability</h3>
-<p class="first">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
-Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/" rel="home">www.gutenberg.org</a>.
-</p>
-<p>This eBook is produced by the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://www.pgdp.net/">www.pgdp.net</a>.
-</p>
-<p>Scans of this work are available from the Internet Archive (copy <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://archive.org/details/raha_103101/page/n7">1</a>). Alternative scans are available from the University of Michigan (copy <a class="seclink xd29e40" title="External link" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2148.0001.001/10?rgn=full+text;view=image">1</a>).
-</p>
-<h3 class="main">Metadata</h3>
-<table class="colophonMetadata">
-<tr>
-<td><b>Title:</b></td>
-<td>Beautiful Philippines: A Handbook of General Information</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><b>Author:</b></td>
-<td>Philippine Commission of Independence</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><b>Language:</b></td>
-<td>English</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td><b>Original publication date:</b></td>
-<td>1923</td>
-<td></td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h3 class="main">Revision History</h3>
-<ul>
-<li>2020-01-10 Started.
-</li>
-</ul>
-<h3 class="main">External References</h3>
-<p>This Project Gutenberg eBook contains external references. These links may not work
-for you.</p>
-<h3 class="main">Corrections</h3>
-<p>The following corrections have been applied to the text:</p>
-<table class="correctionTable" summary="Overview of corrections applied to the text.">
-<tr>
-<th>Page</th>
-<th>Source</th>
-<th>Correction</th>
-<th>Edit distance</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1229">6</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Subprovinces</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Sub-provinces</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1468">6</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom"> </td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">&#x2014;</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1509">6</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Provinc�</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Province</td>
-<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1556">7</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">106</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">108</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1606">7</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Arrola&#x2019;s</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Ariolas&#x2019;</td>
-<td class="bottom">3</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1619">7</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">112</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">113</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1840">7</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e8376">152</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e8384">152</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">1921</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">1922</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1850">8</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e1860">8</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">1912</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">1921</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3183">20</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">untrammelled</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">untrammeled</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3210">21</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">altho</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">although</td>
-<td class="bottom">3</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3223">22</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">planed</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">planned</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3247">24</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">besides</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">beside</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3322">28</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Resurreccion</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Resurrecci�n</td>
-<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3360">29</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">builded</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">built</td>
-<td class="bottom">3</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3764">45</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">desparate</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">desperate</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3903">50</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Prsion</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Prison</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e3940">52</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5041">108</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7726">141</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom"> a</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4125">61</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">M�riquina</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Mariquina</td>
-<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4173">64</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">everyday</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">every day</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4380">78</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">planning</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">planing</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4404">78</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">much a</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">a much</td>
-<td class="bottom">4</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4441">79</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">harbor</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">harbors</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4484">81</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">come</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">cone</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4489">82</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">decidely</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">decidedly</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4521">83</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5252">116</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e16719">230</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e17241">232</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e20144">238</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">,</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4590">87</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">elopment</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">elopement</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4627">89</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">saltmaking</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">salt making</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4630">89</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">fresh waterfish</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">fresh-water fish</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4635">89</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Matmaking</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Mat-making</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4731">94</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4774">96</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4801">97</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12243">193</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">in</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">on</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4739">94</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">be</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">by</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4757">95</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Missisippi</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Mississippi</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4827">98</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">they </td>
-<td class="bottom">5</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4842">99</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Pauls&#x2019;</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Paul&#x2019;s</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4865">100</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">great</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">greatest</td>
-<td class="bottom">3</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4888">101</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">princpial</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">principal</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4944">103</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">southwest</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">southeast</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4947">103</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Baklayon</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Baclayon</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e4961">104</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12792">212</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">,</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5081">110</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Baguinda</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Baginda</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5101">111</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">non-Chritians</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">non-Christians</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5106">111</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Christian</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Christians</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5254">116</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7420">134</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7746">142</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12363">198</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">,</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Deleted</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e5859">121</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e6221">123</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">To the United States</td>
-<td class="bottom">20</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e6072">122</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">in</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">to</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e6106">123</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">tones</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">tons</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e6753">128</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">suplement</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">supplement</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7278">130</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">807,178</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">808,183</td>
-<td class="bottom">3</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7282">130</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">2,401,676.46</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">2,401,676.48</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7291">130</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">forest</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">forests</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7781">144</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Philipppine</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Philippine</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7851">149</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">millionaries</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">millionaires</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e7872">150</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">three fold</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">threefold</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e8342">151</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">countires</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">countries</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e8935">153</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Pearls</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Pearl</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e9391">155</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Intruments</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Instruments</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e9646">156</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">interprises</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">enterprises</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e9653">156</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">wage</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">wages</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e10458">162</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Governro-General</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Governor-General</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e10569">165</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">seat</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">sit</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e10833">168</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">supression</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">suppression</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e11334">170</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">howover</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">however</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e11380">171</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom"><i>Pesos</i></td>
-<td class="bottom">5</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e11653">174</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">comformity</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">conformity</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e11677">175</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">reorganization</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Reorganization</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e11883">183</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">instructon</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">instruction</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12035">185</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">controling</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">controlling</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12189">191</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">in</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">by</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12197">191</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom"> away</td>
-<td class="bottom">5</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12214">192</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Bohols</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Bohol</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12226">193</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">succesful</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">successful</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12314">196</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">franchies</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">franchise</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12448">204</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">&#x201c;</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12452">204</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">&#x201c;</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">&#x2018;</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12455">204</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">&#x2019;</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12468">205</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom"> we</td>
-<td class="bottom">3</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12470">205</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Philipine</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Philippine</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12495">207</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">XVI</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">XV</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12585">209</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Yy</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Uy</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12666">210</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Wolford</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Walford</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12741">211</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e12750">212</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Francaise</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Fran�aise</td>
-<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e13043">216</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">mater</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">matter</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e13216">218</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Autralasia</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Australasia</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e13283">219</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Monday</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Mondays</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e13293">219</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Tuesday</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Tuesdays</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e14266">221</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e16391">229</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e16515">229</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">
-[<i>Not in source</i>]
-</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">.</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e14524">222</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">1905</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">1906</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e15159">224</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Pumpanga</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Pampanga</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e16310">228</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">U. S.</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">U.S.A</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e16490">229</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Edinburg</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Edinburgh</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e17744">233</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Cr�dit</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Credit</td>
-<td class="bottom">1 / 0</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e17941">234</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Panpamga</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Pampanga</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e18236">234</a>, <a class="pageref" href="#xd29e18240">234</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Tubigan</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Tubigon</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e18282">235</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">;</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">,</td>
-<td class="bottom">1</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="width20"><a class="pageref" href="#xd29e18868">236</a></td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Dessicated</td>
-<td class="width40 bottom">Desiccated</td>
-<td class="bottom">2</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-<h3 class="main">Abbreviations</h3>
-<p>Overview of abbreviations used.</p>
-<table class="abbreviationtable" summary="Overview of abbreviations used.">
-<tr>
-<th>Abbreviation</th>
-<th>Expansion</th>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="bottom">N.Y.</td>
-<td class="bottom">New York</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="bottom">P.I.</td>
-<td class="bottom">Philippine Islands</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="bottom">U.S.</td>
-<td class="bottom">United States</td>
-</tr>
-<tr>
-<td class="bottom">U.S.A</td>
-<td class="bottom">United States of America</td>
-</tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Beautiful Philippines, by
-Philippine Commission of Independence
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Beautiful Philippines
-       A Handbook of General Information
-
-Author: Philippine Commission of Independence
-
-Release Date: April 7, 2020 [EBook #61774]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ASCII
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEAUTIFUL PHILIPPINES ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This file was produced from images generously
-made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                         BEAUTIFUL PHILIPPINES
-                   A Handbook of General Information
-
-
-
-                                 MANILA
-                           BUREAU of PRINTING
-                                  1923
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                            Prepared by the
-                 Philippine Commission of Independence
-                             Manila, P.I.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-                                                                    Page
-
-Foreword                                                              15
-
-I. Historical Background                                              17
-
-    Discovery                                                         17
-    The Spanish Rule--A Tale of Wars and Uprisings                    17
-    Reforms in the 19th Century                                       18
-    Last Decades of Spanish Rule--The Coming of the Americans         19
-    Filipino-American War                                             20
-    The establishment of Civil Government                             20
-
-II. The Material Spain Found                                          21
-
-    Power of Propaganda to Misrepresent                               21
-    Non-Christian Population                                          21
-    Literacy                                                          22
-    Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days                 22
-        Religion, Alphabet, and Books                                 23
-        Traders and Artisans                                          24
-        Able Agriculturists                                           24
-        Written and Unwritten Laws                                    24
-        The Code of Calantiao                                         25
-        Testimonies of Occidental Writers                             26
-    Progress During the Spanish Rule                                  27
-        Schools and Colleges                                          27
-        Filipino Record Abroad                                        28
-        Opinions of Foreign Writers                                   28
-    Background on Which America Had Built                             29
-
-III. The First Philippine Republic                                    30
-
-    Causes of Earlier Revolutions                                     30
-    The Revolution of 1896                                            30
-    The Pact of Biac-na-Bato                                          30
-    The Republic                                                      31
-    The Governmental Machinery Set Up                                 31
-    The Malolos Constitution--Its Salient Features                    32
-    Comments of Foreigners                                            34
-
-IV. Population of the Islands                                         37
-
-    A Homogeneous People                                              37
-    Total Population                                                  38
-    Foreign Population                                                38
-    Comparative Population                                            38
-
-V. Geographical Items of Interest                                     39
-
-    Number of Islands                                                 39
-    Total Land Area                                                   39
-    Bays and Straits                                                  40
-    Mountains                                                         40
-    Rivers                                                            40
-    Lakes and Falls                                                   40
-    Mineral Springs                                                   41
-    Climate                                                           41
-    Differences in Time                                               41
-    Comparative Areas                                                 42
-    Rainfall                                                          42
-
-VI. The City of Manila                                                43
-
-    Entrance to Manila Bay--Corregidor and the Islands
-      "El Fraile," and "El Carabao"                                   43
-    The City of Manila                                                43
-    The Walled City                                                   44
-    Fort Santiago                                                     44
-    Three Manilas                                                     45
-    Costumes                                                          46
-    The Shops                                                         46
-    The Pasig River                                                   46
-    Other Places of Interest                                          46
-        The Cathedral                                                 47
-        The Ayuntamiento                                              47
-        University of Santo Tomas                                     47
-        The Dominican Church                                          48
-        Avenues                                                       48
-        Bilibid Prison                                                49
-        Central Observatory                                           51
-        The Luneta                                                    51
-        The Manila Hotel                                              52
-        The Museum                                                    52
-        The Carnival Grounds                                          52
-        Dewey Boulevard                                               53
-        Clubs and Societies                                           54
-        Cemeteries                                                    54
-        Monuments                                                     54
-    Life in Manila                                                    55
-        Vexing Conventionalities Absent                               55
-        Competition Less Severe                                       56
-
-VII. The Environs of Manila                                           58
-
-    Malacanang Palace                                                 58
-    Santa Mesa                                                        59
-    San Juan Heights and Bridge                                       59
-    The Reservoir                                                     60
-    Mariquina Valley and Town                                         60
-    The Payatas Estate                                                61
-    Montalban Dam                                                     61
-    Fort William McKinley                                             62
-
-VIII. Other Cities                                                    63
-
-    Baguio                                                            63
-        The Zig-Zag                                                   63
-        Camp John Hay                                                 64
-        Trinidad Valley                                               64
-    The City of Cebu                                                  65
-        Places of Historical Interest                                 66
-    The City of Iloilo                                                66
-        Description and Attractions                                   67
-    Zamboanga                                                         67
-        The San Ramon Penal Colony                                    68
-
-IX. The Provinces--Beauty Spots                                       69
-
-    Laguna Province--Pagsanjan Falls                                  71
-        Calamba                                                       78
-        Los Banos Mineral Springs                                     78
-        College of Agriculture                                        79
-    Rizal Province                                                    72
-        Antipolo--Virgin of Antipolo                                  73
-    Cavite Province                                                   73
-        Zapote Bridge                                                 74
-        The United States Naval and Radio Station                     74
-        Kawit                                                         75
-    Batangas Province                                                 75
-        Historical Incidents                                          76
-        Attractions                                                   76
-        Taal Volcano                                                  76
-    Tayabas Province                                                  78
-        Botocan Falls                                                 78
-        Lucena and Atimonan                                           78
-    The Bicol Provinces                                               79
-        Sceneries                                                     80
-        Historical Incidents                                          80
-        Peerless Mayon                                                81
-    Bulacan Province                                                  82
-        Description and History                                       82
-        Attractions                                                   83
-        Biac-na-Bato                                                  83
-        Mineral Baths at Marilao                                      83
-        Malolos, the Seat of the Philippine Republic                  83
-    Pampanga Province                                                 83
-        Attractions                                                   84
-    Tarlac Province                                                   85
-        Medicinal Springs                                             85
-    Nueva Ecija Province--The Rice Granary of the Islands             85
-        The Government Agricultural School at Munoz                   86
-    Bataan Province                                                   86
-        Attractions                                                   86
-        Historical                                                    86
-        Mariveles                                                     87
-        Mount Mariveles                                               87
-    Zambales Province                                                 88
-        Naval Station at Olongapo and Fortifications on
-          Grande Island                                               88
-    Pangasinan--Second Largest Rice Producing Province                89
-        Salt Making and Industries                                    89
-        Historical Events                                             89
-    The Mountain Province and Sub-provinces                           90
-        The Rice Terraces in Ifugao                                   91
-        Gold Mining and Household Industries                          92
-    La Union and the Ilocos Provinces--Household Industries           92
-    Abra Province                                                     94
-    The Cagayan Valley--The Tobacco Region                            95
-        The Cagayan River                                             95
-    Isabela Province and the Town of Palanan                          96
-    Nueva Vizcaya Province--The Salt Incrusted Mountain               96
-    Mindoro Province                                                  96
-        Mineral Deposits                                              97
-        The Submarine Garden at Puerto Galera                         97
-    Palawan Province                                                  97
-        Iwahig Penal Colony                                           98
-        Culion Leper Colony                                           98
-        The Underground River                                         99
-    Romblon Province--Marble Deposits                                 99
-    The Visayas                                                       99
-        Samar, the First Island Discovered by the Spaniards           99
-        Iloilo and Capiz--Beautiful Caves and Cliffs of White
-          Coral Rock                                                 100
-        Negros Island--The Principal Sugar Producing District        101
-            The Haciendas and the Sugar Centrals                     101
-            The Silliman Institute at Dumaguete                      101
-            The Volcano of Magaso                                    102
-        Cebu Province                                                102
-            San Miguel, the First Spanish Settlement                 102
-        Bohol Province                                               103
-            The Rebellions of 1622 and 1744                          103
-            Medicinal Springs and Caves                              104
-        Leyte Province                                               104
-            Abundance of minerals                                    104
-            Limasawa--Where Mass Was First Celebrated in the
-              Philippines                                            104
-    The Island of Mindanao                                           105
-        Origin of Name                                               105
-        Introduction of Islam                                        105
-        Province of Zamboanga                                        105
-        Cotabato Province                                            106
-        Increasing Christian Population                              106
-        The Large Lakes in Cotabato Province                         106
-        Mount Apo                                                    106
-        Bukidnon Province, an Unsurpassed Region for Cattle          107
-        Beautiful Lake Lanao and the Maria Cristina Falls            107
-        Davao Province, the Finest Hemp Land in the Island           108
-        Agusan and Surigao Provinces--Minerals and Agricultural
-          Products                                                   108
-    The Sulu Archipelago                                             109
-        Description, Principal Ports and Industries                  109
-        Introduction of Mohammedanism                                110
-        The Sultan of Sulu and His Present Position                  111
-        The Policy of Attraction Carried Out by the Insular
-          Government                                                 111
-        The Town of Jolo--Chinese Pier and Ariolas' Walk             112
-    The Language for the Tourist                                     113
-        Number of Filipinos Who speak, read and write English        113
-
-X. Agricultural Products, Forests, Minerals, and Industries          115
-
-    Number of Hectares under Cultivation                             115
-    Principal Undeveloped Regions                                    115
-    Percentage of Farms Owned by Filipinos                           116
-    The Principal Crops--Rice, Hemp, Sugar, Tobacco, Coconut--
-      Export Figures                                                 116
-    Prospective Agricultural Industries                              127
-    Irrigation                                                       128
-    Rural Credit Associations--Table                                 128
-    Forest Resources                                                 130
-        Area                                                         130
-        Only 1 per cent Private Ownership                            131
-        Timber Output and Export                                     131
-        How Timber Tracts are Obtained                               132
-        Sawmills                                                     132
-        Minor Forest Products                                        132
-    Minerals--Gold, Silver, Iron, Manganese, Coal, and
-      Statistical Data                                               132
-    Other Industries                                                 135
-    Public Lands                                                     143
-        Area                                                         143
-        Modes of Acquisition                                         143
-
-XI. The Trade of the Philippine Islands                              147
-
-    Economic Position--Manila as a Trade Center                      147
-    Trade Routes                                                     147
-    Personnel of Philippine Commerce                                 149
-    America's Monopoly in Philippine Trade                           150
-    Mediums of Trade                                                 150
-    Trade with other Countries                                       151
-    Values of Imports and Exports, 1913 to 1922                      152
-    Principal Articles Exported, 1921-1922                           153
-    Principal Articles Imported, 1921-1922                           154
-    Shipping                                                         156
-        Entrances and Clearances of Vessels                          156
-        Interisland Transportation                                   156
-        Table--Merchandise Carried by Foreign Vessels                157
-        Interisland Lines                                            158
-        Control Over Rates                                           158
-        Number and Tonnage of Vessels                                159
-
-XII. Structure of the Philippine Government 160
-
-    Resembles Federal and State Governments                          160
-    Departures from American Standards                               160
-        The Budget System                                            160
-        Parliamentary Responsibility                                 161
-        The Council of State, Advisory to the Governor General       161
-    The Governor-General, the Vice-Governor, and the Executive
-      Departments                                                    161
-    The Legislative Department                                       164
-    The Judiciary                                                    165
-    Provincial and Municipal Government                              165
-    Expenses of the Philippine Government                            165
-    Financial Status                                                 166
-        Statement of Receipts, Expenditures and Surplus              167
-        Budget Estimates, 1918-1923                                  168
-        Currency and Circulation                                     168
-    Electors                                                         170
-
-XIII. The Filipinos in Control                                       173
-
-    Filipinization                                                   174
-    Proportion of Filipinos to Americans in the Government           174
-    Autonomy                                                         174
-    Outstanding Achievements of the Filipinized Government           175
-        Reorganization of Departments                                175
-        The Budget System Explained                                  177
-        Public Improvements                                          177
-        Agriculture and Taxation                                     178
-        Public Order                                                 178
-        Education--System of Instruction                             178
-            Number of Pupils                                         182
-            Number of Teachers                                       182
-            Number of School Buildings                               182
-            Universities                                             182
-        Sanitation--the Philippine Health Service                    183
-            Comparative Death Rate                                   184
-        Local Autonomy                                               184
-        Public Welfare--The Public Welfare Commissioner              185
-        Administration of Justice                                    186
-            Record of the Courts                                     186
-        Government Enterprises--Object                               187
-            The National Bank                                        187
-            The Manila Railroad                                      188
-            The National Coal Co.                                    188
-            The National Development Co.                             189
-
-XIV. The Independence Movement                                       190
-
-    Uprisings during Spanish Regime                                  190
-    The Organized Movement                                           193
-    The Philippine Assembly of 1907                                  193
-    America's Policy and Promise to the Filipinos                    194
-        Pronouncements of McKinley, Taft, Roosevelt, and Wilson      195
-        Jones Law, the Formal Pledge that Independence Will Be
-          Granted                                                    196
-        Executive Recommendation for the Fulfillment of America's
-          Promise                                                    197
-    Missions to the United States                                    197
-        The Commission of Independence and Its Purposes              198
-            The Declaration of Purposes                              198
-        The First Mission                                            198
-            Letter of President Wilson                               199
-            Statement of Secretary of War Baker                      199
-            Hearing before Joint Committee of Congress               200
-        The Second Mission                                           200
-            The Memorial to President Harding                        201
-            Reply of the President                                   205
-    Petition for a Constitutional Convention--Text                   205
-
-XV. Appendices--Tables of Statistics 207
-
-    Where to Go in Manila                                            207
-        List of Hotels                                               207
-        Garages and Stables                                          208
-        Steamship Agencies                                           208
-        Foreign Consulates                                           209
-        Cable Offices                                                211
-        List of Banks in the Philippines Doing Business in 1923      211
-        Chambers of Commerce                                         211
-        Cinematographs and Theatres                                  212
-        Clubs                                                        212
-        Booksellers and Stationers                                   213
-        Embroideries                                                 213
-        Philippine Hats                                              214
-        List of Churches Holding Services in English                 215
-        Rates of Fare for Public Vehicles                            215
-        Postal, Telegraph, and Cable Rates                           216
-    Interisland Sailings                                             219
-    Values of foreign coins expressed in terms of Philippine money   220
-    Banking: Combined condition of all the commercial banks in the
-      Philippine Islands, in pesos                                   221
-    Currency in Circulation                                          222
-    Table showing the assessed valuation of real property in the
-      Philippine Islands (except the cities of Manila and Baguio)
-      by provinces                                                   223
-    Growth of the public school system                               225
-    Private Schools                                                  226
-    Annual Expenditures for Public Education                         226
-    Total receipts, expenditures and accumulated surplus of the
-      Philippine Government, 1901-1923, in pesos                     227
-    Fire, marine, and miscellaneous insurance companies doing
-      active business in the Philippine Islands, during year
-      ending December 31, 1922                                       228
-    Americans and Filipinos in the Philippine Service on
-      July 1, 1921                                                   230
-    Newspapers and other publications in the Philippines, as per
-      revision made up to June 18, 1923                              230
-    List of sugar centrals in the Philippine Islands                 234
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-                                                           Facing page--
-
-    Bird's eye view of the Walled City and immediate environs         18
-    Panoramic view of Camp Keithley, Lanao, Mindanao                  18
-    Plaza Benavides, with the statue of Benavides in the center       20
-    San Sebastian Church, Manila                                      21
-    Aglipayan Church, Azcarraga Street, Manila                        44
-    The new Trade School, Manila                                      45
-    The Cathedral, Walled City, Manila                                46
-    Philippine University cadets in formation in front of the
-      Ayuntamiento, the central government building                   47
-    Bureau of Printing Building                                       48
-    A section of Manila's commercial district                         48
-    The Luneta Hotel, Manila                                          49
-    Central Railroad Station, Manila Railroad Company                 50
-    A Modern thoroughfare, Taft Avenue, Manila                        50
-    The Paco Railroad Depot, Manila                                   51
-    The Jones Bridge                                                  51
-    The principal buildings of the Philippine University              52
-    The Polo Grounds                                                  52
-    The Normal Hall--A dormitory for girls, Manila                    53
-    Philippine Carnival Auditorium, 1922                              53
-    The Rizal Monument, at the Luneta, Manila                         54
-    The Legaspi and Urdaneta Monument facing the Luneta, Manila       55
-    The Carnival grounds, Manila                                      56
-    A view of Pier 5, Manila                                          56
-    The Luneta, during a Carnival parade                              57
-    A public market, Manila                                           57
-    The Aquarium, Manila, exterior view                               58
-    Exterior view of Malacanang Palace, Manila                        58
-    A typical country scene                                           59
-    The Executive Offices, Malacanang Palace, Manila                  59
-    The Mariquina Valley                                              60
-    Salt beds, Pangasinan                                             60
-    Exterior view of the Lingayen Provincial Building, Pangasinan     61
-    The Baguio zig-zig coiling upon itself                            62
-    The Amphitheater, Baguio, Benguet                                 63
-    The States? No It's Baguio, Philippine Islands                    64
-    The road to Baguio                                                65
-    The beautiful town of Pagsanjan, Laguna                           70
-    Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna                                           71
-    Montalban Gorge                                                   72
-    The monument to the "First Cry of Balintawak,"                    73
-    The Bamboo Organ, Las Pinas                                       74
-    An abaca plantation                                               75
-    The church at Taal, Batangas Province                             76
-    Sample of bridges and provincial scenery                          77
-    A Philippine Sugar Central. Calamba, Laguna Province              78
-    Sprouting coconuts, Pagsanjan, Laguna                             79
-    Coconut groves, San Ramon Penal Farm, Zamboanga, Mindanao         79
-    The Sorsogon provincial government building and the
-      Sorsogon jail                                                   80
-    Mayon Volcano, Albay Province                                     81
-    The wonderful rice terraces at Ifugao, Mountain Province, Luzon   90
-    Rice terraces at Bontoc, Mountain Province                        91
-    Boobies at Tubataja reef, Sulu                                    98
-    The subterranean river, Saint Paul's Bay, Palawan taken
-      by flashlight                                                   99
-    Magellan Monument, Mactan Island                                 102
-    Panoramic view of Dapitan where Rizal was exiled by the
-      Spaniards                                                      103
-    A view of Jolo, Sulu                                             110
-    The Cebu wharf                                                   110
-    Moro weapons                                                     111
-    A cigar factory in Manila                                        124
-    Makers of Manila cigars                                          125
-    A lumber yard. Kolambugan, Mindanao                              130
-    View of San Jose Estate sugar mill. San Jose, Mindoro            131
-    Girls Embroidery, Paco Intermediate School, Manila           136-137
-    The Council of State in session                                  160
-    The Members of the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands       161
-    The Gilbert Steel Bridge, Laoag, Ilocos Norte                    176
-
-
-
-
-ILLUSTRATED MAPS
-
-    Map of the Philippine Islands                                     12
-    Trade routes of the Philippine Islands                           146
-    Map of the City of Manila                                        234
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-"And the earth possesses no scenes more beautiful than those to be
-found in this verdant and blooming archipelago * * * this magnificent
-rosary of glowing islands, that Nature has hung above the heaving
-bosom of the warm Pacific * * * with the vast variety of attractive
-scenery, mountain and plain, lake and stream, everywhere rich with
-glossy leafage, clustered growths of bamboo and palm, fields of yellow
-cane and verdant coffee-groves."
-
-"Views of lands and sea and sky, beautiful, gorgeous, awe-inspiring;
-of historic spots and buildings, monuments, ruins * * * of peoples
-familiar and strange; of industries modern to the minute, or old,
-as old as the Pharaohs, the patient work of potter and weaver,
-of craftsman, artisan, woodman, fisherman, husbandman; of peoples
-primitive and cultured--races and nations, distinct, assimilated and
-assimilating foreigners--foreigners whose descendants a few generations
-later will be Filipinos--the Filipino Nation that is to be, in that
-wonderland, the Philippines."
-
-"Lived ever a man or a people on an island, however insignificant
-and bleak and bare, without feeling for it pride and love? Call to
-mind poem and song, picture and tale; the history of island races.
-
-"Behold, then, the Philippines: thousands of islands, great and small
-beautiful, bountiful beneath a benignant sky. Seek to know how Truth
-paints them, and understand and sympathize with their people's fervid
-desire to call them their very own."
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-FOREWORD
-
-
-It is vital for the Filipinos that foreigners visiting the Philippines
-acquire accurate information about the Islands and their people. The
-Philippines are not generally known abroad, much less are the Filipinos
-as a people, their degree of civilization and culture, their form of
-government, their institutions. Hence, the need for a publication such
-as this setting forth reliable items of information about the islands.
-
-This booklet is a compendium of facts, not fancies--facts pertaining
-to the country known as the Philippines and to the people known
-as the Filipino people. They are facts that can be verified from
-authentic sources.
-
-The booklet is primarily intended for tourists, but to all other
-foreigners seeking information on things Philippine, the booklet
-will also be of invaluable help. It not only indicates the places of
-interest throughout the archipelago but also gives a description of the
-islands in general, of their people, history and government. Tangible
-evidences of the readiness of the Filipinos for nationality are
-described. The history of the whole nationalistic movement is given.
-
-The Filipinos to-day are in control of their own government. They have
-had practical autonomy since 1916. The only remaining link between
-Washington and the Philippines is the Governor-General who is an
-American appointed by the President of the United States representing
-his country in the islands, and is the chief executive thereof.
-
-The islands produce great quantities of sugar, hemp, copra, rice, corn
-and tobacco. They are capable of producing besides, and are actually
-beginning to produce, rubber, coffee, various food and medicinal
-products, and a multitude of raw materials for every purpose. There are
-also many hardwoods appropriate for elegant furniture in a variety of
-natural colors not yet seen in any market. There are mines of gold,
-copper and coal in operation. There are said to be creditable iron
-and oil deposits.
-
-There are plenty of wonderful harbors for ships of heavy tonnage. The
-country is peaceful, the most peaceful perhaps in the world. A
-courteous and hospitable people greet the foreigner wherever he goes.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
-
-
-[Discovery]
-
-The Philippines were discovered by Magellan in 1521. That discovery
-occasioned the first circumnavigation of the globe. Long before the
-discovery, however, the Islands were already known in the Orient,
-for they had commercial relations with China as early as the 13th
-century and with Japan, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra,
-Borneo, and the Moluccas.
-
-It is erroneous to suppose that the culture of the Filipinos dated only
-from the time of the arrival of the Spaniards. Long before that time
-they had already acquired a fair degree of culture. They had systems
-of writing similar to the Phoenician alphabetical arrangement. They
-had calendars and a system of weights and measures. They tilled
-their lands and maintained village governments. They had laws based
-on traditions and customs handed down from generation to generation,
-and as early as 1433, or 88 years previous to the arrival of Magellan,
-there existed a Penal Code known as the Code of Calantiao.
-
-
-[The Spanish Rule--A Tale of Wars and Uprisings]
-
-The history of the Islands from the beginning of Spanish rule to the
-middle of the 19th century was a long tale of wars and uprisings. The
-Portuguese disputed Spain's right to the Islands, and between 1566 and
-1570 made three attempts to dislodge the Spaniards. The Dutch during
-the first half of the 17th century repeatedly appeared in Philippine
-waters and made attacks on the Spaniards. The British unexpectedly
-swooped down on Manila in 1762, and the Archbishop who was acting as
-governor speedily capitulated, the City of Manila falling into British
-hands until the treaty of Paris in 1763 when it was again restored
-to Spain. The Chinese residents added to all these difficulties by
-revolting from time to time.
-
-But the most persistent trouble-makers were the Filipinos themselves
-who repeatedly revolted because of alleged injustices committed upon
-them. Between the years 1645 and 1665 alone there occurred five
-uprisings against the Spanish Government. Other revolts, no less
-serious, took place in the 18th and 19th centuries. The rebellion of
-Dagohoy, for example, took place at this time, spreading throughout
-practically the whole Island of Bohol and continuing for a period of
-eighty years.
-
-There were in all about a hundred uprisings, big and small, during the
-Spanish regime. That of 1872 was especially noted for its magnitude and
-the determination shown by the revolutionists. It was put down with the
-execution of three secular priests--Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora--ever
-since reckoned among the popular heroes of the country. From
-that time plotting against the corrupt civil government and the
-autocratic religious corporations never really ceased; and in 1892
-Andres Bonifacio organized a secret society known as the Katipunan,
-which preached hatred against Spain because of the abuses of the
-friars and of the authorities, and demanded freedom from foreign yoke.
-
-
-[Reforms in the 19th century]
-
-The dawn of the 19th century, however, was marked by significant
-changes for the better. During the periods of 1810 and 1813, 1820
-to 1823, and 1830 to 1837, as a result of the nationalistic and
-liberal struggles Spain was experiencing, the Cortes was revived
-and representatives from different parts of the monarchy--the
-colonies included--were given seats therein. This ushered in a
-period of constitutional and representative government for the
-Filipinos. Moreover, by 1830, Spain's commercial policy of trade
-exclusiveness for the colonies was abandoned. A few years later,
-Manila was thrown open to foreign trade and a freer and more liberal
-economic system adopted. In this way, the foundation for subsequent
-political and economic progress was laid.
-
-From the beginning of Spanish domination, there existed scores of
-schools and colleges which were mostly conducted by the religious
-orders. These schools and colleges offered various courses and
-graduated numerous priests, lawyers, physicians, pharmacists,
-and teachers. Increase in the number of professional graduates
-made possible the rise of an intellectual class in the seventies
-and eighties. To this group of men, Burgos and Paterno, leaders
-of the liberal movement of 1870; Dr. Rizal, the Filipino hero;
-M. H. del Pilar, a prominent propagandist; and Mabini, the brain
-of the Revolution, belonged--men who, in attainment and culture,
-can adorn the halls of any nation. Many of the prominent leaders of
-today also had their training in those schools--Manuel L. Quezon,
-Sergio Osmena, T. Pardo de Tavera, Victorino Mapa, Florentino Torres,
-Teodoro M. Kalaw, Juan Sumulong, Rafael Palma, and many others who
-have held high positions in the government during the first years of
-American sovereignty.
-
-
-[Last Decades of Spanish Rule--The Coming of the Americans]
-
-The last decades of Spanish rule were marked by several reforms,
-but these reforms were altogether too conservative and came too
-late. Consequently there was much discontent and the Filipinos,
-in August, 1896, following the teachings of the Katipunan, rose in
-revolt and sought to declare themselves independent of Spain. The
-revolution extended throughout the archipelago. It was halted by the
-Pact of Biac-na-Bato in December, 1897, only to be resumed early in
-the year following, under the very eyes and later with the help of the
-Americans, who appeared on the scene on May 1, 1898. The Filipinos
-succeeded in wresting from Spain every foot of Philippine territory
-except Manila which was surrendered to the Americans on August 13,
-after simultaneous attacks by American and Filipino forces.
-
-Soon afterwards the first republic in the Far East based on a
-constitutional and representative government was established by the
-Filipinos. It had received the commendation of several foreigners
-among whom were the late Senator Hoar and John Barrett, ex-Director
-of the Pan-American Union.
-
-
-[Filipino-American War]
-
-The downfall of the republic came as a result of the Filipino-American
-war which broke out through a misunderstanding between America and
-the Philippines and which lasted for three years. With the superior
-forces of the United States it was naturally a one-sided struggle,
-but it nevertheless showed once more the determination of the Filipino
-people to have an independent national existence. They wanted no less
-than an untrammeled republic free from any foreign control. They asked
-that of the United States. But no definite assurance was given that
-they would ultimately be freed. Had such assurances been given them
-the Filipino-American war would have been avoided.
-
-
-[The Establishment of civil government]
-
-American civil government was established in the Islands in 1901
-and 1902. Under this government the Philippines made remarkably
-rapid strides along the road of progress. But the most significant
-stride is perhaps the development of Philippine home rule, For it
-should be known that today, with few exceptions, notably those of the
-American Chief Executive and the American Vice-Governor, who is also
-Secretary of Public Instruction, the Philippine government is run by
-the Filipinos themselves.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-II. THE MATERIAL SPAIN FOUND
-
-
-[Power of Propaganda to Misrepresent Conditions]
-
-So powerful is propaganda in misrepresenting actual conditions that
-the Philippines used to mean, and often still means, a mere fringe
-of civilization, or something similar to it, where the Spaniards
-had planted and the Americans had watered, but within all was still
-savagery and primeval ways.
-
-An exhibition of an Igorot village at the St. Louis World's Fair of
-1904 probably spread in America more of the notion of the Philippines
-as an untamed wilderness than tons of statistics could correct. These,
-then, were the people America had undertaken to govern--wild, naked
-creatures, beside whom the North American Indian was a gentleman and a
-scholar! Indeed, a long time must elapse before you can reduce these to
-suspenders and beefsteaks. A long time? Why, centuries and centuries!
-
-
-[Non-Christian population]
-
-Again, to the assiduous readers of press dispatches, the typical
-Filipino has come to mean the fierce Mohammedan Moro; although, there
-are in the Islands less than 400,000 Mohammedans of all kinds, whether
-fierce or urbane. Still others have concluded that the wild-eyed nomad
-of the mountains, the man with the bow and arrow, with no religion at
-all, must be the determining factor of the situation because there are
-so many of his kind; and yet the census reveals the total number of
-persons in all the Islands that do not profess either Christianity,
-Mohammedanism, or Buddhism as only 102,000.
-
-
-[Literacy]
-
-So, too, the ignorance of the Filipinos has always been believed to be
-appalling and a bulwark of darkness not to be overcome in generations,
-if ever; and yet the census reveals the percentage of literacy in the
-entire Islands at 49.2 per cent. The percentage compares favorably
-with the literacy of many of the small independent nations of the
-world at present.
-
-The facts are these, as regards the Filipinos even in Pre-Spanish days:
-
-
-[Facts of Filipino Attainments in Pre-Spanish Days]
-
-The Spaniards found that the inhabitants of the Islands built and
-lived in planned houses, had a machinery of government of their own,
-maintained a system of jurisprudence, in many cases dwelt in ordered
-cities and towns and practised the arts familiar to the most advanced
-peoples of their times.
-
-Gunpowder they knew and used before 1300, when it had not yet
-been introduced in Europe; and they made firearms that astonished
-the Spaniards. At the siege of Manila, 1570, the natives defended
-their city with cannon, and the conquerors found within the walls
-the factory where these guns had been forged, as well equipped and
-ordered as any abroad.
-
-The Islanders were expert in other metal-working, skilful
-ship-builders, able carpenters. Copper they had worked; but bronze,
-of which their great guns were made, they imported from China. Some
-of their art in silver-work excites admiration even now, for their
-beautiful design and fine workmanship.
-
-They wove cloths of cotton, hemp, and other fibers. They were, in fact,
-inheritors of two great cultural infiltrations upon what original
-culture the Malays had two thousand years before: on one side, was
-the influence of the Hindus and on the other the civilization of the
-Chinese, and to these had been added, years before the Spaniards came,
-stray gleams of information transmitted roundabout from Europe.
-
-
-[Religion, alphabet, and books]
-
-All this is inconsistent with the fanciful theory of the head-hunter
-and the wild man of the woods, but is nevertheless the incontestable
-record. Heathen they were called, but they had a religion,
-and a code of morals, not at all contemptible. They were natural
-musicians, possessed a variety of musical instruments, and had native
-orchestras. They were fond of poetry and and honored their poets. They
-had also a written alphabet and they wrote books. Every settled
-town had a temple and most temples had collections of books. They
-were written in the native characters on palm leaves and bamboo,
-and stored with the native priests. The subjects were historical and
-legendary, folk-lore tales, statutes, deeds of heroism and poems. The
-Spanish enthusiasts burned these books as anti-Christian and thereby
-destroyed documents priceless to succeeding ages, the few that escaped
-the flames testifying poignantly to the great loss. A small collection
-of them was recently discovered in a cave in the Island of Negros and
-ethnologists have hopes of others that may have escaped the sharp
-eyes of the destructors. Professor Beyer, whose investigations of
-early Filipino life and history have been so extensive, has come upon
-other evidence of early Filipino letters, including an epic poem of
-considerable length; but this exists now only in the memories of the
-reciters. The four-thousand-odd lines of it that Professor Beyer has
-translated show a rare gift of versification and imagery.
-
-Of the written alphabets in use before the coming of the Spaniards,
-fourteen were of Malay origin, one was Arabic, and one Hebrew. Of
-the Malayan alphabets many were structurally alike, so that a learned
-Visayan must have been able to make out Tagalog words and a Pampangan
-to spell Ilocano. We are not to imagine that every Filipino could
-read the written speech; there were in the Islands at that time,
-as in India, Spain, England, and elsewhere, the educated and the
-uneducated. But it seems likely that the percentage of literacy in
-the Philippines, about the year 1500, let us say, was as large as in
-Spain, larger than in India and compared favorably with the percentage
-in other places.
-
-
-[Traders and artisans]
-
-The inhabitants were able traders as well as skilful artisans. Manila
-was one of the great commercial centers of the East and long had
-been so; it was not a mere collection of fishermen's huts. When the
-inhabitants of England were wearing skins, painting their bodies, and
-gashing their flesh in religious frenzies, the Filipinos were already
-conducting commercial marts in which were offered silks, brocades,
-cotton and other cloths, household furniture, precious stones, gold
-and gold dust, jewelry, wheat from Japan, weapons, works of art and
-of utility in many metals, cultivated fruits, domesticated animals,
-earthenware, and a variety of agricultural products from their rich
-volcanic soil.
-
-
-[Able Agriculturists]
-
-The people understood how to make agricultural implements which,
-if crude by present standards, were nevertheless serviceable. They
-knew how to make machines, to hull and separate rice, to express oil
-from coconuts, and to weave their cloths. They worked out their own
-problems of irrigation and in their own way. The huge rice terraces in
-some parts of Luzon were and still are the wonder of all beholders. "I
-know of no more impressive examples of primitive engineering," says
-Dean C. Worcester, "than the terraced mountain-sides of Nueva Vizcaya
-beside which the terraced hills of Japan sink into insignificance."
-
-
-
-
-WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN LAWS.--The people had both written and unwritten
-laws. They were made and promulgated by the chiefs after consultation
-with the elders, and were "observed with so great exactness that it
-was not considered possible to break them in any circumstance."
-
-The laws covered many of the subjects which are common in modern
-times. A few of the most striking points were: Respect of parents
-and elders, carried to so great a degree that not even the name of
-one's father could pass the lips, in the same way as the Hebrews
-regarded the name of God. Even after reaching manhood and even after
-marriage, the son was under a strict obligation to obey his father and
-mother. Marriage had reached the stage of mutual consent. Marriage
-ceremonies approaching the religious were elaborate, according to
-rank. Husband and wife were equal socially and in the control of their
-property. Property was acquired principally by occupation, but also by
-gift, purchase, and succession. Wills were sometimes made. Contracts
-were strictly fulfilled. The Chinese writer, Wang Ta-yuan; in a book
-of 1349 says: "The natives and the traders having agreed on prices,
-they let the former carry off the goods and later on they bring the
-amount of native products agreed upon. The traders trust them, for
-they never fail to keep their bargains." In fact, non-performance of
-a contract was severely punished. Partnerships were formed and the
-respective obligations of the partners enforced.
-
-
-The Code of Calantiao.--The penal law was the most extensive. Penalties
-were severe, altho compared with present laws, they appear cruel and
-illogical. However, they compared favorably with Greek and Roman laws
-as well as with the contemporary Spanish and English criminal laws.
-
-Calantiao, the third chief of Panay, had, in 1433, promulgated a
-penal code. It ran as follows:
-
-
-   "Ye shall not kill; neither shall ye steal; neither shall ye do
-    harm to the aged; lest ye incur the danger of death. All those
-    who infringe this order shall be condemned to death by being
-    drowned with stones in the river, or in boiling water.
-
-   "Ye shall obey. Let all your debts with the headmen (principales)
-    be met punctually. He who does not obey shall receive for the
-    first offense one hundred lashes. If the debt is large, he shall
-    be condemned to thrust his hand thrice into boiling water. For
-    the second offense, he shall be condemned to be beaten to death.
-
-   "Observe and obey ye: let no one disturb the quiet of graves. When
-    passing by the caves and trees where they are, give respect
-    to them.
-
-   "Ye shall obey: he who makes exchange for food, let it be always
-    done in accordance with his word. He who does not comply, shall be
-    beaten for one hour, he who repeats the offense shall be exposed
-    for one day among ants.
-
-   "They shall be burned: Those who by their strength or cunning have
-    mocked at and escaped punishment; or who have killed young boys;
-    or try to steal away the women of agorangs (rich men).
-
-   "Those shall be killed who profane sites where idols are kept,
-    and sites where are buried the sacred things of their diuatas
-    (spirits) and headmen."
-
-
-[Testimonies of Occidental Writers]
-
-All which bespeak a culture of no mean order, and occidental writers
-themselves have given it the credit that it deserves, as shown by
-the following testimonies:
-
-
-   "They had already reached a considerable degree of civilization
-    at the time of the Spanish conquest."--Professor Ferdinand
-    Blumentritt.
-
-   "The inhabitants of these Islands were by no means savages,
-    entirely unreclaimed from barbarism, before the Spanish advent
-    in the sixteenth century. They had a culture of their own."--John
-    Foreman.
-
-   "The inhabitants of the Philippines possessed a culture of their
-    own prior to the coming of the Spaniards to the Islands. Those
-    along the coasts were the most advanced in civilization. Their
-    material wealth was considerable. The chief occupations were
-    agriculture, fishing, weaving, some manufacturing, and trade
-    both inter-island and with the mainland, generally in the form of
-    barter. They were expert navigators. They used standard weights
-    and measures. The year was divided into twelve lunar months. They
-    had a peculiar phonetic alphabet, wrote upon leaves, and had a
-    primitive literature. The majority of the people are said to have
-    been able to read and write."--Justice George A. Malcolm.
-
-   "The inhabitants practise various kinds of industry; they weave
-    matting of extraordinary fineness and of the brightest colors,
-    straw hats, cigar-cases and baskets; they manufacture cloth and
-    tissues of every sort from leaves of the aguana, make cambric of a
-    texture much finer than that of France; and they also manufacture
-    coarse strong cloth for sails, etc.; and ropes and cables of all
-    dimensions; they tan and dress leather and skins to perfection;
-    they manufacture coarse earthenware and forge and polish arms of
-    various kinds; they build ships of heavy tonnage and also light
-    and neat boats, and at Manila they frame and finish off beautiful
-    carriages; they are also very clever workers in gold and silver
-    and copper; and the Indian (Filipino) women are especially expert
-    in needlework and in all kinds of embroidery." (Twenty years in
-    the Philippines, pp. 304, 307.)
-
-
-PROGRESS DURING SPANISH RULE.--The Spanish rule in the Philippines
-lasted 350 years. The Spanish Crown meant well, but the way her
-policies were translated into deeds was all but desirable. The best
-men could not be induced to go to Manila. The Church wielded tremendous
-power, and at times was more powerful than the government itself. Each
-village was under the rule of a priest. Character was stifled; progress
-was deliberately discouraged; independence of thought stamped out.
-
-It would be doing Spain a great injustice, however, if no credit
-whatever is given her rule in the Philippine Islands. She introduced
-Christianity into the Islands and unequivocably converted the
-inhabitants to the creed, thus setting up the only Christian country
-in this part of the globe with a Christian outlook on life; in the
-women, particularly, the tenets of Christianity instilled dignity
-and it freed them from Hindu and Mohammedan degradations.
-
-
-[Schools and Colleges]
-
-Efforts were also taken to teach the people the rudiments
-of education. Access was thus given to the splendid tongue of
-Castile, and, thru that, to all the glories and traditions of Latin
-civilization. As early as 1866, for a population of 4,000,000 people,
-there were 841 schools for boys and 833 for girls. In 1892, six years
-before the coming of the Americans, there were 2,137 schools. There
-were also colleges and universities where professional training
-was given. The colleges were: University of Santo Tomas, Manila,
-established in 1611 (twenty-five years older than Harvard); San Juan
-de Letran, Municipal Athenaeum, Normal School, College of San Jose,
-the Nautical School, the School of Commercial Accounting, the Academy
-of Painting and Drawing, and many other private schools, fourteen
-of which were in Manila. There were also seminaries in Manila,
-Nueva Segovia, Cebu, Jaro, and Nueva Caceres, where all branches of
-secondary instruction were taught in addition to those prescribed
-for the priesthood.
-
-Many of the prominent Filipinos in Philippine history, as stated above,
-including the national hero, Jose Rizal, had their first instructions
-in these schools established by Spain.
-
-
-[Filipino Record Abroad]
-
-A number of the ambitious students were sent by their parents
-to complete their education in Spain, France, England, Belgium,
-and Germany. Groups of these young men took part in the various
-liberal movements of nineteenth century Europe. They wrote and
-spoke in behalf of liberal institutions for the Islands, in terms
-that would have cost them their lives in the Philippines; in fact,
-Rizal was put to death upon his return to his native land. Several of
-these young Filipinos even rose to eminence in the public service,
-a right which was denied them at home except in a few cases in the
-minor judiciary. In the eighties and nineties, a group of them of
-which Rizal, Juan Luna, Resurreccion Hidalgo, M. H. del Pilar, Lopez
-Jaena, Pedro A. Paterno, and Dr. Pardo de Tavera were the leading
-spirits--made a deep impression in the literary and artistic circles of
-Madrid, Paris, and Berlin. A newspaper was founded by them in Madrid to
-further their political views. Although proscribed in the Philippines,
-their books and articles were circulated secretly in the Islands and
-helped to arouse the people and to consolidate the growing unrest.
-
-
-Opinions of Foreign Authors.--On Spain's achievements in the
-Philippines, foreign authors have been considerate. The famous French
-explorer of the Pacific, for example, La Perouse, who was in Manila
-in 1787, wrote:
-
-
-   "Three million people inhabit these different islands, and that
-    of Luzon contains nearly a third of them. These people seem to
-    me no way inferior to those of Europe; they cultivate the soil
-    with intelligence, they are carpenters, cabinet-makers, smiths,
-    jewelers, weavers masons, etc. I have gone through their villages
-    and I have found them kind, hospitable, and affable." ("Voyage
-    de la Perouse autour du Monde," Paris, 1787, II, p. 347.)
-
-   "Almost every other country of the (Malay or Indian) Archipelago
-    is, at this day, in point of wealth, power, and civilization,
-    in a worse state than when Europeans connected themselves with
-    them three centuries back. The Philippines alone have improved in
-    civilization, wealth, and populousness. ("History of the Indian
-    Archipelago," by John Crawford, F. R. S. Edinburgh, 1820, Vol. ii,
-    pp. 447, 488.)
-
-
-The Austrian professor, Ferdinand Blumentritt, wrote in La Solidaridad
-of October 15, 1899, to this effect:
-
-
-   "If the general condition of the civilization of the Tagalos,
-    Pampangos, Bicols, Bisayans, Ilocanos, Cagayanes, and Sambales
-    is compared to the European constitutional countries of Servia,
-    Roumania, Bulgaria, and Greece, the Spanish-Filipino civilization
-    of the said Indian districts is greater and of larger extent than
-    of those countries."
-
-
-And the foremost American scholar on the Philippines, gives the
-following resume of the results of the Spanish administration:
-
-
-   "The Spaniards did influence the Filipinos profoundly, and on the
-    whole for the better. There were ways, indeed, in which their
-    record as a colonizing power in the Philippines stands today
-    unique in all the world for its benevolent achievement and its
-    substantial accomplishment of net progress. We do not need to
-    gloss over the defects of Spain; we do not need to condone the
-    backward and halting policy which at last turned the Filipinos
-    against Spanish rule, nor to regret the final outcome of events,
-    in order to do Spain justice. But we must do full justice to her
-    actual achievements, if not as ruler, at any rate as teacher and
-    missionary, in order to put the Filipinos of today in their proper
-    category." (Le Roy: "Philippine Life in Town and Country," 1905,
-    pp. 6, 7.)
-
-
-[The Background on Which America Had Built]
-
-It was on all that cultural background--the native and the
-Spaniard--that America had built. Without belittling what she, alone,
-has done for the Filipinos since 1898 it hardly can be disputed that
-the rapid progress towards modern democracy in the Islands has been due
-mainly to the materials she found there. This fact has made her task
-a great deal easier, and is the reason why even the early military
-governors thought best to preserve the old municipal institutions
-with very slight changes.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-III. THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
-
-
-The earlier revolutions against Spain were actuated by well-defined
-causes. They have been summarized as follows:
-
-
-[Causes of Earlier Revolutions]
-
-(1) Denial of freedom of speech and press; (2) desire for Filipino
-representation; (3) proceedings by which a man was condemned without
-being heard; (4) violation of domicile and correspondence on mere
-secret denunciations; (5) agitation for the secularization of parishes;
-(6) political and civil equality for Filipinos and Spaniards; (7)
-desire for promulgation of the Spanish Constitution in the Philippines;
-and (7) the martyrdom of Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora, and later of Rizal.
