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diff --git a/old/61765-0.txt b/old/61765-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index aece863..0000000 --- a/old/61765-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31938 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's The Pleistocene of North America, by Oliver P. Hay - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The Pleistocene of North America - and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the - Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of - longitude 95° - -Author: Oliver P. Hay - -Release Date: April 6, 2020 [EBook #61765] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS VERTEBRATED ANIMALS FROM THE - STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND FROM THE CANADIAN PROVINCES - EAST OF LONGITUDE 95°. - - - BY - - OLIVER P. HAY - - _Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington_ - -[Illustration] - - PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY, 1923 - - - - - CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON - - PUBLICATION NO. 322 - - - TECHNICAL PRESS - WASHINGTON, D. C. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - CONTENTS - - - PAGE - Preface VII–VIII - - Conclusions regarding the divisions of the Pleistocene 1–15 - Limits of the Pleistocene 1 - The Blanco Pliocene 1 - Divisions of the Pleistocene 2 - Elevation of Continent 3 - Connections of North America with South America and Asia 3 - Sources of vertebrates 4 - Richness of Pleistocene life 4 - Evolution during the Pleistocene 5 - Extinction of species 6 - The earliest Pleistocene, the Nebraskan 7 - The Aftonian interglacial 10 - The Yarmouth interglacial 12 - The Illinois glacial 12 - The Sangamon interglacial 12 - The Peorian interglacial 13 - The Wisconsin and the Wabash beds 13 - Coastal Plain terraces 13 - - Conspectus of Geology and Vertebrate Palæontology of the - Pleistocene 14–15 - - Finds of Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America 17–20 - Ontario 17 - Quebec 18 - Vermont 19 - New Brunswick 19 - North Carolina 20 - South Carolina 20 - Florida 20 - - Finds of Pleistocene _Pinnipedia_ in eastern North America 21–30 - Grinnell Land 21 - Nova Scotia 21 - New Brunswick 21 - Quebec 21 - Ontario 23 - Maine 23 - New Hampshire 25 - Massachusetts 25 - New Jersey 26 - Virginia 28 - North Carolina 29 - South Carolina 29 - - Finds of Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in eastern North America 31–44 - New Jersey 31 - Pennsylvania 31 - Ohio 31 - Indiana 32 - Illinois 33 - Virginia 34 - West Virginia 34 - South Carolina 35 - Georgia 36 - Florida 37 - Alabama 40 - Mississippi 40 - Tennessee 41 - Kentucky 43 - - Finds of mastodons in eastern North America 45–128 - Ontario 45 - Cape Breton Island 46 - Massachusetts 47 - Connecticut 47 - New York 48 - New Jersey 63 - Pennsylvania 68 - Ohio 70 - Michigan 80 - Indiana 88 - Illinois 100 - Wisconsin 110 - Maryland 112 - Virginia 113 - West Virginia 115 - North Carolina 115 - South Carolina 118 - Georgia 120 - Florida 121 - Alabama 124 - Mississippi 124 - Tennessee 127 - Kentucky 128 - - Finds of _Elephas primigenius_ in eastern North America 130–146 - Ontario 130 - New York 131 - New Jersey 132 - Pennsylvania 133 - Ohio 134 - Michigan 137 - Indiana 138 - Illinois 140 - Wisconsin 143 - Maryland 144 - Virginia 145 - North Carolina 145 - Florida 145 - Tennessee 146 - Kentucky 146 - - Finds of _Elephas columbi_ in eastern North America 147–161 - Ontario 147 - Vermont 148 - New York 149 - New Jersey 149 - Pennsylvania 150 - Ohio 150 - Michigan 151 - Indiana 151 - Illinois 152 - Maryland 154 - North Carolina 155 - South Carolina 155 - Georgia 157 - Florida 157 - Kentucky 160 - - Finds of _Elephas imperator_ in eastern North America 162–164 - South Carolina 162 - Florida 162 - Alabama 164 - - Finds of _Elephas_ sp. indet. in eastern North America 166–182 - Ungava 166 - Ontario 166 - Vermont 167 - New York 167 - Pennsylvania 168 - Ohio 168 - Michigan 171 - Indiana 171 - Illinois 175 - Wisconsin 178 - Maryland and District of Columbia 178 - Virginia 178 - West Virginia 179 - North Carolina 179 - Florida 179 - Mississippi 180 - Tennessee 181 - Kentucky 181 - - Finds of _Equidæ_ in eastern North America 183–202 - Massachusetts 183 - New York 183 - New Jersey 184 - Pennsylvania 184 - Ohio 185 - Indiana 186 - Illinois 187 - Maryland and District of Columbia 188 - Virginia 189 - West Virginia 190 - North Carolina 190 - South Carolina 191 - Georgia 193 - Florida 194 - Alabama 200 - Mississippi 200 - Tennessee 201 - Kentucky 202 - - Finds of tapirs in eastern North America 203–210 - Pennsylvania 203 - Ohio 203 - Indiana 203 - Maryland 204 - Virginia 204 - South Carolina 204 - Georgia 206 - Florida 206 - Mississippi 208 - Tennessee 209 - Kentucky 209 - Rhinoceroses in Florida 211 - - Finds of peccaries in eastern North America 212–223 - New York 212 - New Jersey 213 - Pennsylvania 213 - Ohio 214 - Michigan 215 - Indiana 216 - Illinois 218 - Wisconsin 219 - Maryland 220 - Virginia 221 - West Virginia 221 - South Carolina 221 - Florida 222 - Tennessee 222 - Kentucky 223 - - Finds of camels in eastern North America 224–225 - Pennsylvania 224 - Florida 224 - Tennessee 225 - - Finds of _Odocoileus_ in eastern North America 226–234 - Ontario 226 - New York 226 - New Jersey 226 - Pennsylvania 227 - Ohio 227 - Michigan 227 - Indiana 228 - Illinois 229 - Wisconsin 230 - Maryland 230 - Virginia 231 - West Virginia 231 - North Carolina 231 - South Carolina 231 - Florida 232 - Mississippi 233 - Tennessee 234 - Kentucky 234 - - Finds of _Cervus canadensis_ in eastern North America 235–243 - Ontario 235 - Vermont 235 - New York 235 - New Jersey 237 - Pennsylvania 237 - Michigan 237 - Indiana 238 - Illinois 239 - Wisconsin 240 - Maryland 242 - North Carolina 242 - South Carolina 242 - Georgia 243 - Florida 243 - Tennessee 243 - Kentucky 243 - - Finds of _Rangifer_ in the Pleistocene of eastern North - America 244–247 - Grinnell Land 244 - Ontario 244 - Vermont 244 - Connecticut 244 - New York 245 - New Jersey 245 - Pennsylvania 246 - Illinois 246 - Wisconsin 247 - Kentucky 247 - - Finds of musk-oxen in eastern North America 248–255 - Grinnell Land 248 - New Jersey 248 - Pennsylvania 248 - Ohio 249 - Michigan 250 - Indiana 251 - Illinois 253 - West Virginia 254 - Mississippi 254 - Kentucky 255 - - Finds of extinct bisons in eastern North America 256–265 - Ontario 256 - Pennsylvania 256 - Ohio 257 - Indiana 257 - Illinois 259 - Wisconsin 259 - Maryland 259 - Virginia 259 - South Carolina 260 - Georgia 261 - Florida 262 - Alabama 264 - Mississippi 264 - Kentucky 265 - - Finds of _Bison bison_ in eastern North America 266–271 - Ontario 266 - Massachusetts 266 - New York 266 - New Jersey 267 - Pennsylvania 267 - Indiana 268 - Illinois 268 - Wisconsin 270 - Kentucky 270 - - Finds of _Castoroides_ in eastern United States 272–280 - New York 272 - Pennsylvania 272 - Ohio 273 - Michigan 275 - Indiana 276 - Illinois 278 - South Carolina 279 - Georgia 280 - Mississippi 280 - Tennessee 280 - - Pleistocene Geology of eastern North America and its fossil - vertebrates 281–406 - Ontario 281 - Quebec 288 - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island 289 - New England 290 - New York 294 - New Jersey 299 - Pennsylvania 306 - Ohio 324 - Michigan 330 - Indiana 331 - Illinois 334 - Wisconsin 340 - Maryland and District of Columbia 344 - Virginia 351 - West Virginia 354 - North Carolina 355 - South Carolina 361 - Georgia 368 - Florida 372 - Alabama 384 - Mississippi 385 - Tennessee 393 - Kentucky 400 - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PLATES. - - MAP 1. Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America. - 2. Pleistocene _Pinnipedia_ in eastern North America. - 3. Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in eastern North America. - 4. Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in Florida. - 5. Pleistocene mastodons in eastern North America. - 6. Eastern New York, western Massachusetts, and Connecticut, - showing relation of mastodon localities to areas of - sea-level in Late Wisconsin. - 6A. Pleistocene mastodons in New Jersey. - 7. Pleistocene mastodons in Ohio. - 8. Pleistocene mastodons in Michigan. - 9. Pleistocene mastodons in Indiana. - 10. Pleistocene mastodons in Florida. - 11. _Elephas primigenius_ in eastern North America. - 12. _Elephas columbi_ in eastern North America. - 13. _Elephas columbi_ in Florida. - 14. _Elephas imperator_ in southeastern United States. - 15. _Elephas imperator_ in Florida. - 16. _Elephas_ sp. indet. in eastern North America. - 17. Pleistocene horses in eastern North America. - 18. Pleistocene horses in Florida. - 19. Pleistocene tapirs in eastern North America. - 20. Pleistocene peccaries in eastern North America. - 21. Pleistocene camels in eastern North America. - 22. Pleistocene species of _Odocoileus_ in eastern North - America. - 23. _Cervus canadensis_ in Pleistocene of eastern North - America. - 24. _Rangifer_ in Pleistocene of eastern North America. - 25. Pleistocene musk-oxen in eastern North America. - 26. Extinct bisons in Pleistocene of eastern North America. - 27. _Bison bison_ in Pleistocene of eastern North America. - 28. _Castoroides_ in eastern North America. - 29. _Castoroides_ in Ohio. - 30. _Castoroides_ in Indiana. - 31. Areas in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont - occupied by water at sea-level in Late Wisconsin stage. - 32. Isobases of Late Glacial uplift. - 33. J. W. Spencer’s view of preglacial drainage of the region - of the Great Lakes. - 34. Wisconsin glacier in New York, lakes Newberry and Maumee, - and localities of mastodons. - 35. Glacial map of Ohio. - 36. Distribution of Pleistocene mammals in Ohio. - 37. Glacial map of Indiana. - 38. Glacial map of Illinois. Shows also localities of - Pleistocene vertebrates. - 39. Coastal plain of North Carolina, with localities of - Pleistocene animals and plants. - 40. Sketch map of Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Georgia. - 41. Bigbone Lick and vicinity. - - - TEXT-FIGURES. - - FIG. 1. Geological section of Twin Creek, near Beecher, Will Co., - Illinois 108 - 2. Section across gully at Whitehall, Wisconsin 242 - 3. Region about Toronto, Ontario 282 - 4. Eastern Ontario, showing limit of marine and fresh-water - beaches 286 - 5. South shore-line of the Champlain sea 287 - 6. Preglacial drainage of the Upper Ohio 293 - 7. Geologic section of Fish House beds at Camden, New Jersey 302 - 8. Vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey, showing distribution of - the Trenton gravels 305 - 9. Geologic sections at Trenton, New Jersey 305 - 10. Northern Pennsylvania, showing glaciated areas 309 - 11. Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of first - exploration, 1871 318 - 12. Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of last - exploration, 1896 318 - 13. Metatarsal of _Ovis_ sp. indet., from Kendall Co., Illinois 338 - 14. Relation of the driftless area to the surrounding glaciated - areas 342 - 15. Diagram showing the supposed terraces of the Maryland - coastal plain 345 - 16. Section across Potomac River near Big Pool, Maryland, - showing gravel-covered terraces 347 - 17. Generalized section across Allegheny Valley at Parkers - Landing, W. Va. 349 - 18. Tooth of _Hydrochoerus pinckneyi_ 365 - 19. Jaw and tooth of a wolf from Charleston, South Carolina 366 - 20. Coastal plain of Georgia 369 - 21. Geologic section from north to south through the phosphate - deposits of Florida 377 - 22. Geological map of Mississippi embayment 388 - 23. County map of Tennessee, to show where Pleistocene fossils - have been found 395 - 24. Vertical section of Bigbone Cave, Elroy, Van Buren Co., - Tennessee 398 - 25. Section on bank of Tennessee River at Nashville 400 - - - - - PREFACE. - - -The writer has been engaged for several years on an investigation of the -Pleistocene geology of North America and of the Vertebrata which have -been discovered in the deposits of this epoch. It had been his -expectation to publish the results of all his studies at the same date. -However, on consultation with Dr. John C. Merriam, it was agreed that it -would be better to publish immediately that part which pertains to the -region lying east of the Mississippi River and, as to the country -further north, that east of longitude 95°. - -At the outset the writer was convinced that, before just conclusions -could be reached, it was necessary to know what fossil materials had -been collected and under what geological and geographical conditions. He -therefore made as thorough a search as possible of the literature for -reports of discoveries of fossil vertebrates. Also, when in scientific -journals or in newspapers the finding of fossils was recorded, recourse -was had to correspondence, thus securing much exact information as to -locality, kind of matrix, depth, and other important data. Often -photographs have been obtained and even the materials themselves. The -writer has also visited many museums and colleges throughout the country -and examined their collections. Even in the smaller institutions, where -perhaps only a few objects have been secured and preserved, some of -these have furnished important information. Regret may be expressed that -in the larger museums and colleges, as well as the smaller ones, too -often there have been preserved only meager or no records regarding the -history of what would otherwise be valuable specimens. - -In order to show the geographical distribution of the most important -species that occur in considerable numbers, a series of maps has been -prepared, pertaining to the following: - - Whales and porpoises. - Seals and walruses. - The edentates. - Elephas primigenius. - E. columbi. - E. imperator. - E. species undetermined. - Mastodons, mostly Mammut. - Horses, mostly Equus. - Tapirs. - Peccaries. - Camels. - Odocoileus. - Cervus. - Rangifer. - Musk-oxen. - Bisons, extinct. - Bison bison. - Giant beavers. - -Where the map of a State has become too crowded with numerals, a special -map of that State for that species or genus has been prepared. There are -maps of the edentates in Florida; mastodons of Indiana, of New York, of -Ohio, of Michigan, of Florida; _Elephas columbi_ in Florida; _Elephas -imperator_ in Florida; horses in Florida. - -Other maps and figures for illustration of the Pleistocene geology will -be found in their proper places. - -The first part of the present volume is occupied by a consideration of -the specimens recorded on the maps. Such information is noted as could -be secured, often satisfactory, little enough sometimes; but it has been -found that one can not foresee what important information a given fossil -may furnish. At least, the presence of the fossil at a locality -indicates the existence there of Pleistocene deposits of some kind. In -cases where other species have been associated with the one mapped and -described, these are noted. - -When the consideration of these mapped species and genera is completed, -the Pleistocene geology of the various States and provinces is taken up, -so far as it is related to the vertebrate palæontology. This involved an -examination of much of the literature of the Glacial period; and here -one soon finds himself in face of huge tomes and endless articles and -detailed maps. Only somewhat less in amount is the literature of the -States beyond the glaciated area. The opportunity to misunderstand and -to commit errors is unlimited, and the writer can only hope for lenient -criticism. - -An attempt has been made in the case of all vertebrate fossils to -determine their geological relations and to derive some general -conclusions regarding the history of our Pleistocene vertebrates and -their relation to the divisions of the Pleistocene epoch. The -conclusions reached are embodied in the immediately succeeding pages. - -Not much attention has been given to the fossil invertebrates and -plants. It is evident that neither the mollusks nor the plants have -undergone any considerable change during Pleistocene times and are -therefore not available as indicators of geological stages, though often -useful for determining local climatic conditions. Their value can be -better utilized by the palæomalacologists and palæobotanists. - -To the officers of museums and colleges and to the private individuals -who have so freely offered the use of their materials and in other ways -aided the writer, he takes pleasure in expressing his sincere thanks. -Most of all, however, he is indebted to the Carnegie Institution of -Washington for the generous support extended during the years of this -investigation. - - JUNE 1, 1922. - - OLIVER P. HAY. - - - - - THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS VERTEBRATED ANIMALS. - - - - - CONCLUSIONS REGARDING THE DIVISIONS OF THE PLEISTOCENE. - - - I. LIMITS OF THE PLEISTOCENE. - -The Pleistocene is regarded as being equivalent to what is known as the -Glacial period. It began with the deployment of the ice-sheets which, -proceeding from their centers of accumulation in British America, laid -down in the East the Jerseyan drift and in the West the Nebraskan. The -more the Glacial period is studied the more one becomes impressed with -the significance of its physical effects on the northern hemisphere and -with its influence on the vertebrate life. Doubtless its effects on the -world in general are only beginning to be comprehended. The writer knows -of no other phenomena, geological or biological, which so well -characterize the Pleistocene period as do those comprehended under the -term Glacial. They constitute the key to the determination of the -subdivisions of the epoch and of their succession and to the history of -the vertebrates which during this time occupied the continent. - - - II. THE BLANCO PLIOCENE. - -The Blanco is held to belong to the upper, or to the uppermost, -Pliocene. It is at present assigned to the Middle Pliocene (Osborn, -Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 361, p. 81; Matthew, ibid., p. 120). Until -recently the oldest known Pleistocene vertebrates appeared to be -represented by the collections which long ago were made at Fossil Lake, -Oregon, and at Grayson (Hay Springs), Nebraska. These assemblages had -formerly been referred to the Pliocene, and the belief that they belong -there is not yet wholly without supporters. It seemed, therefore, proper -to retire the Blanco somewhat. The discovery that the Fossil Lake and -Grayson faunas were represented in the Aftonian deposits of Iowa, and -belonged probably to the first interglacial stage, reveals the fact that -the geological interval between the Blanco and the Aftonian is at least -partly filled by the first glacial stage, the Nebraskan. Naturally, it -is to be expected that the breach between the earlier and the later -faunas will be occupied, in part at least, by the vertebrates of the -Nebraskan. What these are is not yet well determined; but the writer -believes that as the Blanco and its equivalent and closely related -formations and faunas become better known, they will be attracted close -to the Pleistocene. - -Aside from the facts just mentioned, the Blanco fauna seems to the -writer to be more closely related to the Aftonian than has been -supposed. The genera which occur in the Blanco are the following: - - Megalonyx. - Mylodon. - Glyptotherium. - Hipparion. - Pliohippus. - Protohippus. - Platygonus. - Pliauchenia. - Anancus. - Gomphotherium. - Stegomastodon. - Felis. - Amphicyon? - Borophagus. - Canimartes. - -Of these, _Megalonyx_, _Mylodon_, _Hipparion_, _Platygonus_, _Anancus_, -_Gomphotherium?_, _Stegomastodon_, and _Felis_ are known from the first -interglacial stage. _Anancus_ includes mastodons with short, tuskless -lower jaws and trefoiled molars. _Gomphotherium_, having long lower jaws -with tusks, upper tusks with enamel band, and with trefoiled molars, may -be represented by some of the early Pleistocene species. The same -species of _Stegomastodon_ appears to be present in the Blanco as in the -Pleistocene, _S. mirificus_. The edentate _Glyptotherium_ is not far -removed from _Glyptodon_ of the early Pleistocene. The Blanco genera of -horses are so close to _Equus_ that Cope regarded them as belonging to -this genus. - -The matter may be looked at from another point of view. If _Mylodon_, -_Megalonyx_, and _Glyptotherium_ are referred to the Middle Pliocene, we -shall probably have them recorded as living in Texas before they existed -in South America. It is true that Santiago Roth (Neues Jahrb., Min. -Beil., Bd., vol. XXVI, table opposite p. 144) states that _Glyptodon_ -occurs in the Lower Pampas beds, and these he refers to the Upper -Miocene; but the writer believes that Wilckens (Neues Jahrb, Min. Beil., -Bd., vol. XXI, p. 193) is more nearly correct in placing them in the -Pliocene. While the opinion may be correct that, when no obstacles -intervene, the time required for mammals to spread over even a continent -constitutes but a small part of a geological age, yet in making their -way from South America, especially from Argentina, along the narrow -bridge that appears to have been offered them, probably over mountain -ranges, and across rivers and gorges, and in the face of the competing -fauna advancing from the north, some of which were wolves and -saber-tooth tigers, the slowly plodding and inoffensive edentates would -have encountered too many hindrances to be able to make the journey in a -short time. - -The writer, therefore, ventures to range the Blanco immediately below -the Pleistocene. On about the same level may be placed the -Tulare-Etchegoin and the Thousand Creek formations of Merriam (Bull. -Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., vol. X, pp. 425, 429). - - - III. THE HISTORICAL DIVISIONS OF THE PLEISTOCENE. - -The writer accepts the divisions of the Pleistocene which the geologists -appear to have established. Formerly it was believed that North America -had been subjected to a single glacial epoch; now it seems to be proved -that there have occurred five such glacial epochs, or stages, and that -there have intervened four interglacial stages of mild climate. The -interglacial stages are italicized. The Nebraskan stage is the earliest, -the Wisconsin the latest: Wisconsin, _Peorian_, Iowan, _Sangamon_, -Illinoian, _Yarmouth_, Kansan, _Aftonian_, Nebraskan. - -The characteristics of the various stages will be briefly discussed. The -stages are not equally well understood and at present do not seem to be -of equal importance in their relation to vertebrate paleontology. - - - IV. ELEVATIONS OF THE CONTINENT IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING OR ACCOMPANYING - THE OPENING OF THE PLEISTOCENE. - -In pursuing the study of the Pleistocene, one soon realizes that this -period was one of great geological activity. Ranges of mountains, if not -begun anew, were at least raised to greater altitudes. The Cascade Range -appears to have begun to rear its head at the beginning of the epoch, or -even a little later. Here and there the crust of the earth was ruptured -and great sheets of lava were poured out over the land. Ice caps -repeatedly accumulated over large areas in North America and Europe, and -in their movements southward transported vast amounts of earthy débris -and turned the courses of great streams. Apparently at times the -rainfall was greatly increased. The rivers, quickened by greater slope -and the increased volume of water, cut their channels deeper and in the -mountains excavated profound gorges. Through elevation of the land North -America was, late in the Pliocene or early in the Pleistocene, put into -easy communication with Asia and South America, so that vertebrated -animals passed freely to and fro. A part of these activities probably -belonged to the latter part of the Pliocene. In the more elevated -regions of the eastern United States, through the chemical, rupturing, -and transporting properties of water, rocks were dissolved and their -disintegrated materials produced what has been designated the Lafayette -formation; but it is possible that this belongs to the early -Pleistocene. - - - V. CONNECTIONS WITH ASIA AND SOUTH AMERICA. - -Mention has just been made of a land connection with Asia at some time -about the beginning of the Pleistocene. The evidence for this may be -called circumstantial rather than direct. The geological evidence has -not been developed. If any deposits containing marine fossils had been -laid down along the Asiatic and Alaskan coasts during a time of -elevation, they would now be covered by the sea. Our evidence for the -connection is derived from the distribution of the vertebrate animals. -During the early Pleistocene our country was invaded by a host of -mammals whose home was originally in Asia. These included elephants, -bisons, elk, goats, bears, wolves, and foxes, besides many mammals of -smaller size. It is the presence in America of the smaller animals, many -genera of rodents of Asiatic origin, that shows that there must have -been a land connection. These could not have made their passage across -Bering Strait on the ice, as it might be imagined the larger animals -did. - -The way between the two continents had more than once before been open, -but it was during the early Pleistocene that modern Asiatic genera -entered North America in great numbers. Exactly where the land bridge -between the two countries was situated is not certain; it may be that a -large part of the area now occupied by Bering Sea was then dry land. -Arldt (Entwicklung der Kontinente, plate 21) represents a connection -extending from the northern border of Alaska southward to include the -Aleutian Islands. Where narrowest, this bridge, as represented by the -author named, extended from latitude 60° to 70°, a distance of about 700 -miles. In such case the cold currents from the Arctic Ocean would have -been prevented from entering the Pacific, while the Japan Current would -have warmed up the southern side of the bridge. The route was then open -on the north for the boreal animals of Asia to enter Alaska; while on -the south the genera inhabiting the more temperate part of eastern Asia -would have had free access to the American shore. Once on the continent, -the boreal mammals might have spread along the shores of the Arctic -Ocean and those of the temperate parts of Asia have made their way up -the Yukon Valley, or possibly along the Pacific coast, to the warmer -regions toward the south. We do not need to suppose that even during the -first glacial, or Nebraskan, stage the climate of that part of North -America was as inclement as now. - -At the other end of our continent a train of events not wholly -dissimilar was in motion. Even in the latter part of the Pliocene some -South American edentates, such as _Megalonyx_, _Mylodon_, and -_Glyptotherium_, had reached Texas. Probably a little later the bridge -had become widened so that other edentates and a few genera of South -American hystricine rodents swarmed into our southern borders. At the -same time a host of carnivores, tapirs, horses, camels, peccaries, deer, -and cricetine and sciurine rodents made their way into South America. It -is now certain that the land bridge over which the interchange took -place did not include the West Indies. Possibly there yet remained along -the western coast of Central America some of the border, now submerged, -which Schuchert (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XX, plates 96 to 100) -represents as being present during the Tertiary. - - - VI. THE SOURCES OF THE VERTEBRATES OF THE PLEISTOCENE. - -The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of North America has been derived from -three sources. One component had descended from the animals which -occupied the continent during the late Tertiary, but even these were of -mixed derivation. A few appear to have filtered in from South America -during the Pliocene; others had come from Asia during Tertiary -invasions; but a large element was native to the country. As such may be -taken the camels, the peccaries, the three-toed horses, the prong-horn -antelope, the deer of the genus _Odocoileus_. - -Upon a continent of vast extent and great fertility, possessing -unbounded variety of climate and habitat, all these animals were thrown -together to struggle for their existence. We must depend upon the -imagination to picture what the result would have been if nature had -pursued a course which might have been predicted. What the result in -reality was, we shall see. - - - VII. THE RICHNESS OF THE PLEISTOCENE VERTEBRATE LIFE. - -It will be profitable to consider briefly the character of the -Pleistocene vertebrate fauna. The writer has compiled a list of the -species which have, so far as he knows, been collected and described up -to this time. There are in all 637 species; of these, 387 belong to the -mammals, 154 to the birds, 26 only to the reptiles, 7 to the amphibians, -56 to the bony fishes, and 7 to the group of sharks and rays. Certainly -these form only a part of the species which existed. At present there -are known in our existing fauna north of Mexico 693 species of mammals, -excluding the cetaceans—somewhat more than twice the number of known -Pleistocene species. It is, however, rather in the great variety of -forms that the Pleistocene excelled. Following Gerrit S. Miller’s Land -Mammals of North America, 1912, we find in our present fauna north of -Mexico 29 families; in the Pleistocene there are now known 37 families, -not including the cetaceans. In our existing mammalian fauna there are -recognized 111 genera; in the Pleistocene, with hardly half as many -species recorded, 138 genera are counted. In order to realize more -vividly the variety of Pleistocene forms, we have only to recall the -animals then present, now absent, namely, the great ground-sloths, the -glyptodons, the numerous species of horses, tapirs, numerous peccaries, -camels, the extinct relatives of the musk-oxen, extinct bisons, -elephants, mastodons of three or four genera, the giant beaver, and the -saber-tooth tigers. Among the birds, reptiles, batrachians, and fishes, -there were few striking forms, and these were mostly among the birds and -the tortoises. - -The above account shows the great richness of the vertebrate life during -the Pleistocene; furthermore, this abundance evidently existed during -the early stages of the epoch. It constituted the materials on which -that combination of conditions which we call environment had to work -during Pleistocene times. The comparison shows that the result was an -impoverishment of the vertebrate fauna. Genera and families, even -orders, were wiped out of existence, and these included some of the -noblest animals that have graced the face of the earth, the elephants, -the mastodons, tapirs, many species of bison, horses, saber-tooth cats, -huge tigers, and gigantic wolves. The following nine or ten families -became either wholly extinct or continued to exist only in other more -hospitable lands: the Megatheriidæ, including several genera of -ground-sloths; the Hoplophoridæ or glyptodons; the Caviidæ, which -embraced one or more species of huge capybaras; the Elephantidæ, under -which are arranged three or four species of elephants and three genera -of mastodons; the Equidæ, represented by a dozen or more species of -horses; the Camelidæ, of which there were several Pleistocene species -and probably three or four genera; the Hyænidæ, of which there appears -to have been at least one genus, with one species; the Tapiridæ, -including three or four species; and probably the Rhinocerotidæ. Besides -these, the subfamily of Felidæ known as Machairodontinæ, embracing those -wonderful carnivores the saber-tooth tigers, was suppressed. The -Dasypodidæ, which included some armadillos 5 or 6 feet long, are now -represented by only one small species in Texas. Of the Tagassuidæ, to -which belonged several genera and stately species of peccaries, there -exists now in North America north of Mexico but one species, an animal -of only moderate size. - - - VIII. ON EVOLUTION DURING THE PLEISTOCENE. - -We have seen that the Pleistocene fauna was very different from that -which existed when white men first entered the country; also that the -difference has in large part been due to the destruction of species, -genera, and families. We may now inquire whether or not the loss has -been to any considerable extent compensated by the development of new -forms. Many of our existing genera and species have been found in the -collections that represent the earliest Pleistocene known to us. The -writer believes it would be unsafe to say that any living species that -one might select may not hereafter be discovered in early Pleistocene -collections. It is probably true, however, that some of those small -changes by which we distinguish one species from another have been -produced. Some small but persistent differences might, for example, have -arisen in the teeth or in the form of the skull of a group of muskrats -which would justify us in regarding it as forming a new species. It is -extremely doubtful that any new genus of vertebrates has been developed -since the first interglacial stage. Matthew has concluded (Science, n. -s., vol. XL, pp. 232–235) that the evolution of the mammals during the -Pleistocene amounts to about one-tenth of that achieved during the -Pliocene. The present writer regards this as a liberal estimate. - -This failure to evolve new genera and species is not necessarily to be -attributed to the shortness of the Pleistocene period; it may have been -due rather to the unfavorable conditions. In what direction could an -animal make progress when, after being subjected for some thousands of -years to one set of conditions, it was compelled for some other -thousands to endure just the opposite conditions? If life in front of a -glacier for some centuries led to the development of a coat of hair on -an elephant, that coat would probably disappear during the succeeding -interglacial stage, and in the end, if the elephant had not perished, he -would be where he began. - -Too much stress must not, however, be placed on this suggestion. It may -yet be possible to show that nowhere in the world was any considerable -progress made by mammals during the Pleistocene, in the modification of -their forms and structure. On the other hand, it is also possible that -all over the world climatic conditions were at intervals unfavorably -affected by the development of the great glaciers and that all life was -retarded in its evolution. The writer believes, therefore, that it can -not be shown with certainty that new forms of living things, especially -vertebrates, were developed in North America during the Pleistocene. It -may be quite as difficult to prove that any genera or species of -importance entered from other lands after the first invasion. Under -these conditions there appears to be no means for determining successive -faunas other than through recording the time of the disappearance of -genera and species. - - - IX. DID THE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES TAKE PLACE MOSTLY AT THE END OF THE - PLEISTOCENE? - -At the beginning of the Pleistocene there existed, as has been shown, an -abundant and highly varied mammalian fauna; at the close of the epoch -this fauna had become relatively impoverished. Did all those families -and genera and species, that in the end were missing, perish during or -after the last glacial stage, the Wisconsin? This opinion has been -expressed by some. The writer believes that this view is wholly -improbable. - -A glacial sheet, stretched across the continent or a large part of it, -was not local in its effects; it was not a cap of ice merely concealing -a part of the land and covered possibly by forests and allowing -occupation by certain hardy animals, while beyond, up to its foot, the -country was pleasantly cool, wooded, and abounding with animated -creatures. In the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California (Lindgren, Folio -66, U. S. Geol. Surv.) and of Nevada (Knopf, Prof. Pap., U. S. Geol. -Surv., 110, pp. 92–105) and in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado -(Atwood and Mather, Jour. Geol., vol. XX, p. 385), at distances of -approximately 600 or 700 miles from the glacial front, there existed, -during more than one stage, extensive local glaciers. Along the Atlantic -coast during at least one glacial stage the walrus was driven as far -south as Charleston, South Carolina. One can hardly doubt that the whole -continent was chilled during each of the glacial stages. - -To mammals, which for perhaps various reasons had been with difficulty -enduring the stress of existence, the glacial climates would give the -final stroke; perhaps to others the interglacial climates would have -been quite as fatal. We can not doubt that each glacial and each -interglacial stage swept away a few of the less hardy genera and -species. Nevertheless, several remarkable animals passed through the -vicissitudes of all the glacial and interglacial times and left their -bones in the deposits overlying the last, or Wisconsin, drift. Such are -two species of elephants, the American mastodon, the giant beaver, and -one or more species of peccaries. Why they succumbed at last is -difficult to say. Possibly the return of a fifth warm era proved too -much for their endurance. - -A reason for believing that the genera and species missing from the -fauna found here when white men arrived, called sometimes the Columbian -fauna, were exterminated gradually and not at one epoch is that certain -ones are found in deposits overlying the earlier glacial drift-sheets, -but are not found in deposits on later drifts. Camels occur in Aftonian -beds overlying the Nebraskan drift, but have not been collected in later -interglacial deposits. Horses grow scarcer as the Pleistocene advances. -They are known from deposits overlying the Illinoian drift, but do not -appear after the Wisconsin. - - - X. THE STRATIGRAPHICAL AND TIME LIMITS OF THE EARLIEST PLEISTOCENE. - -It is necessary to determine, if possible, where the boundary line shall -be drawn between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene. Room must be made for -the first interglacial, the Nebraskan, and its fauna. How long this -first glacial stage continued we do not know. Chamberlin and Salisbury -have indicated (Geology, vol. III, p. 420) that in a rough way the dates -from the present of the culmination of the various glacial stages, -except the Nebraskan, taken in order backward, may be represented by the -geometrical series 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. That is, if the Illinoian stage had -its culmination 150,000 years ago, that of the Kansan occurred 300,000 -years ago; if the Nebraskan should fall in the same series, it -culminated 600,000 years ago; and it and the succeeding Aftonian -interglacial held sway as long as all the rest of the Pleistocene put -together. It would be rash to assert that this first glacial did last so -long; but we see the possibilities. In a personal communication -Professor Frank Leverett writes that he estimates that the Kansan -culmination took place at not less than 400,000 years ago and the -Nebraskan at 500,000. This, as the present writer estimates, would leave -for the Nebraskan itself somewhere near 40,000 or 50,000 years. Some -changes in the life of the Pleistocene must have been wrought during -those years. - -The glacial deposits of the Nebraskan stage are not as well known as one -might wish. They appear to be in general overlain by the later drifts -and are observed mostly where streams have cut through both the -overlying drift and the Nebraskan. The old drift found in New Jersey is -thin and of no great extent. Moreover, we can hardly expect to find -fossil vertebrates in the drift itself. We must therefore depend on -studies of supposed Nebraskan fossils found mostly outside of the -glaciated area and make comparison of them with earlier and later -faunas. If we shall discover collections of Nebraskan vertebrate -animals, we may be sure that they will differ from those of the first -interglacial, the Aftonian. We may be pretty certain that they will -include autochthonous genera of the late Tertiary, which may be missing -from the Aftonian, together with at least a few genera from South -America and others from Asia. - -Now, have any formations and included fossil vertebrates been found -which may be fitted into the Nebraskan interval? - -In this stage the writer places the beds which Cope designated the Idaho -formation (Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1883, p. 135). Since -Cope’s time several new species have been added to his list from this -formation. In 1917 (Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., vol. X, p. 432), Dr. -J. C. Merriam published a list of the fossils, except fishes, which had -been secured up to that time. The list of species referred to the Idaho -formation is as follows: - - Equus idahoensis. - E. excelsus? - Protohippus? - Rhinoceros, probably Aphelops (Teleoceras) fossiger. - Mastodon mirificus. - Cervus, possibly new. Smaller and more slender than C. canadensis. - Procamelus, size of P. major. - Tragocerus? horn-core of antelope. - Ischyrosmilus n. sp. - Morotherium leptonyx. - Castor, possibly n. sp. - Olor, size of O. paloregonus. - Graculus idahoensis. - -In this collection the presence of horses of the genus _Equus_, of -_Cervus_, _Morotherium_, and _Castor_, is strongly suggestive of the -Pleistocene. The type of _Mastodon mirificus_ was found in Pleistocene -deposits of probably Aftonian age. Although rhinoceroses are supposed to -have become extinct before the end of the Pliocene, this supposition may -be an error. The list of Blanco vertebrates is a short one, and the -absence of a genus from it is not decisive. One drawing of a seine in -the sea-waters of Florida would furnish inadequate materials for -conclusions about the fish fauna of that coast. - -The Thousand Creek fauna (Merriam, Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Calif., vol. -X, p. 429), which to the present writer appears of about the same age as -the Blanco, contains a species of _Teleoceras_. The genera _Protohippus_ -and _Procamelus_ might be supposed to have continued their existence and -evolution until interrupted by an age of ice and by competitors from -Asia. - -In 1917 (Bull. cit., vol. X, pp. 255–266) Merriam and Buwalda published -a short list of fossils which they had collected along the Columbia -River in Washington State. A horse was found which was referred to -_Equus_ or _Pliohippus_; also two camelids, one of which was thought to -be near _Pliauchenia_. Merriam concluded that the evidence on the whole -favored the Pleistocene. The list will fit into the Nebraskan without -difficulty. - -In 1889 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXIII, p. 253), Professor E. D. Cope -published a list of fossil mammals collected in the “Oregon desert,” -apparently somewhere in the region of Silver Lake or Summer Lake. The -list is as follows: - - Canis sp. indet. - Elephas or Mastodon. - Holomeniscus or Auchenia. - Aphelops sp. indet. - Hippotherium relictum. - Equus sp. indet. - -Cope looked upon this collection as remarkable in that it showed the -presence of true horses and camels associated with a rhinoceros. He -concluded that the fossils belonged to his Idaho formation. Dr. W. D. -Matthew thought that the collection was a mixture of fossils from two -formations (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XVI, p. 321). It may, -however, have been made in Nebraskan deposits. - -In 1921 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LIX, pp. 617–638), the writer -described a collection of vertebrate remains from Anita, Coconino -County, Arizona. These remains were found in a cave in making -explorations for copper ore. The list follows: - - Equus occidentalis. - E. giganteus? - Mylohyus? sp. indet. - Procamelus coconinensis. - P. longurio. - Antilocapra americana? - Marmota arizonæ. - Citellus tuitus. - Neotoma cinerea. - Lepus benjamini. - Brachylagus browni. - Taxidea robusta. - Canis nubilus? - C. latrans? - Chasmaporthetes ossifragus. - -The writer believes that this assemblage of mammals must be referred to -the Pleistocene. It will be noted, however, that there are two species -of the genus _Procamelus_. These resemble so much two species, _P. -major_ and _P. minimus_, described by Leidy and Lucas (Trans. Wagner -Free Inst., vol. IV, pp. I-XIV, 15–61) from the Alachua clays of -Florida, that it seemed at first necessary to identify them as such. The -genus _Procamelus_ seems, therefore, to be brought definitely into the -early Pleistocene, probably the Nebraskan. - -The collections made in the Alachua clays in Florida were obtained in -Alachua and Levy counties. On pages 195 and 375 will be found an account -of the geological conditions under which the fossils were found, and -lists of the species. The essential features are that such supposed -Miocene or Pliocene genera as _Gomphotherium_, _Procamelus_, -_Teleoceras_, and _Aphelops_ were found associated with the Pleistocene -genera _Odocoileus_, _Tapirus_, _Megatherium_, and _Equus_. This has -been explained on the theory that the clays are of Tertiary age and that -the Pleistocene species had become mingled with those of an earlier -time. At a number of places in Florida where phosphate rock has been -mined there have been secured similar associations of early camels, -rhinoceroses, horses (_Hipparion_, _Parahippus_) with genera belonging -undoubtedly to the Pleistocene. This has occurred so often that the -writer doubts the correctness of the explanation given. He ventures, -therefore, to include in the Pleistocene of the Nebraskan stage the -various deposits that have received the names Alachua clays, the -Dunnellon formation, and Bone Valley formation. The latter, called also -the land-pebble phosphates, is believed by Sellards to be -contemporaneous in age with the Dunnellon or hard phosphates, but to -have accumulated under different conditions. Both the Alachuan and the -Bone Valley formations were referred by Sellards to either the late -Miocene or the early Pliocene, with an evident preference for the -latter. It seems to have been the presence of the rhinoceroses that most -influenced him in his assignment of the deposits; but there were -naturally other considerations. He wrote: - - The presence of rhinoceroses in the formation is believed to - establish definitely the fact that the beds can not be later than - the early Pliocene, since rhinoceroses in America apparently did not - survive beyond that time (Fla. Geol. Surv., vol. VII, p. 73). - -According to Sellards the hard phosphate, belonging to the Alachua -(Dunnellon) formation (Fla. Geol. Surv., vol. V, p. 37) resulted from a -disintegration of underlying Upper Oligocene deposits and probably the -Vicksburg limestone. Through chemical action these rocks were partly -dissolved and the residual materials were mixed by local subsidence and -by action of streams and later modified by chemical changes. - -The land-pebble phosphate of the Bone Valley formation had, Sellards -concluded (Fla. Geol. Surv., vol. VII, p. 55), resulted from underlying -phosphate marls of Upper Oligocene age. This occurred during a time of -general subsidence of sufficient extent to permit marine waters to reach -the area covered by the Bone Valley phosphates. The presence of -sea-water is indicated by the occurrence of bones of cetaceans. - -With regard to the effects of streams and of the chemical action of the -water on the rocks, which contributed to the formation of the hard rock -phosphate and the production of sinks and caves, it may be remarked that -we know of no time when rocks were dissolved and caves formed to the -extent that they were during the Pleistocene. - -As shown on page 15, various deposits of marine marls along the Atlantic -coast are referred by the writer to the Nebraskan. Among these marls are -the coquina rock found at St. Augustine and the marine marl underlying -the bed at Vero, which contained early Pleistocene vertebrate fossils. -These marls are known to extend well inland, being found at Kissimmee, -50 miles from the coast. In some places they are met with at depths of -70 feet (Sellards, Fla. Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, pp. 105–106). Marls of -probably the same age occur on the western coast of Florida (Dall, Bull. -84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 152). The writer believes that some of these -marls may yet be connected with the phosphate beds of the Bone Valley -formation. - -A figure taken from Sellards (Geol. Surv. Fla., vol. VII, opp. p. 53) -may be found on page 377. This illustrates the relation of the Dunnellon -and Bone Valley formations to the underlying deposits. - - - XI. THE FIRST INTERGLACIAL, OR AFTONIAN, STAGE. - -Mention has been made of collections of fossil vertebrates which long -ago were secured at Fossil Lake, Oregon, and of others along Niobrara -River, near Grayson, Nebraska. Lists of the species found at each -locality were given by Dr. W. D. Matthew in 1902 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. -Hist., vol. XVI, pp. 317–320). These deposits and animals were regarded -by Cope and Marsh as belonging to the Pliocene, until G. K. Gilbert, in -his work on Lake Bonneville (Monogr. I, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 393–402) -showed that the Oregon fossils must belong to the Glacial epoch, but he -referred them to a late time in this epoch, that of the last glaciation. -It thus became quite impossible to determine the age of any collection -of fossil vertebrates. - -In 1887 (Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas vol. II, pp. 299–308), Williston -wrote: - - Every fact furnished from Kansas seems to substantiate Cope’s - conclusion that the _Megalonyx_ fauna of the East and the _Equus_ - fauna of the West were contemporaneous and that both occurred during - the period of depression; that is, during late Pleistocene time. - -This paragraph was quoted by Osborn in 1910 (“Age of Mammals,” p. 453), -who appears to agree in part with Williston, although he expressed the -opinion that some of the deposits were earlier than the others. Osborn -supported the view of the existence of two faunas, that of the “_Equus_ -zone” and that of the “_Megalonyx_ zone.” The former fauna was regarded -as the older, but overlapping somewhat during the “mid-Pleistocene” the -_Megalonyx_ fauna. He presented a catalogue of deposits belonging to his -_Equus_ zone (his page 453) and another of those of the _Megalonyx_ zone -(p. 467). In the latter he included deposits that he would now doubtless -refer to the earliest Pleistocene, for example, the Ashley River beds. - -It was necessary for the geologists to come again to the rescue of the -palæontologists. They established the fact that there had passed, not a -single glacial stage, but a series, and that these had been separated by -corresponding interglacial stages. They were able to show also that -between the drift-sheets there were to be found remnants of old gravels -and fossil-bearing soils. In Iowa, through the careful researches of -Calvin and Shimek, numerous remains of fossil mammals were discovered in -gravels lying between the earliest drift, the Nebraskan, and the second -drift, the Kansan. Among these mammals were identified horses, camels, -elephants (_E. columbi_, _E. imperator_), _Mylodon_, _Megalonyx_, and a -large ruminant which is certainly a species of bison. This fauna, known -as the Aftonian, was correlated by Calvin with that of the Sheridan beds -of Nebraska (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XX, p. 354). The writer has -had the opportunity to study this Aftonian material (Iowa Geol. Surv., -vol. XXIII), and, although it is not as abundant as might be desired, he -agrees with Calvin’s correlation. - -Making due allowances for environment and the hazards attending -preservation and collection, the Aftonian and Sheridan fauna is -practically the same as that found at Fossil Lake, Oregon. Furthermore, -it may be traced along the plains into Texas and to the shores of the -Gulf. Here, at or near tide-level, or not far away, may be found horses, -camels, elephants (_E. columbi_ and _E. imperator_), _Mammut -americanum_, and mastodons with teeth presenting trefoils. In Texas, -within a mile of the Louisiana line, _Elephas imperator_ has been -collected. The fauna reappears on the west coast of Florida; also on -Peace Creek; on the east coast at Vero; at Brunswick and Savannah, -Georgia; along Ashley River, near Charleston; probably also on the banks -of Neuse River, 16 miles below New Bern, North Carolina; and again -probably at Long Branch, New Jersey, where _Megatherium_ has been found; -and finally at Port Kennedy, on Schuylkill River, about 25 miles above -Philadelphia. All along the coast, apparently from the Rio Grande to -Long Branch, the localities which furnish Aftonian fossils are within a -few feet of sea-level. - - - XII. THE YARMOUTH INTERGLACIAL STAGE. - -Up to the present time the interglacial soils found in a few localities -between the Kansan and the Illinoian drifts have furnished only scanty -remains of vertebrate fossils—a rabbit and a skunk at the type locality -in Iowa. Certainly, however, the same animals were living then that were -found at later stages. - - - XIII. THE ILLINOIAN GLACIAL STAGE. - -To the Illinoian glacial stage the writer refers the collection of -fossil vertebrates which was described in 1908 by Barnum Brown (Mem. -Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. IX, pp. 157–208) and which had been obtained -in the Conard fissure near Willcockson, Newton County, Arkansas. It is -placed here rather than in the Sangamon stage, because of the number of -species present which suggest a rather cold climate. A list of these -species will be found on pages 31–32 of volume XXIII, of the Iowa -Geological Survey. - - - XIV. THE SANGAMON INTERGLACIAL STAGE. - -This was the warm stage which succeeded the glacial Illinoian. Between -the Illinoian and the Wisconsin there passed a long period of time. It -is now believed that it was interrupted by the Iowan ice-sheet, but this -appears not to have lasted long nor to have occupied any considerable -area. Associated with it in some way was the accumulation of much loess. -This was formerly supposed to have been deposited to a large extent at -least during the Sangamon; but, as Leverett informs me, it appears to -have been laid down at a time nearer the Wisconsin than the Illinoian. -This Iowan drift and the loess has been the subject of a special -investigation by Alden and Leighton (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXVI, pp. -49–212). Few vertebrate fossils have been found in the loess. Their -bones may have been dissolved out by the percolating rain-water, and yet -the delicate shells of land mollusks are abundant. A collection which -the writer regards as belonging rightfully to the Sangamon was made at -Alton, Illinois, many years ago, by William McAdams. A list of the -species and an account of the geological conditions connected with it -are presented on page 339. The remains appear to have accumulated in a -pond on the Illinoian drift and to have been covered by loess. The horse -was yet in existence, as well as the deer _Sangamona_ and the antelope -_Taurotragus americanus_. Two-thirds of the 15 species are extinct. A -smaller number of species have been collected near Kimmswick, just below -St. Louis, Missouri. The remains found in a cave in Bexar County, Texas, -are believed to belong here (Hay, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. -129). It is, however, in the Alleghany Mountains that most of the -vertebrates have been collected which the writer refers to the Sangamon -stage. These have been found in caves and fissures from northern -Pennsylvania to northern Alabama. Unfortunately, although mostly -discovered several years ago, some of these collections have not yet -been well studied and have not been accessible to the writer. They -contain two or three species of horses, two or three genera of -peccaries, tapirs, the deer _Sangamona_, the antelope _Taurotragus_, and -one or more species of saber-tooth tigers. Half or more of the species -are extinct. To the writer these assemblages seem to fit into the -history nowhere so well as into the Sangamon stage. - -Another assemblage that probably belongs here is that made at Toronto -(p. 282). This indicates a warm climate, since the pawpaw and the osage -orange grew there. - - - XV. THE PEORIAN INTERGLACIAL STAGE. - -This is the interglacial interval between the Iowan glacial and the -Wisconsin. It was probably not of long continuance and is chiefly -remarkable for the deposition of loess. This has not furnished any -important collections of vertebrate fossils. The type locality for the -Peorian stage is a locality east of Peoria, Illinois. Leverett (Monogr. -XXXVIII, U. S. Geol. Surv.) mentions several cases in which old soils -believed to belong to the Peorian were observed in Illinois. None of -these has furnished vertebrate fossils. It is usually difficult to -distinguish the Sangamon from the Peorian soils. - - - XVI. THE WISCONSIN GLACIAL STAGE AND THE WABASH BEDS. - -The next stage which furnishes abundant vertebrate fossils is the -Wisconsin. These remains are found most abundantly in the old soils and -mucks which accumulated in the swamps, ponds, and lakes left on the -uneven surface of the Wisconsin drift as the ice retired. To such -deposits the writer has given the name Wabash beds. They are often -called post-glacial deposits; but that term ought in strictness to be -applied only to deposits of the present epoch. They may be called Late -Glacial, but that expression has been used for the drift and moraines -produced by the second half of the Wisconsin glaciation. It might be -better to use for the divisions of the Wisconsin the terms Lower and -Upper. - -In the late Wisconsin, or the Wabash, deposits there may be found -remains of any of the existing animals of the region; also often the -bones and teeth of mammals now living in more northern regions. Besides -these, there may occur the relics of animals which were able to endure -the rigors, changes, and competitions of the Glacial period, but -succumbed at its end. These are, especially, two species of elephants, -one or two species of mastodons, four or more species of musk-oxen, the -moose _Cervalces_, one or more species of peccary, and the giant beaver. - - - XVII. ON THE THEORY OF THE PLEISTOCENE TERRACES OF THE COASTAL PLAIN. - -The writer will discuss briefly the widely accepted theory that along -the sea-coast from New Jersey to southwestern Texas there occurs a -series of terraces and corresponding escarpments, three or more in -number, representing successive emergences of the borders of the -continent from the sea. The theory was first proposed by Dr. W. J. McGee -(Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. XXV, 1888, p. 367; 12th Ann. Rep. U. S. -Geol. Surv., pt. I, 1891, pp. 353–521). He included in the initial -submergence not only the area occupied by the supposed Pleistocene -terraces, but also the borders of the coasts to an elevation -corresponding to the Lafayette (Appomattox) formation, which he referred -provisionally to the late Pliocene. This submergence required a -depression of the eastern half of the continent amounting to 500 feet or -more. The theory was accepted especially by the geologists of Maryland -in their excellent reports (Shattuck, Maryland Geol. Surv., Pliocene and -Pleistocene volume, pp. 62–137, with maps). It has likewise been applied -to the geology of Virginia (Clark and Miller, Va. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. -IV, pp. 48–56, 179–189), North Carolina (Stephenson, N. C. Geol. Econom. -Surv., vol. III, 1912, pp. 266–290), Georgia (Veatch, Geol. Surv. Ga., -Bull. No. 26, 1911, pp. 35–50), as Okefenokee and Satilla; (Stephenson, -ibid., pp. 425–445), Florida (Matson and Clapp, Fla. Geol. Surv., vol. -II, 1909), and to Texas (Deussen, Water Supply Pap. U. S. Geol. Surv. -335, pp. 78–83). - - - _Conspectus of the Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Pleistocene._ - - ┌────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────────────────┐ - │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 4 │ - │Drift-sheets and│ Representative │Disappearance of │ Characteristic │ - │other deposits. │ collections. │ genera and │ genera. │ - │ │ │ species. │ │ - ├────────────────┼─────────────────────┼─────────────────┼──────────────────┤ - │ _Wisconsin │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Atlantic to │Made in swamps and │Megalonyx, │Existing mammals, │ - │ Pacific in │ old lakes on │ Elephas, │ plus those of │ - │ Wisconsin, │ Wisconsin drift │ Mammut, │ column 3 │ - │ Illinois, │ (Wabash beds) from │ Cervalces, │ │ - │ Iowa, Indiana,│ Illinois to │ Symbos, │ │ - │ Ohio, New │ Massachusetts and │ Boötherium, │ │ - │ York, New │ Cape Breton Island.│ Mylohyus, │ │ - │ Jersey (Cape │ Leda clays, Canada.│ Platygonus │ │ - │ May, Trenton │ │ Bison │ │ - │ gravels), │ │ occidentalis, │ │ - │ Ontario, │ │ Castoroides │ │ - │ Quebec, etc., │ │ │ │ - │ Maine, │ │ │ │ - │ Massachusetts.│ │ │ │ - │_Peorian Stage._│ │ │ │ - │Old soils │Fossil mammals rarely│None certainly │Few recognized. In│ - │ between the │ found. │ known. │ general, those │ - │ Iowan and the │ │ │ of the │ - │ Wisconsin │ │ │ Wisconsin. │ - │ drifts where │ │ │ │ - │ the former is │ │ │ │ - │ present. │ │ │ │ - │ Reported by │ │ │ │ - │ Leverett (Mon.│ │ │ │ - │ U. S. Geol. │ │ │ │ - │ Surv., vol. │ │ │ │ - │ XXXVIII) from │ │ │ │ - │ localities in │ │ │ │ - │ Illinois. │ │ │ │ - │ Usually hard │ │ │ │ - │ to distinguish│ │ │ │ - │ from Sangamon.│ │ │ │ - │ Abundant loess│ │ │ │ - │ in Mississippi│ │ │ │ - │ Valley. │ │ │ │ - │ _Iowan Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Known certainly │None. │Mylodon, Tapirus,│None known; but in│ - │ only from Iowa│ │ Equus, │ general those of│ - │ and Wisconsin.│ │ Taurotragus, │ the later │ - │ Supposed to be│ │ Sangamona, │ stages. │ - │ present along │ │ Bison │ │ - │ New England │ │ latifrons, B. │ │ - │ coast, Gay │ │ antiquus, │ │ - │ Head to Maine.│ │ Ænocyon, │ │ - │ │ │ Dinobastis, │ │ - │ │ │ Smilodon, │ │ - │ │ │ Smilodontopsis.│ │ - │ _Sangamon │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Sangamon River, │Alton, Illinois; │None known to │Mylodon, a few │ - │ Illinois. Old │ Kimmswick, │ have become │ horses, tapirs, │ - │ soils just │ Missouri; cave in │ extinct during │ peccaries, │ - │ above the │ Bexar County, │ this stage. │ Sangamona, │ - │ Illinoian │ Texas; bluffs at │ │ Taurotragus, │ - │ drift. Some │ Natchez, │ │ Symbos, Bison │ - │ loess of this │ Mississippi; salt │ │ latifrons, B. │ - │ stage. Cave │ mine at Petite │ │ antiquus, │ - │ deposits in │ Anse, Louisiana; │ │ Elephas and │ - │ Texas and in │ Cavetown and │ │ Mammut. │ - │ the Alleghany │ Corriganville, │ │ │ - │ Mountains. │ Maryland; Ivanhoe, │ │ │ - │ │ Virginia; │ │ │ - │ │ Whitesburg │ │ │ - │ │ Tennessee; │ │ │ - │ │ interglacial beds │ │ │ - │ │ at Toronto, │ │ │ - │ │ Ontario. │ │ │ - │ _Illinoian │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │In Illinois, │Conard fissure, │May include some │Equus, Mylohyus, │ - │ Wisconsin, │ Newton County, │ accredited to │ Symbos, Felis, │ - │ eastern Iowa, │ Arkansas. Otherwise│ the Kansan. │ Smilodontopsis, │ - │ Indiana, Ohio.│ none recognized. │ │ Dinobastis. │ - │ Supposed │ │ │ │ - │ glacial drift │ │ │ │ - │ from Long │ │ │ │ - │ Island to │ │ │ │ - │ Massachusetts │ │ │ │ - │ (Montauk till,│ │ │ │ - │ etc.). │ │ │ │ - │ _Yarmouth │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Interglacial │Few vertebrates yet │Not known. │Few known. │ - │ soils and │ recognized. Skunk │ │ Doubtless those │ - │ mucks between │ and rabbit at │ │ which became │ - │ the Kansan and│ Yarmouth, Iowa. │ │ extinct during │ - │ Illinoian in │ │ │ Illinoian and │ - │ Iowa and │ │ │ Iowan and later.│ - │ Illinois. │ │ │ │ - │ Gardner clay │ │ │ │ - │ and Sankaty │ │ │ │ - │ from Long │ │ │ │ - │ Island to │ │ │ │ - │ Boston. │ │ │ │ - │_Kansan Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Iowa, Missouri, │Fossil vertebrates │Megatherium, │Doubtless those in│ - │ Kansas, and │ rarely found. │ Glyptodon, │ the later stages│ - │ northwestward.│ │ Stegomastodon, │ of this column │ - │ Loess │ │ Anancus, │ and some of │ - │ overlying the │ │ Gomphotherium?,│ those of this │ - │ drift; │ │ Elephas │ stage in column │ - │ Jerseyan │ │ imperator, │ 3. │ - │ drift. New │ │ Eschatius, │ │ - │ Jersey (may be│ │ Camelops, │ │ - │ Nebraskan); │ │ Camelus, │ │ - │ Pensauken. │ │ Hydrochœrus │ │ - │ Jameco gravels│ │ Aftonius, │ │ - │ on Long │ │ Leptochœrus, │ │ - │ Island, New │ │ Trucifelis. │ │ - │ York, and Cape│ │ │ │ - │ Cod, │ │ │ │ - │ Massachusetts.│ │ │ │ - │ _Aftonian │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Gravels and │Along Missouri River │None recognized. │Mylodon, │ - │ soils between │ in Iowa; Fossil │ Probably some │ Megalonyx, │ - │ the Kansan and│ Lake, Oregon; │ of those cited │ Megatherium, │ - │ the Nebraskan │ Grayson, Sheridan │ under the │ Glyptodon, │ - │ in Iowa, │ County, Nebraska; │ Kansan. │ Chlamytherium, │ - │ Missouri, │ La Brea, │ │ Elephas │ - │ Nebraska, and │ California; Lake │ │ imperator, │ - │ Kansas. Lake │ Lahontan and Walker│ │ Anancus, │ - │ and river │ River, Nevada; │ │ Gomphotherium, │ - │ deposits in │ Lavaca and │ │ Tapirus, Equus, │ - │ Nebraska and │ Galveston Bays, │ │ Hipparion, │ - │ Oregon; river │ Texas; Peace Creek,│ │ Camelops, │ - │ deposits, │ Caloosahatchee │ │ Camelus, Bison │ - │ Pittbridge, │ River, and Vero, │ │ regius, │ - │ Texas; asphalt│ Florida; Brunswick │ │ Hydrochœrus. │ - │ beds near Los │ and Savannah, │ │ │ - │ Angeles, │ Georgia; Beaufort │ │ │ - │ California. │ and Ashley River, │ │ │ - │ Sands, etc. │ South Carolina; │ │ │ - │ bearing │ Neuse River, North │ │ │ - │ vertebrate │ Carolina; Fish │ │ │ - │ remains at or │ House clay near │ │ │ - │ near sea-level│ Camden, New Jersey;│ │ │ - │ from mouth of │ Long Branch, New │ │ │ - │ the Rio Grande│ Jersey; Port │ │ │ - │ to Sandy Hook,│ Kennedy, │ │ │ - │ New Jersey. │ Pennsylvania. │ │ │ - │ _Nebraskan │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Drift in Iowa │Collections made in │Gomphotherium │Megatherium, │ - │ and Nebraska │ southwestern Idaho;│ floridanum, │ Elephas │ - │ beneath more │ “Oregon Desert,” │ Protohippus, │ imperator, │ - │ recent drifts;│ Oregon; Anita, │ Parahippus, │ Mammut, │ - │ Idaho │ Coconino County, │ Procamelus, │ Gomphotherium │ - │ formation, │ Arizona; Ringgold, │ Teleoceras, │ floridanum, │ - │ Idaho; New │ Yakima County, │ Aphelops. │ Protohippus, │ - │ Jerseyan? and │ Washington. In │ │ Parahippus, │ - │ Bridgeton, New│ clays in Alachua │ │ Hipparion, │ - │ Jersey; │ and Levy counties; │ │ Equus, Tapirus, │ - │ Mannetto │ Dunnellon, Ocala, │ │ Teleoceras, │ - │ gravels, New │ Brewster, and │ │ Aphelops, │ - │ York. Long │ Mulberry, Florida. │ │ Procamelus, │ - │ Island, and │ Horse at Martha’s │ │ Agriotherium, │ - │ Cape Cod, │ Vineyard?. │ │ Canis, │ - │ Massachusetts;│ │ │ Trucifelis │ - │ “First │ │ │ floridanus, │ - │ Glacial” at │ │ │ Chasmaporthetes.│ - │ Martha’s │ │ │ │ - │ Vineyard; │ │ │ │ - │ Arcadia marls,│ │ │ │ - │ on Peace │ │ │ │ - │ Creek; │ │ │ │ - │ Alachuan clays│ │ │ │ - │ and │ │ │ │ - │ phosphates, │ │ │ │ - │ and Bone │ │ │ │ - │ Valley │ │ │ │ - │ phosphates; │ │ │ │ - │ marine marl │ │ │ │ - │ bed at Vero; │ │ │ │ - │ Coquina at St.│ │ │ │ - │ Augustine, │ │ │ │ - │ Florida; │ │ │ │ - │ Quarantine │ │ │ │ - │ Station, │ │ │ │ - │ Southport, New│ │ │ │ - │ Hanover │ │ │ │ - │ County, North │ │ │ │ - │ Carolina; │ │ │ │ - │ Dismal Swamp, │ │ │ │ - │ North Carolina│ │ │ │ - │ and Virginia. │ │ │ │ - ├────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────────┤ - │ UPPER PLIOCENE—BLANCO, TEXAS; THOUSAND CREEK, NEVADA; ETCHEGOIN-TULARE, │ - │ CALIF. │ - ├────────────────┬─────────────────────┬─────────────────┬──────────────────┤ - │_Upper Pliocene │ │ │ │ - │ Stage._ │ │ │ │ - │Texas, Nevada, │Lists published by J.│Glyptotherium, │Glyptotherium, │ - │ and │ C. Merriam in │ Pliohippus, │ Megalonyx, │ - │ California. │ Bulletin of │ Tephrocyon, │ Gomphotherium, │ - │ │ Department Geology,│ Hyænognathus, │ Pliohippus, │ - │ │ University of │ Ilingoceros. │ Hipparion, │ - │ │ California, vol. x,│ │ Teleoceras, │ - │ │ p. 425 │ │ Platygonus, │ - │ │ (Etchegoin-Tulare);│ │ Pliauchenia, │ - │ │ p. 425 (Thousand │ │ Procamelus, │ - │ │ Creek); p. 434 │ │ Ilingoceros, │ - │ │ (Blanco). │ │ Tephrocyon, │ - │ │ │ │ Hyænognathus. │ - └────────────────┴─────────────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────────┘ - -In Maryland and the District of Columbia there have been recognized -three Pleistocene terraces (Shattuck, as cited above). The uppermost is -the Sunderland, the next the Wicomico, the lowest the Talbot. These are -not correlated by Shattuck definitely with glacial divisions of the -Pleistocene, but the Sunderland is the oldest, while the Talbot is -regarded the most recent, probably about the age of the last glacial -stage, the Wisconsin. - -When the writer began his study of the Pleistocene he accepted the -theory proposed by McGee and the Maryland geologists, and traces of this -acceptance may be found in this work; but he is now convinced of its -falsity. It is hardly to be believed that the coastal region could have -been occupied, even at intervals, since the late Pliocene, when the -depression is supposed to have been at least 500 feet, and 200 feet -during the Sunderland, down to the end of the Wicomico and even the -Talbot, without its having left other traces of marine occupation than -the supposed terraces and escarpments. There ought to appear somewhere -in the long border from New Jersey to Mexico abundant and extensive -deposits of stratified materials, clays, sands, and gravels. Such -deposits appear to be relatively rare. - -A still more serious objection to the theory of submergence beneath -marine waters is the absence of marine fossils. In the materials forming -these terraces one might with confidence expect to find at least marine -mollusks, mussels, clams, and beds of oysters; probably also remains of -fishes, of porpoises, and of whales. Leaving out of consideration the -Talbot terrace, which is near sea-level (Shattuck, op. cit., p. 10), the -supporters of the theory under consideration admit that not in the -Lafayette, nor the Sunderland, nor the Wicomico, have any traces of such -fossils been met with. On the other hand, all over these terraces are -found remains of land animals and plants. Mastodons, elephants, and -horses are by no means rare. Conditions favorable for the preservation -of teeth of proboscideans must have been quite as well adapted to -preserve shells of oysters. In the Sunderland and Wicomico a few land -plants have been secured, an abundance of them in the Talbot. Map No. 39 -shows the distribution of Pleistocene mammals, mollusks, and plants on -the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. - -It seems evident, therefore, that the sea has had nothing to do with the -formation of the Lafayette, the Sunderland, and the Wicomico terraces, -and little with that of the Talbot. It was natural that the advocates of -this theory of the formation of these terraces during the Pleistocene -should distribute them somewhat impartially over the time of this epoch, -assigning the Talbot to a late interval. On page 11 the writer has -called attention to the fact that in many places along the coast from -southeastern Texas to New Jersey, at or near sea-level, there are beds -which contain a vertebrate fauna of the Aftonian or first interglacial -stage. Probably nowhere do these beds have any large amount of later -materials overlying them; it is often extremely little. So far as the -writer can judge, this means that all the terraces and escarpments were -produced before the time of the first interglacial; not since that -distant time has there occurred along the Gulf or Atlantic coasts south -of New Jersey any considerable elevation or depression of the Coastal -Plain. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE CETACEANS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - (Map 1.) - - - ONTARIO. - -1. _Nepean Township, Carleton County._—In 1914, Mr. L. M. Lambe, of the -Canadian Geological Survey, stated (Summ. Rep. for 1913, p. 299) that -Walter Billings, of Ottawa, had presented to the Survey a caudal -vertebra of _Delphinapterus leucas_, found in Pleistocene gravel on lot -15, concession 5, of Nepean township. The locality is near Jock River, a -stream which flows northeasterly and enters Rideau River about 11 miles -south of Ottawa. With it was sent the lower end of a femur, supposed to -belong to the bison. - -2. _Ottawa East, Carleton County._—In 1910, Mr. L. M. Lambe reported -(Summ. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can. for 1909, p. 273) that Mr. A. Penfold had -presented to the Survey a caudal vertebra of _Delphinapterus leucas_, -which he had found at Ottawa East, at a depth of 25 feet, while digging -a well. - -3. _Smith’s Falls, Lanark County._—In 1883 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, -vol. XXV, p. 200) Dr. J. W. Dawson announced the finding of two -vertebræ, a part of another, and a fragment of a rib of a large whale, -in a ballast pit at Welshe’s, 3 miles north of Smith’s Falls. This whale -he identified as _Megaptera longimana_ (_M. boöps_). The bones were -found in gravel at a depth of 30 feet and about 50 feet from the -original face of the pit. The elevation of the place is given as about -440 feet above sea-level. Dawson stated that this corresponds exactly -with the height of one of the sea-terraces on Royal Mountain at -Montreal. He added that this animal might have sailed past that -mountain, then only a rocky islet, when a wide sea, 400 feet above the -lower levels of Montreal, covered all the plain of the lower St. -Lawrence. Inasmuch as the highest terrace containing marine fossils at -Montreal stands at a height of about 625 feet (Stansfield, Mem. 73, -Canad. Geol. Surv., 1915) above sea-level, the region had apparently -risen about 160 feet at least above its lowest submergence when the -whale was buried. The discovery of this whale is mentioned by Dawson in -his “Canadian Ice Age,” 1894, page 268; also by Professor G. H. Perkins -in his Report of the State Geologist of Vermont, 1907–8, page 83. - -4. _Pakenham, Lanark County._—This locality is about 42 miles -north-northwest from Welshe’s, where the whale remains just discussed -were found. At Pakenham, in 1906, there were discovered bones, including -a nearly perfect skull, of a white whale. The discovery was reported in -1906 and 1907 by Dr. J. F. Whiteaves (Summ. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can. for -1908, p. 171; Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XX, pp. 214–216). The remains were -found by a well-digger on a farm (lot 21, 11th concession), and were -embedded in blue clay at a depth of 14 feet. Immediately about the bones -was a mixture of clay and shells. The animal has been referred to -_Delphinapterus leucas_. As one of the ear-bones was secured, the -determination of the species would appear to be possible. According to -Perkins, the ear-bone in the type of _D. vermontanus_ differs from that -of the existing white whale, _D. leucas_. The writer is unable to say -more than that the whale found at Pakenham belongs to the Late -Wisconsin. - -5. _Cornwall, Stormont County._—In 1870 (Canad. Naturalist and Quart. -Jour. Sci., vol. V, pp. 438–439), E. Billings gave an account of the -discovery of remains of a white whale at Cornwall. Considerable parts of -the skull were secured, including the lower jaws. Besides many vertebræ -and some other parts, 8 teeth were saved, but the ear-bones were -missing. The animal had been about 15 feet long. Whether it belonged to -_Delphinapterus leucas_ or _D. vermontanus_ may be regarded as doubtful. -Extracts from Billings’s description are to be found in Professor -Perkins’s paper (Rep. State Geologist Vermont, 1907–8, pp. 81–82). - -6. _Williamstown, Glengarry County._—This place is about 10 miles -northeast of Cornwall. In Professor Perkins’s paper just cited it is -stated that Edward Ardley, assistant curator at Redpath Museum, McGill -University, Montreal, had found here a few bones of a white whale, the -hyoid, a few phalanges, and rib fragments. It is impossible from such -limited materials to determine whether the animal was _Delphinapterus -vermontanus_ or _D. leucas_. From Mr. Ardley, through Mr. Arthur Willey, -curator of Redpath Museum, the present writer has learned that these -bones were dug up from a depth of 14 feet, in a well sunken in the Leda -clay. Under the surface soil was a band of sandy clay containing shells -of _Saxicava_ and _Mya_. Beneath this was a stiff blue clay showing -stratification and containing shells of _Leda_. - - - QUEBEC. - -7. _Montreal._—In 1863 (Rep. Geol. Surv. Canada, p. 919), W. E. Logan -announced the finding of some bones of a whale at the Mile-End quarries, -Montreal, on a slight ridge, “where are found stratified sand and gravel -holding boulders and shells in the lower part.” In corresponding clays -in a neighboring brickyard was found a pelvis of a seal, _Phoca -grœndlandica_. In 1895 (Canad. Rec. Sci., vol. VI, p. 351), Dr. J. W. -Dawson reported the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of another -white whale at Montreal. This was found in brick clay, near Papineau -Road. The locality is said by Dawson to be about 100 feet above the St. -Lawrence; the bones were in the clay at a depth of 22 feet. The clay -itself was probably deposited at a depth of 50 to 80 fathoms. This is -said by Dawson to correspond approximately with a well-marked shore-line -at Montreal, found at a height of about 470 feet above the sea and with -the old sea-beach at Smith’s Falls as related on page 17. In 1916, Mr. -Edward Ardley, assistant curator of Redpath Museum, reported (Canad. -Rec. Sci., vol. IX, pp. 490–493) the discovery of a large part of the -skeleton of a white whale, supposed to belong to _Delphinapterus -leucas_, at Montreal East. The skeleton was buried in Leda clay about 15 -feet above St. Lawrence River. It was 10.5 feet long. The cranium and -lower jaw were secured, besides parts of the trunk and limbs. - -8. _Rivière du Loup, Temiscouata County._—In his work, “Canadian Ice -Age,” 1894, on page 268, Dr. J. W. Dawson reported that bones of _Beluga -catodon_ (_Delphinapterus leucas_) had been found at the place -mentioned. It is not probable that parts sufficient for making a -definite determination were secured, nor did Dawson give any details -regarding the geological conditions connected with the discovery. -Doubtless the remains were found in marine deposits of one of the -terraces. - -9. _Metis, Rimouski County._—In the work just cited (p. 269), Dawson -stated that in the summer of 1891 he secured a large jawbone of a whale -which had been found in digging a cellar in the shelly marl of the lower -terrace at Metis. He did not identify the species, but appears to imply -that it belonged to either the “humpback” (_Megaptera boöps_) or to one -of the finner whales (_Balænoptera_). - - - NEW BRUNSWICK. - -10. _Jaquet River, Restigouche County._—In 1874 (Trans. Nova Scotia -Inst. Sci., vol. III, pp. 400–404), Dr. J. B. Gilpin gave an account of -the discovery of some cetacean bones in a railroad cut at the place -named, but did not identify the bones otherwise than as those of a small -cetacean. In the same year (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. VII, p. 597), -in a short, unsigned communication, this discovery was mentioned and the -whale was identified as _Beluga vermontana_. In volume VIII of the same -journal (1874, p. 219), Dr. D. Honeyman described the deposit and gave a -list of the shells found in it. Dawson (Canad. Ice Age, p. 268) refers -the bones to _Beluga catodon_. The locality is a cut of the -International Railway, on the north side of the Jaquet River, about 0.25 -mile from the sea. Gilpin gives the elevation as 40 feet above the sea; -the writer of the unsigned communication just mentioned gives it as 25 -feet. - -Professor G. H. Perkins (Rep. State Geologist Vermont, 1907–8, pp. -102–112) studied the bones described by Gilpin. They consisted of 18 -vertebræ, some fragments of the skull, one of the ear-bones, a part of -the lower jaw, some fragments of ribs, and some arm-bones. He identified -the animal as belonging to the genus _Monodon_ and probably _M. -monoceros_, the existing narwhal. - -11. _Mace’s Bay, Charlotte County._—In 1879 (Geol. Survey of Canada, -1877–78, EE, p. 23), Mr. G. F. Matthew reported the discovery of a ramus -of the lower jaw of a whale, possibly a species of _Delphinapterus_, at -the mouth of the Popologan (or Pocologan) River. It is now in the -Mechanics’ Institute at St. John. It had fallen from a bank of Leda -clay. It probably belongs to the late Pleistocene. - - - VERMONT. - -12. _Charlotte, Chittenden County._—At this place were discovered -considerable parts of a whale, described in 1850 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. -2, vol. IX, pp. 256–263) by Zadock Thompson, under the name _Beluga -vermontana_. The animal has by many been regarded as identical with the -white whale, _Delphinapterus leucas_, now appearing sometimes as far up -as Montreal. A more extended description of it was given in 1853 (Hist. -Vermont, Append., p. 15, figs. 1–13). This was reproduced in Edward -Hitchcock’s Report on the Geology of Vermont, 1861, page 164, and was -followed by remarks on the specimen by Edward Hitchcock jr. In the -second volume of the work just cited (p. 938) Hager furnished a figure -of the skeleton as mounted. In 1908 (Rep. State Geologist Vermont, -1907–8, pp. 76–112, plates X-XIX), Professor G. H. Perkins gave an -extended description of the remains and reached the conclusion that _D. -vermontanus_ is distinct from _D. leucas_. Since Perkins’s article gives -a full history of the discovery and the literature pertaining to the -specimen, this account will be much abridged. The bones were found in -making a cut for the Rutland and Burlington Railroad, at the town of -Charlotte, about a mile east of the shore of Lake Champlain. The bones -were 8 or 9 feet below the surface and “were very completely bedded in -fine adhesive blue clay.” The locality is 60 feet above the mean level -of the lake and 150 feet above the sea. The deposits were laid down in -the marine waters which took possession of Lake Champlain and the St. -Lawrence Valley when the Wisconsin glacial ice had withdrawn north of -St. Lawrence River. The geological age of the animal is therefore late -Pleistocene. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - -13. _Below New Bern._—In 1842 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, p. 143), -Richard Harlan reported regarding the species of fossil vertebrates -found 16 miles below New Bern. His list, which was long and consisted -mainly of vernacular names, included “cetaceans.” - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - -14. _Charleston._—In 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Foss. South Carolina, -p. 117, plate XXIV, fig. 9), Leidy described a cetacean tooth which he -called _Physeter antiquus_. Later the specific name was changed to -_vetus_. At the same time he figured a tooth (fig. 8) found in the -Ashley River deposits. He further stated that teeth apparently of the -same species had been taken from the Miocene formations of Virginia, but -found no characters by which they could be distinguished from those of -the recent sperm whale. - - - GEORGIA. - -15. _Brunswick._—In 1911 (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436), -Gidley reported from here, among other vertebrates, some teeth which he -regarded as those of _Physeter vetus_; but this may not be correct and -they may not belong to the Pleistocene. - - - FLORIDA. - -16. _Daytona, Volusia County._—In 1916 (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, -p. 105), Doctor Sellards stated that he had obtained from marl-pits -worked at this place for road materials a proboscidean tusk and a rib of -a whale, probably of the genus _Balænoptera_. At the same place had been -found a tooth of _Elephas columbi_. - -17. _De Land, Volusia County._—At this place was obtained the dolphin -skull which Sellards described as _Globicephalus bæreckeii_ (Florida -Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 107, plate XIV). It was found embedded in -sand at a depth of 10 feet. This sand overlies marls which are regarded -as Pliocene or Miocene. Sellards believed that the sands belonged to the -Pleistocene. It is not improbable that the marls pertain to the -Pleistocene of the first glacial time. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE PINNIPEDIA IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - (Map 2.) - - - GRINNELL LAND. - -_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. -488), Fielden published a paper on the Post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell -Land and north Greenland. Fielden and De Rance reported on the same -subject in 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566). In -beds having an elevation of 400 feet, in latitude 82° 30′, there were -obtained meager remains of _Phoca hispida_ and _Ovibos moschatus_. In -latitude 82° 25′ were secured remains of _Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos -moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. The invertebrate fauna was found to be -identical with that existing there to-day. If the beds are of -Pleistocene age, as the elevation appears to indicate, they may be -referred to the Late Wisconsin. - - - NOVA SCOTIA. - -1. _Sable Island._—In the collection of the Philadelphia Academy there -is a walrus skull which was sent to the Academy from Sable Island about -1871. According to Rhoads (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1898, p. 197), Leidy -regarded this skull as that of a recent individual; but Rhoads states -that “the specimen is of precisely the same nature in color, texture, -and specific gravity as the larger fossil specimen which Leidy described -and figured in the Philosophical Transactions and which came from the -beach at Long Branch, New Jersey.” He thinks that it had been derived -from an ancient raised sea-beach. This does not appear to be at all -improbable. - - - NEW BRUNSWICK. - -2. _Fairville, Charlotte County._—In 1879 (Geol. Surv. Canada, Rep. for -1877–8, EE, p. 23), Dr. G. F. Matthew reported the discovery of a -skeleton of _Phoca grœnlandica_ near Fairville, at the mouth of St. John -River, New Brunswick. The fore limbs and several vertebræ were missing. -The skeleton was afterwards destroyed in a fire at St. John. The bones -were found at a depth of about 25 feet, in the lower Leda clay. - - - QUEBEC. - -3. _Bic, Rimouski County._—In Le Naturaliste Canadien (vol. XXXVI, 1908, -p. 51), the editor, V. A. Huard, in commenting on a letter written to -him and announcing the capture of a walrus somewhere on the northern -coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, recalled an article contributed in -1869 by the former editor, a priest named Provancher (Le Naturaliste -Canad., vol. II, p. 19). This writer stated that some workmen employed -in the construction of the International Railway had discovered at Bic, -Rimouski County, Quebec, on the southern shore of the St. Lawrence, a -complete skeleton of a walrus. This skeleton had a length of 13 feet. It -was found at a depth of 14 feet, in a compact clay, and at a height of -more than 100 feet above sea-level. The skeleton was deposited in the -museum of the Rimouski Seminary, but was destroyed in a fire in 1881. - -It is evident that when that animal died and was buried in the clay the -land in that region stood at a level at least 100 feet lower than at -present. - -Through the late Mr. L. M. Lambe, of the Canada Geological Survey, the -writer has received from Mr. W. A. Johnston, who made a special study of -the Pleistocene, information regarding the age of the clays at Bic. He -says that little can be said definitely regarding the age of the clays -in which the walrus skeleton was found. Clays belonging to the Champlain -submergence stand now at an elevation of 311 feet in that vicinity; and -marine shells occur in clays, supposed to belong to the Champlain, at an -altitude of 120 feet. There is a possibility that some of the clays in -that region are earlier than the time of the Wisconsin. Mr. Johnston -cites Guide Book No. 1, part I, pp. 77–78, of the Canada Survey, and -Dawson’s Ice Age, 1893, pp. 186–195. The first article was written by J. -W. Goldthwait. On page 921 of Logan’s Geology of Canada, 1863, it is -stated that bones of whales and of the morse have been found partially -embedded in the Leda clay in several places between Bic and Matanne, -about 60 miles farther down the river. - -4. _Montreal, Quebec._—In 1863, Logan (Geol. Surv. Canada, p. 920) told -of the discovery of a skeleton of _Phoca grœndlandica_ near Montreal. -The exact locality appears to be about 0.75 mile east of what was then -known as the Mile-end quarries. These quarries were about 100 feet above -sea-level, and the spot where the skeleton was found was about 40 feet -lower down. At a nearby brickyard some bones of a young seal were -discovered which belonged probably to the same species. One of the -pelvic bones of a seal was found also at the Mile-end quarries. Dr. J. -W. Dawson (“Canadian Ice Age,” 1844, p. 267) stated that the skeleton -was found in the Leda clay; that it is in the collection of the -Geological Survey, at Ottawa; and that detached bones are in the Peter -Redpath Museum of McGill University at Montreal. The Leda clay, at least -that of the upper portion of the St. Lawrence Valley, is now referred to -the Champlain epoch, a time when the sea had invaded this valley and -even Lake Ontario. - -5. _Tétreauville, Ottawa County._—In 1897 H. M. Ami (Ottawa Naturalist, -vol. XI, p. 24) announced that he and Ruggles Wright had found some -bones which were probably those of a young harbor seal, _Phoca -vitulina_. They were collected in 1888, in a sandy layer about 30 feet -below the surface, on a hillside, at Wright’s brick clay pits, on Aylmer -Road, Tétreauville, Quebec. This place is about 5 miles west of Hull, -and within 10 miles of Ottawa. These bones are in the Victoria Museum at -Ottawa. Besides the left half of the lower jaw with teeth, there are -both ear-bones, one exoccipital, the greater portion of the backbone, -scapula, part of the pelvis, and some of the larger limb-bones. This -species is abundant in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and also ascends the -larger rivers to a great distance. Doubtless great numbers inhabited the -inland sea which, during Champlain times, is believed to have occupied -the valley of the St. Lawrence, Lake Ontario, and the valley of the -Ottawa River nearly as far up as the city of Ottawa. - - - ONTARIO. - -6. _Ottawa._—Remains believed to belong to _Phoca grœnlandica_ have been -found near Ottawa, Ontario. In 1856 (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. -VIII, p. 90, plate III), Doctor Leidy described and figured the hinder -limbs of a young aquatic animal which he regarded as a seal, but did not -more exactly identify. He expressed the opinion that its descendants -were yet sporting in the sea-borders of Canada. This specimen was found -in Gloucester Township, Carleton County, about 9 miles east of Ottawa. -The locality is on Green’s Creek, a tributary of the Ottawa River, the -bank of the creek being about 30 feet high and composed of clay. This is -regarded as being of Champlain age, the close of the Wisconsin stage. -Out of this clay were washed numerous nodules of hardened clay, many of -which contained organic remains, such as marine shells and fishes. Among -the latter are two species, the capelin (_Mallotus villosus_) and the -lump-sucker (_Cyclopterus lumpus_). - -Later, at the same locality, a lower jawbone of a young seal was found, -which was identified as the harp seal; and it was even thought that it -might have belonged with the hinder limbs figured by Leidy. A figure of -this jaw, with some of the teeth, was published by Dawson in his -“Canadian Ice Age.” - - - MAINE. - -7. _Addison Point, Washington County._—From the curator of the Portland -Society of Natural History, Arthur H. Norton, the information is -received that some portions of the skeleton of a walrus, several ribs, -parts of two limbs, and a phalanx of a digit, had been found at Reef -Point, near Addison Point, Maine. These remains are now in the -collection of the society just named. They had been collected in 1881 by -C. H. Boyd, who published an account of them (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., -vol. IV, p. 234). They had washed out of the bank on the eastern side of -Pleasant River, about 3 miles below Addison. They had been buried in a -stiff blue clay, about 2 feet above high-water. Above them there was 6 -feet of the clay, and above this gravel and soil. Mr. Boyd stated that -he had seen a tusk, with a part of the socket, which had been washed out -at the same place. - -8. _Andrews Island, Knox County._—The American Museum Journal for 1912 -(vol. XII, pp. 269–270) contains an article which calls attention to a -walrus skull preserved in the American Museum of Natural History in New -York. It is reported as having been found by Sidney Norton, in December -1912, in 50 fathoms of water, near Andrews Island, off Owl’s Head, -Penobscot Bay. One of the tusks is complete, the other is gone; also the -occiput and zygomatic arches are missing. The bone is said to be quite -well petrified, which shows that the skull is not a recent one. - -9. _Gardiner, Kennebec County._—In 1845 Charles Lyell visited (“Second -Visit to the United States,” vol. I, p. 44) Gardiner, Maine, and -examined a collection of fossil shells and crustacea which had been made -by Mrs. Frederic Allen from the glacial deposits of that vicinity. He -recognized the tooth of a walrus, which he stated was similar to the one -procured by him on Martha’s Vineyard. This tooth is said by Packard -(Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, 1867, p. 246) to have been a tusk; -and he was informed that it had been taken by Lyell to London and had -been identified by Professor Richard Owen. Inasmuch as Owen regarded the -specimen found on Martha’s Vineyard as a species distinct from the one -now living on the Atlantic coast, it is to be supposed that the Gardiner -specimen also was thought to be different from the latter. Packard, in -another communication (Amer. Naturalist, vol. I, 1868, p. 268), states -that the tooth of the walrus and some teeth of a supposed bison were -discovered in the clay-beds at Gardiner by Lyell, or at least during his -visit, but it is evident that they had been collected before his -arrival. - -In his discussion of the supposed bison teeth found in clay at Gardiner, -Dr. J. A. Allen (The American Bisons, 1876, pp. 89, 91) gives us some -information about the fate of Mrs. Frederic Allen’s collection. At her -death it passed into the possession of her daughter, by whom the greater -part of it was presented to Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine. Professor -Manton Copeland, of this college, informs the writer that the walrus -tusk is in their collection and bears the number FM20. It is badly -shattered. The length is about 75 mm. - -The important matter concerning the remains of the walrus found at -Gardiner is to determine when the animal lived there. It is to be -assumed that the tusk had been buried in the Pleistocene clay at that -locality. This appears to belong to the closing period of the Wisconsin -stage, but there has been some dispute about its age. - -Packard (Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, pp. 245–246) gives a list -of the species which had been found in the clay at Gardiner. These are -nearly all invertebrates and indicate a climate somewhat colder than -that now existing there. Whether the time when the walrus lived at -Gardiner was before or after the culmination of the Wisconsin ice -period, it was so long ago that those deposits of clay, made in -sea-water of