-
-
-[The Revolution of 1896]
-
-The revolution of 1896, however, had an additional cause which was
-dominant in the minds of the leaders. It was "Liberty, Equality,
-and Fraternity." In the words of General Aguinaldo in a manifesto,
-"We aspire to the glory of obtaining the Liberty, Independence,
-and Honor of the Country."
-
-
-[The Pact of Biac-na-Bato]
-
-This revolution was halted in 1897 by the Pact of Biac-na-Bato,
-which was signed between the Revolutionists and the Spanish
-authorities. There were three outstanding stipulations in the pact:
-
-First, that the Filipino leaders should leave the country for the
-time being.
-
-Second, that liberal and sweeping reforms would be introduced without
-delay.
-
-Third, that the sum of $800,000 would be paid the Filipinos in two
-instalments, as evidence of good faith.
-
-The Filipinos complied with their part of the agreement; Aguinaldo and
-his followers went to Hongkong. But the Spaniards did not comply with
-theirs; only $400,000 was paid to the revolutionists and no reforms
-were introduced.
-
-
-[The Republic]
-
-Accordingly, Aguinaldo and his companions returned to the Islands
-and renewed the struggle. On June 12, 1898 at Kawit, Cavite, they
-proclaimed the Independence of the Philippines from Spain. Soon
-afterwards a Philippine Republic was ratified, with General Aguinaldo
-as President. The capital was established at Malolos about 30 miles
-from Manila. There an elective Congress sat regularly, passed laws,
-levied taxes, administered revenues, kept in motion the machinery of
-justice, directed a military organization, carried on efficient war
-and constantly appealed to the patriotism of the people.
-
-
-[Governmental Machinery Set Up]
-
-A complete governmental machinery was set up. The government was
-declared to be "popular, representative, and responsible." Church
-and state were made separate, and, profiting by the experience of
-the past, freedom of religious worship was expressly recognized in
-the Constitution. The powers of government were made to reside in
-three distinct entities--the legislative, the executive, and the
-judicial, to be entirely separate. It was declared that no two of
-these powers should be vested in a single person or corporation,
-nor can the legislative power be conferred on a single individual
-alone. The government was recognized throughout the islands and had
-the wholehearted support of the entire population.
-
-At the time America insisted in imposing her sovereignty and authority
-not only were the Filipinos in military control of the country; they
-were administering its political affairs as well. This they did from
-the establishment of the Republic until the autumn of 1899. "Up to
-that time," writes Albert G. Robinson, of the New York Evening Post,
-"the territory occupied by the forces of the United States in the
-Island of Luzon was confined to a very limited area in the vicinity
-of Manila, with a filamentary extension northward for some fifty
-or sixty miles along the Manila-Dagupan railway. Very much the
-same condition obtained on the other islands. One thing is certain:
-although greatly disturbed by the conditions of war, this territory
-was under some form of governmental administration."
-
-
-
-
-THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION.--The fundamental law that had been prepared
-and adopted by the independent government has since then been known as
-the "Malolos Constitution." This Philippine Magna Carta embodied the
-advanced thought of the times and was replete with sound principles. It
-had all the requisites of a "fundamental law of the land"--an
-enumeration of individual rights, the organization of the state
-and of the government, provisions pertaining to the public welfare
-(such as education, appropriation, the militia, local government,
-impeachment, etc.) and provisions for constitutional revisions.
-
-
-[Salient Features]
-
-The Parliamentary System of government was adopted as best suited to
-the needs of the archipelago. Sovereignty was to reside in the people
-through their duly elected representatives. The aim throughout was to
-adopt a government and a social order essentially democratic, without
-those privileges of caste or classes which were the determinant causes
-of the revolution. The popular assembly was to be the directing power.
-
-The following progressive principles were enunciated:
-
-(1) That no one should be tried in courts created by private laws or by
-special tribunals; (2) that throughout the republic there should not be
-more than one kind of court for all citizens both in civil, criminal,
-and military actions; (3) that no person or corporation should be given
-emoluments that were not as compensation for public service fixed
-by law; (4) there shall be no primogeniture nor should decorations
-and titles of nobility be accepted; (5) that every Filipino citizen
-shall enjoy the right of meeting, association, petition, and liberty
-of the press; (6) freedom of religious worship throughout the land and
-inviolability of domicile, correspondence, and property; (7) the right
-of habeas corpus; (8) gratuitous and compulsory public instruction;
-(9) taxes to be in proportion to the income of the taxpayers.
-
-The legislative power was vested in an unicameral assembly. The
-representatives elected by the people were to be representatives of
-the entire nation and could not bind themselves to specific mandates
-from their constituents.
-
-The President of the republic and the Assembly were to initiate laws.
-
-Impeachment of high officials of the government was unhesitatingly
-made a part of the fundamental law. Even the President of the republic
-could be impeached in cases of high treason.
-
-A permanent commission was created to take the place of the assembly
-during recess, the motive behind its creation being that legislative
-bodies should be permanent because the popular will works continually
-and consequently should be continually represented in the governmental
-machinery.
-
-The permanent commission was to be composed of seven members elected
-by the assembly from among its members. Its powers were:
-
-(1) To declare if a certain official of the government should be
-impeached; (2) to convene the assembly to an extraordinary session in
-cases in which it should constitute itself into a tribunal of justice
-to consider impeachments; (3) to resolve all pending questions with
-a view to bringing them before the assembly for consideration; (4) to
-convoke the assembly to special sessions whenever these are necessary;
-(5) to substitute the assembly in its power regarding the. constitution
-with the exception that the permanent commission can not pass laws.
-
-The executive power was vested in the President of the Republic who
-exercised it through his secretaries.
-
-The President of the Republic was elected by the constituent assembly
-by an absolute majority of votes. His term of office was four years
-but might be reelected. The powers of the President were expressly
-enumerated. The secretaries of departments constituted the Cabinet,
-presided over by the President. There were seven departments--foreign
-relations; interior; finance; war and navy; public instruction;
-communications and public works; agriculture, industry, and commerce.
-
-Ministerial responsibility was established so that whenever a cabinet
-had lost the confidence of the majority of the assembly its members
-were morally bound to resign.
-
-The judicial power was vested in a supreme court and in such other
-tribunals as might be created by law. The judiciary was made absolutely
-independent of the legislative and executive departments. The chief
-justice and the attorney-general were appointed by the Assembly with
-the concurrence of the President and of the cabinet.
-
-Provinces and municipalities were given administrative autonomy. The
-central government intervened in their acts only when they over-stepped
-their powers to the prejudice of general or individual interests.
-
-A Constituent Assembly was to be convened in case of an election
-of the President of the Republic and whenever there were proposed
-changes in the constitution. In either of these two cases the regular
-assembly was dissolved by the President and the Constituent Assembly
-convoked. The constituent assembly was to be composed of the same
-members of the regular assembly plus special representatives.
-
-Such was the framework of the governmental machinery created by the
-first republican constitution ever promulgated in the East. In the
-words of General Aguinaldo, the Constitution was "the most glorious
-note in the noble aspirations of the Philippine revolution and is
-an irrefutable proof before the civilized world of the culture and
-capacity of the Filipino people to govern themselves."
-
-
-Comments of Foreigners.--The comments of unbiased foreigners on
-this ill-fated attempt of the Filipino people to live an independent
-existence all point to the fact that the Republic together with the
-constitution the independent government had established was a great
-work of an unquestionably able people.
-
-John Barrett, ex-director of the Pan-American Union, saw the Philippine
-Republic in operation, and described it as follows:
-
-
-   "It is a government which has practically been administering
-    the affairs of that great island, 'Luzon' since the American
-    possession of Manila, and is certainly better than the former
-    administration. It had a properly formed Cabinet and Congress,
-    the members of which, in appearance and manners, would compare
-    favorably with the Japanese statesmen."
-
-
-Admiral Dewey, after studying Philippine conditions, during the
-Spanish-American War, spoke of the Filipinos as follows:
-
-
-   "In my opinion, these people are far more superior in intelligence
-    and more capable of self-government than the natives of Cuba. I
-    am familiar with both races."
-
-
-General Merrit, on his arrival in Paris in October, 1898, was reported
-as saying:
-
-
-   "The Filipinos impressed me very favorably. I think great injustice
-    has been done to the native population.... They are more capable
-    of self-government than, I think, the Cubans are. They are
-    considered to be good Catholics. They have lawyers, doctors,
-    the men of kindred professions, who stand well in the community,
-    and bear favorable comparison to those of other countries. They
-    are dignified, courteous, and reserved."
-
-
-Leonard Sargent, a naval cadet, and W. B. Wilcox, paymaster of the
-Navy, after travelling over the Island of Luzon, at that time wrote
-a report of their trip, which was referred by Admiral Dewey to the
-Navy Department with the indorsement that it was "the most complete
-information obtainable." Mr. Sargent remarked:
-
-
-   "Although this government has never been recognized, and in all
-    probability will go out of existence without recognition, yet,
-    it cannot be denied that, in a region occupied by many millions
-    of inhabitants, for nearly six months, it stood alone between
-    anarchy and order.
-
-   "As a tribute to the efficiency of Aguinaldo's government and
-    to the law-abiding character of his subjects, I offer the fact
-    that Mr. Wilcox and I pursued our journey throughout in perfect
-    security, and returned to Manila with only the most pleasing
-    recollections of the quiet and orderly life which we found the
-    natives to be leading under the new regime."
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-IV. POPULATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-
-[A Homogeneous People]
-
-The Filipinos are a homogeneous people. An American, Dr. Merton Miller,
-former chief ethnologist of the Philippine Bureau of Science is the
-foremost authority for the claim that:
-
-
-   "From the extreme northern end of the Archipelago to its
-    southernmost limits, with the exception of the few scattered
-    Negritos, the people of the Philippines, pagan, Moro and Christian
-    are one racially. There is some reason for believing that they
-    migrated into the islands at two different times. But in all
-    probability they came from the same general region and have a
-    common ancestry.
-
-   "There are many different languages or dialects in the Philippines
-    but all are closely related one to another, the pronunciation
-    and mode of speech vary but little from one section of the
-    Philippines to another and the majority of the words are common
-    to two or more of the Philippine languages. These languages,
-    whether spoken by pagan, Moro or Christian, belong to the great
-    Malayo-Polynesian family, branches of which are found in Sumatra,
-    the Hawaiian Islands, Madagascar and on many islands between."
-
-
-Ex-President Taft has the following to say about Filipino homogeneity:
-
-
-   "The word 'tribe' gives an erroneous impression. There is no
-    tribal relation among the Filipinos. There is a racial solidarity
-    among them undoubtedly. They are homogeneous. I can not tell the
-    difference between an Ilocano and a Tagalog or a Visayan.... To
-    me all the Filipinos were alike."
-
-
-While Governor General Harrison, before a joint committee of Congress,
-expressed himself thus:
-
-
-   "To my way of thinking, they are very remarkably homogeneous,
-    quite as much so as any nation in the world to-day with which
-    I have any acquaintance. From one end of the Philippine Islands
-    to the other the people look very much alike; their manners are
-    very much the same; their style of living is about the same;
-    and they are being generally educated along the same lines by
-    the government and by the private schools, which are cooeperating
-    with the government. So that I think they already have one of
-    the prime requisites to a nationality, namely, a general and
-    universal feeling that they belong to the same race of people."
-
-
-[Total Population]
-
-The total population of the Philippine Islands according to the
-Census of 1918 is 10,350,640. Of this number 9,495,272 are Christians,
-while 855,368 are non-Christian so-called. The non-Christian element,
-therefore, represents 8.2 per cent of the total population. In this
-number are included the Mohammedans of the South and the Igorots and
-other mountaineers, who have been so widely advertised abroad and
-often represented as typical Filipinos.
-
-
-                       FOREIGN POPULATION OF THE
-                           PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-                        American            6,405
-                        Spanish             4,015
-                        English             1,063
-                        German                312
-                        French                218
-                        Swiss                 451
-                        Chinese            45,156
-                        Japanese            6,684
-                        All others          1,111
-                        Total              65,415
-
-
-                         COMPARATIVE POPULATION
-
-                        Philippines    10,350,640
-                        Argentina       8,284,000
-                        Belgium         7,658,000
-                        Canada          8,361,000
-                        Australia       4,971,000
-                        Cuba            2,628,000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-V. GEOGRAPHICAL ITEMS OF INTEREST
-
-
-The Philippine Archipelago is entirely in the Tropics. They lie north
-of the Dutch and British Island of Borneo and the Dutch Island of
-Celebes; South of the Japanese Island of Formosa; East of French
-Indo-China, and Southeast of Hongkong and the Southern provinces
-of China.
-
-
-[Number of Islands]
-
-There are 7,083 islands in all extending 1,152 statute miles from
-north to south and 688 statute miles from east to west. Two thousand
-four hundred and forty-one of the Islands have names, while 4,642
-are unnamed. The northernmost Island known as Y'Ami Island is 65
-miles from Formosa while the southernmost, called Salwag, 4 deg. 40'
-from the Equator, is only 30 miles east of Borneo.
-
-
-[Total Land Area]
-
-The total land area of the entire archipelago is approximately 115,000
-square miles. This is in excess of the combined areas of the States
-of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; only about
-7,000 square miles less than the total area of the British Isles;
-about 5,000 square miles more than the total area of Italy; and about
-two-thirds the size of Spain. Luzon Island alone which is the largest
-is as large as Denmark, Belgium, and Holland combined. It contains
-46,969 square miles. Mindanao, the second largest, is about equal in
-area to Portugal. Ten islands contain more than 10,000 square miles
-each or 6,400,000 acres; while 20 of the islands have between 100 and
-1,000 square miles each. About seven-eighths of the total number of
-islands composing the Archipelago contain less than 1 square mile each.
-
-
-[Bays and Straits]
-
-There are twenty-one fine harbors and eight land-locked straits. Manila
-Bay with an area of 770 square miles and a circumference of 120 miles
-is reputed to be the finest in the Far East. It is said that it can
-accommodate the entire fleet of the world. It is a roadstead, in all
-parts of which vessels can anchor. Manila, Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga,
-and Jolo are at present the ports of entry.
-
-The interisland waters are shallow, averaging between seventy-five
-and five hundred fathoms.
-
-
-[Mountains]
-
-There are at least seven principal mountain ranges and twenty more
-or less active volcanoes. Mount Apo in Mindanao is the highest being
-9,610 feet. Canlaon in Negros is second with 7,995 feet; Mayon in
-Albay third, with 7,943 feet.
-
-
-[Rivers]
-
-Nearly all the principal islands have important river systems. In
-Luzon are the Rio Grande de Cagayan, 220 miles long, which drains
-16,000 square miles of territory, the Rio Grande de Pampanga,
-emptying into Manila Bay through a dozen mouths, the Agno, the Abra,
-Bued, and the more familiar Pasig. The Rio Grande de Mindanao, 330
-miles long, is the largest in the Islands, and the Agusan, also in
-Mindanao, is the third in size. Mindoro has 60 rivers and Samar,
-26. In Panay, are the Jalaud and Panay and in Negros the Danao and
-the Lanao. Inter-island steamers berth in the Pasig as far as the
-Jones Bridge. The larger rivers, in addition to being navigable for
-steamers and launches of light draft for distances of from 20 to 200
-miles, could furnish abundant water power for manufacturing purposes.
-
-
-[Lakes]
-
-Mindanao, especially the basin of the Agusan, has a vast number of
-lakes, among them the famous lakes Lanao, Mainit, and Lagusan. Laguna
-de Bay, near Manila, Lake Naujan in Mindoro, Taal, and Bombon lakes
-in Batangas, and Lake Bito in Leyte are also noted for size and beauty.
-
-
-[Falls]
-
-The Falls of Pagsanjan and the Botocan at Majayjay, in Laguna Province;
-the Maria Cristina, the Pigduktan, and Kalilokan, in Mindanao, are
-the largest and most beautiful.
-
-
-[Mineral Springs]
-
-Some 170 or more medico-mineral springs, hot and cold, are known in
-the Islands, many rivaling the most famous of Europe and America. Near
-Manila are those of Los Banos, Sibul, Lemery, Tivi, and Marilao.
-
-
-[Climate]
-
-Father Algue, the world famous Director of the Weather Bureau,
-divides the climate into three types, the classification being based
-on distance above sea level and exposure to ocean breezes.
-
-November, December, January, and February are the temperate
-months. The mean average temperature at this season is about 77 deg. to 79 deg.
-Fahrenheit. In April, May, and June, the hot months, the mean average
-is between 83 deg. and 84 deg.. In other months it is about 80 deg.. The nights
-are seldom unpleasantly hot even in the hot season, and a temperature
-of 100 deg. is a rarity in Manila. The mountain regions of the north are
-cool as September in the temperate zone. The mean average maximum
-for Baguio is 80 deg. and the minimum 53 deg.. Far south, nearer the equator,
-in some localities it is hotter; but Zamboanga and the Provinces of
-Bukidnon and Lanao boast a most agreeable and healthful climate.
-
-The climate is thus mildly tropical. Sunstrokes are unknown. The
-recorded death rate per 1,000 whites in Manila for 1917 was 8.8, as
-compared with 16.5 for New York, 15 for San Francisco, 14 for Chicago,
-18 for Glasgow, and 22 for Belfast.
-
-
-                          DIFFERENCES IN TIME
-
-            Manila is in advance of:
-                London             8 hours and 3 minutes.
-                New York           12 hours and 59 minutes.
-                San Francisco      16 hours and 11 minutes.
-                Washington         13 hours.
-
-
-                           COMPARATIVE AREAS
-
-                                                         Sq. Miles
-      Philippines                                          114,400
-      British Isles                                        121,438
-      New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware     104,970
-      Japan                                                147,698
-      Hungary                                              125,641
-      Italy                                                110,660
-      Norway                                               124,675
-
-
-
-
-RAINFALL
-
-Maximum days of rain in July, August, September.
-
-Minimum days of rain in February and March.
-
-Dry Season: November to May, inclusive.
-
-Wet Season: June to October, inclusive.
-
-Typhoons: Frequent in July, August, September, and October.
-
-The lowest average rainfall for the last twelve years for the whole
-Archipelago was 60.73 inches in the driest region, the highest,
-125.68, in the wettest. Manila's average was 75.46.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-VI. THE CITY OF MANILA
-
-
-[Entrance to Manila Bay]
-
-You enter Manila Bay thru a narrow passage in the middle of which is
-the famous Island of Corregidor, the "Rock," the "Gibraltar of the Far
-East," the "Home of the Big Guns," that guards the harbor. It is also
-a hydroplane station of the United States. The island is a stalwart
-sentinel, as it were, at the harbor's mouth. Nearby are two other
-"watch dogs" of Uncle Sam, known as "El Fraile" and "El Carabao,"
-two other well fortified islands holding many a surprise for any
-invading fleet.
-
-Down the bay your steamer glides amid the shipping of many nations
-and the launches of the customs and quarantine soon appear to "look
-the stranger over."
-
-
-
-
-MANILA.--After the quarantine and customs inspection you get off
-your steamer and you are in Manila, the capital of the Philippine
-Archipelago. Your first impressions are of the tourist sort. Your
-interest is immediately arrested by the dress and habits of the
-Filipinos, of the Chinese, and of the various residents from every
-quarter of the globe. The water buffalo or the carabao, the one horse
-carriage, or the carromata, and the slippers, or "chinelas," worn in
-the streets by the poor will startle you to the realization that you
-are in a world other than your own. The every-day clothes worn by the
-people give you an ensemble of all the colors imaginable, more so when
-there is a procession, parade or similar festivities--royal purple,
-plum, heliotrope, magenta, psolferino, scarlet, geranium, salmon,
-pinks, greens, vivid and tender, all the blues, yellow, orange,
-champaca, in short every hue, shade, and tint that art has borrowed
-from nature or has invented.
-
-You stroll around the City and one of the first things you notice
-is the various means of transportation. There is the automobile,
-from the popular Ford Lizzie to the Packard Limousine; there is the
-one-horse carriage, in shape and looks unique in the world; and there
-is the street car propelled by the familiar electricity.
-
-The Walled City.--Near the pier you see a cluster of buildings
-enclosed by solid stone walls about twenty feet high. This is the
-famous Walled City or Intramuros, a remnant of Spanish days. It is
-something less than a mile long and half a mile wide. The walls used to
-be fortresses with which the Spaniards used to repel the many attacks
-and invasions. To go into this Walled City is to remind you of Madrid,
-Spain, with all its narrow streets and typical Spanish buildings. The
-walls had been begun prior to the end of the sixteenth century;
-before the next was far advanced, the place boasted of a cathedral,
-hospitals, and a university; walled Manila had grown into quite a city.
-
-The Walled City is the original Manila, of which every other part of
-the modern city is, historically speaking, a suburb. Its battlemented
-wall is a little over 2 1/2 miles in circuit, and is still for the
-most part in an excellent state of preservation. The age of the walls
-is hard to state; its oldest existing portions were undoubtedly built
-before the end of the sixteenth century, but it has been continuously
-patched and added to, almost up to the present generation. Parts of it
-are from twenty to thirty feet in height and thickness. Considering
-everything, it makes this district one of the best examples of a
-mediaeval walled town in existence.
-
-
-[Fort Santiago]
-
-While in this Walled City, do not fail to visit Fort Santiago, the
-oldest part of Spanish Manila, long the citadel of the city, and now
-the headquarters of the United States Army in the Philippines. It
-probably stands very nearly on the site of the native fort which the
-Spanish reconnoitering expedition carried by assault in 1570. It
-has undergone comparatively little external change in three
-centuries. There are plenty of traditions connected with the old
-place--stories of cells below the river level for the "unintentional"
-execution of inconvenient persons, and of chambers found filled with
-dislocated skeletons. Though none of these places are now identifiable,
-it is a historical fact that one cell, either in the fort or in the
-wall to the east of it (since removed), was the scene, as late as the
-night of the 31st of August, 1896, of a tragedy much resembling that of
-the Black Hole of Calcutta. Fifty-six out of sixty Filipinos who had
-been crowded into it, on being arrested on suspicion of complicity
-in the insurrection then raging, were the victims of the poisoned
-atmosphere or of the desperate struggle that took place within.
-
-Pursuing your travels around Manila you see an admixture of the
-quaintly native, of the mediaeval, and of the strictly modern. In
-architecture, you see splendid examples of Grecian, Moorish, Spanish,
-Renaissance, Gothic, and Byzantine. Likewise you see many native nipa
-houses, small yet cool and cozy, and exceedingly appropriate for the
-needs of the climate.
-
-
-[Three Manilas]
-
-For in reality there are three Manilas, which are still
-noticeable. First, there is the Manila of the original Malay, which,
-with its nipa shacks, its carabaos, and its quaint fishing boats,
-exists much as it did in the days of Raja Lacandola. Secondly,
-there is the Manila of the sixteenth and seventeenth century
-Spaniard--adventurer, merchant, and crusader in equal parts--who, in
-the churches and convents, the walls and gates, and the half-Moorish
-domestic architecture, has left ineffaceable memorials of the fact
-that this, the oldest of the European settlements in the East, was in
-its day among the chief glories of the "once imperial race." Finally,
-there is the Americanized Manila of to-day, the town of electricity,
-motor cars, macadamized roads and sewers and steel bridges, well on
-its way to become one of the beautiful cities of the world.
-
-
-[Costumes]
-
-The costumes of the women are admittedly unique and attractive. Old
-Spain gave the peasant's neckerchief that has evolved into the panuelo;
-the court train of her damas gave the saya; her priests gave the
-tapis; the ground plan is Malayan, the sleeves swelled to suit the
-climate. This, which has changed but little in over three centuries,
-is the predominating model; but America, Paris, half Asia, and the
-South Pacific contribute also to the revue des modes: georgette crepe
-and coconut fiber rain cape and skirt, white duck and rengue, all in
-the same rain shower on the same block.
-
-
-[The Shops]
-
-Modern shops with plate-glass fronts, office buildings with their
-elevators, elbow in between the open-fronted Chino shops of the
-Rosario. And the carabao snails by, and the "little gray hawk" that
-"hangs aloft in the air," happens to be an aeroplane.
-
-
-[The Pasig]
-
-Down by the entrance to the Pasig River modern steamers are warped
-to the river wall, and farther up dumpy river launches shuffle about
-their work of conveying to the big household of Manila chickens,
-pigs, fruits, and vegetables; a string of bamboo-roofed cascoes lie
-in wait by the market; sturdy bargemen with thirty-foot bamboo poles
-shove the unwieldy lorchas about, and the tiny bancas now toddle
-bravely along, now reel and wobble from the cuffs of their elders. The
-river is navigable for miles, and a trip upstream reveals successive
-combinations of meadows, high banks fringed with feathery bamboo,
-and here and there a village with its nipa houses and its gray stone
-church embowered in groves of coconuts and mangoes.
-
-
-
-
-OTHER PLACES OF INTEREST
-
-[Churches]
-
-You will find them at every turn. To see her churches alone, in
-detail--St. Augustine's, built in 1599, with its ceiling of solid stone
-nearly four feet thick, and the illustrious dead beneath its hardwood
-floor; St. Sebastian's of solid steel made in Belgium and brought out
-in sections and assembled; St. Ignatius' and others with exquisitely
-carved woodwork, the work of Filipinos; their altars, statues and
-paintings--to appreciate their architecture and the engineering skill
-that erected them would require not days or weeks, but months.
-
-
-[The Cathedral]
-
-Special mention should be made of the Cathedral, the historic edifice
-which has witnessed so many rare and brilliant ceremonies. It is
-a most ornate and yet harmonious structure. The massive dome can
-be seen from far out at sea. The nave of the cathedral is of most
-majestic proportions and its pillars and clusters, with their gilded
-capitals, are handsome. The cupola rises to an immense height and has
-an inside balcony. Its four corners are frescoed, and the subjects
-are the "Four Evangelists." A beautiful sky, with angel heads, upon
-which stands the statue of the Immaculate Concepcion, is just above
-the high altar and around it, in sort of a frieze, are the heads of
-the apostles, while in the transepts, are the heads of the prophets,
-kings, and patriarchs. The architecture of the cathedral is of Roman
-Byzantine Style.
-
-
-[The Ayuntamiento]
-
-On the right hand side of the cathedral, the traveler sees the
-Ayuntamiento, a two-story building, the original seat of the Spanish
-government, now the headquarters of the House of Representatives and
-of the six departments of the Philippine government. The cornerstone
-of this building was laid in 1735. On the main landing of its imposing
-staircase is a statue, a replica of that in the "Biblioteca Nacional"
-at Madrid, of Juan Sebastian Elcano, the navigator who, after the death
-of Magellan, brought to a safe conclusion the first voyage around the
-world. The doors in either side of the statue lead to the Marble Hall,
-named from its marble floor, where the house of representatives sits
-and where official receptions and state entertainments are often held.
-
-
-[University of Santo Tomas]
-
-In the rear of the Ayuntamiento, and occupying the other half of the
-same block, stands the building of the University of Santo Tomas,
-founded in 1619, the oldest educational institution of collegiate
-rank under American sovereignty. It is under the direction of the
-Dominican Order and has departments for the education of students
-in all the principal professions. It keeps a valuable and extensive
-collection of zooelogical, ethnological, and other scientific specimens
-which is open to male visitors only (the university being by origin a
-monastic institution) on Sunday mornings from 9 to 11. In the little
-plaza on which the building fronts is a statue of Miguel Benavides,
-the second Archbishop of Manila, and founder of the University.
-
-
-[The Dominican Church]
-
-At the end of this plaza stands the great Gothic Dominican Church,
-one of the very few examples of that style in the city. It has very
-fine doors and a beautifully decorated altar and pulpit. Connected
-with it, as with all the old churches of the friar orders, is an
-enormous convent, very plain outside, but containing much of interest
-within--ancient libraries and some very quaint courtyards, cloisters,
-refection halls, and a series of religious pictures.
-
-Just back of this church is the gap in the wall, thru which the car
-line from the commercial center of the city enters. Hard by is the
-Intendencia Building, in which is located the Insular Treasury and
-the offices and session hall of the Philippine Senate. Behind this,
-on the river front, is a modest monument to Magellan, the one memorial
-of the great discoverer in the capital of the land he brought in
-contact with Latin civilization.
-
-
-[Avenues]
-
-The Walled City, except for a short space where the battlements of
-Fort Santiago are washed by the river, is completely surrounded by
-fine avenues, all bordered on the inside by the stretch of green which
-has replaced the former moat. The Magallanes Drive runs for a short
-distance between the walls and the Pasig river to the northeast. To
-the west is the Bonifacio Drive, with an avenue of palms. This is
-now bounded on its farther side by the new Port District, but in old
-days was the seaside promenade of Manila. The circuit of the wall is
-completed by the Bagumbayan Drive (now Burgos Drive), which sweeps
-in a beautiful acacia-bordered quadrant around the east, southeast,
-and south.
-
-This avenue will, in a few years, be completely lined with Government
-buildings and grounds. It begins at the river, near the end of the
-Jones Bridge. Continuing down it toward the bay the traveler passes
-first the Mehan Gardens, really a public park, of moderate size,
-finely kept. It was the result of the work of a Spanish botanist and
-forester, Sebastian Vidal y Soler, of whom a statue stands in its
-midst. The garden was completely neglected and used as a camping
-ground during the insurrection, but was restored by the present
-Government. Beyond the garden in succession, are the buildings of
-the Bureau of Printing and the present temporary City Hall. The
-street branching off to the left between these is Calle Concepcion,
-on the right hand side of which, immediately back of the City Hall,
-are the buildings of the Young Men's Christian Association.
-
-Turning to the left from the riverside of the Botanical Garden and
-crossing the Pasig River on the Santa Cruz Bridge, then turning to the
-right, the traveler comes across another important and imposing avenue,
-called the Rizal Avenue. This avenue begins from the heart of the
-commercial district of the city, and leads to the northern suburb of
-Manila, which is destined to be one of the best residential sections.
-
-The principal attractions on this avenue, are the Grand Opera House
-where periodical performances are held by foreign opera companies,
-the Stadium where prize fighting is held between Filipino boxers as
-well as between Filipino and foreign boxers, the Central Methodist
-Church, and the San Lazaro Hospital.
-
-
-[Bilibid Prison]
-
-This avenue is intersected by an equally broad thoroughfare formed by
-Azcarraga Street, on which are numerous small shops, several theaters
-of various grades, and several residential homes. On the sea-side of
-this thoroughfare is situated the Cathedral of the Independent Filipino
-Church, an institution headed by Archbishop Aglipay, and having about
-3,000,000 members. Other places of interest are the Zorrilla Theater,
-the Centro Escolar de Senoritas, a private school for girls, being
-the biggest institution of the kind in Manila, and Bilibid Prison,
-the great central penitentiary of the Philippines and one of the
-largest and best-managed institutions of the kind in the world.
-
-The average number of inmates of Bilibid Prison is between 2,500 and
-3,000. The main part of the prison, which altogether covers twenty
-acres, consists of well-ventilated wards radiating from a central
-tower; cells are little used. There is a fine hospital, a school,
-and a highly developed system of industries. Visitors are admitted
-everyday for the ceremony of retreat, which occurs at about 4:30 in
-the afternoon. The salesroom, where the products of the prison shops
-may be seen and purchased, are open to the public during the regular
-office hours. Perhaps the best work is to be found in the furniture of
-native hardwood; but the wicker furniture, the desk sets, and other
-small articles of hardwood, the silverware, and the local curios are
-well worth inspection.
-
-
-[Taft Avenue]
-
-Another wide and picturesque avenue branches off from Burgos Drive,
-a short distance from the City Hall. This is called the Taft Avenue,
-after the first civil governor of the Philippines, Honorable William
-H. Taft, now Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Along
-this avenue are several modern concrete buildings, the most important
-of which are the Philippine Normal School, the Normal Hall, a dormitory
-for ladies, the Santa Rita's Hall, the Central School for American
-and European children, the Nurses' Home, and the Philippine General
-Hospital.
-
-Turning to the right, on Padre Faura Street, the traveler comes across
-a number of the buildings of the Philippine University, all of which
-are of reinforced concrete and modern in every respect. The large
-vacant space behind these buildings is the University Campus where
-athletic exercises and military drills are held almost every afternoon.
-
-
-[Central Observatory]
-
-Further on to the left on this same street, is the Central Observatory
-of the Philippine Weather Bureau. This intensely interesting
-institution is open to the public on Tuesdays from half past 2 to
-half past 4 in the afternoon and on Saturdays from half past 8 to
-half past 11 in the morning. It is one of the oldest and best of
-its kind in the East, having been founded in 1865 by the Jesuits
-and operated continuously since then, even in 1898, while hostile
-armies were contending for the possession of the city. The founder
-and director for many years was Fr. Frederic Faura, after whom the
-street on which the building stands is named. The present head is
-Fr. Jose Algue, who has made for himself a world-wide reputation
-as a meteorologist. It is still directed by specially trained Jesuit
-priests and supported financially by an arrangement with the Philippine
-Government. Its great renown has been gained through its work in the
-field of earthquakes and typhoons.
-
-
-[The Luneta]
-
-At the extreme end of Burgos Drive, the traveler comes out on the
-broad expanse of a park, of partly natural and partly made land, on the
-inland side of which is the most famous recreation place of Manila--the
-Luneta. This is an oval stretch of lawn where, nearly every evening,
-the music of the fine band of the Philippine Constabulary or that
-of some military organization combines with the sea breeze and the
-gorgeous sunsets behind the top of Mount Mariveles to bring together
-a crowd so varied and brilliant as to make this gathering one of
-the most distinctively picturesque sights of the city. Hundreds of
-carriages and motor cars draw up along the curb or make the circuit
-of the driveway, while thousands of pedestrians throng the walks and
-lawns. It is a gay and cosmopolitan gathering--Government officials,
-wealthy Chinese merchants, Spaniards, officers of the Army and Navy,
-American women in the light and dainty gowns of the Tropics, and
-Filipino women of every class in the picturesque national dress of
-gorgeous semi-transparent native cloth, that has caused one observer
-to describe them as "jet-crowned butterflies."
-
-On the green of the Luneta facing Manila Bay is the monument to
-the national hero of the Philippines--the physician, novelist,
-and patriot--Dr. Jose Rizal. It was designed by the Swiss sculptor
-Richard Kissling, whose work was selected out of many in a contest
-for a substantial prize. The monument consists of a granite obelisk,
-about fifty feet high, serving as a background for a bronze statue
-of heroic size.
-
-
-[The Manila Hotel]
-
-To the north of the Luneta is the well-known Manila Hotel, reputed to
-be the finest in the Orient. Immediately opposite the hotel site, on
-the green at the corner of the former moat, is the monument to Miguel
-Lopez de Legaspi and Andres Urdaneta, the civil and ecclesiastical
-founders of Manila. This, as a work of art, is far superior to
-anything else of the sort now actually standing in the city. The
-pedestal supports idealized figures of the mailed warrior and the
-priest, holding aloft the banner of Castile and the Cross. These
-were cast in Spain and sent out prior to the change of sovereignty,
-but was never put up. They were found by the American conquerors in
-a warehouse, and it is to them that the monument owes its erection
-in its present excellent location. On the side of the green opposite
-the hotel and the Legaspi monument are the new buildings of the Elks
-and the Army and Navy Clubs.
-
-
-[The Museum]
-
-To the north of the Manila Hotel is the Philippine Museum, housed in
-a modern building. Those interested in the fauna and flora of this
-part of the globe, and in archeological collections will find in this
-museum an hour well spent.
-
-
-[The Carnival Grounds]
-
-To the East of the present Luneta, immediately across the road, is the
-large tract of land known as Wallace (formerly Bagumbayan) Field. It
-is the site of athletic grounds and of the annual Carnival. It boasts
-a gruesome past and a distinguished future. Under the old regime it
-was a public execution ground for political prisoners, and here on
-the 30th of December, 1896, in the shadow of the old Luneta outwork,
-since removed, Dr. Jose Rizal met his death before the Spanish firing
-squad. In a few years more, under the name of "Government Center," it
-will be the site of the new Capitol, and of other Government buildings.
-
-For the present this tract is the scene, for a week or more every
-February, of the great Philippine Carnival, which has become one of
-the established institutions in the Islands and one of the greatest
-attractions of Manila. While it lasts most of the town puts on
-festal garb and takes a series of half holidays, and dominoes become
-familiar sights on the public streets. Within the grounds are the
-usual amusement features--the merry-go-round, the whip, shooting
-galleries, a hippodrome with spectacular performances, and extensive
-and interesting exhibits of the products of the Islands, sent by the
-provincial governments, the schools, and private concerns. Elaborate
-parades--military, industrial, and carnival--and great balls in
-an immense auditorium, both exclusive and popular, complete the
-program. The industrial and commercial exhibits are under the
-supervision of the Government.
-
-
-[Dewey Boulevard]
-
-Capping the ensemble of all these attractions around the Luneta is a
-beautiful boulevard, comparable with the best anywhere, which leads
-from where the buildings of the Elks and the Army and Navy Clubs are
-situated and extends until the city limits, near Pasay, a suburb on
-the Manila South Road. This boulevard is a favorite driveway in the
-evening. The chain of lights that illuminate its entire length makes
-it attractive beyond comparison. To the right will be heard the splash
-of the waters of Manila Bay dashing against the rocks that fringe the
-Boulevard. To the left are some of the most imposing residences of
-the City. The steamers anchored in the bay present a lovely sight,
-especially in the stillness of the night. It is from this boulevard
-that the Philippine sunset, so entrancingly beautiful, can be seen
-without obstruction, while in the distance, to the left, is the City of
-Cavite, to which the Boulevard will in time lead, and hence has been
-originally named "Cavite Boulevard." It was only recently that its
-name was changed to "Dewey Boulevard" in memory of Admiral Dewey who,
-a short distance out into the bay, by defeating the Spanish Squadron,
-sealed the fate of colonial Spain in this part of the globe.
-
-
-[Clubs and Societies]
-
-All of the great fraternal orders have their branches in Manila--The
-Masonic Order, The Knights of Columbus, The I. O. O. F., The Elks,
-and The Knights Templars. Religious, charitable, social, musical,
-literary, athletic, and other associations, also abound. There is a
-National Federation of Women's Clubs, having about 400 branches in all
-parts of the Archipelago and also a Catholic Federation of Women. All
-the foreigners also have their respective clubs and societies.
-
-
-[Cemeteries]
-
-The Cementerio del Norte is the municipal cemetery. It is the only
-modern garden cemetery in Manila. It covers a very large area (133
-acres), only a small part of which has been developed. There are
-sections for Americans, Filipinos, and Chinese, each showing the
-distinctive emblems with which the several races mark the resting
-places of their dead. There are beautiful monuments and well-kept
-lawns.
-
-Adjoining the municipal cemetery is the Catholic cemetery and the
-chapel of La Loma. The Chinese also have an exclusive cemetery
-nearby. All the ground in this vicinity is historical, for much of
-the fighting of the early days of the insurrection centered about
-the district; there was a block-house which formerly stood back of
-the La Loma Chapel. Paco cemetery on San Marcelino is closed now,
-but once a year, on All Saints Day, it is opened and in the evening,
-brilliantly illuminated.
-
-
-[Monuments]
-
-Among the most notable monuments are the Rizal monument in the Luneta;
-the Legaspi and Urdaneta monument near the Manila Hotel; the Anda
-monument at the foot of the Malecon Drive; the Magallanes monument
-near the Treasury building; the Statue of Elcano in the Ayuntamiento;
-the Statue of Benavides at Plaza of Sto. Tomas; and that of Charles IV
-at Plaza McKinley, and Queen Isabela II in Malate. The finest of the
-recent ones, are the monument of Balintawak, a short distance out,
-to commemorate the first cry of the revolution, and the monument to
-the Katipunan and the Liga Filipina at Raxa Matanda, Tondo.
-
-
-
-
-LIFE IN MANILA.--In Manila is felt the pulse of the world's
-activity--the currents of political, commercial, and intellectual
-thought of the world--more keenly than in New York or London. The
-reason is simple. Each man here is an individual machine; in the larger
-cities he is a cog. The elements of absolute economic dependence
-being absent, the inhabitants are forced into contact with many
-nations, together with all the social and economic relations which
-that contact entails. In the press Manila is not overwhelmed with a
-mass of unimportant news. The immensity of non-essential topics of
-no general interest is spared the residents. Only the essential and
-all the essential reaches them. Their horizon is not bounded by 42nd
-Street nor by neighbor Peet's farm. One of the many reasons for the
-happier life in Manila than in other cities of the world, so far at
-least as foreigners are concerned, is the natural selection of the fit
-and strong, which is invariably taking place. There are no crippled
-and weak, no poor nor invalid people in Manila to pester you. They do
-not come--they seldom dare. Only those looking for adventure, those
-fitted to care for themselves, those determined to survive that come
-to make this part of the world his temporary or permanent abode.
-
-
-[No Vexing Conventionalities]
-
-The conventionalities and prescribed forms of daily living are
-absent. There is no Madam Gruncy to hector, there are no rules
-of the elite class or the would-be Four Hundred. You come and
-go unquestioned. You have absolute sovereignty over your own
-affairs. There are no neighbors to tell the foreigner what to think
-or how to vote. Neither a Democrat nor a Republican is disgraced for
-being so. A society of men and women from all corners of the globe
-accord respect to your judgment. Not living in San Francisco you are
-not disturbed by its claims of superiority to Seattle or New York.
-
-There is less attention paid to inconsequential details and boresome
-routine than in the complex centers of the Old and the New World. It is
-of less importance to know what Lady Jane wore at the ball than to know
-how she will run her embroidery establishment. More thought is given
-to one's failure and success and struggles with new conditions than
-of a man's politics. The interrelationship of races, the development
-of a virgin country, the wide latitude for one's activities accustom
-you to thinking in the large. Men talk little in the Tropics, but
-what they say has meaning.
-
-There is less violence in the Philippines than in any other land. The
-people are gentle and courteous. In provincial towns, in lonely
-districts, an American or European woman can remain alone for days
-without fear of molestation. One can take long trips through the
-wildest mountain in perfect safety. Firearms for self defense need
-not even be thought of.
-
-
-[Competition Less Severe]
-
-Competition in Manila is not as severe as in other cities. Success
-is attained with greater ease. The routine of life is pleasant,
-and days pass quickly. In occidental cities one generally rushes
-through breakfast and rushes to his office. Also he rushes all the
-morning until 12 o'clock. Not so in the Philippines. He dictates in a
-few minutes his day's correspondence which will probably leave port
-a week later, depending on the schedule of boats. Then he has new
-schemes to think over and conferences to hold with confreres. After
-this there is usually considerable time for ice cream and further
-conferences outside. He probably visits his bank and the cable office,
-and does some more thinking. If he is a salesman, he has to talk
-with prospective customers. At all events he is a very busy man,
-with a dozen plans for expansion working in his brain; but there
-is time, aeons of time. There is so much to be done and so little
-danger that the field will be overworked before he gets to it that he
-fears nothing. At 12 o'clock or thereabouts he goes back to his room
-for lunch. Afterwards he sleeps for two hours and drops back to his
-office. At 4 o'clock he goes out for tea, and at 5 o'clock, if the
-day has been a hard one, he knocks off for golf or tennis or a swim,
-or goes back to his siesta chair for rest. After supper at 8 o'clock,
-if he is socially inclined, he organizes a party for a cabaret and
-spends a pleasant evening. Otherwise he plays cards or billiards
-at his club. The next day repeats, and so on. He is never hurried,
-never tired, never worried.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-VII. THE ENVIRONS OF MANILA
-
-
-On the outskirts of the City of Manila, lies one of the most beautiful
-scenic routes in the tropics--the expanse of country extending from
-the city itself to what is known as the Montalban Water Works, in
-Rizal Province, from which the city derives its water supply. At the
-head of a picturesque gorge, the Mariquina River is impounded by a dam,
-and the water is brought to the City of Manila, 39 kilometers distant,
-through aqueducts of cast iron.
-
-The ride to the gorge through the heart of the Mariquina valley, one
-of the most fertile regions of the Island of Luzon, is a veritable
-scenic fairyland. Lowland, mountain, hill, stream, field, bridge,
-road, village, and town combine to form a landscape that invariably
-fascinates the visitor. The scene is restful and pleasing to the eye
-at almost every vista that presents itself.
-
-Crossing the Ayala Bridge and passing through General Solano Street,
-the visitor proceeds on his way to the famous valley. On both sides
-of General Solano stand old Spanish residences practically as they
-were in the days of the Spaniards. This was then the fashionable
-residential section of the city and its glories as such have not as
-yet entirely departed.
-
-
-[The Malacanang Palace]
-
-Soon, the Governor-General's palatial home known as the "Malacanang
-Palace," is reached on the right, immediately after the only brewery in
-the City of Manila. The palace is beyond doubt the finest residence in
-the islands. The gardens are particularly well-kept, Governor-General
-Harrison having improved the residence and the grounds making it a
-sumptuous and fitting place for the first executive of the land.
-
-Immediately next to the Governor's palace is the executive building
-housing the offices of the Governor-General's staff and cabinet. It
-is an elaborate structure decorated with hardwood carvings.
-
-After a detour to drive thru the grounds of the palace, the visitor
-proceeds on his way towards Santa Mesa. The next place of interest
-is known as the "Rotonda"--a circular Plaza at which two important
-thoroughfares and some of lesser importance intersect. In the center of
-the Rotonda stands the Carriedo Fountain built in memory of Francisco
-Carriedo, the Spanish engineer who installed the first gravity water
-system in Manila sometime in the 19th century.
-
-
-[Santa Mesa]
-
-Soon the visitor arrives at another residential section known as
-Santa Mesa. This section is on top of a hilly district overlooking the
-city. Fine bungalows and villas surrounded by beautiful lawns adjoin
-one another. Americans, Europeans, and Filipinos live here side by
-side. Mingled with the sumptuous abodes found in this section are
-several patches of nipa huts, furnishing a startling contrast--the
-almost primitive native residence common throughout the archipelago,
-especially in the barrios, as compared with the architecturally highly
-developed occidental type of residence. In the midst of this ensemble
-of residences are rice fields cultivated in typical native fashion
-with terraces, ditches, carabaos, etc.
-
-
-[San Juan Bridge and Heights]
-
-The visitor now comes across a country that is more open, and
-cultivated patches of land become a more frequent sight. In a few
-minutes, he reaches the famous "San Juan Bridge," a historical
-landmark. It was here, on February 4th, 1899, that the first shot
-of the Filipino-American war was fired. Two days later, the treaty
-of Paris ceding the Philippines to the United States was ratified,
-and the Filipinos continued to revolt.
-
-After crossing the bridge, the visitor reaches San Juan Heights,
-a suburban development project in the municipality of San Juan del
-Monte. Less than two years ago, an enterprising American formed a
-company and divided this property up into lots and started selling
-the parcels on the instalment plan. The project was a success and now
-a good sized community has settled on this district. Other parcels
-of land in the vicinity have been similarly divided into lots, and
-Manila suburban property is now rapidly undergoing development in
-the familiar American manner. Among these other parcels are the San
-Juan Heights Addition, the Rosario Heights, and the Magdalena Estate,
-the latter being an immense tract of land extending for several miles
-into the country.
-
-
-[The Reservoir]
-
-Nearby is located the distributing reservoir of the Manila Water
-Supply system, called "El Deposito." It was constructed in Spanish
-days, but has now grown to be entirely too small for the ever-growing
-needs of the city.
-
-Along the side of the reservoir is the "Boys' Reformatory School,"
-where wayward and recalcitrant youngsters are won back to good
-behaviour and useful life at the expense of the city and the Insular
-government.
-
-Turning back to the main roadway, the visitor sees the palatial
-residence of the Ex-Mayor of Manila, now Senator Hon. Ramon Fernandez.
-
-
-[The Mariquina Valley]
-
-From this point on, there is an entirely rural scenery, an immense
-plain bounded by mountains in the north and east. This is the Mariquina
-Valley. Somewhere on this valley just outside the municipality
-of San Mateo, was the spot where General Lawton was shot by the
-Filipino insurgents. This whole region was intensely fought over
-by the contending forces, the Filipino insurgents retreating to the
-mountains to the north and east.
-
-
-[The Town of Mariquina]
-
-Soon afterwards, the town of Mariquina is reached. It is a typical
-Filipino community. Proximity to the Philippine metropolis does not
-seem to have altered its appearance in the least. It has a rural air
-and atmosphere and the people evidently belong to the hard-plodding
-farmer-class.
-
-An excellent road makes driving a pleasure through the Mariquina
-Valley. The combination of colors and light, tropical vegetation
-and houses, the undulating mountain divides, the brilliant green
-of the palms and bamboo, contrasted with the intense verdure of the
-rice fields, present a vista that can be expressed adequately only
-by painting.
-
-
-[The Payatas Estate]
-
-After Mariquina comes the town of San Mateo, centrally situated in the
-Mariquina Valley. It was here that tenants of the vast Payatas Estate
-in the vicinity combined and bought the property from the Japanese
-owners three years ago. The enterprise was the first cooperative
-agricultural Filipino effort on a large scale and has proved to be
-a success. The purchase price was $775,000, and all of this amount
-but $100,000 has been paid up.
-
-
-[At the Dam]
-
-Then the dam is reached. It is in the town of Montalban, 35 kilometers
-from Manila. The road winds in and out along the banks of the river,
-the banks of the river themselves become steeper and steeper, and
-soon the towering white limestone sides of the Mariquina gorge loom
-up several hundred feet, and the reservoir inclosure is reached.
-
-Those who desire to go as far as the dam must be sure to obtain
-permits from the Metropolitan Water District before leaving Manila,
-otherwise the trip will have to end at the head of the deep gorge at
-the gate of the reservoir. With such a permit the visitor is allowed
-to enter the reservoir gate and he proceeds up the shaded walk to
-the dam and reservoir.
-
-The walk to the reservoir is only a few minutes, up a well-kept path
-lined with shrubs, trees, and flowers with the rushing water of the
-river below to the left.
-
-The reservoir, surrounded by the green mountain sides, makes a pretty
-picture reminding the visitor of some of the descriptions of lakes
-in the Scottish Islands, as depicted by Sir Walter Scott in some of
-his works.
-
-
-[Different Return Route]
-
-The return to Manila may be made by way of Pasig, the capital of the
-Province of Rizal, after leaving Mariquina where the roads branch. On
-this way back, Fort Wm. McKinley is worth visiting. It is said to
-be the largest army post under the American flag and one of the best
-administered. It cannot fail to impress the visitor because of its fine
-buildings, spacious parade grounds and attractive officers' quarters.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-VIII. OTHER CITIES
-
-
-BAGUIO
-
-[Baguio]
-
-Baguio, which is often called the Simla of the Philippines, is classed
-with even more famous mountain resorts by its admirers. By automobile
-it is about eight hours' ride from Manila. By train and passenger
-trucks combined, it is about eleven hours.
-
-The Benguet road is the most traveled route. It leaves the lowlands
-at Dagupan and now ascends, now crosses and recrosses the gorge of
-the Bued River, coiling back on itself in the famous Zig-zag, where
-the inspirations of Baguio's natural wonders begin. Cooler and cooler
-grows the air, behind drops all the lowland vegetation, to make room
-for sturdy trees of the temperate zone. Wave on wave the trees roll
-up the mountains that stand on each other's shoulders below, around
-and above the small tableland on which Baguio edges away from the
-sheer precipice at the head of the gorge.
-
-For some years a summer capital to which the Government transferred
-its work and personnel during the hot months, it is a chartered city,
-but the all-year residents are few, though many of the well-to-do of
-Manila have summer homes there. It has two hotels and several cottages
-for visitors.
-
-No one may know the Philippines adequately without visiting this, the
-temperate beauty spot of the Archipelago. Pure forest-scented air,
-cooled by lofty peaks and a city that is well laid out representing
-what is best in the Islands' civic progress are the outstanding
-"strands in the fabric of Baguio's attractions." Here is a fairyland
-of green--gardens, beautiful walks, and easily accessible peaks
-commanding exquisite vistas of valleys and neighboring mountain tops.
-
-
-[Camp John Hay]
-
-Camp John Hay, the military hospital post, is the main show place,
-among its beauties being the open air amphitheater that General Bell
-built with mountaineer labor, terraced as their wonderful rice terraces
-are, and gay with flowers.
-
-Other places to see are the Mansion House, the official summer
-residence of the Governor-General; Bishop Brent's School for American
-children and the School for mountain girls; the Constabulary School;
-the rest houses of the different religious Orders; Mirador, the
-Observatory, and Mt. Santo Tomas, whence a glorious view may be had
-over the whole majestic panorama of mountains and valleys to the
-lowlands and to the China Sea. On horseback or afoot, in Baguio and
-its immediate environs, just enjoying the air, the roses, the pungent
-pines, the tree ferns, the fields of Benguet lilies, every day is a
-delight. But beyond lie more regions that beckon.
-
-
-[Trinidad Valley]
-
-The strawberries and green peas at Trinidad, where are the Government
-stock farm and agricultural school, extend an occidental welcome to the
-visitors. On the mountain train to Bontoc the rest houses with their
-big open fire places are just like homes in the temperate zone. The
-great orerich valley of Amburayan lies on one side of the divide;
-on the other is the Lepanto basin with Cervantes in the cap of the
-hills. Sagada and Lubuagan are easy of access by side roads and trails,
-but to reach Tawang and Balbalan means difficult and proportionally
-interesting and exhilarating going through magnificent forests of
-cedar, from one rancheria to another. At Banaue are rice terraces
-nearly a mile in height. Generation after generation has toiled to
-build them. The mission stations with their schools where the young
-folks are taught modern trades and perfected in their own handicrafts
-are heart-warming evidences alike of Christian love and charity and
-self-sacrifice and grateful appreciation of the mountain peoples and
-their eagerness to join their brethren of the lowlands in the full
-light of civilization.
-
-Descending on horseback in a westward direction one comes to Butac,
-and a telephone message will bring an auto to whisk one on the Tagudin,
-the sea outlet of the Mountain Province, that has a Belgian convent
-noted for its laces and embroideries. The train or an auto will
-convey the traveler thence north to the extreme end of Luzon and
-back down the coast of Manila. The great North Road, that follows
-the sea most of the way, is a scenic route for its entire length,
-and along or near it are interesting old towns to visit, such as
-Laoag, San Fernando, which offer delightful sea bathing, Vigan,
-Paoay, San Vicente, and Bangui, where the Ilocano weavers, carvers,
-and potters can be watched at their fascinating tasks.
-
-
-
-
-CEBU
-
-[The City of Cebu]
-
-Cebu, the metropolis of the Visayan Islands, is the oldest European
-city in the Philippines and one of the oldest occidental settlements
-in the East. Discovered and temporarily occupied by Magellan in 1521,
-it became a permanent Spanish possession in 1565, having thus almost
-exactly the same age as the other Spanish settlement, St. Augustine,
-in Florida. It is situated about midway of the east coast of the island
-of the same name. The island itself is practically coextensive with
-the Province of Cebu, of which the city is the capital. The province
-has the largest population of any in the Archipelago and is one of
-the most thickly inhabited. The city has a good harbor, protected
-by the Island of Mactan, and the scene which unfolds itself from
-the moment of entering the channel, between this Island and that of
-Cebu proper is a very busy one. There are good harbor facilities,
-and seagoing vessels of large draft are able to tie up along the docks.
-
-Cebu is a fascinating mixture of old and new and contains a
-considerable number of places of special interest. The waterfront is
-busy with the various activities arising from the city's position
-as one of the chief centers of the Islands' hemp trade. Here is a
-good opportunity to see the finest grades of this important staple,
-of which the Philippines have practically a monopoly.
-
-
-[Places of Historic Interest]
-
-Most of the places of historic interest are within a short distance of
-this point. Calle Colon, the oldest street in the Islands, is in this
-city. On the main plaza is a small building housing a large hollow
-cross. This contains within it another cross, which, according to the
-most probable story, is the original one erected to mark the spot where
-Magellan and his companions gathered for the first mass on Philippine
-soil. But a short distance away is the old triangular Fort San Pedro,
-standing approximately on the site of Magellan's fortifications; and in
-the same neighborhood stands the Augustinian church and convent. Here
-the sacristan will show to visitors the curious image known as the
-"Holy Child of Cebu." It is agreed by historians that this is the
-one which was given by Magellan in 1521 to the temporarily converted
-wife of the rajah of Cebu, and recovered forty years later after the
-landing of Legaspi.
-
-An automobile road through the Province of Cebu gives a pleasing
-succession of views of the sea through arcades of coconut palms that
-fringe the long narrow island of Cebu; a second road cuts across its
-backbone, giving finer views still.
-
-
-
-
-ILOILO
-
-[The City of Iloilo]
-
-The City of Iloilo is the sugar port. It is situated on the east coast
-of the Island of Panay, along the lower reaches of the river whose
-name it bears, and is about 300 miles from Manila, in a direction
-a little east of south. It is one of the most important ports of the
-Philippines and carries on with Cebu an amiable contest for the dignity
-of ranking as the second city. It has direct shipping connections
-with Europe, the Straits Settlements, China, Japan, and Australia;
-and there are many boats sailing to other portions of the Archipelago,
-including a regular service to Cebu. There are banking institutions
-and a number of importing and exporting houses, and the local trade
-reaches up into high figures. Substantial walls have been built along
-the river, where large steamers can unload. Ships of greater draft
-anchor in the harbor, where they are well in shore and protected.
-
-Near it are two towns of considerable historic interest--Jaro and
-Molo. A railroad runs through the province and its neighbor Capiz, thus
-making it easy to see a considerable portion of the Island of Panay,
-which is made up of the provinces of Iloilo, Capiz, and Antique. There
-are the white coral cliffs near Ventura, honeycombed with caves,
-with interesting legends attached to them, as is the case with one
-having its outlet in Dumalag, Capiz. The stone church at Miagao has
-the most quaintly carved facade in the Islands. The hand weaving of
-the delicate textiles jusi, pina, and the like is one of the leading
-industries of Iloilo Province.
-
-
-
-
-ZAMBOANGA
-
-Zamboanga in Mindanao is the capital of the whole Moro Province and
-one of the most important ports in the Islands. Its population is
-very cosmopolitan--an admixture of Moros, Filipinos, Orientals, and
-Caucasians. The city was for more than three centuries the rallying
-point of the Christian forces in their seemingly endless contest with
-the Moro pirates in neighboring waters.
-
-The city has a healthful site and is cooler than Manila. It has a
-modern water system and electric lighting plant. It is well laid
-out and maintained in park-like order for some distance back from
-the pier. This area, where many of the principal buildings are, is
-embellished by fountains and lily basins, ornamental stone and concrete
-seats and figures and an almost complete collection of the flowering
-and other ornamental trees, vines, and shrubs of the Philippines. The
-Provincial Capitol, the Army Post, and Constabulary Headquarters,
-the old fort of Nuestra Senora del Pilar and the Cathedral, and the
-Moro market are the most interesting to inspect. Nearby is the Moro
-village of Kawa-Kawa, built out over the water.
-
-
-[The San Ramon Penal Colony]
-
-In the outskirts there are several points of interest reached by
-excellent roads--the gorge, which has some beautiful mountain and
-river scenery, about five miles distant; the San Ramon Penal Colony
-about thirteen miles from the city where an experimental farm is
-being maintained. In addition to these attractions its position with
-respect to Borneo, Australia, the Dutch possessions, and the Malay
-Peninsula gives it great potential importance as a trade center.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-IX. THE PROVINCES--BEAUTY SPOTS
-
-
-The Philippine Archipelago is a compact group of islands. The distances
-between each island require only a few hours of sailing. They therefore
-have been said to possess strategic unity. From the northernmost
-port, Aparri, to the southernmost Zamboanga, the total distance is
-895 miles. It takes only 36 hours from Manila to Aparri and about 72
-from Manila to Zamboanga. With faster boats, the time required will
-be much less.
-
-In each island the provinces and the important towns are easily
-accessible. They are connected by good roads. In the bigger islands
-the Manila Railroad operates lines, such as in Luzon, Cebu, and Iloilo.
-
-The trip through the provinces should be taken whenever
-possible. Barring the usual discomforts of a tropical clime, there are
-delights galore for everyone, even for the hardy sportsman--pristine
-forests, crystal streams, splashing falls. The panoramas that unfold
-as the traveler motors from province to province or cruises about
-from island to island present a continuous series of scenic pictures
-of infinite variety. In other lands nature and man have combined
-their efforts in forming recreation spots of compelling charm. In
-the Philippines it is only nature that has done the work.
-
-The services of a guide should in all cases be secured in order to
-expedite the visits. Applications for guides should be made to the
-Director of the Bureau of Commerce and Industry.
-
-
-LAGUNA PROVINCE.--The Province of Laguna is situated on a narrow
-plain which lies to the east, south, and southeast of Laguna Lake,
-commonly known as Laguna de Bay. It is a very fertile province and has
-a very pleasant climate, the usual temperature being several degrees
-cooler than Manila. It produces coconuts, rice, sugar-cane, abaca,
-corn and a great variety of fruits and vegetables.
-
-In industrial enterprises the province is very progressive. Some of
-the largest kind of hemp cables are made in the rope factory of Santa
-Cruz. Buntal hats and pandan mats are made in Majayjay and Luisiana,
-pandan hats in Cavisti, Sabutan hats in Mavitac, rattan chairs in
-Paquil and Los Banos, wooden slippers in Binan and Calamba, and abaca
-slippers in Lilio. Furniture is also made in Paete, soap in Santa
-Cruz, crude pottery in Lumban, better grade of glazed pottery in
-San Pedro Tunasan, coconut wine in the upper towns, and embroidery
-in Lumbang. Mineral waters are bottled in Los Banos, Pagsanjan, and
-Magdalena. A steam saw mill is located in Santa Maria. In Los Banos
-is a stone quarry that supplies crushed stone for the Provinces of
-Bulacan, Rizal, Cavite, Batangas, and Tayabas.
-
-The province, besides having a rich soil, has an abundance of water
-supply. The Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, permits
-of easy and cheap transportation. Fifteen of the 28 municipalities
-are reached by water and a line of steam launches provides a daily
-service between the lake and the city of Manila. The lake abounds
-in fish. The swamps along its eastern shores are overgrown with
-pandan groves. The bay is covered during the rainy season with the
-pink-flowered lotus plant. Along the low shores are veritable hunting
-grounds which abound in snipe and wild ducks.
-
-The province also abounds in picturesque sceneries, in the San Pablo
-Valley there are nine beautifully-set crater lakes. Banahaw, a mountain
-having an elevation of 7,382 feet, is covered with vegetation of all
-kinds. In the crater of San Cristobal which has an elevation of about
-5,000 feet there is a beautiful fresh water lake.
-
-San Pablo is a progressive town well worth visiting. It is one of the
-largest towns in the Islands and is up-to-date in every respect. A
-large park overlooks a lake of rare beauty with the majestic San
-Cristobal mountains in the background. A long flight of white stone
-steps leads from the cliff above down to the lake shore, and the
-park is a favorite picnic ground. The veteran's monument at this
-point always attracts much attention. The town has numerous private
-residences of striking architectural design.
-
-
-[Pagsanjan Falls]
-
-One of the prettiest and wildest spots lies within easy reach of
-Manila--Pagsanjan Falls. Pagsanjan, the town, in itself worth seeing
-for its beautiful residences and the surrounding forests, can be
-reached in three and one-half hours by train or automobile through
-a lovely coconut country. There are good hotel accommodations with
-clean beds and food. Everything is done for the tourist; arrangements
-are made for boats and guides, and launches are provided.
-
-From the hotel you walk a short distance to a long row of bancas,
-prow on shore, and a noisy throng of men clamoring for the favor of
-your patronage; but you have probably chosen men at the hotel and are
-conducted to certain boats by your guide. In the center of your boat
-is the seat, a split bamboo chair with reclining back and bottom of
-bamboo splints. The two boatmen take their places at the ends of the
-boat and push off into the small stream for a few hundred yards to
-Pagsanjan River.
-
-The boat is paddled up the river past large rafts of coconuts, by
-great trees dipping their leaves into the water. Along the shores are
-parties of laughing people--some bathing and some washing clothes. Now
-there are long reaches of quiet water, clear and deep; then banks
-begin to rise above you; there is a swirl here, a ripple there, and
-a swish below the gunwales. You are drawing toward the rapids. The
-boatmen get put into the water and pull and tug and shove; the water
-sucks viciously. The boat enters the gorge and its shadows. The river
-becomes silent stretches of black water, and the air is cold. Above,
-for hundreds of feet, tower the great cliffs of Pagsanjan to which
-cling vines, desperate trees, and dripping shrubs. On all sides are
-falls breaking upon the rocks and filling the canyon with a pleasant
-murmur; then more rapids and sweeps of fierce water. Great boulders
-have fallen into the river. Unable to paddle against the current or
-to wade, the men now fight painfully forward by clinging to vines,
-the rocks, anything. Then out of the boat again, lifting it and you
-bodily up steps of pouring water, around corners, shooting across a
-quiet pool into a fury of cascading foam. At times you scramble out
-of the boat and detour a little over intervening rocks, while the
-fight with the river goes on. For two hours the journey continues,
-until you come to the end--a large pool--above you, Pagsanjan Falls,
-the largest waterfall in the Islands, around, the insurmountable
-cliffs fringed above by shining palms. Monkeys and iguanas scurry
-over the slippery bluffs complaining at intrusion.
-
-You should go prepared to rough it. Only a bathing suit is worn in
-the boats and except at times of low water, kodaks had better be left
-at the hotel, for rapids lap over the side. Indeed many have been the
-spills in the swift water. But there is no danger, and a wetting is
-of no consequence. The whole trip need cost no more than twenty pesos
-nor occupy more than a day and a half.
-
-It is a wonderful trip for those who enjoy the wilds. The gorge is
-considered one of the beauty spots of the world.
-
-
-RIZAL PROVINCE.--To the north of Laguna de Bay, is Rizal Province,
-named after the national hero of the Filipinos. Pasig, the capital
-is an important commercial town. It is located on the Pasig River,
-a stream which is navigable thruout the year. Malabon, noted for her
-fisheries and fish ponds, furnishes the City of Manila with choice fish
-to the value of hundreds of thousands of pesos a year. A flourishing
-poultry industry may be seen at Pateros. Paranaque is noted for its
-embroideries while in Mariquina the chief industry is the making of
-shoes and slippers. Along the borders of the Pasig River much grass is
-cultivated to furnish the Manila market with green fodder for horses
-and carabaos.
-
-In this province are the towns of Pasig, San Juan del Monte,
-and Caloocan where the first blood of the Philippine Revolution
-against Spain was shed. Here also is to be found the historic spot
-of Balintawak where Andres Bonifacio and his followers sounded the
-well-remembered "Cry of Balintawak," the call for the outbreak of
-the Revolution.
-
-
-[Antipolo]
-
-Antipolo has the shrine of Our Lady of Peace and Prosperous Voyages. It
-is a town about half an hour's ride from Manila. It is built on a
-mountainous section of the province of Rizal. The road is rather
-steep and the scenery quite wild and impressive.
-
-The image of the Virgin, commonly known as the "Virgin of Antipolo,"
-was originally brought from Mexico by the Spaniards to insure the
-safety of the galleons from the anger of the sea, and from the attacks
-of the pirates who used to lie in wait in the San Bernardino Strait
-and Verde Island Passage.
-
-
-[Shrine]
-
-The shrine is the most famous of all Philippine shrines. To
-it thousands of devout Filipinos journey annually to pay their
-respects. The Virgin is dressed in a robe that falls in a cone stiff
-with gold and other jewels. It is estimated that the value of her
-decoration is as high as P1,000,000.
-
-The true history of the image is interesting, but still more remarkable
-is the crust of legend with which the facts have become overlaid. It
-was actually brought to the Islands in 1626 by Juan Nino de Tabora,
-who had just been appointed Governor-General, and in 1672 it was
-removed to its present home. According to the legends, the Virgin
-crossed the Pacific eight or nine times, in addition to the original
-voyage, and, on each one, calmed a tempest. On other occasions she
-is said to have descended and appeared among the branches of the
-antipolo or bread-fruit tree (whence the name of the present church),
-to have survived the roaring fire in which the Chinese rebels cast
-her in 1639, and to have given the Spaniards a complete victory over
-twelve Dutch warships off Mariveles!
-
-
-
-
-CAVITE PROVINCE.--This province is in the southwestern part of Luzon
-lying along the shore of Manila Bay. It has a fine harbor in the city
-of Cavite, actually the site of the United States Naval Station.
-
-The most important agricultural products are rice, hemp, sugar, copra,
-cacao, coffee, corn, and coconuts.
-
-The city of Cavite, the capital, noted for its dock-yards is just
-across the bay from Manila. It is an old town of historic interest. It
-was there that the ships used in the Manila-Acapulco trade and in the
-expeditions against the Mohammedan pirates in the south were fitted
-out. In 1647 a Dutch squadron suddenly made its appearance off the
-coast of the city and bombarded the fort. It is said that the Dutch
-fired more than 2,000 cannon balls at the place, but in the end,
-however, were forced to withdraw.
-
-In 1872, a military mutiny led by Lamadrid took place in Cavite. This
-mutiny though insignificant in itself had important political
-results. The government made it an excuse for the execution of three
-leading native priests, Dr. Jose Burgos and Fathers Gomez and Zamora,
-and for the exile of many Filipino leaders of the liberal movement
-of 1869-1871.
-
-
-[Zapote Bridge]
-
-From the beginning to the very end of the Revolution, Cavite Province
-was the center of military operations. Zapote bridge, for example,
-was more than once the scene of hard fighting. Practically every town
-in the province was at one time or another fought over. Many of the
-leaders of the Revolution, like Emilio Aguinaldo, who was President
-of the Philippine Republic, his cousin Baldomero, Noriel, Trias,
-and others are sons of Cavite. Moreover, when the Revolutionary
-Government was established, Bacoor was really the first capital.
-
-
-[Radio Station]
-
-The city of Cavite is the United States' Navy base and radio station
-in the Philippine Islands. The arsenal as well as the modern wireless
-station in the extreme end of the peninsula should not be missed. The
-city is about an hour's ride by automobile passing through the towns
-of Paranaque, Las Pinas, Kawit, Noveleta, and San Roque. In the church
-at Las Pinas may be seen the famous bamboo organ, old and quaint,
-yet still serviceable. It was made by a priest exclusively from the
-native bamboo tree. Cavite can also be reached by water, there being
-small boats plying between the city and Manila at regular intervals.
-
-
-[Kawit]
-
-Kawit or Cavite Viejo is the town of General Emilio Aguinaldo. He
-has his home there, which is noted for its historic interest. It is
-preserved as it was during revolutionary days. Visitors can still see
-the desk used by the General during the revolution as well as the holes
-made by a cannon ball from Admiral Dewey's flagship "The Olimpia."
-
-
-
-
-BATANGAS PROVINCE.--Batangas Province is immediately south of Cavite
-Province. It has an irregular coastline and has many important ports,
-such as Nasugbu, Calatagan, Balayan, Calaca, Lemeri, Taal, San Luis,
-Batangas, Lobo, and San Juan.
-
-At Laiya on the coast between San Juan and Lobo are the famous Lobo
-submarine gardens. During fair weather the water here is as clear as
-crystal and the submarine growth may be seen in all its varied colors.
-
-The valleys and slopes of the province are extremely fertile because
-of the disintegrated volcanic rock that is carried down from the
-mountains by the river. Sugar, hemp, citrus fruits, coconut, corn,
-mangoes, and other fruits and vegetables are grown in abundance. The
-province is especially noted for its delicious oranges, grown in
-Tanawan and Santo Tomas. Great herds of horses famous throughout the
-archipelago as well as carabaos and cattle are raised on the mountain
-slopes. Bawan and Lemeri are famous for the fine jusi and pina cloths
-manufactured there and for the knotted abaca that is sent to Japan
-for the manufacture of hats.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-Throughout the 17th century the coast towns of Batangas suffered
-greatly from Moro attacks. Stone forts were erected at various points
-along the coast--in Lemeri, Taal, Bawan, and Batangas--but still
-the Moros came. In 1754 as many as 38 Moro vessels appeared off the
-coast. In 1763 the northern part of the province was visited by the
-British in search of the treasure of the galleon "Philippine." The
-expedition failed to find the treasure but went as far as Lipa
-and plundered the town. Batangas was one of the first provinces to
-start the revolution of 1896. Two of the great leaders of the period
-were sons of the province, namely, the great lawyer and statesman,
-Apolinario Mabini, and Miguel Malvar, the famous general.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions are the old picturesque buildings of Lipa
-and Taal, the San Juan sulphur springs, the Bawan hot springs, and
-the Rosario fresh water spring. There are also several caves and
-grottos. The two largest are found in the slopes of Mount Pulan,
-Suya, and Kamantigue of San Juan. One of the caves has an opening
-of 40 meters in circumference. Issuing therefrom is an underground
-river which empties into Lake Taal. Along its course are extensive
-galleries and chambers lined with fantastically shaped stalactites
-and stalagmites. At the approach of an eruption of the Taal Volcano
-nearby, the cave emits a weird sound, audible at great distances.
-
-
-[Taal Volcano]
-
-Taal Volcano is the great scenic asset of the province. Almost at
-the doors of Manila it is easily reached with practically none of the
-discomfort which a trip to nature's wild spots usually involves. The
-volcano is commonly known as the "cloud maker" and "the terrible." How
-long this volcano has been emitting sulphurous smoke is not known; all
-that is known is that back in the geologic past, volcanic outbursts
-of enormous magnitude disturbed the regions about it. In the 18th
-century the volcano erupted several times, and ruined many towns in
-the neighborhood. The last and perhaps the worst eruption occurred
-in January, 1911.
-
-Then, after a long interval, old Taal, in a paroxysm of volcanic
-activity, showed that he was still lusty and capable of making a huge
-disturbance. In addition to the steam which had been coming from the
-crater more or less continuously, the volcano began throwing out
-mud. This activity increased, and culminated in a great explosion
-at about half past 2 on the morning of January 30th. The hot water,
-mud, and ashes completely devastated about 90 square miles of country;
-while some mud and fine ashes fell over an area of more than 800 square
-miles. Many villages were destroyed and the official estimate of the
-dead was 1,335. The spasm of activity died away until the volcano
-again assumed its normal state about February 8th. Since then it has
-been very quiet, though a small mud geyser has started up along the
-old fault line which extends from Taal to the coast. This is located
-on the beach at the village of Sinisian.
-
-Before the eruption the floor of the crater stood about five feet
-above the level of Lake Bombon. In it were four prominent features:
-Two small lakes of hot water, one green, the other more or less red;
-near the center a gas vent five or six feet in diameter, from which the
-hot gases roared as from a blast furnace; and just a little distance
-away a triangular obelisk of hard volcanic rock. During the eruption
-all of the material in the bottom of this crater, to a depth of about
-230 feet, was heaved up and spread broadcast over the country. Later
-on, this hole filled up with water, which seeped in from the lake
-almost up to the level of the old floor, or about that of the lake
-itself. There is now one large body of steaming water in place of
-the former features, but the old obelisk still stands defiantly in
-its place.
-
-The volcano consists of an active crater near the center of a low
-island not over 5 1/2 miles in its longest diameter. The island is
-situated at the center of Taal Lake (Bombon) which is about 17 miles
-long and 10 1/2 miles wide. The lake is 10 meters deep and is 2.5
-meters above sea level.
-
-A small launch carries those who would look down into the crater across
-the lake to the island from which the volcano rises. The volcano is
-about a thousand feet in height and is fairly easy to climb.
-
-
-
-
-TAYABAS PROVINCE, the second largest, is on the Pacific coast of the
-Philippine Islands. The province is noted for its copra, abaca and
-corn which are raised for export. Mineral resources are abundant in
-the Bondoc Peninsula where gold, coal, and petroleum are found. Aside
-from agriculture and mining, however, there are other industries such
-as hat-making and lumbering. There is a lumber camp at Guinayangan
-and a modern saw and planing mill in Lucena. The Botocan Falls,
-where a stream 40 feet wide makes a leap of 190 feet, could supply
-the entire province with light and power for all its needs.
-
-
-[Lucena and Atimonan]
-
-The spin to Lucena and Atimonan, both in the Province of Tayabas over
-the South Road, is a favorite one. On the east are the little town of
-Binangonan de Lampon, a celebrated port in the sixteenth century in
-the galleon trade, and the landlocked harbor of Hondagua, destined
-to be the direct port of call of steamers coming from the Pacific
-Coast of the United States and Canada.
-
-On the way, stop can readily be made at the town of Calamba, Laguna,
-about 37 miles from Manila. This is the birthplace of the Filipino
-author, and patriot Dr. Jose Rizal. Although the house where he was
-born is no longer standing, the site can easily be found opposite the
-church and market. Calamba has an added importance in that the town has
-a modern sugar central, which the traveler should not fail to visit.
-
-
-[Los Banos]
-
-A short detour can readily be made also at Los Banos ("The Baths"),
-a town which owes its name and its importance to the hot mineral
-springs which abound in the neighborhood and have been found to be of
-great medicinal value especially for the treatment of certain skin
-diseases and rheumatism. The springs have been known for a great
-length of time. Even during the Spanish days the town was a much
-frequented resort, a hospital with pools and vapored rooms having
-been built as far back as 1571.
-
-
-[College of Agriculture]
-
-A short distance from Los Banos, and occupying an extremely picturesque
-side are the palms and buildings of the College of Agriculture
-of the University of the Philippines, an institution which trains
-young Filipinos in a calling which must for many years to come be
-the foundation of the economic prosperity of the islands.
-
-
-
-
-THE BICOL PROVINCES.--Farther south, are the provinces of Albay,
-Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, and Sorsogon, known as the Bicol
-Provinces, because inhabited by Bicolanos. All four provinces are
-noted for their beautiful mountain views and extensive plantations of
-coconut and hemp. In Albay the forests are extensive, providing timber,
-rattan, pili-nuts, and gum for export. Gutta-percha and Para rubber
-trees are extensively cultivated. There are wide pasture grounds for
-horses, cattle, carabaos, goats, and sheep. The temperature is even
-and the nights are cool and refreshing. There are also salubrious
-mineral springs, the best known being the Tiwi Hot Sulphur Springs
-in the town of Naga.
-
-The Province of Catanduanes abounds in gold, copper, and iron. The
-Batan coal mines which are being operated are supplying several
-manufacturing and gas plants. There are quarries of marble in Pantaon;
-gypsum deposits in Ligao; and lime in Guinobatan and Camalig.
-
-Camarines Norte is rich in mineral resources. Gold is found in many
-places, exploitation being actually carried on in Paracale. There
-are also deposits of iron, silver, lead, and copper.
-
-Camarines Sur, on the valley of Bicol River and the Caramoan Peninsula,
-is noted for its rattan industry. Hemp planting and fishing and
-coconut growing are the other principal industries.
-
-Sorsogon occupies the southernmost tip of the Bicol Peninsula. The
-largest indenture in its irregular coast is the gulf of Sorsogon,
-a land-locked body of water and one of the finest harbors in the
-Philippines. The land is mountainous and covered with excellent lumber
-suitable for ship-building and furniture making. In the forests rattan
-grows in abundance and is exported to all the provinces. The chief
-products are abaca and coconuts.
-
-Sorsogon, the capital, located on the gulf, is an important commercial
-town. Pilar is noted for her shipyards; ships, lorchas, and boats
-are built here from the fine timber grown nearby.
-
-
-[Sceneries]
-
-Among the sceneries are the Guinulajon waterfalls, near the capital,
-the wild vegetation and the cataracts along the Irosin River, the
-medicinal hot springs of Mombon, Bujan, and Mapaso, together with
-the beautiful panorama from the Bulusan Volcano are especially
-striking. Like Mount Vesuvius, Mount Bulusan has an old crater,
-and a new cone that has appeared on the slopes. Inside the crater,
-about 500 feet deep, are two pools of hot water which form the basin
-from which the Irosin River rises.
-
-A great event in the history of Sorsogon was the invention of a
-hemp-stripping machine by a priest named Espellargas, about 1669. The
-invention was made in Bacon, where it seems hemp then abounded. The
-contrivance was ingeniously constructed and was quite well adapted
-to local conditions.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-Many of the galleons that the Spanish Government used in the
-Manila-Acapulco trade were built in Sorsogon, especially on the
-Island of Bagatao, at the entrance of Sorsogon Bay. Many of these
-ships were wrecked while navigating the waters of Sorsogon, because
-they laid their course for Mexico via the San Bernardino Strait, a
-passage which abounds in dangerous currents, shoals, and rocks. The
-galleon San Cristobal was wrecked in 1733 near the Calantas Rock. In
-1793, the galleon Magallanes also ran aground at this place. Other
-vessels went down in this neighborhood from time to time, as the Santo
-Cristo de Burgos, in 1726, near Ticao, and the San Andres, in 1798,
-near Naranja Island.
-
-
-[Volcanoes]
-
-Peerless Mayon of the perfect cone is in Albay, the volcano of Isarog
-in Ambos Camarines, and Bulusan in Sorsogon.
-
-For those who love mountain climbing, the ascent to the peak of Mayon
-Volcano should not be missed.
-
-The actual ascent, though arduous, is perfectly practicable. It
-requires from a day and a half to two days from Albay. By leaving the
-latter place on horseback at noon it is possible to ride one-third
-of the way up before dark. Leaving the horses at the camping place,
-the summit can be reached and the return trip made to Albay on the
-following day. A vivid description of the trip, written by Dr. Paul
-C. Freer, Director of the Bureau of Science, follows:
-
-
-   "This great volcano rises from the seacoast, between Legaspi and
-    Tabaco, in the form of an almost perfect cone--the white houses and
-    church towers of the surrounding settlements and the deeper-colored
-    verdure of the trees at its base, higher up the brilliant green
-    of the bare glass streaked here and there by old lava flows,
-    and still higher a grayish black cinder and ash cone tapering
-    to the peak, with a small plume of steam escaping apparently
-    from the extreme summit. The ascent is interesting, but may, if
-    proper precautions are not taken, be dangerous. The rise of the
-    land in the first part is scarcely perceptible, the road winding
-    through forest interspersed with great plantations of manila hemp;
-    above, as it becomes steeper, the latter give way almost entirely
-    to tropical jungle; and finally the path emerges into cogonal,
-    which extends as far as the angle of the slope will permit. Here
-    and there the entire slope is cut by deep ravines, indicating
-    old lava flows. The way up the cone at first invariably lies in
-    one of these ravines, but now and again the mountain climber is
-    compelled to cross rolling cinder beds only a few inches deep,
-    and lying upon a harder base, almost invariably with an abrupt
-    descent below. The angle is so great that every precaution must be
-    taken, as a slip would prove fatal. A good steelshod alpenstock
-    is practically indispensable. The last five hundred feet are
-    along the perpendicular lava and tuff crags of the summit, the
-    ambitious climber clinging to the latter with hands and toes,
-    wherever support is possible and slowly working his way to the
-    edge of the crater. Finally, standing upon the rotten foothold
-    afforded by the latter he looks down into what appears to be a
-    deep dark well from which small quantities of sulphur-laden gas
-    escape. Around him on the margin jets of steam arise; the ground
-    on which he stands is hot, the boys carrying the canteens are far
-    below, the dry breeze helps the evaporation, and he realizes that
-    he is very, very thirsty. However, the view from the top repays
-    all effort. The entire southern portion of Luzon is visible,
-    stretching away in a succession of fields, forests, and diminutive
-    villages, to the straits of San Bernardino, across which Samar
-    may be seen, and even Leyte, on a clear day. The lake of Bato,
-    the interisland waters, and finally Burias are seen to the west;
-    to the north there appears apparently one unbroken stretch of
-    land with here and there a glimpse of the sea; and the Gulf of
-    Albay with the towns of Legaspi, Tabaco, and Daraga, as well
-    as the smaller islands to the east, seem to be almost within a
-    stone's throw. I have been high up on the slopes of Etna, at the
-    entrance to the Val del Bobe, from which many travelers maintain
-    the finest in the world is to be obtained, but I certainly think
-    that from the summit of Mayon the vista surpasses the one from
-    its sister volcano in Sicily.... Mayon Volcano is decidedly one
-    of the show places of the Philippines, and the wonder is that many
-    of our visitors do not take the opportunity to make the ascent."
-
-
-
-
-BULACAN PROVINCE is named from the Tagalog word "bulac" meaning
-"cotton" which was once the principal product of the region. Together
-with the Provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija, the province
-forms what is commonly known as the region of Central Luzon.
-
-
-[Description and History]
-
-The soil, which is of alluvial and volcanic origin, is rich. Rice,
-corn, sugar, pineapples, bananas, betel nut, mangoes, and all sorts of
-vegetables are raised in the well irrigated and low-lying lands. The
-nipa swamps which supply most of the nipa thatches, vinegar, and
-alcohol are the principal stand-by of a great many people. The forests
-cover over 89,980 hectares and yield good commercial timber and many
-minor forest products.
-
-Aside from agriculture and mining, the industries of the province
-are making hats (Baliuag) and silk textiles, weaving, tanning,
-fish breeding, distilling alcohol, and furniture-making. Baliuag,
-Meycauayan, Obando, Polo, Hagonoy, and San Miguel are the centers of
-these industries.
-
-In the events which followed the arrival of the British in 1762, the
-province figured conspicuously, serving as a center of resistance
-during British occupation of Manila. The Spanish Governor, Anda,
-just before the capitulation of Manila escaped to this province where
-he organized a government of his own to carry on hostilities against
-the British and to hold the country in its loyalty to Spain. In the
-encounters, however, between Anda's forces and the British, Anda's
-resistance was overcome, and Bulacan like the other provinces fell
-into British hands.
-
-Some of the most notable events in the Philippine revolution took
-place in Bulacan Province. It was at Biac-na-Bato, in the mountains of
-Bulacan, where in December of 1897 the famous Pact of Biac-na-Bato was
-concluded, and the town of Malolos was for some time the capital of
-the Philippine Republic. Here, in the historic church of Barasoain,
-the Congress which drafted the Constitution of the Republic held
-its sessions. Conspicuous figures of the revolution like M. H. del
-Pilar and Mariano Ponce whose names are connected with the period of
-propaganda are sons of this province.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the other attractions are the Mineral Baths at Marilao, on the
-Manila north road, and Sibul Springs near San Miguel de Mayumo. This is
-a popular health resort only about three hours ride from Manila. The
-water of the springs have enjoyed a considerable reputation for a
-long time. They are very beneficial in diseases of the intestinal
-tract, especially those of a chronic and catarrhal nature. Owing to
-the gases which the water contains the baths are most refreshing.
-
-
-
-
-PAMPANGA PROVINCE is said to be the lowest and most level of all the
-provinces. It is the chief sugar raising province in Luzon. Some of
-the islands' modern sugar centrals are there. Besides farming, sugar
-making, lumbering, and fishing, the people are engaged in several
-other industries such as distillation of alcohol, buri hat making,
-and pottery.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-About the middle of the seventeenth century, two great rebellions
-broke out in the province. The first of these took place in 1645 as a
-result of the injustices connected with the collection of tributes. It
-spread quickly and extended to Zambales. The second revolt took place
-fifteen years later as a result of the forcible employment of natives
-in the work of cutting timber and of the failure of the Government
-to pay for large amounts of rice collected in Pampanga for the use
-of the royal officials. The leader of the rebellion was Francisco
-Maniago. It spread rapidly among the inhabitants of the towns along
-the banks of the Pampanga River, and was only suppressed after drastic
-measures were taken by Governor-General de Lara.
-
-Pampanga was one of the first provinces to start the Revolution. During
-the early part of the war Mariano Llanera commanded the Revolutionary
-forces. Later Tiburcio Hilario took possession of the province as
-governor in the name of the Revolutionary Government.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions are the sugar centrals, Camp Stotsenberg, one of
-the principal Army posts and an airplane station of the United States,
-dome-shaped Mount Arayat, about 3,300 feet in height and fairly easy
-to climb, and San Fernando, the capital, with its handsome capitol
-and school buildings grouped about the pretty plaza.
-
-Arayat, a picturesque village lying at the foot of the mountain of that
-name is an ideal spot for those desiring to camp out. Nearby is the
-little barrio of Bano where there is an ancient tile bath constructed
-by the Spanish Friars. It consists of a tile lined tank some forty
-feet in length and of varying depths, filled by a crystal-clear spring
-which gushes into it from a grassy bank just above.
-
-Mount Arayat is a perfect cone that rises majestically from the
-immense plain of Central Luzon, and is visible for miles around,
-presenting the same conical shape no matter from what direction viewed.
-
-Several trails lead to the top of the mountain from where a wonderful
-panorama can be seen. It was an insurgent stronghold during the war,
-but its heights were scaled by American troops and its defenders
-dispersed. Scientists state that the mountain is an extinct volcano and
-local tradition has it that the original town of Arayat was destroyed
-by an eruption and covered by ashes.
-
-
-
-
-TARLAC PROVINCE is also in the central plain of Luzon. The province
-has two distinct geographical areas. The northern and eastern parts
-consists of an extensive plain while the rest is covered with mountains
-which abound in timber suitable for building material and furniture
-making. The minor forest products are anahaw, palasan, rattan, honey
-and bojo for sawali.
-
-There was an uprising in this province somewhere in 1762 headed by
-Juan de la Cruz Palaris. In 1896 the province was one of the original
-eight provinces where a state of war was declared to be in existence
-against the Spaniards. When Malolos was evacuated by the Philippine
-Revolutionary Government, the town of Tarlac became for a time the
-central headquarters.
-
-Among the attractions are the medicinal springs in O'Donell in the
-municipality of Capas and those of Sinait.
-
-
-
-
-NUEVA ECIJA PROVINCE is the rice granary of the Philippine Islands,
-being first in the production of the cereal, Pangasinan coming
-second. The rolling hills towards the mountains are suitable for
-pasture lands. The mountains are thick with untouched forests that
-yield fine wood and other minor products. In the mountains and rivers
-gold is found. The province was one of the first eight provinces to
-raise the standard of revolt in 1896. It has a number of flourishing
-towns at present, due to the continuous boom in the rice market. There
-are many mineral hot springs, the ones at Bongabon and Pantabangan
-being the most important. Among the attractions are the irrigation
-system in San Jose which supplies water over an extensive territory
-and the Government Agricultural School at Munoz which is attended
-by many students from all the provinces, and which is noted for its
-unique method of practical instruction.
-
-
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-BATAAN PROVINCE occupies the whole of the peninsula lying between
-the China Sea and Manila Bay. It is a province of various peculiar
-phenomena. Northwest of Dinalupihan is a small conical mountain,
-250 meters high, which has a fresh water lake at the top. In the
-neighborhood of Malasimbo are a few shallow marshes, the shores and
-waters of which are tinted red by dust said to be formed from the
-remains of microscopic animalculae. Near Orani is a bed of iron hydride
-which the people of the region used to make into paints for walls
-and carriages. There are also deposits of clay of which "pilones"
-are made. There is also a large deposit of shells which are burned
-for lime used in the indigo and sugar industries. On the shores of
-Orani is a fresh water spring that rises from a spot covered daily
-by the tides. Near the town of Orion is a quaking bog, impassable by
-either man or beast. Another, smaller one, is found in Ogon, Balanga.
-
-
-[Historical Incidents]
-
-During the first two decades of the seventeenth century, the coast of
-Bataan was more than once the scene of battles against the Dutch. The
-first of these encounters took place in 1600 off the coast of
-Mariveles. The Dutch were commanded by Admiral Van Noort, while the
-Spanish-Filipino army was led by the historian, Antonio de Morga,
-then an order of the Manila Real Audiencia. The Spanish-Filipino
-squadron suffered heavy losses, but the Dutch were nevertheless
-forced to retreat. Nine years later, the Dutch again appeared off
-the Mariveles coast. This time they were led by Admiral Wittert,
-against whom Governor Silva sent a hastily fitted out squadron
-of six small vessels manned by Spaniards and Filipinos. The Dutch
-were defeated. In spite of these reverses, the Dutch continued their
-hostile visits to the Philippines. In 1646, they bombarded Zamboanga,
-unsuccessfully attacked Cavite, and finally effected a landing in
-Abucay, Bataan. Here they committed depredations and massacred more
-than four hundred Filipino soldiers who had laid down their arms. They
-were not driven away until after a long siege.
-
-
-[Mariveles]
-
-The town of Mariveles and Mount Mariveles are the principal
-attractions. The town has an important harbor where the ships are
-detained and fumigated when necessary before entering or leaving
-Manila Bay. West of the town is a quarry of white stone called by the
-Spaniards, "marmol de Mariveles." This stone has served as material
-for the pedestal and column of the statue of Charles IV in Manila. A
-well near the quarry produces siliceous water.
-
-There is a beautiful legend connected with the town of Mariveles. A
-Spanish girl by the name of Maria Velez, who was a nun in Santa Clara
-Convent, fell in love with a friar, with whom she later eloped to
-Kamaya, there to await a galleon on which they intended to secure
-passage for Acapulco. The elopement caused excitement in Manila,
-and the corregidor (magistrate) with a few men was sent to Kamaya
-in search of the refugees. It is said that in memory of the persons
-involved in this story Kamaya was given the name of Mariveles, the
-big island to the south was named Corregidor, the little island to
-the west was called Monja (nun) and another small island, off the
-Cavite coast, was called Fraile.
-
-
-[Mount Mariveles]
-
-Mount Mariveles rises in the midst of the whole peninsula of Bataan. It
-is about 4,700 feet in height and forms a conspicuous object from
-the city especially when illuminated by the brilliant hues of the
-sunset sky. Though once an active volcano its sides are now covered
-with vegetation and practically the whole of its slopes down to a
-very short distance off the shore are virgin tropical jungles. The
-ascent of the mountain can be conveniently made from a day and a half
-to two days from Lamao, where the Philippine Government maintains a
-scientific experimental farm. The trail up the mountain passes along
-a ridge with here and there steep but short slopes. As the ascent is
-made the trees become noticeably smaller and orchids, ferns, mosses
-and the like much more abundant. From the first peak 2,800 feet high,
-the traveler can obtain a view of what Agassiz termed the greatest
-wonders of nature--the sea, the mountains, and the tropical forests.
-
-The view from the very top surpasses that from the first peak. To
-the east lies the bay, with Manila and Cavite in the distance; to
-the south nestles Corregidor Island with the surf beating its shores;
-beyond is the China Sea, dotted here and there with specks of vessels
-bound to and from Hongkong or the other islands; to the north and
-west is a semi-circle of forest-covered peaks, standing as sentinels
-guarding the amphitheater-like crater; and to the northeast lie the
-cultivated fields of rice and sugar cane, studded here and there with
-the church steeples that mark the sites of the towns.
-
-
-
-
-ZAMBALES PROVINCE.--North of Bataan along the western coast of Luzon
-is the Province of Zambales. It has two important harbors that are
-well sheltered--Olongapo and Subic. Olongapo is a naval station which
-boasts of one of the largest floating dry docks in the world.
-
-Zambales was also visited by the Dutch during the early part of
-the seventeenth century. It was in 1617 that Admiral Spielbergen,
-with a powerful fleet appeared off the coast of Playa Honda. The
-Government forces, under the command of Juan Ronquillo, sallied out
-and engaged the Dutch squadron. Spielbergen displayed much bravery,
-but was defeated.
-
-
-[Naval Station]
-
-The only points of particular interest are the Naval Station along the
-coast which is, however, practically abandoned, and the fortifications
-on Grande Island, at the entrance to the bay. To visit either of them
-permits from the military or naval authorities are necessary. The
-floating dry-dock Dewey whose voyage from the United States was a
-matter of much public interest in 1906 is now located here.
-
-
-
-
-PANGASINAN PROVINCE is the second largest rice producing province in
-the archipelago. Tobacco and coconuts are also principal products. The
-swamp lands and the tide flats are sources of nipa thatches and
-alcohol. Mongo, cogon, sugar cane, and mangoes are also raised
-extensively.
-
-
-[Salt Making and Industries]
-
-Along the tidal flats, salt making is so universal that the province
-has been named "Pangasinan," meaning, "the place where there is
-salt." Large parts of these same tidal lands are converted into
-artificial fish ponds with suitable gates that admit water during
-high tide. Even as far south as Bayambang, the overflowed lands of the
-Agno River have been converted into similar ponds where quantities of
-fresh-water fish are obtained and shipped to Manila in large baskets
-containing water.
-
-The famous Calasiao hat made from the leaf of the buri palm comes from
-Pangasinan. Mat-making is an industry in Bani and Bolinao. Lingayen
-uses the palm fiber for making sugar sacks and San Carlos for the
-"salacot" or native helmet. Calasiao, Mangaldan, and San Carlos prepare
-the "tabo" or native cup from the coconut shell. Binmaley and Dagupan
-manufacture the "sueco" (wooden shoe), from the woods cut in the
-Zambales mountains. San Carlos, Binmaley, Santa Barbara, Malasiqui,
-and Bayambang have brickyards and manufactories of pottery. Mangaldan
-is famous for its indigo blue and blue-black dyes.
-
-
-[Historical Events]
-
-Historically the province is important in that it was there that in
-1574 the Chinese pirate Limahong after his repulse in Manila appeared
-with his vast army at the mouth of the Agno River and tried to found
-a settlement on its banks. This attempt, however, was a failure.
-
-During the period from 1660 to about 1765, two important revolts
-occurred in Pangasinan. The first was in 1660 led by Andres Malong,
-who attempted to establish a great kingdom with Binalatongan as
-capital and comprising all of northern and western Luzon as far
-south as Zambales and Pampanga. The second revolt was led by the
-famous Pangasinan leader, Juan de la Cruz Palaris, often known as
-"Palaripar." It took place in 1762, caused by the injustices of the
-tribute. Its center was also at Binalatongan. It lasted over two years,
-ending with the capture and execution of Palaris in 1765.
-
-
-
-
-MOUNTAIN PROVINCE.--The Mountain Province is the third largest province
-in the Philippines. It comprises the vast mountainous territory between
-the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and the Ilocos. It
-is made up of several sub-provinces.
-
-Bakun district in the sub-province of Amburayan has some of the
-most striking rice terraces thousands of feet high. It is a region
-surrounded by high precipices, so that parts of the trails to Bakun
-consist of ladders hundreds of feet high on the sides of the cliffs.
-
-The sub-province of Apayao contains one of the richest virgin forests
-in the Philippines but because of the difficulty of transportation
-lumber is not cut on a commercial scale. There are also deposits of
-copper and ore as well as limestone but they are little explored.
-
-The sub-province of Benguet is at present the most important
-gold-mining district in the Mountain Province. The Igorots had
-exploited the mines long before the coming of the Spaniards and it is
-said that because of the experience already acquired, the Igorots are
-today more skillful gold miners than those who use their knowledge of
-chemistry and mining engineering. Hot springs are found at Klondikes,
-Daklan, and Bungias. Coal deposits exist in Mount Kapangan.
-
-The city of Baguio, the capital of Benguet, is situated in the
-southwestern part of the province. About 160 miles to the north of
-Manila, it is built high up among the Benguet mountains. It ranges in
-elevation from 4,500 to over 5,500 feet, and is surrounded practically
-on all sides by high mountains. The city at present is the summer
-capital of the Philippines. For a fuller description see page 61.
-
-The sub-province of Bontok is exceedingly mountainous. Besides
-agriculture and pottery making, the principal industries consist of
-basket making, lumbering, weaving, and metal working. The women by
-means of their hand-looms weave a great deal of high colored cloth
-out of yarn which they get by barter from the people of Isabela and
-Abra. The men manufacture head-axes and knives.
-
-
-[Ifugao Rice Terraces]
-
-The sub-province of Ifugao is famous for the remarkable rice terraces
-along its mountain sides. Nowhere in the Philippines is irrigation
-developed to the point reached in this sub-province. There are
-approximately 100 square miles of irrigated rice terraces that are
-watered by great ditches several miles long. The terraces are all
-buttressed with stone walls which measure a total length of about
-12,000 miles. These terraces have been built without any knowledge
-of engineering. It is believed that the construction of the present
-terraces and irrigation systems has taken from 1,200 to 1,500 years of
-time. Generation after generation had toiled on them patiently. The
-Ifugaos have so utilized every drop of available water supply that
-in most places no more ditches can be constructed for lack of water.
-
-The terraces are built of stones mined near by, of which there are
-extensive areas. No animals are used for field work everything being
-done by hand. Salt springs and deposits of rock salts are also found
-in several places.
-
-The sub-province of Lepanto is next to Ifugao in the number of
-rice terraces. Camotes, pineapples, sugar cane, and cotton are also
-raised. Lepanto and Benguet are the regions having the most minerals
-in Luzon. All the mountain ranges have millions of pesos worth of
-copper ore deposits. Mankayan is the center of the copper mining
-industry. Here the Spaniards found the natives using the Chinese
-method of mine smelting.
-
-
-[Gold Mining and Industries]
-
-Suyok is the gold mining center. Here is found one of the most striking
-features of the world. The whole side of a range of mountains, about
-15 kilometers across, slides down to the valley, and on this slide,
-named the Palidan Slide, are found parts of gold veins which must
-have their connection somewhere else.
-
-The household industries are well developed. Clay products, such
-as pots, jars, and pipes are made for export. The men are experts
-in metal-working. They make weapons, pots, and spoons out of copper
-which they mine and smelt by native process. They also manufacture
-iron or steel spears, bolos, knives, and tools of all sorts, which
-they sell to or barter with the natives of the lowlands. They also
-carve wood into images, bowls, ornaments, and other utensils.
-
-The women make sufficient cloths for their own use and for sale. They
-spin, dye, and weave the cotton raised there.
-
-
-
-
-LA UNION PROVINCE occupies a narrow strip of land immediately north of
-the Province of Pangasinan and west of the Mountain Province. Tobacco,
-rice, sisal, hemp, sugar, coconuts, corn, and cotton form the most
-important products. At the foot of Mount Bayabas is a hot salt
-spring. The Manila Railroad operates lines as far as Bauang. San
-Fernando, the capital, may be reached either by boat or by automobile
-from Bauang.
-
-
-[Industries]
-
-ILOCOS SUR PROVINCE.--Immediately north of La Union is the Province of
-Ilocos Sur, a region specially adapted to the cultivation of maguey
-the fiber of which constitutes the principal export. But because
-the soil will not support the population a great many persons have
-turned to manufacture and trade. This has given rise to industrial
-specialization in different towns. Those along the coast extract
-salt from the sea water and export it in great quantities to inland
-provinces. In San Esteban, there is a quarry of stone from which
-mortars and grindstones are made. San Vicente, Vigan, and San Ildefonso
-specialize in woodworking, the first in carved wooden boxes and images
-and the others in household furniture. Most of the wood used in these
-handicrafts is imported from Abra and Cagayan. Bantay is the home of
-skilled silversmiths. In the other towns saddles, harness, slippers,
-mats, pottery, and hats are made and exported to some extent. Sisal
-and hemp fiber extraction and weaving of cotton cloth are common
-household industries throughout the province.