considerable depth, have since been lifted above sea-level -to a height of perhaps 200 feet. - -10. _Portland, Cumberland County._—In the American Naturalist, volume -XII, 1878, page 633, it is recorded that the larger part of the skeleton -of a walrus, including the skull, with tusks over 5 inches long, had -lately been found in the Quaternary clays at Portland. It had been -discovered by workmen excavating for the foundation of the transfer -station of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The remains were partially -embedded in a layer of blue clay a foot thick, itself overlain by 2 feet -2 inches of a lighter clay. The latter contained casts and shells of 11 -species of mollusks. J. A. Allen, in his work already quoted, states -that the skeleton was found at a depth of 7 feet. It was placed in the -museum of the Portland Society of Natural History, and is still there, -as reported by the curator, Arthur H. Norton. - -Mr. Norton has sent the writer an extract from the report of the -committee which investigated this discovery. The bed of blue clay in -which the greater part of the skeleton was buried contained the -following species of mollusks: _Mya arenaria_, _Macoma sabulosa -(calcarea)_, _Mytilus edulis_, _Cardium (Serripes) grœndlandicum_, -_Saxicava distorta_, _Nucula antiqua_, _Leda tenuisulcata_, _L. truncata -(Yoldia glacialis)_, _Natica clausa_, _N. pusilla_, and _Astarte -striata_. The lighter-colored clay above the blue clay was more sandy -and adhered strongly to the bones. This clay contained _Mya arenaria_, -_Mytilus edulis_, _Serripes grœndlandicus_, _Astarte striata_, _Macoma -calcarea_, _Nucula antiqua_, _Natica_, and _Balanus_. - -Above the lighter-colored clay just mentioned was a foot of a clay which -contained wood and roots, the unused portion of the brick clay that once -existed there, but which had been removed for the manufacture of bricks. - -Inasmuch as the clay overlying the bed in which the remains were found -contains marine shells, it is certain that since their deposition the -land has been considerably elevated. - -George N. Stone (Monogr. XXXIV, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 286–291) has -discussed the age of the glacial deposits at Portland. Professor M. L. -Fuller has written to the author that on the Maine coast the chief clay -is known as the Leda and is found at Portland and Gardiner, and that it -probably antedates the Wisconsin. This is not to be correlated with the -Leda clay of the St. Lawrence Valley. It corresponds rather to Clapp’s -“high-level clays” (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XVIII, p. 505, seq.). - - - NEW HAMPSHIRE. - -11. _Jeffries Reef, off Portsmouth._—The specimen from this place -consists of the greater part of the left side of the skull of a large -individual. The occipital and the exoccipitals are missing. The bone and -especially the tusk have suffered some decay. The fragment is labeled as -having been dredged from a depth of 50 to 75 fathoms on Eastern Jeffries -Reef. The bottom was hard. Jeffries Reef lies 5 or more miles off the -southernmost part of the Maine coast and extends from the Isle of Shoals -to Boon Island. The skull belonged to an old individual. The length from -the rear of the mastoid process to the front of the premaxilla is 360 -mm. The exserted part of the tusk measures 225 mm. in length. At its -base the diameters are 65 mm. and 42 mm. There are 4 large grinding -teeth. There is no reason for supposing that the species represented is -not _O. rosmarus_. - - - MASSACHUSETTS. - -12. _Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard._—In his “Travels in North America,” -volume I, 1845, page 257, plate V, figure 1, Lyell announced the finding -of a part of a skull of a walrus at Gay Head. This he had purchased from -a fisherman who lived there and who said it had fallen out of a -conglomerate found at that place and which contains bones of cetaceans. -The skull retained but a small portion of its animal matter. Richard -Owen, to whom the skull was shown, regarded it as belonging to a species -distinct from _O. rosmarus_. The upper jaw contained the base of one -tusk, the socket for the other, and 3 molar teeth on each side. The -reduced number of molars furnishes no distinctive character, for -existing individuals sometimes present this number. The base of the tusk -has its transverse diameter greater than usual relatively to the -fore-and-aft diameter. According to Lyell’s illustration of the -specimen, the greater diameter was 70 mm., the shorter 53 mm. The writer -has seen no tusk of _O. rosmarus_ as thick as this; but the thickness is -variable and may possibly attain to two-thirds of the greater diameter. - -Inasmuch as the Tertiary deposits at Gay Head, rising above the sea to a -height of about 150 feet, are capped by a sheet of glacial drift and -clays, it is probable that the skull in question had fallen from some of -these drift deposits. According to Professor J. B. Woodworth (17th Ann. -Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. I, p. 982), there are at Gay Head deposits -of drift which represent some of the older glacial stages as well as the -last one, the Wisconsin. It is possible, therefore, that this walrus -lived there as far back as the middle of the glacial epoch or even -earlier. For additional information on the geology of that island -consult Woodworth’s paper, in which the literature is cited; also the -important paper by N. S. Shaler (7th Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1888, -pp. 303–363.) - -The hooded seal, _Cystophora cristata_, has probably been found fossil -at Gay Head. The only reason for this supposition is found in a -statement made by Charles Lyell (Proc. Geol. Soc. London, vol. IV, p. -32; Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVI, 1844, p. 319). He says that with other -remains on Martha’s Vineyard he found a tooth having the crown -fractured. Lyell submitted the tooth to Richard Owen, who pronounced it -to be that of a seal which seemed to be nearly allied to the modern -_Cystophora proboscidea_ (_C. cristata_). It seems quite probable that -this species lived there at the time when the walrus haunted the region. -It is of course possible that the remains reported belonged to an animal -that lived in that region as far back as the Miocene. The tooth was not -described or figured. - - - NEW JERSEY. - -13. _Long Branch._—Portions of several walrus skulls have been found on -the beach at Long Branch. Two of these were described and figured by -Leidy in 1867 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 83, plate IV, -figs. 1, 2, plate V, fig. 1). One skull, lacking the lower jaw, some of -the right hinder part of the cranium, and the exserted portion of one -tusk, was discovered in 1853. The other specimen, discovered about 1856, -furnished the front of the skull as far back as the middle of the -palate. Both belonged to old individuals. Leidy concluded that the -animals which had possessed these skulls belonged to the existing -species _Odobenus rosmarus_. He surmised that they had been floated to -the New Jersey coast on fields of ice or perhaps had lived there during -the Glacial period. The skull which was found in 1853 is now in the -collection of the Philadelphia Academy; the other is in the collection -of the New Jersey Geological Survey. Recently, Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads has -studied these skulls. He had also for examination the skull from Sable -Island, which has been mentioned. He concluded that these skulls -belonged to a species distinct from _O. rosmarus_ and which might bear -DeKay’s name, _O. virginianus_. - -It does not appear to the present writer that Rhoads has successfully -maintained his proposition. He did not have at hand a sufficient number -of skulls of the existing Atlantic walrus to present all the variations -that occur in that species. Of course, the number of fossil specimens -was very limited. In discussing Rhoads’s conclusion, it will be of -advantage to consider a part of a skull which belongs to the Marsh -collection in Yale University. This specimen consists of the anterior -half of the skull, without the tusks and without the other teeth. It was -found at Kitty Hawk, at the mouth of Albemarle Sound, just north of -latitude 36°. It is thoroughly fossilized; and, having been found so far -south, it may be safely regarded as having belonged to the species which -inhabited the New Jersey coast during the Pleistocene. - -For purposes of comparison, such measurements are here given as can be -obtained from the skull; likewise the corresponding measurements of a -specimen from Sable Island, No. 199528 of the U. S. National Museum, and -of another, No. 22014 of the National Museum, brought from Ungava Bay. -Unfortunately, the basilar length of the fossil can not be determined, -nor the width of the mastoids. - - _Measurements of skulls of walruses, in millimeters._ - - ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐ - │ │ Kitty │ Sable │Ungava │ - │ │ Hawk. │Island.│ Bay. │ - ├─────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ - │From front of premaxillæ to rear of vomer │ 183│ 167│ 205│ - │From front of tusk to optic foramen │ 188│ 177│ 195│ - │From oral border of premaxilla to upper │ │ │ │ - │ border of nasal opening │ 110│ 96│ 100│ - │Greatest width across maxillæ │ 160│ 136│ 177│ - │Least width at front of orbits │ 105│ 106│ 146│ - │Least width at temporal fossæ │ 75│ 62│ 70│ - │Width between the sockets for tusks │ 75│ 75│ 85│ - │Length of row of teeth │ 82│ 60│ 83│ - │Space between incisors │ 40│ 36│ 32│ - │Space between last molars │ 62│ 60│ 53│ - │Long diameter of tusk at base │ 34│ 26│ 38│ - └─────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘ - -The nasal bones of the fossil are so thoroughly consolidated with each -other and with the adjoining bones that their dimensions can not be -determined. There is no reason, however, for supposing that the length -was greater than 70 mm. - -The grinding teeth of the fossil do not show the larger size that we -might expect from Rhoads’s determinations and from comparison with -Leidy’s illustrations. The second socket was almost exactly the diameter -of the same socket in the Sable Island specimen measured. The third -socket is larger than that of the skull from Sable Island. The sockets -for the first molars are very small and shallow; the socket for the left -incisor is still smaller, while that for the right incisor is wholly -effaced. The diameter of the socket for the second molar is much shorter -than that of the corresponding socket in the Ungava Bay specimen. In the -latter, the left incisor is present and large, but the other is missing -and the socket is nearly filled up. It is evident that the teeth are -extremely variable in both size and the number present. - -Rhoads has found that the incisive foramina of the fossil skulls in his -hands are placed high above the alveolar borders. In the North Carolina -specimen this height is 32 mm.; in the Sable Island specimen in the U. -S. National Museum, 30 mm.; in the Ungava Bay specimen, about 22 mm. Nor -does the distance between the sockets for the incisors in the fossil -from North Carolina agree with that dimension in the two specimens from -Long Branch. - -Despite the differences shown in the measurements in the table given -above, the writer must conclude that there are not as yet sufficient -reasons for regarding the Pleistocene walrus of the Atlantic coast as -specifically different from the existing form. - -Dr. Albert Reid Ledoux, mining engineer, of New York City, when a young -man bathing at low tide at Long Branch, found a skull of a walrus. This -was given to Professor John S. Newberry and is now probably at either -Columbia University or the American Museum of Natural History. At the -same time and at the same spot was a heel-bone of _Megatherium_, now in -the American Museum (p. 31). It is very improbable that these two -animals lived there at the same time. - -According to recent publications of the Geological Survey of New Jersey -(Salisbury, Report for 1897, p. 19, pl. I; Lewis and Kümmel, Bull. No. -14, p. 120, with Geologic Map of New Jersey, 1910–1912), Long Branch is -situated on the Cape May formation. This is regarded by the geologists -just quoted as corresponding in age, in great part at least, to the -Wisconsin stage. When this deposit was laid down, the New Jersey coast -was depressed from 35 to 50 feet below its present level. It seems very -probable that at that time the walrus was living there and that the -skulls found have been washed out of this deposit by the waves during -storms. Nevertheless, the finding of _Megatherium_ at Long Branch shows -that there are deposits present which belong probably to early -Pleistocene. - -Dr. H. B. Kümmel, State Geologist of New Jersey, has informed the writer -that a strip 0.25 to 0.75 mile back from the ocean in the region about -Long Branch probably belongs to the Recent time. He states that one -would be safe in concluding that the skulls of the walrus were found in -deposits not older than the Cape May and that they may have occurred in -more recent beds. Against the view that the walruses found along this -coast lived there during the Recent period is their well-fossilized -condition. - -14. _Ocean Grove, Monmouth County._—In 1910, after a storm, a part of a -skull of a walrus was found on the beach at Ocean Grove, New Jersey. -This is still in the possession of the finder, Mr. W. S. Hidden, who -furnished the writer with photographs of the specimen. It consists of -the front of the skull extending back to the bases of the zygomatic -arches, and containing portions of both tusks and most of the teeth. -There is no likelihood that this specimen belonged to any other species -than _Odobenus rosmarus_, and it was probably washed out of the same -deposits as those which furnished the specimen found at Long Branch. - - - VIRGINIA. - -15. _Accomac County._—In the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of -New York, volume II, 1828, page 271, Messrs. Mitchill, Smith, and Cooper -made a report on a fossil walrus skull found along the Virginia coast -somewhere in Accomac County. Only the anterior half of the skull was -secured. According to this report, portions of the tusks were preserved, -but were much mutilated. There were present also 4 of the grinding -teeth. The skull was described as being remarkably hard and heavy and -the tusks were almost agatized. The sutures of the skull had mostly -closed up; hence the animal was evidently an old one. The specimen bore -the marks of having been in salt water, and was said to have been found -on the beach. - -This is the specimen which DeKay, in 1842 (Zool. of N. Y., pt. I, p. 56, -plate XIX, fig. 1), made the type of his _Trichechus virginianus_. -Newberry, in 1873 (Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist. New York, p. 71), identified -the specimen as belonging to the existing Atlantic species. Cope (Proc. -Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, 1874, p. 17) does not mention the presence -of tusks. He supposed that there was, at that part of the coast, glacial -drift, out of which the skull had been washed. There are, however, no -such deposits in that region. This specimen was placed in the collection -of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, but according to Rhoads, -was afterward destroyed in a fire. - -On examination of G. B. Shattuck’s work on the Pleistocene of Maryland -(Maryland Geol. Surv., Pliocene and Pleistocene volume, p. 95, plate I), -it seems that the coast of Virginia in Accomac County is occupied by the -Talbot formation. This, according to his theory, corresponds, at least -the part nearest the coast, with the Cape May formation of New Jersey. -Hence we might conclude that the walrus skull in question had become -buried, probably during the Wisconsin glacial stage. The present writer -regards the principal part of the Talbot terrace as being much older. - -Messrs. W. B. Clark and B. L. Miller (Virginia Geol. Surv. Bull., No. -IV, p. 187) recognize the presence of the Talbot formation in Accomac -County, where it seems to reach a thickness of 100 feet; but the authors -add that part of this may belong to earlier Pleistocene formations. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - -16. _Kitty Hawk, Currituck County._—In the Marsh collection of fossils -belonging to Yale University is a part of a skull found somewhere near -Kitty Hawk. No particulars regarding the exact place of discovery -accompany the specimen. It has already been described on page 27; and, -while there are some differences between it and the recent skulls used -for comparison, it is not believed that a distinct species is indicated. - -According to L. W. Stephenson’s map of the Coastal Plain of North -Carolina (North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, plate XIII), -the coast at Kitty Hawk and for about 50 miles back of this is occupied -by the Pamlico formation. This corresponds to the upper part of the -Talbot of Maryland, and it, or part of it, may have been deposited at -the close of the Pleistocene. So far as the present writer knows, there -is nothing to show the character of the climate then prevailing. As this -Pamlico nowhere rises more than 25 feet above sea-level, and as the -thickness is usually only from 15 to 20 feet, it is possible that the -walrus skull found at Kitty Hawk had been unearthed by the waves from -the Chowan formation or some still earlier deposit. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - -17. _Charleston._—In 1876 Leidy announced (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1876, p. -80) that a complete tusk of a walrus had been found in the Ashley River, -near Charleston. This tusk Leidy described and figured in 1877 (Jour. -Phila. Acad., vol. VIII, fig. 6). It had evidently been dredged from the -river in collecting phosphate rock, as have been most of the fossils of -that region. The tusk was 13 inches long. Near the base it measured 3.62 -inches and transversely 1.75 inches. Leidy especially noticed the -shortness of the tusk as compared with the diameter, but concluded that -the tusk might, during the life of the individual, have been broken off -and worn obliquely at the end. - -In the collection of the Charleston Museum are some fragments of tusks -of a species of walrus, probably _O. rosmarus_. One of these, No. 1028, -furnishes 184 mm. of the distal end. The width at the fracture is 60 -mm., the thickness 29 mm. The distal end is worn off somewhat obliquely, -but not so much as in the tusk figured by Leidy; also, the tusk appears -to have been less curved than the one which he described. The original -length can not be determined. - -Another fragment, No. 1029, was given to the Charleston Museum by Major -E. Willis and was no doubt found in the region about Charleston. This -gentleman has sent a fossil horse-tooth and a part of a sirenian to the -U. S. National Museum from Wando River. The fragment is short, but -belonged to a large tusk, its long diameter being 81 mm., the shorter -one 51 mm. It was therefore a larger tusk and one whose thickness was -relatively greater than that of the imperfect specimen found at Long -Branch and figured by Leidy. - -Mr. Earle Sloan’s collection at the Charleston Museum has two other -fragments of tusks. One, No. 13497, is 113 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, and 25 -mm. thick; the other, No. 13296, is 140 mm. long, 60 mm. wide, and 31 -mm. thick. - -Considering that all of the remains of the walrus found about Charleston -have been picked out of great quantities of phosphate rock collected for -commercial purposes, and that no records of the exact locality where -obtained have been kept, it is impossible to determine their exact -geological age. It is to be supposed that this animal inhabited the -region about Charleston at the time it frequented the coasts of North -Carolina and New Jersey. This appears to have been during the Wisconsin -stage; but it is possible that the walrus extended its range far -southward during more than one of the glacial stages. All of the -specimens appear to be thoroughly fossilized. - - - - - FINDS OF XENARTHRA IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Long Branch, Monmouth County._—In the American Museum of Natural -History, New York, there is a large heel-bone which was found at the -place named and identified as having belonged to a species of -_Megatherium_, most probably to _M. mirabile_. It was presented by Dr. -A. R. Ledoux, of New York, who wrote that he found it about 40 years ago -while bathing at Long Branch. With this bone were found a skull of a -walrus and a tooth of a mastodon. The heel-bone is somewhat more than 15 -inches long. It was incrusted with barnacles and small oyster shells. - -While one can not at present be certain that this animal did not live up -to a late stage of the Pleistocene, it is improbable that it did so. It -is also quite improbable that the megatherium and walrus lived at Long -Branch at the same time. It is more likely that the megatherium had its -existence there at the time when horses lived in the same region and -when the Port Kennedy fauna existed; that is, at some time during the -early Pleistocene about the Aftonian stage. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—From the noted bone cave at Port -Kennedy a number of species of _Megalonyx_ have been described. The -presence of this genus was first announced by Wheatley (Amer. Jour. -Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, p. 384). Cope, in 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., -Phila., vol. XI, pp. 211–219), admitted the occurrence of 4 species, -_Megalonyx wheatleyi_, _M. loxodon_, _M. tortulus_, and _M. scalper_. It -must be left to future investigations to determine the status of these -species. _M. jeffersonii_ was not recognized by Cope in the materials -found in the cave. Of _M. loxodon_, only a single upper canine molar was -found. Of _M. wheatleyi_, numerous specimens were secured, including -considerable parts of crushed and decayed skulls. _M. tortulus_ was -represented by a considerable number of teeth; _M. scalper_ by only a -single “canine-molar.” On page 312 will be found a list of the species -of vertebrates associated with these sloths. Of _Mylodon_, Wheatley (op. -cit., p. 384) had a single ungual phalanx which Cope (op. cit., p. 210) -thought belonged probably to _M. harlani_. - -2. _Frankstown, Blair County._—Remains of an undetermined species of -_Megalonyx_ have been reported from a bone cave at this place by Dr. W. -J. Holland (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, 1908, p. 231). The associated -species are listed on pages 321–322. - - - OHIO. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _North Fairfield, Huron County._—In the Norwalk, Huron County, Museum -there are various bones of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ which were obtained -about 7 miles from North Fairfield. The writer learned of the discovery -of this skeleton from Mr. Roe Niver, a student of the University of -Illinois. Unfortunately Mr. Niver died before the writer could obtain -all the desired information. A part of the skeleton was in his -possession and is probably in the possession of his family, but the -writer has been unable to secure any information from them. The bones -were found at a depth of a few feet in a hackberry swamp and were -considerably scattered. In the search for these the bones which form the -type of _Bison sylvestris_ Hay were found. The locality is within the -area of the Wisconsin drift-sheet and evidently the animal lived there -after the ice had retired from the region. - -2. _Millersburg, Holmes County._—In the University of Ohio there is a -mounted specimen of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ containing a considerable -part of the skeleton; the missing portions are replaced artificially. -The remains were found in the eastern part of Holmes County just north -of the terminal moraine of the Wisconsin drift-sheet. This moraine had -led to the formation of a marsh, and in this the animal ended his life. -The place was said by Orton to be 6 miles east and a mile north of -Millersburg. The skeleton lay on shell marl beneath 6 feet of peat. The -remains have been described by Claypole (Amer. Geologist, vol. VII, -1891, pp. 122–132, 149–153) and by Hay (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, -1913, p. 558; Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. XXIII, 1914, p. 110). - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 3.) - -The only member of the order of Xenarthra that has yet been found in -this State is _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, and this in only one place, viz, -Evansville. - -1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—In 1854 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., vol. VII, pp. 199–200), Leidy described a collection of -vertebrate fossils secured by Mr. Francis A. Lincke from the banks of -the Ohio River, near the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below -Evansville. At that time and locality bones were usually found sticking -out of the bank when the water in the river was low. The bones sent to -Leidy were thoroughly impregnated with oxide of iron, which served as a -cement to adhering pebbles, sand, and fragments of Unios and shells of -other fresh-water mollusks. The remains of the megalonyx consisted of -parts of two tibiæ of young individuals, an atlas, a fragment of a -heel-bone, a metacarpal and a metatarsal bone, and a claw phalanx. With -these were discovered a fragment of a cervical vertebra of a species of -bison, various bones of the Virginia deer, a vertebra of a horse, -probably _Equus complicatus_, a tooth of the tapir _Tapirus haysii_, and -a part of the upper jaw of the wolf now known as _Ænocyon dirus_, but at -that time called by Leidy _Canis primævus_. - -The principal interest in these remains is to determine at what time -during the Pleistocene the megalonyx lived. Some indications may be -obtained from a study of its companions. From a part of a cervical -vertebra Leidy could not name the bison, but it belonged probably to one -of the extinct species. The deer is yet living, but appears to have -existed through most of the Pleistocene. The species of horse -represented is extinct, and there is no evidence that it lived after the -Wisconsin glacial stage. Its latest representatives probably lived -during the Sangamon stage. No tapir is known to have lived after the -Wisconsin stage. The wolf, _Ænocyon dirus_, is believed to be -represented in the numerous individuals found in the asphalt beds of Los -Angeles, California, probably equivalent in age to the Aftonian. - -Mr. Arthur C. Veatch (Jour. Geology, vol. VI, pp. 257–272) has given an -account of changes which have occurred along the Ohio River in Spencer -County, Indiana, about 25 miles above Evansville, since late Pliocene -times. According to his investigations, the valley of the river was -deeply excavated into the Carboniferous rocks during the Ozarkian -uplift. Since that time, during the Pleistocene epoch, that great valley -has been, to a large extent, filled up by alluvial deposits. While the -greater part of these deposits were laid down during glacial stages, it -is not improbable that some were made during the Aftonian stage and that -a part of these yet exist along the borders of the river. It is still -more probable that Sangamon beds yet exist there and that the bones -Leidy described were found here. - -Many bones of the megalonyx were described by Leidy (Smithson. Contrib. -Knowl., vol. VII, article V) from a locality 5 or 6 miles below -Henderson, Kentucky, not much more than 10 miles in a straight line from -the mouth of Pigeon Creek. The bone-bed was said by Dr. D. D. Owen (op. -cit., p. 7) to be about 5 feet above ordinary low-water. In the same bed -Owen found abundant remains of the deer. He seemed to regard this -bone-bed as a continuation of that existing at Pigeon Creek. - -_Megalonyx_ has been found at Bigbone Lick, between Cincinnati and -Louisville, associated with _Equus complicatus_, two species of extinct -bisons, and the Virginia deer, in deposits overlying Illinoian drift and -hence belonging, in part at least, to the Sangamon. These deposits are, -however, at a higher level, being now submerged only at times of very -high-water in the Ohio River. If these and the Pigeon Creek beds are of -the same age, we may suppose that the animals entombed at the latter -place were buried low down in the deep valley along the river banks, -while those at Bigbone became covered up around salt springs at a higher -level. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Urbana, Champaign County._—In the fall of 1909 a claw phalange of -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_ was found near Urbana by Mr. Lindley, of Urbana. -An excavation was being made at the eastern end of Crystal Lake, and the -tooth, as reported to the writer by Professor C. C. Adams, was -discovered in a blue clay. The writer has seen the tooth. The extreme -length in a straight line had been close to 145 mm. The greatest -thickness was 42 mm. This has been figured by the writer (Iowa. Geol. -Surv., vol XXIII, plate III, figs. 5, 6, text-figs. 28–29). - -Inasmuch as all this region is covered by Wisconsin drift and this tooth -was found in a deposit lying on the top of this drift, there can be no -reason for denying that this species lived after, probably long after, -the withdrawal of the Wisconsin ice. Two occurrences of the same species -in Ohio confirm the conclusion. - -2. _Alton, Madison County._—The U. S. National Museum contains a -fragment of a molar of apparently _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, from a -collection made long ago by William McAdams, at Alton, Illinois. It has -on it McAdams’s number 21. This collection, which was long in the hands -of Professor O. C. Marsh, as vertebrate palæontologist of the U. S. -Geological Survey, is said to have been made in the loess at Alton. Most -of the teeth, with occasional bones, are inclosed in nodules of -extremely fine sand and carbonate of calcium so hard that the teeth can -not be removed without injury. They have been, however, partly exposed -by weathering. The nodules which contained the fossils were found -between the loess and the underlying Illinoian drift. - -The fragment of a megalonyx tooth has the diameters respectively 16 mm. -and 24 mm. It is thinner fore-and-aft than other specimens, but this may -be an individual variation. - -It is believed that this loess belongs to the Sangamon interglacial -stage. The geology of the locality and the species found there are -discussed on page 339. Also, the fossils were described by the writer in -1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 109–117). The presence of -this sloth-like beast appears to indicate that the climate was at that -time mild. - -3. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—In 1870 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1870, p. 13), Dr. Leidy brought to the notice of the Academy the fossil -remains of two species of much interest. These had been presented to the -Academy by Henry Green, of Elizabeth, Jo Daviess County, and were -reported as having been found in a narrow crevice of the lead-bearing -rocks in the vicinity of Galena, at a depth of 130 feet. One fossil was -a metacarpal bone of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, the other was identified -as a last lower molar of _Bison antiquus_. Leidy mentioned three other -species, _Platygonus compressus_, _Procyon priscus_, and _Anomodon -snyderi_ as having been found about Galena in similar situations. The -geological age of the Vertebrata found in the lead crevices about Galena -has not been well determined, but the present writer has regarded them -as being probably of late Wisconsin time. The _Bison_ tooth may have -been that of the yet existing species. However, the possibility is that -these fossils are pre-Wisconsin. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson, in 1917 (Ann. Carnegie -Mus., vol. XI, p. 472, figs. 4, 5), reported the discovery of the -symphyseal portion of the lower jaw of _Megalonyx_ at Saltville. It was -referred with some doubt to _M. dissimilis_ Leidy. Further mention of -the specimen will be made on page 352. - -2. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—On a page devoted to the consideration of a -considerable number of species found by Cope near Ivanhoe, in Wythe -County, mention will be made of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_. Only fragments -of teeth were secured by Cope. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Green Brier County._—In a cave situated somewhere in this county -were found the bones described in 1799 by President Thomas Jefferson -(Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. IV, pp. 246–260) under the name -_Megalonyx_. Colonel John Stewart became interested and saved some of -the bones from being carried away by curious inhabitants of the region. - -The bones, a distal end of a femur, a complete radius, a complete ulna, -three claws, and some other foot-bones were secured and presented to the -American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, from which they passed -into the possession of the Academy of Natural Sciences, where they are -still preserved. Some of these were described by Dr. Caspar Wistar -(Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. IV, 1899, p. 526, plates I, II). - -Inasmuch as this species may have existed during a large part of the -Pleistocene and certainly after the passing of the Wisconsin epoch, and -inasmuch as no other species were found associated with the megalonyx -bones, it is impossible to say to what part of the Pleistocene that -particular animal is to be assigned. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In the Charleston Museum the writer has -seen a left lower canine tooth of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_. The -fore-and-aft diameter is 34 mm., the transverse 18 mm. It is recorded as -found in dredging in Coosaw River. Tuomey (Rep. Geol. South Carolina, -1848, p. 203) found fragments of bones, probably belonging to -_Megatherium_, on Eddings Island, about 10 miles south of Beaufort. - -2. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1855, Doctor Leidy (Smithson. -Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, p. 55) stated that Professor F. S. Holmes, of -Charleston, had loaned him fragments of two very small teeth of -_Megatherium_ found on the shores of Ashley River. These were figured by -Leidy in 1860 (Holmes, Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, p. 111, plate XX, -figs. 8, 8_a_). In a collection belonging to Rev. Robert Wilson, in -Charleston, the writer has seen a tooth of _Megatherium_ found by the -Charleston Mining Company in Ashley River. G. E. Manigault (Proc. -Elliott Soc. Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 91) reported the finding of a claw -phalanx of _Megalonyx_ at Cainhoy, 12 miles from Charleston, on Wando -River. - -In the Charleston Museum is a part of the right side of the upper jaw of -_Megatherium_, with the second and third teeth and parts of the sockets -of the first and fourth. It is recorded as having been found in the -Bolton phosphate mine on or in Stono River. There is in the same museum -a fragment of the left side of the lower jaw of the same animal. This -jaw contains the second and third molars and parts of the socket of the -first and fourth. It is recorded as having been found in the Kiawah -phosphate mine, Cooper River. - -The Charleston Museum contains considerable parts of the skeleton of a -megatherium of which no record has been preserved. In Holmes’s -“Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina,” page 111, plate XX, figures -7 to 7_b_, Leidy mentioned briefly and figured two small fragments of -lower teeth of _Mylodon harlani_, which had been obtained from the -Pleistocene beds of Ashley River. The tooth figured was originally -described as _Eubradys antiquus_. Figures of it are found also in the -seventh volume of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, plate XVI, -figures 21_a_ to 21_c_. - -The Pleistocene geology of South Carolina is discussed on pp. 361 to -368. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In 1842 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -vol. I, p. 189), Richard Harlan gave to the Academy of Natural Sciences -a number of bones which had been collected in the Brunswick Canal by Mr. -J. H. Couper and sent to the Academy. Among these was a number of bones -of _Megatherium_. A part of a lower jaw contained 4 teeth. A list of the -bones is presented by Couper on page 44 of William B. Hodgson’s memoir -on _Megatherium_ published in 1846. There were, besides the part of a -mandible, parts of 2 maxillæ without teeth, parts of 6 or 7 femora, a -part of an ilium, several dorsal vertebræ, and several teeth. Lyell -(Second Visit, ed. 2, 1850, vol. I, p. 347) stated that a part of a -skeleton of a _Megatherium_, dug out in cutting the canal, was so near -the surface that it was penetrated by the roots of a pine tree. Most of -this material was sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences at -Philadelphia (Leidy, Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. -54). - -The accompanying fossils will be named on page 370. - -2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—The earliest -announcement of the discovery of _Megatherium_ in North America was made -by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill in 1824 (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. I, -pp. 58–61, plate VI). The announcement was based on a number of teeth -which had been sent to him from Skidaway Island. In the same volume, on -pages 114 to 124, plate VIII, William Cooper described teeth and bones -which had been sent to him from the same locality by Joseph E. -Habersham. Cooper had some reason to conclude that all the bones and -teeth found up to that time had come from the same individual. In 1828 -(Annals cited, vol. II, pp. 267–270) Cooper described additional -materials which he had received from Skidaway Island. - -In 1846 (Hodgson’s Mem. Megath., p. 25), Habersham gave a list of the -fossil bones and teeth found at the island mentioned. Lyell (op. cit., -p. 313) gave a brief account of a visit to Skidaway Island and stated -that _Megatherium_, _Mylodon_, _Mastodon_, _Elephas primigenius_, and a -species of the ox tribe had been found there. In 1855 (Smithson. -Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 50) Leidy enumerated the specimens -of _Megatherium_ which had been found at Skidaway Island, and he gave an -excellent figure (plate xv) of a ramus of the lower jaw containing all -its teeth, which had been sent to the National Institute at Washington. -These bones ought to be now in the National Museum, but the writer has -not been able to find them. They may never have been transferred and may -be lost. On the other hand, Leidy did not mention other specimens from -Skidaway Island, given by Scriven, and now in the National Museum. One -of these is the hinder part of a skull figured in Hodgson’s memoir. -Also, the same plate contains what is almost certainly the astragalus; -its greatest diameter is 9 inches. Furthermore, there is present the -distal end of a right humerus presented by Doctor Scriven. It is -probably one of the two mentioned on page 27 of Hodgson’s memoir. As in -the one there measured, the distance across the condyles is 14 inches -and that across the articular surfaces is 7.75 inches. The Scriven -collection also contains several teeth and fragments of others. A piece -of the maxilla bears the small hindermost upper molar, no doubt the -fragment mentioned by Habersham in his memorandum, page 26. Many of the -bones sent from the island show by the presence of barnacles and bryozoa -that at one time they lay in salt water; but this was probably not long -before they were discovered. - -Lyell stated that among other animals which had been found at Skidaway -Island was _Mylodon_. _Mylodon_ was reported by Lyell (“Travels in North -America,” vol. I, p. 164) as having been found at Heyner’s Bridge. This -is or was situated about 7 miles south of Savannah and about 5 miles -northwest from the locality on Skidaway Island where the _Megatherium_ -and _Mylodon_ remains were found. The map accompanying Hodgson’s memoir -is here reproduced as map 40. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Maps 3, 4.) - -1. _Archer, Alachua County._—Leidy mentioned (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1886, pp. 11, 12) the fact that an astragalus of _Megatherium_ -had been found at Archer. Several other species of vertebrates have been -found there, among them _Teleoceras fossiger_, _Gomphotherium -floridanum_, _Hipparion plicatile_, three species of _Procamelus_, and a -species of _Tapirus_. The deposits are assigned to the Pliocene, but it -is doubtful whether the megatherium and the tapir belonged among the -others. The geology of the locality is discussed on page 375. The -megatherium, as an undetermined species, is included in the list of -fossils which is recorded by Leidy in Bulletin 84 of the United States -Geological Survey, page 129. It may be referred provisionally to Leidy’s -_Megatherium mirabile_. - -2. _Almero Farm, St. John County._—In the collection of Mr. Fred Allen, -at St. Augustine, the writer has seen a right tibia of a mylodon found -in the Inland Waterway Canal about 28 miles south of St. Augustine. The -bone is complete, except that a sliver has been split off the upper half -of the outer border. The total length of the bone is 290 mm.; the -greatest width of the upper end 208 mm.; width at middle of length 105 -mm.; width of surface for astragalus 130 mm. This appears to be a -relatively stouter bone than the larger one described by Harlan (Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. XLIV, 1842, p. 77). It is also larger and relatively -stouter than a tibia found at Labelle, Lee County, described on page 40. -It is referred to _Mylodon harlani_. - -11. _Williston, Levy County._—In the U. S. National Museum there are -some foot-bones of a large ground-sloth, which are labeled as having -been collected in 1887 by the U. S. Geological Survey, in the county -named. The collector was probably J. B. Hatcher. The astragalus had -evidently been studied by Leidy. This bone was described by the writer -in 1919 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVI, p. 104, plate XXVII) as -_Thinobadistes segnis_. Later, other parts of the foot were found in the -museum and described (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LIX, p. 638, plate -CXIX, figs. 6–11). - -3. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1888, in a fissure in a limestone quarry, -probably Phillip’s quarry, near Ocala, Mr. Joseph Willcox discovered -some vertebrate remains which were later described by Leidy (Trans. -Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, pp. 13–17, plate III, figs. 1, 5, 6 to 9). -The species as determined by Leidy were _Elephas columbi_, _Equus -fraternus_, _Auchenia minima_, and _Machairodus floridanus_. They were -regarded as belonging to the Quaternary, but in Dall’s paper of 1892 -(Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) they are referred to the age of -the Alachua clays; that is, to the Pliocene. Sellards, in 1916 (8th Ann. -Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 103), regards the fossils as belonging to -the Pleistocene, and he adds representatives of 4 genera to the list. -These are undetermined species of _Bison_, _Odocoileus_, _Dasypus_, and -_Sylvilagus_. The genus _Dasypus_ is the one to which attention is -especially called at this time. A list of the vertebrate animals found -at this place is presented on page 378. - -4. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In Sellards’s report just referred to, he -prints a list of the Pleistocene vertebrates found in Withlacoochee -River. Among these is the xenarthrid animal _Chlamytherium -septentrionale_. What parts were secured and exactly at what place the -writer does not know. - -In the collection of the Florida Geological Survey is a foot-bone, No. -1307, which appears to be the second right metacarpal of _Megalonyx_. It -is smaller than the one figured by Leidy. The extreme length is 60 mm., -the greatest diameter of the proximal end 27 mm., that of the distal end -36 mm. It was found in the mine of the Dunnellon Phosphate Company. For -a list of the associated species the reader is referred to page 376. - -5. _Hillsboro River, Hillsboro County._—In 1915 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XL, p. 139), Sellards stated that the Jarman collection at Vanderbilt -University, at Nashville, contains several dermal plates of -_Chlamytherium septentrionale_, found in Hillsboro River. - -6. _Sarasota Bay, Sarasota County._—In 1915, Sellards (op. cit., p. 143) -reported that the collection of Wagner Free Institute at Philadelphia -contains one dermal plate of _Chlamytherium septentrionale_ found by -Joseph Willcox at White Beach, on Sarasota Bay. - -The American Museum of Natural History, New York, possesses a dermal -plate of a xenarthrid, collected by Barnum Brown 8 miles southeast of -Sarasota. This probably belonged to the animal mentioned above. - -7. _Zolfo, Hardee County._—Dr. W. D. Matthew has informed the writer -that there are in the American Museum of Natural History some bones of a -very large individual of _Megatherium_, reported as having been found -near Zolfo. An astragalus, the proximal part of a humerus, the distal -part of a radius, and the proximal part of a femur were mentioned. These -bones may be referred provisionally to _Megatherium mirabile_ Leidy. - -8. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—At this place there have been found remains -representing 4 genera of xenarthrids, as follows: _Megalonyx_, -_Mylodon_, _Chlamytherium_, and _Dasypus_. - -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_ is represented by a part of a lower jaw, a right -upper canine tooth, a molar tooth, a part of a hyoid bone, an axis, an -astragalus, a median phalanx, and a claw (Sellards, 8th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., p. 148, plate XXV, fig. 2; plate XXX, fig. 6). -These were all found in the stratum denominated No. 2 in the report just -cited. - -_Mylodon harlani?_ is known from a single claw, but from which stratum -it was derived is not known. - -_Chlamytherium_ is represented by a part of the right side of the lower -jaw, a part of the left side, a foot-bone, and numerous dermal plates -(Sellards, op. cit., p. 148, plate XXVIII, figs. 4 to 6; plate XXX, fig. -7). Most of these remains have been taken from stratum No. 2, but some -finely preserved dermal plates have been collected from No. 3. - -_Dasypus_ remains, consisting of dermal scutes, have been found in both -No. 2 and No. 3. - -In the collection of the Florida Geological Survey (No. 1795) is a bone, -apparently the right parietal of an undetermined xenarthrid. It was -found in the canal of the Indian River Farms Company, east of the -railway and near Indian River. The length of the bone at the midline is -70 mm. and here the thickness is 22 mm. There appears to have been no -median crest and only a feebly indicated occipital crest. There is no -rough surface for the temporal muscles, as in _Nothrotherium_, and the -bone is thicker than in that genus. - -For complete lists of the fossil vertebrates found at Vero, see page -382. - -9. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—The _Xenarthra_ are represented in the -Pleistocene deposits about Arcadia by the genera _Megalonyx_, -_Glyptodon_, and _Chlamytherium_. If these were not found at Arcadia -they were collected along Peace Creek, not far from the town. A list of -the species found in the vicinity of Arcadia is given on page 380. - -Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 27) stated that a first -phalanx of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ was among the fossils collected along -Peace Creek. It was probably found on the sand-bar at Arcadia. Among the -fossil vertebrates described by Leidy, the paper just cited included -some dermal plates which he referred to the genus _Glyptodon_. Two of -these plates were figured (op. cit., plate IV, fig. 9; plate VI, fig. 1) -as those of _G. petaliferus_, a species based on half of a dermal scute -described by Cope from southwestern Texas. The dermal scute shown on -Leidy’s plate IV appears to be indistinguishable from similar plates -which have been referred by the present writer to Cope’s _G. -petaliferus_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LI, 1916, p. 107, plates III -to V). The scute represented by Leidy on his plate VI appears to be far -less extensively pitted than any of those of the specimen just referred -to. On Leidy’s plate V are two views of a scute which he thought might -have belonged on the tail of a glyptodon. It will be observed that this -scute has a beak distinctly set off from the body of the scute. Among -the few caudal scutes of the specimen which the writer described none -presents such a beak, but such may have existed. It seems probable, -however, that there was a single species of _Glyptodon_ found on Peace -Creek and that it was different from _G. petaliferus_. Leidy thought -that these caudal scutes resembled those on the tail of the South -American _G. asper_; but Burmeister’s figures do not indicate exactly -such keeled scutes. It is most probable that the Florida species -requires a new name. It is to be called _Glyptodon rivipacis_ Hay. - -Leidy referred another dermal scute to some glyptodont animal (op. cit., -plate VI, figs. 2, 3), but its nature is doubtful; it may even belong to -one of the large species of _Testudo_. A conical bone (plate III, figs. -10, 11) belonged pretty certainly to _Testudo_. - -In the paper cited Leidy described and figured (p. 24, plate III, figs. -3 to 6) plates of an armadillo-like animal to which he gave the name -_Glyptodon septentrionalis_. It is now known as _Chlamytherium -septentrionale_. Leidy had over 30 of these dermal scutes which had been -found at Arcadia. They are now in the Wagner Free Institute at -Philadelphia. - -Sellards (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XL, 1915, p. 143) states that there are -3 dermal plates of this animal in the U. S. National Museum. In 1915 -(Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 77, 78, plate on p. 114) he -described a lower jaw, a tooth, and 2 dermal plates of the same animal. - -10. _Labelle, Lee County._—In the Florida Geological Survey is a right -tibia of a mylodon, found on the bank of Caloosahatchee River, near -Labelle, presented by Capt. F. H. Hendry. The total length is 266 mm.; -on the inner border 236 mm. The width across the articulatory surface -for the femur is 164 mm. The width at the middle of the length is 84 -mm.; fore-and-aft diameter at the same place 38 mm. The side-to-side -diameter of the surface for the astragalus is 57 mm. The bone is -referred to _Mylodon harlani_. - -11. See page 37. - - - ALABAMA. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Tuscumbia, Colbert County._—In his work on the “Extinct Sloth Tribe” -in North America (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. V, p. 6, -plate XVI, fig. 13), Leidy, in recording the materials belonging to -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_ at his disposal, mentioned a supposed third -upper molar, said to have come “from Tuscumbia County, Alabama.” This -was an error, as the name of the town is Tuscumbia. The tooth had been -loaned to him by Dr. Jeffries Wyman. Nothing more is known about its -history. Mercer (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XXXVI, p. 38) stated -that a well-preserved series of bones of _Megalonyx_ had been sent to -the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia by Mr. Tuomey. They had -been obtained in a cave somewhere in northern Alabama. Leidy does not -mention this collection in his work just cited. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Natchez, Adams County._—Dr. M. W. Dickeson (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1846, p. 106) exhibited before the Academy a large series of -fossil bones secured by him near Natchez. Among these were noted -especially what was described as an entire head with part of the lower -jaw, and many parts of the skeleton of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_. This -skull is still in the collection of the Academy. The lower jaw is -missing. It appears that several skeletons were represented in -Dickeson’s collection. These, as Dickeson stated, had been found in a -tenacious blue clay which underlies what he called diluvial drift, but -now regarded as being at least principally loess. Associated with this -animal were remains of _Ursus_, _Bos_ (_Bison_), _Cervus_ -(_Odocoileus_), _Equus_, and some other but undetermined genera. - -In his “Second Visit to the United States of North America,” edition 2, -1850, volume II, p. 196, Lyell mentions the _Megalonyx_ among other -fossils found at Natchez. He states that the fossils found by Doctor -Dickeson were obtained in the “Mammoth Ravine” 6 miles from Natchez. - -In Southall’s “Recent Origin of Man,” 1875, page 552, is a statement -made by Professor C. G. Forshey (as quoted from Foster’s “Prehistoric -Races of the United States,” p. 61) in which he says that he visited the -locality where the human pelvis was found and that it was situated in -Bernard’s Bayou, 2.5 miles from Natchez. - -In his memoir of 1853 on “Extinct Species of American Ox” (Smithson. -Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. III, p. 10), Doctor Leidy included -_Mylodon_ among the genera found at Natchez. In his memoir of 1855 on -the “Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America” (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., -vol. VII, art. V, p. 48) he gave a list of the bones and brief -descriptions of them. They all belonged to one individual, which was -about half-grown. - -In a list furnished to B. C. L. Wailles by Doctor Leidy (Wailles, Agric. -Geol., Mississippi, 1854, p. 286), 4 species of _Xenarthra_ are included -among the mammals found fossil in the Pleistocene of Mississippi. These -are _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, _M. dissimilis_, _Mylodon harlani_, and -_Ereptodon priscus_. Cope regarded _M. dissimilis_ as the same as _M. -jeffersonii_, and Leidy was disposed to consider his _Ereptodon priscus_ -as identical with one of the species of _Megalonyx_. - -A list of the fossil vertebrates found in the vicinity of Natchez will -be given on page 392. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Elroy, Van Buren County._—In 1831 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., -ser. I, vol. VI, pp. 269–286, plates XII to XIV; 1835, Med. Phys. Res., -pp. 319–331, plates XII to XV), Richard Harlan described a number of -bones of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ which had been purchased for the -Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and which he reported had -been found in “White Cave,” Kentucky. This was supposed to be situated -near Mammoth Cave. It was ascertained later that the bones had been -found in Bigbone Cave, Van Buren County, Tennessee. - -The bones mentioned by Harlan had belonged to a young animal and -consisted of 5 vertebræ, a few fore-limb bones, a few hinder-limb bones, -a scapula, a rib, and a part of a molar tooth. Some of the articulating -surfaces still retained their cartilage. In the same cave were found -bones of “_Bos_” (_Bison_), “_Cervus_” (_Odocoileus?_), _Ursus_, and a -human metacarpal. These were said to have been found on the surface, -while the megalonyx bones were buried at a depth of 2 or 3 feet. The -mandible of the bear (Harlan, op. cit., p. 283) was described as -displaying appearances of antiquity equal to that of the megalonyx -bones. The sloth bones were made the basis of the name _Megalonyx -laqueatus_. In 1855 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 4), -Leidy determined that these bones belonged to _M. jeffersonii_. He wrote -that the collection consisted of one molar tooth, four dorsal vertebræ, -one lumbar, a left humerus lacking the upper epiphysis, the proximal -two-thirds of the right ulna, the right radius, the left scapula, the -distal epiphysis of the right femur, the left tibia, and the distal -epiphysis of the right tibia, a right calcaneum, two claws of a hinder -foot, and some fragments of ribs. Leidy appears to have concluded that -these bones had been those of a young animal, but that other bones in -the collection had belonged to adult individuals. He stated that they -had come from Bigbone Cave, White County. This adjoins Van Buren on the -north and possibly at that time included the latter; or Leidy may have -been mistaken. Besides the bones above mentioned, Harlan described from -this cave an ilium of _Megalonyx_ (Med. and Phys. Res., p. 334). - -In 1892 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. III, pp. 121–123), Professor J. M. -Safford reported the discovery of some bones of a megalonyx in Bigbone -Cave. They had been met with in the bat manure at a depth of about 3 -feet. The parts received by Professor Safford, and which are all -probably in Vanderbilt University, were the skull, 17 vertebræ -(including 5 sacrals), a fragment of a rib, a right scapula, a right -humerus, the two ilia, a part of the right pubis, a part of the right -ischium, and a left tibia. Safford concluded that these bones formed a -part of the same young animal that Harlan had described. - -In 1897 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XXXVI, pp. 36–70), Dr. H. C. -Mercer gave a detailed account of his explorations in this cave. It is -situated about a mile from the left bank of Caney Fork River, a mile -above the mouth of a confluent called Dry Branch, and at an elevation of -about 1,000 feet above sea-level. It is excavated in Carboniferous -limestone and opens into what is known as “Beech Cove.” Thomas L. Bailey -(“Resources of Tennessee,” vol. VIII, pp. 131–132) described it as being -situated 3.5 miles south of Quebeck, near the head of a hollow or cove -extending south from McElroy’s store. The latter is probably the -locality put down on the topographic sheet of the quadrangle as Elroy. -It is further said to be one branch of an extensive cave whose other -branch is known as Arch Cave. Bigbone Cave is known to extend a distance -of 3 miles. It appears that the cave had been exploited for saltpeter in -the wars of 1776, 1812, and 1863 and immense amounts of the nitrous -earth had been removed. Mercer found no bones until he had reached a -small passage at a distance of 900 feet from the entrance. Here he found -an epiphysis of a left humerus, 6 vertebræ, an astragalus, and a -calcaneum of a sloth, evidently a young animal; and he concluded that -they were probably parts of the same animal that Harlan had described -many years before; also a part of a skeleton that had been found there -in 1884, which is the one described by Safford. A remarkable feature of -the bones of the young animal found in this cave, as noted by Harlan, -Leidy, and Mercer, is the presence of some of the cartilage, some shreds -of ligaments, and a part of the horny sheath of one claw. - -2. _Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County._—In 1894 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. -XXVIII, pp. 355–357), Dr. H. C. Mercer reported his work, done in 1893, -in a cave situated on Lookout Mountain, near Chattanooga, Tennessee. In -a brief report made June 4, 1896 (Dept. Amer. and Prehist. Archæol. -Univ. Penn.), Mercer stated that this cave is on the left bank of -Tennessee River, 0.25 mile below Chattanooga Creek. According to the -report last quoted, the cave earth, “with its culture layer,” was -removed by him to a distance of 58 feet from the entrance. According to -the report of 1894, this was effected by digging 4 trenches, 6 feet 10 -inches wide and with a depth of 3 feet, in two cases to rock bottom. -Near the bottom of the deposit were found a jaw of _Tapirus haysii_ with -teeth, and a jaw of a small _Mylodon_, identified as such by Professor -E. D. Cope. A bone of the extinct peccary appears to have been found -higher up in the layer of refuse. In a letter received by the writer in -1919, Doctor Mercer stated that later Cope expressed some doubt -regarding the identity of the bone supposed to belong to _Mylodon_. - -A further reference to this cave and its contents will be found on page -396. - -3. _Memphis, Shelby County._—In 1850 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. -III, p. 280; Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. X, p. 58), Jeffries Wyman -reported that a tooth and a claw of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ had been -found in the “diluvium” of Mississippi River at Memphis. The tooth is a -first upper molar of large size; the claw is that of the median digit. -With these were found remains of mastodon, beaver, and _Castoroides -ohioensis_. - -4. _Nashville, Davidson County._—From Mr. William Edward Myer, -Nashville, Tennessee, the writer has received for examination a fragment -of a tooth of a mylodon which was found near Nashville, in sand or -gravel, along Cumberland River, beneath 30 feet of gravel. This tooth -appears to be the left lower penultimate molar of _Mylodon harlani_, but -it is in some ways different. The antero-inner face has a broad, shallow -groove, while the outer face makes a smaller angle with the inner hinder -face than in the tooth figured by Leidy. - -The transverse section resembles that of the lower penultimate molar of -_M. sulcidens_ Cope (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XXXIV, plate X, fig. -4_a_), and somewhat the tooth regarded by Cope as the upper fourth molar -of _M. sulcidens_ (op. cit., plate XI, fig. 7). It is probable that _M. -sulcidens_ and _M. renidens_ of Cope are synonyms of _M. harlani_, as -Stock (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. VIII, p. 331) is inclined to -believe. - -The greatest length of a cross-section of the tooth found at Nashville -is 27 mm.; the greatest width 14 mm. The tooth is the property of Mr. H. -L. Ridge, of Nashville. - -At the same locality have been found remains of _Equus leidyi_, _E. -complicatus_, _Mammut americanum_, a camel (_Camelops?_), a species of -deer, and some turtle bones. The deposit seems to belong to a stage not -far removed from the Aftonian. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 3.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In 1831, Dr. Richard Harlan (Monthly -Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 77, plate III, figs. 1 to 3) described a -left ramus of the lower jaw of a ground-sloth which had been brought to -New York. This jaw he referred to his _Megalonyx laqueatus_ (_M. -jeffersonii_); but it was later shown by Owen (Zool. Beagle, 1840, p. -68) to belong to _Mylodon_, and he named it _M. harlani_ in honor of Dr. -Harlan. From Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 172) it is -learned that this bone had formed part of the Finnell collection at -Cincinnati. So far as the present writer sees, there was nothing in -Harlan’s article to show where the jaw was discovered. In 1855 -(Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, p. 47, plate XIV, figs. 1, 2), -Leidy further described and illustrated the specimen and stated that it -was found at Bigbone Lick. In 1903, Barnum Brown (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. -Hist., vol. XIX, p. 511) stated that Harlan’s specimen ought to be in -Columbia University, but it could not be found. It is more probable that -it was destroyed in a fire in the old American Museum of Natural -History. - -In his report on Bigbone Lick (op. cit., p. 171), Cooper stated that he -had seen in the “Western Museum,” Cincinnati, a large humerus of a -megalonyx. Cooper further wrote that he and a companion had found at the -lick a metacarpal bone which he supposed belonged to the same animal. -The humerus was described and figured by Harlan (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., -Phila., ser. 1, vol. VI, p. 277, plate XIII, fig. 10). Cooper (op. cit., -p. 172) mentions other bones of _Megalonyx_ found at Bigbone Lick, but -some may have belonged to _Mylodon_. This is the case with the fragment -of lower jaw with 4 teeth which became the type of _Mylodon harlani_, as -above mentioned. In Princeton University there is an ungual phalanx 167 -mm. long, 66 mm. high, and 43 mm. thick at the middle of the height. -This is labeled as having been found at Bigbone Lick. A list of the -species discovered at this place will be found on page 403. - -2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection made by Mr. -Thomas W. Hunter, in the sulphur spring at the place mentioned, the -writer has seen two ungual phalanges which were identified as those of -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_. - -3. _Henderson, Henderson County._—A considerable part of a skeleton of -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_ was found at different times extending through -some years, about 5 or 6 miles below Henderson, in the bank of Ohio -River. This skeleton is now in the University of Indiana and was -described by Leidy in 1855 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. -3). This collection furnished a fine skull and lower jaw. In the same -deposits were found many horns and bones of deer. The geology of the -locality and the age of the bones will be discussed on page 405. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE MASTODONS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Essex County._—In 1898 (Science, n. s., vol. VII, p. 80), Dr. H. M. -Ami reported that he had exhumed some mastodon remains in this county. -The exact locality was not given. It was north of the west end of Lake -Erie. The section dug up was from 6 to 8 feet deep. At the bottom were -clay and boulders; above this were found gravel and the bones, and above -these sand, shell marl, peat, and other sands of various colors. The -remains were fragmentary. - -2. _Morpeth and Highgate, Elgin County._—In 1858 (Canad. Jour. Indust. -Sci. Art, ser. 2, vol. III, p. 356), E. J. Chapman announced the -discovery of a tooth of mastodon at or near this place. He had seen a -drawing of the tooth. It appears that another man also had sent to the -journal an account of the discovery, accompanied by drawings. These -showed 5 distinct crown-ridges. - -In 1891 (Geol. Mag. London, ser. 3, vol. VIII, p. 504; Brit. Assoc. Adv. -Sci., 64th meeting, 1892, p. 654), Professor J. Hoyes Panton gave an -account of the discovery of mammoth and mastodon bones at Highgate, only -a few miles north of Morpeth. These were found in a bed of marl. Some -measurements of the mastodon were given. - -3. _St. Thomas, Elgin County._—In a private museum at Niagara Falls, -owned at the time by Davis Brothers, the writer saw a quite complete -lower jaw and a tusk, labeled as having been found at this place in -1856, on the farm of Isaac Barnard. The jaw had the last 3 teeth on the -right side and the last 2 on the left side. In front was a tusk about 6 -inches long which appeared to be in the middle of the jaw. The upper -tusk is curved in a semicircle. Dr. J. W. Dawson (Geol. Mag. London, -ser. 1, vol. VI, 1869, p. 39) mentions this find. He stated that there -were 2 lower tusks. If this was the case the species _M. progenium_ is -indicated. - -4. _London, Middlesex County._—In the article quoted above from the -Geological Magazine of London, Dr. J. W. Dawson stated that there were -in the Provincial Museum 3 mastodon molars which had been found at -London. - -5. _Marburg, Norfolk County._—In 1898 (Science, n. s., vol. VII, p. 80), -Dr. H. M. Ami reported the exhumation of remains of a mastodon at some -place in this county. The skull, 25 ribs, 40 foot-bones, 2 tusks, and -many vertebræ were recovered. The remains were buried at a depth of from -only 3 to 4.5 feet. At the bottom was clay; above this, shell marl, and -sands of different colors; and above all was peat. - -The writer has seen this skull in Victoria Museum, Ottawa. It is to a -considerable extent restored. It appears to have been found at or near -Marburg. A small label, somewhat injured, has the record: “West half lot -15, R V, Tp. of [?]dhouse, Norfolk Co., Ont. Ami, 1897.” The penultimate -and ultimate molars are in place. The former is 113 mm. long; the latter -is 174 mm. long, and has 4 crests and a talon. The tusks are present and -the right one is 2,230 mm. long. The skull is a large one. The width -across the rear is 760 mm. - -6. _Dunnville, Haldimand County._—In 1869 (Geol. Mag. London, dec. 1, -vol. VI, pp. 38, 39), Dr. J. W. Dawson gave an account of the finding of -a mastodon, in 1868, at the place named, situated at the east end of -Lake Erie. When he reached the place a large part of the animal had -disappeared, especially the tusks. He found 7 teeth, a few vertebræ, a -few fragments of ribs, and part of the right ramus of the lower jaw. -These remains were buried in a swamp, partly embedded in a layer of fine -sand. This contained fresh-water shells of species yet living in that -region. The sand was 2.5 feet thick and rested on boulder clay. Over the -sand was 1.5 feet of black vegetable mold. He regarded it as clear that -the animal lived long after the close of the Glacial period. - -7. _St. Catharines and Welland Port, Lincoln County._—At Rochester -University, New York, the writer has seen a cast of a lower jaw, labeled -as having come from the place named above. On the left side the second -and third molars are present, the former slightly worn, the hindermost -not at all. On the right side the hindermost molar is not to be seen. -The second molar is tilted up behind and lowered in front. The little -wear of the tooth is on the hinder end. It is possible that the -hindermost molar was yet in the bone and somewhat under the second one. -The ramus has a length of 400 mm. - -8. _Toronto, York County._—It does not appear to be wholly certain that -the mastodon has been found at Toronto; but its occurrence there is -probable. In some of his papers Coleman has reported that its presence -was believed to be determined. - -9. _Junction of Missinaibi and Moose Rivers, Algoma County._—In 1898 -(Science, n. s., vol. VII, p. 80), Robert Bell reported a mastodon tooth -from the locality mentioned. It had been chopped out of a skull by an -Indian. Later Bell attempted to obtain the skull, but could not, because -of high water. A further account was given of this tooth by Bell in 1898 -(Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. IX, p. 383). - - - CAPE BRETON ISLAND. - -1. _Middle River, Victoria County._—In 1912 (Proc. Trans. Nova Scotia -Inst. Sci., vol. XIII, pp. 163–174), Mr. Harry Piers, curator of the -Provincial Museum, Halifax, presented a paper in which he detailed the -history of mastodon remains found on Cape Breton Island. At the place -above named, in a meadow, at a depth of only 5 inches, was found a right -femur. According to Piers’s account, this was discovered about the year -1834, possibly a few years earlier. It came into the possession of the -Mechanics’ Institute, at Halifax, and later of the Provincial Museum of -Halifax, where it is now preserved. It was noticed and figured by J. W. -Dawson in the four editions of his “Acadian Geology.” - -2. _Baddeck, Victoria County._—According to Piers’s account, a molar -tooth of a mastodon, now in the Provincial Museum, was found in 1859, at -the place named. This tooth is figured by Dawson, with the femur. Piers -states that Dawson was in error in crediting Honeyman with the -discovery. Details regarding this are wanting. The molar has 3 crests. -In the same museum is a part of a proboscidean tusk, but it is not -certain where it was found. It is quite certain that all of these -remains are of animals which lived there after the Wisconsin ice had -retired. - -These localities are not indicated on the map. - - - MASSACHUSETTS. - - (Maps 5, 6.) - -1. _Coleraine, Franklin County._—In 1872 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. III, p. -146), Dr. Edward Hitchcock, in a letter to one of the editors, reported -the discovery of a tooth of a mastodon at or near this place. It had -been shoveled out of a muck-bed, on the farm of Elias Bardwell. Nothing -more is known about the matter. This tooth was mentioned by B. K. -Emerson in 1917 (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 597, p. 149). - -2. _Shrewsbury, Worcester County._—In 1885 (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., -vol. V, pp. 14, 15), N. L. Britton read before the Academy an extract -from the New York Times, copied from the Worcester Spy of October 14, -1885, relating to the finding of a human skull near Shrewsbury, close to -the spot where mastodon remains had been found the year before. In -Science (vol. VI, 1885), Professor F. W. Putnam gave an account of the -investigations of the case made by himself and others. The conditions -under which the mastodon was buried were incidentally described. In the -same year Franklin P. Rice, a member of the Worcester Natural History -Society, published a pamphlet of 8 pages, in which the discovery and -exhumation of the remains were set forth; one molar, an upper -penultimate, was well figured. A trench was being made in a meadow of a -farmer, W. U. Maynard, about 2 miles from the center of Shrewsbury, on -the road to Northborough. The teeth and some bones of the mastodon were -met at a depth of 8 feet. Putnam stated that these remains, as well as -the human skull, were resting on blue clay beneath a bed of peat. Rice -reported that the mastodon bones and teeth were resting on bed-rock. -Putnam believed that both skulls had been transported thither by water -before the peat was laid down. From Mrs. Ella Horr, custodian of the -Natural History Museum of Worcester, the writer has learned that the -mastodon remains are preserved there. Mention was made of these remains -by B. K. Emerson in 1917 (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. 597, p. 149). - -There is no reason to suppose that the mastodon in question lived before -the Wisconsin stage, but at its close. The ice must already have retired -beyond the State, and the land, which, according to Dr. Fairchild, was -depressed at the latitude of Shrewsbury about 350 feet, must have been -elevated enough to reduce considerably the area covered by water before -conditions would have favored the presence of mastodon. It is possible, -however, that the depression was not so great. - - - CONNECTICUT. - - (Maps 5, 6.) - -1. _Cheshire, New Haven County._—In 1828 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIV, p. -187), a note appeared which stated that in the summer of the preceding -year 3 or 4 large molar teeth of a “mammoth” had been found near -Cheshire. From the description it is evident that they were teeth of a -mastodon. They were in fine condition but were immediately destroyed in -a frolic of the workmen. The teeth had been found in gravel only a few -feet under ground. Warren (“Monogr. on _Mastodon giganteus_,” p. 3) -stated that the mastodon teeth had been found in making a canal at -Cheshire. He undoubtedly referred to the teeth mentioned above. -Schuchert (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, vol. XIV, p. 321) states that one -tooth was preserved and is now in the Yale University collection. - -2. _New Britain, Hartford County._—In 1835 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XXVII, p. 165), a report was published about the finding of a vertebra -of a mastodon in digging a canal for a factory in Berlin, not far from -New Britain. It appears to have been met with in a deposit of marl. -Schuchert (op. cit., p. 322) mentions this find and says that the -locality was not in Berlin, but in New Britain. The depth is given as 3 -feet and the material as mud or clay. - -Schuchert, as cited, gave an account of the discovery, in 1852, of -another mastodon in New Britain. Two or three teeth and some bones were -found in a soft swampy soil. - -3. _Farmington, Hartford County._—In 1914 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XXXVII, pp. 321–330), Schuchert and Lull described the exhumation of a -mastodon near the town named. All of the principal bones of the skeleton -were secured. One tusk and most of the foot-bones were missing. The -account ought to be taken by collectors as a model for their reports. -The exact position of the skeleton is given. A topographic map of the -surrounding region is furnished, as well as the details concerning the -materials occurring above and below the bones. These lay on boulder clay -of Wisconsin age and were covered by materials washed in from the -surrounding higher grounds. No mollusks were found in the excavation, -and little vegetation. The bones, as shown by Lull’s map, were -remarkably little disturbed, not more than one might expect from the -activities of wolves. One of the tusks was, however, removed from the -skull a distance of 23 feet and left on ground 2 feet higher. Schuchert -regarded this as being hard to explain. The other tusk was not found at -all. - -4. _Bristol, Hartford County._—In 1885 (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. V, -p. 14), O. P. Hubbard stated that the remains of a mastodon had been -found at Bristol, but no further information was furnished. - -5. _Sharon, Litchfield County._—In 1828 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIV, p. -187), in a footnote, it was reported that, a good many years before that -time, some remains of mastodon had been found near Sharon. In 1835 -(ibid., vol. XXVII, p. 166) it was stated that a mastodon bone, found -probably at Sharon, had been presented to the museum of Yale College. -There seems to be no certainty that the bone was correctly identified. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Maps 5, 6, 34.) - -1. _New Dorp, Richmond County._—In 1901 (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. -XIV, p. 67), Dr. Arthur Hollick reported the discovery of some fragments -of a molar of a mastodon in a swamp deposit in the Moravian cemetery -immediately north of New Dorp, Staten Island. The molar was found at a -depth of 23 feet. The swamp, now drained, was located immediately on the -moraine of the Wisconsin ice-sheet (Folio 157, U. S. Geol. Sur.). It had -evidently at first been a pond about 25 feet deep; later it had become -filled up with sandy silt, muck, and vegetable débris. At a depth of -about 8 feet Hollick found a stratum approximately 2 feet thick, in -which were cones of white spruce (_Picea canadensis_), a tree now found -not farther south than northern New England and the Adirondacks. -Evidently the mastodon had lived there not long after the retirement of -the ice, for the tooth appears to have been only about 2 feet above the -bottom of the old pond. The spot is probably at an altitude above the -submergence described by Fairchild (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXVIII, -p. 279). - -2. _Ridgewood, Kings County._—In 1885 (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. V, -p. 15), Mr. D. S. Martin stated that some 15 or 20 years before that -time a mastodon skeleton had been exhumed in excavating for the -Ridgewood, Long Island, reservoirs. No details were furnished. - -3. _Jamaica, Queens County._—In 1859 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 12th -meeting, 1858, p. 232), J. C. Brevoort reported the finding of 5 molar -teeth and fragments of bones in removing pond-muck in the valley of a -small stream which flowed into Baisley’s pond, near Jamaica. In the pond -itself was a deposit of mud, in some places 6 feet deep, which rested on -gravel. This deposit of mud, mixed with vegetable matter, is continued -up the valley mentioned. The bones and teeth were found about 20 yards -from the channel of the stream, resting on the gravel and covered by -about 4 feet of the muck. - -According to Folio 83, of the U. S. Geological Survey, Jamaica and -vicinity is situated on stratified drift which was laid down while the -foot of the glacial ice was immediately north of the town. The mastodon -must have lived there after the retreat of the ice from the island; it -may have been a long time afterward. According to Fairchild, as above -cited, this locality was submerged by the sea while the stratified -materials were being laid down. - -4. _Inwood, Nassau County._—In 1891 (Science, vol. XVIII, p. 342), -Professor R. P. Whitfield noted the finding near Inwood of a fragment of -what he regarded as a mastodon tusk. It was met in cutting a ditch in a -peat-swamp. While the probability is that the tusk was that of a -mastodon, it might have been that of one of the elephants. - -5. _Riverhead, Suffolk County._—In 1842 (Zool. of New York, Mamm., p. -103), DeKay stated that in the year 1823 more than half of a lower jaw, -with the teeth, of a mastodon had been found on the south beach, about 4 -miles east of Riverhead, between high and low water. This fossil was -mentioned by Dr. John M. Clarke in 1904 (N. Y. State Mus., Bull. 69, p. -923); also by J. C. Brevoort in 1859 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. -XII, p. 233). This vicinity was evidently submerged while the foot of -the glacier was in Long Island. Only after the emergence of the island -did the animal probably have its existence. - -6. _Morrisania, New York County._—In 1885, Dr. N. L. Britton (Trans. N. -Y. Acad. Sci., vol. V, p. 15) reported the discovery of a large portion -of a mastodon’s tusk in a cellar excavation in Morrisania 3 years -previously. Here, as in similar cases, one can not be certain that the -tusk was not that of an elephant. - -7. _New York City._—In 1891 (Science, vol. XVIII, p. 342), Professor R. -P. Whitfield recorded the finding of a supposed mastodon tusk at the -upper end of New York Island. It was found at a depth of 16 feet below -mean low-water mark, embedded in peat, with the socket end downward. It -was met with in excavating the Harlem ship-canal and at the mouth of -Dyckman’s Creek, an artificial waterway. The location is given as 15 -feet from the north side of the canal and 10 feet west of the center of -Broadway. At this particular spot there was found at the surface from 4 -to 6 feet of meadow sod, with roots, etc. Below this was 12 feet of -incipient pure peat, lying on 18 to 20 inches of sandy clay, which -itself reposed on limestone. The tusk was in the peat, with its base in -the sand. It appeared to have settled from above through the peat. - -8. _Hartsdale, Westchester County._—In 1908, Dr. John M. Clarke (60th -Ann. Rep. New York State Mus., for 1906, p. 60), reported that a tooth -and some small fragments of bone of a mastodon had been found on the -property of W. H. Fish of Hartsdale. No other information was given. - -9. _New Antrim, Rockland County._—In 1818 (Cuvier’s Essay Orig. Earth, -p. 390, plate VI, figs. 1 to 4), Samuel L. Mitchill stated that he had -received a set of grinding teeth which had been found at the place -named. It is described as being 11 miles west of the Hudson River and 32 -miles from New York. The teeth had been found in mud at a depth of 3 -feet. They are mentioned in J. D. Godman’s “American Natural History.” - -10. _Arden, Orange County._—In 1903 (New York State Mus. Bull. 69, p. -926), Dr. John M. Clarke stated that a tusk and a few other bones of a -mastodon had been found at this place. In 1908 (66th Ann. Rep. New York -State Mus., vol. I, p. 61), he gives the further information that the -locality was on lands of Mr. E. H. Harriman. Only 2 teeth, some ribs, -and a few fragments were secured. The soil was a peat or vegetable mold. - -11. _Monroe, Orange County._—In 1903 (op. cit., p. 926), Clarke reported -that about the year 1888 mastodon bones were found on land of Martin -Konnight. Clarke himself continued excavations in 1901. About half of -the skeleton was secured in all. These bones are now in the New York -State Museum at Albany. They lay beneath 3 feet of clayey muck, at the -bottom of a pond from 3 to 10 feet deep. - -12. _Chester, Orange County._—In 1818 (Cuvier’s Essay, etc., p. 376, -plate VII, figs. 1 to 4), Samuel L. Mitchill presented an account of the -exhumation in 1817 of a part of a mastodon skeleton at Chester. This had -been originally discovered in a ditch made through a wet meadow. The -surface soil was underlain by about 6 feet of black peat, and the bones -lay in this at a depth of about 4 feet; beneath was a stratum of coarse -vegetation. No marl underlay this muck. The upper jaw with teeth and -tusks, lower jaw with teeth, shoulder-blade, vertebræ, and parts of the -limbs were secured. An account of this discovery is to be found in -Godman’s “American Natural History.” J. C. Warren, in the second edition -of his monograph on the mastodon, has some remarks on the food of this -mastodon. In 1909 (Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. XVIII, p. 147, plate), -Dr. E. O. Hovey made a contribution to the history of this specimen. -What became of the bones is not known. - -13. _Salisbury Mills, Orange County._—In 1903 (op. cit., p. 926), Clarke -gives a brief account of a part of a mastodon skeleton which, in 1879, -was found at this place, 9 miles southwest of Newburgh. It now forms the -larger part of a mount in the American Museum of Natural History, New -York. The present writer has no further information regarding this -specimen. - -14. _New Windsor, Orange County._—In the Kansas City Review of Science -and Industry, volume III, 1879, page 241, is an item concerning the -finding of a mastodon at this place. Nearly all the bones were secured. -It was stated that a black vein of muck about 20 feet thick rested on a -bed of blue clay. The bones lay at depths varying from 2 to nearly 5 -feet from the surface. - -15. _Newburgh, Orange County._—A considerable number of mastodons, some -of them well preserved, have been discovered in the vicinity of -Newburgh. The earliest one found was exhumed by Charles Wilson Peale, -father of the artist Rembrandt Peale, in 1801. An account of the -unearthing of this specimen is given by Rembrandt Peale in his -“Historical Disquisition on the Mastodon,” London, 1803. The locality -was probably south or southwest of Newburgh, for in another paper -(Tilloch’s Philos. Mag., London, vol. XIV, 1802, p. 163) he states that -it was in the neighborhood of New Windsor. Peale wrote that the specimen -was found on the farm of John Masten. Peale’s account is reprinted in -the second volume of Godman’s “American Natural History.” The whole of -that part of the country is spoken of as abounding in morasses, solid -enough for cattle to walk upon, and containing peat underlain by a shell -marl. The mastodon remains had been found in an effort to get at the -marl. It appears that the bones were met with at a depth of 6 or 7 feet, -and were lying on the marl. Although the spring of 1801 was an unusually -dry one, the digging was greatly hindered by the incoming water, and the -work was finally abandoned. A considerable part of the skeleton was -secured and sent to Philadelphia. - -What is known as the Warren mastodon was discovered in 1845, on the farm -of N. Brewster, somewhere in the vicinity of Newburgh. It is an -unusually complete and well-preserved skeleton, and gave occasion to the -waiting of Dr. John C. Warren’s monograph entitled “Description of a -skeleton of the Mastodon giganteus.” Of this work there was an edition -printed in 1852, a second in 1855. - -The spot where this skeleton was buried is described as being situated -in a small valley 300 or 400 feet in length, in which was a pond of -water 30 or 40 feet in diameter. Around this the ground was wet and -swampy. The summer of 1845 being unusually dry and the pond desiccated, -a search was being made for marl. At a depth of about 4 feet the summit -of the animal’s head was encountered. For many years this skeleton was -in Cambridge, but is now the property of the American Museum of Natural -History in New York. - -According to Warren’s description (Monograph, 1st ed., pp. 5, 211, -vignette), there was a deposit of about 2 feet of bog-peat, then about a -foot of peat of a reddish color. This was underlain by a bed of -shell-marl of a thickness not given, but probably about 2 or 3 feet, -while below this was mud changing downward into clay. Some parts of the -skeleton were in this mud; but the head, the right fore-leg, the spinal -column, part of the ribs, the pelvis, and the tail were embedded in the -marl. However, Dr. Charles A. Lee (21st Ann. Rep. State Cabinet, New -York, p. 108) affirmed that these bones were not in the marl, but were -wholly embedded in the muck or peat. - -Dr. F. A. Lucas, of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, -stated in 1902 (Science, vol. XVI, p. 169) that there is in Vassar -College a skeleton of a mastodon which is supposed to have been found at -Newburgh. - -In the collection of the Brooklyn Institute, New York, is a partial -skeleton which was found in 1899 on the farm of F. W. Schaeffer, 3 miles -west of Newburgh. According to Dr. J. M. Clarke (Bull. 69, N. Y. State -Mus., p. 926), the bones were found lying on a stony pavement under muck -and marl. Osborn (Science, vol. X, 1899, p. 539) stated that the deposit -is mostly dark and contains thoroughly decomposed vegetable matter -mingled with a few stones and numerous remains of trees, some of which -retain marks of beavers’ teeth. The deposit appeared to consist of three -layers, indicating, as supposed, the building of three distinct -beaver-dams. - -Dr. John Mickleborough (Brooklyn Eagle, Mar. 9, 1901) stated that he had -collected in this peat-swamp species of mollusks belonging to _Limnæa_, -_Physa_, _Planorbis_, and _Sphærium_. He regarded it as certain that the -swamp had been for a long time a fresh-water lake. - -Eager (op. cit., p. 73) wrote that in 1838 a mastodon tooth had been -found near Newburgh, on a farm owned by Samuel Dixon. No details. - -Clarke (Bull. 69, N. Y. State Mus., p. 926) stated that in 1902 a -cranium and some other parts of a mastodon had been found at Balmville, -just north of Newburgh. The bones lay at a depth of from 2 to 8 feet, -some in the muck and some in the marl below. Under the marl was found a -boulder pavement. - -In 1902 (Science, vol. XVI, pp. 594, 1033), Reginald Gordon gave -accounts of the exhumation of a mastodon skeleton 1 mile north of the -northern limit of Newburgh and 0.75 mile away from the Hudson. This -certainly refers to the same mastodon as that reported by Clarke. The -place is a swamp of about 2 acres and at a height of 180 feet above the -level of the river. The bones were found 2 to 8 feet below the surface, -a few of them inclosed in the muck, most of them in an underlying -shell-marl. The muck averages 2 feet in thickness; the marl varies from -a few inches to 12 feet in thickness. Beneath the marl a solid bottom is -formed of pebbles and boulders. - -16. _Northeast of Coldenham, Orange County._—In 1847 (op. cit., p. 73), -Eager wrote that in 1800 remains of a mastodon were found about 7 miles -northeast from Montgomery, on or near a farm owned by Dr. George Graham. -This statement was based on Dr. J. G. Graham’s letter (Med. Repos., vol. -IV, p. 213). This must have been in the vicinity of the town named. Dr. -J. G. Graham stated that a vertebra had been found here. This may have -been in the marshes along Bushfield Creek. - -17. _East Coldenham, Orange County._—Dr. James G. Graham (op. cit., p. -213) states that about 7 miles east of Montgomery (apparently about 5 -miles west of Newburgh), a grinding-tooth and some hair of a dun color -had been found at a depth of 4 or 5 feet. Possibly the supposed hair was -some sort of vegetable matter. The place may have been on Bushfield -Creek. Gordon (Science, n. s., vol. XVI, p. 1033) reported further the -finding of large numbers of tree-trunks both in the muck and in the -marl. Some mastodon bones were found resting on the trees. Red cedar and -spruce were recognized. Some trees showed marks of the teeth of beavers. - -18. _Montgomery, Orange County._—Several more or less well-represented -skeletons of mastodons have been discovered in the vicinity of -Montgomery. So far as the writer knows, the first were met with in 1782. -An account of the discovery was given by Rev. Robert Annan in 1793 (Mem. -Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. II, pp. 160–164). The town was not named, -but Mather (Geol. N. Y., 1st Dist., pt. 1, 1843, p. 202), on the -authority of Dr. James G. Graham (Med. Repos., vol. IV, p. 213), stated -that the place was 3 miles south of Ward’s Bridge, an old name of -Montgomery. This would be near the village of Neelytown, and probably in -the swamps along Beaver Creek. A ditch was being made in a deep and wet -swamp, and some large teeth were thrown out. The description of these -shows that they belonged to a mastodon. Bones were present, but mostly -so far decayed that few could be saved. - -Eager (op. cit., p. 73) stated that in 1803 mastodon remains had been -found on a farm a mile east of Montgomery. These bones were dug out by -Peale in 1805 or 1806, and Eager, then a boy, observed the work from day -to day. Nothing was said about what remains were secured, or about the -geological conditions; but Graham wrote that 3 or 4 ribs were found in a -swamp at a depth of 8 feet. - -R. Peale, writing in 1803 (“Disquisition on Mammoth,” pp. 27–29), -reported that his father exhumed mastodon bones on a farm belonging to -T. Barber, where 8 years before 4 ribs had been found in digging a pit. -One may suppose that only one place is in question and that Eager was -wrong in his date. Peale secured almost an entire set of ribs, two -rotten tusks, 3 or 4 small teeth, and some other parts. At the bottom of -the excavation there was a shell marl; above this there was probably -peat or muck. - -Dr. Graham further stated that about 3 miles east of Ward’s Bridge (now -Montgomery) some other bones had been discovered. This was quite -certainly near the village of Berea, where swamps are indicated on the -topographical map of that quadrangle. - -19. _Hamptonburg, Orange County._—Eager (op. cit., p. 73) states that in -1845 mastodon remains had been found in this town on the farm of Jesse -C. Cleve, but no further information was furnished. - -20. _Bullville, Orange County._—Eager (op. cit., p. 73) says that in -1794 remains of a mastodon had been found about 5 miles west of -Montgomery, just east of the residence of Archibald Crawford, and near -the line of the Cochecton turnpike. It appears probable that the place -was east of Bullville on the Dwaar Kill. What was found was not stated. - -In 1830 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. III, p. 478, plate XVII), J. D. -Godman described a skull of a mastodon which, he said, had been -disinterred a short time previously by Archibald Crawford, about 12 -miles from Newburgh. Besides the head, some bones from the trunk and -limbs were secured. Whether or not two discoveries had been made, and -whether, if two, the localities were near each other, it is now -impossible to say with confidence. - -Somewhere about Bullville, possibly farther north or northeast, the -elder Peale (R. Peale, Hist. Disquis., p. 30) secured some mastodon -bones. In arriving at the place, he crossed Wallkill River at the falls -(Walden) and “ascended into a rudely cultivated country about 20 miles -from the Hudson.” The bones were found in a morass on the farm of Peter -Millspaw. The lower jaw found there was mentioned and figured by Hays -(Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. IV, 1834, p. 321). - -21. _Scotchtown, Orange County._—On the page just quoted, Eager reported -that in 1844 some part of a mastodon had been found at the place named. -In his work on _Mastodon giganteus_ (first edition, pages 110–117, -plates XVI, XVIII, XIX), Dr. J. C. Warren described a very complete -skull which had been found at this place. He stated that the magnificent -head is remarkable for its size, whiteness, and the distinctness of its -sutures. It is