-
-The province embraces within its confines some of the oldest towns in
-the Philippines. Besides Vigan several other towns already existed
-in this region before the close of the sixteenth century; namely,
-Santa, Narvacan, Bantay, Candon, and Sinait.
-
-Just above Narvacan, on the highway which runs along the beach is an
-ancient watch-tower and a stretch of road bordered by a curious brick
-retaining wall of Spanish construction. Numerous ancient shrines are
-also to be seen along the Ilocos roads where the pious prayed that
-Heavenly favor might be shown them in their journeys.
-
-The towns of Paoay and Batac are noted for their magnificent churches
-which are worth traveling a long distance to see.
-
-
-[Historical]
-
-Two important uprisings are recorded in the history of Ilocos Sur--the
-Malong rebellion in 1660 and the Silang rebellion in 1763. Malong,
-who was trying to carve out a kingdom for himself in Pangasinan
-and the neighboring territory, sent his two able generals, "Count"
-Gumapos and Jacinto Macasiag to the north to effect the conquest of
-this region. Gumapos and Macasiag, however, proceeded only as far as
-Vigan, from which place they were recalled by Malong. Diego Silang,
-who led the great rebellion of 1762, dominated the greater part of
-Ilocos Sur. He fought pitched battles with the Spanish forces at Vigan
-and Cabugao and practically succeeded in establishing a government
-of his own in Ilocos Sur.
-
-
-
-
-ILOCOS NORTE PROVINCE occupies the whole of the coastal plain in the
-northwestern corner of Luzon. This province is noted for the many
-revolts that occurred there, from the beginning of Spanish rule to the
-first decades of the nineteenth century. The two most important were
-those caused by the general discontent over the tobacco monopoly and
-over the wine monopoly, which occurred in 1788 and 1807 respectively.
-
-The mountains surrounding the province are covered with fine timber
-trees. Resin, honey, and wax are also found on their slopes. A few
-grottos or caves are found in the interior. There are a number of
-stone quarries. Limestone is found in at least three places, while
-the beach supplies a great amount of coral for road building. There
-are also deposits of manganese and asbestos which are being exploited.
-
-The weaving of textiles--towels, blankets, wearing apparel, and
-handkerchiefs--is the principal industry among women. Mat-making and
-the pottery industry are also well developed.
-
-Laoag, the capital, has a population of about 40,000. It is entered
-from the south by crossing the longest bridge in the islands. Laoag
-plaza, on which the provincial buildings front, is well cared for
-and the ancient bell tower on the opposite side is said to resemble
-a famous Italian campanile.
-
-Bangui is "farthest north" in Luzon where the highway ends. Its climate
-is cool resembling that of a California summer. Woolen clothes may
-be worn with comfort in the cold season. It is always swept by cool
-breezes. The view of sea and land from the crest of a hill just
-before Bangui is entered will hold the attention of even the most
-travelled tourist.
-
-
-
-
-ABRA PROVINCE is south of Ilocos Norte. It is a beautiful mountainous
-region. It is considered to be the seismic center of Northern Luzon. It
-is drained by the voluminous Abra River which is the highway to the
-Province of Ilocos Sur. The valley drained by this river and its
-tributaries is covered with luxuriant vegetation. Corn, tobacco, and
-rice are the most important products. The mountains are covered with
-forests containing timber eminently suitable for construction. There
-is gold dust along the Binongan River in the town of Lacub. Of mineral
-springs that of the Iomin River is the most important. This has a
-temperature ranging from 70 degrees to 80 degrees Fahrenheit with a
-flow of 3 to 4 cubic centimeters per second.
-
-
-[Cagayan River]
-
-THE CAGAYAN VALLEY.--Adjoining the Mountain Province in the very
-northeastern corner of Luzon is the Province of Cagayan. Together with
-the neighboring Provinces of Isabela and Nueva Vizcaya to the south it
-forms what is known as the Cagayan Valley. Something of these great
-tobacco provinces can be seen by taking the steamer from Manila to
-Aparri and then sailing up the Cagayan River. This is a Mississippi,
-a Nile of a river, navigable by interisland steamers for twenty-five
-miles. Its chief importance lies in its periodical inundations,
-which, leaving their deposits of alluvial loam along the strips
-of lowland by the banks of the stream, make it the finest tobacco
-country of this part of the world. This crop has for a very long
-time been the staple source of wealth, though other plants can be
-cultivated with success. How great is the productivity of the soil,
-despite the exhausting effect of tobacco upon it, may be gathered from
-the following remark made in an official report. "The 'good land' was
-understood to be those parts fertilized annually by the overflow of
-the river.... The other land was not considered first class because it
-could only produce tobacco for ten or twelve years without enrichment,
-the subject of fertilizing never having received any attention from
-the planters of that region."
-
-By small boats it is possible to reach Cauayan, Isabela. From there
-the road is so nearly completed that autos can be taken to Santa Fe,
-Nueva Vizcaya, where it divides, one branch, an automobile road,
-leading to San Jose, Nueva Ecija, and thence to Manila; the other a
-horseback trail to San Nicolas, Pangasinan, a short and easy stage
-to the railroad. Among the sights is a salt-incrusted mountain,
-a dazzling landmark for miles around in Nueva Vizcaya. The people
-thereabouts often place small objects, such as baskets, under the
-drip of the salt springs. These become coated with salt in such a
-manner that they appear to be of pure marble.
-
-
-[Isabela and Palanan]
-
-Like many other provinces Isabela Province was the scene of important
-uprisings. In 1763, for example, stirred by the influence of the
-Silang rebellion in Ilocos, the people of Isabela revolted, led
-on by Dabo and Juan Morayac. The centers of rebellion were Ilagan
-and Cabagan. Again in 1785, another revolt broke out. This time the
-rebellion was led by Labutao and Baladon. The rebellion was caused
-by the grievances of the people against the collection of tribute
-and the enforcement of the tobacco monopoly.
-
-The historical spot of Isabela is the little town of Palanan on
-Palanan Bay, on the Pacific Coast. The bay is exposed to the weather
-and the anchorage is reefy, while the town is separated from the
-rest of the province by great mountains which make communication
-and travel difficult and dangerous. It was in this town that General
-Emilio Aguinaldo retreated and maintained his headquarters until his
-capture by General Funston by a ruse in March, 1901.
-
-
-
-
-[Salinas Salt Springs]
-
-NUEVA VIZCAYA PROVINCE is south of Cagayan on the Pacific Coast
-of Luzon. It contains vast areas of fertile public lands suitable
-for rice, tobacco, sugar, coconuts, beans, potatoes, coffee, and
-abaca, practically untouched, as well as virgin forests filled
-with all classes of valuable timber. The province is the gateway
-to and granary of the tobacco-producing provinces to the north. The
-climatic conditions of the province are unsurpassed. There are places
-the climate of which is similar to that of Baguio. There are also
-places of scenic beauty, such as Salinas, which are not inferior
-to world-famous objectives of tourist travel. The salt springs at
-Salinas have been from time immemorial the source of this essential
-food element to the peoples of even distant regions.
-
-
-
-
-MINDORO PROVINCE is named after the Spanish phrase "mina de oro" or
-"gold mine," as mining is said to have once been a great source of
-wealth in the region. The province is co-extensive in territory with
-the Island of Mindoro, southwest of Luzon. Rice, copra, abaca, sugar,
-and corn are the principal products. Along the coast are extensive
-nipa swamps.
-
-
-[Mineral Deposits]
-
-Gold is found in the Rivers of Binabay, Baco, Bongabong, and Magasauan
-Tubig. Coal of good quality is found north and west of Bulalacao,
-white marbles northwest of Mount Halcon, slate deposits near the
-headquarters of Pagaban and other rivers of the western coast, sulphur,
-and gypsum on Lake Naujan, and south of Calapan, hot springs between
-the sea and the northwestern part of Lake Naujan, and salt springs
-in Damagan, Bulalacao. Guano deposits are found in the caves.
-
-
-[Submarine Garden]
-
-An interesting two-day trip from Manila is that to the landlocked
-harbor of Puerto Galera at the northern end of the island. The
-attraction of the place lies in the fine scenery along the coast and
-in the unusual transparency of the water, which permits visitors,
-especially if glass-bottomed boats are at hand, to inspect the varied
-life which teems in the depths below. There is here as on the coast of
-Batangas a marine garden of bewildering and exquisite beauty. Nature
-seems to have made special effort to crowd beneath a few acres of
-sea all of the most entrancing wonders of the deep. There is coral of
-every design, color, and variety. There are thousands of plants which
-present a wealthy and gorgeous harmony of color. There are myriads of
-wonderful fish which outrival the coral and the vegetation in variety
-and richness of hue. Some are as green as grass, others as gold as
-a guinea.
-
-There are at present no regular boats making the trip and special
-arrangements will have to be made in order to be able to visit
-the place.
-
-
-
-
-PALAWAN.--The province of Palawan occupies the long and narrow Island
-of Palawan situated between Mindoro on the north and Borneo on the
-south. Besides this long and narrow island the province includes about
-200 other small islets. A great part of the island is still unexplored,
-the island itself not being accessible to the traveler. The chief
-industries of the people are fishing, gathering trepangs, sea-shells,
-and edible birds' nest on the limestone cliffs near the shore.
-
-The proximity of the island with the Dutch East Indies and to Borneo
-puts it in a very advantageous position commercially. It is also
-favored by valleys of great fertility and by well protected harbors.
-
-
-[Iwahig Penal Colony]
-
-Among the places of special interest in Palawan may be mentioned
-Balabac on the island of the same name. It was to this island that many
-of the Filipinos were exiled in 1896 because of alleged complicity
-in the Katipunan which in August of that year raised the standard of
-revolt. The Iwahig Penal Colony about 8 miles from Puerto Princesa,
-the capital, is also easy of access. This is a novel experiment
-in the reformatory treatment of criminals. Here have been gathered
-under the name of "colonists" over 500 convicts who have conducted
-themselves well at Bilibid prison in Manila. They are put at entire
-liberty without any armed guard or any special restraint. All of the
-petty officers are prisoners as are also all the police. Agriculture
-and various trades are carried on, and, under certain conditions,
-the prisoners are given an allotment of land and their families are
-allowed to join them.
-
-
-[Culion Leper Colony]
-
-To the north of the province is the little Island of Culion where
-the leper colony is situated. There is no regular transportation
-except by the government cutter that makes periodical trips, and
-the colony itself is not ordinarily open to visitors. There are
-about 2,000 inmates in the colony and they are well taken care of by
-the Philippine Government, many having been cured completely of the
-unfortunate malady. In minor matters the lepers form a self-governing
-community electing their own council and supplying the policemen and
-other subordinate officials.
-
-
-[Underground River]
-
-On the west coast of Palawan, almost uninhabited and still largely
-uncharted, there is a very remarkable underground river. This has
-been explored several times by Government officials, a launch having
-in one instance entered the mouth and proceeded under the mountain
-for more than 2 miles. At present the river can only be reached by
-taking a long and expensive trip away from the main routes of travel,
-but it is destined some time to be known as one of the remarkable
-sights of the world.
-
-
-
-
-ROMBLON PROVINCE.--The Province of Romblon has nothing of special
-interest to the tourist except the town of Romblon which has one of the
-best natural harbors in the islands and the extensive marble deposits
-which have been quarried and used for years and are now disappearing.
-
-
-
-
-THE VISAYAS.--The "Visayas" is the general name given to the central
-portion of the Philippine Archipelago. It includes the large Islands of
-Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, and a very great number
-of smaller islands and islets. Though greatly broken up by mountains,
-these contain the most thickly populated districts in the Islands
-and constitute by far the largest area inhabited by a single stock
-(the Visayan) and speaking, though with many dialect variations, one
-language. Within this area are the best sugar and some of the best
-hemp lands, and many other important products of the Islands grow
-well. To the tourist, perhaps, they do not, outside of the cities of
-Cebu and Iloilo, abound in "sights." But the larger islands exhibit
-many fine vistas; and the smaller ones, mostly mountainous, form with
-the surrounding tropical waters a combination which, for color and
-variety of outline, rivals the Inland Sea of Japan at its best.
-
-
-
-
-SAMAR PROVINCE comprises the whole Island of Samar which is the
-fourth largest island in the Archipelago. It lies southeast of
-Luzon and is separated from the Province of Sorsogon by the San
-Bernardino Strait. The island is very rugged and nearly all of the
-towns are located near the coast. Another characteristic feature
-of the mountain regions is the presence of caves of which the most
-noted is the Sohotan cave near Basey. River transportation is the
-chief means of communication.
-
-
-[Where the Spaniards first landed]
-
-To Samar belongs the distinction of being the first island of the
-Philippine Archipelago to be discovered by the Spaniards. On March 16,
-1521, Ferdinand Magellan sighted the island, and the day following,
-landed on the little island of Homonhon. In 1649 the greatest part
-of the Island of Samar became involved in a great rebellion which
-became the signal of general uprising in the Visayan Islands and in
-parts of Mindanao. The cause of the uprising was enforced labor in
-connection with shipbuilding. It lasted about a year. The rebels
-fortified themselves in the mountains and there established an
-independent settlement. From here they sallied forth from time to
-time and harassed the Spanish forces sent against them.
-
-
-
-
-ILOILO AND CAPIZ.--The Provinces of Iloilo and Capiz occupy the
-entire eastern portion of the Island of Panay, immediately south of
-Romblon Island. They consist of an extensive plain extending far back
-to the foot of a range of mountains that traverses the western part
-of the island.
-
-The Panay line of the Philippine Railway Company cuts directly through
-this plain extending as far as Capiz, the capital of the province of
-the same name, immediately north of Iloilo Province.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-The trip over the railroad takes the traveler past several points
-of interest. Just beyond Ventura there are seen to the west of the
-tract a series of high mountain cliffs of white coral rock. These
-are honeycombed by caves of wonderful structure and great beauty. One
-of the most beautiful resembles an immense stage, set with elaborate
-scenery. Another of great extent and variety is entered by descending
-through a shaft resembling a well. An hour's walk from the entrance
-leads the traveler to a place where the roof has collapsed and trees
-have grown to gigantic heights, the cave continuing to an unknown
-distance.
-
-The natural bridge of Suhut in the town of Dumalag, Capiz, is also
-worth visiting. Near the natural bridge is a spring of sulphurous
-and salty water.
-
-The City of Iloilo is described elsewhere, page 64.
-
-
-
-
-[Haciendas and Sugar Centrals]
-
-THE ISLAND OF NEGROS.--This island is divided into two
-provinces--Occidental Negros and Oriental Negros. Occidental Negros
-is about three hours' ride by boat from the City of Iloilo. It is the
-most important sugar producing district in the Philippines. About 75
-per cent of all the exported sugar comes from this province. Bacolod,
-Bago, Talisay, San Carlos, Binalbagan, and La Carlota are the centers
-of the sugar industry. There are about 518 haciendas and about half
-a dozen sugar centrals in actual operation. The sugar centrals are
-well worth the visit and the traveler should not miss them. Other
-principal places of interest are Mount Canlaon, an active volcano and
-the Mambucal Hot Springs, which is recommended by medical authorities.
-
-The trip to Oriental Negros has to be made direct from Manila, although
-there are boats from Cebu and Iloilo calling occasionally at Dumaguete,
-the capital.
-
-
-[Silliman Institute]
-
-The principal points of interest in Dumaguete are the old watch-tower
-on the plaza, built to guard against surprise by piratical Moro
-fleets, and the buildings of the Silliman Institute. This latter is
-a high-grade Protestant endowed school, with preparatory, classical,
-and industrial departments; in it are enrolled some 500 students,
-representing a wide range of localities. It was founded in 1901 with
-a gift of Dr. Horace B. Silliman, of New York, and is now maintained
-by the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions. The buildings are
-located on the beach, about five minutes' walk from the central part
-of the town.
-
-
-[Other Places of Interest]
-
-There are a few other places of some interest within a moderate
-distance of Dumaguete. Among these are some hot springs, about 6
-kilometers (about 4 miles) west of the town. There is a fairly good
-horse trail to within a few minutes' walk of them, and the scenery
-along the route is picturesque. Of more interest is the active Volcano
-of Magaso, which lies 14 kilometers to the south. It is accessible by
-a good trail; and a horse can be ridden to the top of the crater. The
-descent into the latter is not difficult.
-
-
-
-
-CEBU PROVINCE.--The Island of Cebu which is co-extensive with
-the province of that name was discovered by Magellan on April 7,
-1521. The town was then under the rule of Raja Humabon, a powerful
-chief who had eight subordinate chieftains and a force of some two
-thousand warriors under him. Magellan made friends with Humabon and
-succeeded in baptizing him, his wife, and as many as eight hundred
-of his men. Magellan also endeavored to bring the people of Mactan
-under Spanish influence. In this attempt, he was killed while engaged
-in battle with the people of Opon who were then under Chief Lapulapu.
-
-
-[First Spanish Settlement]
-
-Forty-four years after Magellan's time, Legaspi occupied the town
-of Cebu which was then under the rule of Tupas. Here Legaspi founded
-the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines which he called San
-Miguel. The town, which was planned in the shape of a triangle, was
-defended on the land side by a palisade and on the two sides facing
-the sea by artillery. The name of the town was later changed to the
-City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus "in honor of an image of the
-Child Jesus which a soldier had found in one of the houses."
-
-The establishment of the Spanish settlement in Cebu brought to
-this island the Portuguese who then disputed the ownership of the
-Archipelago. In 1566, 1568, and 1570, Portuguese expeditionary forces
-were sent to Cebu to drive away the Spaniards. First in 1568 and
-again in 1570, the Portuguese blockaded Cebu, but in both cases the
-blockade resulted in a failure.
-
-The plains yield as many as three crops of corn a year. Coconuts,
-sugar cane, abaca, peanuts, bananas, pineapples, camotes, and tobacco
-are other products.
-
-
-[Industries]
-
-The island is rich in minerals, of which gold and coal are the most
-important. Industries are well developed in Cebu. Good fishing banks
-found along the coast furnish the people with food for local use and
-for export. Hogs and goats are raised for local use. Poultry raising
-enables the people to export chickens and eggs to neighboring islands
-and even to Manila. Cotton cloth, woven for local use and sinamay
-made from the fiber extracted from banana and pineapple leaves,
-are exported. Much tuba, a native wine, is collected in the coconut
-regions.
-
-The town of Cebu, however, existed as a prosperous native settlement
-before the discovery of the Philippines by Magellan. For a description
-of the places of interest in the city, see page 63.
-
-
-
-
-BOHOL PROVINCE, the island southeast of Cebu, is noted for the two
-big rebellions against the Spaniards which occurred in 1622 and 1744,
-respectively. The leader of the revolt in 1622, which was really an
-armed protest against Jesuitical influence, was one by the name of
-Tamblot. The uprising rapidly spread throughout the entire island;
-only the towns of Loboc and Baclayon remained peaceful. The rebels
-retreated "to the summit of a rugged and lofty hill, difficult of
-access," and there fortified themselves. It took the government six
-months to suppress this rebellion.
-
-
-[Rebellions]
-
-Another rebellion, no less formidable than the Tamblot uprising,
-broke out in 1744. It gained strength in 1750 under the leadership of
-Dagohoy, who for a long time was the whole soul of the movement. The
-rebellion affected almost the entire island and lasted for over eighty
-years. The government sent several expeditions to put it down, but
-without success. The rebels established a local government and lived
-as an independent people. This was, perhaps, the most successful
-revolt the Filipinos ever conducted from the viewpoint of duration
-of resistance.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions are the mineral springs in Guindulman as well
-as those in San Juan, Candon, Napo, Lubod, and Cambalaguin which are
-reputed to be efficacious for curing skin diseases. Edible birds'
-nests are gathered in the Cananoan Cave. Other caves are found in
-Baclayon, Guindulman, Jagna, and Sierra Bullones. "Buri," "ticog," and
-"salacot" hats are made in almost every town. The weaving of "pina" and
-"sinamay" cloth is a specialty in Baclayon, Loboc, Jagna, and Duero,
-and "saguaran" weaving in Talibon, Inabanga, Baclayon, and Jetafe. The
-commercial exploitation of the pearl and shell banks in the Bohol
-seas has only recently been begun. The catching of the flying lemur
-and the tanning and preparation of its hide is a new occupation. Most
-of the towns are found along the coast so that a great portion of
-the inhabitants are engaged in coastwise and interisland trade.
-
-
-
-
-LEYTE PROVINCE and island, one of the largest and most fertile
-regions in the Visayan group, is situated southwest of Samar and
-is separated from Samar by the San Juanico Strait, said to be one
-of the most beautiful water-ways in the world. Hemp and copra are
-the most important products exported. Coal is found in the towns of
-Leyte, Ormoc, and Jaro. Asphalt is being mined in Leyte for street
-paving purposes. Gold is found in Pintuyan and San Isidro; sulphur
-in Mahagnao; mineral springs in the crater of Mahagnao, Ormoc, San
-Isidro, Mainit, and Carigara.
-
-
-[Where Mass First Celebrated]
-
-Limasawa, a little island south of Leyte, has the unique
-distinction of being the place where mass was first celebrated in the
-Philippines. Toward the end of March, 1521, Magellan discovered this
-little island, which then appeared to be a prosperous community. It
-was here that Magellan met Raja Calambu and Ciagu, who feasted the
-Spaniards and exchanged presents with them. The Island of Leyte itself,
-then called Tandaya, was the first island of the Philippine Archipelago
-to receive the name of "Felipina."
-
-
-
-
-THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO.--This island is the second largest and
-potentially perhaps the richest of the archipelago. It is divided
-into seven provinces--Zamboanga, Misamis, Lanao, Bukidnon, Cotabato,
-Davao, Agusan, and Surigao.
-
-
-[Origin of Name]
-
-The term "Mindanao" or "Maguindanao" was originally given to the town
-now known as Cotabato and its immediate vicinity. (See page 104.) The
-word is derived from the root "danao" which means inundation by a
-river, lake, or sea. The derivative "Mindanao" means "inundated"
-or "that which is inundated." "Maguindanao" means "that which has
-inundated."
-
-
-[Islam]
-
-Islam was successfully introduced and firmly established in Mindanao by
-Sharif Mohammed Kabungsuwan. He is believed to have established himself
-in this region toward the end of the fifteenth century. He was also
-the founder of the Sultanate so that today most of the inhabitants
-of Mindanao are Mohammedans. The Christian population came from the
-northern islands. They immigrated into Mindanao to exploit the rich
-sections of the islands. They have built their homes along the river
-basins and near the bays accessible to commerce. In many cases they
-hold the important municipal positions such as tax-collectors and
-teachers. The Moros who inhabit the interior valleys have acknowledged
-the authority of their Christian brothers from the north and are
-living peacefully with them.
-
-
-
-
-THE PROVINCE OF ZAMBOANGA includes the whole of the western peninsula
-of the island. The central portion is covered with dense forests
-containing much valuable hardwood timber. Abaca and copra are the
-principal products though sugar, cacao, hemp, and rice are cultivated
-to some extent. Among the important forest products are guttapercha for
-insulating cable wires and almaciga for varnish. Basilan Island nearby
-is covered with forests, and lumber mills are in operation. There
-are also plantations for the growing of rubber in this island.
-
-As a whole the interior of the province is not at present very
-accessible, and most of the attractions center in the capital City
-of Zamboanga at the extreme end of the peninsula, which is described
-on page 65.
-
-
-
-
-COTABATO PROVINCE is in the southwestern portion of Mindanao. The term
-"Cotabato" signifies a "stone fort." Cotabato is the capital and is
-located near the mouth of the river called Cotabato also. The Cotabato
-River system, though not as swift as the Rhine River of Germany,
-serves the same purpose to Cotabato as the Rhine to Germany in the
-sense that it forms the chief means of communication and transportation
-for conveying finished products and raw materials from the different
-towns to the coast.
-
-On the valley of this river are some of the most fertile and productive
-regions of the whole Philippine Archipelago, although due to the
-scarcity of population and of laborers very little cultivation has
-been done.
-
-On the eastern side of the valley are many extensive but shallow
-swamps, such as the Liguasan and Libungan. Large lakes as Buluan and
-Cebu, and many small ones abound. These natural basins yield an immense
-wealth for the country. On the marshes, mangroves and nipa grow in
-abundance, while the lakes teem with the rarest and choicest fish.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Sulphur is abundant near and around Mount Apo, an extinct volcano,
-9,610 feet high, being the highest peak in the archipelago. The
-difficult ascent and the lack of transportation facilities make
-exploitation impossible at present. Mineral springs can be found near
-the town of Cotabato.
-
-The land is well adopted to the cultivation of coconut and rice. The
-mountains are densely wooded. With the exception of the small portion
-around Sarangani Bay where logging is being carried on most of the
-forested area is not yet exploited. The most important forest products,
-which are at present exported in great quantities, are the candlenut,
-almaciga, and guttapercha.
-
-
-
-
-[Fertility]
-
-BUKIDNON PROVINCE occupies the great fertile plateau of Mindanao
-immediately north of Cotabato. It contains immense areas of fertile
-soil unsurpassed for grazing and general farming. There are at
-least 300,000 hectares of open grass-covered land which would yield
-rich returns under the plow. The Bukidnons themselves, learning to
-use modern agricultural implements, are taking advantage of their
-opportunities, this being clearly evidenced by the beautiful fields
-of corn surrounding their settlements, by the increased plantings
-of rice and camotes, and by the great increase in the exportation of
-hemp and coffee. The lower levels of Bukidnon produce the best grade
-of hemp in northern Mindanao. Corn grows to a height of 13 feet on
-the Bukidnon plateaus, the stalks supporting two ears. Two crops may
-be grown annually.
-
-There are some Manobos and a few Moros in the province, but the greater
-part of the inhabitants are Bukidnons who are timid, peaceable farmers.
-
-
-
-
-LANAO PROVINCE.--Between Bukidnon and Zamboanga is the Province
-of Lanao which includes the region centering about the large Lake
-of Lanao. It consists for the most part of a plateau (altitude,
-about 2,200 feet), with an invigorating climate and fine stretches
-of grazing land. The soil is in the main excellent and, at various
-altitudes, produces a very great variety of crops, including the
-usual staples, some fruits like the "durian," unknown or rare in the
-northern islands, coffee, and a variety of wild rubber, for which
-plant, in its cultivated form, the district is well adapted.
-
-For many years this valuable country has been the scene of the
-lawlessness of the Lanao Moros, but after the institution of civil
-government among them they have settled down and are living peacefully
-side by side with the immigrants from the northern islands. The same
-is true with the other provinces in the Island of Mindanao.
-
-Much of the scenery in the Lanao Province is said to be among the
-finest in the world, while the Moros are extremely interesting and
-manufacture many small articles of great artistic value, especially
-brasswork and weapons.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-Among the attractions is Lake Lanao, believed to have been formed as
-a result of the subsidence of the land accompanying the eruption of
-the volcanoes in the surrounding country. There are three of these
-volcanoes, which are still active. The climate, especially around
-Lake Lanao, is very cool. Dansalan nearby is the favorite resort of
-the people in the lowlands of Mindanao and bears the promise of being
-the Baguio of the southern islands.
-
-Other attractions are the Maria Cristina Falls about 191 feet high
-and the Mataling Fall about 40 feet in height, both of which are on
-the road to the lake.
-
-
-
-
-DAVAO PROVINCE occupies the southeastern part of Mindanao. Though
-perhaps less fertile for some crops than the neighboring Province of
-Cotabato, Davao comprises the finest hemp land in the archipelago and
-there is a considerable colony of Japanese, American, and Filipino
-planters.
-
-More than half of the population, however, are pagans, the Mandayas
-and Bagobos predominating in number. These two pagan tribes have the
-best primitive civilization among all the non-Christian peoples of
-the archipelago. Their women weave excellent cloth which is dyed in
-curious and ornamental patterns and the men make daggers, spears,
-and other articles of metal.
-
-The town of Davao is the capital and principal port. It is well laid
-out and has a number of interesting monuments.
-
-
-
-
-AGUSAN PROVINCE, north of Davao, occupies the whole northern Valley
-of Agusan. The soil is of the greatest fertility, holding a constant
-moisture. The rainfall is very evenly distributed throughout the year,
-and there has been no drought or destructive typhoon recorded. Abaca
-and coconuts thrive well in this region. A splendid rice crop is
-produced without irrigation. Bananas, papayas, and other tropical
-fruits are grown in great abundance, the famous Mindanao papaya
-attaining its perfection in the region about Butuan.
-
-The numerous lakes and the extensive area of swampy land are sources
-of incalculable wealth. Choicest fish abound in the lakes, while nipa
-from which tuba and alcohol are obtained, and mangroves for fuel and
-tanning purposes, grow wild in the fenlands.
-
-Gold deposits exist in abundance. Most of these deposits are found
-in the mountains on the eastern side of the valley. The location of
-these mines is favorable, being near rivers. There are several gold
-mining claims at present under operation.
-
-Butuan, the capital and most important town of the province, is near
-the mouth of the navigable Agusan River. This river port serves the
-same purpose for the settlements built along Agusan River and its
-tributaries, as the town of Cotabato to the well-scattered towns of
-the Cotabato Valley.
-
-
-
-
-SURIGAO PROVINCE, north of Agusan, occupies the whole northeastern
-part of the Island of Mindanao. Abaca, copra, and corn are the
-most important agricultural products. There is much fine timber
-in the forests, the best obtainable equalling iron and concrete in
-durability. Gold is at present mined in some parts of the province.
-
-
-
-
-THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO.--The Sulu Province includes all of the islands of
-the Sulu Archipelago, a region which is often visited by earthquakes,
-the Sulu Sea being the seismic center. The climate of this region is
-warm and moist, being near the equator.
-
-Fishing is the most important industry. Jolo is the center for most of
-the pearling fleet. Sitanki, Omapui, Tumindao, Balimbing, Landubas,
-Laja, and Siasi are other important fishing centers. The sea turtle,
-fish of all kinds, and the trepang are caught. Beautiful trays and
-combs and other articles are made from the back of the sea turtle,
-and the fish and trepang are cured and exported.
-
-The Sulu Archipelago, especially Jolo, the capital and principal port,
-trades with Zamboanga, Borneo, and Singapore. Chinese merchants traded
-with Sulu long before the arrival of Legaspi in the Philippines. When
-Manila and Cebu were yet small settlements, Jolo was already a city,
-the most important in the Philippines.
-
-
-[Introduction of Mohammedanism]
-
-Mohammedanism was introduced and firmly established in the Archipelago
-by three men--Makdum, Raja Baginda, and Abu Bakr. Makdum was a noted
-Arabian scholar who, after introducing Mohammedanism into Malacca,
-visited almost every island of the Sulu Archipelago toward the end
-of the fourteenth century and made numerous converts especially in
-Bevansa and Tapul. Raja Baginda, soon after the arrival of Makdum,
-came by way of Zamboanga and Basilan. He was of princely rank and is
-believed to have come accompanied by ministers of state. He settled
-in Bevansa and became the supreme ruler of Sulu. Abu Bakr, who seemed
-to have been quite a learned man, arrived in Bevansa about the middle
-of the fifteenth century. Here, he lived with Raja Baginda, teaching
-the people the Mohammedan religion. He later married Parasimuli, the
-daughter of Raja Baginda, and succeeded his father-in-law as sultan.
-
-The reign of Abu Bakr (1450-1480) was noteworthy not only because
-of the firm establishment of Mohammedanism, but also because of the
-governmental reforms then effected. Abu Bakr reorganized the government
-of Sulu, dividing it into five main administrative districts, each
-under a Panglima. He promulgated a new code of laws which became the
-guide for all officials of the state. During his reign, Sulu's power
-was felt not only in Mindanao and the Visayas, but even in Luzon.
-
-The administration of Governor-General Sande (1575-80) was the
-beginning of a continuous state of warfare between Spain and Sulu
-which lasted to within two decades before the end of the Spanish
-rule. Sande wanted to reduce Sulu to a subject state, impose tribute
-on its people, secure for the Spaniards the trade of the Archipelago,
-and convert the inhabitants to Catholicism. To attain these ends,
-he sent Captain Rodriguez de Figueroa to Sulu with a large army. This
-expedition, however, accomplished nothing beyond the arousing of the
-Sulus to hostility and the inception of numerous Moro raids on the
-Visayas and Luzon.
-
-
-[The Sultan and His Present Position]
-
-The whole Archipelago is still under the nominal sway of the Sultan
-of Sulu, who lives in the Island of Jolo and enjoys pensions from
-the Philippine Government and the British North Borneo Company. All
-of the Moros in Mindanao and in Sulu have long ago recognized the
-authority of the central Philippine Government in Manila, and the
-hostility which has existed between the Moros and the inhabitants of
-the northern islands during Spanish rule, has long passed away. The
-policy of attraction inaugurated by the Philippine Government has
-succeeded wonderfully. Disturbances among the Moros are now very few
-and far between. They have their own senator in the Philippine Senate
-and they have their own representatives in the House.
-
-
-[Results of the Policy of Attraction]
-
-Considering the past history of these southern islands, it is
-almost incredible that such results have become possible. Many of
-the non-Christians in the interior of Mindanao-Sulu have even changed
-their manner of dressing and have adopted the garb of the Christians,
-whom they are endeavoring to imitate as much as possible, mingling with
-them in their work, and assisting in maintaining law and order. The
-Moros themselves have changed a great deal; the juramentado (running
-amok) is practically a thing of the past; they show greater religious
-tolerance and a high sense of responsibility; they cooperate in every
-way possible with the Christians and the Government authorities in
-the maintenance of a government of law and order, and do everything
-they can to identify themselves with the inhabitants of the north. For
-this reason more beneficial and lasting changes have been accomplished
-in the last five years, in moral, social, and political respects,
-as well as in the material development of the people, than had been
-accomplished for several centuries past. This progress is principally
-due to the efforts of the Philippine Legislature, which furnished the
-Department of Mindanao and Sulu with large annual appropriations and
-thus made the policy of attraction a success.
-
-
-[The town of Jolo]
-
-The town of Jolo is the political and commercial center of the
-archipelago and is reached from Manila direct. The trip through
-island-studded Sulu Sea, is one of great scenic beauty.
-
-Jolo consists of a picturesque little walled city and a considerable
-town outside. The population is cosmopolitan. The town is more
-Malayan, more Arabic, and more Oriental than Zamboanga. Thus it has
-many attractions for the traveler.
-
-The part within the walls has excellent streets and walks and is
-adorned with parks, gardens, and fountains. One of the most curious
-sights is furnished by the half-tame deer, which run at large about
-the streets. The point of greatest interest in the outer town is the
-"Chinese pier," a rickety affair, on which most of the merchants of
-that nationality have their shops, both as a measure of safety and
-for convenience in handling cargoes. These shops are the best places
-to go to for Moro curios.
-
-
-[Attractions]
-
-The town as a whole is an excellent place in which to see the daily
-life and occupations of the Moro people in their most characteristic
-forms. The fact that it is the chief center of the pearl fisheries
-of the Islands puts the pearling boats when in port, the market where
-the pearls and shell are sold, and the places of manufacture and sale
-of the shell ornaments, among the principal sights. Leading from the
-town to the barracks at Asturias is a fine coconut avenue, known as
-"Ariolas' Walk." It is named after its builder, who was the Spanish
-military governor of the place in the early years of the last century.
-
-
-
-
-THE LANGUAGE FOR THE TOURIST.--Spanish and English are the languages
-universally used in the archipelago. As a general rule, however, an
-English speaking tourist can travel in the different places described
-in this book without knowledge of any except his mother tongue. Almost
-all of the officials and employees of the government speak English
-and, if there is no one else, a school child can generally be found
-to do the interpreting.
-
-
-[English-Speaking Filipinos]
-
-Statistics show that there are at present more Filipinos who can
-read, write, and speak the English language than those who can read,
-write, and speak the Spanish language. The last Census (1918) gives
-the following figures:
-
-                                                  Males     Females
-
-  Filipinos of 10 years of age or over who can    563,495   322,359
-    read English.
-  Those who can read Spanish.                     587,588   292,223
-  Those who can both read and write English.      540,552   313,993
-  Those who can both read and write Spanish.      454,052   210,270
-
-
-As a matter of fact the English language serves at the present time
-as a common medium of communication among the inhabitants of the
-Philippines who still speak their own dialects. Because of the work
-of public schools during the last quarter of a century it is the
-language which is most widely spoken in the whole Archipelago.
-
-Business between the central government and the provinces and
-municipalities is transacted in English. The proceedings of the
-Philippine Legislature although still in Spanish, are translated into
-English. In commercial transactions the English language prevails
-throughout the islands. It will not be very long before the language
-will be the official language even in the courts and the language
-which is more generally used in private life. The present leaders of
-the people have a working knowledge of the language and many can read
-and write it fairly. The younger generation has a thorough knowledge
-of English and speaks and writes it in most cases.
-
-The spread of the language as the common language of the inhabitants is
-assured, not only because it is the basis of instruction in the public
-schools and in the universities, but also because it is essential to
-the best interest and political future of the people.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-X. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOREST RESOURCES, MINERALS, AND
-OTHER INDUSTRIES
-
-
-The Philippines are eminently an agricultural country. Agriculture
-is the principal source of the Islands' wealth, and the bulk of the
-exports consists mostly of agricultural products.
-
-
-[Hectares under cultivation]
-
-An estimate of the number of hectares under cultivation during the
-year 1922, shows the following:
-
-
-              Hectares devoted to rice.         1,661,430
-              Hectares devoted to abaca.          494,990
-              Hectares devoted to sugar-cane.     240,820
-              Hectares devoted to coconuts.       422,684
-              Hectares devoted to corn.           549,960
-              Hectares devoted to tobacco.         59,870
-              Hectares devoted to maguey.          27,670
-              Hectares devoted to cacao.            1,155
-              Hectares devoted to coffee.             882
-                                                ---------
-                 Total.                         3,459,461
-
-
-This is only about 10 per cent of the total area of the Islands.
-
-Extensive areas of agricultural lands which remain undeveloped are
-the Agusan Valley in eastern Mindanao; the Cotabato Valley in central
-Mindanao; sections of the plains of central Luzon and of the Cagayan
-Valley; the central plain of Panay and the meadowlands of Palawan,
-Samar, and Mindoro. There are also the coastal plains of Zamboanga,
-Mindanao, Leyte, and Negros.
-
-The average area of farms in the Islands according to the Census of
-1918 is 2.33 hectares, as against 3.47 hectares in 1903.
-
-
-[Farms owned by Filipinos]
-
-Out of the 1,955,276 farms in the Islands today 1,946,580 or 96 per
-cent, are owned by Filipinos, 2,678 by Americans, 949 by Europeans,
-1,612 by Asiatics, and 3,457 by other nationalities.
-
-
-[Exports]
-
-THE PRINCIPAL CROPS.--The principal crops produced by the islands
-are rice, abaca (Manila hemp), coconut, sugar, and tobacco. All of
-these except rice are articles of export. The following table shows
-the respective values of these exports:
-
-
-     -------------------------+---------------------------
-                              |           Value
-               Article        +-------------+-------------
-                              |     1921    |     1922
-     -------------------------+-------------+-------------
-                              |             |
-      Abaca (Manila hemp).    | P25,969,385 | P39,081,829
-      Coconut oil.            |  32,103,036 |  31,468,971
-      Copra.                  |  26,146,913 |  28,206,146
-      Sugar.                  |  51,037,454 |  51,165,110
-      Tobacco products.       |  16,564,434 |  17,340,236
-      Maguey.                 |   1,848,794 |   2,973,203
-      Cordage.                |     918,544 |   1,099,375
-      Fruits and nuts.        |     239,060 |     532,632
-      Rubber, crude.          |      25,700 |     ----
-      Ilang-ilang oil.        |      57,554 |      60,606
-     -------------------------+---------------------------
-
-
-Rice is almost exclusively the staple foodstuff of the people; but
-corn in some provinces constitutes an important part of the daily
-diet. Although the production of rice has been increasing steadily
-since 1910 the Philippines has had to import rice from other countries,
-especially Indo-China, for a part of its supply. The government is
-now exerting every effort towards solving the problem. Immense sums
-are being appropriated for the construction of irrigation systems so
-indispensable in the successful growing of rice.
-
-
-[Fibers]
-
-Abaca (Manila hemp).--The Philippines is the only source in the
-world for abaca, commercially known as Manila hemp. There are two
-other commercial fibers, however, that grow in the islands. These
-are sisal and maguey. Although other kind of fibers grow in other
-countries especially in Mexico, the world must always use a certain
-amount of the Manila hemp for binder twine and for high grade ropes.
-
-
-                                HEMP EXPORTS, 1913-1922
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+--------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |       To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------+----------
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |          |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |          |          |  hemp
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |          |          |
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos    | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |          |          |
-    1913      | 119,821,435| 42,242,168| 352.54  |    44    |47,144,252|19,574,434|    46
-    1914      | 116,386,575| 38,389,630| 329.85  |    39    |50,140,193|19,238,752|    50
-    1915      | 142,010,431| 42,678,200| 300.53  |    40    |69,251,180|22,702,566|    53
-    1916      | 137,326,092| 53,384,593| 388.70  |    38    |66,344,154|27,279,018|    51
-    1917      | 169,435,204| 98,615,559| 552.51  |    49    |95,580,320 59,291,095|    63
-    1918      | 169,260,377|116,383,100| 687.60  |    43    |86,823,997 65,468,402|    56
-    1919      | 121,247,668| 53,703,052| 442.92  |    24    |65,509,134 32,390,957|    60
-    1920      | 141,485,785| 71,724,000| 506.93  |    24    |67,041,769 41,228,052|    58
-    1921      | 100,401,940| 25,969,385| 258.65  |    15    |34,558,262 10,914,117|    42
-    1922      | 172,026,591| 39,081,829| 227.18  |    20    |83,544,420 20,663,552|    53
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+---------------------+----------
-
-
-Coconuts.--In the production of coconut, the Philippines is the third
-most important source in the world. It is excelled only by the Dutch
-East Indies and the Federated Malay States. It is estimated that
-there are some 84,536,710 trees in the islands which in 1922 produced
-366,808,888 kilos of coprax, valued at P44,057,045.
-
-The traveler in Philippine waters always notices along the coast the
-extensive groves of coconut palms which extend miles and miles into
-the hinterland as far as the eye can reach.
-
-
-[Uses of the Coconut]
-
-In the Philippines the coconut tree serves many ends. The meat is
-eaten as a delicacy. The leaves supply roofing for houses. The shell
-of the nut is used for dishes, cups, and spoons; the oil for soap and
-illumination; in some sections the same oil is used as a frying fat
-for cooking purposes. The fiber from the husk is used for ropes and
-mats. The husk itself is used for fuel. The water inside the nut is
-an ever-ready delicious drink.
-
-Oleomargarine comes from coconut oil fat, an industry which has
-developed considerably in Denmark and Germany and also in the United
-States.
-
-Copra, or coprax--Other by-products.--Copra, or coprax as it is
-sometimes called, is the dried meat of the ripe coconut. It is
-obtained by breaking the nut into halves and drying them in the sun or
-artificially in kilns until the nut-meat is separated from the shell.
-
-The exportation of coconut oil from the Philippines since 1913 is
-shown in the following table:
-
-
-                                COCONUT OIL EXPORTED, 1913-1922
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |     To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity  |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |           |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |           |          | coconut
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |           |          |   oil
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos     | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-    1913      |   5,010,429|  2,292,678| 457.58  |    2.40  |  4,805,384| 2,190,876|  96.56
-    1914      |  11,943,329|  5,238,366| 438.60  |    5.38  | 11,896,975| 5,214,326|  99.54
-    1915      |  13,464,169|  5,641,003| 418.96  |    5.24  | 13,367,932| 5,609,263|  99.44
-    1916      |  16,091,169|  7,851,469| 487.94  |    5.61  | 15,307,429| 7,388,748|  94.11
-    1917      |  45,198,415| 22,818,294| 504.85  |   11.93  | 45,045,690|22,755,319|  99.72
-    1918      | 115,280,847| 63,328,317| 549.33  |   23.42  |113,524,729|62,198,528|  98.22
-    1919      | 139,942,612| 73,719,504| 526.78  |   32.59  | 85,376,904|45,797,329|  62.12
-    1920      |  77,571,405| 46,537,773| 599.93  |   15.40  | 71,944,801|43,366,086|  93.18
-    1921      |  90,292,242| 32,103,036| 355.55  |   18.22  | 80,504,458|27,907,379|  86.98
-    1922      | 107,208,191| 31,468,971| 293.63  |   16.46  |106,645,477|31,288,505|  99.43
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-
-[Copra meal]
-
-Another by-product of the coconut oil is known as copra meal. It is
-the meal remaining after most of the oil has been expressed. This is
-used as cattle feed in Germany and Denmark.
-
-
-[Soap]
-
-Recently, certain corporations in the Philippines have gone so far
-as to use their oil to manufacture many of the varied products which
-were formerly made only in the United States and Europe. Soap was the
-first product to be manufactured locally. There are two companies now,
-however, which manufacture lard substitutes under their own trade
-names. There is an attempt also to manufacture coconut butter for
-sale in the islands.
-
-
-[Desiccated Coconut]
-
-The manufacture of desiccated coconut is an infant industry in the
-Philippine Islands. The demand for this in Europe and particularly
-in the United States is very large and is mostly filled by Ceylon or
-by factories in the United States which import the whole nuts from
-the West Indies. Last year, however, the desiccated coconut from the
-Philippines gained a strong foot-hold in the United States and it
-is expected that Ceylon will be ousted from this field in the near
-future due to the free trade relations between the United States
-and the Philippines. On desiccated coconut imported into the United
-States from foreign countries, a duty of 3 1/2 per cent is levied. At
-present there are six factories of desiccated coconut in the Islands.
-
-
-[Coir]
-
-Another opportunity for development lies in the use of coir, the tough
-fiber of the husk surrounding the nut. In other countries this is
-worked up into door mats, rope, twine, etc., but in the Philippines
-the husks are usually burned as fuel except in a few instances where
-they are utilized for domestic purposes. It is also possible that
-some day other minor parts of the palm may be used. At present the
-midribs of the palm leaflets are used in making brooms and baskets,
-but the demand for exports is still small.
-
-The exportation of copra from 1913 to 1922 is as follows:
-
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |     To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity  |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |           |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |           |          |  copra
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |           |          |
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos     | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-    1913      | 82,219,363 | 19,091,448| 232.20  |  19.98   |10,027,813 | 2,398,166|  12.56
-    1914      | 87,344,695 | 15,960,540| 182.73  |  16.39   |18,181,371 | 3,212,266|  20.13
-    1915      |139,092,902 | 22,223,109| 159.77  |  20.65   |21,217,754 | 3,520,090|  15.84
-    1916      | 72,277,164 | 14,231,941| 196.90  |  10.17   |35,470,438 | 7,079,128|  49.74
-    1917      | 92,180,326 | 16,654,301| 180.67  |   8.71   |68,253,929 |12,235,902|  73.47
-    1918      | 55,061,736 | 10,377,029| 188.46  |   3.84   |55,061,641 |10,377,011|  99.99
-    1919      | 25,094,027 |  8,839,376| 352.25  |   3.91   | 2,313,967 |   818,246|   9.26
-    1920      | 25,803,044 |  7,433,741| 288.10  |   2.46   | 1,433,311 |   382,409|   5.14
-    1921      |150,335,314 | 26,146,918| 173.92  |  14.84   |52,928,570 | 8,665,554|  33.14
-    1922      |173,051,980 | 28,206,146| 162.99  |  14.76   |89,358,118 |14,495,014|  51.00
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-
-Until the production of copra in the Philippines is much higher
-than at present, it will be impossible to keep all the expellers
-and presses now installed working at full capacity. It is therefore
-proposed to start a campaign for the planting of quick-growing crops
-of oil-bearing seeds. Among the plants that were most popular at first
-was the tangan-tangan, or castor bean. This grows very rapidly and
-yields a very high percentage of castor oil, which was sold at high
-prices during the war as a lubricant for aeroplanes and other delicate
-machinery. At the present writing, however, it is generally thought
-that the mills will do better if they can turn to the production of
-peanut oil, using imported peanuts to begin with and enlarging the
-return as the domestic yield increases.
-
-
-Sugar.--Cane-sugar ranks first among the islands' agricultural exports.
-
-As early as 1795 the United States have been importing sugar from
-the Philippine Islands; for that year 132 long tons were imported.
-
-Up to the middle of the nineteenth century, however, the production of
-sugar-cane in the Philippines was confined largely to the provinces of
-Luzon near Manila. But shortly after the Crimean war the demand for
-sugar in Europe increased, and interest in the industry was greatly
-stimulated in the Islands. This resulted in the extension of the
-industry into the Visayan Islands, Occidental Negros becoming the
-largest cane producing section of the Archipelago, and so continues
-until the present day.
-
-As late as 1914 most of the sugar produced in the Islands was
-muscovado. It was not until the establishment of modern sugar centrals
-that centrifugal sugar was produced. The production of sugar became
-so stimulated as a result, and in 1922, as many as 455,404,427 kilos
-were produced. There are now 28 sugar centrals in the Islands as
-against one in 1910, and several are in process of construction.
-
-The following table shows the growth of the sugar industry from 1913
-to 1922:
-
-
-             ------+------------+------------+------------
-              Year | Area under | Production | Total value
-                   |cultivation |  of sugar  |  of sugar
-                   |            |            |  products
-             ------+------------+------------+------------
-                   |   Acres    | Short tons |
-                   |            |            |
-             1913  |   435,188  |   345,080  | $12,849,000
-             1914  |   418,676  |   408,343  |  14,314,000
-             1915  |   427,710  |   421,196  |  16,606,000
-             1916  |   444,189  |   412,278  |  17,068,000
-             1917  |   459,436  |   425,270  |  19,352,500
-             1918  |   507,818  |   474,750  |  20,579,500
-             1919  |   494,692  |   453,350  |  37,231,400
-             1920  |   487,783  |   466,917  |  79,648,600
-             1921  |   596,363  |   589,443  |  48,189,500
-             1922  |   595,066  |   533,194  |  29,974,125
-             ------+------------+------------+------------
-
-
-The quantity and value of the exportation of this product is shown
-below:
-
-
---------------+---------------------------------------------+---------------------------------
-              |             To all countries                |     To the United States
-              +------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-Year ended    |  Quantity  |  Value    | Average |Percentage| Quantity  |  Value   |Percentage
-December 31-- |            |           |value per| of total |           |          | of total
-              |            |           |  1,000  |  export  |           |          |  sugar
-              |            |           |  kilos  |          |           |          |  export
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-              |  Kilos     | Pesos     | Pesos   |          | Kilos     | Pesos    |
-              |            |           |         |          |           |          |
-    1913      |157,333,707 |14,065,778 |  89.40  |   14.72  | 30,716,886| 3,128,072|  22.24
-    1914      |236,498,001 |22,119,186 |  93.53  |   22.71  |168,530,115|16,483,706|  74.62
-    1915      |211,012,817 |22,620,430 | 107.20  |   21.02  | 82,841,168|10,283,159|  45.46
-    1916      |337,490,000 |37,175,185 | 110.12  |   26.58  |131,885,246|17,267,401|  46.45
-    1917      |205,908,492 |24,555,357 | 119.25  |   12.84  | 62,377,758|10,811,518|  44.08
-    1918      |273,258,396 |31,608,780 | 115.67  |   11.69  |106,080,676|16,559,780|  52.39
-    1919      |136,060,322 |30,415,701 | 223.55  |   13.44  | 32,159,363| 7,717,934|  25.37
-    1920      |180,340,670 |99,238,520 | 550.28  |   32.83  |123,947,209|78,697,869|  79.30
-    1921      |289,876,164 |51,037,454 | 176.07  |   28.96  |150,478,581|33,752,357|  66.13
-    1922      |362,071,661 |51,165,110 | 141.31  |   26.77  |244,851,617|40,020,490|  78.22
---------------+------------+-----------+---------+----------+-----------+----------+----------
-
-
-Tobacco--The Manila cigar.--The Manila cigar is just as well known
-to the world as the Manila hemp. It is among the few manufacturing
-enterprises that have developed factory conditions in the Islands.
-
-
-[History]
-
-For generations the Spaniards conducted the tobacco business in the
-Philippines on the basis of Government monopoly. The monopoly came
-to an end in 1882 when the Filipino workers defied both the Spanish
-government and those directing the work in the factories because of
-the harsh and cruel treatment they were getting.
-
-Thereafter, for many years, the tobacco business suffered extreme
-depression, and it was not until American occupation that the industry
-received anything of a stimulus. The Manila cigar, however, was then
-at a disadvantage in comparison with cigars from other countries,
-because the latter were allowed a discount from the tariff, while
-the Manilas were required to pay the full customs duty.
-
-With the establishment of free trade, however, between the islands
-and the United States the Manila cigar has been able to compete
-with other cigars in the United States, by far the greatest market
-therefor. This fact accounts for the unprecedented steady increase of
-the amount of cigars exported from the islands. In 1904 the exports
-amounted to 104,753,000 cigars, valued at P2,011,790. In 1919 the
-exports had risen to 392,339,000 worth P18,157,707.
-
-
-[The Tobacco Region]
-
-Although tobacco is grown in many parts of the islands, all that which
-is exported comes from the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva
-Vizcaya, in northern Luzon. All grown elsewhere is consumed locally,
-also exported to European and other countries. The tobacco growing
-districts in these three provinces lie in the valley of the Cagayan
-River, a stream which is about 160 miles long. The valley is from 2
-to 14 miles wide. During the rainy season, which is between the time
-that one crop is harvested and the next one planted, the Cagayan River
-rises to a height of 40 feet inundating all of the lowlands. This
-overflow never fails, and it always leaves on the valley a deposit
-of rich soil, renewing the fertility of the entire valley and making
-the use of fertilizers unnecessary. On one field in Cagayan Valley,
-crops have been produced without interruption and without fertilizer
-for one hundred and thirty-five years.
-
-
-[Government control and Guaranty]
-
-No cigar in the world today is produced under such carefully prepared
-and rigidly enforced regulations as the Manila cigar. The Philippine
-government has assumed control of the industry, has established
-invariable standards of excellence, and has guaranteed the production
-under its own official stamp. If you will examine the next box of
-Manila cigars you see, you will find that it bears a label stating
-that its contents are guaranteed by the Philippine government. One of
-the regulations enforced provides that, under certain limitations,
-cigars which reach the American dealer in a damaged condition may
-be returned to the Philippines at the expense of the Philippine
-government. Another regulation is to the following effect:
-
-
-    "To be up to the standard established by the Government,
-    Philippine cigars are required to be made from good, clean,
-    selected tobacco, properly cured and seasoned, exclusively the
-    product of the Provinces of Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya,
-    well made with suitable spiral wrapper and with long filler from
-    which must have been removed all stems dust, scrap or sun-burned
-    tobacco; cigars to be properly assorted and packed in clean
-    receptacles of wood not before used, manufactured from native
-    wood known as Calantas or from imported cedar. No cigars made
-    between sunset and sunrise may be graded as standard."
-
-
-[The Cigar Factories]
-
-The factories in which the Manila cigars are made are worth
-visiting. They are counted among the show-places of the city. Visitors
-are always welcome and given an opportunity to follow the entire
-process of manufacture from the time the bales of tobacco reach the
-warehouses until the finished cigars are packed in air-tight cases
-for shipment to all parts of the world.
-
-In these factories every precaution is taken to guard against dirt
-and disease. No one is employed except after a searching physical
-examination and thereafter all the employees are regularly examined
-twice a month. Every now and then, government inspectors visit the
-factories, and these have a right to condemn a lot of cigars which
-they do not think is up to the standard.
-
-No scraps of any kind are used in the making of Manila cigars. There
-are no broken leaves and no dust. There is nothing in the cigar but
-long, clean leaves of tobacco. The Manila cigar is the mildest made. It
-is the most pleasant and satisfying smoke that can be had at any price.
-
-
-                                CIGARS EXPORTED, 1913-1922
-
-------+------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------
-      |              To all countries            |               To the United States
-      +------------+-----------+--------+--------+-------------------+-------------------+---------
-      |            |           |Average |Per cent|       Number      |       Value       | Average
-      |            |           |value   |of total+------------+------+-----------+-------+ value
- Year |    Number  |    Value  |per     |exports |            | Per  |           | Per   | per
-      |            |           |thousand|        |   Cigars   | cent |   Pesos   | cent  | thousand
-------+------------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------+-----------+-------+---------
-      |            |   Pesos   | Pesos  |        |            |      |           |       |
-      |            |           |        |        |            |      |           |       |
- 1913 | 191,762,442|  6,024,468| 31.42  |  6.31  |  71,513,141| 37.29|  3,285,776| 54.54 |  45.95
- 1914 | 154,753,363|  4,630,318| 29.92  |  4.75  |  56,205,050| 36.32|  2,400,252| 51.84 |  42.71
- 1915 | 134,647,687|  4,114,605| 30.56  |  3.82  |  61,169,600| 45.43|  2,302,444| 55.96 |  37.64
- 1916 | 193,025,578|  5,688,751| 29.47  |  4.02  | 111,478,216| 57.75|  4,066,242| 71.48 |  36.47
- 1917 | 284,524,500|  9,588,192| 33.70  |  5.07  | 202,198,534| 71.07|  7,725,966| 38.20 |  38.29
- 1918 | 360,144,827| 14,252,637| 39.57  |  5.21  | 248,747,584| 69.07| 11,365,675| 79.85 |  45.69
- 1919 | 392,339,462| 18,157,707| 46.28  |  8.07  | 263,942,555| 67.27| 13,828,639| 76.16 |  52.39
- 1920 | 421,545,143| 25,442,276| 60.35  |  8.43  | 316,862,859| 75.17| 21,092,607| 82.90 |  66.57
- 1921 | 154,879,488|  6,454,886| 41.67  |  3.66  |  68,216,608| 44.04|  3,960,503| 61.36 |  58.06
- 1922 | 300,484,824| 11,602,219| 38.61  |  6.07  | 173,317,046| 57.68|  8,519,576| 73.43 |  49.16
-------+------------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------+-----------+-------+---------
-
-
-
-
-SECONDARY FOOD PRODUCTS.--Corn leads in importance among the
-secondary food products. In 1918 there were 1,035,067 acres grown to
-corn producing 11,269,258 bushels valued at $10,686,061. The other
-food crops worth mentioning under this heading are sweet potatoes,
-cassava, sesame, mongoes, peanuts, bananas, mangoes, citrus, lanzones,
-and a great number of tropical fruits and vegetables. Including the
-edible algae and fungi there are more than 100 species of plants in
-the Philippines, either wild or cultivated, that find a place in
-the dietary system of the people. So rich is the country in food
-producing plants.
-
-
-
-
-PROSPECTIVE AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES.--The plants from which the various
-other tropical staple products in the world's markets are derived,
-such as rubber, coffee, tea, cacao, pepper, cinchona, and cassava are
-all known to thrive well in the Philippines, although the growing of
-those enumerated is yet of comparatively little importance. Rubber
-has the greatest future of these. The great Island of Mindanao,
-which is outside the typhoon zone, has been found to be suitable
-to the growing of rubber. All the large rubber plantations of the
-Philippines are located on Mindanao or the adjacent Island of Basilan.
-
-During the early years of American occupation, when the acreage
-planted to rubber in other countries increased by leaps and bounds,
-the erroneous impression somehow gained ground that the Philippines
-were unsuited to rubber. And it is not very many years ago that a
-planter was able to demonstrate beyond doubt that rubber could be
-grown in the Islands successfully. The company he heads now has some
-80,000 rubber trees planted. The success of its operations has induced
-others to plant rubber, and while the Philippine output of rubber is
-still insignificant, it may be said that the rubber industry has come
-to stay.
-
-
-
-
-IRRIGATION.--Irrigation has been practiced in the Philippines in some
-form for centuries, for, in general, it may be said that the certainty
-of a rice harvest depends upon irrigation to supplement the natural
-rainfall. When the rainfall is copious and well distributed during the
-rice growing season, there is little demand for artificial irrigation
-but in the event of a drought or irregular rainfall irrigation
-has to be used to insure a normal rice crop. With irrigation it is
-also possible to grow two crops of rice a year, whereas without it
-the planting of one is often hazardous. Prior to 1908 very little
-attention was given to the development of irrigation systems so that
-the only irrigation works constructed were by private and communal
-enterprise. These old systems are found in different parts of the
-Islands, the most notable being the extensive systems with permanent
-dams, tunnels, and ditches constructed by the friars and the remarkable
-side hill terraces built by the mountain people in the subprovince
-of Ifugao.
-
-Studies of irrigation possibilities have now advanced sufficiently to
-warrant the Bureau of Public Works recommending a ten-year program for
-the construction of 40 irrigation systems in 20 of the principal rice
-producing provinces to water an area of approximately 750,000 acres. It
-is estimated that these 40 systems will cost about $25,000,000. With
-these systems completed and operating, there will be no further need
-of importing rice from other countries.
-
-
-
-
-[Rural Credit]
-
-RURAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS.--The Rural Credit Law has removed
-the restriction in the Corporation Law requiring P200,000 paid-in
-capital before a bank may be started. Under the new law, associations
-may incorporate with a paid-in capital as low as P100 or as high as
-P10,000. The Government does not furnish any financial help except that
-the organizing staff is paid and maintained by it. To give security
-to small investors the bonded municipal treasurer acts as treasurer
-ex-officio of the association and Government auditors audit its books.
-
-The purpose of the Rural Credit Law is to encourage small farmers to
-cooeperate and furnish their own capital. Only one association may be
-incorporated in a municipality to avoid rivalry and factions.
-
-On October 19, 1916, the first rural credit association was
-incorporated, and after practically six years, there are now 544
-incorporated associations with a paid-in capital of P807,178.
-
-
-  NUMBER OF RURAL CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS AND AVERAGE NUMBER OF STOCKHOLDERS,
-   AMOUNT OF CAPITAL STOCK PAID UP, AND LOANS MADE IN 1923, BY PROVINCES
-                              AND SUBPROVINCES
-
-Province and           Number of     Number of      Capital       Loans
-subprovince          associations   stockholders    paid up
-
-                                                     Pesos       Pesos
-
-Abra                      11              908        5,766      17,749.72
-Agusan                     3              222        4,185       4,595.00
-Albay                     14            1,916       15,188      52,703.05
-Antique                   12            2,095       35,596      95,237.75
-Bataan                     8            1,425       20,972      52,535.85
-Batangas                  15            2,180       31,428     112,678.59
-Bohol                     34            7,208        6,175     138,243.37
-Bulacan                   22            2,195       30,824      75,292.80
-Cagayan                   14            1,355       14,404      41,618.50
-Camarines Norte            4              302        4,000       3,903.00
-Camarines Sur             20            2,311       27,628     101,468.92
-Capiz                     24            2,362       34,882     125,913.76
-Cavite                    17            1,924       28,856     108,447.54
-Cebu                      14            1,188       20,637      68,348.34
-Cotabato                   1              141        2,372       2,975.00
-Davao                      5              527        9,005       9,520.50
-Ilocos Norte              16            4,569       18,952      57,974.10
-Ilocos Sur                20            3,101       19,726      50,654.86
-Iloilo                    30            5,076       68,209     199,912.19
-Isabela                    8              698        7,611      18,093.00
-Laguna                    20            1,815       21,501      62,233.64
-Lanao                      1              125        1,984       2,788.96
-La Union                  14            2,774       21,382      62,891.56
-Leyte                     10              937        6,711      19,306.70
-Masbate                    2               98        2,491       2,580.00
-Misamis                   14            1,415       18,455      26,744.79
-Nueva Ecija               19            1,698       30,209      98,095.31
-Nueva Vizcaya              6              703        5,189      12,737.76
-Oriental Negros            4              269        3,690       7,878.50
-Occidental Negros          4              384       11,378      23,295.50
-Palawan                    2              154        3,544       7,710.00
-Pampanga                  20            1,826       42,675     117,602.50
-Pangasinan                41            9,464       77,146     186,512.29
-Rizal                     15            1,950       25,700      69,022.50
-Romblon                    6              544        6,690      10,039.00
-Samar                     12            1,104       13,759      47,620.35
-Sorsogon                   9              737        7,724      24,956.10
-Surigao                    5              386        5,655      15,824.00
-Tarlac                    15            2,761       39,844     131,155.60
-Tayabas                   19            2,023       41,898      86,637.99
-Zambales                  13            2,095       13,028      47,327.59
-Zamboanga                  1              149        1,114         850.00
-                         ---           ------      -------   ------------
-    Total                544           75,114      807,178   2,401,676.46
-
-
-
-
-FOREST RESOURCES
-
-[Area]
-
-The forests of the Philippines cover about 18,706,093 hectares, or
-72,224 square miles, which is about 63.1 per cent of the total area of
-the Archipelago. Of these number, 16,609,108 hectares or 64,127 square
-miles, 88.6 per cent of the entire forest area are of a commercial
-character. In addition, there are estimated to be about 2,096,985
-hectares, or 8,096 square miles of second growth forests which will
-yield large quantities of fine wood and small size timber. It is
-said that taken together, the virgin and second growth forests in the
-Islands cover an area about equal to the area of the State of Nebraska.
-
-
-[Ownership]
-
-More than 99 per cent of the timber belongs to the Philippine
-government and is under the administrative control of the Bureau
-of Forestry. Less than 1 per cent is held under title of private
-ownership.
-
-
-[Volume of Timber Resource]
-
-The volume of this timber resource of the Philippines is
-192,000,000,000 board feet or 777,000,000 cubic meters. Most of
-the timber belong to the dipterocarp family. The largest reach
-about 200 feet in height and some specimens have a diameter of 7
-feet. The well-known woods of this family are tanguile, red lauan,
-almon, apitong, guijo, and yakal. These woods have found favorable
-acceptance in the markets of China and the United States.
-
-Next to the dipterocarp family is the molave family. Among the woods of
-this family are aranga, dungon, and molave. There are about 1,036,000
-hectares of this timber with a total volume of 7,680,000,000 board
-feet. These woods are appropriate for railway ties and for building
-construction purposes.
-
-
-[Timber Output and Export]
-
-The timber output of the islands was 184,628 cubic meters in 1911;
-297,094 cubic meters in 1914; 385,150 cubic meters in 1918 and 630,973
-in 1922. It is said that this output can be trebled, even quadrupled,
-without exhausting the supply for several hundred years.
-
-The export of timber in 1914 was 27,070 cubic meters valued at
-P681,272; for 1916, 40,164 cubic meters worth P1,030,276; for 1919,
-15,704 cubic meters worth P791,823 and for 1922, 43,008 cubic meters
-worth P1,656,812.
-
-The lumber industry in the islands offers many advantages. The
-government charges are nominal, ranging from P2.00 to P10.00 per
-1,000 board feet according to class. Logging and sawmill equipment
-and machinery enter free of duty if imported from the United States
-and only 15 per cent duty, if bought from other countries. For fuel,
-sawmill waste can be utilized. Water power is available from streams
-in a number of places.
-
-
-[Obtaining a Tract of Timber]
-
-The public forests of the Philippines are not sold, but are developed
-under a license system. Small operators usually work under ordinary
-yearly licenses for definite small areas. Exclusive licenses, or
-concessions as they are popularly called, are generally in the form
-of a twenty-year exclusive license to cut and extract timber and
-other forest products from a specified tract. The land itself is in
-no way affected by such a license. Only the timber and minor forest
-products are included.
-
-
-[Sawmills]
-
-At present there are about 50 sawmills of all sizes and descriptions
-operating in the Islands. About 12 of these can be compared to the
-average modern sawmills in the United States. The largest sawmills
-are located on timber concessions, while the others are operated under
-short-term licenses. The total cut of the sawmills of the Philippine
-Islands is about 100 to 130 million board feet per year.
-
-
-
-
-MINOR FOREST PRODUCTS.--This term includes all products of the forest
-except timber or lumber. Many of the minor forest products of the
-Philippines are at present almost unknown in the world's markets and
-are largely confined to local use.
-
-The most important are nipa, sugar, and alcohol; rattan, used in
-making furniture; Manila copal or almaciga, used in making high
-grade varnish; lumbang, a nut-producing high grade oil for varnish;
-dye-woods and barks; guttapercha and rubber; paper pulp; fibers
-suitable for making baskets, hats, mats, ropes, etc.; soap barks;
-pili nuts, declared by many as superior even to almonds; wax; and
-different kinds of medicinal plants.
-
-
-
-
-MINERALS
-
-The Islands are rich in mineral products, and it should not be long
-before the working of minerals should constitute one of its basic
-industries. The most important minerals are gold, silver, lead,
-zinc, copper, iron, coal, petroleum, sulphur, asphalt, asbestos,
-manganese, guano, mineral waters, gas, cement, and many others of
-minor importance.
-
-
-Gold.--There are a number of successful gold mines in the islands
-today. One of them is the Colorado mine in Masbate which produces
-P2,000 worth of gold a day at a cost of P1,000. Other successful mines
-are those of Paracale, Ambos Camarines; Baguio, Mountain Province;
-and Aroroy, Masbate. There are large areas of placer ground in Nueva
-Ecija, Mindanao, and Misamis.
-
-According to an estimate of the Bureau of Science, there are in all
-800 to 1,000 square kilometers of placer grounds in the Philippines
-still undeveloped. The production of gold in 1916 was 2,265,789 fine
-grams, worth P3,011,755; in 1918 the production was 1,937,941 fine
-grams valued P2,575,970.
-
-
-Silver.--Silver is found alloyed with the gold in all of the gold
-deposits in the ratio of 1 to 4. No attempt has as yet been made
-to develop the silver mines of the islands. There is no doubt,
-however, that the silver deposits can be advantageously developed
-on a commercial basis because the supply of silver in the world is
-declining and because the neighboring countries, such as China and
-Japan, are on the silver standard basis.
-
-
-Iron.--Valuable deposits of high grade iron ores are found in the
-eastern and southeastern cordilleras of Luzon. Extensive deposits are
-available in Bulacan, Rizal, Camarines, and Surigao. The Surigao field
-has a total area of 100 square kilometers with an average depth of
-3 meters. The total estimated iron-ore deposit is about 500,000,000
-tons. This region is accessible from the coast. The Bulacan deposit
-contains approximately 1,200,000 tons of ore. No survey has been
-made of other fields, but it is estimated that at least another
-500,000,000 tons of ore are dormant in them. If properly developed,
-these deposits would yield sufficient ore to meet the local needs for
-iron and steel products, perhaps with a surplus for exportation. As
-a result of the economic development of the country, the importation
-of iron and steel and their manufactures has shown an annual tendency
-to increase, as may be seen from the following figures:
-
-
-                     IMPORTATION OF IRON AND STEEL
-                        AND MANUFACTURES THEREOF
-
-                           Year
-
-                           1910   P11,118,916
-                           1913    17,227,808
-                           1918    24,507,970
-                           1919    44,735,174
-                           1920    43,759,204
-                           1921    43,529,079
-                           1922    15,208,761
-
-
-The demand for iron and steel goods in the Philippines is bound
-to remain on the ascendant with the daily increase in the use
-of structural iron and steel for Government buildings as well as
-for private structures. Here again is another vast field awaiting
-exploitation by enterprising men and capital.
-
-
-Manganese.--Manganese deposits are found in Ilocos Norte, Pangasinan,
-Bulacan, Tarlac, Masbate, and Benguet. Little, if anything, seems to
-have been done in the way of developing them. This mineral product
-is of great industrial value and has a sure demand on the world's
-market. The United States in 1914 imported 288,306 tons of this
-product, and in 1917, 656,088 tons, valued at P21,000,000.
-
-
-Coal.--No other mineral deposits are as widely scattered in almost
-every island of the Archipelago as coal. Extensive deposits which
-would warrant investments of capital are found in Cebu, Polillo,
-Mindanao, Masbate, and Mindoro. According to estimates made by the
-Bureau of Science the probable minimum tonnage of the different grades
-of coal found in this country is about 68,000,000 metric tons. Tests
-made by the same bureau show the following figures on the comparative
-calorific value of imported and local coal:
-
-
-                   CALORIFIC VALUES OF VARIOUS COALS
-
-                     Source of sample    Calories
-
-                     Australia          6,614-6,987
-                     Japan              6,691-7,127
-                     Borneo                   6,664
-                     Philippines:
-                         Bataan               4,753
-                         Uling, Cebu          6,733
-                         Polillo              5,925
-                         Negros               4,402
-                         Zamboanga            6,427
-                         Laguna               4,510
-                         Butong               7,779
-
-
-At present only the Cebu coal fields are extensively developed. The
-latest data on coal production in the Philippines are 5,407 metric tons
-for 1917; about 20,000 metric tons for 1918; 40,011 for 1921 and 36,939
-for 1922. [1] The importations from 1908 to 1922 were as follows:
-
-
-                     IMPORTATIONS OF COAL INTO THE
-                     PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, 1908-1922
-
-                     Year     Quantity      Value
-                              Metric ton    Pesos
-
-                     1908      504,244    2,884,764
-                     1914      597,131    3,499,490
-                     1919      400,537    7,781,307
-                     1920      540,056   10,792,077
-                     1921      461,889    6,987,004
-                     1922      461,478    5,009,362
-
-
-
-
-OTHER INDUSTRIES
-
-
-Fishing.--Philippine waters abound in food fishes of all
-kinds. However, the amount of fish caught is not even enough to meet
-the local demand. Fishing is mostly done in shallow water, the methods
-employed not being adequate for deep-sea fishing. There is great need
-for modern equipment for purposes of deep-sea fishing. The islands
-are still a heavy importer of fish products. The City of Manila alone
-consumes P4,000,000 worth of fresh fish a year.
-
-There are various sea products of the islands, which can be profitably
-exploited, such as oysters and other shell fish. Raw materials for
-canning purposes are available. Oil and tomatoes could easily be
-procured that possess good preserving qualities.
-
-
-Alcohol.--For the manufacture of alcohol the Philippines offer an
-abundant supply of raw materials. There is the nipa sap from nipa
-palms which are found in extensive groves in water swamps. There is
-the discarded molasses from the sugar mills amounting annually to
-7,000,000 gallons. There are fruits, especially bananas, which could
-be grown in unlimited quantities and manufactured into alcohol. To
-these, may be added wood-waste and sawdust from the lumber mills.
-
-
-Cordage.--The manufacture of cordage is another profitable Philippine
-industry with the promise of a constant world demand. The islands
-have all the natural advantages for the extensive development of
-the industry. Abaca, sisal, and maguey affording strong fibers can
-be grown in abundance. At present the islands are an exporter of
-cordage. In 1915, 454,621 kilograms were exported; in 1918 the export
-rose to 2,209,064 kilograms valued at P1,733,968, in 1921 the export
-2,631,953 kilos valued at P1,099,378. Most of this was exported to
-British East Indies, Hongkong and the United States.
-
-
-Paper and paper pulp.--The industry which for some time has interested
-the Government and private individuals, and for the development of
-which nothing substantial so far has been accomplished, is the paper
-and paper pulp industry. There is at present a large demand for
-paper pulp in America, Europe, and Japan. According to authorities
-on the subject, the spruce wood, which forms at least two-thirds of
-all the woods converted into pulp, is being exhausted. Very recently
-newspapers in the United States gave accounts of plans to develop the
-forest resources of Alaska to supply paper pulp for the production of
-paper. The world's annual paper production is about 8,000,000 tons,
-and it is estimated that for every ten years there is an increase in
-demand amounting to 25 per cent.
-
-The Bureau of Science has made an exhaustive study of raw materials
-available in the Philippines for the manufacture of paper pulp. The
-investigation shows that there is an abundant supply of raw materials
-for the manufacture of paper. Among these are bamboo (cana bojo
-variety), cogon grass, and abaca waste. These materials contain all
-the elements for the manufacture of an excellent pulp product. The
-supply of bamboo and cogon grass is almost unlimited thruout the
-Islands. Bamboo fiber is eminently fitted for the manufacture of pulp
-used for the making of book papers and for certain grades of writing
-and lithographic materials.
-
-
-Cattle raising.--There are extensive grass lands suitable for cattle
-raising in the islands. Seventy five per cent of the country is a
-rolling expanse of upland territory to the foot-hills with an elevation
-of 4,500 feet. Aside from forest areas, there are extensive pasture
-lands such as the grass-covered hills of Nueva Vizcaya, the Mountain
-Province, and the green plateaus of Bukidnon in Mindanao. There are
-now cattle raising projects in those places but there is plenty of
-room left elsewhere.
-
-Embroidery.--Hand embroidery in the Philippine Islands has been known
-for over four centuries, having been introduced by Spanish, French,
-and Belgian nuns, who taught this artcraft to the Filipino women
-in their convents where exquisitely fine work was done, mainly for
-Church altars and tapestries used for decorations.
-
-At the present time there are scattered over the Islands, but chiefly
-in central Luzon, thousands of men, women and children engaged in
-this enterprise, which is a means of adding to their income, but is
-not considered the mainstay of their livelihood, as they work only
-when they prefer to and not of necessity.
-
-France and Belgium, where the embroidery industry was crippled by
-the war, are coming back into the field, but it is a question whether
-they will ever again be able to compete with the Philippine Islands
-in the quality and price of goods. The Filipinos also excel in fine
-art work done on pina (pineapple fabric) and silk.
-
-In the Philippines, embroidery is a part of the curriculum of all the
-schools, so that every girl student learns how to embroider from an
-early age.
-
-The demand for Philippine embroideries greatly exceeds the supply. At
-present the greatest demand is for ladies' underwear, but there is also
-a tremendous demand for infants' and children's underwear and fine
-frocks. The making of children's dresses, especially in the larger
-sizes, is probably the most complicated of all handmade merchandise,
-not only in the fine embroidery stitchery but also in the cutting
-and sewing. This class of workmanship is finding favor by leaps and
-bounds in the United States.
-
-
-[Embroidery Factories]
-
-There are about forty embroidery factories in Manila, the entire output
-of which is practically absorbed by the United States. Recently new
-markets have opened up, notably India, Australia, and China, where
-the dainty work of the Filipino women has been much admired.
-
-The following figures show the growth of the embroidery industry of
-the Philippines during the years indicated:
-
-
-                        Year   Values of exports
-
-                        1913            P352,338
-                        1914             324,912
-                        1915             735,303
-                        1916           2,328,024
-                        1917           3,929,318
-                        1918           4,319,501
-                        1919           6,913,004
-                        1920          15,623,567
-                        1921          10,696,207
-                        1922           6,514,597
-
-
-Perfumes.--The Orient, since the most ancient times, has been famous
-for perfumes, and in this regard the Philippines are not behind from
-other oriental countries. Over two scores of aromatic oils from
-plants have been studied by the Bureau of Science and found to be
-available for perfumery and medicine; and, as exploration progresses,
-undoubtedly others will become better known.
-
-
-Ilang-ilang.--At least one Philippine essential oil, namely
-ilang-ilang, has enjoyed a world-wide fame among perfumes for several
-years. Although the oil is extracted also from the flowers of the
-same tree in other oriental countries, the Philippine product always
-has brought and still does bring the highest prices in the perfume
-trade in Europe.
-
-
-Patchouli oil.--Another oil that has been known in the Orient for
-thousands of years and in Europe for centuries is patchouli oil. This,
-while of no commercial importance in the Philippines at present,
-has a peculiar interest to the botanist, for while the plant is
-cultivated in many parts of the Orient in considerable quantities,
-there is no record of its flowering except in the Philippines.
-
-
-Rattan.--The thirty odd kinds of rattans, and the climbing members
-of the palm family, furnish strips and reeds for the manufacture of
-furniture. Considerable exports in rattan were made during the war;
-and, should the rattan be prepared and graded in a manner similar
-to what is being done in Singapore, this item of export alone would
-not only be increased, but much higher prices would be received for
-the product. Rattan strips are used in enormous quantities all over
-the Islands as tying material for houses, bridges, wharfs, boats,
-fish weirs, and so forth, besides being almost the only material
-used for tying bales of Manila hemp, tobacco, sugar bags, and similar
-commercial packages.
-
-
-Shoes.--The shoe industry in the Philippines is in its infant
-stage. The exportation during 1919 was only 2,368 pairs of leather
-shoes and 674 pairs of canvas shoes, worth P20,695 and P2,351,
-respectively. Shoes, however, that left the Islands through the
-military, probably worth more than the amount given, are not
-included. On the other hand over P5,000,000 worth of shoes of all
-kinds were imported in 1919.
-
-There are two factories in the City of Manila manufacturing shoes by
-machinery. Filipino laborers are employed and have proved competent to
-undertake all phases of the manufacture of shoes. These factories are
-making shoes that compare very favorably with the better-grade shoes
-made in the United States, using only the best imported leathers and
-other necessary materials from the United States. The two factories
-have a capacity of about one thousand pairs of shoes per day.
-
-Besides the two factories mentioned, there is also a considerable
-quantity of shoes manufactured in small shops throughout the City of
-Manila and the provinces that make their shoes entirely by hand and
-use a great deal of material produced in the Philippines, especially
-sole leather and portions of the upper leathers. These small shops
-turn out products of good quality and make most of their shoes on
-individual orders.
-
-
-Hats.--The making of Philippine hats is almost a household
-industry. Hats manufactured here are as durable and as beautiful as
-those produced in Panama. Philippine buntal, buri, hemp, and bamboo
-hats make attractive and comfortable wear. The towns of Baliuag,
-Bulacan, and Lucban, Tayabas, have become famous for the excellent
-hats they produce.
-
-The hat industry in the Philippines, although exploited only to a
-small extent, made it possible for the Islands to record exportation
-on this product in 1919 amounting to 1,470,026 pesos as compared with
-only 753,942 pesos worth of hats imported for the same year.
-
-Of the 1,470,026 pesos' worth of hats sent out of the Islands in
-1919, 1,280,968 pesos' worth went to the United States. With the
-increasing popularity which Philippine hats enjoy in the American
-market, hat exportation to the United States is expected to reach
-greater proportions. China, with its hundreds of millions of souls,
-many of whom have already begun to wear hats, is also a big potential
-market for this Philippine product.
-
-There is one large hat factory in the Philippines which manufactures
-straw hats, wool hats, and also umbrellas. Its actual annual production
-reaches half a million straw hats and half a million woolen hats.
-
-
-Matches.--There is one match factory in the Philippines which
-supplies a portion of the local need, averaging 70,000 to 80,000
-tins annually. One tin contains 1,440 small boxes. This factory has
-been in operation since eighteen years ago. The Philippines imported
-last year matches worth 949,205 pesos, while its exports of the same
-product were only 33,207 pesos.
-
-
-Pearls.--Pearls abound in Philippine waters, especially in the
-neighborhood of Mindanao and Sulu. The Japanese go as far as Sulu to
-fish for pearls. Merchants from Paris and London come to the Islands
-to get their supply of pearls.
-
-Until 1910 the pearl industry of the Philippines was totally in
-the hands of Moros and Chinese in Mindanao, who sent their pearls
-directly to Singapore for sale. After that year jewelry houses in
-England and France sent their representatives here to purchase pearls,
-and since then large quantities have been shipped directly to those
-countries. At present not even one per cent of the pearls fished in
-Philippine waters remains in the Islands. The rest are shipped out of
-the country to be manufactured into beautiful jewels, which are sent
-back to the Islands to be sold at high prices. In 1919 the Islands
-exported raw pearls valued at 152,543 pesos, while the manufacture
-pearls that were imported were worth 155,150 pesos.
-
-
-Buttons.--The raw materials used for the manufacture of shell buttons
-are trocha, pearl shell, green snail, and the chambered-nautilus. The
-Islands have an abundant supply of these shells. They are found in the
-waters of Jolo and also in the vicinity of Sitanki, and the regions
-farther north, such as the Tanon Strait and along the coasts of most
-of the Visayan Islands; some are found along the coasts of Pangasinan
-and Ambos Camarines.
-
-In 1918 the United States alone imported 2,500,000 pesos' worth of
-buttons; the Philippine exports of this product showed only 251,144
-gross in quantity, valued at 231,811 pesos; while the Islands imported
-buttons worth 119,787 pesos. Japan is supplying one-half of the button
-importation of America. In 1922, imports were valued at P216,086.
-
-There are two button factories in the Philippines. These two companies
-use only a very small portion of the suitable material that could be
-obtained. The annual supply of shells which the Philippines produces
-is 1,000,000 kilograms. The two local factories use less than 300,000
-kilograms a year. This limited local demand for shell and the better
-prices offered abroad result in the Philippine supply of shells being
-exported to other lands.
-
-It is estimated that a small button factory, destined only for the
-local trade and capable of producing fifty gross of buttons daily,
-would require an investment of about 20,000 pesos, exclusive of the
-cost of buildings.
-
-
-
-
-PUBLIC LANDS
-
-There are approximately 73,214,742 acres of public land in the
-Philippine Islands.
-
-Of this area 41,029,900 acres are considered suitable for agriculture,
-while the total area applied for as homesteads, lease, and sale
-concession amounts to only 3,159,712 acres. There are still 37,870,188
-acres of agricultural domain that have not yet been appropriated.
-
-In the Province of Cotabato alone on the great Island of Mindanao,
-there are still 3,578,169 acres of agricultural public land not
-yet occupied nor applied for, and in the Province of Samar, one of
-the Visayan group, 2,524,388 acres. In the Island of Mindanao and
-the Sulu Archipelago may also be found some of the most suitable
-agricultural lands for growing rubber, hemp, coconut, rice, tobacco,
-and other staple products, which are available to the farmers at
-practically no expense. The various modes of acquiring public land
-are explained below.
-
-
-Homestead.--Any citizen of the Philippine Islands or of the United
-States, over the age of 18 years, or the head of a family, who does not
-own more than 59 acres of land in the Philippines may enter a homestead
-of not exceeding 59 acres of agricultural land of the public domain.
-
-Upon the filing of an application and approval thereof by the Director
-of Lands, possession may be taken of the land applied for upon payment
-of $5 as entry fee.
-
-The certificate or patent is issued after the land has been improved
-and cultivated. The period granted by law to homesteaders for the
-improvement and cultivation of their claims is from two to five years
-from and after the date of the approval of the application. After an
-applicant has complied with all the requirements of the law and the
-regulations promulgated in accordance therewith, he will be entitled
-to a patent upon payment of an additional amount of $5, thus making
-the total homestead fee $10; and small as this amount is, the law
-gives the homesteader the option to pay for it in annual installments.
-
-
-Sale of public land.--Any citizen of lawful age of the Philippine
-Islands or of the United States, and any corporation or association of
-which at least 61 per centum of the capital stock or of any interest in
-said capital stock belongs wholly to citizens of the Philippine Islands
-or of the United States may purchase any tract of public agricultural
-land of not to exceed 247 acres in the case of an individual and 2,530
-acres in that of a corporation or association. Citizens of countries
-the laws of which grant to citizens of the Philippine Islands the
-same right to acquire public land as to their own citizens, may,
-while such laws are in force, but not thereafter, with the express
-authorization of the Legislature, purchase any parcel of agricultural
-land, not in excess of 247 acres.
-
-Lands sold in this way must first be appraised by the Director of Lands
-with the approval of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources
-and then sold at public auction. An individual may purchase as much
-as 247 acres of land and a corporation 2,530 acres and, in addition,
-lease 2,530 acres.
-
-
-Lease of public lands.--Another manner of occupying public land
-is by leasing it. The same conditions required for citizenship of
-individuals and corporations for the purchase of public lands are
-laid down regarding leasing public lands, the only exception being
-that an individual may lease as much as 2,530 acres whereas under
-the law he may purchase only 247 acres.
-
-The annual rental of lease must be at least equal to three per cent of
-the appraised valuation of the land, which is subject to reappraisal
-every 10 years from the date of the approval of the contract. Lease
-contracts run for 25 years but may be renewed for another period of
-not to exceed 25 years. In case the lessee shall have made important
-improvements which, in the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture
-and Natural Resources, justify a renewal of the lease, a further
-renewal for an additional period not to exceed 25 years may be granted.
-
-
-Friar lands.--The Philippine Government has another kind of land
-holdings commonly called "Friar Lands." These were formerly estates
-belonging to the religious corporation which were acquired by the
-Government for $7,239,784.16.
-
-Any person of legal age may purchase not to exceed 39 acres of the
-"Friar Lands" estate. A corporation duly registered in the Philippine
-Islands may purchase as much as 2,530 acres.
-
-Payment for the land may be made in full at the time of the purchase
-or in annual installments. If purchased on the installment plan the
-purchaser is allowed 12 years in which to pay the purchase price,
-beginning January first of the year following the purchase, plus
-interest of four per cent per annum on the unpaid balance.
-
-After the purchaser has paid for the land applied for by him in full
-a deed is issued in his favor.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XI. THE TRADE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-
-[Background]
-
-The Philippines are practically alone among tropical countries in
-having, through a fortunate chain of historical circumstances, a
-population advanced in civilization and able to become a part of the
-complicated organization which modern commerce demands. The business
-machinery of collecting the products from the plantations and getting
-them to Manila has long been in the hands of Filipinos and in this
-they are rarely assisted financially by Americans or foreigners. In
-connection with man power, however, there is a problem very difficult
-to solve--the scarcity of manual labor--the population of the Islands
-being insufficient to till their fertile acres and get their products
-ready for commerce. Probably only time can remedy this.
-
-The stability of the Government of the Islands during a time of
-growing Filipino participation is a proof to the world that when
-the time comes for the government to be entirely in the hands of
-the Island's inhabitants, both as to internal and external affairs,
-foreign commerce need not fear for loss of credit or trade, due to
-any of the great political upheavals which have been so common in
-other countries which were once colonies but are now independent.
-
-
-[Trade Routes]
-
-ECONOMIC POSITION.--Lying within thirty-six hours' sailing from the
-port of Hongkong, the Philippine Archipelago bears promise of being
-an important distributing center for goods destined for the markets
-of the Far East. The ports and harbors have exceptional advantages of
-anchorage, and port facilities are easily obtained. The islands are
-close to the main trade route between America and Europe, via the
-Pacific. They are also close to the route from the extreme Orient
-to Europe and to the route from the ports of southern Asia to the
-two Americas. Furthermore, they lie on one of the most promising
-trade routes between Australia and Asia. Manila, however, is in
-competition with such ports as Hongkong, Singapore, Saigon, and
-Batavia, which are in most respects better situated especially for
-European trade. As regards American bound traffic, however, Manila has
-the advantage. Feeder lines are actually operated from Singapore to
-Manila and Zamboanga, and from Batavia to the ports of Mindanao. For
-goods coming from the United States for the east, direct sailings are
-conveniently made from the Pacific coast of Canada to the ports of
-the Philippine Islands, where transhipments can be made for any of
-the ports of Asia, Japan, India, Singapore, the Dutch East Indies,
-and even Australasia.
-
-
-[Filipino capital]
-
-The port of Manila has now a marine terminal that can compare favorably
-with any in the Orient. There are three piers provided with modern
-conveniences, and there is a good-sized basin inclosed with strong
-breakwater. If the development of the Philippine resources, however,
-should in the future proceed as rapidly as the development during
-the last decade, and if shipping opportunities generally in the
-East are taken advantage of, there will be need for a still larger
-marine terminal and for efficient ship-repairing and dry-docking
-facilities. But there will always be available sites on Manila Bay.
-
-To emphasize the importance of Manila as a trade center, attention is
-drawn to the chart of page 146 where a circle, drawn with Manila as a
-center and having a radius of 1,700 miles, will comprise within its
-circumference no less than 20 cities of equal importance and would
-reach a population of no less than 125,740,711, while a radius of
-3,500 miles would make the circumference of the circle reach into the
-interior of Siberia and China to the north, all of India and Colombo
-to the west, and about two-thirds of Australia to the South.
-
-
-[Filipino capital]
-
-THE PERSONNEL OF PHILIPPINE COMMERCE.--Before the coming of
-the Spaniards, the Filipino people were known traders, their
-interisland life leading naturally to a use of the sea as a means of
-communication. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries trade was
-controlled by the Spanish residents. The result of limited Filipino
-participation was a disinclination, through lack of knowledge and
-practice, to engage in trade, and it is only within the last few years
-that Filipino business men have been an appreciable factor. Dozens
-of enterprising and well-educated young men are now venturing into
-business. Filipino capital has hitherto been invested in great
-estates; the millionaires of the Islands with few exceptions have
-obtained their incomes from rentals and produce. All that is rapidly
-changing; oil companies, shipping firms, and importing houses are
-now financed by Filipino capital and managed by Filipino brains;
-but Filipino participation in the trade of their country has not yet
-assumed commanding proportions.
-
-
-[Foreigners]
-
-The people of all the great trading nations have established houses
-in Manila and have a vital part of the Islands' commerce, transacting
-a considerably greater proportion of the foreign trade. Of these,
-Americans are, of course, the most numerous, having as a basis the
-political bond between the two countries. A large part of these
-are ex-Government employees, who saw the opportunities for business
-development during their terms of service in the Insular Government.
-
-The British probably occupy second place, though the Spaniards and
-their descendants in the Islands are important factors, their houses
-handling every branch of import and export trade. The British firms
-are for the most part long established, and their trade has the strong
-aspect characteristic of British trade the world over. They specialize
-in the export of the staples hemp, sugar, and tobacco. The French and
-Swiss have houses, which were here prior to American occupation. The
-Japanese are a new element; they have of late been invading every
-branch of commerce, with increasing momentum. Millions of Japanese
-capital are being invested in the basic industries of the Islands,
-and each month sees the incorporation of new companies. The post-war
-depression, however, has reduced their number and commercial activities
-very materially.
-
-
-AMERICA'S MONOPOLY IN PHILIPPINE TRADE.--The old saying that "trade
-follows the flag" has held true in the Islands. At the time of the
-American occupation a very small portion of the Islands' commerce was
-with the United States; now it is about two-thirds, seven times that
-of any other country.
-
-In the beginning, the growth was slow, and what growth there
-was, was due to the increasing American civil population. The few
-American houses were young and struggling with inexperience and lack
-of capital. The older foreign houses, with their branches in the
-provincial centers and established clientele, had a very strong hold
-on import trade.
-
-
-[Effect of Free Trade]
-
-In 1909 a tariff law providing for reciprocal free trade between the
-United States and the Islands was passed, with a few limitations which
-were removed in 1913. Immediately following the passage of this law
-American goods sprang to the fore and trade increased threefold from
-1909 to 1912, $24,000,000 worth having been imported in that year.
-
-
-
-
-MEDIUMS OF TRADE.--Generally speaking, there are three methods by
-which goods coming from foreign countries are brought to consumers
-in the Archipelago.
-
-Some manufacturers establish branches throughout the Islands and
-sell only their particular line. For others having a smaller volume
-of trade various commission and indent houses stand ready to handle
-their goods together with other lines. Still other manufacturers
-having a large volume of business in the Islands transact business
-thru a branch or agent direct without any intermediary.
-
-
-
-
-TRADE WITH OTHER COUNTRIES.--The following table shows the volume
-of trade between the Philippines and the other countries of the
-world for the years 1917 to 1922:
-
-
-Countries                    1922          1921          1920          1919          1918          1917
-                            Pesos         Pesos         Pesos         Pesos         Pesos         Pesos
-
-United States         223,699,852   248,973,616   395,012,081   264,288,213   295,932,059   201,710,012
-    Hawaii              1,199,666     2,404,761     4,310,625     4,584,195       958,872       968,859
-    Porto Rico                                            159
-    Guam                  279,929       344,211       223,304       198,134       522,822       208,494
-United Kingdom         16,788,965    17,892,548    34,559,572    37,111,249    44,492,810    26,532,640
-Austria-Hungary           298,425       353,670        23,305           391         1,633         2,063
-Belgium                 1,187,310       719,089       812,910       915,390           474        43,606
-Denmark                    49,800        86,745       103,098        36,667        40,810        87,417
-France                  4,519,468     7,812,258     5,828,482    11,423,798     4,097,446     4,506,617
-Germany                 7,934,643     7,429,125     2,787,824       733,882        65,215       321,879
-Italy                     984,018       469,804       663,707       337,104       378,305       427,312
-Netherlands             5,670,345    10,859,875     7,292,425    17,213,031        90,927       176,910
-Spain                   7,467,255     9,548,425    12,878,951     9,728,135     7,860,335     4,881,013
-Norway                    124,795        39,105        10,539        37,610        15,475        29,858
-Switzerland             1,510,333     1,875,403     1,890,888     1,347,920     1,215,741     1,120,127
-Canada                  2,320,070     1,236,079     2,007,190       481,439     1,400,341     1,119,188
-China                  17,786,205    24,054,116    25,915,481    21,884,855    19,652,486    12,839,167
-Japanese-China            748,000       317,378        90,597       435,731       221,431       339,971
-British East Indies     4,558,247     5,373,683     9,645,447     7,592,592     7,031,771     4,339,107
-Dutch East Indies       5,569,494     5,813,437     5,524,312     8,242,028     2,662,846     2,490,819
-French East Indies      6,191,832     6,516,898    10,226,884    10,456,432    16,560,839    11,309,048
-Hongkong                5,664,825    10,146,269    14,960,216    14,882,990    10,129,983    11,154,093
-Japan                  28,964,902    35,094,966    47,064,272    37,285,086    42,144,920    31,088,379
-Siam                      466,336     4,196,598     8,733,450     2,637,467     2,439,348       753,449
-Australasia             7,105,550     5,835,955    10,199,782    10,668,854     8,873,767     5,977,807
-British Africa                           50,936        72,990       145,457       402,018       161,063
-French-Africa                            35,975
-All other countries                     348,663       249,812       845,106       384,283       213,776
-                      -----------   -----------   -----------   -----------   -----------   -----------
-    Totals            351,561,885   407,907,793   601,124,276   463,513,756   467,587,387   322,802,674
-
-
-The values of imports and exports and the trade balance for each year,
-from 1913 to 1922, follow:
-
-
-      VALUES OF IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, AND TOTAL VOLUME OF TRADE, SHOWING
-                   BALANCE FOR EACH YEAR, FROM 1913 TO 1922
-
--------+-------------+--------------+-------------+------------------------
-       |             |              |             |   Balance of trade
-       |             |              |             +------------+-----------
- Year  |   Imports   |    Exports   | Total trade |In favor of |  Against
-       |             |              |             |   Islands  |  Islands
--------+-------------+--------------+-------------+------------+-----------
-       |    Pesos    |    Pesos     |    Pesos    |    Pesos   |   Pesos
- 1913  | 106,625,572 |  95,545,912  | 202,171,484 |----------- | 11,079,660
- 1914  |  97,177,306 |  97,379,268  | 194,556,574 |    201,962 |-----------
- 1915  |  98,624,367 | 107,626,008  | 206,250,375 |  9,001,641 |-----------
- 1916  |  90,992,675 | 139,874,365  | 230,867,040 | 48,881,690 |-----------
- 1917  | 131,594,061 | 191,208,613  | 322,802,674 | 59,614,552 |-----------
- 1918  | 197,198,423 | 270,388,964  | 467,587,387 | 73,190,541 |-----------
- 1919  | 237,278,104 | 226,235,652  | 463,513,756 |----------- | 11,042,452
- 1920  | 298,876,565 | 302,247,711  | 601,124,276 |  3,371,146 |-----------
- 1921  | 231,677,148 | 176,230,645  | 407,907,793 |----------- | 55,446,503
- 1922  | 160,395,289 | 191,166,596  | 351,561,884 | 30,771,307 |-----------
--------+-------------+--------------+-------------+------------+-----------
-
-
-
-
-          VALUES OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES EXPORTED, 1921-1922
-
-    Articles                                   1921          1922
-                                              Pesos         Pesos
-
-    Beeswax                                  18,670         3,010
-    Breadstuffs:
-        Rice                                 49,142        58,164
-        All other                             4,941         1,919
-    Chemicals, drugs, dyes and
-      medicines:
-        Sapan wood                            5,781        16,859
-        All other                             2,674         1,670
-    Copra                                26,146,913    28,206,146
-    Copra meal                            1,208,930     2,435,290
-    Cotton, vegetable fiber and
-      manufactures of:
-        Unmanufactured--
-            Canton                            1,342        61,530
-            Hemp (Manila)                25,969,385    39,081,829
-            Maguey                        1,848,794     2,973,203
-            Pacol                             9,662         1,489
-            Sisal                            28,151        52,585
-            All other unmanufactured         47,697       133,060
-        Manufactures of--
-            Cloth                           221,944        24,536
-            Cordage                         918,544     1,099,375
-            Crochet                              15         5,533
-            Embroideries                 10,696,207     6,514,597
-            Knotted hemp                    100,267       904,440
-            Laces                            30,057        17,082
-            All other manufactures           28,998       103,950
-    Fish and fish products                  175,847       252,912
-    Fruits and fruit nuts                   239,060       532,632
-    Gold and silver manufactures              4,644         3,787
-    Gums and resins:
-        Copal                               140,607       127,209
-        Elemi                                 7,689         9,266
-        Gutta-percha                         13,466         8,460
-        Rubber                               25,700          ----
-        All other                              ----           110
-    Hats                                    608,724       950,788
-    Hides and skins                          16,094        27,435
-    Iron and steel, scrap and old            95,692        28,588
-    Malt liquors                             34,127        28,757
-    Matches                                  15,360        33,207
-    Mineral water                               300          ----
-    Oils:
-        Coconuts                         32,103,036    31,468,971
-        Ilang-ilang                          57,554        60,606
-        Lumbang or candlenut                    161            56
-        All other                               565           220
-    Pearls, unset                             3,444            15
-    Sesame seed                              75,499         3,762
-    Shells:
-        Unmanufactured                      205,249       286,816
-        Manufactures of--
-            Pearl buttons                   245,905       418,933
-            All other                        19,141        12,848
-    Shoes                                    12,026         5,190
-    Slippers                                 16,917        10,867
-    Soaps                                     4,860        16,323
-    Spirits, distilled                       57,895        56,796
-    Sponges                                   2,575         3,121
-    Sugar:
-        Centrifugal                      37,175,898    38,628,040
-        Raw                              13,854,586    11,398,580
-        Refined                               6,970     1,138,490
-    Tobacco:
-        Leaf                              9,522,812     4,546,234
-        Cigars                            6,454,886    11,602,219
-        Cigarettes                           87,530       165,880
-        Smoking                             328,853       674,948
-        All other                           170,353       350,955
-    Vegetables                                5,092         3,471
-    Wood:
-        Timber                                7,591        10,328
-        Lumber                            1,567,533     1,656,812
-        Rattan and reeds                        615           943
-        Veneers                              75,930       210,222
-        Basketware                          118,802        76,379
-        Furniture                            50,265        48,789
-        All other                            94,978        22,627
-    All other domestic exports              722,335       635,919
-    Exports of foreign merchandise        4,465,365     3,951,818
-                                        -----------   -----------
-          Total                         176,230,645   191,166,596
-
-
-
-
-            VALUES OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES IMPORTED, 1921-1922
-
-Articles                                          1921          1922
-                                                 Pesos         Pesos
-
-Animals:
-    Carabaos                                   758,862        65,033
-    Other cattle                             3,315,863     1,596,156
-Brass, and its manufactures                    932,637       454,049
-Breadstuffs:
-    Rice                                     6,649,395     4,604,315
-    Wheat flour                              7,017,174     5,783,194
-    Other breadstuffs                        1,358,513     1,043,708
-Cars, carriages, other vehicles, and
-  parts of:
-    Automobiles and parts of                 7,459,214     1,406,965
-    Other cars, carriages, etc., and parts   3,345,418       907,856
-Cement                                       2,005,264     1,587,383
-Chemicals, drugs, dyes and medicines         3,349,384     2,946,324
-Clocks and watches, and parts                  508,305       261,504
-Coal                                         6,987,004     5,009,362
-Cocoa or cacao                                 797,527       713,839
-Coffee                                         760,593       880,135
-Copper and manufactures of                     794,014       190,170
-Cotton, and its manufactures                37,648,201    47,229,720
-    Cotton cloths                           25,463,804    34,408,508
-    Other manufactures                      12,184,397    12,821,212
-Diamonds and other precious stones, unset      517,893       374,109
-Earthen, stone and chinaware                   781,366       964,678
-Electrical machinery, apparatus, and
-  appliances                                 4,683,060     1,891,967
-Eggs                                         1,695,605     1,457,923
-Fibers, vegetable, and their manufactures    3,507,000     2,331,324
-Fish and fish products                       2,965,912     2,834,949
-Fruits and nuts                              2,115,644     1,576,678
-Glass and glassware                          1,812,285       869,870
-Gold, platinum and silver, and their
-  manufactures                                 378,899       219,618
-Hats and caps and parts of                     617,369       647,620
-India rubber, and its manufactures           3,511,910     2,534,399
-Instruments and apparatus:
-    Not electrical                           1,279,204       509,802
-    Motion-picture, and films for              574,275       600,948
-Iron and steel, and their manufactures      43,529,079    15,208,761
-    Agricultural implements, and parts         700,421        30,572
-    Machinery and parts                     17,665,808     4,022,834
-    All other iron and steel                25,162,850    11,155,355
-Leather, and its manufactures                1,786,461     1,563,939
-Meat and dairy products:
-    Meat products                            6,255,609     4,623,158
-    Dairy products                           4,325,411     3,924,896
-Musical instruments, and parts                 508,349       269,132
-Oils:
-    Crude                                      954,463     5,337,775
-    Illuminating                             9,014,714     3,476,158
-    Lubricating and heavy paraffin           3,943,456       655,264
-    Naphthas, including all lighter
-      products of distillation               8,832,227     3,804,003
-    All other oils                           1,060,068     1,004,899
-Paints, varnishes and pigments                 966,845       882,485
-Paper, and its manufactures:
-    Books and other printed matter           3,013,988     1,407,916
-    All other                                6,066,029     3,511,832
-Perfumery and toilet preparations            1,530,011     1,026,213
-Photographic equipments and supplies           446,066       350,949
-Plateware, gold and silver                     328,300       135,387
-Silk, and its manufactures                   3,721,538     3,117,454
-Soap                                           710,879       718,802
-Spirits, wines and liquors                   1,564,629       822,933
-Sugar and molasses                             984,538       722,910
-Tobacco, and its manufactures                4,301,769     2,480,322
-Vegetables                                   2,825,998     2,665,212
-Wax                                            216,893       350,211
-Wood, and its manufactures                   1,731,758       645,116
-Wool, and its manufactures                   1,645,701     1,337,484
-All other imports                           13,284,579     8,858,480
-                                           -----------   -----------
-        Total                              231,677,148   160,395,289
-
-
-Because the products of the Islands are usually exported to the
-countries where the imports come from, there have been established
-firms which deal in exports and imports of every variety, and have
-buying and selling organization both in the Islands and abroad. This
-double business, so to speak, besides being very profitable, lends
-itself to large scale enterprises and millions of capital have been
-brought together under one managing head.