known as the “Shawangunk head.” Warren wrote that the -strata covering it were: first, gravel; second, marl; third, a layer of -peat hard enough to be turned in a lathe. - -Eager, in his “History of Orange County,” on page 348, stated that -remains of _Mastodon maximus_ were, in 1843, dug up from a marl-bed on -the farm of William Connor, about 0.25 mile from Scotchtown, and were -then in the cabinet of Professor Emmons, of Albany. This was quite -certainly the “Shawangunk mastodon.” - -22. _Otisville, Orange County._—In Yale University there is a nearly -complete skeleton of a mastodon which was described and figured by -Professor O. C. Marsh in 1892 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIV, p. 350, -plate VIII), but no statement was made as to its origin. Clarke (Bull. -69, New York State Museum, p. 925) stated that a mastodon found in 1874 -was purchased by Professor Marsh. Professor R. S. Lull (Amer. Jour. -Sci., vol. XXV, 1908, p. 193) refers to a mastodon at Yale which came -from Otisville. In 1914 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVII, p. 330) he -presented some notes on the anatomy. - -A newspaper account of the discovery of this skeleton stated that the -region of the stomach contained very fresh-looking, large leaves of odd -form, and blades of strange grass of extreme length, and from 1 to 3 -inches in width. It seems probable that a good deal of this was pure -imagination. The vegetation which flourished there at the time the -mastodon was living was certainly not different from that of to-day. - -23. _Shawangunk, near Wallkill, Ulster County._—Dr. James G. Graham, -writing in 1801 (Med. Repos. New York, vol. IV, p. 213), reported that -“a skeleton of a mastodon had been discovered about 3 miles east of his -house, in the town of Shawangunk.” The bones lay about 10 feet from the -surface and were in a very sound state. Some parts of the head, much -broken, were among the parts secured. - -24. _Ellenville, Ulster County._—In 1861 (14th Ann. Rep. State Cabinet, -pp. 7, 15) the discovery at this place of some mastodon remains was -briefly reported. A large tusk and parts of the skull, with teeth, were -secured. The swamp is composed of about 2 feet of peat and 3 feet of -marl, resting on a base of clay. The bones were lying in the marl. In -1871 (21st Ann. Rep., etc., p. 128) further mention of these bones was -made. Clarke (Bull. 69, State Mus., p. 927) mentions these remains and -adds that there is also a smaller tusk in the museum. - -In Rutgers College, New Brunswick, New Jersey, the writer has seen a -tusk about 10 feet long, with a considerably spiral form, which is said -to have been found at Ellenville. It may, however, be the tusk of an -elephant. - -25. _Poughkeepsie, Dutchess County._—In 1854 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XVIII, p. 447), an editorial paragraph stated that a skeleton of a -mastodon had been found buried in a marsh about 2 miles east of -Poughkeepsie. It had then been only partly exhumed. Clarke (Bull. 69, -State Mus., p. 927) quotes from a letter written by Professor W. B. -Dwight, who stated that about 40, perhaps 45, years previously mastodon -bones had been found in a small pond on the “Creek Road,” from 2 to 3 -miles northeast of the city named. Probably the same skeleton was -referred to by both writers. Clarke stated further that there is in the -State Museum a vertebra of a mastodon from Poughkeepsie. - -26. _Between Red Bridge and Wurtsboro, Sullivan County._—In 1828 (Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. XIV, p. 31), J. Van Rensselaer reported that remains of -a mastodon had been found by workmen digging the Delaware and Hudson -Canal, near the point named. A considerable part of the skeleton had -been secured. Mather (Geol. 1st Dist., p. 233) adds that this was found -in a peat-bog. - -27. _Claverack, Columbia County._—Somewhere near this place, not -improbably on the opposite side of the river, in Greene County, were -found apparently the first mastodon remains discovered in this country. -In his “History of Orange County, New York,” Eager published a letter -addressed in 1706 by Governor Joseph Dudley to Cotton Mather. In this he -told of having secured a tooth which was probably a penultimate molar of -a mastodon. Dudley regarded it as the eye-tooth of a giant who had been -destroyed by the flood. The locality was given as about 30 miles below -Albany and was mentioned as Claverack. It appears that another tooth had -been presented the year before to Lord Cornbury. In the account of this, -found in a letter by Lord Cornbury, the locality is given as 20 miles -below Albany. Clarke (op. cit., p. 928) thinks that this was probably -near the present New Baltimore; but a letter from Abeel, recorder of -Albany County, published by Clarke, shows that a man was sent to -Claverack to make further search. It appears as if 2 teeth had been -discovered at the same place near the town. Abeel stated that the tooth -had been found near the bank of the river, and that other bones were met -with 15 feet below the surface. It appears not improbable that these -bones were buried in clays laid down during the Late Wisconsin -submergence or in deposits overlying these clays. - -28. _Freehold, Greene County._—Clarke (op. cit., p. 927) stated that -there is in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, an atlas -of a mastodon which was found at Freehold. - -29. _Greeneville, Greene County._—In 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 367), -James Hall stated that he had visited this locality, where mastodon -bones had been found embedded in a fresh-water marl. Lyell (Ann. Mag. -Nat. Hist., vol. XII, 1843, p. 127) visited the locality with Hall and -stated that the mastodon bones occurred in swamps at a depth of 4 or 5 -feet. - -In 1843, Mather (Geol. 1st Dist., p. 44) wrote that bones supposed to -belong to an elephant had been found at this place. It is doubtful -whether the remains reported by Mather and Hall are those of an elephant -or of a mastodon. - -30. _Coeymans, Albany County._—Mather (Geol. 4th Dist., 1843, p. 44) -recorded the finding of mastodon remains on Helderberg Mountain, on the -farm of a Mr. Shear, 4 or 5 miles west of Hudson River, in the township -of Coeymans. The remains were discovered in a bed of shell-marl, in the -bank of a marsh. A tusk was taken to Albany. It was supposed that most -of the skeleton was left in the ground. - -31. _Cohoes, Albany County._—In the collection of the State Museum, at -Albany, there is a mounted skeleton of a mastodon discovered in 1866. It -was first announced by Robert Safely (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLII, 1866, -p. 426) and soon afterward noticed by Marsh (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XLIII, 1866, p. 115). It formed the subject of an essay by James Hall -(21st Ann. Rep. New York State Cabinet, 1871, pp. 98–148, plates -III-VII) and was further mentioned by Clarke in 1903 (op. cit., pp. -929–930). Portions of it were found in two large pot-holes on the shore -of Mohawk River. For the facts, and for Hall’s and Clarke’s conclusions, -the reader must consult the publications cited. G. K. Gilbert (21st Ann. -Rep. State Cabinet, 1871, pp. 129–148) discussed the geological -conditions at Cohoes. He concluded (p. 140) that the pot-holes were not -made during a glacial period, but were of preglacial age. Dr. H. L. -Fairchild, who has studied the history of the Mohawk Valley more -thoroughly than anyone else, has expressed in a letter to the present -writer the opinion that the pot-holes are post-glacial formations. The -matter is further discussed on page 297. Inasmuch as the glacial ice was -not far away, it appears to the present writer that the geological stage -may better be regarded as Late Wisconsin. - -Professor Fairchild’s plate 16 of Bulletin No. 160 of the State Museum -of New York gives the position of the Wisconsin ice-sheet in New York at -the time that it had just withdrawn from the region about Cohoes. His -plate 17 presents a later stage, when the upper part of the Hudson -Valley was occupied by Lake Albany. - -Unfortunately, no evidences of other animal life, excepting the beaver, -were found with the mastodon at Cohoes. Marsh, in his notice of the -discovery, gave a list of the trees recognized in the pot-holes. There -were white pine, hemlock, black spruce, larch, swamp maple, and white -birch. - -In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, there is a lower -jaw of a mastodon with second and third true molars, right and left, -which is said to have come from Cohoes. - -32. _Copenhagen, Lewis County._—In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., p. -47), Dr. C. Hart Merriam stated that there had been found in 1877, in a -marl bed about a mile west of Copenhagen, a tusk measuring 5 feet 9 -inches in length. It was purchased for the State Cabinet. It could not -be determined whether this had belonged to an elephant or a mastodon. - -33. _Center Lisle, Broome County._—In the Watkins Glen-Catatonk folio -No. 169 of the U. S. Geological Survey, on page 28, Dr. Ralph S. Tarr -stated that remains of a mastodon had been found a few hundred yards -north of this town, in a boggy place where a spring emerges from the -base of a gravel terrace. He did not tell what parts had been found. He -remarked that one could not be certain whether the bones had been washed -out of the gravel or had come from an animal which had mired there. In -geological age it must be referred to the last half of the Wisconsin -stage. - -34. _Brookton, Tompkins County._—In the American Naturalist, volume V, -1871, page 314, C. Fred Hartt gave an account of the discovery of -mastodon bones at Mott’s Corners, on Six-mile Creek. This is the former -name of the present village of Brookton. Only 2 teeth and some fragments -of bones were secured. The locality is situated in a deep valley of the -creek, which had once been filled with drift, and through this the creek -had cut down to solid rock. Where the bones were found was a small -peat-bog consisting of a layer of peat varying from a few inches to 2 -feet. This was full of sticks, pine knots, bark, etc., more or less -decayed. Below this peat was a layer, a few inches thick, composed of -clay mixed with pebbles and pieces of shale. In this were the teeth and -decayed bones. The whole was underlain by drift materials. Tarr, as -cited above, stated that mastodon remains had been found in a swamp in -the valley bottom at Brookton. He did not say when the discovery was -made, nor what was found. It is not unlikely that the two cases are the -same. - -In 1871 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 58), Dr. Burt G. Wilder reported -that 5 teeth and many fragmentary bones had been found near Ithaca, in a -deposit of modified drift. The writer has been informed by Miss Pearl -Sheldon, of Cornell University, that these are the same remains as those -reported by Professor Hartt. - -The mastodon found at Brookton could hardly have lived there before the -stage when the waters that gathered at the southern edge of the -retreating ice were reaching the sea by way of Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. - -35. _Pony Hollow, Tompkins County._—In 1915 (Science, vol. XLI, pp. -98–99), Pearl Sheldon, of the Department of Geology in Cornell -University, reported that a tusk, probably of a mastodon, had been found -at Pony Hollow, 12 miles southwest of Ithaca, on the farm of Bert Drake. -This place, as shown on the Ithaca Quadrangle topographical sheet, is in -the southwest corner of the county. As the writer is informed by Miss -Sheldon, it is on Cantor Creek, near its junction with West Branch. The -tusk was met with in a gravel-pit at a depth of 24 feet. The radius of -curvature was between 2 and 3 feet, the circumference from 10 to 13 -inches. It may have been the tusk of an elephant. The pit was in the -base of an extensive terrace which follows the valley-wall high above -the outwash gravel-plain occupying the floor of the valley. The reporter -thought that the terrace was not later in origin than the end of the ice -occupation of the valley, and might be earlier. - -Miss Sheldon informed the writer that the terrace which contained the -mastodon tusk is too high in the valley to have been formed by water -backed up against the retreating ice-front. Furthermore, the locality is -south of the divide. It was suggested that during the retreat of the ice -the southward-flowing water in the Pony Hollow basin was backed up -somewhat by the ice in the Seneca basin. At any rate, the terrace and -the mastodon contained in it belong to the latter part of the Wisconsin -ice stage. - -36. _Elmira, Chemung County._—Dr. John M. Clarke (60th Ann. Rep. New -York State Mus., p. 59) referred to reports of the eighteenth century to -the effect that tusks of proboscideans had been found in Chemung River, -one of them just below Elmira. It is very probable that some or all of -these had belonged to the mastodon. - -Apparently all that can be said about the geological age of these -proboscideans is that they lived during or after the last half of the -Wisconsin drift stage. - -37. _Lodi, Seneca County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, -New York, there are second and third upper mastodon molars, recorded as -having been found at Lodi. The town is on the eastern shore of Seneca -Lake. This animal belonged to the last half of the Wisconsin stage, or -to a later one. Possibly it was living there at the early period when -the impounded waters of the Finger Lake region were discharging through -Susquehanna River. - -38. _Macedon, Wayne County._—Dr. J. M. Clarke, in 1903 (Bull. 69, N. Y. -State Mus., p. 930) reported for Professor H. L. Fairchild, that there -are in the University of Rochester a few mastodon teeth from this place. -There is no information on record about the geology of the place where -they were found. The animal belonged to a relatively late stage of the -Pleistocene and may have lived close to the beginning of the Recent. The -glacier had withdrawn near to or within the basin of Lake Ontario. - -39. _Seneca Castle, Ontario County._—Professor Edward Hitchcock jr., in -1885 (Science, vol. VI, p. 450), announced the discovery of what was -supposed to be remains of mastodon at the bottom of a peat morass, -lately drained, at the town named. This place is near Flint Creek. No -teeth and no part of the skull were found. The remains were taken to -Amherst College. With these bones was found also an antler of an elk. In -a letter written December 21, 1918, Dr. F. B. Loomis, of Amherst, states -that he regards these bones as those of an elephant. - -In Dr. J. M. Clarke’s report of 1903, on page 931, Mr. H. J. Peck gave -an account of this mastodon, together with a plate representing the way -in which the bones were scattered. They were found at a depth of about 3 -feet and are shown to have been lying in a deposit of clay and marl, -above which came in succession clay and sand, sand, peat, and muck. -Beneath the bones were, in order, sand, blue clay, sandy clay, and a -thin layer of sand resting on boulder clay. - -The stage at or after which this mastodon or elephant lived was probably -that represented by Fairchild’s plate 38. - -40. _Perkinsville (Portway), Steuben County._—Dr. John M. Clarke, in -1908 (61st Ann. Rep. New York State Mus., vol. I, p. 44), reported the -discovery of a part of a skeleton of a mastodon in a large swamp 0.75 -mile north of Portway railroad station. The swamp occupies a depression -in a mass of morainic drift. At the surface is from 6 to 12 inches of -black muck, beneath which is a bed of nearly white marl from 6 inches to -6 feet in thickness. The bones were lying 4 or 5 rods from the border of -the swamp. Those found were in a fine state of preservation. Among them -was one ramus of the lower jaw with teeth. - -This and the following specimen lived after the Wisconsin glacier had -withdrawn about halfway from its terminal moraine to the shore of Lake -Ontario. - -41. _Wayland, Steuben County._—In 1874 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., -vol. XVII, p. 91), a report by Dr. J. G. Hunt, of Philadelphia, was -presented, which dealt with the contents of the stomach of a mastodon -said to have been found at Wayland. No statement was made as to the -skeleton of the animal, or the exact place where it had been discovered. -No remains of trees of any kind were detected, but stems and leaves of -mosses, confervoid filaments, a fragment supposed to belong to a rush, -woody tissue, and bark of herbaceous plants. - -42. _Pittsford, Monroe County._—In 1831 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIX, p. -358), Mr. J. A. Guernsey, of Pittsford, wrote that a part of a tusk, -supposed to belong to a mastodon, had been found on the bank of -Irondequoit Creek, 2.5 miles east of the town. The part secured was 7.5 -feet long, and the whole tusk was thought to have been about 9 feet -long. The figure accompanying the description seems to indicate a -mastodon tusk rather than that of an elephant, but one can not be -certain about the matter. A much decayed cervical vertebra also was -found. - -James Hall, in 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 364), reported that in the town -of Perinton there had been found in the bank of a small stream, in -gravel and sand, a tusk and several teeth. This place appears to be, or -to have been, very near Pittsford. At Perinton, too, was found a tooth -of the elephant _Elephas primigenius_, as mentioned on another page. It -was near here probably that there were found parts of two skeletons of -the peccary _Platygonus compressus_, as noted in its proper place. - -Inasmuch as all these animals, as well as those found nearer Rochester, -were buried in deposits overlying Wisconsin drift, they must have lived -after the withdrawal of the ice beyond Rochester, and at a time when the -region had taken the present aspect or nearly so. - -43. _Rochester, Monroe County._—In 1842 (Nat. Hist. N. Y. Mamm., p. -103), J. E. De Kay stated that in 1817 remains of mastodon had been -found in Rochester, 4 feet below the surface, in a hollow or -water-course. He did not give his authority for this statement. James -Hall, in 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 364), reported that in 1838, during -the excavation of the Genesee Valley Canal, at its junction with Sophia -street, various bones of a mastodon had been discovered. They are said -to have been intermingled with gravel and covered by clay and loam, -above which was a deposit of shell marl. The bones were placed in the -State Museum at Albany. C. D. (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXIII, 1837, p. -201) says that these bones were lying on and in a hard body of blue clay -and about 2 feet above the limestone, which itself was polished. Clarke -(Bull. 69, New York State Mus., p. 931) reported, on the authority of H. -L. Ward, that a few remains of mastodon had been found at Mount Hope -cemetery. In the collection of the University of Rochester is a -proboscidean rib 837 mm. long, which is labeled as having been found -January 27, 1913, at the corner of Charlotte boulevard and Miller -street. It lay in gravel 12 feet below the surface. It seems to the -writer to belong to _Mammut americanum_. - -44. _Scottsburg, Livingston County._—Clarke (Bull. 69, etc., p. 932) -reported that 20 bones and various fragments of bones of a mastodon had -been collected here by F. H. Bradley and H. A. Green, and presented to -the Yale collection by R. S. Fellows. No additional information was -furnished. These remains include a hindermost lower molar (Cat. No. -11714) that had not yet come into use. The animal may be supposed to -have lived during or after the last half of the Wisconsin stage. - -45. _Fowlerville, Livingston County._—Dr. John M. Clarke (Bull. 69, -etc., p. 932) stated, on the authority of Mr. H. J. Peck, that 3 or 4 -teeth, tusks, and other bones, badly broken, had been found, in 1886, in -an excavation on the bank of Genesee River, 80 feet above the water. No -further information has been recorded. - -From Dr. I. Edward Line, Rochester, N. Y., the writer has received a -photograph of an upper right penultimate molar, little worn, which he -reports as having been found in 1887, near Genesee River, on the road -from Avon to Fowlerville. It was discovered in a marshy part of the farm -of Robert Boyd and was exhumed by the late Dr. William Nishet, of Avon. -Other teeth, a tusk, and fragments of bone were found, some of which, -Dr. Line states, were taken to Harvard University by Professor F. W. -Putnam. Quite certainly this was the same mastodon as that reported by -Mr. Peck. The animal could not have lived here until after a stage -represented by Fairchild’s plate 37 (Bull. 127, New York State Mus.). - -46. _Geneseo, Livingston County._—In 1827 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XII, -p. 380), Jeremiah Van Rensselaer reported that, in 1826, the skull, -tusks, lower jaws with teeth, pelvis, and many other bones had been -found at Geneseo. Later (1841) Lyell and James Hall made excavations at -the same place, but discovered only some fragments of the skull and of -other bones. These were at a depth of about 5 feet and were mixed with -marl and yet existing fresh-water shells. Over all was a layer of muck -(Lyell, “Travels in North America,” vol. I, p. 55). Hall (Geol. 4th -Dist., p. 363, fig. 173) published a figure of one of the teeth, a -hindermost molar. The remark as to the geological age of the Fowlerville -specimen applies to this one. - -47. _Nunda, Livingston County._—Clarke (Bull. 69, p. 932) stated, on the -authority of Charles E. Beecher, that 10 bones and fragments of a -mastodon had been secured here, and presented to Yale University -collection. No exact locality and no geological information were -furnished. The geological age is quite certainly late Wisconsin or still -later. - -48. _Belvidere, Allegany County._—In the American Geologist, vol. -XXXIII, 1904, page 60, an anonymous note states that some mastodon -remains, 3 ribs and 4 vertebræ, had been unearthed at this place by -James Johnson, of Bradford, and Alban Stewart, of the Smithsonian -Institution. Nothing was said as to the exact locality and geological -conditions. The time of the animal’s life could hardly have been earlier -than the last half of the Wisconsin stage. - -49. _Pike, Wyoming County._—In 1876 (Guide to Genesee Valley Mus., -Letchworth Park, Castile, N. Y., 1907, pp. 5–6), a part of a skull, the -tusks, a few vertebræ, and some foot-bones were found on the farm of -Charles Dennis, on the outskirts of the village of Pike. They were met -with in making a ditch and hence were probably in a marsh. Their -geological age is that of the last half of the Wisconsin stage or later. - -50. _Attica, Wyoming County._—In 1887 (6th Ann. Rep. State Geologist, -for 1886, p. 34), J. M. Clarke described briefly the finding of supposed -mastodon bones at this place. A tusk had been encountered while a trench -for a water-main was being dug on Genesee street. In 1888 (41st Ann. -Rep. State Mus., for 1887, pp. 388–390, plate), Clarke reported the -results of further digging. The tusk was exhumed, as well as two ribs -and a fragment of the zygomatic arch. Nothing was found that -distinguished the remains from those of an elephant. The fragments were -in a bog-hole and scattered over a space about 20 by 25 feet. Under the -made ground was first a layer of loam 5 inches thick, then came in -succession 1 foot 2 inches of clayey muck and 1 foot 5 inches of -unlaminated clay and an undetermined thickness of laminated clay. The -bones lay in the unlaminated clay, at a depth of 2 feet 6 inches from -the natural surface. With the bones was what was thought to be an -ankle-bone of an elk. At a distance of 75 feet was another bog-hole, 75 -feet in diameter, which was filled with muck lying on compact laminated -clay. The muck had a maximum thickness of 4 feet. At the deepest place -was found a piece of pottery and, beneath and around it, about 30 -fragments of thoroughly burned charcoal. - -The proboscidean remains here described must have been buried after (how -long after one can not say) the Wisconsin glacier had retired about -two-thirds the way from its southward limit to the shore of Lake -Ontario. - -51. _Leroy, Genesee County._—J. E. De Kay, in 1842 (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., -p. 104), stated that in 1841 a mastodon tooth weighing 2 pounds had been -found in a bed of marl 3 miles south of Leroy. No other information -appears to have been recorded. - -The mastodons found here and at Stafford and Batavia could have lived -only after the ice-sheet had retired beyond these places. About this -time the waters of the Finger Lake region found an outlet westward to -the Mississippi by way of lakes Warren and Chicago. - -52. _Stafford, Genesee County._—James Hall, in 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. -364), reported that some years previously a small molar tooth had been -found at this place. It was beneath muck and upon a deposit of clay and -sand. There was found also a quantity of hair-like confervæ, of a -dun-brown color, which resembled hair so closely that a close -examination was necessary to determine its real nature. - -53. _Batavia, Genesee County._—In 1904 (Bull. 69, New York State Museum, -p. 932), Clarke reported for H. L. Ward, that in 1897 two tusks, a part -of a skull with teeth, several vertebræ, and ribs had been found here. -Nothing more is known about this case. - -54. _Holley, Orleans County._—In 1843, James Hall (Geol. 4th Dist., p. -364) reported that during the excavation of the Erie Canal, a large -molar tooth was found in a swamp near Holley. This, according to Clarke, -was about 1820. At the earliest time assignable, this mastodon lived -after the Wisconsin glacier had withdrawn nearly into the basin of Lake -Ontario. It may have had its existence nearly up to the Recent epoch. - -55. _Medina, Orleans County._—In the Buffalo Society of Natural History -is a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a mastodon, labeled as -having been found in a swamp near Medina. It contains the second and -third true molars. The remark about the geological age of the Holley -mastodon is applicable to this one. - -56. _Niagara, Niagara County._—In 1842 (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., p. 104), De -Kay stated that a mastodon tooth had been found in digging a mill-race -on Goat Island, 12 or 13 feet below the surface. Lyell, in 1843 (Ann. -Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. XII, p. 127), alluded to the occurrence of remains -of mastodon in a fresh-water formation on the right bank of the Niagara -River at the Falls. The formation appears to have consisted of gravel. -These are possibly the same remains as those mentioned by De Kay. Hall -(Geol. 4th Dist., p. 364) stated that the deposit was a fine gravel and -loam containing fresh-water shells, and evidently of fluviatile origin. -These deposits were noted by W. E. Logan (Geol. Canada, 1863, pp. -913–914). On the Canadian side of the gorge below the Falls, 16 species -of fresh-water mollusks were found in the sand, evidently where they had -lived. - -At the museum of Davis Brothers, at Niagara Falls, Mr. B. U. Davis told -the writer that he owned 2 mastodon teeth which had been found in -digging for the foundations of the Tower Hotel, which faces the Falls -park. - -Mastodons could have lived where Niagara Falls is now located only after -the Wisconsin ice-sheet had retired far enough to permit the waters of -Lake Iroquois to fall somewhat below those of Lake Erie, the shrinkage -of the latter to its present basin, and the formation of dry land or -land not too swampy around the present Niagara Falls. - -57. _Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County._—Hall (op. cit., p. 364) stated that -at this place a tusk, with some horns of deer, had been found in gravel -and sand, 16 feet below the surface. Clarke (Bull. 69, etc., p. 933) -mentions this case and suggests that the antlers were possibly those of -the elk. The tusk may quite as well have been that of an elephant. - -Lyell (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. XII, 1843, p. 127) referred to this -discovery as showing mastodon bones at the highest elevation known at -that time, 1,500 feet above the sea. - -58. _Conewango, Cattaraugus County._—In 1908 (60th Ann. Rep. State Mus., -p. 60), Clarke reported that part of a mastodon skeleton, consisting of -from 40 to 50 bones, mostly vertebræ and foot-bones, had been unearthed -in 1906 from the bank of the State ditch along Conewango Creek, close to -the boundary between Cattaraugus and Chautauqua Counties. The remains -lay on a shelf of hard clay. They were discovered and reported by C. N. -Hoard and W. H. Hoard. The locality was probably not far from the town -indicated. This animal is to be referred to the last half of the -Wisconsin glacial stage; that is, to the Wabash stage. - -59. _Buffalo, Erie County._—In 1809 (Phila. Med. and Phys. Jour., vol. -II, p. 157), Dr. B. S. Barton reported that a tooth of a mastodon had -been found on Buffalo Creek, near its mouth. Of this mastodon one can -only say that it lived late in Wisconsin times, not earlier probably -than when Lake Iroquois became the immediate predecessor of Lake -Ontario. - -60. _Jamestown, Chautauqua County._—In 1872 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. VI, -p. 178), Mr. T. A. Cheney announced the finding of parts of 2 skeletons -of the mastodon, in a swamp about a mile north of Jamestown. One was a -small animal, probably a young one, the larger one an adult. Of the -latter, 6 teeth in the lower jaw, the tusks, and various other bones -were secured. The remains were lying in a soil composed of peat and -marl, at a depth of 4 feet. A great mass, 8 or 9 bushels, of broken -twigs was found and taken to be the contents of the animal’s stomach. -This mastodon belonged to the last half of the Wisconsin glacial stage. - -61. _Westfield, Chautauqua County._—Dr. J. M. Clarke, in 1903 (Bull. 69, -etc., p. 933), reported the discovery of a part of a skeleton at -Westfield. It was on the property of Mrs. Alice Peacock, alongside the -Nickel Plate Railroad. A tusk, 6 feet 2 inches long and highly curved, -17 ribs, 8 pelvic and lumbar vertebræ, a patella, and parts of the -scapula and pelvis were secured. The bones lay on a pavement of heavy -boulders and under several feet of black clayey muck. This animal could -have lived here only after the Wisconsin ice-sheet had withdrawn within, -or nearly within, the basin of Lake Erie. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Maps 5, 6–A.) - -1. _Mannington Township, Salem County._—In Rutgers College, New -Brunswick, New Jersey, is a mounted mastodon said to have been found on -the Hackett farm, Chestnut Hill, in Mannington. This township is -northwest of the town of Salem. It is stated that about 75 per cent of -the bones are present in the mounted skeleton; the missing parts are -restored in plaster or some other material. Rhoads (Mamm, Penn. N. J., -1903, p. 235) was informed by Professor Valiant that this skeleton was -excavated from a bed of gray marl, at a depth of from 6 to 8 feet below -the surface. According to Lewis and Kümmel’s geological map of New -Jersey, 1912, this region appears to be overlain by the Cape May -formation (see also Salisbury and Knapp, vol. VIII, Final Rep. Geol. -Surv. New Jersey, p. 194). - -2. _Harrisonville, Gloucester County._—In 1869, Cope (Cook’s Geol. New -Jersey, p. 740) stated that a mastodon had been found at this place, but -no details were furnished. Harrisonville is on Oldman’s Creek, and along -this are distributed, according to the map above cited, materials -belonging to the Pensauken formation. Bridgeton, Pensauken, and Cape May -deposits are, however, not far away (Salisbury and Knapp, op. cit., pp. -31, 96, 97, 194, 198). - -3. _Mullica Hill, Gloucester County._—In Cook’s “Geology of New Jersey,” -Cope reported also that mastodon remains had been found at Mullica Hill, -on Raccoon Creek, but here again no details were given. Following the -map cited, and Salisbury and Knapp, page 194, we find Cape May deposits -at the town, but Pensauken is not far away, and it is not known exactly -where the mastodon remains were met with. - -4. _Woodbury, Gloucester County._—Mr. Samuel N. Rhoads (Mamm. Penn. N. -J., 1903, p. 235) recorded the discovery of a mastodon near Woodbury. It -was found on Mantua Creek and was in the possession of Dr. J. C. Curry, -of Woodbury. Mantua Creek flows south of Woodbury, about 2.5 miles -distant. On the map cited the region is indicated as being covered -mostly by Pensauken materials, but there is some Cape May (Salisbury and -Knapp, pp. 100, 191). The Cape May is on a lower level along the -streams. - -From Dr. Curry the writer learns that the remains of this mastodon -passed into the possession of Mr. Herbert Twells, of Woodbury, New -Jersey. Neither of these gentlemen is able to furnish any further -information. - -5. _Pemberton, Burlington County._—Professor E. D. Cope (Cook’s Geol. -New Jersey, 1869, p. 740) stated that mastodon remains had been found at -Pemberton. Previously, Conrad (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. vol. I, -1832, p. 11) had reported that bones and teeth of this species had been -found here. In the collection of the Academy at Philadelphia are a part -of a skull and some bones and teeth which were collected at Pemberton in -1887 by J. C. Saltar and E. McConnell. Rhoads (Mamm. Penn. N. J., p. -234) mentioned this skeleton and said that it was exposed in the bed of -a small stream. Mr. J. Coleman Saltar, now of Milford, Delaware, has -kindly replied to the present writer’s inquiries. He says that the -skeleton was found about 1.5 miles northwest of Pemberton, in the bank -of a small stream lying partly in the water, partly embedded in the -bank. The flood-plain is perhaps about 10 feet below the tilled land -along the stream. On the flood-plain is recent silt. Below this appears -to be a Pleistocene deposit which contains vegetable débris, including -pine cones. The skeleton was in this layer, about 3 feet below the -surface. Professor Valiant informed Mr. Rhoads that another skull was -found, a good many years ago, in a swamp near Pemberton, and for a long -time was used as a door-step before its real nature was discovered. Mr. -Saltar, in the letter referred to above, stated that his understanding -has been that this skull was found along the same stream and was used as -a stepping-stone in crossing, until some progressive person sought to -change its position. - -In the collection of the Academy, at Philadelphia, are 2 good teeth and -parts of 2 others which are said to have been found at Pemberton. They -are credited to G. C. Forsyth. At Princeton University is a nearly -complete lower jaw, No. 8173, of a mastodon which was collected at -Pemberton. - -Pemberton is on Rancocas River. In Salisbury and Knapp’s work of 1917, -on page 184, it is stated that sands which seem to belong to the Cape -May are found along the North branch of the Rancocas near Pemberton. - -6. _Trenton, Mercer County._—Mr. S. N. Rhoads, in 1903 (Mamm. Penn. N. -J., p. 235) stated that there is in Rutgers College Museum a specimen of -tusk of mastodon which was reported to have been found in 1878 -associated with stone implements in the Trenton gravels, 12 feet below -the surface. Cook (Rep. Stat. Geol. New Jersey, for 1878, p. 15) stated -that the tusk was found at a depth of 14 feet, with the gravel and -stones partly stratified over it. There may be a question whether the -tusk belonged to a mastodon or to an elephant. Professor S. Lockwood -(Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. XXLI, p. 344) wrote that he had seen a tusk, -doubtless the one mentioned above, taken from the Trenton gravels. -Whether or not this tusk was found immediately at Trenton was not -stated, but Cook reported that it was found at Trenton. - -7. _Freehold, Monmouth County._—Several mastodons have been reported -from this place. Professor Samuel Lockwood, in 1882 (Amer. Jour. Sci., -vol. XXIV, p. 291; Pop. Sci. Monthly, vol. XXII, p. 341; Proc. Amer. -Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. XXXI, 1883, p. 365) reported that he had exhumed -a skeleton of a mastodon in a peat-swamp 2 miles west of the town. It -rested on hardpan, beneath the peat. Over the neck were sticks which had -been cut by beavers. Lockwood’s complete account was published in the -Popular Science Monthly, as quoted. The skeleton was in very bad -condition. The lower jaw is not mentioned. According to the New Jersey -map cited, the region about Freehold is occupied by the Pensauken -formation; according to Salisbury and Knapp the identity of this is not -wholly certain. It is impossible to say when the skeleton had fallen -there. Some one, probably G. H. Cook (Geol. New Jersey, 1868, p. 741), -stated that bones of mastodon had been found near Freehold by O. R. -Willis. Professor Valiant has told the writer of a milk-tooth of a -mastodon found at “Hartshorne’s mills” (Cook’s Geol. New Jersey, 1868, -p. 781). - -8. _Englishtown, Monmouth County._—Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Mamm. Penn., N. J., -p. 235) stated that Professor Valiant had informed him that remains of -mastodon had been found in marl at Englishtown. The relations of the -remains to the marl one can not now learn. According to the New Jersey -geologists, the region about the place is occupied by Pensauken; but one -can not be certain about the geological age of the mastodon. - -9. _Marlboro, Monmouth County._—George H. Cook (Geol. New Jersey, 1868, -p. 741) reported that a portion of a jaw of a mastodon had been found in -a mill-race at Marlboro; but when this happened we are not told. Rhoads, -as cited, probably refers to the same specimen, where he mentions a -ramus of a young mastodon containing the milk dentition. This is in -Rutgers College. The gravels on the hills about Marlboro are referred by -the New Jersey geologists to the Pensauken. It is not unlikely, however, -that Cape May deposits are to be met with at lower levels. - -10. _Long Branch, Monmouth County._—A number of mastodons have been -found in the vicinity of Long Branch. In 1824 (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. -Y., vol. I, pp. 143–147), De Kay, Van Rensselaer, and Cooper gave a -detailed account of the exhumation of a mastodon skeleton on a farm -called “Poplar,” 3 miles southwest of Long Branch, and 2 miles from the -sea-beach. The skeleton was found near the border of a marsh and so -close to the surface that it was discovered by a molar sticking out of -the turf. The vertebral column lay only about 8 or 10 inches below the -surface. These bones, including the skull, which lay near the surface, -were more or less decayed. The tusks were not found at all. The bones -were all buried in a stratum of black earth about 8 feet thick. Below -this was a bed of sand, with rolled pebbles, of unequal thickness, but -generally thicker than the bed of muck. Under this again was found a bed -of marl of undetermined age. The impression received by the -investigators was that the animal had sunken into the marsh and died in -a standing position. In such a case, the bog had been formed before the -animal was mired in it. There is an account by Van Rensselaer in the -American Journal of Science, volume XI, 1826, page 246, of the finding -of this skeleton. Godman (Amer. Nat. Hist., vol. II) gave an account of -the same discovery. Cook (Geol. New Jersey, 1868, p. 741) thought that -the bones had become exposed to view through subsidence of the peaty -layer, due to its having been drained. - -James Hall (Geol. 4th Dist., N. Y., p. 365) states that he had assisted -in exhuming a mastodon at Long Branch which was in a natural vertical -position, his body supported by the turf soil or black earth and his -feet resting upon a gravelly bottom. - -Lockwood (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXIV, 1882, p. 294; Pop. Sci. Monthly, -vol. XXII, p. 344) reported that he had known of 2 teeth of the mastodon -which at distant times had been taken up at sea off Long Branch. - -While it is very natural to refer to the latest Pleistocene these -mastodons which lie so near the surface, it must not be concluded with -too much assurance that they do belong to the Late Wisconsin. The -discovery of horse-teeth in the Navesink Hills and of _Megatherium_ at -Long Branch shows that the older Pleistocene deposits are present in -this region. - -11. _Navesink Hills, Monmouth County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., vol. VII, p. 261), Leidy reported that remains of the mastodon -had been found in this region, associated with a vertebra and some teeth -of a fossil horse. This was based on Mitchill’s statement (Cat. Organ. -Remains, p. 7) that he had a part of a tibia of a mastodon. - -12. _Manasquan Inlet, Monmouth County._—In 1882 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XXIV, p. 294), Lockwood stated that he had known of a tusk and some -other bones of a mastodon which had been uncovered by sea-waves in a -storm about 15 miles south of Long Branch. In another place (Pop. Sci. -Monthly, vol. XXII, p. 344) he spoke of a tusk which had been thus -unearthed in Monmouth County. The place was evidently north of Manasquan -Inlet. - -Salisbury and Knapp (Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. VIII) describe the -region along the coast from Manasquan River to Long Branch as presenting -Cape May deposits at elevations below 40 or 45 feet, while modern beach -deposits occupy some areas below this level. It seems, however that some -of these supposed Recent materials contain extinct vertebrates and are -older than they appear to be. - -13. _Verona, Essex County._—George H. Cook (Geol. New Jersey, 1868, p. -741) stated that a very perfect tooth of a mastodon had been picked up -near Verona. This town is on Peckman Brook, and in the valley of this -stream there is some stratified drift which is referred to the -Wisconsin. Too little is known about the history of the tooth to enable -one to determine with confidence its geological age. - -14. _Rockport, Warren County_ (_Schooley’s Mountain_).—In 1828 (Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. XIV, p. 188), Thomas P. Stewart reported the discovery -of what he called a mammoth on Schooley’s Mountain. It was met with in -1827, in excavating the Morris Canal. The locality must therefore be -west of Musconetcong River and probably not far from Rockport. The bones -lay at a depth of about 3 feet. The animal was evidently a mastodon. A -tooth, a lower last molar, measured 3.5 inches in width and 7 inches in -length. The enamel was well preserved. Other bones were found. - -15. _Hackettstown, Warren County._—In the fourth volume of the -Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 1844, on pages 118 to -121, there is an account, by J. B. Maxwell, of the discovery of the -remains of 5 mastodons near Hackettstown, about halfway on the road to -Vienna. In this vicinity is a ridge of gneiss which runs in a -northeast-and-southwest direction. On this ridge is a pond-like -depression about 40 yards in length by 25 yards in width, which at one -time was a marsh. After it was drained the owner began digging in it and -discovered the mastodon skeletons. They are described as consisting of -one animal pretty large, three of smaller size, and one a calf. From -these were obtained a skeleton which became the property of Harvard -University and has since been known as the Cambridge skeleton. It is -described by Warren in both editions of his “Monograph on the Mastodon.” -Jackson (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 60) described these -skeletons. A lower jaw of a young individual had two alveoli for lower -tusks, 0.75 inch in diameter. - -Asa Gray (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. II, 1848, p. 92) examined -wood which had been taken in the place occupied by the stomach of the -skeleton referred to. He found no differences between it and that of the -common hemlock spruce. While Gray speaks of this mastodon as being found -on Schooley’s Mountain, he evidently meant the ones found at -Hackettstown. - -According to Maxwell’s account there was at the surface 6 inches of -vegetable deposit; below this was found about 6 inches of whitish sand; -while below this came a bed of pure muck from 4 to 6 feet in depth. In -this were buried the mastodon bones. - -Lyell (Second Visit to U. S., ed. 3, vol. II, p. 363) mentions the -skeletons found at Hackettstown. Between the ribs had been found about 7 -bushels of vegetable matter supposed to have been contained in the -stomach. He took some of it to London and had it examined -microscopically. It appeared to belong to the white cedar, _Thuja -occidentalis_. - -By consulting Lewis and Kümmel’s geological map of New Jersey, it will -be seen that the locality where these mastodons were found is on the -Wisconsin moraine. Plates XLV and XLV _a_ of Salisbury’s report (vol. V, -Geol. Surv. New Jersey) present the topographical and geological details -of this region. A “mastodon pond” is there mapped which is doubtless the -one referred to above. We may be quite certain, therefore, that these -mastodons lived after the retirement of the Wisconsin ice-sheet. - -A note, apparently by George Cook (Geol. New Jersey, 1868, p. 741), -stated that some years previously a mastodon tooth had been found 0.5 -mile east of Vienna, 4 miles west of Hackettstown. - -16. _Hope, Warren County._—A note, probably by George H. Cook, in his -“Geology of New Jersey,” 1868, page 741, stated that a part of a -mastodon skeleton had been found about 2 miles from Hope, on the road -leading to Johnsonsburg and on the farm of Charles Howell. This would be -northeast from Hope. On the New Jersey map referred to there is some -Wisconsin drift indicated near this place. The remains are probably of -late Wisconsin age. - -17. _Greendell, Sussex County._—In Warren’s “Monograph on the Mastodon” -(first edition, page 174; second edition, page 200) is an extract taken -from the Sussex Register, of September 27, 1851, giving an account of -the finding of bones, jaws, and teeth of a mastodon on the farm of -Timothy H. Cook, near Greenville. This town was later called Cuttoff and -this name has recently been changed to Greendell. In Cook’s “Geology of -New Jersey,” 1868, page 741, the farm was said to belong to Jacob Voss. -In a bog which had been drained a fire was made on a stump of a tree. -The fire burned the roots, and the bones of the animal became exposed. -The bones of the head especially were apparently very near the surface. -The town is on the Lackawanna Railroad, about 3 miles northeast of -Johnsonsburg, Warren County. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Tunkhannock, Wyoming County._—In 1883 (2d Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, -G^7, p. 20), Dr. I. C. White reported that the tusks and the teeth of a -mastodon had been found at Tunkhannock. At the mouth of Tunkhannock -Creek a large gravel deposit rises to a height of 125 feet above -Susquehanna River and then spreads out into a wide plain. In the valley -of the creek mentioned it takes the form of a sharp, low kame-like ridge -of gravel and boulders. In such deposits the mastodon remains were -found. According to White, these gravels and boulders were laid down in -the waters which came from the retreating glacier and which deeply -flooded all the streams. In case this explanation is the correct one, -this mastodon lived there after the beginning of the retreat of the -Wisconsin ice-sheet. Possibly, however, those gravels, at a height of -125 feet, belong to an older glacial stage. - -White, on page 123 of his report quoted above, referred to a tusk which -had been dug up in one of the streets of Tunkhannock. This was probably -the one mentioned in connection with the teeth. - -2. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1873 (Ext. Vert. -Fauna West. Terrs., p. 238, plate XXVIII, fig. 9), reported that there -was in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia 3 first premolars -of apparently as many individuals of _Mammut americanum_, which had been -found at Pittston, associated with _Equus major_ (_E. complicatus_) and -_Symbos_ sp. indet. (“_Bison latifrons_” of Leidy). One of these he -figured. The present writer has examined these teeth. Two are upper -antepenultimate milk molars (pm^2), right and left; another is an upper -penultimate milk molar, whose length is 45 mm. and whose width is nearly -as much. They probably did not all belong to one individual. The -geological age of these mastodons will be discussed on page 308. - -3. _Berwick, Columbia County._—The U. S. National Museum has a cast of a -mastodon tooth sent there in 1904 by Professor A. U. Lesher. The tooth -was an upper right last molar and only slightly worn. There were 4 -crests and a very strongly developed talon. No details were furnished -regarding the conditions under which it was discovered. - -4. _Reading, Berks County._—The collection of the Academy of Natural -Sciences of Philadelphia contains a lower left hindermost tooth of a -mastodon and some fragments of one or two other teeth, said to have been -found on Schuylkill River at Reading. These remains appear not to have -been accompanied by any details regarding the manner of their burial. - -5. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—Many remains of the mastodon have -been found in the famous cave, or fissure, discovered at this place. The -first accounts of these fossils were published in 1871 (Cope, Proc. -Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XII, pp. 15, 95; Wheatley, Amer. Jour. Sci., -ser. 3, vol. I, pp. 235–237, 384–385). Cope (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., ser. 2, vol. XI, pp. 193–267) presented the results of a -thorough exploitation of the cave. For the nature of the remains of -mastodon found there the papers mentioned may be consulted. A list of -the associated fossils and a discussion of the geological features of -the case will be found in its proper place on page 312. - -6. _Jackson Township, York County._—In the collection of the Academy at -Philadelphia there is a lower left hindermost molar of a mastodon which -is labeled as having been found in the township mentioned, but no -details regarding the exact locality and kind of deposit were furnished. -Jackson Township is situated in the west and northwestern part of York -County. - -7. _Kishacoquillas Station, near Reedsville, Mifflin County._—In 1858 -Professor H. D. Rogers (Geol. Pennsylvania, vol. I, p. 480) wrote that 4 -grinders of a mastodon and a part of the skull had been found 3 miles -southwest of Brown’s Mills on Kishacoquillas Creek. The remains rested -on rounded pebbles and were covered with a few feet of alluvium. -Professor Mosheim Swartzell, of Washington, D. C., informs the present -writer that Brown’s Mills is located at the station Reedsville, and that -the tooth must have been found near the station. - -8. _Chambersburg, Franklin County._—In 1806, Dr. B. S. Barton (Phila. -Med. and Phys. Jour., vol. II, p. 157) recorded that a large grinder of -Elephas americanus of Cuvier had been found in a field a few miles from -Chambersburg. The tooth was evidently that of a mastodon. - -9. _Frankstown, Blair County._—Dr. W. J. Holland, in 1908 (Ann. Carnegie -Mus., vol IV, p. 233), reported remains of young mastodons from a cave -at the place named. They were associated with many other species of -mammals, a list of which will be presented on pages 321, 322. - -10. _Bedford, Bedford County._—According to Cuvier (Oss. Foss., 4th ed., -1834, vol. II, p. 274), Mitchill mentioned that remains of a mastodon -had been found at or near this place. The present writer has not seen -Mitchill’s statement. - -11. _Pittsburgh, Allegheny County._—In 1876, Professor J. J. Stevenson -(2d Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, K, p. 22), reported that numerous -fragments of bones and teeth had been found in the river bank at the -junction of Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. They were said to have -been presented to a Pittsburgh high school. - -12. _Hickory, Washington County._—In 1875, Professor J. J. Stevenson (2d -Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, K, p. 22) reported that a mastodon tooth had -been found in Mount Pleasant Township, in the county named. It was said -to have been discovered on the high divide between Raccoon and Chartiers -Creeks. The tooth is preserved at Washington and Jefferson College, at -Washington, in the county of the same name. Professor Edwin Linton has -informed the writer that the tooth was found about 1 or 1.5 miles -southeast of Hickory. This indicates that it was found along Westland -Run, probably about halfway down to the village of Westland. The -geological position and possible age will be discussed on page 323. - -13. _Erie, Erie County._—In the Erie Public Museum the writer has seen a -part of a lower right hindermost molar of a mastodon which is labeled as -having been found long ago on what was called Frontier farm, about 2 -miles west of the Public Library, below Eighth street and toward the -lake. The discovery is credited to W. F. Leutzer. The locality would -apparently be on Chase Creek, at an elevation of about 600 feet above -sea-level, unless it had possibly been buried along the creek in some -pre-Wisconsin formation. In lack of the information that ought to have -been preserved it may be impossible to arrive at any certain conclusion. -Mr. Clyde C. Hill, civil engineer, North East, Erie County, has informed -the writer that Chase Creek flows through the old Frontier farm. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 5, 7.) - - - IN UNGLACIATED REGION. - -1. _Pike County._—In 1875 (Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. -154), J. H. Klippart wrote that the upper jaw of a mastodon, with a -considerable part of the cranium, had been found somewhere in this -county and had been on exhibition in the State Agricultural rooms. It -was owned by a Mr. Faust, of Galion or Crestline. Nothing more appears -to be known about this specimen. - -2. _Nashport, Muskingum County._—In 1837 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXI, -p. 79), S. P. Hildreth, in an unsigned article, stated that mastodon -remains had been found 2 miles north of this place, during the -excavation of a canal. He recognized large portions of tusks and some -molar teeth. At the same place were found the skull which became the -type of _Castoroides ohioensis_, as well as a skull which Hildreth -described and named _Ovis mamillaris_, but which probably belonged to a -domestic sheep. - -47. _Lisbon, Columbiana County._—In the Ohio University Department of -Archæology and History there are some remains of a peccary which, as -reported by Professor W. C. Mills, was found associated with remains of -a mastodon. The locality is said to be in the northwest quarter of the -northeast quarter of section 24, township 18 north, range 3 west. This -would be in the south edge of the town of Lisbon and probably on the -south side of the Middle Fork of Little Beaver River. It would be just -outside of the moraine of the Wisconsin drift-sheet. - - - IN ILLINOIAN DRIFT AREA. - -3. _Cincinnati, Hamilton County._—In the first edition of his “Ossemens -Fossiles,” in 1812 (vol. II, Mastodons, p. 12), Cuvier mentioned the -discovery of a tooth of a mastodon on the right bank of Ohio River, -between the two Miamis. In 1843 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 1, vol. XII, -p. 127), Lyell reported that teeth of the mastodon and of an elephant -had been found 4 miles north of Cincinnati, in gravel beds of the higher -terrace. - -In his “Travels in North America,” volume II, page 60, Lyell wrote that -several teeth of mastodons had been discovered on Mill Creek, and on -what he indicated as the upper terrace. He presented a list of the -genera of mollusks that had been found at the same place. He added that -mastodon remains had been found in the strata of the upper terrace, both -above and below Cincinnati. Professor Fenneman writes that in Mill Creek -valley the Illinoian is distinctly terrace-like and composed of -interbedded sheets of outwash and till, as though made during repeated -advances of the ice. The teeth mentioned may belong, therefore, to the -Illinoian or Sangamon. - -The most important discovery of mastodon remains is that recorded by -Seth Hayes (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XVII, 1895, p. 217) and by -E. W. Claypole (Amer. Geol., vol. XV, 1895, p. 325). These remains form -what is known as the “Shaw mastodon.” They were discovered in Hyde Park, -in the northeastern part of Cincinnati, in section 27 of Columbia -Township. The spot is 1.4 miles away from the river, and just south of -the upper part of Crawfish Creek. Remains of at least three mastodons -were exhumed, including 3 tusks, a lower jaw with teeth, and many other -bones. There were found also a tooth and a vertebra of a horse. An -interesting matter regarding the lower jaw is the presence of 2 -mandibular tusks of considerable size (Hayes, as cited, plates XI, XII). -The diameter of each is given as 1.5 inches. One projected beyond the -jaw 9.75 inches; the other, 7.4 inches. They were curved rather strongly -downward. The specimen is to be referred to _Mammut progenium_ Hay. The -geology of the locality will be described on page 328. - -Under this number may be recorded the discovery of mastodon teeth in a -well sunk at Mount Washington, about 8 miles east of the central part of -Cincinnati (Fuller and Clapp, Water-Supply Paper 259, 1912, p. 27). The -teeth were found in coarse gravel, which lies only 15 feet from the -surface, and is overlain by old till and loess. The indications are that -the age of the mastodon is early Pleistocene. - - - IN AREA OF WISCONSIN DRIFT. - -4. _Amanda, Butler County._—In the collection of the Philadelphia -Academy of Sciences the writer has seen 2 teeth of a mastodon, probably -of the same individual, which are labeled as having been found on Dick’s -Creek, Butler County. This creek is in Lemon Township, and flowing -westward, empties into the Miami near Amanda. The teeth are credited to -W. S. Vaux. No details regarding the circumstances of discovery are -recorded. The locality is south of the Germantown moraine. - -5. _Germantown, Montgomery County._—In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., -vol. II, p. 154), Mr. J. H. Klippart reported that some years before -that time an account had been published in the Dayton Journal of the -finding of teeth, tusks, and some other parts of the skeleton of a -mastodon near Germantown. It is not known whether any competent person -identified these remains, nor what has become of them. - -In 1870 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. L, pp. 54–57), Edward Orton -described a geological section which was exposed along Twin Creek, a -mile east of Germantown. Here were found precipitous walls of clay and -gravel from 50 to 100 feet in thickness and extending 0.25 mile in each -direction from a point. Beneath this was a bed of peat along 40 rods of -the east bank of the creek, varying from 12 to 20 feet in thickness. In -the peat-bed were found mosses, grasses, sedges, and wood and berries of -red cedar. Orton reported that in 1870 there were taken from this bed -two mastodon tusks each 8 feet in length; also a tooth which afterwards -was shown to belong to _Castoroides_. Whether or not these tusks were -those mentioned by Klippart is uncertain. - -This section is discussed by Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XLI, -p. 363, plate XIV) and by G. F. Wright (“Ice age in North America,” 5th -ed., p. 592, fig. 151). The latter regards the peat-bed as having come -into existence during a temporary recession of the Wisconsin ice and as -having been covered up during another advance of it. Leverett thinks -that there is good reason to believe that the peat-bed indicates a -considerable interval of deglaciation, but that it remains to be -determined whether this preceded the formation of the early Wisconsin -moraine or succeeded it. Considering the great thickness of the -overlying Wisconsin drift and the almost certainty that Illinoian drift -underlies the Wisconsin, it seems probable that this peat-bed belongs to -an interglacial deposit, probably the Sangamon. - -6. _Dayton, Montgomery County._—In 1820 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. I, vol. -II, p. 245), Caleb Atwater wrote that teeth of the mastodon had been -found at Dayton. No details were given and the case is not illuminating. -The weights given for some of the teeth make it doubtful whether or not -he distinguished mastodon teeth from those of elephants. - -About the first of April 1921, Mr. C. E. Pickering, of Lake View, Ohio, -sent to the Smithsonian Institution for identification a well-preserved -upper right second molar of a mastodon. This had been found 4 miles east -of Dayton in an excavation, 30 feet below the surface. The tooth is 130 -mm. long and 95 mm. wide. The surfaces of the cones are furnished with -welt-like ridges which descend from the summit to the bases. - -This whole region is occupied by Wisconsin drift. It is probable that -the tooth was found in some river deposit, not in the drift itself. - -7. _New Paris, Preble County._—Professor Joseph Moore (Proc. Ind. Acad. -Sci. for 1886, p. 277) reported that many bones of a mastodon had been -discovered by a farmer living 2 or 3 miles from New Paris. Two grinding -teeth and one tusk nearly 11 feet long were part of the remains. The -bones became the property of Earlham College. Nothing was said regarding -the circumstances of the discovery, but the bones were probably found in -one of the marshes so common in that region. New Paris itself appears to -be situated on the Germantown moraine. - -8. _West Sonora, Preble County._—In 1893 (Amer. Geologist, vol. XII, p. -73) Professor Joseph Moore reported that mastodon remains had been found -near Sonora, Preble County, in company with a fragment of a tooth of -_Castoroides_. He probably meant West Sonora, as there is, at present at -least, no town by the name of Sonora in the county. He furnished no -details as to topography or geology. West Sonora is on the Englewood -glacial moraine. - -9. _New Madison, Darke County._—The museum connected with the public -library in Greenville, Darke County, contains a large lower jaw of a -mastodon with the second and third molars, right and left, found near -the headwaters of Mud Creek, on the farm of Elias Harter. The place was -evidently near the village of New Madison. The township is number 10 -north, range 1 east, and is named Harrison. In the same collection is a -part, about 4 feet long, of a tusk found on the farm of Daniel Ruh, -about 2 miles north of New Madison. It was met with at a depth of 3 feet -in digging a ditch. For the geology of the region see page 326. New -Madison is on the Englewood moraine. - -10. _Fort Jefferson, Darke County._—In the collection at the public -library in Greenville is a nearly complete mounted skeleton of a -mastodon found about 1908, in Neave Township, 11 north, range 2 east, -near the village named. The spot is on the Delaplaine farm and near the -headwaters of Bridge Creek. The region is very flat and was originally -swampy. - -11. _Six miles west of Greenville, Darke County._—The writer has been -informed by Mr. Calvin Young, living west of Greenville, that, a good -many years ago, a considerable part of a skeleton of a mastodon had been -exhumed on Kraut Creek, on the farm of Absalom Shade, in the southeast -quarter of section 34, township 12 north, range 1 east. One tusk was -broken up by the workmen in order to discover what kind of wood it was. -A lower jawbone, containing large molars, was 3 feet 2 inches long. The -remains were sold to John Collett, sent to a museum in Terre Haute, and -finally destroyed in a fire. The remains were originally found at a -depth of 5 feet and scattered about in sand and overlain by vegetable -mold and peat. - -In a letter of March 9, 1915, Mr. Young wrote that another mastodon had -been found 6 miles west of Greenville. The remains were buried at a -depth of 2.5 feet and lay on a bed of sand and gravel. Teeth and a tusk -10 feet long were observed, but the skeleton was not exhumed. These -fossils were found on or near the Sidney moraine. - -12. _Greenville, Darke County._—The collection at Greenville contains an -upper left hindermost molar of a mastodon said to have been found in -Greenville Creek, about 0.75 mile west of the town. Another tooth, an -upper left second molar, was found nearly northeast of the town, but how -far is not stated. Mastodon remains were said by Joseph Moore (Amer. -Geologist, vol. XII, p. 73) to have been found associated with the giant -beaver, somewhere near Greenville. - -These remains also must have been buried near the Sidney moraine, -probably in swamps along its border. - -13. _Ansonia, Darke County._—In the collection at Greenville nearly -complete ossa innominata, right and left, and some vertebræ are -preserved, all found on the farm of Hezekiah Woods, in section 9 of -township 13 north, range 2 east, at the headwaters of Stillwater Creek. -A considerable part of the south of this section is occupied by a swamp. -Around this runs the contour-line of 1,000 feet above sea-level. - -14. _Troy, Miami County._—Mr. H. C. Shetrone, of the Ohio Archæological -Museum, at Columbus, reported in 1914 that remains of a mastodon had -been found in a depression about 3 miles from Troy. A company engaged in -draining the pond and in digging found the bones. A lower jaw containing -teeth was secured, as well as an upper tooth. The tusks had not been -found. Troy is on the Loramie River, situated between the Englewood and -Sidney moraines. The remains certainly belong to the latter part of the -Wisconsin stage or later. Professor W. C. Mills writes that the remains -were found on the farm of Mr. Wheeler, 3 miles southeast of Troy. A -swampy kettlehole was being drained. - -15. _Catawba, Clark County._—In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, -p. 154), J. H. Klippart wrote that a considerable part of a skeleton of -a mastodon had been found in Clark County and had been placed in -Wittenberg College, at Springfield. No details were furnished. - -From Mr. C. G. Shatzer, of Wittenberg College, in reply to an inquiry, -the present writer has received the information that this mastodon is -now mounted and in the collection of the Ohio State University at -Columbus. It was found at the edge of a small marsh, on the farm of Mr. -N. S. Conway, on or close to the line between Clark and Champaign -counties, and about 4.5 miles southwest of Mechanicsburg. This would be -apparently about a mile northwest of Catawba and in the hills east of -Buck Creek. Mr. Shatzer stated that it is in a rather strong -knob-and-kettle country. This is shown, too, by the topographical sheet -of the region. - -The writer has examined this mastodon. The tusks measure, following the -curve, 9 feet 8 inches in length. At the base of one of them one -diameter is 162 mm.; the other, 184 mm. The tusks are somewhat spirally -curved. The animal was not aged, inasmuch as the second true molar is -worn only on the first crest, and the third molar is not at all worn. - -49. _Brighton, Clark County._—Mr. Shatzer reports that in 1905 or 1906 -he excavated a mastodon at a point about 5 miles southeast of the place -where the other was found and about a mile due north of the village of -Brighton. This skeleton was met in a marsh and lay at a depth of about -18 inches, but one fore-leg went straight down into the blue clay. The -tusks were badly decayed, but many of the bones were well preserved. - -16. _Urbana, Champaign County._—In 1908 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, vol. -XXV, p. 193), Professor R. S. Lull wrote that the Yale University -collection has a fairly complete skeleton of a young mastodon from -Urbana. The present writer made a note on this specimen to the effect -that it was found on a farm 5 miles north of Urbana. This would seem to -be not far from Mad River. - -50. _Woodstock, Champaign County._—Mr. J. H. Klippart (Cin. Quart. Jour. -Sci., vol. II, p. 153) reported that in 1869 a farmer, W. A. Howard, of -Woodstock, while ditching in his meadow, dug up a finely preserved femur -of a mastodon. For several years this was on exhibition in the State -agricultural rooms at Columbus. Unfortunately one can not be sure that -the bone was not that of one of the elephants. - -30. _Fayette County, near New Holland, Pickaway County._—In 1875 (Cin. -Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, p. 154), J. H. Klippart reported that -portions of a skeleton of a mastodon had been discovered in a bog near -New Holland. There appears to be no certainty that the remains were not -those of an elephant. They had not been exhumed. - -17. _South Bloomfield, Pickaway County._—In 1834 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. -1, vol. XXV, p. 256), in an unsigned article, S. P. Hildreth reported -the discovery of mastodon teeth and ribs in an excavation for a culvert -in a small stream, a mile east of Bloomfield, now called South -Bloomfield, where a canal was being constructed. The teeth were in a -fine state of preservation. At the same place was found the tooth of an -elephant. These remains are said to have been embedded in a black boggy -earth. - -18. _Circleville, Pickaway County._—In 1820 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. II, -p. 245), Caleb Atwater stated that a large thigh bone of a mastodon had -a short time before been found near the town in digging a mill-race. -Here again there must be doubt regarding the identification of the -animal. - -19. _Pickaway Plains, Pickaway County._—This name is given to a level -tract lying about 5 miles southwest of Circleville and east of Scioto -River. In the article cited above, Caleb Atwater stated that he had 2 -teeth of a mastodon, one of which had been found in a small rivulet near -the “Pickaway Plains.” This tooth is illustrated by figures 1 and 2 B, -of plate II, of the paper cited. It is evidently a tooth of _Mammut -americanum_. The locality would be not far from the broad terminal -Wisconsin moraine. - -20. _Salt Creek Township, Pickaway County._—The writer just quoted -reported that the other mastodon tooth which he owned had been found in -the bed of Salt Creek, 22 feet 9 inches below the surface. This tooth is -figured on plate II of Atwater’s paper above cited. - -21. _Shadeville, Franklin County._—In the collection of the University -of Ohio, the writer has seen a tooth of a mastodon which was found at -Shadeville. This place is on Scioto River, a few miles below Columbus. -It is probably of Late Wisconsin age. - -51. _Granville, Licking County._—In 1873 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. -V, p. 79), L. E. Hicks reported that he had examined the left side of -the pelvis of a mastodon found in the bank of Raccoon Creek, near -Granville, along the route of the Atlantic and Lake Erie Railway. This -place is on the west border of the Grand River moraine. - -22. _Mount Gilead, Morrow County._—In Ward’s Natural History -Establishment, at Rochester, New York, the writer has seen an upper left -third molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found at this place. -No details accompanied the specimen. The tooth is 158 mm. long and 95 -mm. wide, and has a large pulp-cavity. Mount Gilead is on the moraine -which forms the eastern limb of the Scioto lobe. The tooth may be with -safety regarded as of Late Wisconsin age. - -23. _Harper, Logan County._—In Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, are 2 -molars of a mastodon, the lower second and the third, which were found -somewhere in the vicinity of Harper. - -24. _Roundhead, Hardin County._—In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. -II, p. 153), J. H. Klippart reported that considerable parts of the -skeleton of a mastodon had been exhumed at Fort McArthur, in Hardin -County, having evidently drifted out to the Scioto marsh and being -widely scattered. Fort McArthur does not appear on recent maps; a -gazetteer of 1835 locates the place in Logan County, 24 miles north of -Urbana. The locality appears to be in the neighborhood of Roundhead and -in the marshes in which Scioto and Miami Rivers take their rise. - -25. _Washington Township, Auglaize County._—In Bulletin No. 16 of the -Geological Survey of Ohio, 1912, page 38, Mr. Alfred Dachnowski, quoting -from C. W. Williamson, stated that in 1878 Mr. S. Craig, while engaged -in surveying section 19 of Washington Township (Tp. 6 S., R. 5 E.) -discovered a mastodon skeleton. No further search had been made in 1905 -(Williamson’s Hist. West. Ohio and Auglaize County, p. 336). While -doubtless a proboscidean was buried there, one can not be sure that it -was not an elephant. This place is not far from New Knoxville. - -26. _Pusheta Township, Auglaize County._—From the same authorities it is -learned that in 1894 a mastodon calf was discovered in section 29 of the -township named (Tp. 6 S., R. 6 E.), embedded in a layer of muck at the -bottom of a circular pond. The skeleton is reported as having been quite -complete, but it went to pieces as it dried. The tusks were about 1 foot -long. At this place the waters flow into Clear Creek, a branch of -Auglaize River. - -27. _Wapakoneta, Auglaize County._—The authorities quoted reported that -a mastodon had been discovered in a ditch excavation in section 33 of -Duchouquet Township (Tp. 5 S., R. 6 E.), not far from Wapakoneta. The -remains crumbled on exposure and drying. They may have been those of an -elephant. - -28. _Duchouquet Township, Auglaize County._—The authorities on whom -reliance is here put state that in 1891 a mastodon was discovered by -some laborers who were deepening and widening the bed of a creek which -extends through section 22 of the township mentioned. This creek must -have been either Auglaize River or a branch of it, so unimportant that -it is not down on the topographical sheet of that quadrangle. The tusks -extended across the creek and were cut off by the workmen and carried -away. - -29. _St. Johns, Auglaize County._—Mastodons have been reported from two -localities near the village of St. Johns and along the headwaters of -Willow Creek. The one nearest the village is mentioned in Dachnowski’s -work “Peat Deposits of Ohio” (Bull. 16, Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1912, p. 38). -It was found in section 4 of Clay Township (Tp. 6 S., R. 7 E.), some -time about 1870. There is no certainty that the bone did not belong to -an elephant. The other mastodon was found in 1870 and accounts of the -discovery were given by Dr. G. K. Gilbert (Proc. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., -vol. I, 1871, p. 220; Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, 1873, p. -556); and by C. W. Williamson (Hist. West. Ohio and Auglaize County, -1905, pp. 334–336). The locality is 2.5 miles east of St. Johns, in -section 3, Clay Township. Farmers were engaged in running a broad ditch -through a swamp. The depth of the swamp deposit at that point was 8 -feet, of which the upper third was peat, the remainder, so far as shown, -of marl or marly clay. The bones were in their natural relations and it -was evident to Gilbert that the animal had mired there. The lower -limb-bones were directed downward and well preserved, but the bones -nearer the surface were badly decomposed. The presence of the teeth -enabled Gilbert to identify the animal as the mastodon. The peat had -evidently been deposited after the death of the animal, which had -occurred after the deposit of the drift. Klippart (Cin. Quart. Jour. -Sci., vol. II, p. 153) stated that a part of the remains had been placed -in the Wapakoneta High School. The remains must have been buried near -the Loramie moraine. - -In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer examined teeth and -bones of two mastodons which had been found in Auglaize County, but the -exact localities were not known. - -30. See page 75. - -31. _Ohio City, Van Wert County._—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, -vol. V, p. 215), Whittlesey stated that a mastodon tooth had been found -at this place, and further, that it had been mentioned by Charles Lyell. -It was found in alluvium and rested on a blue marl. The locality is in -the vicinity of the Lima moraine. - -32. _Columbus Grove, Putnam County._—In 1913, Mr. H. B. Maple, of this -town, sent to the U. S. National Museum for identification a lower left -first molar, found in gravel 3 miles north of the town, near the border -of ancient Lake Maumee. - -33. _Liberty Township, Putnam County._—In 1874, Professor N. H. Winchell -(Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, pt. 1, p. 392) told of the finding of large -bones, supposed to belong to a mastodon, just southeast of the center of -section 6, in draining the Medary marsh, in the township named (Tp. 2 -N., R. 7 E.) The bones were in a sandy loam along the north side of the -Leipsic ridge, a part of the Defiance moraine. Another was found in -section 8 of the same township. The remains consisted of two teeth, -bones of the posterior extremities, and a fragment of a tusk. The -limb-bone was removed 23 feet from the tusk. These remains lay at a -depth of about 3 feet from the surface. Other large bones, mastodon or -elephant, were found in section 7, Ottawa Township (Tp. 1 N., R. 7 E.). -This was evidently on the south side of the ridge mentioned, but yet -probably north of Blanchard River. - -34. _Springfield Township, Lucas County._—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, -vol. I, pt. 1, p. 556), Dr. G. K. Gilbert wrote that Dr. J. B. Trembley, -of Toledo, had informed him that a tooth of a mastodon had been obtained -from a marsh in Springfield, Lucas County. It is probable that Gilbert -meant Springfield Township. He could not ascertain the exact locality, -but he remarked that all the marshes of that township date from the -formation of the lowest and most recent of the raised beaches and that -it was almost certain that the tooth is not less recent than they. -Springfield Township is nearly in the center of this county. - -In 1886 (Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 309), Dr. E. Sterling, -of Cleveland, wrote that about 15 years previously a mastodon skeleton -had been found in a cranberry swamp in Lucas County; but no more exact -location was given. A large ditch was being made where the muck of the -bog was about 8 feet deep and rested on a layer of “hard pan.” The -skeleton was badly decayed. What proof the writer had that the remains -belonged to the mastodon is not stated. - -35. _Jackson Township, Wood County._—From a clipping taken from the -Toledo Blade of January 15, 1919, with 2 illustrations, it is learned -that Mr. John Welsh, of the township named, while digging a trench on -his farm, unearthed a tooth of a mastodon. The pictures show that it was -a considerably worn, lower right hindermost molar. Jackson Township (Tp. -3 N., R. 9 E.) is in the southwestern corner of the county. From Mr. -Welsh the writer learns that the locality is 3.5 miles northeast of -Deshler and in section 17. The tooth was buried at a depth of 4 feet. -The locality is well within the area covered by old Lake Maumee. - -36. _Carey, Wyandot County._—In April, 1911, Mr. O. N. Copley, Cary, -sent to the Smithsonian Institution a much-worn lower left first true -molar, found at Cary, in muck, at a depth of 3 feet. With it was found -also a canine tooth of a bear, apparently _Ursus americanus_. These were -buried near the Defiance moraine. - -37. _Old Fort, Seneca County._—At Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, -the writer was told of a mastodon which had been found at Old Fort, and -was in the possession of Mr. J. A. Gillmor, of Fremont, Ohio. Upon -inquiry Mr. Gillmor stated that the tooth, of which he sent a sketch, -had been found in 1909 in a low and marshy piece of tiled ground which -lies east of Sandusky River, opposite Old Fort. The tooth was very -superficially buried, for it was turned up by the plow. Mr. Gillmor -stated that in constructing the Nickel Plate Railroad, not far from -where the tooth was found, some large bones had been discovered. The -locality is north of Defiance moraine and on the old bed of Lake Maumee. - -38. _Bucyrus, Crawford County._—In 1838, as told by the geologists C. -Briggs (Second Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, pp. 127–129) and J. W. Foster -(Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XXXVI, 1839, p. 189, fig. 1), a nearly -perfect skull and various parts of the skeleton were found near Bucyrus, -on the land of a Mr. Hahn, during the excavation of a mill-race, and in -a bed of fresh-water shell marl about 4 feet thick. Both tusks were, -however, missing. There were secured also 6 cervical vertebræ, 6 -dorsals, 1 lumbar, 5 caudals, 28 ribs, most of the pelvis, and several -limb-bones. The fine skull was sent to the American Philosophical -Society in Philadelphia, and is now preserved in the Academy of Natural -Sciences of that city. What was done with the remainder of the skeleton -the present writer does not know. This specimen has been referred to by -several authors. N. H. Winchell (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, pt. 1, 1874, -p. 247) stated that the skeleton was embedded in the muck and marl of a -swamp and that what remained of it was then in possession of the Ohio -Agricultural and Mechanical College. The locality was probably near -Celina moraine. - -39. _Sandusky, Erie County._—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. V, -p. 215), Whittlesey wrote that a tusk and a few bones of mastodon or -elephant had been uncovered at the deep cut of the Mansfield Railroad, a -few miles from Sandusky, in a Recent bog of muck. J. H. Klippart (Cin. -Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. II, 1875, p. 153) referred to the tusk and said -that a part of it was preserved in the Homœopathic College at Sandusky. -It is impossible now to say whether this belonged to a mastodon or an -elephant. If still preserved it may be possible to determine the genus -from the microscopical structure of the ivory. - -40. _Brownhelm Township, Lorain County._—In the collection of Oberlin -College are many bones of a mastodon, some jaws and teeth, and a part of -the skull, collected about 1898, on the farm of a Mr. French, in the -township named, not far from the shore of Lake Erie. Professor Lynds -Jones, of Oberlin College, has sent the information that this mastodon -was found in a county ditch in township 6 N., range 19 W., about where -the ditch crosses from lot 29 to 30, on what is known as the North Ridge -road. This ridge is mentioned by J. S. Newberry (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. -II, 1874, p. 207, map opp. p. 58), and has an elevation of from 100 to -118 feet above Lake Erie. It represents the beach of old Lake Warren. -According to Professor Lynds Jones, the mastodon had been buried in a -morass between two branches of the North Ridge or old beach. This was of -course well along toward the close of the Pleistocene period. - -41. _Pittsfield Township, Lorain County._—In the collection at Oberlin -College are some fragments of mastodon teeth, found somewhere in -Pittsfield township (Tp. 4 N., R. 18 W.) at a depth of about 2 or 3 -feet, in a ditch. No further details have been secured. - -In the American Museum of Natural History, at New York, is a lower right -second molar which had been received from Mr. J. J. Crook. It had -probably been found somewhere about Lagrange, but this is not certain. - -42. _Cleveland, Cuyahoga County._—The geologist Charles Whittlesey -(Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 15) stated that, many -years before he wrote, a grinder of a mastodon had been found on the -west side of Cuyahoga River, in the valley alluvium, resting on drift -clay near the lake level. This might indicate one of three things: The -mastodon belonged to some pre-Wisconsin stage; or the tooth had, after -the retirement of the lake to its present level, been washed down from -above; or the animal had lived there after the lake had reached about -its present level. - -Newberry (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, 1873, p. 183) stated that his -“Delta Sand Deposit,” which forms the surface of the Cleveland plateau, -had yielded numerous portions of the skeletons of elephant and mastodon. -These could hardly have existed before the retirement of the lake within -the Warren beach. - -Klippart (Cin. Quart. Jour. Nat. Sci., vol. II, 1875, p. 153) says that -a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon was dug up in the immediate -vicinity of Cleveland, but had been broken into pieces at once by the -workmen. The identity of this specimen is doubtful and the exact -locality is unknown. - -43. _Medina County._—In 1875 (op. cit., p. 153), Klippart reported that -nearly 50 years before he wrote tusks, said to have been 12 feet long, -and some parts of the skeleton of a mastodon had been taken out of a -marl pit in this county. As in other cases, there is uncertainty about -the locality and the identity of the animal. - -44. _Green Township, Summit County._—Professor William C. Mills, of the -State University of Ohio, has informed the writer that he had secured -remains of a young mastodon in section 13 of this township (Tp. 2 N., R. -9 W.). The bones were found at a depth of about 30 inches and were badly -decayed. The region is flat and lies in a bend of the headwaters of -Tuscarawas River. - -45. _Massillon, Stark County._—S. P. Hildreth, in 1837 (Amer. Jour. -Sci., ser. 1, vol. XXXI, p. 56), reported that a year or two before he -wrote some very large bones and tusks of a mastodon had been brought to -light in excavating a mill-race near Massillon through a swamp or wet -prairie. This city is situated on the Tuscarawas River. - -46. _Canton, Stark County._—In the Cincinnati Inquirer of November 11, -1910, a paragraph announced that some boys, while digging in the east -end of the city, had found 2 mastodon teeth. On November 26 the writer -received a letter from Mr. N. D. Bush, of Canton, who described the -teeth, so that it is certain that they were those of the mastodon. Both -Massillon and Canton are situated on the broad Grand River moraine. - -47. See page 70. - -48. _Trumbull County._—Mr. John T. Plummer, in 1843 (Amer. Jour. Sci., -ser. 1, vol. XLIV, p. 302, footnote), stated that he owned a grinder -with 10 prominences which had been found in this county. Evidently the -tooth was that of a mastodon, but the locality is somewhat vague. - -For 49 and 50 see page 74; for 51 see page 75. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Maps 5, 8.) - -1. _Church, Hillsdale County._—In 1901 there was found, on the farm of -Mr. Levi Wood, near Church, the greater part of the skeleton of a small -mastodon. This was exhumed by an agent of the U. S. National Museum and -is exhibited there. The animal is small and probably a female. The bones -were found in a peat-swamp, not far from the surface. Those most deeply -buried were only 4 feet from the surface, while others were down only -about 2.5 feet. - -The whole of the township in which Church is situated is occupied by a -part of the Mississinawa moraine, the outermost one formed by the Erie -lobe of the Wisconsin ice. So far as the ground is concerned, the -mastodon might have lived there long before the close of the Wisconsin -stage at any time after the exposure of the moraine. - -This mastodon was described and figured by Mr. C. W. Gilmore in 1906 -(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXX, p. 610, plate XXXV). - -2. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In the American Journal of Science (vol. -XXXVIII, 1864, p. 223), Dr. Alexander Winchell reported the discovery of -remains of a mastodon on section 7 of the township of Adrian, Lenawee -County. The locality is said to have been about 7 miles northwest of the -town of Adrian. The township must therefore be that designated as 6 -south, 4 east. Winchell gave a list of the bones, and this comprises -probably about half of the skeleton, including the skull. According to -Winchell, these remains were found at a depth of only about 2 feet in a -peat-bog; beneath this peat, which was 2.5 feet thick, was marly clay, -passing at the depth of 4 feet into loose sand. - -According to the glacial map of Leverett and Taylor, the locality would -lie well outside the limits of Lake Maumee and would be on the Fort -Wayne moraine. Probably a long while after the Wisconsin glacial sheet -had retired from Michigan, this mastodon died there and became covered -by the thin deposit of peat, as found. Here may be noted likewise some -remains of a mastodon which Winchell, in the same paper, says had been -found in Adrian. - -In the U. S. National Museum (No. 188) there is a lower jaw of a -mastodon, reported to have been found in a lacustrine marsh in this -county, in the “same locality as the Decker mastodon in Adrian College.” -A note states that with this were found bones of deer, elk, and -castoroides. (See further, under the account of the skull of -_Castoroides_ found at Adrian.) - -In the annual report of the Michigan Geological Survey for 1901, page -253, A. C. Lane mentioned that at Clinton, Lenawee County, Mr. P. B. -Gragg had found several teeth and bones of mastodon. These seem to have -been buried in the same glacial drain-way as those found in Adrian -township. - -27. _Clayton, Lenawee County._—Mr. George Townsend, of Clayton, -Michigan, has informed the writer that he has the lower jaw of a -mastodon which he found while digging a posthole on his farm near that -town. The locality is described as the middle of the line between the -southeast and northeast quarters of southeast quarter of section 7, T. -7. S., R. 2 E., and near a creek. The township is Dover. According to -Leverett and Taylor the immediate region is covered by glacial ground -moraine. - -3. _Howell, Livingston County._—Dr. A. C. Lane (op. cit., p. 252) -reported that a lower tooth and a part of a pelvis had been obtained in -dredging the Shiawassee River, in 1900. Mr. C. W. Gilmore, of the U. S. -National Museum, tells the writer that he saw a mastodon tooth which had -been found in a swamp 2 miles southwest of Howell. Alexander Winchell, -in 1864 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, p. 224), reported mastodon -remains from Green Oak, in Livingston County. No details were furnished. -Most of this county is occupied by the Charlotte moraine system, formed -by the ice-lobe which extended out from Saginaw Bay. - -4. _Bellevue, Eaton County._—The writer has learned from Mr. N. A. Wood, -of the University of Michigan, that mastodon remains had been described -from near Bellevue by Mr. E. A. Foote, in the third volume of the Report -of the Pioneer Society of Michigan, on pages 402–403. The animal was -found on the farm of Mr. Charles Cummings. It was a large one, the femur -having a length of 3 feet 10 inches and one tusk was over 12 feet in -length. Four teeth belonged to the upper jaw. The remains must have been -found before 1879. - -Bellevue is situated on the Kalamazoo River, which here traverses the -Kalamazoo moraine. As in other cases in the central regions of the -State, mastodons may have lived at a rather early stage after the -Wisconsin ice began to withdraw; but they may have kept farther from the -glacial front. - -5. _Olivet, Eaton County._—Dr. A. C. Lane (Ann. Rept. Board of Geol. -Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 253) reported the finding of mastodon bones -near Olivet. A letter from Professor Samuel Rittenhouse, of Olivet -College, gives the information that many of the bones of the skeleton -had been secured. These were exhumed from a marsh on the northwest -quarter of section 11, township 1 north, range 5 west. Following -Leverett and Taylor’s map, the locality seems to be on an esker through -which flows Battle Creek. The country in this region is covered by the -Kalamazoo morainic system of the Saginaw lobe. The mastodon must have -been buried after the ice receded from that moraine. - -6. _Stanton, Montcalm County._—Mr. N. A. Wood, preparator in the -University of Michigan, informed the writer that Mr. L. C. Hodges, of -Stanton, in 1911 found some mastodon teeth. Nothing more is known about -these remains. Stanton is situated between the West Branch morainic -system and the Charlotte system. - -7. _Buchanan, Berrien County._—Mr. William Hillis Smith, of Niles, -Michigan, informed the writer that many remains of mastodons were found -in a large ditch made to drain the Bakerstown marsh. This ditch began -south and west of Buchanan and emptied into Lake Michigan. It was 16 -feet wide and 8 to 10 feet deep. In the course of the work bones and -teeth were frequently thrown out by the steam shovel, especially bones -of mastodons. One skull was badly crushed, but was repaired by Mr. E. H. -Crane, of Kalamazoo, and sold to the Ward Establishment, of Rochester, -New York. Exact statements as to localities are wanting, but the ditch -was evidently located on and within the Valparaiso moraine. It is this -moraine which runs around the southern end of Lake Michigan and -separates the St. Lawrence drainage from that of the Mississippi; east -of the lake it extends far north into Michigan. Naturally, this moraine -was formed before the withdrawal of the Lake Michigan lobe of the -Wisconsin glacier into that lake, and the mastodons might have lived, -died, and been buried there at any time after the exposure of the -moraine and the development of climatal conditions that permitted their -existence. - -Mr. Hillis Smith stated that a tooth of an elephant had been thrown out -in making the ditch above mentioned. This tooth was in the possession of -Mr. E. H. Crane, of Kalamazoo. The species is not known. - -The mastodons referred to above were mentioned by Lane in his report of -1901, page 253. He also called attention to a list of the mollusks found -in the muck beneath one of the mastodons, prepared by Bryant Walker -(Nautilus, vol. XI, 1898, p. 121), in which 36 species were named. - -8. _Eau Claire, Berrien County._—In the Joint Documents of the House of -Representatives of Michigan, session 1841, page 559, Bela Hubbard stated -that remains of a mastodon had been found on Paw Paw Creek, Berrien -County. Lane (Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252) stated that -there are in the Agricultural College at East Lansing, 6 teeth and half -of a lower jaw, found near Eau Claire, and which may be the remains -referred to by Hubbard. This appears, however, to be an error. On these -teeth are the label: “Found at Eau Claire, Berrien Co., Mich. Found -beneath several feet of muck while digging a ditch. B. L. Comstock, Aug. -17, 1896.” The teeth are extraordinarily large; M^3 right is 222 mm. -long. - -The exact places where the remains mentioned were found have not been -recorded. For an account of the small glacial lakes which occupied the -depressions that existed between the Valparaiso moraine and the shore of -Lake Michigan while the latter was yet filled with ice, see Leverett and -Taylor’s Monograph No. LIII, pages 225–227. In the deposits of these -lakes, but probably long after the glacial ice had retired, were buried -the bones of the mastodon and other animals. - -From Mr. N. A. Wood, of the University of Michigan, the information has -been received that a part of a skull of a mastodon was found in making a -public ditch about 2 or 3 miles south of Barada. - -25. _Galien, Berrien County._—In 1885 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. -V, p. 133), I. A. Lapham reported the discovery of the right ramus of -the lower jaw of a mastodon at Terre Coupée. This place has disappeared -from the maps; but it is said to have been situated on the railroad, 11 -miles west of Niles, not far east of Galien. The jaw was found by Mr. A. -H. Taylor, at a depth of 6 feet. It was peculiar in having a -supernumerary molar, a seventh. The jaw was again described by Dr. J. C. -Warren in 1855 (Amer. Jour. Sci. (2), vol. XIX, pp. 348–353). - -9. _Dorr, Allegan County._—A. C. Lane (Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for -1901, p. 253) stated that Frank Fleser and others had secured a jawbone -of mastodon and several teeth. The place is stated to be 4 miles west of -Dorr, probably in the valley of Rabbit River, where it cuts through the -Valparaiso moraine. - -10. _Cannonsburg, Kent County._—In the Kent Scientific Museum at Grand -Rapids is a lower left last molar, labeled as having been found at -Cannonsburg, by Henry Detmer. The exact locality of the place where the -tooth was found is unknown to the writer. The tooth is only slightly -worn and is of a white color. Cannonsburg is on a great expansion of -what Leverett and Taylor call the Charlotte morainic system, a system -produced by the Saginaw lobe of the Wisconsin glacier. Being one of the -more distant moraines of the Saginaw lobe, it was one of the earliest to -be freed from ice and to offer itself to animal occupancy; but it may -not have been invaded by mastodons until the glacial wall had moved much -farther away. - -11. _Moorland, Muskegon County._—In the Kent Scientific Museum at Grand -Rapids, Michigan, is a mounted mastodon, the bones of which, except the -limbs, belong to a specimen found about 1905 in a swamp north of -Moorland. The exact locality, as given by Mr. C. L. McKay, the finder, -is the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter, section 16, township -10 north, range 14 west. The skull and the tusks are in good condition. -Beneath the skeleton was found the skull which was made the type of -_Boötherium sargenti_ Gidley. - -The Moorland swamp forms part of a great plain about 25 miles wide lying -between the “Lake border morainic system” (Leverett and Taylor, p. 222) -and the present eastern shore of Lake Michigan. This plain appears to -have been occupied by either ice or the waters of old glacial lakes -until well near the close of the Wisconsin stage. The animal must have -been one of the latest of his tribe to inhabit the State of Michigan. It -may have lived long after the time of the musk-ox on whose skull the -mastodon’s pelvis was lying. - -12. _Williams Township, Bay County._—In the annual reports of the -Geological Survey of Michigan (1901, p. 253; 1905, p. 354), the -discovery of the skeleton of a mastodon in Bay County was announced. It -had been found in a depression called a pot-hole. The locality more -accurately given is in the southwest corner of section 3, township 14 -north, range 3 east. There was a fragment of a tusk 8.75 feet long and -but little curved, a femur and its socket 9.5 inches across, one -vertebra, and one tooth. These were found 3 or 4 feet from the surface. -The remains were sent to Ypsilanti. An examination of Leverett and -Taylor’s plate XVII (Monograph LIII) indicates that the mastodon could -not probably have lived there until after the time of Lake Warren. At -that time the ice-sheet occupied most of Lake Huron and a part of -Saginaw Bay, but the climate of that region was probably, for a long -time after the passing of Lake Warren, too raw and cold to please the -mastodon, so that it was long afterward that this individual left his -skeleton in the boggy hole. - -13. _Near Saginaw, Saginaw County._—Dr. A. C. Lane has reported (Ann. -Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252) that he had found in the -possession of farmers in Tittabawassee Township, Saginaw County, parts -of a tusk, said to have come from a ditch near the course of the Parker -drain, about 0.25 mile north of the south line of section 20, township -13 north, range 3 east, according to Mr. D. E. Williamson, of Saginaw. -Dr. Lane also reported remains of a mastodon, including the lower jaw, -found in digging a tile ditch on the “Willis farm.” - -14. See page 85. - -15. _Saginaw County._—In October 1910, Mr. Ralph McQuiston sent to the -writer photographs of three mastodon teeth found on a farm about 8 miles -east of north of Elsie, Clinton County. He has since given this locality -as being in the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section 4, -township 9 north, range 1 east. According to Leverett and Taylor’s -glacial map of Michigan, this would be about 6 miles within the old Lake -Warren beach-line and in sandy deposits laid down in water. The teeth -were found at a depth of 3 feet. It may be that the animal died at that -spot after the waters of Lake Warren had retired. If so, it would be -interesting to determine the origin of the materials which covered the -mastodon. On the other hand, the mastodon remains were possibly -deposited there after the withdrawal of Lake Wayne and that the -overlying materials were laid down by the water of Lake Warren, for this -lake appears to have stood at a higher level than its predecessor. If -the latter supposition is correct, mastodons could live not far away -from the glacial front. - -Further correspondence with Mr. McQuiston makes it appear improbable -that the overlying materials were deposited by lake waters. Professor -Leverett suggests that the animal had died in an old swale and had -afterwards been buried under fine material washed in from the somewhat -higher ground in the neighborhood. In that case the mastodon may have -lived at any time after the lake waters had retired from the locality. - -14. _Alma, Gratiot County._—In Alma College, at Alma, Gratiot County, -are some remains of a mastodon, found about 6.5 miles southeast of Alma, -on the farm of Mr. Albert Smith. These remains were exhumed under the -direction of Professor H. M. MacCurdy, of Alma College (Mich. Acad. -Sci., Rep. XXI, p. 119). Various parts of the skull are preserved, one -part showing beautifully the air-cells; also a fragment of a tooth, -axis, three dorsal vertebræ, a few ribs, and a part of the pelvis. From -Mr. Albert Smith it is learned that the remains were found on the -southwest quarter of section 17, township 11 north, range 2 west. This, -following Leverett and Taylor’s map, would be on the Owosso moraine, -which here runs north from Ithaca, Gratiot County. A ditch was being dug -through a peat-bog and the bones were met with at a depth of 4 feet or -less from the surface. Professor MacCurdy wrote that the bones were -lying on a bed of gravelly sand and were covered by a thin layer of -mixed sand and vegetation, while over this was about 3 or 4 feet of -well-decayed peat. The locality is about 2 miles from the shore-line of -the glacial Lake Maumee, as mapped by Leverett and Taylor. - -In the collection at Alma College is a left ramus of the jaw of a -mastodon, which contains the second and the third true molars and the -socket for the first molar. This jaw is reported to have been found on -the William Pitt farm, about 7 miles from Alma and in Seville Township. -The exact locality is given the writer by Professor MacCurdy as being in -the south half of the northeast quarter of section 22, township 12 -north, range 4 west. Professor C. A. Davis contributed for the writer -the information that these bones were discovered in constructing ditches -from 18 inches to probably 3 feet in depth. - -In the Alma College collections are some mastodon remains, including -three fine upper teeth, which were found in the southeast part of the -village of Alma. The locality is described as being in the northeast -quarter of the northeast quarter of section 3, township 11 north, range -3 west. Professor Charles A. Davis, deceased, formerly professor at Alma -College, later connected with the Bureau of Mines at Washington, D. C., -as peat expert, informed the writer that many years ago he exhumed parts -of two skeletons of mastodons. Part of the bones lay in a small deposit -of marl and were well preserved; the others lay on the edge of the -marl-bed and above it and were not so well preserved. It appears that -the locality had been covered permanently with water in which peat was -growing. Associated with the bones in the marl were the fruits of the -tamarack (_Larix laricina_) and of the black spruce (_Picea mariana_). -These trees are growing there to-day, and extend far north into British -America; hence, when those mastodons were living in the region about -Alma the climate may have been as warm as it is to-day or much cooler. - -Professor C. A. Davis informed the writer that a large number of -mastodon bones were found about 1885 by a farmer who lived half a mile -west of Riverdale. This was in Seville Township, No. 12 north, range 4 -west, apparently in section 31. The discovery was made by the owner of -the land, who found a number of teeth of a mastodon attached to the -roots of a small elm tree which he pulled out of a swale on his farm. -The bones were not more than 18 inches below the surface. Professor -Davis regarded it as remarkable that remains of the mastodon should be -so near the surface in ponds and swales where peat is growing. - -16. _Bancroft, Shiawassee County._—Dr. A. C. Lane (7th Ann. Rep. Geol. -Surv. Michigan, 1905, p. 553) reported that some ribs, tusks, teeth, and -many bones of a mastodon had been found near Bancroft, at a depth of 4 -feet, in marl, above which were muck, marl, and sand. Lane gives the -locality as being on the line between sections 36 and 25, township 6 -north, range 5 east, but this would be about 12 miles east of Bancroft. -The range is probably 3 east. The locality appears to be on the Fowler -moraine. - -17. _Venice, Shiawassee County._—In the agricultural school at East -Lansing is a lower right hindermost molar, catalog No. 3392, which is -said to have been found at Venice by Mr. Hiram Johnson. There are also -parts of one or two tusks from the same place, probably of mastodon. -Venice is just north of the Owosso moraine, and the mastodon must have -lived there at a rather late time in the Wisconsin stage. A letter from -Mr. Fayette Johnson, of Washington, D. C., son of Mr. Hiram Johnson, -informs the writer that he saw the bones taken up about the year 1884. -The place was about the center of section 21, township 7 north, range 4 -east. This would be apparently on the Owosso moraine. - -18. _Fenton, Genesee County._—Alexander Winchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XXXVIII, 1864, p. 224) reported mastodon remains from this place. No -details were given. Fenton is located on the Portland moraine, one of -those built up by the Saginaw lobe. - -19. _Davison, Genesee County._—In the museum of the Michigan -Agricultural School, at East Lansing, Michigan, is a large left femur, -found near Davison, Genesee County. It was presented by Mr. A. B. -Cullen, but no more exact information was furnished. A comparison of -this femur with those of the mastodon and of a specimen of _E. -primigenius_ from Siberia indicates that the bone belonged to the -American mastodon. The length is 40.5 inches. Davison is situated on the -border of an old lake which lay along the front of the ice which built -up St. Johns moraine (Taylor, Monogr. LIII, p. 241). At this stage the -earliest of the glacial lakes, Lake Maumee, had not yet come into -existence; but it must have been long after this time that the mastodon -lived in the region about Davison. - -20. _Utica, Macomb County._—In 1864, Alexander Winchell (Amer. Jour. -Sci., vol. XXXVIII, p. 224) reported mastodon remains from near this -town. A mention of this discovery is given in volume XVII, page 425, of -the “Collections and Researches made by the Michigan Pioneer and -Historical Society,” by George H. Cannon. It is here stated that remains -had been unearthed on the farm of Hon. P. K. Leech, and that specimens -of the jawbone and several teeth were in the cabinet of Hon. W. W. -Andrus. A letter to the present writer from Mr. A. F. Leech, son of Mr. -P. K. Leech, states that the remains had been found on the east half of -the northeast quarter of section 31, township 3 north, range 12 east, in -a swale which runs across the land described. These teeth and bones were -destroyed in a fire many years ago. According to Leverett and Taylor’s -Glacial Map of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan, the locality where -these remains were discovered is near the outer border of the glacial -Lake Maumee, at a point where there was a delta. This delta is mentioned -by Leverett and Taylor (Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 383). It is -where Clinton River entered old Lake Maumee. It is evident that the -animal did not live before the time of this lake; it probably existed -long after this time, when the climate had much moderated. - -21. _Plymouth, Wayne County._—Alexander Winchell (First Bienn. Rep. -State Geologist, 1861, p. 132) stated that a Mr. Shattuck had exhumed -nearly an entire set of teeth of a mastodon, with a part of a tusk 7 -feet in length. Winchell saw five of the teeth; the other bones appear -to have been destroyed. The exact location of this place is not known, -but Plymouth is within the border of the glacial Lake Maumee; and the -existence of the mastodon was possible only well toward the close of the -Wisconsin stage. - -22. _Wyandotte, Wayne County._—In the collection of the University of -Michigan are many bones, including jaws with teeth, of a mastodon found -in Monguegon Township, about 6 miles southwest of Wyandotte and about 2 -miles northwest of Sibley. The locality more accurately given is the -northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 12, township 4 -south, range 10 east. This was on the farm of Mr. James H. Vreeland. A -county ditch was being made to drain what is known as the Big Marsh. As -reported to the writer by Mr. R. A. Smith, Assistant State Geologist of -Michigan, on a very coarse limestone gravel are 30 inches of blue clay -and over this about 30 inches of muck. The bones were mostly in the blue -clay; those lying in the muck were much decayed. Some teeth and an atlas -are in the possession of Mr. Vreeland. - -According to Leverett and Taylor’s map, this mastodon was buried within -the borders of glacial Lake Lundy, just outside of that of Lake Rouge, a -contemporary of Lake Algonquin. On page 442 of Leverett and Taylor’s -monograph it is stated that the altitude of the beach of Rouge Lake is -589 feet. On the map just referred to the 600–foot contour-line runs at -a considerable distance west of the locality of the mastodon find. The -latter appears, then, to have been somewhere between the altitude of 589 -and 600 feet above sea-level, without considering the depth the skeleton -may have lain below the surface. The altitude of Lake Erie is 573 feet. -It is evident that the lake had attained nearly, if not quite, its -present level when this mastodon lived. - -Dr. E. C. Case, who superintended the excavation of this specimen, -informed the writer that the bones were found 4 feet from the surface. - -23. See page 88. - -24. _Petersburg, Monroe County._—Alexander Winchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., -vol. XXXVIII, 1864, p. 224) reported mastodon remains from this place. -The town is in township 7 south, range 6 east. According to Leverett and -Taylor’s map, Petersburg is within the beach which marks the old glacial -Lake Warren. Probably, therefore, this mastodon lived after the -retirement of this lake, unless it had lived during the time of Lake -Wayne and been covered over by the deposits of Lake Warren when the -waters of the latter made their advance on the land. The time of the -mastodon was more probably after both lakes had ceased to exist. - -23. _Saline, Washtenaw County._—Mr. N. A. Wood, of the University of -Michigan, informed the writer that he had seen some mastodon remains -which had been found here in 1880. No exact statements were given -regarding the place. Saline is very close to the beach of old Lake -Maumee, where this beach is crossed by Saline River and on the Defiance -moraine. - -25. See page 83. - -26. _Seven miles southeast of Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County._—In 1908 -(Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9), Russell and Leverett stated that -remains of a mastodon had been found a few years previously on the farm -of Albert Darling, about 7 miles southeast of Ypsilanti, where laborers -were digging a ditch across a swampy field. The lower jaw with molar -teeth in place, the left tusk, teeth of the upper jaw, portions of the -cranium, some vertebræ and ribs, and some of the larger bones of the -limbs were found. With considerable restoration these parts were mounted -and placed in the museum of Michigan University. The locality must be -not far away from Huron River and within the beach of old Arkona Lake, a -predecessor of the present Lake Erie. - -27. See page 81. - - - INDIANA. - - (Maps 5, 9.) - - - MASTODONS FOUND IN THE UNGLACIATED REGION. - -1. _Posey County._—On page 341 of Blainville’s “Ostéographie des -Mammifères,” volume III, it is stated that Lesueur had shown Blainville -drawings of a fine vertebra and a femur, with its epiphyses, of a -mastodon which had been found along the Wabash River. His language -indicates that this was somewhere below New Harmony. He stated that -these bones were in the library at Vincennes, Indiana. In answer to my -inquiry about these bones, President Horace Ellis, of Vincennes -University, informed me that some bones which appear to be those -mentioned are in his university. - -These remains were found in digging a well, at a depth of 60 feet. One -of the curators of the library at Vincennes, Mr. Badollet, states that -with these bones were some skin and hair. We may suppose that there was -some mistake about this. - -Unfortunately, as in so many other cases, it is now impossible to -determine just where these remains were found. New Harmony is situated -on the border of the Illinoian drift, and this continues nearly 10 miles -farther south. This drift is covered by loess. A well sunk here would, -at a depth of 60 feet, be in probably Iowan loess. Nearer the river, in -the lowlands, the depth given would probably be in Wisconsin outwash. - -2. _Dubois County._—Some details regarding the specimen found here are -given in the author’s paper on the “Pleistocene of Indiana” (36th Ann. -Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 702). A part of a mastodon was found long -ago near the mouth of Wolf Creek, at the Rock House Ford of White River. -This appears to be in Harrison Township (1 north, range 4 west). The -valley of White River is here occupied by alluvial terraces older than -the Wisconsin drift (Leverett, Monogr. XXXVII, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate -VI). There is here too, no doubt, much outwash from the Wisconsin -glacier itself. - -The writer has received a photograph of a mastodon tooth which Mr. -Marshall Roberts, of Jasper, Indiana, found in 1912 in East White River, -in the northwest part of Harrison Township. The tooth is 195 mm. long -and 87 mm. wide and has four crests and a large talon. - -In Samuel L. Mitchill’s “Observations on the Geology of North America,” -page 363, it is stated that a part of a mastodon had been found, in July -1817, “near the falls of the east branch” of White River. No exact -conclusion can be drawn from the facts known. - -3. _Hindostan, Martin County._—Mastodon remains (36th Rep. Geol. Surv. -Indiana, p. 707) have been found at Hindostan, on the east bank of White -River, about 4.5 miles directly southwest of Shoals. A mastodon tooth -was found in White River at Shoals (op. cit., p. 709). It appears to be -impossible to determine the age of this material. - -4. _Orange County, west of Orleans._—The writer has given an account -(36th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 710) of mastodon remains found here, -on the farm of Mr. Marion F. Mathers, apparently near the line between -the townships of ranges 1 and 2 west and 3 north, and about 2 miles -south of the line between Orange and Lawrence Counties. The remains -appear to have been found in a valley and about 4.5 feet below the -surface. Being found thus in an unglaciated region, they might have been -deposited at any time during the Pleistocene. - -5. _Sparksville, Jackson County._—Some years ago teeth and ribs of a -mastodon were found on the bank of White River, at Sparksville. The -valley here is filled with outwash from the Wisconsin drift, but there -is possibly some outwash from the Illinoian. - -6. _Jackson County, 7 miles west of Tampico._—(See 36th Ann. Rep. State -Geologist of Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 706.) A mastodon tooth was reported -found on the bank of Judah Creek, a branch of Mill Creek, in section 9, -township 4 north, range 4 east, not far from Muscatatuk River. This is -at some distance outside of the border of the Illinoian drift. Along -Mill Creek are alluvial deposits, but nearby is Chestnut ridge of -probably Wisconsin age (32d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 192). - -7. _New Albany, Floyd County._—In the Fifth Annual Report of the -Geological Survey of Indiana, page 176, Mr. William W. Borden stated -that mastodon remains had been frequently found on the bank of the Ohio -River, at New Albany. As too often, there are lacking details as to -localities and levels. It is quite probable that there is some outwash -at this place from the Illinoian drift, and there is much from the -Wisconsin. - - - MASTODONS FOUND WITHIN AREA COVERED BY ILLINOIAN DRIFT. - -8. _Princeton, Gibson County._—In 1910, three teeth of a mastodon were -found in this village, at a depth of 6 feet, in a sewer which was being -constructed in West Chestnut street. This region is covered by Illinoian -drift. According to Leverett’s map (Monogr. LIII, 1914), Princeton is -situated on Illinoian ground moraine covered by loess. Dr. E. W. Shaw, -of the U. S. Geological Survey, who is familiar with the region in -question, informs the writer that these teeth were almost certainly -found in Iowan loess, deposited at some time between the Illinoian and -the Wisconsin glacial stages. - -52. _Vincennes, Knox County._—At the State University of Colorado, at -Boulder, there is an atlas of a mastodon which was taken there by -Professor M. M. Ellis, formerly of Vincennes, who stated that this, with -other bones, had been found at Vincennes, associated with a skull of a -fossil bison. - -9. _Knox or Gibson County._—In Blainville’s “Ostéographie des -Mammifères,” page 340, it was stated that the lower jaw of a mastodon -had been found at some place between Vincennes and New Harmony. The -locality would be in either Knox or Gibson County. The valley of the -Wabash in all this region is filled with outwash from the Wisconsin -glacier, and most probably the animal represented lived during the -Wisconsin stage; but our lack of knowledge of the conditions in which -the jaw was found forbids any assumption of certainty in our conclusion. - -10. _Parke County._—In the Forty-first Annual Report of the State Museum -of New York it is reported that there was received, about 1888, the -tooth of a mastodon, found in this county, at the junction of Raccoon -and Little Raccoon Creeks. These creeks unite on section 23 of township -14 north, range 8 west. The political name of the township is Florida. -The region is covered by Illinoian drift; hence the tooth is quite -certainly more recent than that epoch. The valleys of the creeks named -are occupied by outwash from Wisconsin drift, and probably the teeth -found lodgment there during the Wisconsin stage. - -11. _Brookville, Franklin County._—The writer has given an account of -the remains of mastodons found near Brookville (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. -Surv. Indiana, 1912, p. 704). The information is derived from a report -by Dr. Rufus Haymond, made in the First Annual Report, 1869, page 199. -Two of these were found 8 or 9 feet below the surface, in the gravel of -the upper terrace, along Whitewater River. One was discovered about half -a mile below Brookville, the other about 3.5 miles below the village. -According to Mr. A. E. Taylor’s account of this region (34th Ann. Rep. -Geol. Surv. Indiana), the terrace in which the mastodon bones were -buried is 100 feet above the present bed of Whitewater River. As Haymond -speaks of skeletons being found at these localities, it is probable that -something more than isolated teeth or bones were buried there. If so, -the bones were in their original place of interment, and since that -interment the terrace was built up higher by about 8 feet. According to -Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 118), these terraces were made from the -outwash of the Wisconsin glacier while it was forming the moraines which -cross Wayne and the southern part of Randolph Counties. If this is true, -these mastodons lived shortly after the culmination of the Wisconsin -stage. This interpretation would imply that mastodons could live in very -close proximity to the glacial front. However, not too much importance -must be attached to this case, for it is possible that the animals were -not correctly identified. - -According to Haymond, another skeleton was found about 3.5 miles -northeast of Brookville, in a piece of marshy ground which the owner was -ditching. This discovery must have been made either on the outer -(Hartwell) moraine of the Wisconsin glacier or along East Honnas Creek, -where it breaks through the moraine. In either case, the animal must -have been buried there after the retirement of the ice from that -moraine. - -12. _Dearborn County._—In 1872 (3d and 4th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Indiana, p. 402), Professor R. B. Warder mentioned briefly that some -remains of mastodon had been met with in this county. A part of a large -pelvis was found at a salt spring on Tanner’s Creek, below Guilford. -This may have belonged to either a mastodon or an elephant. A mastodon’s -tooth is said to have been found on high ground on George Randall’s -farm, 5 miles west of southwest of Aurora, lying on a stratum of blue -clay 8 or 9 feet below the surface. This region is occupied by Illinoian -drift and the mastodon probably lived there at some time after the -Illinoian stage and before the Wisconsin. However, we can not be certain -that the animal was not a mammoth, for no description was given of the -tooth and it has almost certainly been destroyed. - -According to L. C. Ward’s report on the soils of Dearborn County (32d -Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 232), this immediate region is -occupied by what he calls limestone upland soil, which has resulted from -the decay of Silurian limestones and shales. Nothing is said about -Illinoian drift there. Nevertheless, by some means, this proboscidean -was buried there during the Pleistocene period. - -Warder mentioned other remains of proboscideans reported from Ohio -County, adjoining Dearborn on the south, a piece of a tusk found near -Patriot, a tusk on Laughery Creek above Hartford, and a tooth at Rising -Sun, in the river bank; but these may have belonged to elephants. To an -elephant may have belonged the tusks which Warder reported as having -been found in the river bottom 5 miles below Vevay, in Switzerland -County. - -54. _Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County._—Mr. M. G. Mock, of Houston, Texas, -formerly of Muncie, Indiana, a careful collector of mastodon and -elephant teeth, in a letter informed the writer that in August 1887 a -large mastodon tooth was found near Lawrenceburg, but the exact locality -was not given. - -20. _Charleston, Clark County._—In the Fifth Annual Report of the -Geological Survey of Indiana, 1874, page 176, Mr. William W. Borden -reported the discovery of a skeleton of a mastodon on tract 55 of the -“Illinois Grant,” about 2 miles southwest of Charleston Landing and -about the same distance from the Ohio River. A part of the bones was -sent to the old Louisville Museum; the others were, in 1874, in the -possession of Mr. J. Coons, one of the finders. Probably the bones have -long been lost or destroyed. According to Borden, they were found in a -sand-bank. This region is occupied by Illinoian drift. - -According to R. W. Ellis’s soil survey of this region (32d Ann. Rep. -Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 245, map), this area is occupied by what is -called New Washington clay loam. This is regarded as the residual soil -of the disintegrated limestone of the Jeffersonville and Niagara -formations. Nothing is said about any glacial drift here, but the sand -of the sand-pit mentioned must have been deposited during the -Pleistocene. - - - MASTODONS FOUND BETWEEN THE SHELBYVILLE AND THE BLOOMINGTON MORAINES. - -13. _Greencastle, Putnam County._—The State collection at Indianapolis -contains a last molar of a mastodon found somewhere near Greencastle. It -is not known whether it was found on Wisconsin drift or on Illinoian, or -in Wisconsin outwash along Eel River. - -50. _Greensburg, Decatur County._—From Dr. W. D. Matthew, American -Museum Natural History, New York City, the writer has received -information, accompanied by drawings, that teeth and part of the jaw of -a mastodon were found near Greensburg, by Mr. Roscoe Humphrey. The -drawings show two teeth, one having a length of 102 mm., the other of -135 mm. Mr. Humphrey states that the jaw and the teeth were found in a -branch of Sand Creek, about 4.5 miles southeast of Greensburg. This is -evidently on the Shelbyville moraine. - -14. _Danville, Hendricks County._—The collection of the State Museum at -Indianapolis contains a lower second true molar labeled as having been -found near Danville. The specimen is credited to Dr. Vinnage. As this -region is covered by Wisconsin drift, it is probable that the animal -lived after the Wisconsin ice had retired. - -15. _Attica, Fountain County._—Mr. J. E. Walker, of Attica, Indiana, has -informed the writer that about October 1, 1895, a mastodon jaw was found -near Newtown, in that county. Mr. Charles B. McKinney, of Newtown, wrote -that the jaw was discovered in the bank of Coal Creek, about 4 rods from -where the creek crosses into Montgomery County, in the northeast quarter -of section 9, township 20 north, range 6 west. The bank rose 3 feet -above the bed of the creek and was composed of a black loam; higher -ground is found about 20 rods away. This jaw must have been buried -originally where it was found or nearby and after the ice which formed -the Champaign moraine had withdrawn further north. It may have been long -after this withdrawal. The description of the jaw and teeth leaves no -doubt as to the correct identification of the animal. - -Former State Geologist John Collett, in 1880 (2nd Rep. Bur. Stat. Geol. -Indiana, p. 386), stated that in digging a canal a few miles north of -Covington a skeleton of a mastodon had been found embedded in wet peat. -Collett reported that the bones yet contained their marrow. The identity -of the species and the details as to location and depths are not given. -Doubtless the age of the animal was Late Wisconsin. - - - MASTODONS FOUND NORTH OF THE BLOOMINGTON MORAINIC SYSTEM AND SOUTH OF - THE WABASH RIVER AND THE MISSISSINAWA MORAINE. - -The whole region is occupied by deposits from the Wisconsin glacial -sheet. - -16. _Bowers, Montgomery County._—Professor Donaldson Bodine of Wabash -College, has informed the writer that about 1885 some remains of a -mastodon were unearthed on the farm of Milton N. Waugh, near Bowers. The -exact locality is said to be in section 12, township 20 north, range 3 -west. This must be close to a stream named on the map Potato Creek. This -lies north of the Bloomington morainic system or on its northern edge. -The epoch of the animal is not earlier than Wisconsin. - -According to Jones and Orahood’s soil survey of this county (37th Ann. -Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 149), the glacial drift is almost -everywhere overlain by loess, varying in thickness from a few inches to -nearly 3 feet. This loess was deposited after the ice had retired from -that region. - -17. _Indianapolis, Marion County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis -there is a lower right last molar labeled as having been found in -Indianapolis, at Pennsylvania and Thirtieth streets, by workmen who were -digging a sewer. This was probably in outwash materials brought down by -Fall Creek from the northeast during the withdrawal of the Wisconsin ice -from the Bloomington moraine to the one which passes through Union City -and Muncie, called the Union City moraine. - -18. _Anderson, Madison County._—In the Indianapolis Star of July 30, -1911, is an account of the finding of jawbones, with teeth, of a -mastodon. The account was accompanied by reproductions of photographs, -which make the identification certain. The remains were found on the -farm of Louis Webb, but the exact location was not indicated. The animal -certainly lived after the culmination of the Wisconsin stage. - -Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. LIII, p. 99) states that in parts of -central Indiana the Wisconsin drift may be relatively thin, as little as -from 15 to 20 feet. In western Tipton and southern Clinton Counties a -buried soil about 20 feet below the surface seems to represent the land -surface previous to the Wisconsin invasion. In southern Madison County a -black mucky soil, carrying pieces of wood large enough to be called -logs, underlies the till at from 15 to 40 feet. Such a soil would be the -product of the interval between the Illinoian glacial stage and the -Wisconsin, probably either Sangamon or Peorian. In such deposits there -might be found vertebrate remains, possibly even of horses. - -19. _Fairmount Township, Grant County._—In 1883, A. J. Phinney, M. D., -in describing the geology of Grant County (13th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Indiana, p. 143), reported that some years previously the tooth of a -mastodon was found in one of the marshes south of the lake in Fairmount -Township, number 23 north, range 8 east. In another part of the report -it is stated that the lake was in section 14. It covered at the time of -writing about 10 acres, but had formerly covered about 30 acres. The -drainage is now north into the Mississinawa River; but, before the -Wisconsin ice had withdrawn to where the Mississinawa moraine now is, -the drainage was toward the south into White River. At some time after -the retirement of the ice from this region it became occupied by -mastodons, elephants, giant beavers, and doubtless many other species of -animals. - -For 20 see page 91. - -21. _Muncie, Delaware County._—A. J. Phinney, in 1882 (11th Ann. Rep. -Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 131), reported that a mastodon tooth was found -4.5 miles west of Muncie, on the farm of Edward McKinley. No details as -to depth or kind of soil were given. The tooth is said to have measured -4 by 5.5 inches, with a depth of 7 inches. Unless the roots were present -and large it seems not unlikely that the tooth was that of an elephant. -Phinney did not say that he saw the tooth. He reported other supposed -mastodon remains which had been found in this county, but there is no -assurance that they were correctly identified. Whatever proboscideans -they were, they lived after the Wisconsin ice had retreated from that -region. - -Mr. M. G. Mock, of Houston, Texas, formerly of Muncie, Indiana, has been -interested in making collections of fossils and curiosities. He has kept -a note-book of his finds and has illustrated it with sketches. He has a -lower right last mastodon molar which was found near Muncie. It is 8.5 -inches long, and has 4 crests and 5 roots. - -He reports having seen a mastodon tooth with 3 crests, which was found -June 1887, about 1.75 miles east of Muncie, at the mouth of Hog Creek. - -Two teeth, of which Mr. Mock still owns one, were found August 8, 1894, -2.5 miles south of Muncie, in a ditch near Buck Creek, on the farm owned -by Oliver McConnell. - -53. _Royerton, Delaware County._—Mr. M. G. Mock, above referred to, -showed the writer a drawing of a mastodon tooth which was found May 24, -1890, near Royerton, 6 miles north of Muncie. With this were two other -teeth; one 7 inches long and weighed nearly 4 pounds. These were -discovered in excavating tile clay at a depth of about 3.5 feet. - -22. _Henry County._—In the collection of Princeton University are two -lower true molars, apparently the first of each side. The length of each -is 95 mm. They are labeled as having come from Henry County, Indiana, -but there is nothing to indicate from what part of the county. - -23. _Losantville, Randolph County._—Losantville is, according to -Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. LIII, plate VI), on the Bloomington -moraine of the Wisconsin. As indicated on the map, the drift is covered -with silt formed in local ice-border pools. Hence the mastodon in -question left his bones in a depression on the top of the Wisconsin -drift-sheet, and later they were covered by a deposit of peat. - -In Nautilus, volume IV, page 131, Elwood Pleas, of Dunreith, Indiana, -gave a list of six species of mollusks found associated with the -mastodon. All are yet living. - -Dr. A. J. Phinney (Twelfth Ann. Rep. Ind. Geol. Surv., p. 181) stated -that mastodon bones had been met in this county, but no details were -furnished. - -24. _Dalton, Wayne County._—In the Earlham College collection there is a -lower jaw found in Nettle Creek, near Dalton. It contains the last two -molars. The last one has five crests and a talon. The front of the -symphysis is rough, but there are no alveoles for tusks. Dalton is in -the northwestern corner of the county and on the southern border of the -Shelbyville moraine, where this joins the Bloomington moraine. - -25. _Jacksonburg, Wayne County._—Dr. John T. Plummer (Amer. Jour. Sci., -ser. I, vol. XLIV, 1843, p. 302) stated that he had obtained near -Jacksonburg, 18 miles west of Richmond, a tooth. It had four -cross-ridges and was so well preserved that a dentist attempted to make -artificial human teeth from it. According to Leverett’s map, the tooth -was probably on the surface of Wisconsin drift. It could not, therefore, -have lived until after the Shelbyville moraine had been cleared of ice. - -26. _Richmond, Wayne County._—In the twelfth volume of the American -Geologist, page 73, Professor Joseph Moore, then of Earlham College, -stated that some sound teeth and decayed bones of a mastodon had been -found 2 miles east of Richmond, in scooping out a fish-pond. A label on -a lower last molar states that the remains were found on the Floyd farm. -With them were found a fragment of an incisor of _Castoroides_. -According to Leverett (Monogr. LIII, plate VI), the locality would be -outside of the Bloomington moraine of the Wisconsin drift. - - - MASTODONS FOUND WITHIN THE MISSISSINAWA MORAINE. - -27. _Penn Township, Jay County._—Mr. David McCaslin (12th Ann. Rep. -Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 169) stated that various remains of mastodon had -been found in Jay County. He mentioned in particular fragments found in -Penn Township (township 24 north, range 8 east) and which seemed to -indicate the presence of an entire skeleton. It is, however, possible -that this skeleton was that of an elephant. The Salamonie moraine passes -diagonally through this township. - -28. _Fort Wayne, Allen County._—Richard Lydekker (Foss. Mamm. Brit. -Mus., pt. IV, p. 17) stated that there is in the British Museum of -Natural History a cast of the left half of the brain of an immature -specimen of mastodon which had been found at Fort Wayne. The cast had -been sent to that museum by the Chicago Academy of Science. - -Professor C. R. Dryer (16th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 129) -reported five skeletons of mastodons found in Allen County. No -particulars were given. A note from Professor Dryer to the present -writer states that he had been unable to obtain additional information. -It is not unlikely that some of these remains belonged to elephants, but -doubtless some were those of mastodons. It is to be regretted that so -little of value is secured from such discoveries. - -29. _DeKalb County, 5 miles west of Waterloo._—In the Carnegie Museum at -Pittsburgh there is a quite complete skeleton of a mastodon which was -found in 1897, in a peat-bog about 5 miles west of Waterloo. Dr. W. J. -Holland gave a brief account of this skeleton in 1905 (Ann. Carnegie -Mus., vol. III, p. 464). The exact location of the place has not been -ascertained by the writer. According to Leverett’s map (Monograph LIII, -U. S. Geological Survey) this mastodon was buried on the eastern border -of the Salamonie moraine, and it could not have lived there until well -along in the latter part of the Wisconsin stage. - -55. _DeKalb County, 5 miles northeast of Waterloo._—Dr. W. J. Holland -(Popular Science, New York, vol. XXXIII, 1899, p. 233) described the -finding and disinterment of three mastodons and had a figure of one -skeleton. One of the nearly complete skeletons was found resting on -“hardpan,” partly embedded in a thin layer of shell marl and muck under -the peat, at points not more than 3 feet below the surface. - -56. _Noble County._—Under this number may be mentioned the following -discovery of mastodon remains: In the American Naturalist, volume II, -1868, page 56, was reported a communication made to the Chicago Academy -of Science by Dr. Meyers, of Fort Wayne. He announced that he and Dr. -Stimpson, of Chicago, had unearthed the skeletons of three mastodons -somewhere in Noble County, in a basin-shaped depression in the middle of -a corn-field, formerly a willow swamp. One of the animals was a young -one. Some of the bones had been found by Mr. Thrush, in digging a ditch -through his land. - -The skeletons lay at a depth of 4 or 5 feet, in a stratum of peat which -overlay blue clay containing lacustrine shells. In the peat were found -fragments of boughs and branches of several kinds of wood in a good -state of preservation, and some fragments had been gnawed by beavers. - -30. _Ashley, Steuben County._—The American Museum of Natural History, -New York, contains the fine skull of a mastodon, found in Steuben -Township not far from Ashley. The finder of the skull, Mr. Walter F. -Deller, of Ashley, informed the writer that it was discovered in a swamp -which was being drained, about 5 feet from the surface. He states that -the bones lay in a marl, itself overlain by muck, and on top of all some -soil which had been washed in. So far as can be determined, the animal -was buried between the Mississinawa and the Salamonie moraines. With the -skull were found other parts of the skeleton, which shows that the -remains were in their original place of burial. - - - MASTODONS FOUND OUTSIDE OF MISSISSINAWA MORAINE AND BETWEEN WABASH AND - KANKAKEE RIVERS. - -31. _Beaver Lake, Newton County._—In 1870 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. -IV, p. 229), Frank H. Bradley reported that in draining Beaver Lake, in -Newton County, mastodon remains had been found, in company with -_Boötherium_. No details were furnished, and it is not known what was -done with the specimens. It is probable that the musk-ox belonged to the -species _Symbos cavifrons_. It occurs over the country much more -abundantly than any other musk-ox. - -Beaver Lake has disappeared from the maps, but it is shown on the -geological map of Indiana, published in the Eighteenth Annual Report of -the Geological Survey of Indiana. The lake occupied a part of the -present township of McClellan (township 30 north, range 9 west). -Doubtless this lake existed ever since the retirement of the ice from -that region. The mastodon was probably found in making the ditch from -the lake in a northwesterly direction into the Kankakee River. - -32. _Jasper County._—John Collett, at that time State geologist, -reported in 1882 (12th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 73) that -remains of a mastodon had been found in this county, but no particulars -were furnished. He stated that remains of this species, as well as those -of the mammoth, were buried in deposits of peat. A portion of the county -is occupied by the Marseilles morainic system, the remainder by the -Kankakee marsh, perhaps largely a lake during the latter part of the -Wisconsin stage. On the maps the number 32 is placed arbitrarily. - -33. _Denham, Pulaski County._—In 1915 the U. S. National Museum secured -a large part of the skeleton of a mastodon found about 2 miles west of -Denham. The locality is described to the writer by Mr. W. D. Pattison, -of Winamac, as being on the half-section line between the southeast -quarter of the northwest quarter and the northeast quarter of the -southwest quarter of section 9, township 31 north, range 3 west. This -would be not far west from the center of the section. The skeleton was -thrown out by the shovel of the ditching machine, but most of the bones, -including the skull, were obtained in quite good condition. They were -found at a depth of about 9 feet, in a marly deposit, itself overlain by -sandy materials. - -On consulting Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana it is seen that this -skeleton was found in a marshy tract, in which Monon River rises. It is -represented by Leverett as a ground moraine plain, surrounded by plains -covered by sand and displaying sand dunes. It forms a part of what has -been called Kankakee Lake, but which, as Leverett says, may have been in -late Pleistocene times not greatly unlike what it has been within Recent -times. It must have been well along in the afternoon of the Wisconsin -stage when this mastodon tempted the insecure footing of these swamps. - -This skeleton has been mounted and is now on exhibition at the U. S. -National Museum. - -34. _Rich Grove Township, Pulaski County._—Mr. J. W. Gidley, of the -National Museum, and Mr. F. M. Williams, of Winamac, Indiana, in 1915, -saw some mastodon bones which had been found here. No details have been -reported. - -49. _Indian Creek Township, Pulaski County._—From Dr. E. S. Riggs, of -Field Museum of Natural History, it has been learned that in June 1914, -about half of the skeleton of a mastodon was found on the farm of Mr. -William Battie, 5 miles west of Oak, Pulaski County. This would be in -township 29 north, range 2 west. The skeleton was encountered by -ditchers at a depth of 3 feet, in black loam. It was not secured for the -Field Museum of Natural History. - -35. _Royal Center, Cass County._—Mr. Gidley and Mr. Williams, as -mentioned under No. 34, saw also some mastodon remains which were from -about 2 miles west of Royal Center. - -48. _Fulton, Fulton County._—The American Museum of Natural History, New -York, contains several mastodon bones secured by Mr. Barnum Brown in -1915, but which had been found by Mr. Arthur Fry, in July 1913. These -remains were met with in excavating for abutments for a bridge and had -been thrown out of a drainage ditch. The bones were disassociated and -scattered over a considerable area. They were all in black muck -overlying compact quicksand and about 4 feet below the black loam -surface soil. From Mr. Fry it is learned that the locality is 2 miles -southeast of Fulton. This is in township 29 north, range 2 east, and -quite certainly in section 36. Mr. Fry wrote that in digging up these -bones logs were found that had been gnawed by beavers. - -Dr. W. D. Matthew informs the writer that on cleaning up the materials -there proved to be present at least four individuals. One was -represented by a very complete skull with portions of the tusks. There -was another skull; also two lower jaws which appeared not to belong to -either of the skulls. From the shortness and the diameter of the tusks -it is believed that all the individuals were females. Besides the skulls -there were many bones belonging to the trunk and the limbs. - -36. _Macy, Miami County._—Near this place was found the fine skeleton of -a mastodon which is mounted and on exhibition in the Public Museum at -Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A figure of this has been published by the writer -(36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 659). - -This skeleton was found, according to Mr. H. L. Ward, director of the -museum mentioned, in 1907, in the northwest quarter of section 29, -township 29, range 4 