-
-
-
-
-SHIPPING.--The foreign, as well as the domestic trade of the
-Philippines, will always depend on an adequate supply of shipping. As
-fast as the agriculture and industries of the Islands develop, the
-supply of shipping must correspondingly increase, otherwise, the
-commercial development of the Islands will be retarded. Hemp, oil,
-and sugar are bulky and the surface they require when exported is
-large in proportion to their value. Practically, all Philippine goods
-are carried thousands of miles before they reach their destinations,
-either to New York or London and the continent--half way around the
-world. Because of this, reasonable wages and a regular supply of
-surface for cargo in the ships calling at the ports of the Islands
-are indispensable. Because of this, also, it is necessary for the
-Islands to have a merchant marine of its own in order that products
-therefrom can be easily transported to the markets of the world.
-
-
-
-
-INTERISLAND TRANSPORTATION.--Water transportation is the key to the
-interisland trade of the Islands. For hundreds of years before the
-coming of the steamboat, the Philippine seas were dotted with small
-sailboats of every description, made out of a log, or of rough hewn
-planks surmounted by a sail made from abaca cloth. They were manned
-by sturdy, courageous voyagers inured to hardships, who dared to go
-forth even into strange oceans, through typhoon and tempest.
-
-The following table shows the entrances and clearances of vessels in
-the Philippine Islands by nationalities during 1920-1923:
-
-
-    AGGREGATE VALUE OF MERCHANDISE CARRIED BY VESSELS ENGAGED IN
-                   FOREIGN TRADE, BY NATIONALITY
-
-  -------------+---------+-----------------------------------------
-               | Vessels |                   1921
-               | entered +-------------+-------------+-------------
-  Nationality  |   and   |   Imports   |   Exports   |   Total
-  of vessels   | cleared |             |             |
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-               |         |    Pesos    |    Pesos    |    Pesos
-  Philippine   |     170 |   3,379,522 |     484,817 |   3,864,339
-  American     |     336 |  74,809,502 |  64,206,170 | 139,015,672
-  British      |     740 | 109,387,341 |  60,335,999 | 169,723,340
-  Chinese      |      40 |     499,454 |     325,625 |     825,079
-  Danish       |       3 | ----------- |       1,750 |       1,750
-  Dutch        |      94 |   6,314,435 |  13,203,844 |  19,517,779
-  French       |       8 |     482,434 | ----------- |     482,434
-  German       | ------- | ----------- | ----------- | -----------
-  Spanish      |      13 |   1,304,940 |   5,011,874 |   6,316,814
-  Swedish      |       6 |          17 |   1,788,182 |   1,788,199
-  Norwegian    |      30 |   1,637,253 | ----------- |   1,637,253
-  Japanese     |     319 |  29,169,887 |  20,746,925 |  49,916,812
-  Mail         | ------- |   4,692,363 |  10,125,959 |  14,818,322
-               +---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-      Total    |   1,759 | 231,677,148 | 176,230,645 | 407,907,793
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-
-  -------------+---------+-----------------------------------------
-               | Vessels |                   1922
-               | entered +-------------+-------------+-------------
-  Nationality  |   and   |   Imports   |   Exports   |   Total
-  of vessels   | cleared |             |             |
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-               |         |    Pesos    |    Pesos    |    Pesos
-  Philippine   |     194 |   2,811,668 |   1,344,485 |   4,156,153
-  American     |     367 |  48,873,151 |  83,313,550 | 132,186,701
-  British      |     704 |  79,488,095 |  56,090,093 | 135,578,188
-  Chinese      |      31 |   1,293,429 |     587,691 |   1,881,120
-  Danish       |       2 | ----------- | ----------- | -----------
-  Dutch        |     111 |   6,792,919 |  14,244,306 |  21,037,225
-  French       |       2 |      86,423 |      19,900 |     106,323
-  German       |      16 |      22,002 |   3,003,029 |   2,025,031
-  Spanish      |      12 |   1,272,832 |   1,993,246 |   4,266,078
-  Swedish      |       9 |          41 |   4,031,697 |   4,031,738
-  Norwegian    |      38 |     296,657 |   2,295,116 |   2,591,773
-  Japanese     |     315 |  14,809,799 |  17,520,311 |  52,330,110
-  Mail         | ------- |   4,648,273 |   6,725,172 |  11,371,445
-               +---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-      Total    |   1,801 | 160,395,289 | 191,166,596 | 351,561,885
-  -------------+---------+-------------+-------------+-------------
-
-
-Not until the coming of the cargo steamer, however, could the bulky
-products of the Islands be gathered together in large quantities and
-become an important factor in the world's commercial necessities. Every
-portion of the Islands is now covered by steamers, plying regular
-routes.
-
-
-[Interisland Lines]
-
-To the north a route leads to Aparri, the outlet from the fertile
-Cagayan Valley, a tobacco country, where thousands of hectares of rich
-unoccupied prairies await only the touch of capital. To the southward
-are the main channels of trade. Cebu is the metropolis of the Southern
-Islands, and to this port come the hemp and copra of all the Visayas,
-there to be transferred to Manila. Some ocean liners load direct at
-Cebu for the homeward voyage, saving the haul to Manila. Cebu harbor
-accommodates vessels of 30-foot draft, which can anchor at the sea
-wall, close to the warehouses of the principal commercial houses. From
-Iloilo comes the sugar of Negros and Panay. Here, too, is a harbor of
-sufficient depth to allow ocean vessels of fair tonnage to load. Ships
-of the Spanish lines in particular are accustomed to procure their
-cargoes here and omit Manila. Commercial routes encircle Mindanao,
-drawing from it copra and hemp, and supplying in return cotton cloth,
-canned goods, rice, and other commercial staples. Smaller vessels
-ply between the Bicol provinces, Masbate, Leyte, and Manila, carrying
-hemp principally.
-
-
-[Control over Rates]
-
-The steamers of the Philippine Islands are not allowed to charge the
-prices "the traffic will bear," without any recourse by shippers. The
-Public Utility Commission fixes the maximum rates for all classes of
-traffic and for all ports of the Islands. In this way the interests
-of the producing and consuming public are protected, and destructive
-rate wars between shipper and carrier and among the several companies
-are avoided.
-
-The number and tonnage of vessels engaged in domestic shipping are
-as follows:
-
-
-          NUMBER AND REGISTERED TONNAGE OF VESSELS ENGAGED IN
-             DOMESTIC SHIPPING, BY PORTS OF ENTRY, 1918-22
-
-                      [Source: Bureau of Customs]
-
-                                 MANILA
-
-        Year           Entered            Cleared
-
-        1918.     3,782     630,980    3,858     644,831
-        1919.     3,359     709,980    3,474     723,986
-        1920.     3,266     845,227    3,452     975,448
-        1921.     3,210     888,238    3,410   1,090,668
-        1922.     3,570   1,006,556    3,741   1,293,564
-
-                                 ILOILO
-
-        1918.     4,770     357,641    4,755     320,441
-        1919.     5,317     447,272    5,355     456,308
-        1920.     6,830     687,828    6,818     625,746
-        1921.     6,699     755,521    6,708     667,506
-        1922.     6,822     878,074    6,843     806,642
-
-                                  CEBU
-
-        1918.     5,625     357,523    5,645     327,196
-        1919.     5,386     432,007    5,562     437,896
-        1920.     4,947     560,925    5,029     464,791
-        1921.     5,157     634,904    5,170     465,355
-        1922.     5,713     967,494    5,800     656,828
-
-                               ZAMBOANGA
-
-        1918.       831     158,116      859     165,043
-        1919.     1,161     207,992    1,168     215,233
-        1920.     1,520     231,060    1,533     224,499
-        1921.     1,515     219,732    1,520     242,201
-        1922.     1,272     278,481    1,280     303,311
-
-                               ALL OTHERS
-
-        1918.       138      31,430      137      30,983
-        1919.       185      49,787      182      47,578
-        1920.       175      36,665      179      36,365
-        1921.       153      42,893      150      42,577
-        1922.       177      50,093      182      50,218
-
-                                 TOTAL
-
-        1918.    15,146   1,535,690   15,254   1,488,494
-        1919.    15,408   1,847,038   15,741   1,881,001
-        1920.    16,738   2,361,705   17,011   2,326,849
-        1921.    16,734   2,541,288   16,958   2,508,307
-        1922.    17,554   3,180,698   17,846   3,110,563
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XII. STRUCTURE OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT
-
-
-[Patterned after American system]
-
-The government of the Philippine Islands as it now exists and
-functions resembles in structure the Federal and State governments of
-the United States. It is reared on the same fundamental principles of
-representative democracy which have made the United States government
-the model for other states, so that the Philippine government is
-just as much a republican government as that of the United States;
-the will of the majority rules.
-
-The law of public officers as observed in the United States is
-in effect in the Philippine Islands. The principle of division of
-powers is recognized, and the functions of government are distributed
-among three departments, the executive, the legislative, and the
-judicial. The principle of checks and balances is likewise observed,
-and the legislature and the courts are prohibited from delegating
-their powers. The passage of irrepealable laws is forbidden. The
-government is immune from suit at the instance of private individuals
-except with its consent.
-
-
-
-
-DEPARTURES FROM AMERICAN STANDARDS.--There have been several
-departures, however, from the American standard of government that have
-been made by the Filipinos. For instance, the budget system has been
-adopted previous to its adoption in the United States to provide for
-economy and certainty in expenditures. The Council of State was created
-as a cooerdinating and advisory body to the Governor-General. It is
-made up of the Governor-General as presiding officer, the six members
-of the cabinet, the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the
-House of Representatives. It also serves to bring the executive and
-the legislative departments into close relationship. The creation
-of the council seems to indicate a tendency to adopt in the future
-a parliamentary or semi-parliamentary system of government.
-
-In addition to the foregoing departments there is the further
-innovation conferring on either house of the legislature, the right to
-call and interpellate the secretaries of departments before it. The
-secretaries of departments in turn have the right to be heard in
-the legislature. The chairmen of the appropriation committees are
-also empowered to require the attendance of chiefs of bureaus and
-offices, thus bringing the executive and legislative departments in
-close harmony.
-
-
-[Autonomy]
-
-All of the officials of the government are Filipinos with the exception
-of the Governor-General and the Vice-Governor-General and the majority
-of the members of the Supreme Court who are Americans, appointed by the
-President of the United States. There is thus a practical autonomy,
-the American chief executive having supervision and control of the
-government in theory but in actual practice rarely acting on matters
-of domestic concern except with the advice of the Council of State.
-
-Appointments made by the Governor-General are with the advice and
-consent of the Philippine Senate.
-
-
-
-
-THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL.--The Governor-General is appointed by the
-President by and with the consent of the Senate and holds his office
-at the pleasure of the President and until his successor is chosen
-and qualified. Through the Secretary of War, he is responsible
-to the President and the American people for his acts. He has a
-more responsible position than that held by the Governors of the
-several states of the union. He is paid a handsome salary from
-the Philippine government and is given free quarters. As chief
-executive of the Islands, he is in charge of the executive control
-of the Philippine government; which he exercises either in person or
-through the secretaries of departments. He can veto laws passed by
-the Philippine Legislature.
-
-
-
-
-THE VICE-GOVERNOR.--The Vice-Governor is also appointed by the
-President of the United States with the consent of the Senate. He
-acts at the same time as the Secretary of Public Instruction and may
-be assigned such other executive duties as the Governor-General may
-designate. In case of vacancy in the office of the Governor-General,
-the Vice-Governor acts.
-
-
-
-
-THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.--There are six executive departments. At
-the head of each is a department secretary, who, with the exception
-of the Secretary of Public Instruction, must be a citizen of the
-Philippine Islands. As Secretary he is assisted by an under-secretary
-who temporarily performs the duties of department secretary in case
-of vacancy. The executive departments and bureaus, offices, and boards
-pertaining to each are given below:
-
-
-    Governor-General:
-
-        Bureau of Audits.
-        Bureau of Civil Service.
-        All other offices and branches of the service not assigned
-          by law to any Department.
-
-    Department of the Interior:
-        Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes.
-        Philippine General Hospital.
-        Board of Pharmaceutical Examiners.
-        Board of Medical Examiners.
-        Board of Dental Examiners.
-        Board of Optical Examiners.
-        Board of Examiners for Nurses.
-        Board of Dental Hygiene.
-        Executive Bureau.
-        Philippine Constabulary.
-        Public Welfare Commissioner.
-
-    Department of Public Instruction:
-
-        Bureau of Education.
-        Philippine Health Service.
-        Bureau of Quarantine Service.
-
-    Department of Finance:
-
-        Bureau of Customs.
-        Bureau of Internal Revenue.
-        Bureau of the Treasury.
-        Bureau of Printing.
-        General supervision over banks, banking transactions, coinage,
-          currency, and except as otherwise specially provided, over
-          all funds the investments of which may be authorized by law.
-
-    Department of Justice:
-
-        Bureau of Justice.
-        Courts of First Instance and Inferior Courts.
-        Philippine Library and Museum.
-        Bureau of Prisons.
-        Public Utility Commission.
-
-    Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources:
-
-        Bureau of Agriculture.
-        Bureau of Forestry.
-        Bureau of Lands.
-        Matters pertaining to colonies and plantations on public lands.
-        Bureau of Science.
-        Weather Bureau.
-        Matters concerning hunting, fisheries, sponges, and other
-          sea products.
-
-    Department of Commerce and Communications:
-
-        Bureau of Public Works.
-        Bureau of Posts.
-        Bureau of Supply.
-        Bureau of Labor.
-        Bureau of Coast and Geodetic Survey.
-        Bureau of Commerce and Industry.
-
-
-The Executive Bureau and the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, both of
-which are under the Department of the Interior, exercise supervision
-over the provincial and municipal governments. The Executive Bureau
-has charge of the so-called regular provinces, and the Bureau of
-Non-Christian Tribes of those inhabited by the backward inhabitants
-of the Philippines including the Moros in Mindanao and the Igorotes
-of the mountain regions of Luzon. The functions of these two bureaus
-are practically identical, the difference lying only in the degree
-of civilization of the inhabitants over whom they have supervision.
-
-
-
-
-THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.--The legislative branch of the Philippine
-government is vested in the Philippine legislature. It is made
-up of two separate cooerdinate bodies, the Senate and the House of
-Representatives. All the senators and representatives are elected by
-direct popular suffrage with the exception of the representatives and
-senators from the Mountain Province, the Province of Nueva Vizcaya,
-and the provinces in Mindanao and Sulu who are appointed by the
-Governor-General with no restriction as to residence or length of
-office. The elective representatives hold their office for terms of
-three years and the senators for terms of six years.
-
-Laws dealing with certain special subjects such as the tariff and the
-mining laws require the approval of the President of the United States.
-
-The Senate has twenty-four members consisting of two senators from
-each of the twelve senatorial districts. The lower house has ninety
-members, determined by the population of each province. Appropriation
-bills originate by custom in the House of Representatives.
-
-
-
-
-THE JUDICIARY.--An independent judiciary system completes the
-governmental structure. The administration of justice is entrusted
-to the Supreme Court, the Courts of First Instance, the Municipal
-Court of the City of Manila, and the courts of justices of the peace
-in each municipality.
-
-The Supreme Court is the highest legal entity in the judiciary
-system. It has an appellate jurisdiction in all actions and special
-proceedings brought to it from the Courts of First Instance and from
-other inferior tribunals from whose decision appeals to the Supreme
-Court are allowed. The justices of the Supreme Court are appointed
-by the President of the United States with the consent of the United
-States Senate and serve during good behavior. It is made up of nine
-justices, the chief justice and eight associate justices. The chief
-justice has always been a Filipino. It seats in banc to transact
-business. It also seats in divisions for the same purpose, and when
-it so sits, four justices constitute a quorum so that two divisions
-may sit at the same time.
-
-Appeals to the Supreme Court of the United States are allowed in
-certain cases only.
-
-The judges of the Court of First Instance are appointed by the
-Governor-General with the consent of the Philippine Senate and serve
-practically for life, the only restriction being that they must retire
-upon reaching sixty-five years of age. The justices of the peace are
-also appointed by the Governor-General with the advice and consent
-of the Philippine Senate.
-
-
-
-
-PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.--The Philippine Archipelago is divided into
-46 provinces, 34 of which are designated as regular provinces and
-the remaining 12 as special provinces.--The chief executive of a
-regular province is the provincial governor, who is an elective
-official. He, together with two other elective members, form the
-provincial board which constitutes the legislative branch of the
-provincial government. In the special provinces, with the exception of
-Mindoro, Palawan, and Batanes, the provincial governors are appointive
-officials.
-
-
-
-
-MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT.--As the name indicates, this branch of the
-Government has charge of the municipalities or towns. The chief
-executive of a municipality is called the municipal president. The
-municipal council, which is the legislative branch of the municipal
-government, consists of from 8 to 18 councilors, depending on the
-size of the municipality. There is a vice-president who substitutes
-the president during his absence or disability and who is ex-officio
-member of the council. All these officials are elected by the people.
-
-
-
-
-EXPENSES OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT.--All the expenses of the
-Philippine government are paid for from the Insular Treasury. The
-United States government pays for nothing in the administration of the
-Islands except for the army and navy and the salaries of the resident
-commissioners from the Philippines who are stationed in Washington
-and granted the privileges of members of Congress.
-
-An investigation into the expenses incurred by the United States for
-the Philippine Islands, exclusive of the maintenance of her army and
-navy, elicits the following facts:
-
-1. That the Philippines has always been a self-supporting country;
-all expenditures have been drawn from ordinary revenues.
-
-2. That the sum of $267,663.26 pertaining to the former government of
-Spain and seized by the United States, and therefore legally pertaining
-to the latter country, was subsequently turned over into the general
-fund of the insular government.
-
-3. That the Congress of the United States appropriated the sum
-of $3,000,000, known as the "Congressional Relief Fund," for the
-purchase, distribution and sale of farm implements, farm or draft
-animals, supplies and necessaries of life, extermination of pests,
-relief for sufferers due to fire and other calamities, etc. This
-amount has been, at different times, appropriated by the Philippine
-Commission for the purposes above mentioned. The unexpended balance
-from this fund was subsequently turned over into the general funds.
-
-Aside, therefore, from the Spanish seized funds and the expenses
-for the army and navy, the only amount expended by the United
-States directly for the benefit of the Philippine Islands was the
-Congressional Relief Fund. The Philippine government having always had,
-at the end of every year, an excess of ordinary revenue over ordinary
-expenditure, the United States could not have any other occasion to
-give direct pecuniary aid for the maintenance of the Islands.
-
-
-FINANCIAL STATUS.--The Philippine government today is on a solid
-financial basis as any government in the world. It is self-supporting,
-its taxation is adequate to its needs, the per capita tax of the
-people is low. The Filipinos bear a smaller burden of taxation
-than the natives of Great Britain, United States, Japan, Argentina,
-and Brazil. The year, 1922, was presented with an aggregate surplus
-of approximately $64,000,000 in central, provincial, and municipal
-governments including the City of Manila. This goes to show that both
-the central and local governments are on a sound financial basis.
-
-A clearer comprehension of the financial standing of the government
-may be had from an inspection of the following tables:
-
-
-          STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND SURPLUS OF
-                   THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT, 1921-1922
-
-Items of revenue and expenditures                    1921          1922
-                                                    Pesos         Pesos
-Revenue:
-    Licenses and business.                     14,246,440    13,755,670
-    Import duties.                             12,778,791    11,362,250
-    Excise Tax.                                13,327,843    13,444,281
-    Income tax.                                 4,880,370     1,943,716
-    Wharfage tax.                               1,473,627     1,852,095
-    Franchise tax.                                243,618       109,749
-    Documentary stamp tax (customs and
-      internal revenue).                          951,809       990,933
-    Immigration tax.                              237,040       239,152
-    Tonnage dues.                                 254,515       276,130
-    Inheritance tax.                              210,303       121,812
-    Revenue from public forests.                  923,216       854,337
-    United States internal revenue.               756,444     1,428,959
-    Fines and forfeitures.                        663,415       799,553
-    Sales and rentals of public domain.            22,110        24,254
-    Income from commercial and
-      industrial units.                        12,771,068    11,130,403
-    Income from operating units.                  254,514       133,698
-    Dividends on bank stock.                      463,373       ----
-    Interest repayments, railway companies.       192,716       387,785
-    All other income [2].                      67,430,039    74,427,334
-    Prior year adjustments.                     1,282,547       531,826
-                                              -----------   -----------
-            Total.                            133,363,798   133,813,937
-
-    Less apportionments of internal
-      revenue to local governments.             3,164,084     3,164,084
-                                              ===========   ===========
-            Total revenue.                    130,199,714   130,649,853
-
-Expenditures:
-    General administration [3]                  2,046,646     2,272,591
-    Legislation                                 1,413,541     1,547,683
-    Adjudication                                1,891,080     1,747,093
-    Protective service [4]                      5,783,904     4,866,840
-    Social improvement [5]                     13,084,682    13,709,846
-    Economic development [6]                   53,820,568    14,037,386
-    Aid to local governments                   14,305,267    15,561,867
-    Expense of revenue collection              11,275,497     9,963,714
-    Public debt                                 3,811,266     5,117,494
-    Public works and purchase of
-      equipment                                10,209,597     9,670,476
-    Retirement gratuities [7]                     521,226       397,886
-    Pensions Acts 2909 and 2922                    12,000        12,000
-    Prior year adjustments                         18,937         6,248
-                                              -----------    ----------
-            Total                             118,194,211    78,911,424
-                                              -----------    ----------
-    Current surplus for the year               12,005,503    51,738,429
-    Current surplus at the beginning
-      of the year                              43,937,712    55,943,215
-    Current surplus at the end of the year     55,943,215   107,681,644
-
-
-                               BUDGET ESTIMATES FOR THE INSULAR GOVERNMENT, 1918-1923
-
-Items of revenue and expenditures           1918         1919         1920         1921         1922         1923
-                                           Pesos        Pesos        Pesos        Pesos        Pesos        Pesos
-
-Income                                45,511,037   70,957,757   73,977,000   84,289,932   63,051,435   65,952,560
-  Revenue from taxation               30,220,916   48,463,600   47,012,230   56,036,000   42,867,320   42,925,310
-  Incidental revenue                   1,730,000    2,950,000    3,495,000    4,681,600    2,120,000    5,233,500
-  Earnings and other credits          13,560,120   19,544,157   23,469,770   23,572,332   18,064,115   13,143,750
-  Income from proposed legislation                                                                   [8]4,650,000
-  Current surplus at the beginning
-    of the year                       18,996,477   33,470,664   10,560,300                11,964,152
-                                      ----------  -----------   ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------
-Total available for expenditures      64,477,514  104,428,421   84,537,300   84,289,932   75,015,587   65,952,560
-
-Expenditures                          51,051,725   92,003,494   84,453,806   83,549,778   72,538,593   65,677,327
-  Expense of revenue collection        1,138,904    1,835,078    1,741,202    1,688,370    1,564,726    1,611,533
-  Operating expense of commercial
-    and industrial units               8,002,820   12,699,877   14,089,177   14,502,504    8,981,853    7,661,867
-  Public debt                          2,087,500    2,310,276    2,308,326    3,459,281    5,189,878    9,698,667
-  General administration               3,911,100    8,083,832    5,114,677    5,202,098    4,995,090    5,170,217
-  Protective service                   8,261,259    9,696,100   11,185,108   10,373,411    9,284,643    9,393,072
-  Social improvement                   5,680,914    7,987,190    8,498,527    9,093,423    8,818,029    8,317,816
-  Economic development                 3,950,459    6,883,934    9,397,034   10,437,851    8,740,857    7,326,511
-  Aid to local governments             9,618,425   11,992,281   13,163,155   15,347,095   17,883,667   13,287,409
-  Retirement gratuities, Act 2589        700,000      800,000      750,000      600,000      500,000      300,000
-  Emergency service                    1,000,000    1,000,000    3,000,000    3,000,000    2,000,000
-  Outlays and investments              6,700,344   14,102,181   15,206,600    9,845,745    4,579,850    2,910,235
-  Appropriation balances for
-    public works                                [9]4,296,754
-  Appropriation balances for
-    miscellaneous accounts                      [9]10,315,991
-
-Current surplus at the end            ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------   ----------
-  of the year                         13,425,789   12,424,927       83,494      740,154    2,476,994      275,233
-
-
-
-
-CURRENCY.--At the time of the American occupation, the Mexican dollar
-and the Spanish peso were in circulation in the Islands as a part of
-the currency. The Mexican dollar had been introduced because of the
-trade between the Philippines and Mexico, which was fostered by the
-Spanish galleons. Besides the Mexican dollar and the Spanish peso,
-there also circulated the silver peso or dollar of the various South
-American countries. For fractional currency, however, the Spanish
-coins predominated. The denominations were half peso, peseta, and
-media peseta. Gold pieces were of P1, P2, and P4 denominations.
-
-The first mint in the Islands was installed during the reign of Isabela
-II. It was then that the Philippine peso, both in gold and silver,
-was first coined.
-
-
-[Currency Legislation]
-
-America early decided to make the currency system more stable
-and scientific. On March 2, 1903, Congress passed the Philippine
-Coinage Act which established the conant or Philippine peso as the
-official coin of the Islands. The effect of this Act was to drive
-away all the previous coins in circulation, and it is the basis of
-the present currency system in the Philippine Islands. The coins
-provided for were of the denomination of the peso, half-peso, peseta,
-media peseta, 5 centavos, 1 centavo, and one-half centavo, while the
-silver certificates were in the denominations of P2, P5, P10, P20, P50,
-P100, P500. The peso was issued on the basis of two Philippine pesos
-(P2) to one dollar ($1) gold, United States currency. To maintain the
-parity the Gold Standard Act was passed by the Philippine Commission in
-October, 1903. There are gold deposits in the banks of the United
-States to guarantee every Philippine Government certificate in
-circulation. This places the Philippines practically on an actual
-gold basis.
-
-
-[Notes]
-
-The notes in circulation at the time the Americans came were those
-issued by the Banco Espanol-Filipino. They were in 10, 25, 50,
-100, and 200 Mexican denominations. After the introduction of the
-Philippine peso, P1 notes were also allowed to circulate. In 1912,
-this same Banco Espanol was allowed to change its name to that of
-the Bank of the Philippine Islands, and thereafter, a new series of
-notes were issued, having the same size as the certificates issued
-by the Philippine Government, but of the denominations of P5, P10,
-P20, P50, P100, and P200.
-
-When the Philippine National Bank was established in 1916, it was
-authorized to issue notes to be known as circulating notes. In
-accordance with this authorization, denominations of P1, P2, P5,
-and P10 began to appear.
-
-The stability of the currency system in the Philippines depends
-solely on the maintenance of the parity of the Philippine peso with
-the gold dollar on the established basis of 2 to 1. This can be
-easily accomplished by keeping always intact the gold deposits in
-the United States.
-
-
-              TABLE OF CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION, 1913-1922
-
-                -----------+--------------+-------------
-                   Year    | Amount in    | Per capita
-                           | circulation  | circulation
-                -----------+--------------+-------------
-                           |   Pesos      |
-                           |              |
-                1913       |  50,697,253  |    5.53
-                1914       |  52,575,118  |    5.63
-                1915       |  51,284,907  |    5.40
-                1916       |  67,059,189  |    6.86
-                1917       | 102,580,314  |   10.20
-                1918       | 131,151,883  |   12.67
-                1919       | 146,576,956  |   13.87
-                1920       | 124,589,240  |   11.56
-                1921       | 103,661,820  |   10.01
-                1922       |  97,217,468  |    9.03
-                -----------+--------------+-------------
-
-
-ELECTORS.--The total number of electors registered in the election
-of June 3, 1919, was 717,295 and the votes cast was 672,722,
-which is a very fine percentage when compared to the interest in
-elections shown in other countries. In the elections of 1912, 248,154
-voters registered, of which 235,786 voted. Of the number of voters
-registered in 1919, 407,346 possessed educational qualifications,
-while only 81,916 were educationally qualified in 1912. It should
-be noted that the Philippine voters must have either property or
-educational qualifications, so that these figures show the progress
-of the people in political matters and in education in general during
-the last few years. In the elections of June, 1922, there were 824,058
-voters registered.
-
-The minority party has always accepted the decision of the majority,
-unless it thinks that the election has been vitiated by some
-illegal act, in which case it takes the matter up with the courts
-for decision. The practice of revolutionary countries where defeated
-minorities take the law in their own hands or use violence against
-the triumphant party, or utilize every other means to hinder the
-working of the government, has never been resorted to in the Islands.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XIII. THE FILIPINOS IN CONTROL
-
-
-[Original Policy]
-
-The Second Philippine Commission sent out to the Philippines by
-President McKinley on March 16, 1900 were given the following
-instruction, among others:
-
-
-   "That in all cases, the municipal officers who administer the local
-    affairs of the people are to be selected by the people and that
-    wherever officers of more extended jurisdiction are to be selected
-    in any way, natives of the Islands are to be preferred, and if
-    they can be found competent and willing to perform their duties
-    they are to receive the offices in preference to any others."
-
-
-These instructions were confirmed by President Roosevelt when he
-said that the Government of the Philippine Islands would cease to
-be a government of Americans aided by Filipinos and instead would
-be a government of Filipinos aided by Americans. And in 1908 after
-the opening of the Philippine Assembly, President Roosevelt in his
-message to Congress added:
-
-
-   "I trust that within a generation the time will arrive when the
-    Filipinos can decide for themselves whether it is well for them to
-    become independent or continue under the protection of a strong
-    and disinterested power, able to guarantee to the islands order
-    at home and protection from foreign invasion."
-
-
-[Filipinization]
-
-In pursuance of all this policy the placing of Filipinos in government
-offices was hastened from 1913 to 1921, the turning over of power into
-Filipino hands having been virtually made complete by the passage
-of the Jones Law in 1916. This law provided for the creation of an
-elective Senate and House of Representatives and for the appointment
-of heads of departments and other government officials. Appointments
-made by the Governor-General were made to be with the advice and
-consent of the Philippine Senate.
-
-The proportion of Filipinos to Americans in the Philippine Government
-during the period 1914-1921 is shown in the following table:
-
-
-    -----+--------------------------------+-----------------------
-         |           Number               |      Percentage
-    -----+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------
-    Year | Americans | Filipinos |  Total | Americans | Filipinos
-    -----+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------
-         |           |           |        | Per cent  | Per cent
-    1914 |   2,148   |   7,283   |  9,451 |    23     |     77
-    1915 |   1,935   |   7,881   |  9,816 |    20     |     80
-    1916 |   1,730   |   8,725   | 10,455 |    17     |     83
-    1917 |   1,310   |   9,859   | 11,169 |    12     |     88
-    1918 |     948   |  10,866   | 11,814 |     8     |     92
-    1919 |     760   |  12,047   | 12,807 |     6     |     94
-    1920 |     582   |  12,651   | 13,143 |     4     |     96
-    1921 |     614   |  13,240   | 13,854 |     4     |     96
-    1922 |     604   |  13,726   | 14,330 |     4     |     96
-    -----+-----------+-----------+--------+-----------+-----------
-
-
-[Instruments of Autonomy]
-
-The principal agencies that gave the Filipinos effective control
-over domestic affairs in conformity with the spirit of the Jones Law,
-were the following:
-
-1. The creation of a Council of State on October 16, 1918, to help
-and advise the Governor-General on matters of public importance. In
-this council many prominent leaders of the Filipino people have
-figured prominently.
-
-2. The creation of the Philippine Cabinet by which the Government
-Departments were organized and the work of the Executive Department
-divided among them. The aim was to have them undertake the work
-expressly entrusted to them, and to have in each branch of the
-administration a head responsible for its policy and direction. Each
-Secretary of Department assumes responsibility for all the activities
-of the government under his control and supervision. To this end he
-has the power to initiate, the power to regulate, the power to direct
-and inspect, and the power to appoint and remove.
-
-3. The several laws that had given to the Council of State and to the
-Chairmen of the two houses of the Legislature the power to supervise
-and control the execution of the laws.
-
-4. The liberal policy followed by Governor-General Harrison in
-accordance with the liberal tenor of the Jones Law, a policy really
-preparatory for the independence of the Philippines.
-
-Speaking of this policy, Governor-General Harrison on September 1,
-1916, said:
-
-
-   "I firmly believe that the Chief Executive should consult the
-    people through their representatives who are called upon to serve
-    them. This is the very life-blood of self-government. It should
-    never be possible for a Chief Executive--and it will now never
-    be possible here--to ride ruthlessly over the people he has been
-    sent here to govern, without taking into account their feelings,
-    and without due consideration to their desires."
-
-
-
-
-ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE FILIPINO GOVERNMENT.--The outstanding achievements
-of the Filipinized government are summarized below.
-
-
-
-
-I. REORGANIZATION OF DEPARTMENTS.--The Reorganization Act, as finally
-passed by the Philippine Legislature (Act No. 2666 as amended by
-Act No. 2803), has provided the Philippine government with a more
-logical and scientific grouping of bureaus and offices. It has given
-the new department heads more authority and power over the offices
-and bureaus under them. They are now empowered to promulgate rules,
-regulations, orders, circulars, memorandums, and other instructions
-for the harmonious and efficient administration of each and all of the
-offices and dependencies of each department. Secretaries of departments
-may be called by either of the two Houses of the Legislature for the
-purpose of reporting on matters pertaining to their departments. In
-this case they are also responsible to the two Houses. The six
-departments created by the Reorganization Act correspond to the six
-principal purposes of a fairly well organized government, to wit:
-
-
-[Functions of the Departments]
-
-(1) The maintenance of order and political direction of local
-administrative units, such as departments, provincial and municipal
-governments, and special governments--the Department of Interior;
-
-(2) The guardianship of the State over the mental development and
-physical welfare of the citizens--the Department of Public Instruction;
-
-(3) The collection of the public revenues and administration of the
-finances and business of the government--the Department of Finance;
-
-(4) The enforcement of the law and safeguarding of the citizens and
-their rights--the Department of Justice;
-
-(5) The guardianship in connection with the preservation of the
-natural resources and the development of the country's sources of
-wealth--the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and
-
-(6) The carrying out of such work and services as cannot be performed
-by private citizens, conducive to the common welfare and public
-prosperity--the Department of Commerce and Communications.
-
-
-
-
-II. ADOPTION OF A BUDGETARY SYSTEM.--A scientific budgetary system
-has been adopted. Under the system the estimates are made under the
-supervision and control of the department heads who have the power to
-add or cut down items. These different estimates are then submitted to
-the Secretary of Finance, who cooerdinates them. Any conflict between
-a departmental head and the Secretary of Finance is submitted to the
-Council of State for decision. Once the budget is definitely approved
-by the Council of State the Governor-General submits it with a message
-to the Legislature.
-
-The lower house is the first one to take up the budget. The
-corresponding Department Secretary appears before it to explain the
-details of the budget for his Department and to answer all questions
-by the members. Once the budget is approved in principle it is sent
-to the Committee on Appropriations with instructions to draft the
-appropriation bill in accordance therewith. When the appropriation
-bill is approved by the house, it is sent to the Senate and practically
-the same procedure is followed.
-
-
-[The Emergency Board]
-
-To make the budgetary system sufficiently elastic to meet changing
-conditions, there has been created the so-called Emergency Board
-composed of the Secretary of Finance as Chairman, two members of
-the Legislature, the Insular Auditor and the Attorney-General as
-members. In the general Appropriation Act, this board is given a
-substantial amount with which to supply the additional funds that the
-various units of the government may need for the purpose authorized
-by the appropriation law. As an additional safe-guard, the actions
-of the Emergency Board do not become operative until after approval
-by the Governor-General and the presidents of both houses.
-
-
-
-
-III. PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS.--In public improvements, the following was
-the record of the Filipinos within the last nine years. The mileage
-of first-class roads was more than doubled increasing from 2,172
-kilometers in 1913 to 4,782 in 1922, not to speak of the second
-and third class; 7,562 permanent bridges and culverts are now in
-existence; 725 permanent government buildings were built, including
-schools, public markets, hospitals, provincial capitols, and large
-and beautiful edifices for the university and the Insular government;
-a network of wireless stations was erected throughout the provinces;
-a vast program of improvements in port works was launched, and a bond
-issue of ten million pesos was sold in the United States for harbor
-improvements in Manila alone; irrigation works estimated to cost about
-ten million pesos, and designed to benefit 150,000 acres of land in
-sixteen different localities, were initiated; 949 artesian wells in
-the different provinces, an average of one to each municipality, were
-drilled at a total cost of nearly two and one-half million pesos,
-and 55 new water-works systems were installed with 36 more under
-active construction, to cost more than three million pesos.
-
-
-
-
-IV. AGRICULTURE AND TAXATION.--The progress in agriculture was
-remarkable. The chief point of interest here is that the placing of
-Filipinos in control of the agricultural departments greatly enlarged
-the power of the Government to influence the people to increased
-production. Of rice alone, 1,285,385 acres more were planted during
-the last nine years (1913-1922); 544 rural-credit societies were
-established with a membership of 75,114 and cooeperation in agriculture,
-a new spirit among the farmers, encouraged and explained.
-
-Taxation was revised and increased, and the government revenue
-from this source which in 1913 had been only P39,236,007, rose to
-P62,900,403 in 1919 and P64,259,776 in 1922; there are twelve banking
-institutions in the Islands, now, instead of only six, and the money
-in circulation has risen from P50,000,000 in 1914 to three times
-that figure.
-
-
-
-
-V. PUBLIC ORDER.--Public order, the first requisite of a stable
-government, has been splendidly maintained through the agency of the
-Philippine Constabulary and the municipal police. The Constabulary
-has always been dependable and thoroughly efficient. There is hardly
-any country in the world more peaceful than the Philippines.
-
-
-
-
-VI. EDUCATION.--The present school system in the Philippines has been
-one of the principal uplifting agencies in the colonial enterprise
-undertaken by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American
-war. Immediately after the capitulation of Manila, an army officer
-acting as superintendent of schools opened schools. Everywhere the army
-went afterwards a public school was established and put into operation.
-
-The school system is supported entirely from Philippine revenue. The
-advance has been rapid, there now being about a million pupils in
-the schools being taken care of by the Philippine government. The
-attendance of almost a million is entirely voluntary, there being no
-compulsory education law.
-
-The public school system has received the unstinted support of the
-Filipino people. The first bill passed by the Philippine Assembly in
-1907 was the appropriation of one million pesos for the building of
-rural schools. In 1918 the thirty million-peso act was passed, which
-provided that thirty million pesos be set aside, over and above the
-regular annual appropriation, for school-housing and equipment. The
-law is expected to provide school facilities for every boy and girl
-of school age in the Islands by 1924.
-
-The head of the public-school system is the Vice-Governor-General who
-is at the same time Secretary of Public Instruction. The executive
-control is centered in the Bureau of Education headed by a director,
-who is responsible for the conduct of public schools and has the
-authority necessary to make his control effective.
-
-
-School divisions.--The Islands are divided into forty-nine school
-divisions, each division generally coinciding with the boundaries of
-a province, except the City of Manila, and four Insular schools--the
-Philippine Normal School, the Philippine School of Arts and Trades,
-the Philippine Nautical School, and the Central Luzon Agricultural
-School--each of which is considered as a distinct division. A
-division is under the immediate charge of a superintendent who
-is the representative of the Director of Education. The Division
-Superintendent in the province is generally assisted by a provincial
-industrial supervisor and an academic supervisor. Each provincial
-division is divided into different districts consisting of one or
-more municipalities and several barrios or villages, each under the
-charge of a supervising teacher.
-
-There are 50 provincial high schools. There are 20 provincial
-trade schools and 14 provincial shops, the principals of which are
-responsible directly either to the principal of the provincial school
-or to the Division Superintendent of Schools.
-
-The original feature of all school work was the academic. Soon the
-Bureau of Education labored to make industrial work a part and parcel
-of the curriculum. This was followed by making physical education a
-vital part of the courses. And now the aim is to maintain a proper
-balance in the academic, industrial, physical, and social work.
-
-The English language is the only medium of instruction.
-
-There are seven elementary grades--four primary and three
-intermediate. The secondary courses take four years. There has been
-built up an English-speaking Filipino teaching staff--a distinctive
-achievement reflecting credit on Filipinos and Americans alike.
-
-
-Vocational instruction.--Graded vocational instruction occupies an
-important place in the school curricula. Approximately 14 per cent
-of the total time in the primary grades and about 17 per cent of the
-total time in the general intermediate course is devoted to this form
-of instruction. The special intermediate vocational courses include
-farming and trades for boys and housekeeping and household arts
-for girls. The chief aims of industrial instruction are: first,
-industrial intelligence; second, industrial skill; and, third,
-industrial sympathy. The educational and economic values of industrial
-education are kept in view. It may be of interest to mention that the
-Bureau of Education annually receives orders amounting to $150,000 a
-year from various firms abroad, especially from America, for handicraft
-articles; that trade school production yearly is over $100,000 and that
-the yearly agricultural production of the schools is over $281,000.
-
-Agricultural education.--The Philippines being essentially an
-agricultural country, agricultural education is given considerable
-attention. The Bureau of Education at present maintains 13 large
-agricultural schools, 15 farm schools, and 162 settlement farm
-schools. The agricultural school range in area from about 125 to
-about 3,000 acres; the farm schools, from about 40 to 125 acres;
-the settlement farm schools, from about 30 to about 100 acres. In
-addition to these, the Bureau of Education has an extensive program
-of school and home gardening and maintains numerous agricultural clubs
-for boys and girls. Under the stress of the world-wide economic crisis
-brought about by the World War, the general office appealed to the
-country for increased productions, and in response to this appeal,
-the schools now have over 4,000 school gardens and over 100,000 home
-gardens. Annually there are held over 20,000 Garden Days where there
-are over 143,000 pupils' exhibits and about 40,000 farmers' exhibits.
-
-
-Athletics.--The system of physical education here compares favorably
-with the best in the world. The temptation of developing only a
-few "stars" has been valiantly resisted and the athletic slogan of
-"Athletics for Everybody" has been stressed instead. As a result of
-this policy over 96 per cent of the pupils enrolled in the elementary
-and secondary schools take active participation in the program of
-athletics and games during the year.
-
-
-Primary and Secondary Curriculum.--In the seven years' course the
-studies are principally language, reading, good manners and right
-conduct, arithmetic, civics, hygiene and sanitation, writing, drawing,
-music, and Philippine history and government, in addition to a definite
-vocational training and organized play and athletics. Besides the
-regular secondary course, specialized secondary courses such as
-the normal, commercial, trade, agricultural, and domestic science
-are offered.
-
-Number of pupils.--The enrollment of pupils in the public schools below
-the University of the Philippines from the school year 1913-1914 to
-1920-1921 is as follows:
-
-
-            -----------+-----------+-------------------
-                       |           |   Increase over
-                       |           |   previous year
-               Year    | Enrollment|---------+---------
-                       |           |  Number | Per cent
-            -----------+-----------+---------+---------
-            1913-1914  |   621,114 | 180,980 |   41.0
-            1914-1915  |   621,114 | ------- |   ----
-            1915-1916  |   638,548 |  17,434 |    2.8
-            1916-1917  |   675,997 |  37,449 |    5.8
-            1917-1918  |   671,398 |   4,699 |     .7
-            1918-1919  |   681,588 |  10,290 |    1.5
-            1919-1920  |   791,626 | 110,040 |   16.0
-            1920-1921. |   943,364 | 151,736 |   19.0
-            1921-1922. | 1,077,342 | 133,978 |   13.0
-            -----------+-----------+---------+---------
-
-
-Number of schools and teachers.--The number of schools rose from 2,934
-in 1913 to 7,670 in March, 1922, representing an increase of 128 per
-cent. The average annual decrease in the number of schools from 1909
-to 1913 (5 years preceding Filipino autonomy) was 181, or 4.8 per cent,
-while the average yearly increase from 1914 to 1920 was 416.
-
-The number of Filipino teachers increased from 7,671 in 1913 to 24,017
-in 1922, which means an increase of 16,346, or 213 per cent. The
-number of American teachers dropped from 658 in March, 1913, to 347
-in March, 1922.
-
-
-Number of school buildings.--The number of permanent school buildings
-constructed up to 1913 was 624, which number rose to 1,301. In other
-words, during nine years (1913-1922), 108 per cent more permanent
-buildings were erected.
-
-
-Universities.--Foremost among the universities in the Islands
-is the University of the Philippines, which corresponds to a
-state university. It gives courses in liberal arts, the sciences,
-education, medicine and surgery, dentistry, pharmacy, agriculture,
-veterinary medicine, engineering, law, forestry, music, and the
-fine arts. Collegiate degrees are conferred upon graduates in all
-the courses mentioned with the exception of the last two, for which
-diplomas of proficiency are issued to the graduates.
-
-The enrollment in the University for the school year 1922-1923 is
-4,839, so that in 10 years the attendance rose from 1,400 in 1911-1912
-to 4,839 in 1922-1923, representing an increase of 237 per cent. The
-University has now 45 buildings of permanent materials.
-
-The Santo Tomas University was the first to be established. It has the
-distinction of being the oldest university under the American flag,
-having been founded a quarter of a century before Harvard. It gives
-courses in law, medicine, pharmacy, civil engineering, philosophy
-and letters, and theology, and has about 700 students. The medium of
-instruction is the Spanish language.
-
-Besides these two universities there is the National University
-with upwards of 4,500 students and the Manila University with almost
-3,000. The presidents of the last two universities are Filipinos.
-
-The overwhelming majority of the faculty in all the institutions of
-high learning in the Islands are Filipinos.
-
-
-
-
-VII. SANITATION.--In sanitation the progress attained by the
-Philippines during the Filipinized government has also been rapid. The
-sanitary work is now controlled by a central bureau called the
-Philippine Health Service. With this centralization of activities
-health measures can be enforced more economically and more effectively
-than in previous years.
-
-The municipalities are grouped into sanitary divisions, each of which
-is in charge of a competent official. With few exceptions the men
-in charge are qualified physicians. At the end of the year 1921,
-there were 307 sanitary divisions comprising 792 out of the 846
-municipalities. In other words, nearly 94 per cent of the total
-number of municipalities in the Philippines form a part of these
-sanitary divisions.
-
-Some of the important functions of the Philippine Health Service are
-as follows:
-
-1. Control and supervision of all hospitals for dangerous communicable
-diseases, and the isolation of persons suffering from such diseases.
-
-2. Control of sanitation of schoolhouses and premises, prisons and
-all other places for the detention of prisoners.
-
-3. Establishment and maintenance of internal quarantine in times of
-epidemic and the systematic inoculation of the inhabitants with virus,
-sera, and prophylactics.
-
-
-                 COMPARATIVE DEATH RATE SCALE FOR 1917
-
-                 Countries               Death rate per
-                                       1,000 inhabitants
-
-                 Oriental:
-                     Egypt.                  40.50
-                     China.                  40.00
-                     India.                  35.00
-                     Straits Settlement.     31.64
-                     Ceylon.                 27.00
-                     Burma.                  24.93
-                     Philippines.            22.29
-                 Anglo-Saxon:
-                     United States.          14.70
-                     England.                13.70
-                     Canada.                 12.70
-                     South Australia.        11.73
-                     Queensland.             11.00
-                     New Zealand.            10.35
-                 Latin:
-                     Porto Rico.             28.50
-                     Mexico.                 23.39
-                     Cuba.                   19.70
-                     Italy.                  18.20
-                     France.                 17.70
-
-
-
-
-VIII. LOCAL AUTONOMY.--Greater autonomy has been extended to the
-provinces and municipalities especially as regards local taxes,
-education, sanitation, and permanent public improvements.
-
-One of the significant and substantial results of the new policy
-is the remarkable improvement in the finances of the provinces and
-municipalities. During the period 1914 to 1920 a general revision of
-assessment of real properties was conducted in all the provinces. From
-this assessment we find an increase of 1,703,449 in the number of lots
-of taxable real property on December 31, 1920, as compared with the
-corresponding figure on September 30, 1913, representing an increase of
-about 100 per cent. The increase, of course, means increased revenue
-from the real property taxes for the local government.
-
-A study of the revenues of the provinces and municipalities during 1914
-to 1920, as compared with the period 1909 to 1913, shows an increase
-of 1,090 per cent, the average percentage of yearly increase being
-155.5 per cent. In 1922 the revenues of the provinces were P19,264,264;
-those of the municipalities were P32,486,068.
-
-
-
-
-IX. PUBLIC WELFARE.--One of the first acts of the Philippine government
-since control was turned over into the hands of Filipinos was the
-creation of the so-called Public Welfare Board entrusted with the task
-of cooerdinating the work of private and public welfare agencies. The
-board acts as the agency for controlling the disbursement of public
-charity funds to semi-public institutions like the Anti-tuberculosis
-Society, the Gota de Leche, and the Women's Clubs.
-
-On February 23, 1916, an act was passed by the Legislature
-appropriating P1,000,000 for the protection of early infancy and the
-establishment of branches of the "Gota de Leche." Local organizations
-were granted aid from this funds as much as what they raised.
-
-In 1917 the government established an orphanage for destitute and
-dependent children from all over the islands, managed according to
-the most modern methods.
-
-
-[Public Welfare Commissioner]
-
-On February 18, 1918, the public welfare board membership was reduced
-to five and its administrative control placed under the Department
-of the Interior. The administration of the million-peso funds for
-the protection of early infancy and the establishment of maternity
-and child-welfare centers were also placed under the control of the
-Secretary of the Interior on March 22, 1920. Later these activities
-were all grouped together by Act 2988, enacted February 24, 1921,
-into one office--the office of the public welfare commissioner--which
-started operation on May 1, 1921.
-
-The aim of the office is summarized thus: To promote all work directed
-towards the early reduction of infant mortality in the Philippines
-by employing adequate means for this purpose and for carrying out
-other activities intended to bring about the general welfare of the
-community, especially that which concerns children.
-
-A central executive office is maintained in Manila. It investigates
-social conditions and compiles sociological information for
-distribution. Social centers are being established throughout the
-Islands. On December, 1922, 183 puericulture centers were in existence
-as against 80 on December, 1921.
-
-
-X. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE.--The Supreme Court of the Philippine
-Islands presided over by a Filipino has always enjoyed the respect
-and confidence of every citizen. It is above all influence, being
-composed of men of integrity and of exceptional talent.
-
-The Courts of First Instance have also a comparatively good record
-as is evident from the number of decisions affirmed, reversed, and
-modified by the Supreme Court. The figures are as follows:
-
-
------------------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------
-                 |       |   Affirmed   |   Reversed  |  Modified
-    Period       |Total  +-------+------+------+------+------+------
-                 |number | Number| Per  |Number| Per  |Number| Per
-                 |       |       | cent |      | cent |      | cent
------------------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------
-August 31, 1911  |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-  to September,  |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-  1, 1913.       | 1,454 |  910  | 62.5 |  365 | 25.1 |  179 | 12.2
-                 |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-March 3, 1919 to |       |       |      |      |      |      |
-  March 4, 1921. | 1,782 | 1,194 | 67.0 |  372 | 20.8 |  216 | 12.1
------------------+-------+-------+------+------+------+------+------
-
-
-The foregoing figures indicate that there was a larger percentage of
-decisions affirmed and smaller percentage of decisions reversed by
-the Supreme Court during the time when the Filipino people were given
-substantial autonomy proving that the administration of justice has
-been considerably improved with the Filipinos in control.
-
-In 1913 there were 12,000 pending cases disposed of; in 1921 the
-number rose to 16,874; in 1922, 20,632.
-
-From 1907 to 1913, for a period of seven years before Filipino
-autonomy, the average yearly number of decrees of titles to land
-issued by the Philippine courts was only 1,935; while from 1914 to
-1920, during seven years of Filipino self-government, the average
-yearly number of land titles settled was 12,396, six times more than
-the preceding period.
-
-
-
-
-XI. GOVERNMENT ENTERPRISES.--In order to hasten the economic progress
-of the Islands, the Philippine government has been compelled to
-organize and engage in certain business enterprises of national
-importance that private initiative and capital have so far failed to
-develop. There are now four of these government owned enterprises--the
-Philippine National Bank, the Manila Railroad, the National Coal
-Company, and the National Development Company. The underlying motives
-behind these ventures are:
-
-(1) To conserve the resources of the Islands for Filipinos; (2) to
-protect the people against exploitation; (3) to safeguard against
-profiteering; (4) to facilitate the extension of credit to private
-concerns.
-
-
-The Philippine National Bank.--The need for a national bank in the
-Islands has long been felt. Previous to its establishment, Filipino
-farmers and merchants had to go to foreign banks in order to secure
-the necessary capital. The Philippine government had also to deposit
-its money with foreign banking institutions which gave a very low
-rate of interest. All the foreign banks made very little investments
-in the Islands, preferring to deal almost exclusively with export
-and import trade.
-
-To remedy these conditions the Philippine National Bank was
-organized. From a modest beginning the bank grew by leaps and bounds,
-especially during the war.
-
-
-[Constructive Service]
-
-In spite of the many criticisms hurled against it, the constructive
-service that the bank has rendered to the community stands out in
-bold relief--the financing of the liberty loans, the handling of
-the sale of alien property, the financial assistance extended in
-time of dire need to two banks doing business in the islands, the
-financing of sugar centrals, the giving of loans to agriculturists,
-and the extension of banking facilities to merchants and manufacturers.
-
-The post-war depression caught the bank unprepared to meet the
-emergencies and it suffered heavy losses. The bank, however, is now
-in a fair way to sound footing. But as an institution, despite its
-reverses, it has come to be part and parcel of Philippine financial
-life. The Filipino people regard the bank as indispensable in the
-economic development of the islands.
-
-
-The Manila Railroad.--The Philippine railroads were taken over
-by the government in 1916. They were bought from an old English
-company. The principal motive that impelled the purchase of the lines
-from the English owners was the failure of the owners to operate
-the lines with profit. This failure resulted in the imposition of
-greater burden on the taxpayers in the way of payment for interest
-on railroad bonds guaranteed by the government from the early days
-of American administration. The secondary motive was of course to
-nationalize this most important medium of communication and to put
-it at government disposal in case of emergency.
-
-From 1914 to 1916 the aggregate net deficit of the company was about
-$600,000. Under government management the railroad has been gaining
-steadily. In 1917 the gain was $400,000; in 1918, $130,000; in 1920,
-$120,000; and in 1921 $148,000, with the added advantage that the
-government has not been called upon to pay any interest on the bonds.
-
-
-The National Coal Company.--During the war the coal shortage was one
-of the great problems that the government had to solve. The Philippine
-Islands are rich in coal deposits, but very little private capital
-has been invested in its exploitation. The Philippine Legislature,
-therefore, chartered the National Coal Company and supplied it with
-a capital of $1,700,000. The company is now ready to furnish at least
-the coal needed by the government, which is about 120,000 tons a year,
-heretofore imported from foreign countries.
-
-
-The National Development Company.--The company was organized for the
-purpose of financing isolated commercial, industrial or agricultural
-enterprises that the government may desire to establish for the general
-welfare of the country, the motive being that whenever or wherever
-there was profiteering the government should enter into competition
-with the profiteer and compel him to reduce the cost of his goods.
-
-The stock of the company is controlled, as in other government
-companies, by a committee of three, composed of the Governor-General,
-the President of the Senate, and the Speaker of the House of
-Representatives.
-
-Other development companies which have been established by law, some of
-which have not yet begun to function, are the National Cement Company
-(2855), the National Coal Company (2705), the National Iron Company
-(2862), and the National Petroleum Company (2814).
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XIV. THE INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT
-
-
-The sporadic but persistent agitation for reform which ultimately
-evolved into the organized movement for independence since 1892,
-began soon after the discovery of the Islands. In the beginning,
-dissatisfaction manifested itself in more or less unimportant and
-localized uprisings against the oppressive measures which the Spanish
-rulers sought to impose upon the inhabitants.
-
-Some of these uprisings, in outline form, were the following:
-
-
-[Uprisings against Spain]
-
-1574.--The first governor in Manila ordered the residents to supply his
-troops food, and took two of the leading Filipinos as hostages. After a
-time the Filipinos refused to submit any longer to the imposition. The
-governor ordered the hostages to be shot. The Filipinos revolted.
-
-1585.--The Province of Pampanga was a center of revolts.
-
-1588.--A conspiracy against Legaspi and against the principal officials
-of the city. The idea in this revolt was to expel the Spaniards from
-the Philippine Islands.
-
-1589.--Popular revolt in the Provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte.
-
-1622.--Like Pampanga, Bohol became a center of revolts. This year
-saw a strange revolt which had a religious cause but later gained
-national importance. It also developed leadership in the person of
-one Tamblot. He was executed but his memory lived to inspire another
-rebellion.
-
-This same year saw an uprising in the Province of Leyte.
-
-1643.--Ladia led a revolt in Bulacan. His plan was easily discovered
-and he was put to death.
-
-1645.--An uprising against the tax system in the Province of Pampanga,
-the second revolt in that province.
-
-1649.--The most widespread revolt the Spanish government had yet
-seen against the system of conscripting labor whenever a Spaniard
-needed it. Starting in Leyte the uprising spread from one province
-to another and would not have been suppressed had not the governor
-incited Filipinos against Filipinos.
-
-1660.--Miniago led a rebellion in Pampanga against the system of
-forced labor. At this time the Filipinos had already learned the
-Spanish way of making promises which were never fulfilled, thus
-instilling hatred in the Filipinos.
-
-This same year witnessed another revolt in Pangasinan following the
-Miniago revolt. The leader by the name of Malong gave the Spanish
-government an almost unbearable trouble. He proclaimed his province,
-Pangasinan, independent and started to set up a government of its
-own. His army swept everything before it, but at last suffered defeat
-by the hands of Spaniards. The Filipinos were gradually developing
-military men, and at this time, one General Pedro Gumapus had been
-recognized. He was arrested, however, and put to death with many of
-his comrades.
-
-1661.--A revolt in Ilocos, an aftermath of the Malong rebellion.
-
-1686.--A conspiracy in Manila, but soon suppressed.
-
-1719.--The riot in which Governor Bustamante and his son were
-killed. This was the result of the long discord between the government
-and the church.
-
-1744.--Another rebellion in Bohol. This time the leader was Dagohoy
-and under his leadership his army was able to drive the Spanish troops
-away. Dagohoy set up a government in Bohol.
-
-1762.--Pangasinan revolted again, but again unsuccessful.
-
-1762.--A revolt occurred during the war with Great Britain. Silan
-offered his services to raise troops against the British. In reply
-the government sent him to prison for a spy. The Filipinos revolted
-and broke jail, letting the prisoner out. Silan was later murdered
-by an assassin whom the Spaniards hired. His widow who continued the
-revolt was arrested and hanged.
-
-1762.--The Provinces of Cagayan, Laguna, and Batangas revolted against
-the tax system.
-
-1785.--Nueva Ecija revolted.
-
-1807.--A rebellion in Ilocos in which the Filipinos demanded
-constitutional rights. The rebels captured the town of Piddig and
-overcame the Spanish forces.
-
-1811.--The Igorots plotted to annihilate all the Spaniards. The plan
-was betrayed to the authorities and was nipped in the bud.
-
-1812.--For the first time in the history of Spain the demand for
-reforms was met with constitutional concession. The Filipinos were
-to have representation in the Cortes of Spain. The constitution
-was later discarded by King Ferdinand VII and upon hearing this the
-Filipinos revolted.
-
-1814.--A rebellion against the oppressive tax system.
-
-1820.--An uprising during a cholera epidemic, as the people believed
-that the government had been neglecting its duty. It was quelled,
-and a frightful massacre followed.
-
-1823.--A mutiny at Novales led by a mestizo army officer.
-
-1827.--This year the rebels of Bohol were temporarily subjugated
-after an independence of about eight years.
-
-1840.--An extensive revolt in southern Luzon led by Apolinario de
-la Cruz, a student in theology. Cruz organized a Brotherhood of San
-Juan and asked for the cooeperation of the church. In reply, De la
-Cruz was arrested for working seditiously. Revolt followed in which
-the leader was arrested and shot.
-
-1843.--An uprising in Manila as a resentment against the treatment
-of De la Cruz.
-
-1872.--This revolt was different from any other previous revolt as it
-was no longer a protest against specific injustice but a revolt based
-upon idealistic basis. The leaders came from the educated class. The
-victims included such harmless men as Father Burgos, Father Zamora,
-and Father Gomez who were executed.
-
-1883, 1888.--These years saw various revolts against oppressive
-treatments.
-
-1892.--This year marked the beginning of the long and constructive
-struggle which changed the history of the Filipino people. It was
-characterized by a systematic campaign for freedom, culminating in
-the execution of Jose Rizal and the successful Revolution of 1896.
-
-
-
-
-THE ORGANIZED MOVEMENT.--The leadership and the national ideals which
-these uprisings developed, became apparent in the Revolution of 1896
-when the masses rose in arms against Spain and demanded separation
-and freedom. General MacArthur said of this Revolution:
-
-
-   "When I first started in against these rebels, I believed that
-    Aguinaldo's troops represented only a faction. I did not like to
-    believe that the whole population of Luzon--the native population,
-    that is--were opposed to us and our offers of good government. But
-    after having come this far, after having occupied several towns and
-    cities in succession, and having been brought much in contact with
-    both insurrectos and amigos, I have been reluctantly compelled
-    to believe that the Filipino masses were loyal and devoted to
-    Aguinaldo and the government which he heads."
-
-
-Upon the cessation of hostilities and after the organization of
-the civil government in the Islands under the American regime, the
-Philippine Commission passed an act which virtually prohibited all
-agitations for Philippine independence. Under these circumstances, the
-movement had to go on in an unorganized manner against the opposition
-of the Federal Party which indorsed annexation of the Philippines
-to the United States. The party, however, never had any substantial
-support, and soon lost the little it had. Another party had appeared
-on the scene, having immediate independence for its slogan and the
-multitude rallied around its standard.
-
-As an organized and systematic movement, the agitation began with
-the institution of the Philippine Assembly in 1907. The Philippine
-Assembly was then the popular branch of the Philippine Legislature,
-the upper house being the Commission of which the majority were
-Americans. The issue in the general elections was independence for
-the Islands, and the Nacionalista Party, which championed the cause,
-gained an overwhelming majority in the Assembly over the Federal
-Party. At the close of the first session of this representative body,
-the Speaker, Hon. Sergio Osmena, declared:
-
-
-   "Permit me, gentlemen of the chamber, to declare solemnly before
-    God and before the world, upon my conscience as a deputy and
-    representative of my compatriots, and under my responsibility
-    as president of this chamber, that we believe the people desire
-    independence, and that we believe ourselves capable of leading
-    an orderly existence, efficient both in internal and external
-    affairs, as a member of the free and civilized nations."
-
-
-The cause of Philippine independence has been paramount in Philippine
-affairs since then, but the Filipino people have been striving for
-that national objective in the most peaceful manner. After the war
-the movement was resumed, and since 1919 two delegations have been
-sent to the United States to present pleas for independence to the
-President and Congress. The first went in 1919, the second in 1921.
-
-
-
-
-AMERICA'S POLICY AND PROMISE TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE.--The plea for
-freedom is based on two contentions. First, that it is the right of
-all nations to be free; second, that independence has been promised
-by the United States. Both of which premises are admitted. The only
-question is when independence will be granted.
-
-The Filipino people are one in their appeal for independence. All
-political parties have this as a common objective. There is not one
-discordant note in the age-long desire. The people are willing to
-stake their all--take all the chances attendant upon an independent
-existence. They want their freedom now.
-
-On the other hand, America's policy toward the Islands has been
-consistent. The pronouncements of her executive officials as well as
-Congressional legislations all point to one conclusion: It has never
-been the intention to make of the Philippines a perpetual possession;
-independence is to be granted as soon as a stable government "can
-be established."
-
-PRONOUNCEMENTS OF AMERICAN PRESIDENTS.--In January 30, 1899, eight
-months after the battle of Manila Bay, President McKinley dispatched
-the First Philippine Commission to the Islands with the assurance
-that the Commission would bring "the richest blessings of a liberating
-rather than a conquering nation." Later on he added: "The Philippines
-are ours, not to exploit but to develop, to civilize, to educate,
-to train in the science of self-government."
-
-In 1903 Mr. Taft, as Civil Governor of the Philippine Islands,
-eloquently expressed himself thus:
-
-
-   "From the beginning to the end, the state papers which were
-    circulated in these Islands as authoritative expressions of the
-    Executive had for their motto that 'the Philippines are for the
-    Filipinos,' and that the government of the United States are here
-    for the purpose of preserving the 'Philippines for the Filipinos'
-    for their benefit, for their elevation, for their civilization,
-    again and again appears."
-
-
-And again, in 1907, he said:
-
-
-   "The policy looks to the improvement of the people, both
-    industrially and in self-governing capacity. As the policy
-    of extending control continues, it must logically reduce and
-    finally end the sovereignty of the United States in the Islands,
-    unless it shall deem wise to the American and Filipino peoples,
-    on account of mutually beneficial trade relations and possible
-    advantages to the Islands in their foreign relations, that the
-    bond shall not be completely severed."
-
-
-In his message in 1908 President Roosevelt said:
-
-
-   "I trust that within a generation the time will arrive when the
-    Filipinos can decide for themselves whether it is well for them
-    to become independent or to continue under protection of a strong
-    and disinterested power, able to guarantee to the Islands order
-    at home and protection from foreign invasion."
-
-
-And in his autobiography Mr. Roosevelt remarked:
-
-
-   "As regards the Philippines my belief was that we should train
-    them for self-government as rapidly as possible and leave them
-    free to decide their own fate."
-
-
-On October 6, 1913, President Wilson, in a message for the Filipino
-people, formulated America's policy thus:
-
-
-   "We regard ourselves as trustees not for the advantage of
-    the United States, but for the benefit of the people of the
-    Philippine Islands. Every step we take will be taken with a view
-    to ultimate independence of the Islands and as a preparation for
-    that independence."
-
-
-THE JONES LAW.--All these official declarations at last found
-Congressional sanction and expression in the Jones Law passed in 1916
-which in the opinion of the author, Congressman William Atkinson Jones,
-is "the everlasting covenant of a great and generous people speaking
-through their accredited representatives that they (the Filipinos)
-shall in due time enjoy the incomparable blessings of liberty and
-freedom." The preamble of the Law reads:
-
-
-   "Whereas it was never the intention of the people of the United
-    States in the incipiency of the War with Spain to make it a war
-    of conquest or territorial aggrandizement; and
-
-   "Whereas it is, as it has always been, the purpose of the people
-    of the United States to withdraw their sovereignty over the
-    Philippine Islands and to recognize their independence as soon
-    as a stable government can be established therein; and
-
-   "Whereas, for the speedy accomplishment of the purpose, it is
-    desirable to place in the hands of the people of the Philippines
-    as large a control of their domestic affairs as can be given them
-    without in the meantime impairing the exercise of the right of
-    sovereignty by the people of the United States in order that by
-    the use and exercise of popular franchise and government powers
-    they may be better prepared to fully assume the responsibilities
-    and enjoy all the privileges of complete independence;
-
-   "Therefore...."
-
-
-This law is the first formal pronouncement of the American people,
-through their accredited representatives, on the purpose of the United
-States as regards the Philippine Islands. It is the formal pledge
-that Independence will be granted. The only condition required is
-that a stable government be first established in the Islands.
-
-Executive recommendation for the fulfillment of America's
-promise.--That there is now such a stable government in the Islands
-is the claim of the Filipinos, and America is being asked to perform
-her part of the covenant. In this claim of theirs, the Filipinos
-are supported by the official representatives of the American people
-themselves.
-
-In his last message to Congress, December 2, 1920, President Wilson
-made this recommendation:
-
-
-   "Allow me to call your attention to the fact that the people of
-    the Philippine Islands have succeeded in maintaining a stable
-    government since the last action of the Congress in their behalf,
-    and have thus fulfilled the condition set by the Congress as
-    precedent to a consideration of granting independence to the
-    Islands.
-
-   "I respectfully submit that this condition having been fulfilled,
-    it is our liberty and our duty to keep our promise to the people
-    of those islands by granting them the independence which they so
-    honorably covet."
-
-
-Governor-General Harrison also testified before the Joint Committee of
-Congress in 1919 that a stable government had already been established
-in the Philippine Islands, to wit, "a government elected by the
-suffrages of the people, which is supported by the people, which
-is capable of maintaining order and of fulfilling its international
-obligations."
-
-
-
-
-MISSIONS TO UNITED STATES.--Soon after the termination of the world
-war, it was decided to push the campaign for freedom with greater
-vigor than ever before.
-
-There was need, besides, of centralizing the campaign if it was to be
-more effective. Accordingly, the Philippine Legislature, on November 1,
-1918, created a "Commission of Independence," composed of the presiding
-officers and members of both houses of the Legislature. The Commission
-was for the purpose of considering and reporting to the Legislature:
-
-(a) Ways and means of negotiating immediately for the granting and
-recognition of the Independence of the Philippines.
-
-(b) External guarantees of the stability and permanence of said
-independence as well as of territorial integrity.
-
-(c) Ways and means of organizing in a speedy, effectual and orderly
-manner a constitutional and democratic internal government.
-
-
-The First Mission.--One of the first actions of the Commission was
-to recommend the sending of a special mission to the United States
-to present the plea for freedom in a formal manner. The Legislature
-approved this recommendation, and in May, 1919, a delegation arrived
-at Washington, composed of forty prominent Filipinos representing the
-two houses of the Legislature as well as the commercial, industrial,
-agricultural, and labor interests of the Islands.
-
-About the time it sailed, the Legislature adopted a "Declaration of
-Purposes" for the guidance of the Commission of Independence and the
-Philippine Mission. This declaration recited, among other things:
-
-
-Declaration of Purposes.--* * * "In applying the principles enunciated
-in documents and utterances on the Philippines to the conditions now
-existing in the Islands, the Commission of Independence will find
-the following facts:
-
-
-   "That there exist likewise in the Philippines all the conditions
-    of stability and guarantees for law and order that Cuba had to
-    establish to the satisfaction of America in order to obtain her
-    independence, or to preserve it, during the military occupation of
-    1898-1902 and during the intervention of 1906-1909, respectively.
-
-   "That the 'preparation for independence' and the 'stable
-    government' required by President Wilson and the Congress of the
-    United States, respectively, contain no new requisite not included
-    in any of the cases above cited.
-
-   "That these prerequisites for Philippine Independence are the
-    same as those virtually or expressly established by the Republican
-    administration that preceded President Wilson's administration.
-
-   "That during the entire time that the Filipino people have been
-    with America, they have been living in the confidence that the
-    American occupation was only temporary and that its final aim
-    was not aggrandizement or conquest, but the peace, welfare,
-    and liberty of the Filipino people.
-
-   "That this faith in the promises of America was a cardinal factor
-    not only in the cooeperation between Americans and Filipinos during
-    the years of peace, but also in the cooeperation between Americans
-    and Filipinos during the late war.
-
-   "That the condition of thorough development of the internal
-    affairs of the country and the present international atmosphere
-    of justice, liberty, and security for all peoples, are the most
-    propitious for the fulfillment by America of her promises and
-    for her redemption of the pledges she has made before the world.
-
-   "Therefore, so far as it is humanly possible to judge
-    and say, we can see only one aim for the Commission of
-    Independence--independence; and we can give only one
-    instruction--to get it. * * *"
-
-
-The Mission proceeded to Washington to confer with President Wilson and
-to make known their desires. It happened, however, that the President
-was in Paris, at the Peace Conference, and could not receive the
-mission in person. He delegated Secretary of War Baker to represent
-him and to read for him to the Mission a letter in which he expressed
-sentiments of sympathy and good will. In that letter, the President
-said in part:
-
-
-   "I am sorry that I cannot look into the faces of the gentlemen
-    of this Mission from the Philippine Islands and tell them all
-    that I have in mind and heart as I think of the patient labor,
-    with the end almost in sight, undertaken by the American and
-    Filipino people for their permanent benefit. I know, however,
-    that your sentiments are mine in this regard and that you will
-    translate truly to them my own feelings."
-
-
-And Secretary Baker, on his part, said:
-
-
-   "I know that I express the feeling of the President--I certainly
-    express my own feeling; I think I express the prevailing feeling
-    in the United States--when I say that we believe the time has
-    substantially come, if not quite come, when the Philippine Islands
-    can be allowed to sever the mere formal political tie remaining
-    and become an independent people."
-
-
-Hearing Before Congressional Committee.--Because of the absence of
-President Wilson, the mission had to return to the Islands with its
-object unattained. The members, however, had visited many cities of the
-United States and delivered speeches pleading for independence. They
-also succeeded in getting a hearing before a joint-committee
-of Congress, presided over by the then Senator Harding. But the
-committee was adverse to any action being taken at the time on the
-issue of Philippine independence and so stated. The Mission then
-presented a memorial "to the Senate and House of Representatives of
-the United States," wherein it submitted the case of the Filipinos
-in substance thus:
-
-
-1.  That as defined and established in the Act of Congress of August
-    29, 1916, the purpose of the Government of the United States is
-    to withdraw its sovereignty over the Philippine Islands as soon
-    as a stable government can be established therein.
-
-2.  That in accordance with the terms and provisions of said law,
-    the people of the Philippines have organized a government that
-    has been in operation for nearly three years and which has
-    offered complete evidence that conditions are ripe for the
-    establishment of an independent government that will be fully
-    capable of maintaining law and order, administer justice, promote
-    the welfare of all the inhabitants of the islands, and discharge
-    as well its international obligations.
-
-3.  That the Filipino people desire their independence at this time,
-    and along with that independence, they confidently hope to
-    preserve the bonds of good understanding and friendship which bind
-    them to the United States, and to foster the free development of
-    commercial relations between the two countries.
-
-
-The Second Mission.--The first Mission failing to get independence,
-a second one was dispatched in 1922, with identically the same
-purpose--to negotiate for independence. It was designated a
-Parliamentary Mission, presided over by the Speaker of the House and
-the President of the Senate, and was composed of 14 members. Arriving
-at Washington, it presented a memorial to President Harding, which, in
-point of logic, force, earnestness, and diction, must stand unique in
-the annals of peoples aspiring to be free through peaceful methods. It
-is the case of the Filipinos in a nutshell. It recites in part:
-
-
-    MEMORIAL OF JUNE 16, 1922
-
-   "Mr. President: With the deepest sense of loyalty and confidence
-    in the American people, the Philippine Legislature has decided to
-    send the present Parliamentary Mission to the United States. The
-    Mission brings a message of good-will and friendship from the
-    Filipino people to the people of the United States, and is charged
-    to resume the negotiations for the independence of the Philippines
-    begun by the first Mission sent in 1919.
-
-
-    MCKINLEY AND ROOT'S DEFINITION OF STABLE GOVERNMENT
-
-   "There are, in President McKinley's estimate, two main elements
-    in a stable government: First, ability to maintain order and
-    insure peace and tranquility, and the security of citizens;
-    second, ability to observe international obligations. To those
-    two elements, Mr. Root in his instruction for the Cuban people,
-    added the following: It must rest upon the peaceful suffrages of
-    the people and must contain constitutional limitations to protect
-    the people from the arbitrary actions of the Government. All
-    these elements are to be found in the Philippines today.
-
-
-    PRESENT PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT SATISFIES ALL CONDITIONS
-
-   "It is admitted by the Wood-Forbes Mission that order has been
-    properly maintained and that our Insular police or constabulary,
-    "has proved itself to be dependable and thoroughly efficient. *
-    * * They are naturally an orderly people."
-
-   "The Filipino people are by nature and tradition hospitable
-    and courteous to foreigners. There has been no anti-foreign
-    agitation or outbreak. The business of foreigners has been amply
-    protected and will continue to be so protected under an independent
-    Philippines. During the short-lived Philippine Republic prisoners
-    of war were treated according to the law of nations, and there
-    was security for foreigners.
-
-
-    ORDERLY ELECTIONS
-
-   "The Insular, provincial, and municipal governments of the
-    Philippines rest on the free and peaceful suffrage of the
-    people. The people elect members of the Insular legislature,
-    provincial governors, members of the provincial boards, municipal
-    presidents, and members of the municipal councils. Interest in
-    the elections is widespread and election day passes without any
-    serious disturbances. There was a general, quiet acceptance by
-    the minority of the results of the popular vote. * * *
-
-
-    CONSTITUTIONAL GUARANTEES
-
-   "The structure and workings of our government also conform
-    to the standard defined by Mr. Root in that it is "subject
-    to the limitations and safeguards which the experience of
-    a constitutional government has shown to be necessary to the
-    preservation of individual rights." The Filipino people fought for
-    such constitutional safeguards during the Spanish regime. A modern
-    bill of rights was inserted in the Constitution of the Philippine
-    Republic. Our present constitutional limitations and safeguards
-    have been in operation since 1900 when President McKinley in
-    his instructions to the second Philippine Commission set down
-    as inviolable rules the fundamental provisions of the American
-    Bill of Rights. These provisions with slight modification were
-    later included in the Organic Act of 1902, and again set forth
-    in the Jones Law of 1916. For more than twenty years, therefore,
-    the Philippine Government has been subject to constitutional
-    practices. They are imbedded in the political life of the people,
-    and no matter what political change may occur in the Philippines
-    they will find no material alteration. An impartial judiciary is
-    there to enforce them.
-
-
-    COMPETENT JUDICIARY
-
-   "The Supreme Court has the respect and confidence of the Filipino
-    people. The courts of First Instance, mostly presided over by
-    Filipinos ever since 1914, have maintained a standard which,
-    in general, compares favorably with the state courts of the
-    Union. From August 31, 1912, to September 1, 1913, during the
-    last two years of Governor Forbes' administration, only 25.1 per
-    cent of the decisions appealed from these courts were reversed by
-    the Supreme Court. From March 3, 1919, to March 4, 1921, another
-    period of two years with Filipinos in control, the percentage
-    of reversals decreased to 20.8 per cent. The number of cases
-    disposed of by the Courts of First Instance for the eight years
-    (1906 to 1913, inclusive) was as many as 82,528. The total number
-    of cases disposed of for the same length of time, with Filipinos
-    in greater control (1914 to 1921, inclusive), was 117,357 or an
-    increase of 34,829, or 42 per cent.
-
-
-    GENERAL PROGRESS
-
-   "Philippine autonomy has also increased the agencies of social
-    and political progress, such as schools, roads, public buildings,
-    hospitals, etc. In 1913, when the Filipino people had even less
-    share in the government than they have now, there were enrolled
-    in public schools 440,050 pupils, in 1921 there were nearly a
-    million (943,422). In 1913, there were only 2,934 public schools;
-    in 1920 there were 5,944. In 1913, there were 2,171 kilometers of
-    first-class roads in operation, in 1921 the figure was 4,698.8
-    in addition to about 5,000 kilometers of second-class roads. In
-    1913, there were no dispensaries where the poor could be given
-    medical treatment; in 1921, there were over 800. In 1913 the
-    appropriation for medical aid to the poor was P1,548,371.25;
-    in 1921 the sum was P3,153,828.00.
-
-   "Social and economic progress has also been tremendous during
-    this period. In 1913 there were hardly a dozen women's clubs,
-    in 1921 there were 342 in active work. In 1913, the volume of
-    Philippine commerce was only P202,171,484, in 1920 it swelled to
-    P601,124,276. The cultivated area in 1913 was 2,361,483 hectares
-    as compared with 3,276,942 hectares in 1920, or 38.7 per cent
-    increase. The present conditions in the Philippines compare
-    favorably with those existing in many nations whose right to
-    national sovereignty is not in the least questioned.
-
-
-    THE FAVORABLE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION
-
-   "Three years ago the impression of the members of the first
-    Philippine Mission was that the main objection in the minds of
-    many Americans to the immediate independence of the Philippines
-    was the danger of foreign aggression. While this is entirely
-    outside of the question as to whether we have complied with the
-    requirements of the Jones Law, it may not be amiss to call the
-    attention of those Americans to the great change in international
-    affairs which has taken place since the visit of the last Mission.
-
-
-    THE WASHINGTON CONFERENCE
-
-   "Wholesome relationship has especially been established in the
-    Pacific area. The recent Washington Conference has cleared away
-    many doubts and misgivings.
-
-   "In the words of the President of the United States that conference
-    was called 'to provide some means whereby just, thoughtful,
-    righteous peoples, who are not seeking to seize something which
-    does not belong to them can live peaceably together and eliminate
-    cause of conflict.'"
-
-
-    IRELAND, EGYPT, AND INDIA
-
-   "To the favorable international atmosphere may be added the fact
-    that the first of colonial powers is already reversing her former
-    policies. She has granted recognition of freedom and equality to
-    peoples hitherto held as subjects and vassals. Egypt has regained
-    her independence. The Irish people have been asked to enter into
-    an agreement with England, looking to the establishment of a free
-    state. Liberal institutions are now being established in India.
-
-
-    TRIUMPH OF AMERICAN IDEALS
-
-   "We see in all these events the gradual triumph of American ideals,
-    especially of that fundamental American principle that declares
-    that governments derive their just powers from the consent of
-    the governed.
-
-   "Hence we come to America in the full expectation that the
-    United States can do no less than other nations have done to
-    their dependencies; that she cannot now refrain from practicing
-    those principles which were initiated by her and followed by her
-    sister nations; that she cannot now refuse specific realization
-    of those purposes and ideals, which found eloquent expression
-    in her spokesmen both in times of war and in times of peaceful
-    reconstruction; and that she will make the Filipino people a
-    determining factor in the relationship that should exist between
-    the United States and the only unincorporated and subject country
-    now under the American flag.
-
-
-    MISSION HAS FULL POWERS
-
-   "We, therefore, submit our case, with faith and confidence,
-    frankly and without evasion. It is the case of the Filipino
-    people whom in fact and in law we represent, for certainly
-    under the present circumstances no other agency can speak or
-    act with as much authority on what the Filipino people want or
-    on Philippine conditions in general, as their duly accredited
-    representatives. That is the very essence of representative
-    government."
-
-
-President Harding replied after due deliberation, stating that he
-was not yet ready to recommend the concession of independence to
-Congress, but assured the members of the Mission and, thru them, the
-Filipino people, that there would be no backward step taken during
-his administration, and that the autonomy now enjoyed by the Filipinos
-would remain unimpaired.
-
-Petition for a constitutional convention.--The second Mission,
-failing in its object like the first, the Philippine Legislature at
-its next session in 1922, set about to devise other means whereby
-action on the question of independence could be hastened. After days
-of stirring debate, it was decided to ask Congress for permission
-to call a Constitutional Convention to draft a Constitution for a
-Philippine Republic, and the following resolution was passed:
-
-
-   "Whereas, the people and government of the United States have
-    solemnly promised to grant independence as soon as a stable
-    government can be established in the Philippines; and
-
-   "Whereas, a stable government now exists and is now in operation
-    with the necessary guarantees that insure success, permanency,
-    and security; and
-
-   "Whereas, preparation and approval by legitimate representatives of
-    the Filipino people of a political constitution for the Philippines
-    is, in the sense of the legislature, a proper and efficacious
-    step for the securing of Philippine independence; therefore, be it
-
-   "Resolved, by the Philippine Senate, with the concurrence of the
-    House of Representatives, that the United States Congress be asked,
-    as it is hereby asked, to authorize the Philippine Legislature
-    to make arrangements for the holding of a general election for
-    the selection of delegates to a constitutional assembly which
-    shall have the duty of preparing, discussing, and adopting a
-    political constitution for an independent Philippine Republic; of
-    determining, with the government of the United States, what kind
-    of relationship, if any, should exist between said government of
-    the United States and the Philippines; and finally of prescribing
-    the election by the people of the Philippines of officials that
-    shall exercise the authority and functions prescribed by the
-    constitution to be adopted and to whom the present government of
-    the Philippines shall be transferred as soon as they have legally
-    assumed their posts."
-
-
-This resolution is now before the Congress of the United States,
-awaiting action by that body.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-XV. APPENDICES
-
-
-WHERE TO GO IN MANILA
-
-
-LIST OF HOTELS
-
-There is generally a hotel in the principal towns and cities, conducted
-on the American plan.
-
-The following are the principal hotels in Manila:
-
-
-    The Delmonico Hotel, 278 General Luna, Intramuros.
-    The Imperial, 118 Real, Intramuros.
-    The Oriente Hotel, 121 Real, Intramuros.
-    The Luneta Hotel, 38-40 San Luis.
-    The Manila Hotel, Luneta.
-    Banahaw Hotel, 104 Postigo.
-    Bayside Hotel, 121 Alhambra.
-    Chicago Hotel, 219 Real.
-    Cosmopolitan Hotel, 504 Rizal Avenue.
-    Hotel de France, 35 Plaza Goiti.
-    Hotel Dimas-Alang, 525 Magdalena.
-    Hotel Mecca, 323-31 P. Gomez.
-    Hotel Mignon, 119 T. Pinpin.
-    Japanese Hotel, 335 Regidor.
-    New Paris Hotel, 135 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    New Washington Hotel, 207-9 Echague.
-    Elite Hotel, 300 Echague.
-    Palma de Mallorca, Intramuros.
-    Park Hotel, 1099 R. Hidalgo.
-    San Sebastian Hotel, 103-105 Legarda.
-    Stag Hotel, 300 Echague.
-    Vallejo's Hotel, 165 Solana.
-    Windsor Hotel, 4 Nebraska.
-
-
-
-
-GARAGES AND STABLES
-
-(Note.--There are no "taxis" in the Islands. The traveler either has
-to hail a car marked "PU" (Public Utility) or telephone for a garage
-car, marked "G." They are paid by the hour depending on the make of
-the car.)
-
-
-    Banner Garage, 55 Echague.
-    Bulakena Garage, D. Mistica, prop., 1312 F. Huertas.
-    Cosmopolitan Garage and Stables, 677 Legarda.
-    Estrella Auto Palace, 560 Gandara.
-    Iberia Garage, Branch Office 126 Plaza Goiti.
-    La Palma de Mallorca Garage, 154 Real, Intramuros.
-    Luneta Motor Co., Inc., 54 San Luis.
-    Malate Stables, Garage & Car Works, 767 Dakota.
-    Manila Garage, 1423 Herran.
-    N. & B. Port Stables, 22d Street.
-    National Garage, 3158 Azcarraga.
-    One-Two-Three Garage, 159 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    Paco American Stables, 723 Kansas.
-    Paco Stables and Garage, 723 Kansas.
-    Pedro's Garage and Livery Stables, 141 Real.
-    Real Stables and Garage, 118 Real.
-    Rosenberg's Garage, 473 A. Mabini.
-    San Jose Garage, 212 Perdigon.
-    Waldorf Stables, 731 Rizal Avenue.
-
-
-
-
-STEAMSHIP AGENCIES
-
-
-    Admiral Line, The, 24 David.
-    American and Manchurian Line, Smith, Bell & Co., agents, Hongkong
-    Shanghai Bank Building.
-    Atkins Kroll & Co., 324-326 Pacific Building.
-    Australian Oriental Line, 503-511 Echague.
-    Barber Steamship Lines, Admiral Line, agents, 24 David.
-    China Navigation Co., Smith, Bell & Co., agents, Hongkong-Shanghai
-    Bank Building.
-    Canadian Pacific Railway, Roxas Building, Escolta.
-    Columbia Pacific Shipping Co., 321 Roxas Building.
-    Compania Trasatlantica de Barcelona, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-    Dollar Co., The Robert, 406-410 Uy Chaco Building.
-    Eastern & Australasian Steamship Co., Smith, Bell & Co., agents,
-    Hongkong-Shanghai Bank Building.
-    Ellerman Line, W. F. Stevenson & Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Hamburg-Amerika Linie, Viegelman, Inc., agents, 90 Rosario.
-    Holland-East Asia Line, 979 Muelle de la Industria.
-    Hugo Stinnes Lines, 132 Juan Luna.
-    Indo-China Navigation Co., Smith, Bell & Co., agents,
-    Hongkong-Shanghai Bank Building.
-    Isthmian Line, McCleod & Co., agents, Uy Chaco Building.
-    Lloyd Triestino, S. N. Co., Wise Building.
-    Messageries Maritimes, 540 Sales Street.
-    Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Warner Barnes & Co., agents, El Hogar
-    Filipino Building.
-    Osaka Shosen Kaisha, Stevenson & Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Pacific Mail Steamship Co., 104 Nueva.
-    P. & O. S. N. Line, Stevenson & Co., agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Prince Line, Ltd. Warner Barnes, agents, El Hogar Filipino
-    Building.
-    Struthers & Barry, San Francisco-Los Angeles, direct service,
-    Pacific Building.
-    Tampa Inter-Ocean Steamship Co., Pacific Mail, agents, 104 Nueva.
-    The Blue Funnel Line, London Service, Smith, Bell & Co., agents,
-    Hongkong Bank Building.
-    The Blue Funnel Line, New York Service, W. F. Stevenson & Co.,
-    agents, El Hogar Filipino Building.
-    Toyo Kisen Kaisha, Uy Chaco Building.
-    United States Shipping Board, Masonic Temple.
-
-
-
-
-FOREIGN CONSULATES
-
-
-    Argentine Republic.--J. F. Fernandez, consul, 109 Juan Luna.
-    Belgium.--M. Verlinden, acting consul, 205 El Hogar Filipino.
-    Brazil, United States of.--Jean M. Poizat, consul, El Hogar
-    Filipino Building.
-    Chili.--Antonio Malvehy, consul, 212 Marques de Comillas.
-    China.--Chow Kwo Hsien, consul general, 62 M. H. del Pilar,
-    Ermita; C. F. Pan, vice-consul; C. C. Chu, deputy consul.
-    Denmark.--W. V. Caddel Kauffeldt, consul, 15 Cristobal.
-    France.--A. Valentini, consul, 443 A. Mabini, Ermita.
-    Germany.--Swiss consul, in charge. (See Switzerland.)
-    Great Britain.--Thomas Harrington, consul general, Manila, 231
-    General Solano; E. H. de Bunsen, acting vice-consul, Manila;
-    H. Walford, acting vice-consul, Iloilo; Guy Walford, acting
-    vice-consul, Cebu; H. Thompson, Zamboanga, acting vice-consul.
-    Italy.--C. G. Ghezzi, 256 Calle David.
-    Japan.--Tsunezo Sugimura, consul general; Mitsuo Hamaguchi,
-    vice-consul, 213 Roxas Bldg. Detached office in Davao; Mikaeru
-    Shibasaki, vice-consul.
-    Liberia.--R. Summers, consul, 792 Santa Mesa.
-    Mexico.--Teodoro R. Yangco, honorary consul, 421 Muelle de la
-    Industria.
-    Netherlands.--P. K. A. Meerkamp van Embden, consul general;
-    T. Bremer, vice-consul, 979 Muelle de la Industria. Guy Walford,
-    vice-consul, Cebu; H. Walford, vice-consul, Iloilo.
-    Nicaragua.--T. R. Lacayo, consul (absent), 7 Magallanes; Dr. Carlos
-    Gelano, acting consul, 1919 Herran.
-    Norway.--Capt. N. C. Gude, consul general, Uy Chaco Bldg., Cebu;
-    Guy Walford, vice consul, Iloilo; H. Walford, acting vice-consul.
-    Peru.--Antonio M. Barretto, consul, Hotel de France.
-    Portugal.--J. W. Ferrier, consul, 12 Escolta.
-    Russia.--(See France.)
-    Spain.--Juan Potous y Martinez, consul general; Jose Ledesma y
-    Reina, vice-consul, Casa de Espana, Taft Avenue; Jose de Reguera,
-    acting consul, Iloilo; Cristobal Garcia Gimenez, vice-consul, Cebu.
-    Sweden.--Carl Orton, consul general, Connell Bros., Lack &
-    Davis Bldg.
-    Switzerland.--Albert Sidler, consul, 936 Raon, Quiapo.
-    Venezuela.--Albert P. Delfino, consul, 546 Calle Sales.
-
-
-Note.--The Governments of Belgium, China, France, Great Britain,
-Japan, and Spain are represented by consuls of career.
-
-
-
-
-CABLE OFFICES
-
-
-    Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph Co., El Hogar
-    Filipino Building.
-    Commercial Pacific Cable Co., El Hogar Filipino Building.
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF BANKS DOING BUSINESS IN 1923
-
-
-    The International Banking Corporation. Head office in New York;
-    Branch in Manila, Plaza Moraga; local branches in Cebu and Iloilo.
-    The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China. Head office
-    in London; branch in Manila, Plaza Cervantes; agencies in Cebu,
-    Iloilo, and Zamboanga.
-    The Bank of the Philippine Islands. Head office in Manila, Plaza
-    Cervantes; agencies in Iloilo and Zamboanga.
-    The China Banking Corporation, Manila.
-    The Philippine Trust Company, Manila.
-    The Monte de Piedad and Savings Bank, Manila.
-    El Hogar Filipino, Manila.
-    The Manila Building and Loan Association, Manila.
-    The Zamboanga Building and Loan Association, Cebu.
-    The Cebu Mutual Building Association, Zamboanga.
-    The Philippine National Bank, Head Office in Manila; branches
-    in Cebu, Iloilo, Lucena, Aparri, Legazpi, Dagupan, Naga, Davao,
-    and Cabanatuan.
-
-
-
-
-CHAMBERS OF COMMERCE
-
-
-    Alliance Francaise, 445 A. Mabini.
-    American Chamber of Commerce, 2 T. Pinpin.
-    Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, 12 Escolta.
-    Chambre de Commerce Francaise, 445 A. Mabini.
-    Chinese Chamber of Commerce, 175 Juan Luna.
-    Camara de Comercio Espanola, Taft Avenue.
-
-
-
-
-CINEMATOGRAPHS AND THEATRES
-
-
-    Amor Theatre, 254 Cabildo.
-    Zorilla Theatre, Azcarraga.
-    Cine Magdalo, 973 Magdalena.
-    Empire Theatre, The, 212 Echague.
-    Grand Opera House, Rizal Avenue.
-    Fraternidad, Inc., 729 Dart.
-    Gaiety Theatre, The, 630 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Ideal Cinematograph, 417 Rizal Avenue.
-    Lux Cinematograph, 149-51 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    Lyric Theatre, 81-83 Escolta.
-    Rivoli Theatre, 123 Plaza Santa Cruz.
-    Savoy Theatre, 57 Echague.
-    Cine Star, Azcarraga, Tondo.
-    Cine Plaridel, Madrid, San Nicolas.
-    Cine Madrid, Madrid, San Nicolas.
-    Cine Royal, Potenciana, Walled City.
-    Cine Magallanes, Magallanes, Walled City.
-    Cine Paz, Herran, Paco.
-    Cine Paco, Dart, Paco.
-    Cine Obrero, Castanos, Sampaloc.
-    Cine Kami-Naman, Anak ng Bayan, Malate.
-    Cine Katubusan, Moriones, Tondo.
-    Cine Dimasalang, Azcarraga, Tondo.
-    Cine Moderno, Legarda, Sampaloc.
-
-
-
-
-CLUBS
-
-
-    Army and Navy Club, South Boulevard.
-    Bohemian Sporting Club, 428 Rizal Avenue.
-    Cantonese Club, 459 Dasmarinas.
-    Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue.
-    Che Yong Club, 470 Juan Luna.
-    Che Lon Pit Sui, 424 Soler.
-    Chin Poo Tong, 245 Carvajal.
-    Chinese Merchants Club, 1377 General Luna.
-    Chinese Reading Club, 522 Benavides.
-    Club Filipino, 1012 Rizal Avenue.
-    Club Libertad, 826 Magdalena.
-    Club Nacionalista de Chinos, 276 M. de Binondo.
-    Columbia Club of Manila, 573 Isaac Peral.
-    Coon Woo Club, 522 Misericordia.
-    Deutscher Club, Inc., and German Club, 1034 Isaac Peral.
-    Elks Club, South Boulevard.
-    Rotary Club, Manila Hotel.
-
-
-
-
-BOOKSELLERS AND STATIONERS
-
-
-    Libreria de P. Sayo Vda. de Soriano, Rosario.
-    Agencia Editorial, 200 Carriedo.
-    Escolta Bazar and Book Store, Inc., The, 139-141 Escolta.
-    Martinez, J., 108 Plaza Calderon de la Barca.
-    Oriental Commercial Co., Inc., 684 Rizal Avenue.
-    Philippine Education Co., Inc., 34 Escolta.
-    Frank & Co., Escolta.
-    Manila Filatelica, Carriedo.
-    Libreria de I. R. Morales, Plaza Miranda, Quiapo.
-
-
-
-
-EMBROIDERIES
-
-
-    Art Embroidery Co., The, 2641 Herran.
-    Ackad & Co., E., 435 Juan Luna.
-    Bardwill Brothers, 252 Plaza Guipit.
-    Blanca Nieve, 209 Ongpin.
-    Blanco & Reyes, 1018 Herran.
-    Brown Louise P. Retail, 12 San Luis.
-    Cacho, Jusi and Pina, 233 General Luna.
-    Daisy Philippine Underwear, 1515-23 General Luna.
-    Elser, H. W., 600 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Feltman Bros. and Hermel Inc., 1103 Herran.
-    Filipino Hand Embroidery and Hat Co., 33 Aviles.
-    Mallouk & Brother, E. G. Orfaley Manager, 562 Legarda.
-    Manila A B C Embroidery Co., 694 A. Mabini.
-    Manila Lingerie Corporation, 2915 Herran.
-    Marshall Field & Co., 72 Gastambide.
-    Miller Embroidery Co., The Alic M., 155 M. de Comillas.
-    Philippine Handicraft Export, 20 Divisoria.
-    Phil. "X L Ent" Embroidery Co., 1445 California.
-    Philippine Underwear Co., 228 Alonso.
-    Powis-Brown Co., 2957 Herran.
-    Reyes, Rafaela Tolentino de, 267 Lavanderos.
-    Salamy & Baloutine, 426 San Luis.
-    Schulz Embroideries, 20 Divisoria.
-    Waddington & Co., 1234 A. Mabini.
-    Woolf Alex. L., 60 San Luis.
-
-
-
-
-PHILIPPINE HATS
-
-
-    Aguado Hermanos, 103 Balmes.
-    Alonso, H., 169 Escolta.
-    Ang Manggagawa, 487 Juan Luna.
-    Ang Tondena, 175 Rosario.
-    Austria, P., 247 Carriedo.
-    Baliwag Hat Store, 82-84 Real.
-    Bazar Remedios, 982 Juan Luna.
-    Hat Store S. Pacheco & Co., 71 Real.
-    Ideal Sombreria, 481 Juan Luna.
-    Jureidini & Bros., A. N., 205 David.
-    Koch & Co., A., 333 Azcarraga.
-    La Bulakena, 205 Rosario.
-    La Minerva, 45-47 Escolta.
-    Largest Baliwag Hat Store, The, 409 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Manila Hat Store Factory, 319 M. H. del Pilar.
-    Philippine Hat Co., Inc., 424 Azcarraga.
-    Philippine Hat Factory, 73 Real, Intramuros.
-    Reyes Hat Store, 415 Rizal Avenue.
-    San Marcelino Hat Store, 84 San Marcelino.
-    Sombreria Bagong Araw, 735 Legarda.
-    Sombreria Ideal, 481 Juan Luna.
-    Sombreria J. Tolosa, 404 Carriedo.
-    Syyap & Co., 21 Escolta.
-    Veloso & Co., J., 89-91 Real.
-    Vicente & Co., R., 411 R. Hidalgo.
-    White Star Hat Store, The, 152-4 Villalobos.
-
-
-
-
-LIST OF CHURCHES HOLDING SERVICES IN ENGLISH
-
-
-    Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint John, corner Isaac Peral and
-    San Antonio, Ermita (Protestant Episcopal).
-    Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, Plaza McKinley, Intramuros
-    (Roman Catholic).
-    Central Methodist Episcopal Church, 120 Nozaleda, Ermita.
-    Christian Church, Azcarraga, Santa Cruz.
-    Christian Science Society of Manila, 272 Nueva, Ermita.
-    First Presbyterian Church, Padre Faura, Ermita.
-
-
-
-
-RATES OF FARE FOR PUBLIC VEHICLES
-
-The rates of fare for use of each public carriage shall be computed
-from the time the same is engaged until dismissed, in accordance with
-the following schedule:
-
-
-                      FIRST CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES
-
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-                                  |First  |First   |First   |Each
-                                  |one    |one     |hour    |succeeding
-                                  |fourth |half    |        |hour
-                                  |hour   |hour    |        |
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-Motor vehicle of five-passenger   |       |        |        |
-  capacity or less.               |P 2.00 | P 3.00 | P 5.00 | P 4.50
-Motor vehicle of more than        |       |        |        |
-five-passenger capacity.          |  2.50 |   4.00 |   7.00 |   6.00
-Four-wheeled vehicle, two horses. |   .60 |   1.00 |   1.60 |   1.20
-Four-wheeled vehicle, one horse.  |   .40 |    .60 |   1.00 |    .80
-Two-wheeled vehicle, one horse.   |   .40 |    .70 |   1.00 |    .80
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-
-
-                      SECOND CLASS PUBLIC VEHICLES
-
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-                                  |First  |First   |First   |Each
-                                  |one    |one     |hour    |succeeding
-                                  |fourth |half    |        |hour
-                                  |hour   |hour    |        |
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-Four-wheeled vehicle, two horses. |P 0.30 |P  0.50 | P 1.50 | P  0.70
-Four-wheeled vehicle, one horse.  |   .20 |    .40 |    .70 |     .60
-Two-wheeled vehicle, one horse.   |   .30 |    .40 |    .70 |     .60
-----------------------------------+-------+--------+--------+--------
-
-
-Double fare may be charged between one and five o'clock
-antemeridian. Drivers shall not be compelled to carry passengers
-beyond the city limits.
-
-In the smaller towns and in the country the hiring of a vehicle,
-like most commercial transactions, is a matter of bargain. The proper
-fare depends very largely on the state of the road and the chance of
-securing a return passenger, and therefore varies very greatly. The
-customary rate over a frequently traveled route can usually be learned
-by consulting some disinterested person, preferably an American. In
-every case the amount to be paid should be settled in advance.
-
-
-
-
-POSTAL, TELEGRAPH, AND CABLE RATES
-
-(a) Rates on mail addressed for delivery in the Philippine Islands:
-First class, P0.02 for each half ounce or fraction; no limit of weight;
-post cards, P0.02.
-
-Second class (newspapers and periodicals), when mailed by publishers,
-P0.02 per pound or fraction; when mailed by others, P0.02 for each
-four ounces or fraction; no limit of weight.
-
-Third class (printed matter), P0.02 for each two ounces or fraction,
-except single books weighing more than that amount; limit of weight,
-four pounds.
-
-Fourth class (merchandise), P0.02 per ounce or fraction; limit of
-weight, four pounds, except single blank books.
-
-(b) Rates on Mail addressed for delivery in the United States
-(including Hawaii and Porto Rico), Guam, Tutuila, the Canal Zone,
-the Shanghai Postal Agency, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and Panama:
-
-First class, P0.04 for each ounce or fraction; weight limit, four
-pounds.
-
-Second, third, and fourth classes same as (a) above.
-
-(c) Rates on mail addressed for delivery in all other countries:
-Letters, P0.10 for each half ounce or fraction; no limit of weight;
-post cards, P0.04 each.
-
-Printed matter (within certain limits of size), P0.02 for each two
-ounces or fraction; limit of weight, four pounds six ounces.
-
-Samples of merchandise (within certain limits of size), P0.04 for
-first four ounces or less; and P0.02 for each additional two ounces
-or fraction; limit of weight twelve ounces.
-
-(d) Rates on mail specially addressed via the Trans-Siberian Railway;
-letters, P0.20 for each half ounce or fraction; post cards, P0.08 each.
-
-(e) Rates on registered mail, P0.16 in addition to ordinary
-postage. All classes of mail may be registered.
-
-(f) There are parcels post arrangements between the Philippines and
-a considerable number of foreign countries. Details in regard to the
-size, weight, and value of parcels, and the rates may be obtained on
-application at the Bureau of Posts.
-
-(g) Money orders are now issued in the Philippines to be paid in
-the United States and its possessions, Cuba, Mexico, and most of the
-British dominions in the Western Hemisphere, at the following rates:
-
-
-----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
-                                  |           | Payable   | Payable
-                                  |           | in the    | in the
-                                  |   (U.S.   | Philippine| other countries
-         Amount of order          | currency) | Islands   | named above
-                                  |           | (U.S      | (U.S
-                                  |           | currency) | currency)
-----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
-For orders for sums not exceeding |   $2.50   |   $0.05   |    $0.05
-Over $2 and not exceeding         |    5.00   |     .70   |      .07
-Over 5 and not exceeding          |   10.00   |     .10   |      .10
-Over 10 and not exceeding         |   20.00   |     .12   |      .16
-Over 20 and not exceeding         |   30.00   |     .14   |      .24
-Over 30 and not exceeding         |   40.00   |     .17   |      .31
-Over 40 and not exceeding         |   50.00   |     .20   |      .38
-Over 50 and not exceeding         |   60.00   |     .22   |      .45
-Over 60 and not exceeding         |   75.00   |     .27   |      .58
-Over 75 and not exceeding         |  100.00   |     .32   |      .75
-----------------------------------+-----------+-----------+----------------
-
-
-Money orders may also be purchased, payable in some thirty-five other
-foreign countries and dependencies. Information regarding the fees
-will be furnished by the post-master at any money-order office. No
-order is issued for a sum greater than one hundred dollars ($100),
-United States currency.
-
-(h) Under the present customs laws, all goods which are the growth,
-product, or manufacture of the United States, the Philippine Islands,
-or of both, or which do not contain foreign materials to the value
-of more than 20 per cent of their total value, are, with certain
-exceptions, admitted free of duty when mailed from the Islands to
-the United States. The only exceptions of importance to travelers are
-cigars and cigarettes, which are subject to a fine equivalent to the
-duty, if sent by mail. In order to assure the free entry of other
-mail shipments, every package worth less than P20 should have its
-true value and the fact that it comes within the limits just defined,
-certified to by the sender on the wrapper. Packages whose value is
-P20 or more require a certificate of origin, which can be issued only
-by the Collector of Customs at a port of entry. In Manila, however,
-a customs official is on duty at the central post office at certain
-hours to issue these documents. The certificate must be pasted in the
-wrapper or be placed in an envelope to the package. If the shipment
-is valued at P50 or more, a fee of P2 is charged for the certificate.
-
-(i) Rates for telegrams over the government lines:
-
-For ordinary message, P0.06 per word, including address and signature.
-
-For rush messages, P0.12 per word.
-
-For repeated messages, one-half more than the regular rate.
-
-(j) Rates for cablegrams over the most important private lines
-from Manila:
-
-To the United States (Continental): Eastern Extension, Australasia,
-and China Telegraph Company, P3.48 to P3.66 per word, according
-to locality.
-
-To Honolulu: Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P1.70 per word.
-
-To Hongkong: Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph
-Company P0.42 per word.
-
-Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P0.42 per word.
-
-To Shanghai: Eastern Extension, Autralasia and China Telegraph Company,
-P0.74 per word.
-
-Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P0.74 per word.
-
-To Japan: Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company,
-P1.56 per word.
-
-Commercial Pacific Cable Company, P1.56 per word.
-
-To Europe: Eastern Extension, Australasia, and China Telegraph Company,
-P1.42 to P2.54 per word, according to locality.
-
-To the Visayas (Iloilo, Cebu, and Bacolod): Eastern Extension,
-Australasia, and China Telegraph Company, P0.22 per word.
-
-
-
-
-INTERISLAND SHIPPING SCHEDULE
-
-
-                             MANILA-ILOILO
-
-        From Manila   Vessel                        From Iloilo
-
-        Tuesdays.     VENUS (Inchausti & Co.)       Fridays.
-        Wednesdays.   ROMULUS (Compania Maritima)   Saturdays.
-        Saturdays.    VIZCAYA (Inchausti & Co.)     Tuesdays.
-
-
-                              MANILA-CEBU
-
-         From Manila   Vessel                        From Cebu
-         Wednesday.    CEBU (Compania Maritima)      Mondays.
-         Saturdays.    BELGIKA (Compania Maritima)   Tuesdays.
-
-
-MANILA-JOLO-COTABATO via Cebu, Iloilo, Zamboanga, 15 days round trip.
-
-Vessels: Fernandez Hermanos, Islas Filipinas, and Panglima all owned
-by Compania Maritima.
-
-
-MANILA-DAVAO via Cebu or Iloilo, Pulupandan, Zamboanga, and Cotabato,
-30 days round trip.
-
-Vessels: Luzon, Albay, and Neil Maccleod all owned by Compania
-Maritima.
-
-
-
-
-      VALUES OF FOREIGN COINS EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF PHILIPPINE MONEY
-
-Country                    Legal               Monetary unit     Value in
-                           standard                              terms of
-                                                                 Philippine
-                                                                 money
-
-Argentine Republic.        Gold                Peso               P1.9296
-Austria-Hungary.            ,,                 Krone                .4052
-Belgium.                   Gold and silver     Franc                .3860
-Bolivia.                   Gold                Boliviano            .7786
-Brazil.                     ,,                 Milreis             1.0924
-British Colonies in         ,,                 Pound sterling      9.7330
-Australasia and Africa.
-Canada.                     ,,                 Dollar              2.0000
-Central American states:
-    Costa Rica.             ,,                 Colon                .9306
-    British Honduras.       ,,                 Dollar              2.0000
-    Nicaragua.              ,,                 Cordoba             2.0000
-    Guatemala.           } Silver              Peso                1.8542
-    Honduras.            }
-Salvador.                  Gold                Colon               1.0000
-Chile.                      ,,                 Peso                 .7300
-                                   /        /  Amoy.               3.0382
-                                   |        |  Canton.             3.0292
-                                   |        |  Cheefoo.            2.9058
-                                   |        |  Chin Kiang.         2.9680
-                                   |        |  Fuchau.             2.8104
-                                   |        |  Haikwan (customs).  3.0914
-                                   |        |  Hankow.             2.8426
-                                   | Tael   <  Kiaochow.           2.9442
-                                   |        |  Nankin.             3.0066
-China.                     Silver. <        |  Niuchwang.          2.8492
-                                   |        |  Ningpo.             2.9212
-                                   |        |  Peking.             2.9620
-                                   |        |  Shanghai.           2.7752
-                                   |        |  Swatow.             2.8066
-                                   |        |  Takau.              3.0574
-                                   |        |  Tientsin.           2.9442
-                                   |        \  Yuan.               1.9910
-                                   |        {  Hongkong.           1.9982
-                                   | Dollar {  British.            1.9982
-                                   \        {  Mexican.            2.0130
-Columbia.                  Gold                Dollar              1.9466
-Cuba.                       ,,                 Peso                2.0000
-Denmark.                    ,,                 Krone                .5360
-Ecuador.                    ,,                 Sucre                .9734
-Egypt.                      ,,                 Pound
-                                               (100 piasters)      9.8862
-Finland.                    ,,                 Markka               .3860
-France.                    Gold and silver     Franc                .3860
-Germany.                   Gold                Mark                 .4764
-Great Britain.              ,,                 Pound Sterling      9.7330
-Greece.                    Gold and silver     Drachma              .3860
-Haiti.                     Gold                Gourde               .5000
-India (British).            ,,                 Rupee                .6488
-Indo-China.                Silver              Piaster             2.0016
-Italy.                     Gold and silver     Lira                 .3860
-Japan.                     Gold                Yen                  .9970
-Liberia.                    ,,                 Dollar              2.0000
-Mexico.                     ,,                 Peso                 .9970
-Netherlands.                ,,                 Guilder (Florin)     .8040
-Newfoundland.               ,,                 Dollar              2.0000
-Norway                      ,,                 Krone                .5360
-Panama                      ,,                 Balboa              2.0000
-Paraguay                    ,,                 Peso (Argentine)    1.9296
-Persia                   { Gold                Archrefi             .1918
-                         { Silver              Kran                 .3412
-Peru                       Gold                Libra               9.7330
-Portugal                    ,,                 Escudo              2.1610
-Roumania                    ,,                 Leu                  .3860
-Russia                      ,,                 Ruble               1.0292
-Santo Domingo               ,,                 Dollar              2.0000
-Serbia                      ,,                 Dinar                .3860
-Siam                        ,,                 Tical                .7418
-Spain                      Gold and silver     Peseta               .3860
-Straits Settlements        Gold                Dollar              1.1355
-Sweden                      ,,                 Krona                .5360
-Switzerland                 ,,                 Franc                .3860
-Turkey                      ,,                 Piaster              .0880
-United States               ,,                 Dollar              2.0000
-Uruguay                     ,,                 Peso                2.0684
-Venezuela                   ,,                 Bolivar              .3860
-
-
-
-
-     BANKING: COMBINED CONDITION OF ALL THE COMMERCIAL BANKS IN THE
-                      PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, IN PESOS
-
-                                                  1921           1922
-                RESOURCES
-
-  Loans and discounts                     P131,507,519   P149,717,446
-  Overdrafts                                70,753,659     45,609,527
-  Stock, securities, etc.                   10,407,808      9,519,139
-  Real estate, furniture, and fixtures       1,915,883      2,242,125
-  Other real estate and mortgages owned        650,371      4,613,756
-  Due from head office and branches         67,650,248     40,458,548
-  Due from other banks                       2,862,073      3,850,498
-  Due from agents and correspondence         6,407,068      5,323,482
-  Bill of exchange                          19,497,053     15,747,964
-  Cash on hand                              15,915,519     14,968,282
-  Checks and other cash items                1,011,653      1,533,338
-  Profit and loss account                    7,877,758     23,881,482
-  Resources other than those above          44,046,038      8,737,874
-  Suspense accounts                               ----           ----
-                                           -----------    -----------
-          Total                            380,502,650    326,203,461
-
-                LIABILITIES
-
-  Capital stock                           P49,393,814    P48,695,900
-  Reserve fund                              12,007,373      5,119,795
-  Bank notes in circulation                 42,237,752     41,391,580
-  Undivided profits                            477,326         38,567
-  Due to head office and branches           90,812,907     69,386,521
-  Due to other banks                         2,291,346      2,091,166
-  Due to agents and correspondents           4,916,581      2,823,688
-  Dividends due and unpaid                     103,160          2,683
-  Demand deposits                              428,875      6,092,342
-  Time deposits                             26,151,621     62,063,047
-  Savings deposits                          16,359,041     13,296,858
-  Current accounts                          46,582,381     52,821,970
-  Profit and loss accounts                   7,613,172      1,506,626
-  Bills payable:
-      Domestic                                 119,766      7,348,386
-      Foreign                                  224,593        336,032
-  Cashier's check outstanding                  939,336        398,971
-  Certified checks                             104,978        670,617
-  Suspense accounts                               ----        185,704
-  Liabilities other than those above        25,062,967     11,933,088
-  Government funds                          54,675,662           ----
-                                           -----------    -----------
-          Total                            380,502,650    326,203,461
-
-
-
-
-        THE AMOUNT OF CURRENCY IN CIRCULATION AND THE PER CAPITA
-        CIRCULATION IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS FROM 1906 TO 1922
-
-             ---------------+---------------+-------------
-             Year           |   Amount in   |     Per
-                            |  circulation  |   capita
-                            |               | circulation
-             ---------------+---------------+-------------
-             June 30--      |               |
-                      1906  |  P30,030,411  |    P3.72
-                      1907  |   42,814,315  |     5.21
-                      1908  |   40,337,982  |     4.82
-                      1909  |   41,528,608  |     4.88
-                      1910  |   48,155,587  |     5.62
-                      1911  |   48,155,587  |     5.45
-                      1912  |   52,055,893  |     5.79
-                      1913  |   52,034,389  |     6.68
-             December 31--  |               |
-                      1913  |   50,697,253  |     5.53
-                      1914  |   52,575,118  |     5.63
-                      1915  |   51,284,907  |     5.40
-                      1916  |   67,059,189  |     6.86
-                      1917  |  102,580,314  |    10.20
-                      1918  |  131,151,883  |    12.67
-                      1919  |  146,576,956  |    13.87
-                      1920  |  124,589,240  |    11.56
-                      1921  |  103,661,820  |    10.01
-                      1922  |   97,217,468  |     9.03
-             ---------------+---------------+-------------
-
-
-
-
-                TABLE SHOWING THE ASSESSED VALUATION OF REAL PROPERTY IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-                         (EXCEPT THE CITIES OF MANILA AND BAGUIO), BY PROVINCES
-
--------------------+------------------------------+------------------------------+-----------------------------
-                   |         December, 1921       |        December, 1922        |       March, 1923
-                   +----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+------------
-      Provinces    |    Taxable     |   Exempt    |    Taxable     |   Exempt    |    Taxable     |   Exempt
--------------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+------------
-                   |                |             |                |             |                |
-Abra.              |     P6,827,320 |    P732,010 |     P6,686,460 |    P746,620 |     P6,649,470 |    P776,230
-Albay.             |     30,985,290 |   6,085,870 |     30,620,610 |   6,655,970 |     30,615,200 |   6,653,070
-Antique.           |     10,013,680 |     580,890 |      9,783,590 |     746,260 |      9,792,320 |     746,420
-Bataan.            |      8,485,270 |     981,560 |      9,152,240 |   1,008,960 |      9,179,560 |   1,008,970
-Batanes.           |      1,492,050 |     154,800 |      1,460,830 |     155,730 |      1,463,790 |     155,730
-Batangas.          |     45,598,330 |   2,384,650 |     37,839,750 |   2,364,360 |     37,263,760 |   2,372,500
-Bohol.             |     25,817,920 |   4,124,890 |     29,526,900 |   4,367,660 |     29,537,810 |   4,374,300
-Bulacan.           |     45,545,640 |   6,106,600 |     45,692,580 |   6,219,540 |     46,182,320 |   6,220,180
-Cagayan.           |     22,583,840 |     594,550 |     22,210,960 |   6,153,810 |     21,887,060 |   6,368,170
-Camarines Norte.   |     14,155,290 |     462,150 |     13,356,900 |     458,480 |     13,331,750 |     458,420
-Camarines Sur.     |     28,912,970 |   3,057,690 |     26,800,210 |   3,177,820 |     26,796,940 |   3,181,140
-Capiz.             |     38,692,980 |   3,174,380 |     35,427,240 |   3,237,770 |     34,924,320 |   3,238,300
-Cavite.            |     17,676,350 |   2,912,180 |     17,857,950 |   2,893,960 |     18,086,150 |   2,935,890
-Cebu.              |     59,659,580 |  12,712,200 |     59,360,360 |  14,785,210 |     59,372,120 |  14,790,560
-Ilocos Norte.      |     31,680,880 |   2,210,430 |     32,248,000 |   1,689,710 |     31,619,610 |   1,647,460
-Ilocos Sur.        |     25,183,610 |   2,726,700 |     24,800,120 |   2,777,580 |     24,808,400 |   2,797,200
-Iloilo.            |     76,006,720 |  15,694,720 |     75,995,250 |  15,788,350 |     75,826,940 |  15,787,250
-Isabela.           |     19,611,879 |   1,588,580 |     19,757,289 |   1,607,630 |     19,847,500 |   1,612,250
-Laguna.            |     52,514,740 |   2,765,180 |     46,299,570 |   2,997,079 |     46,077,720 |   2,980,879
-La Union.          |     20,109,110 |   1,920,050 |     19,314,180 |   2,409,719 |     19,336,510 |   2,370,000
-Leyte.             |     40,262,600 |   4,911,800 |     42,946,880 |   5,598,440 |     43,469,340 |   5,630,190
-Marinduque.        |      9,247,290 |     694,740 |      9,315,340 |     753,040 |      9,324,240 |     754,760
-Masbate.           |      5,653,280 |     885,750 |      6,946,630 |     925,140 |      6,956,885 |     924,400
-Mindoro.           |      9,542,955 |     366,530 |      9,216,237 |     495,690 |      9,131,137 |     619,790
-Misamis.           |     40,275,740 |   2,454,160 |     38,615,660 |   2,456,650 |     38,546,184 |   2,456,650
-Nueva Ecija.       |     55,157,610 |   2,609,430 |     55,593,930 |   2,871,460 |     54,777,700 |   2,965,410
-Occidental Negros. |     80,710,280 |   3,049,390 |     81,279,000 |   3,296,020 |     81,266,630 |   3,306,870
-Oriental Negros.   |     24,111,890 |   2,891,630 |     24,671,890 |   3,004,890 |     24,300,200 |   2,004,780
-Palawan.           |      3,256,700 |     755,030 |      3,905,320 |     788,600 |      3,905,320 |     778,600
-Pampanga.          |     55,940,550 |   4,357,730 |     53,784,310 |   4,348,370 |     53,752,530 |   4,346,550
-Pangasinan.        |     50,894,810 |   5,469,050 |     50,188,090 |   5,556,680 |     82,768,990 |   7,191,040
-Rizal.             |     45,610,750 |   8,500,700 |     47,062,340 |   8,543,580 |     47,430,060 |   8,545,280
-Romblon.           |      8,779,010 |     550,340 |      8,698,790 |     580,310 |      8,698,790 |     580,310
-Samar.             |     24,662,030 |   3,930,740 |     24,706,880 |   3,912,730 |     24,748,410 |   3,828,060
-Sorsogon.          |     22,759,780 |   4,658,040 |     22,865,480 |   4,615,630 |     22,796,620 |   4,589,900
-Surigao.           |     12,263,780 |   1,421,820 |     12,306,570 |   1,424,320 |     12,351,320 |   1,431,220
-Tarlac.            |     25,980,990 |   2,440,600 |     36,994,920 |   2,492,340 |     37,046,860 |   3,346,550
-Tayabas.           |     69,530,480 |   9,287,190 |     70,166,080 |   9,572,060 |     70,930,150 |   9,573,420
-Zambales.          |      9,283,060 |     659,470 |      9,051,480 |     758,520 |      9,062,330 |     774,840
-                   | -------------- | ----------- | -------------- | ----------- | -------------- | -----------
-    Total.         | 11,457,730,340 | 131,409,220 | 11,725,068,160 | 149,002,759 | 12,038,634,420 | 145,123,539
--------------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+-------------+----------------+------------
-
-
-
-
-                   GROWTH OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
-
---------+---------+------------+------------+------------+-------------
-        | No. of  |   Annual   |  Average   |  Average   | Percentage
-Year--  | schools | enrollment |  monthly   |   daily    |    of
-        |         |            | enrollment | attendance | attendance
---------+---------+------------+------------+------------+-------------
-        |         |            |            |            |
-  1907  |  3,624  |    479,978 |   346,245  |            |     85
-  1908  |  3,932  |    486,676 |   339,243  |   270,732  |     80
-  1909  |  4,424  |    570,502 |   405,478  |   321,415  |     79
-  1910  |  4,531  |    587,317 |   427,105  |   337,307  |     86
-  1911  |  4,404  |    610,493 |   446,889  |   355,722  |     80
-  1912  |  3,685  |    529,665 |   395,075  |   329,073  |     83
-  1913  |  2,934  |    440,050 |   329,756  |   287,995  |     87
-  1914  |  4,235  |    621,030 |   489,070  |   428,552  |     88
-  1915  |  4,187  |    610,519 |   493,763  |   441,742  |     89
-  1916  |  4,538  |    638,543 |   523,272  |   471,195  |     90
-  1917  |  4,702  |    675,998 |   567,625  |   514,263  |     91
-  1918  |  4,747  |    671,398 |   569,744  |   521,377  |     92
-  1919  |  4,962  |    681,588 |   569,744  |   501,989  |     88
-  1920  |  5,944  |    791,626 |   678,956  |   618,392  |     91
-  1921  |  6,904  |    943,364 |   836,281  |   774,882  |     93
-  1922  |  7,670  |  1,077,342 |   976,093  |   909,947  |     93
---------+---------+------------+------------+------------+-------------
-
-
-
-
-                      PRIVATE SCHOOLS: ANNUAL ENROLLMENT,
-                   NUMBER OF TEACHERS AND SCHOOLS, 1918-1922
-
-----------+-------------------------------------------+-------+-----------
-          |            Number of schools              | Total |   Total
-          +-------------------------------------------+       | enrollment
-  School  |Primary|Intermediate| High |College| Other |       |
-   year   |       |            |school|       |schools|       |
-----------+-------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
-          |       |            |      |       |       |       |
-1917-1918 |  129  |     77     |  34  |  77   |       |  257  |   35,907
-1918-1919 |  152  |     90     |  36  |  19   |       |  297  |   38,716
-1919-1920 |  169  |    104     |  38  |  19   |       |  330  |   45,947
-1920-1921 |  190  |    113     |  42  |  19   |  18   |  382  |   57,281
-1921-1922 |  245  |    150     |  86  |  20   |  24   |  525  |   64,835
-----------+-------+------------+------+-------+-------+-------+-----------
-
-
-
-
-                    ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION, 1918-1922 [10]
-
------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------+------------
-Year |   Insular  | Provincial| Municipal |   Total    | Voluntary  |     Total     | Per capita
-     |            |           |           |            |contribution|               | expenditure
-     |            |           |           |            |            |               |on education
------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------+------------
-     |            |           |           |            |            |               |
-1918 | P6,067,277 | P431,018  | P3,614,515| P10,112,810|   P617,400 |    P10,730,210|      P1.04
-1919 | 10,087,450 |    468,125|  3,715,552|  14,271,127|    682,550 |     14,953,677|       1.45
-1920 | 12,802,247 |  1,050,492|  4,358,800|  18,211,540|    799,538 |     19,011,078|       1.82
-1921 | 14,313,825 |  3,278,606|  4,709,287|  22,301,718|  1,347,124 |     23,648,842|       2.23
-1922 | 14,884,238 |       [11]|       [11]|        [11]|  1,498,110 | [12]16,382,348|   [12]1.52
------+------------+-----------+-----------+------------+------------+---------------+------------
-
-
-
-
-           TOTAL RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES, AND ACCUMULATED SURPLUS
-              OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT, 1901-1922 IN PESOS
-
--------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-             | Surplus at  |            |            |            |Accumulated
-             |the beginning|            |            |            | surplus of
-Year ended-- | of the year |  Receipts  |   Total    |Expenditures|  the year
--------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-             |             |            |            |            |
-             |       Pesos |      Pesos |      Pesos |     Pesos  |     Pesos
-June 30:     |             |            |            |            |
-      1901   | (14,395,583)|  21,419,118|  17,023,535|  12,200,907|   4,822,628
-      1902   |   4,822,628 |  19,072,978|  23,895,606|  15,314,006|   8,581,600
-      1903   |   8,581,600 |  22,006,141|  30,587,741|  21,078,373|   9,509,368
-      1904   |   9,509,368 |  19,066,227|  28,575,595|  23,924,104|   4,651,491
-      1905   |   4,651,491 |  25,368,818|  30,020,309|  25,256,215|   4,764,094
-      1906   |   4,764,094 |  24,685,769|  29,449,863|  22,047,029|   7,402,834
-      1907   |   7,402,834 |  26,424,817|  33,827,651|  31,014,693|  12,812,958
-      1908   |  12,812,958 |  28,359,502|  41,172,460|  27,035,532|  14,136,928
-      1909   |  14,136,928 |  30,050,729|  44,187,657|  31,830,224|  12,357,433
-      1910   |  12,357,433 |  36,741,964|  49,099,397|  35,090,828|  14,008,569
-      1911   |  14,008,569 |  42,977,123|  56,985,692|  39,805,578|  17,180,114
-      1912   |  17,180,114 |  42,922,030|  60,102,144|  43,136,104|  16,966,040
-      1913   |  16,966,040 |  41,818,182|  58,784,222|  44,392,124|  14,392,098
-December 31: |             |            |            |            |
-      1913   |  14,392,098 |  18,274,064|  32,666,162|  22,496,962|  10,169,200
-      1914   |  10,169,200 |  35,334,625|  45,503,825|  36,944,597|   8,559,228
-      1915   |   8,559,228 |  41,428,010|  49,987,238|  39,753,121|  10,234,117
-      1916   |  10,234,117 |  45,704,856|  55,938,973|  40,906,813|  15,032,160
-      1917   |  15,032,160 |  54,781,241|  69,813,401|  45,408,718|  24,404,683
-      1918   |  24,404,683 |  68,690,105|  93,094,788|  57,496,044|  35,598,744
-      1919   |  35,598,744 |  79,686,923| 115,285,667|  86,742,589|  28,543,078
-      1920   |  28,543,078 |  99,404,913| 127,947,991|  84,010,279|  43,937,712
-      1921   |  43,937,712 | 130,199,714| 174,137,426| 118,194,211|  55,943,215
-      1922   |  55,943,215 | 130,649,853| 186,593,068|  78,911,424| 107,681,646
--------------+-------------+------------+------------+------------+------------
-
-Note.--Figures in parentheses are overdrafts.
-
-
-
-
-    FIRE, MARINE, AND MISCELLANEOUS INSURANCE COMPANIES DOING ACTIVE BUSINESS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS,
-                             DURING THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1922
-
-Name of company                                Kind of business                   Home office
-
-Alliance Assurance Co., Limited.               Fire, motor car.                   London, England.
-Atlas Assurance Company.                       Fire.                              London, England.
-British and Foreign Marine Insurance
-  Company, Limited.                            Marine.                            Liverpool, England.
-British Traders' Insurance Co., Ltd.           Fire, marine, typhoon, flood,
-                                                 and earthquake.                  Victoria, Hongkong.
-Canton Insurance Office, Limited.              Marine.                            Victoria, Hongkong.
-China Mutual Life Insurance Co., Ltd.          Life.                              Shanghai, China.
-China Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.                 Fire and marine.                   Victoria, Hongkong.
-Commercial Union Assurance Co., Ltd.           Fire, marine, accident, and
-                                                 motor car.                       London, England.
-East India-Sea & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.      Fire, marine, and motor car.       Amsterdam, Holland.
-Employers' Liability Assurance Corporation.    Fire, accident, motor car, plate
-                                                 glass, and bond.                 London, England.
-Fidelity and Surety Company of the             Surety, fire, marine, typhoon,
-  Philippine  Islands.                           flood, and earthquake.           Manila, P.I.
-"Filipinos" Compania de Seguros.               Fire, marine, life, and
-                                                 accident.                        Manila, P.I.
-Fire Association of Philadelphia.              Fire and marine.                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
-Fireman's Fund Insurance Company.              Fire and Marine.                   San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
-Fuso Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.                Marine.                            Tokyo, Japan.
-Great American Insurance Company.              Fire.                              New York, New York, U.S.A
-Guardian Assurance Co., Ltd.                   Fire and marine.                   London, England.
-Hongkong Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.              Fire and marine.                   Victoria, Hongkong.
-Insular Life Assurance Co., Ltd.               Life, health, and accident.        Manila, P.I.
-Insurance Company of North America.            Fire and marine.                   Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
-Law Union and Rock Insurance Co., Ltd.         Fire.                              London, England.
-Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance
-  Company, Limited.                            Fire, marine, and motor car.       Liverpool, England.
-London Assurance Corporation.                  Fire.                              London, England.
-L'Union Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.               Fire.                              Paris, France.
-L'Urbaine Fire Insurance Company.              Fire.                              Paris, France.
-"Manila" Compania de Seguros.                  Marine, fidelity, and surety.      Manila, P.I.
-Manufacturers' Life Insurance Company.         Life.                              Toronto, Canada.
-Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.                     Marine.                            London, England.
-National Insurance Co. Incorporated.           Fire and marine.                   Manila, P.I.
-National Surety Company.                       Fidelity, surety, burglary.        New York, New York, U.S.A
-Netherlands Fire and Life Insurance Co.
-  of the Hague.                                Fire.                              The Hague, Holland.
-New York Life Insurance Company.               Life.                              New York, New York, U.S.A
-Niagara Fire Insurance Company.                Fire.                              New York, New York, U.S.A
-North British and Mercantile Insurance Co.     Fire, marine, accident, and
-                                                 casualty.                        London, England.
-North China Insurance Co., Limited.            Fire and marine.                   Shanghai, China.
-Northern Assurance Co., Limited.               Fire.                              London, England.
-Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society,
-  Limited.                                     Fire and marine.                   Norwich, England.
-Orient Insurance Company.                      Fire and marine.                   Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.A
-Phoenix Assurance Company.                     Fire and marine.                   London, England.
-Royal Insurance Company, Limited.              Fire, marine, and motor car.       Liverpool, England.
-Scottish Union and National Insurance Co.      Fire.                              Edinburgh, Scotland.
-Shanghai Life Insurance Co., Limited.          Life.                              Shanghai, China.
-South British Insurance Co., Limited.          Fire and marine.                   Auckland, New Zealand.
-Springfield Fire and Marine Insurance Co.      Fire and marine.                   Springfield, Mass., U.S.A
-Saint Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co.       Fire.                              St. Paul, Minn., U.S.A
-State Assurance Co., Limited.                  Fire.                              Liverpool, England.
-Sun Insurance Office.                          Fire.                              London, England.
-Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada.              Life.                              Montreal, Canada.
-Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Co., Ltd.   Marine.                            Liverpool, England.
-The Continental Insurance Company.             Fire.                              New York, N.Y., U.S.A
-The Philippine Guaranty Co., Incorporated.     Fire, marine, fidelity, and
-                                                 surety.                          Manila, P.I.
-Tokio Marine and Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.      Fire and marine.                   Tokio, Japan.
-Union Insurance Society of Canton, Ltd.        Fire marine, typhoon flood, and
-                                                 earthquake                       Victoria, Hongkong.
-Union Guarantee Company, Limited.              Fidelity and surety.               Manila, P.I.
-Yangts-ze Insurance Association.               Fire and marine.                   Victoria, Hongkong.
-Yek Tong Lin Fire and Marine Insurance
-  Company, Limited.                            Fire and marine.                   Manila, P.I.
-Yokohama Fire, Marine, Transit, and            Fire, marine, transit, and         70 Honcho Gochome, Yokohama,
-  Fidelity Insurance Company.                    fidelity.                          Japan.
-Yorkshire Insurance Co., Ltd.                  Fire and motor car.                London, England.
-West Coast-San Francisco Life Insurance
-  Company.                                     Life and accident.                 San Francisco, California, U.S.A.
-
-
-
-
-           AMERICANS AND FILIPINOS IN THE PHILIPPINE SERVICE
-                          ON JULY 1, 1921 [13]
-
-          Office                        Americans   Filipinos
-
-          Legislative.                                [14]302
-          Executive.                          535       8,208
-          Judicial.                             9       1,158
-          Provincial service.                   9       2,651
-          Municipal service of Manila          61       1,371
-          Total.                              614      13,690
-
-
-
-
-    NEWSPAPERS AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES, AS PER REVISION MADE UP TO JUNE 18, 1923
-
-      Names and addresses                                   Language                   Frequency
-                                                                                       of issue
-
-  1.  Advertiser, The, Cebu, Cebu.                          English-Spanish-Visayan.   Daily.
-  2.  American Chamber of Commerce, The, Manila.            English.                   Monthly.
-  3.  Ang Kabus, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros.                English-Visayan.           Fortnightly.
-  4.  Ang Kahayag, Cebu, Cebu.                              English-Visayan.           Monthly.
-  5.  Ang Katarungan, Cagayan, Misamis.                     Spanish-Visayan.           Weekly.
-  6.  Ang Mabuting Balita, Manila.                          Tagalog.                   Fortnightly.
-  7.  Ang Paraluman, Manila.                                Tagalog.                   Fortnightly.
-  8.  Ang Sulo, Manila.                                     Panayan-Visayan.           Quarterly.
-  9.  Ang Tanglaw, Manila.                                  Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 10.  Ang Watawat, Manila.                                  Tagalog.                   Daily.
- 11.  Ateneo Monthly, The, Manila.                          English.                   Monthly.
- 12.  Babalang Kristiano, Manila.                           Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 13.  Bagong Lipang Kalabaw, Manila.                        Tagalog.                   Weekly.
- 14.  Bagong Kusok, P. O. B. 121, Cebu, Cebu.               Visayan.                   Weekly.
- 15.  Benedicto's Weekly, Iloilo, Iloilo.                   English-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 16.  Bituen Ti Amianan--North Star, P. O. B. 39,
-      Laoag, Ilocos Norte.                                  English-Ilocano.           Fortnightly.
- 17.  Boletin Eclesiastico de Filipinas, Manila.            Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 18.  Boletin de la Iglesia de San Ignacio, Manila.         Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 19.  Boletin Oficial de la Camara de Comercio de
-      Filipinas, Manila.                                    Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 20.  Cable Tow, The, Manila.                               English-Spanish.           Monthly.
- 21.  Cabuhi Sang Banua, Jaro, Iloilo.                      English-Visayan.           Monthly.
- 22.  Chinese Commercial News, P. O. B. 452, Manila.        Chinese.                   Daily.
- 23.  Clarion, The, 884 O'Donell, Manila.                   English-Spanish-Visayan.   Monthly.
- 24.  Community--Comunidad, 102 P. Faura, Manila.           English-Spanish.           Thrice a month.
- 25.  Cultura Social, Manila.                               Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 26.  Daguiti Naimbag a Damag, San Fernando, La Union.      English-Ilocano.           Weekly.
- 27.  Dalan ti Cappia--Way of Peace, Manila.                English-Ilocano.           Weekly.
- 28.  Damag a Nacristianoan, Manila.                        Ilocano.                   Monthly.
- 29.  Damag ti Pagarian, Manila.                            Ilocano.                   Monthly.
- 30.  Diocesan Chronicle, Manila.                           English.                   Monthly.
- 31.  Eco de Samar y Leyte, Calbayog, Samar.                Spanish-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 32.  Ecos, 1223, Vergara, Manila.                          Spanish.                   Monthly.
- 33.  El Adalid, Iloilo, Iloilo.                            Spanish.                   Daily.
- 34.  El Boletin Catolico, Cebu, Cebu.                      English-Spanish-Visayan.   Weekly.
- 35.  El Centinela, Iloilo, Iloilo.                         Spanish.                   Daily.
- 36.  El Comercio, 432 P. Gomez, Manila.                    Spanish.                   Daily.
- 37.  El Debate, Manila.                                    Spanish.                   Daily.
- 38.  El Democrata, Magallanes-N. America, Cebu.            Spanish-Visayan.           Twice a week.
- 39.  El Feniz, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.                       Spanish.                   Twice a week.
- 40.  El Heraldo Ilocano, Vigan, Ilocos Sur.                English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Weekly.
- 41.  El Mercantil, Manila.                                 Spanish.                   Daily.
- 42.  El Norte, Baguio, Mt. Province.                       English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Monthly.
- 43.  El Noticiero de Negros, Bacolod, Occidental Negros.   English-Spanish-Visayan.   Thrice a week.
- 44.  El Precursor, P. O. B. 101, Cebu, Cebu.               Spanish-Visayan.           Twice a week.
- 45.  El Pueblo, Iloilo, Iloilo.                            Spanish.                   Daily.
- 46.  Estudio, Manila.                                      Spanish.                   Weekly.
- 47.  Excelsior, 442 A. Mabini, Manila.                     Spanish.                   Thrice a month.
- 48.  Far Eastern Free Mason, The, Manila.                  English-Spanish.           Monthly.
- 49.  Freeman, The, P. O. B. 318, Cebu, Cebu.               English-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 50.  Gazette, The, Manila.                                 English.                   Fortnightly.
- 51.  Health Educator, The, Manila.                         English-Spanish-Tagalog.   Monthly.
- 52.  Heraldo Bicol, Legaspi, Albay.                        English-Spanish-Bicol.     Twice a week.
- 53.  Ilocano Pagadalan a Maipaay ti Escuela Dominical,
-      San Fernando, La Union.                               Ilocano.                   Quarterly.
- 54.  Ideales, P. O. B. 55, Dagupan, Pangasinan.            Spanish.                   Fortnightly.
- 55.  Independent, The, Manila.                             English-Spanish.           Weekly.
- 56.  Ing Catala, San Fernando, Pampanga.                   Pampango.                  Weekly.
- 57.  Ing Daclat ning Catutuan, San Fernando, Pampanga.     Pampango.                  Weekly.
- 58.  Ing Katipunan, San Fernando, Pampanga.                Pampango.                  Weekly.
- 59.  Intelligencer, The, Dagupan, Pangasinan.              English.                   Weekly.
- 60.  Journal of the Philippine Islands Medical Ass'n,
-      Manila.                                               English-Spanish.           Bimonthly.
- 61.  Juan de la Cruz, Naga, Camarines Sur.                 English-Spanish-Bicol.     Twice a week.
- 62.  Khaki and Red, Manila.                                English-Spanish.           Fortnightly.
- 63.  Kong Li Po, The, Manila.                              Chinese.                   Daily.
- 63a. Kusug Sang Imol, Bacolod, Occidental Negros.          Spanish-Visayan.           Weekly.
- 64.  La Defensa, Manila.                                   English-Spanish.           Daily.
- 65.  La Lucha, Manila (P. O. B. 996).                      English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Weekly.
- 66.  La Nacion, 131 Legarda, Sampaloc, Manila.             Spanish.                   Daily.
- 67.  La Prensa, Iloilo, Iloilo.                            Spanish.                   Daily.
- 68.  La Vanguardia, 334 Carriedo, Manila.                  Spanish.                   Daily.
- 69.  La Revolucion, Cebu, Cebu.                            Spanish-Visayan.           Daily.
- 70.  La Verdad, Tuguegarao, Cagayan.                       Spanish-Ibanag.            Weekly.
- 71.  La Voz del Pueblo, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.              Spanish.                   Twice a week.
- 72.  Level, The, Manila.                                   English-Spanish.           Monthly.
- 73.  Leyte Educational News, The, Tacloban, Leyte.         English.                   Monthly.
- 74.  Lioaoa, Manaoag, Pangasinan.                          Pangasinan-Ilocano.        Weekly.
- 74a. Liwayway, Manila.                                     Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 75.  Makinaugalingon, 62 Iznart, Iloilo.                   Visayan.                   Twice a week.
- 76.  Man Ho Po, The, Manila.                               Chinese.                   Daily.
- 77.  Manila Daily Bulletin, Manila.                        English.                   Daily.
- 78.  Manila Times, The, Manila.                            English.                   Daily and Sunday.
- 79.  Manila Young Men, The, Manila.                        English.                   Monthly.
- 80.  Manogbantay, Iloilo, Iloilo.                          Visayan.                   Twice a week.
- 81.  Manugbantala, Iloilo, Iloilo.                         Visayan.                   Monthly.
- 82.  Marayo, Pontevedra, Occidental Negros.                Visayan.                   Weekly.
- 83.  Mindanao Herald, The, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.           English.                   Weekly.
- 84.  Mizpa, Manila.                                        Tagalog.                   Monthly.
- 85.  National Forum, The, Manila.                          English.                   Monthly.
- 86.  Official Gazette--Gaceta Oficial, Manila.             English-Spanish.           Thrice a week.
- 87.  Pearl of the Orient, The, Iloilo, Iloilo.             English.                   Quarterly.
- 88.  Peng Min Daily News, P. O. B. 1478, Manila.           Chinese.                   Daily.
- 89.  Philippine Agricultural Review, Manila.               English-Spanish.           Quarterly.
- 90.  Philippine Agriculturist, Los Banos, Laguna.          English.                   Monthly.
- 91.  Philippine Christian, The, Manila.                    English.                   Quarterly.
- 92.  Philippine Education, The, Manila.                    English.                   Monthly.
- 93.  Philippine Collegian, The, Manila.                    English.                   Weekly.
- 94.  Philippine General Hospital Alumni Quarterly, The,
-      Manila.                                               English.                   Quarterly.
- 95.  Philippine Islands Sunday School Journal, The,
-      Manila.                                               English.                   Monthly.
- 96.  Philippine Journal of Education,                      Manila.                    English. Monthly.
- 97.  Philippine Journal of Science, Manila.                English.                   Monthly.
- 98.  Philippine Observer, Manila.                          English.                   Monthly.
- 99.  Philippine Presbyterian, Manila.                      English.                   Quarterly.
-100.  Philippine Resume, The, Manila.                       English.                   Weekly.
-101.  Philippine Survey, The, Manila.                       English-Spanish.           Quarterly.
-102.  Philippines Free Press, Manila.                       English-Spanish.           Weekly.
-103.  Philippines Herald, The, Manila.                      English.                   Daily and Sunday.
-104.  Post-Telegraph Review, The, Manila.                   English.                   Monthly.
-105.  Progreso Economico de Filipinas, Manila.              English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-106.  Public Opinion, The, Cagayan, Misamis.                English-Visayan.           Weekly.
-107.  Revista de la Camara de Comercio de las Islas
-      Filipinas, Manila.                                    Spanish.                   Monthly.
-108.  Revista Economica, Manila.                            Spanish.                   Monthly.
-109.  Revista Filipina de Medicina y Farmacia, Manila.      Spanish.                   Monthly.
-110.  Rising Filipina, The, Manila.                         English-Spanish.           Fortnightly.
-111.  Rizal Review, The, Manila.                            English-Spanish-Tagalog.   Fortnightly.
-112.  Rural Credit--Credito Rural, Manila.                  English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-113.  Say Abigado Cristiano Pangasinan, Lingayen,
-      Pangasinan.                                           Pangasinan.                Fortnightly.
-114.  School News Review, The, Manila.                      English.                   Fortnightly.
-115.  Sillimanian, The, Dumaguete, Oriental Negros.         English.                   Fortnightly.
-116.  Sinceridad, Tuguegarao, Cagayan.                      English-Spanish-Ibanag.    Weekly.
-117.  Sports, Manila.                                       English.                   Weekly.
-118.  Sugar Central and Planters News, Manila.              English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-119.  Taliba, Manila.                                       Tagalog.                   Daily.
-120.  Surat Habar Sing Sug, Zamboanga, Zamboanga.           Moro.                      Monthly.
-121.  Telembang, Manila.                                    Tagalog.                   Weekly.
-122.  Telembang na Bicol, Manila.                           Bicol.                     Weekly.
-123.  Ti Bagnos, Laoag, Ilocos Norte.                       English-Ilocano.           Weekly.
-124.  Ti Silaw--The Light, Manila.                          English-Spanish-Ilocano.   Fortnightly.
-125.  Trabajo, Manila.                                      Spanish.                   Monthly.
-126.  Unitas, Manila.                                       Spanish.                   Monthly.
-127.  Way of Peace--Ang Daan ng Kapayapaan, Manila.         English-Tagalog.           Weekly.
-128.  Woman's Journal, The, Manila.                         English.                   Monthly.
-129.  Woman's Outlook, The, Manila.                         English-Spanish.           Monthly.
-
-
-
-
-            LIST OF SUGAR CENTRALS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
-
-                           CENTRALS COMPLETED
-
-  Name                     Location                  Built   Capacity;
-                                                              tons of
-                                                              cane per
-                                                                day
-
-  Calamba Sugar Estate     Canlubang, Laguna          1913       1,800
-  Pampanga Sugar Central   Floridablanca, Pampanga    1919       1,500
-  San Carlos Milling Co    San Carlos, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1914       1,200
-  Mindoro Sugar Co         San Jose, Mindoro          1910       1,000
-  Isabela Sugar Central    Isabela, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1919         600
-  North Negros Sugar Co    Manapla, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1918         600
-  Bearing Central          Cabancalan, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1914         500
-  Phil. Sugar
-    Development Co         Calamba, Laguna            1914         300
-  De la Rama Sugar
-    Central                Bago, Occidental Negros    1913         300
-  Guanco Central           Hinigaran, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         300
-  San Isidro Central       Cabancalan, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1917         250
-  Carmen Central           Calatagan, Batangas        1914         200
-  Palma Central            Ilog, Occidental Negros    1916         200
-  San Antonio Central      La Carlota, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         150
-  Dinalupihan Factory      Dinalupihan, Bataan        1913         125
-  Talisay Central          Talisay, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         125
-  Canlaon Factory          Canlaon, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1913         125
-  Muntinlupa Factory       Muntinlupa, Rizal          1912         100
-  Saint Louis Oriental
-    Factory                Manaoag, Pangasinan        1912          90
-  Look Factory             Nasugbu, Batangas
-
-
-                      CENTRALS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
-
-  Hawaiian-Philippine Co   Silay, Occidental Negros   1920-21    1,500
-  Ma-ao Sugar Central      Ma-ao, Occidental Negros   1920-21    1,500
-  La Carlota Sugar         La Carlota, Occidental
-    Central                  Negros                   1919-20    1,000
-  Bais Sugar Central       Bais, Occidental Negros    1919-20    1,000
-
-
-              PROJECTS DEFINITELY PLANNED FOR DEVELOPMENT
-
-  Talisay-Silay Sugar
-    Central                Talisay, Occidental Negros            1,000
-  Bacolod-Murcia Sugar
-    Central                Bacolod, Occidental Negros            1,000
-  Pampanga Development
-    Co                     San Fernando, Pampanga                1,200
-
-
-      SMALL FACTORIES USING OPEN TRAIN EVAPORATORS AND VACUUM PANS
-
-  Pampanga Sugar Factory   Floridablanca, Pampanga    1916         100
-  Bernia Factory           Dinalupihan, Bataan        1918          90
-  Kennedy Factory          Isabela, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1918          90
-  De la Vina Factory       Vallehermosa, Occidental
-                             Negros                   1918          90
-  Tubigon Sugar Factory    Tubigon, Bohol             1917          90
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-NOTES
-
-
-[1] Not complete report.
-
-[2] Includes income incidental to functional activities, sales of fixed
-property, Friar Lands estates and San Lazaro estate, proceeds of loan
-from currency reserve fund, and sales of agricultural bank loans, etc.
-
-[3] Executive direction and control.
-
-[4] Includes expenditures on law and order, national defense,
-suppression of animal diseases and plant pests, protection against
-forces majeures and other protective service.
-
-[5] Includes expenditures on public health, public education, public
-corrections, public charities, and other social improvements.
-
-[6] Includes expenditures on conservation of natural resources,
-development of commerce and agriculture, regulation of public
-utilities, Philippine publicity, development of industrial arts and
-sciences, operation of commercial and industrial units, corporate
-investments, advances to railway companies under guaranty contracts
-and exchange on advances to railway companies, etc.
-
-[7] Act No. 2589, amended by Act No. 2796, provides for a gratuity
-by reason of retirement to officers and employees of the Philippine
-Government who have rendered satisfactory service during six continuous
-years or more.
-
-[8] Proceeds of proposed luxury tax to cover probable deficit.
-
-[9] Unexpended balances from appropriations for public works and for
-cadastral survey, construction of irrigation systems, etc.
-
-[10] Excluding expenditures for the University of the Philippines
-and Government scholarships in foreign countries.
-
-[11] Data not yet available.
-
-[12] Insular and voluntary contributions only.
-
-[13] The following employees are not included: Temporary and emergency
-employees; enlisted men of the Philippine Constabulary; semiskilled
-and unskilled laborers; and persons compensated by fees only.
-
-[14] Members of the Philippine Legislature are included in these
-figures.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Beautiful Philippines, by
-Philippine Commission of Independence
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