east, between Macy and Deedsville. This locality is -on the great moraine which lies north of Eel River and was produced by -the ice fronts of the Michigan, the Saginaw, and the Lake Erie lobes. -According to a sketch and some notes furnished to Mr. Ward by Mr. C. F. -Fite, who secured the skeleton, it was lying at the lower end of an -8–shaped area of low muck land surrounded by rather high sandy land. The -skeleton was buried at a depth of 4 or 5 feet, and the surface was miry -and covered with water. Mr. Fite concluded from the position of the -bones that the animal had become mired. He says in a letter to the -present writer that the contents of the stomach had been preserved, but -on exposure to the air became powdery like ashes. - -Mr. Fite writes that he took up portions of another mastodon in the -southwest quarter of section 26, township 29 north, range 5 east (Perry -Township), and that he has the lower jaw and teeth. This animal was -found in an old pond which had a growth of buttonwood. The bones were in -a blue clay, itself overlain by a rich black soil. - -Still another mastodon is reported by Mr. Fite from this region. This -was found in the fall of 1915, in the northwest quarter of section 12, -township 29 north, range 3 east. The remains were found at a depth of 4 -feet and were in a pretty fair state of preservation, except the skull. -The animal had been a large one. - -37. _Peru, Miami County._—In the collection of Yale University is a -lower left last molar, No. 11689, labeled as having come from Peru, but -there is no other information. Peru is on the Wabash River, a few miles -south of Denver. - -51. _Jackson Township, Miami County._—Mr. Fite reports having found -another mastodon in the southeast quarter of section 11, Jackson -Township, Miami County (T. 25 N., R. 5 E.). This would be not far from -Pipe Creek, between Somerset and Amboy, and some miles outside of the -Mississinawa moraine. The writer has seen these bones, mostly vertebræ, -and agrees with the identification. - -38. _Laketon, Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict state (17th Ann. Rep. -Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 240) that in 1872 a nearly complete skeleton of -a mastodon was found about 2 miles west of this place, in digging a -ditch at the roadside. The exact location is in section 8, township 29 -north, range 6 east, near the bank of Silver Creek. The political name -of the township is Pleasant. This would be on the southern border of the -great moraine already mentioned as running northeastward and -southwestward, north of Eel River. After some litigation the skeleton -was put on exhibition at Fort Wayne. - -In throwing up an embankment for a bridge across Silver Creek, workmen -found in the same township, as reported by Elrod and Benedict, bones of -_Elephas primigenius_. They were under 5 feet of muck. - -39. _North Manchester, Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict, as cited -above, reported that a jawbone with two teeth in it had been found on -the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 1, township -29, range 7 east. This is about 3 miles east of North Manchester. The -description given of these teeth shows that the jaw was that of a -mastodon. It was found beneath 2.5 feet of solid blue clay. According to -Leverett’s map, the locality is not far west of the outer border of the -Mississinawa moraine. - -40. _Lagrange, Lagrange County._—Professor Donaldson Bodine, now -deceased, formerly of Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana, informed -the writer that there are in Wabash College some teeth and other parts -of a mastodon, which were found in 1910 in some dredging operations near -Lagrange. - -H. Pohlig (Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., etc., vol. XXVI, 1912, p. 187) -described a lower jaw, found somewhere about Lagrange, which he referred -to _Tetracaulodon ohioticum_. It contained a small tusk 230 mm. long and -40 mm. in diameter. There was present also an alveolus for the other -tusk. He accepts the genus _Tetracaulodon_ for mastodons “a quatre -défenses permanentes sans émail représenté par le _Mastodon ohioticum_.” -Individuals without lower tusks are regarded by him as females. - -In Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, New York, there is, -or was, a lower jaw of a mastodon from Lagrange County. - -The writer has received a photograph showing the right fore-leg, two -ribs, two tusks, and a lower jaw of a mastodon found in 1884, in a -swamp, 4 miles northwest of Lagrange. The remains were embedded in a -clayey marl deposit, at a depth of from 4 to 10 feet. They are said to -have been exhumed by Dr. H. M. Betts. The hindermost lower molar shows -five crests and a heel. On the right side is a small lower tusk. - -Lagrange is situated at the junction of moraines formed by the Saginaw -and the Huron-Erie lobes of the Wisconsin glacier. From this the -Lagrange moraine runs off northwestward (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. -Surv., LIII, p. 143). Parts of the county are occupied by till plains -and others by sand and gravel plains and channels of glacial drainage. -At the time these mastodons lived in Steuben and Lagrange Counties, the -Wisconsin ice must have retired quite beyond the limits of the State. - - - MASTODONS FOUND NORTH OF KANKAKEE RIVER. - -41. _Lowell, Lake County._—Mr. M. W. Ponto, Lowell, Indiana, has sent to -the U. S. National Museum a photograph of a lower right hinder molar -(apparently not yet having come into use) of a mastodon. This was found -at a depth of 2 feet 9 inches in a trench for a tile drain. The locality -is in the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 36, -township 33 north, range 9 west. This is on the southern border of what -Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 175) regards as possibly the westward -continuation of the Kalamazoo morainic system of the Lake Michigan -glacial lobe. - -42 to 44. _Porter County._—In 1898 (22d Rep. Geol. Surv. Ind.), -Professor W. S. Blatchley reported mastodons from various localities in -this county; he probably did not see these remains, and the -identifications must be regarded as somewhat doubtful. Nevertheless it -is more probable that the bones and teeth belonged to the mastodon than -to any of the elephants. The latter, however, have been found in this -same county. It is rather remarkable that so little definite knowledge -has been preserved regarding the proboscideans found in this corner of -Indiana. - -42. _Hebron, Porter County._—One of the localities just mentioned is in -section 25, township 33 north, range 7 west, about 3 miles southeast of -Hebron. No other information has been obtained about this specimen. -Other remains are said to have been found in a marsh, by the side of -Cobb’s Creek, just east of Hebron. - -43. _Kouts, Porter County._—Another find of mastodon remains, as -reported by Professor Blatchley, was near Sandyhook, northwest of Kouts. -Mr. C. H. Wolbrandt, of Kouts, has informed the writer that a tooth, -probably that referred to by Professor Blatchley, was found some years -ago in a ditch being made in the Sandyhook marsh. The tooth was found in -a mucky soil at a depth of about 2 feet. - -The remains which were found east of Hebron and the tooth found near -Kouts were buried near the northern border of the Kankakee marsh, which -probably was, since the passing of the Wisconsin ice, no less a marsh -than within historical times, and perhaps during some of the time a -lake. - -44. _Valparaiso, Porter County._—Professor Blatchley, as quoted above, -reported that some remains of a mastodon were found about 2 miles -southwest of Valparaiso. The locality is in the southwest quarter of -section 27, township 35 north, range 6 west. This would be on the -Valparaiso moraine. - -45. _Valparaiso, Porter County._—The writer has learned from Mr. Jacob -Davis, of Hebron, that in dredging at a point about 5 miles southeast of -Valparaiso he met with a skeleton of a mastodon and secured a large -number of bones at a depth of 8 feet; but some of them were carried off -by curiosity hunters. It is depressing to think that such remains should -be preserved for thousands of years only to be put to such trivial uses. -This locality would be in the Kankakee marshes. - -46. _Olive Township, St. Joseph County._—In the museum at Notre Dame -University are considerable remains of a mastodon, found about 1902 in -Olive Township, about 12 miles west or southwest of Notre Dame. -Professor Kirsch has sent a photograph of a tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_ which was found in Olive Township. Apparently the mastodon -and the elephant were living together late in the Wisconsin stage. - -47. _Notre Dame, St. Joseph County._—From Rev. A. M. Kirsch the writer -learns that remains of two mastodons have been found in the region about -Notre Dame, within a few feet of the surface. All these localities are -within the area of Kankakee marsh. These specimens are now in the fine -collection of that university. - -For 48, 49 see page 97; for 50 see page 92; for 51 see page 98; for 52 -see page 90; for 53 see page 94; for 54 see page 91; for 55 and 56 see -page 95. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 5, 38.) - - - OUTSIDE OF AREA OF ILLINOIAN DRIFT. - -1. _Shawneetown, Gallatin County._—In 1875 (vol. VI, Geol. Surv. -Illinois, p. 214), Professor E. T. Cox reported that teeth of a mastodon -had been found the preceding summer close to the water’s edge in front -of Shawneetown. They were embedded in a shallow deposit of bluish clay -which rested upon yellow clay and gravel. Michael Robinson, of -Shawneetown, states in a letter that he has in his cabinet teeth of -mastodon and mammoth, found about that town. The bluffs bordering the -Ohio River at Shawneetown were regarded by Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. -Surv., XXXVIII, plate VI) as of Wisconsin age, consisting of outwash -from the ice-sheet lying farther north. - -A. H. Worthen (vol. VI, Geol. Surv. Illinois, p. 39) stated that a fine -tooth of a mastodon, found in Gallatin County, had been presented to the -State cabinet, but no exact history of it was known. - -2. _Chester, Randolph County._—A note in the Kansas City Review of -Science and Industry, volume VII, 1883, page 351, taken apparently from -a newspaper at Chester, states that a mastodon’s tusk and skull had been -discovered in Chester. It was expected that Professor A. H. Worthen, -State geologist of Illinois at that time, would arrive and conduct the -exhumation. Later (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 8) Worthen stated -that a mastodon had been found at Chester; but no details were added. -With so little knowledge as to exact locality and the surroundings the -discovery is of little value. - - - WITHIN AREA COVERED BY ILLINOIAN DRIFT. - -3. _Beaucoup, Washington County._—In 1857, the geologist J. W. Foster -reported (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. X, Nat. Hist., p. 163) -that remains of a mastodon had been discovered by workmen in making an -excavation along the Illinois Central Railroad, near the town of -Beaucoup. The bones were at a depth of 18 feet in the prairie drift, -below the yellow clay and in the older or reddish clay. No details were -given as to what bones were found or what was done with them. - -Most of this county is covered by Illinoian drift. Leverett (Monogr. U. -S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, p. 770) states that on the higher lands this -has a depth of from 10 to 20 feet. One might suppose that at a depth of -18 feet some pre-Illinoian interglacial deposit had been encountered. It -is not at all probable that the bones of the mastodon were inclosed in -the drift itself. - -4. _East St. Louis, St. Clair County._—Dr. F. V. Hayden (Proc. Acad. -Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 316) announced the finding of a tooth of a -mastodon in the bluffs opposite St. Louis. This was probably in St. -Clair County. - -In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a lower right -last molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found in St. Clair -County, but there is no other information. - -In the collection of the St. Louis Academy of Science there are two -teeth of a mastodon, right and left last upper molars, which had been -brought in by a boy and presented to the Academy. He said that they had -been found in East St. Louis and had been in the possession of the -family for some time. The length of the left molar is 175 mm., the width -102 mm. While the valley of the Mississippi River is here filled by -deposits laid down during the Wisconsin stage (Leverett, op cit., plate -VI) and by later-formed alluvium, Illinoian drift enters into the -bluffs, and perhaps pre-Illinoian interglacial soils. It is, therefore, -of interest that there should be an exact record made of the place of -discovery of every bone and tooth found, the character of the deposit, -and the depth of burial. In all the cases here recorded no such records -have been kept. - -5. _Alton, Madison County._—In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. -315; 1871, Amer. Naturalist, vol. V, p. 607), A. H. Worthen reported -that a part of a jawbone of a mastodon, with two teeth in it, had been -found in the lower part of the loess, 30 feet below the surface, at some -point just above Alton. The jaw was separated from the limestone by 2 or -3 feet of local drift. The bone was of a chalky whiteness and in a fine -state of preservation. Worthen wrote that the loess on the bluffs in -this region is from 40 to 80 feet in thickness, but appears in places to -have been removed by erosion, so that it comes down to the rock. - -Reference is made by Worthen later (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. -8) to the discoveries of vertebrate fossils in the drift and loess of -this region. He mentions that Hon. William McAdams found, at Alton and -Chester, remains of mastodon, mammoth, megalonyx, castoroides, and “_Bos -primigenius_.” McAdams’s collection is now in the U. S. National Museum -and a list of the species is presented on page 339. These species were -described by the writer in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. -109–117). In it are only two fragments of molars of this species. - -In the collection at Yale University (No. 11713) is an upper left last -molar of a mastodon, obtained from Mr. McAdams. The enamel is very -white. There is on the label the date “Feb. 21, 1888.” This may be one -of the teeth referred to above, and the date may refer to the date of -purchase. - -6. _Sandoval, Marion County._—Before the American Association for the -Advancement of Science, at its meeting in 1856 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. -Sci., vol. X, 1857, p. 163), the geologist J. W. Foster stated that at -Sandoval, on the Illinois Central Railroad, mastodon remains had been -found at a depth of 12 feet, under conditions similar to those existing -near Beaucoup, in Washington County. Here again there is a poverty of -information. In this county there is, in many places, a very compact -white clay overlying the Illinoian drift. The relations of this to the -drift are not well understood. At a depth of 12 feet in this clay the -Illinoian drift might not be reached in some places, while at this depth -in the drift a pre-Illinoian deposit might be encountered. - -7. _Near Niantic, Macon County._—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, -p. 308), A. H. Worthen gave an account of finding some remains of a -mastodon in this county, near the line between it and Sangamon County -and between Illiopolis and Niantic, on a farm then owned by Mr. William -F. Correll. The American Journal of Science, volume 50, page 422, in a -note regarding the discovery, states that the place is 1.5 miles -southeast of Illiopolis. A well was being sunk in a low, spongy piece of -ground, which had evidently been a pond filled up by wash from the -surrounding higher ground. At a depth of 4 feet two tusks were found, -one measuring 7 feet in length and about 8 inches in circumference, the -lower jaw containing the teeth, the teeth of the upper jaw, and some -small bones. Besides these remains of the mastodon, there were found -some bones of the buffalo and deer, and two antlers of an elk. The bones -of these yet existing species are said to have been found at the same -depth as the mastodon bones, but were of a lighter color and less -decayed. - -The bones were partly embedded in a light-gray quicksand, filled with -small fresh-water shells. Above this was 4 feet of black peaty soil. - -In the eighth volume of the Geological Survey of Illinois, on page 23, -Worthen wrote that some of the smaller bones of the mastodon and those -of the other animals, except the antlers of the elk, were preserved in -the State Museum of Natural History, at Springfield. - -In the museum of the Chicago Academy of Science are, as reported by the -curator, Frank C. Baker, to Netta C. Anderson (Augustana Lib. Pubs. No. -5, p. 14), two rami of the lower jaw and several molars of a mastodon, -all well preserved. They are labeled as having been found in Macon -County, “6 miles from Abraham Lincoln’s first home” and as having been -presented by C. F. Günther. With these is an upper tooth which probably -belonged with the same lot as the lower jaw. There can hardly be a doubt -that this jaw and these teeth are those described by Worthen. The finder -had probably sold them to Mr. Günther, of Chicago, who had a private -collection. - -The region about Niantic is within the area of the Illinoian drift, so -that the bones must have been deposited in the pond after the passing -away of the Illinoian ice-sheet. - -Dr. F. C. Baker (Bull. Univ. Illinois, vol. XVII, p. 300), in speaking -of this case, says that the deposit rests on Illinoian drift and hence -it appears referable to the Sangamon interval. It seems to the present -writer that these animals belong to a later time, possibly the Late -Wisconsin. The locality is about 5 miles from Sangamon River. One might -suppose that time enough had elapsed after the Illinoian for the -drainage of the pond that must once have been there. Also, Worthen in -his account states the uplands are covered by loess from 6 to 20 feet in -thickness. One might expect that the pond would have been filled up with -the loess which had blown into it and which had been washed into it from -the surrounding higher land. These considerations are of course not -final. The Wisconsin moraine is not far away, and it is possible that -outwash from this was responsible for the pond and that the animals -lived after the glacier had passed away. - -8. _Warsaw, Hancock County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s “Preliminary List of -Fossil Mastodon and Mammoth Remains in Illinois and Iowa” (Augustana -Lib. Pubs. No. 5) it was reported by Mr. C. K. Worthen, of Warsaw, that -a part of a mastodon tooth had been found sticking out of a bank of a -creek 5 miles below the town mentioned. - -The writer has seen in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy, from -near Warsaw, a part of a lower second molar, labeled as having been -found at a depth of 10 feet, 3 miles east of the Mississippi River. It -was presented by G. W. Hall. - -9. _Manito, Mason County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a large upper -right second molar, No. 7801, presented in 1913 by Mr. John Wiedmer, of -St. Louis. This was found by his workmen near Manito, in a peat deposit, -at a depth of 5 feet, embedded in the top of a layer of sand which -underlies the peat. At about the same depth was found a part of the -skull of _Symbos cavifrons_, also presented to the U. S. National -Museum. The place of discovery more exactly given is in section 22, -township 23, range 6. - -This locality is within the area of the Illinoian drift. On the east, a -few miles away, is the foot of the great Shelbyville moraine; while very -near, toward the west, there are, according to Leverett (op. cit., plate -VI) widely spread deposits brought down by the Illinois River from the -Wisconsin ice-sheet. The geological conditions here seem to make it -probable that both animals lived near the close of the Wisconsin stage. -There may, however, have been a considerable interval between the times -of the two animals; for peat, sometimes at least, accumulates very -slowly. In proof of this may be cited the case of mastodons found near -the surface of peat swamps in Michigan. In the same peat-swamp at Manito -were found at depths of 3 or 4 feet some Indian flint implements. These -are in the collection of the U. S. National Museum. - -10. _Knox County._—On page 14 of Netta C. Anderson’s list, already -mentioned, Professor Albert Hurd, curator of the museum of Knox College, -Galesburg, reported that there was in the collection a well-preserved -tooth of a mastodon found in the bed of Spoon River, which runs across -the southeastern part of the county. Exactly where along this stream the -tooth was discovered is not on record. - -11. _Cambridge, Henry County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, on page 12, -Professor Frank C. Baker, then curator of the Chicago Academy of -Science, reported that there is in the collection a part of a tusk of a -mastodon, found at Cambridge, in digging a well, at a depth of 16 feet. - -In this case one can not be certain that the tusk did not belong to one -of the elephants. From information accompanying the specimen one can -determine little about the exact geological age of the animal. It is -probably post-Illinoian. - -12. _Rural Township, Rock Island County._—Dr. J. A. Udden (in Netta C. -Anderson’s list, p. 18) reported that there is in the collection of -Augustana College, Rock Island, a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon, -found in 1900, in a creek in the township named, in the southeastern -corner of the county. Udden gives the locality as being in section 19, -township 16 north, range 1 west. - -In the same institution (J. A. Udden, Augustana Coll., Pub. No. V, p. -12) is a part of a proboscidean tusk, referred to the mastodon, which -Dr. Udden states was found near Milan, at the base of the loess, in the -red oxidized layer of the Illinoian boulder clay. The locality is on the -north side of Rock River and on the east side of the Milan road south of -Rock Island. The conditions would seem to indicate that the animal had -lived about the close of the Illinoian drift stage. - -About June 15, 1916, Mr. A. Daxon, of Omaha, Nebraska, sent photographs -of two mastodon teeth to the U. S. National Museum for identification. -These teeth were found in Bowling Township, Rock Island County, 10 or 12 -miles south of Rock Island, but no further information about them has -been secured. - -Professor J. A. Paarmann, curator of the Davenport, Iowa, Academy of -Sciences, has written that he had seen a finely preserved mastodon tooth -which had been picked up on the surface of the ground a mile west of -Milan. The land around about is swampy. The tooth was in the possession -of Edward Herbert, Rock Island, Illinois, but the present writer has not -been able to get any information from him. - -13. _Sterling, Whiteside County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. -4222) is a mastodon molar, recorded as found near the town named. It was -transmitted through the U. S. Geological Survey and credited to T. A. -Schroder. It is said to have been found with other teeth and parts of -the skeleton, so that there is little probability that the skeleton was -disturbed after its original interment. It is to be regretted that so -little information was allowed to come with the specimen. - -Sterling is in a region of very complicated Pleistocene geology. South -of it is an extensive region of swamps and deposits referred by Leverett -(op. cit., plate VI) to “sand and gravel plains of Wisconsin age.” North -of the town is drift mapped by Leverett as Iowan, but which is now -regarded as Illinoian. As to the age of the tooth in question, no -probable conclusion can be formed, except that it is of post-Illinoian -time. - -27. _Walnut, Bureau County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, -in New York City, there are three molars (No. 10666), belonging to each -side of the upper jaw of a mastodon which was found somewhere near -Walnut, in Bureau County. - -14. _New Milford, Winnebago County._—According to S. P. Lathrop (Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. XII, 1851, p. 439), a large tooth of a mastodon, in a -fine state of preservation, was found in the Kishwaukee River, being -brought up in a seine. - -The geology about New Milford is not well worked out. The deposits along -the Kishwaukee were probably laid down during or shortly after the -Wisconsin stage. - -15. _Byron, Ogle County._—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. -110), James Shaw reported that a tooth identified as that of a mastodon -had been found, in 1858, in a tributary of Stillman’s Run, somewhere in -the region about Byron. The locality is low and marshy. The tooth is -described as having been a ponderous grinder, weighing 7.5 pounds, and -to have been covered with a black and shining enamel. A large mastodon -tooth, just out of the water, might attain such a weight. The statement -regarding the enamel confirms the identification. - -Shaw reported further that a large leg-bone, supposed to belong to a -mastodon, had been found 2 or 3 miles above Byron, along the bank of -Rock River, 5 feet below the surface and about 15 feet above ordinary -water-level. It was sent to the State Museum at Springfield. This may -have belonged to one of the elephants. - -_Harper, Ogle County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, on page 15, is a -report from Miss Abba Eager, of Forreston, concerning a tooth of a -mastodon found on the farm of Mr. Gross, in Forreston Township, about a -mile south of Harper, in the bed of a small stream. Another tooth had -been found there a short time before. - -Byron is on Rock River, and the tooth was probably in alluvial deposits -laid down after the recession of the Wisconsin ice. Harper is near the -western border of the county and Illinoian drift covers the country. All -that can be said in the case of the teeth found is that the possessors -lived after the Illinoian stage. - -16. _Urbana, Champaign County._—In the collection of the Illinois State -University the writer saw a lower right last molar of a mastodon, found -June 1, 1911, at Crystal Lake park, 1.5 miles northeast of the -university. - -_Pesotum, Champaign County._—In 1909, Mr. Rufus M. Bagg (Univ. Ill. -Bull., vol. VI, No. 17, p. 49) recorded the fact that a mastodon tooth -with some bones had been found near Pesotum, on the farm of Mr. Pfeffer, -at a depth of 3.5 feet, in digging a ditch. - -Inasmuch as this whole region is covered by Wisconsin drift, the animal -could not have lived there before the ice which deposited the Champaign -moraine had withdrawn. It probably lived there long after the ice had -retreated, possibly about the time when the megalonyx, whose claw alone -is left as a memorial of his former existence, lived in that region. - -17. _Edgar County._—In 1870 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 266), -Frank H. Bradley, in describing the topography of Edgar County, stated -that a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon had been found in one of -the sloughs of the prairie region which prevails in the western part of -the county. It was said that after having been exhibited over that -region it was sold to some museum in Philadelphia, but the writer has -been unable to obtain further information. - -In 1857 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, vol. X, Nat. Hist., p. 10), J. -W. Foster reported that a jaw and three teeth of a mastodon had been -found in yellow clay, about 3 feet from the surface, at Bloomfield, in -this county. This name has disappeared from the maps and gazetteers. - -A little of the southern border of the county is occupied by Illinoian -drift, but the greater part is covered by drift of Wisconsin age. The -mastodons reported probably lived after the retirement of the last ice -of the Glacial period. - -18. _Fairmount, Vermillion County._—In 1870, Frank H. Bradley (Geol. -Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 242) stated that in September 1868 remains -of a mastodon were found 2 miles southeast of Fairmount. He described -the locality as having a black soil, from 1 to 2 feet deep, and -underlain by a light-brown tenacious clay, filled with the shells of -_Lymnæa_, _Physa_, _Planorbis_, _Sphærium_, etc. The bones of the -mastodon lay partly in this marly clay, but the tip of one tusk rose to -within 13 inches of the surface. The bones were considerably decayed, -but Bradley thought this had resulted from the previous draining of the -land and the accession of air to the bones. Some fragments of this -skeleton are in the collection of the Chicago Academy of Science. The -locality is very close to the northern edge of the Champaign moraine. - -19. _Iroquois and Vermillion Counties._—Under this number must be -recorded 3 mastodons found at as many different places. Hoopeston is in -Vermillion County, but evidently the mastodon credited to this place was -found in Iroquois County. - -_Six miles northwest of Hoopeston._—In 1881 (2d Ann. Rep. Dept. Statist. -and Geol. Indiana, p. 18; of complete report, p. 386), John Collett gave -an account of the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon -about 6 miles northwest of Hoopeston. The locality is evidently in the -southwestern corner of township 24 north, range 11 east. Each tusk -formed a full quarter of a circle, was 9 feet long, 22 inches in -circumference at the base, and weighed, while yet wet, 175 pounds. The -lower jaw was well preserved, nearly 3 feet long, and contained a -magnificent set of teeth. The leg-bones, when joined at the knee, made a -length of 5.5 feet. What was supposed to be remains of herbs and grasses -which the animal had eaten were found between the ribs. - -The following mollusks are reported as being found in the same clay as -that which contained the bones: _Pisidium abditum?_, _Valvata -tricarinata_, _Valvata striata?_, _Planorbis parvus_. It is stated that -these shells live at present all over the States of Illinois, Indiana, -and Michigan, and indicate that the climate of the mastodon’s day was -greatly like that of the present in that region. - -Dr. John M. Clarke (56th Ann. Rep. New York State Museum, published in -1904, p. 926) states that the tusks of this mastodon are now in the -American Museum of Natural History and form a part of a mounted -mastodon. The lower jaw is also in that museum. The writer has seen this -jaw, No. 14345, and there are in it 2 tusks of considerable size, such -as the writer has supposed characterized _Mammut progenium_. In case -this species shall prove to be a natural one it continued from the first -interglacial or even earlier to the close of the Wisconsin. This is the -mastodon to which Blatchley refers (22d Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. -90). - -_East Lynn, Vermillion County._—The writer has a note to the effect that -some mastodon remains were found near this place in 1881, but the -authority can not be cited. East Lynn is 7 miles west of Hoopeston. - -_Rossville._—Dr. Rufus M. Bagg, jr. (Univ. Ill. Bulletin, vol. VI, No. -17, 1909, p. 49, plate IV, figs. 2, 3) reported the finding of a -mastodon’s tooth near Rossville, on the banks of the North fork of -Vermillion River, about 7 miles south of Hoopeston. The figures indicate -that the tooth is the lower right first molar, 127 mm. long and 85 mm. -wide. - -All three of the mastodons mentioned were evidently buried in pond and -swamp deposits which lie on or near the Bloomington moraine of the -Wisconsin drift. They lived, therefore, after the disappearance of the -last glacial ice-sheet and probably long after that disappearance. - -20. _Beecher, Will County._—At Hebron, Indiana, the writer has seen -various bones of mastodons which had been unearthed in the region about -Beecher by Mr. Jacob Davis, in dredging large ditches. He described -these bones as amounting to “about two wagonloads.” - -Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, Illinois, stated in a letter that it is -reported that over a dozen mastodons have been found on one farm near -Beecher in the last 10 years. Mr. Langford sent also a geological -section (fig. 1) taken along Trim Creek. Besides the mastodon remains -found there, he obtained a large part of an antler of _Cervalces_. The -locality is given as the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of -section 11, township 33 north, range 14 east, 3 miles north of east of -Beecher. - -This locality is on the Valparaiso moraine, the last formed before the -Wisconsin ice withdrew into Lake Michigan. It was, however, probably -long after this that the mastodons lived and died there. - -Mr. Langford’s account seems to indicate that, after the deposition of -the Valparaiso moraine and the withdrawal of the ice-sheet, there was -left along what is now Trim Creek a shallow lake, which became gradually -filled by washings from the moraine. This at length became a marsh and -produced peat and other vegetable muck. At one stage the surface appears -to have been occupied by a forest, which later became covered by about 4 -feet of sandy soil. Over this is 2 feet of black peat, itself overlain -by probably Recent deposits. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 1.—Geological section of Trim Creek. Beecher, Will County, - Illinois. -] - - - 1. Moraine. - - 2. Wisconsin drift. - - 3. Alluvium. - - 4. Black peat. - - 5. Sandy soil, with bones. - - 6. Peat, sand, vegetable matter. - - 7. Same stained brown; with gravel. - -Mr. Langford has written that all the mastodon bones were found above -the gravel, some of them 5 or 6 feet below the surface. Antlers of the -elk occurred only above the mastodon bones. - -21. _Morris, Grundy County._—In 1870, Frank H. Bradley (Geol. Surv. -Illinois, vol. IV, p. 193) stated that in 1868 the remains of a mastodon -were found at Turner’s “strippings,” about 3 miles east of Morris. These -bones lay under 18 inches of black mucky soil and about 4 feet of -yellowish loam, and rested on about a foot of hard blue clay, which -itself covered the coal. The bones were mostly badly decayed and the -greater part were broken and thrown away by the miners; but some, -including a part of a lower jaw and 3 teeth, were sent to the State -Cabinet at Springfield. The locality was regarded by Bradley as part of -an old river bottom. - -In 1871, Worthen referred to the same or another mastodon which had been -found in the vicinity of Morris. He stated that it had been found in -undisturbed drift, 8 feet below the surface. The blue clay on which lay -the mastodon described by Bradley may have been brought down from the -ice which deposited the Valparaiso moraine. The loam and muck were -probably deposits of considerably later date. It is not probable that -the Worthen mastodon was buried in undisturbed drift. - -22. _Whitewillow, Kendall County._—At a locality in this county, near -Whitewillow, have been found many mastodon bones and those of various -other animals. The place is 5 miles west by north of Minooka and 15 -miles west of Joliet. Collections have been made there by Dr. E. S. -Riggs, of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, and by Mr. -George Langford, of Joliet. Mr. Langford wrote that his collection was -made in township 35 north, range 8 east, and probably section 27. The -farm belonged to John Bamford. Apparently Dr. Riggs’s collection was -made at the same place. Further details will be found on page 337. - -Dr. Riggs reported in Netta C. Anderson’s list, already referred to -several times, that in 1902 at least six skulls and numerous other bones -had been found in a well 10 feet in diameter. Above these were bones of -bison, deer, and elk. - -23. _Yorkville, Kendall County._—In the Field Museum of Natural History -is a composite skull of a mastodon, part of which was found somewhere -about Yorkville; but the writer knows nothing more definite. - -Yorkville is situated on Fox River, near the northwestern border of the -Marseilles moraine. - -24. _Aurora, Kane County._—H. M. Bannister, in 1870 (Geol. Surv. -Illinois, vol. IV, p. 113) wrote as follows: “A portion of the remains -of a mastodon, consisting of the tusks and several teeth, was obtained -in excavating the track for the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad -near the city of Aurora, and are now preserved in the museum of Clark -Seminary at that place.” - -These same remains were described by the geologist C. D. Wilbur (Trans. -Ill. Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. I, p. 59, figs. 1 to 3). He stated that both -tusks and seven teeth were found, all well preserved. The tusks were 10 -feet long and 10 inches in diameter at the base; they were curved upward -and considerably worn at the ends on the underside. Charles Whittlesey -(Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16) probably referred to -these remains. He stated that they were found in a swamp. - -Probably one of these teeth was sent to Dr. J. C. Warren, of Boston, the -author of “The _Mastodon giganteus_ of North America.” It is described -in the second edition of this monograph, on page 76. In the Proceedings -of the Boston Society of Natural History, volume IV, page 376, Warren -described a tooth, probably the same, which had been found 40 miles west -of Chicago, at a depth of 8 feet. He said it was the largest mastodon -tooth then known. - -In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 10, it is reported that in 1875 some -mastodon remains were found about 8 miles southwest of Naperville, which -is in Du Page County. The locality would be not far from the common -meeting-point of Kane, Kendall, Will, and Du Page Counties; also -probably within 8 miles of Aurora. The remains, whatever they were, were -donated to the museum of Jennings Seminary, Aurora. - -In Netta C. Anderson’s list it is stated that teeth and a tusk of a -mastodon were found, in 1853, by workmen extending the Burlington -Railroad south of Aurora. They were in a swamp near Fox River, where the -Burlington shops are situated. These remains, probably the same as those -above described, were presented to Jennings Seminary. - -25. _Batavia, Kane County._—This town is in Kane County, about 9 miles -north of Aurora. In Netta C. Anderson’s list, on page 13, Dr. E. S. -Riggs, of the Field Museum of Natural History, reported that, somewhere -in this vicinity, in cutting a ditch to drain a marshy lake of about 200 -acres, some leg-bones and vertebræ of mastodon were found in a sticky -clay from about 5 to 7 feet from the surface. Dr. Riggs writes that -along the same ditch he picked up a jaw of the existing species of elk -and some bison bones. - -_Maple Park, Kane County._—Doctor Rufus M. Bagg recorded in 1909 (Bull. -Univ. Ill., vol. VI, No. 17, p. 50, plate IV) the discovery of a large -part of the skeleton of a mastodon. It was found at a depth of 6 feet. -The exact location was not given. - -The whole of Kane County lies between or is covered by the Bloomington -and Marseilles moraines, and the mastodons found there must have lived -after the retirement of the ice which produced those moraines. - -26. _Glencoe, Cook County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, on page 9, -Professor James G. Needham, of Lake Forest University, reported that a -fragment of a mastodon’s tooth had been dug up while a ditch in glacial -drift was being made. - -Glencoe is situated on the eastern till ridge, as described by Leverett -(Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, p. 381), the one nearest the -western shore of Lake Michigan. If the tooth mentioned really occurred -in undisturbed drift, it is possible that it was redeposited from some -earlier interglacial deposit. - -In 1891, W. K. Higley (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. II, pt. 1, p. XV) -reported the finding of some bones of a mastodon, about 6 years -previously, on the south side of Wicker Park, near Milwaukee Avenue, -Evanston. The bones were in a layer of fine sand in which were trunks of -oak trees. The depth was 13 feet. The remark was made that the level -marked the upper or late limit of the mastodon. - -27. See page 105. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Dover, Racine County._—In the Milwaukee Public Museum is a tusk, -identified as that of a mastodon, exhumed from a peat-bog at Dover, in -1878. Both tusks and some fragments of a scapula, some ribs, and -vertebræ were found, but apparently no teeth. Only one tusk was saved; 4 -feet 8 inches long and moderately curved, the middle of the concave -surface being about 6 inches below a line joining the base and the tip -of the tusk. - -Dover is situated near the southern border of Racine County, in the -southwestern corner of township 3 north, range 20 east. It is, -therefore, within the great composite moraine which runs along the -western side of Lake Michigan. According to Alden’s map (Prof. Paper -106, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate III) the town is on a tract covered by -ground moraine of the Lake Michigan glacier. - -2. _Waukesha, Waukesha County._—In the Milwaukee Public Museum is a -slightly worn upper hindermost molar of a mastodon, No. 3867, labeled as -having been found at Waukesha. There is no other history. The geological -age is probably practically the same as that of the tooth found at -Dover, Late Wisconsin. - -3. _Madison, Dane County._—The records for mastodons at Madison are not -very satisfactory. - -Professor Eliot Blackwelder informs the writer that there is in the -collection at the State University of Wisconsin a large vertebra, -supposed to be that of a mastodon, brought up out of Lake Monona, in -1906. - -Professor C. A. Davis informed the author that in 1908 he visited the -fill in one of the city parks made by pumping mud from Lake Monona and -found fragments of ivory and parts of proboscidean bones. It is possible -that these fragments belonged to an elephant. - -4. _Bluemounds, Dane County._—In 1862 J. D. Whitney, in his “Report on -the Geological Survey of the Upper Mississippi Land Region,” page 132, -mentions having found, at Bluemounds, the first 3 deciduous molars of -the mastodon, exquisitely preserved and not at all discolored. Dr. -Jeffries Wyman, in Whitney’s report, on pages 421, 422, referred to -these milk molars. Whitney in 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. -162) stated that he had found in a crevice near Bluemounds bones and -teeth of mastodon, peccary, buffalo, and wolf. - -5. _Lone Rock, Richland County._—Professor Eliot Blackwelder, of the -Wisconsin State University, informs the writer that there is in their -collection a pair of tusks, supposed to be of a mastodon. They were -found somewhere about Lone Rock in 1901, which is on the northern bank -of the Wisconsin River, in the southeastern corner of Richland County. - -6. _Sinsinawa, Grant County._—In his report on the geology of the lead -region, already referred to, J. D. Whitney stated, on his page 133, that -the greatest quantity of bones of the mastodon found in that region -seems to have been near Sinsinawa mound, but he had no exact particulars -of depth or position. Some were preserved at the locality for several -years; others, to the amount of several bushels, were carried off or -destroyed. - -7. _Wauzeka, Crawford County._—In the collection of the Public Museum of -Milwaukee is an upper last molar, found at the place named. It is only -slightly worn and nearly white in color. Nothing is known about the -exact place or under what conditions it was found. - -8. _Richland Center, Richland County._—Professor George Wagner of the -Wisconsin State University, has informed the writer that there is in -that university an almost complete skeleton of a mastodon, found at the -place named. No particulars are known to the present writer regarding -the history of the specimen. - -9. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—Professor S. Weidman, of the Wisconsin -Geological and Natural History Survey, informed the writer that in the -brick clays used at Menominee had been found a part of a leg-bone of a -mastodon. Dr. Weidman was kind enough to send the bone for examination. -It proved to be the distal end of the right humerus, including the -epiphysial part. The interior of the bone had been neatly excavated, as -if by a tool of some kind, the marks of which remained, which proved to -be the jaws of a wolf. He had evidently been after the marrow and had -scraped out all of the part filled by cancellated bone. The explanation -appears to be that the mastodon had in some way broken an arm and had -died. The wolves then proceeded to devour him; they could not have -broken the limb themselves. - -The finding of the bone shows that these clays belong to the -Pleistocene. In a sand formation underlying the clays a caribou antler -and bones of the Mackinaw trout, _Cristivomer namaycush_, have been -found. Professor Weidman regards the clays as being of pre-Iowan age. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _St. Mary’s City, St. Mary’s County._—The U. S. National Museum (No. -200) contains a fine upper left hindermost molar of _Mammut americanum_, -labeled as presented by Mr. J. Varden and as found many years ago in a -marl-bed at or near the town named. It was probably met in digging for -Miocene marl, but was doubtless inclosed in overlying Pleistocene -materials. According to Shattuck’s Pleistocene map of Maryland -(Pleistocene volume, plate I), St. Mary’s City is situated on the -Wicomico terrace; but because of absence of exact information whether -the tooth was in the body of this deposit, or below it, or possibly in -later materials above the Wicomico, its exact age can not be determined. -Teeth from the locality were mentioned by Lucas on page 162 of the -volume just cited. The geology of the county is described in a special -volume of the Maryland Survey, 1907. - -2. _St. Clements, St. Mary’s County._—The U. S. National Museum contains -a lower right hindermost molar, found long ago, apparently 1837, and -presented by A. McWilliams. It is recorded as having been discovered in -digging a mill-race at or above St. Clements. This race must quite -certainly have been located along St. Clements Creek. The place is -situated in the Wicomico plain; but possibly Talbot deposits extended up -the creek farther than mapped. - -3. _Towson, Baltimore County._—Professor F. A. Lucas (Maryland Pliocene, -Pleistocene vol., p. 163) stated that the collection of the Maryland -Geological Survey contains a fine upper last molar of a mastodon found -on the Ridgeley estate, at Hampton, near Towson, about 10 miles north of -Baltimore. At present one can not determine the time during the -Pleistocene when this tooth was part of a living creature. - -4. _Lane’s Creek?, Washington County._—The writer received, in 1912, a -letter from Professor A. F. Bechdolt, of Bellingham, State of -Washington, in which he stated that somewhat more than 37 years before, -while teaching school in Washington County, Maryland, he saw the remains -of a skull of a mastodon which some negroes had unearthed in making a -mill-race, but they had broken it in pieces with sledgehammers. -Professor Bechdolt recollected plainly the “mammillary face” of the -tooth. The locality is described as being near the Pennsylvania line, -south and somewhat west of Mercersberg, Pennsylvania, among the -foot-hills of North Mountain, at a place locally known as “The Corner.” -It appears probable that the locality was somewhere along Lane’s Creek. - -4. _Clear Spring, Washington County._—In circular No. 109, volume XIII, -Johns Hopkins University, 1893, pages 26, 27, is an account of the -finding of a mastodon tooth in 1863. It was discovered after a storm, -lying on a pile of driftwood, in Conococheague Creek, at a point 2.5 -miles south of Clear Spring, and a mile north of the entry of the creek -into Potomac River. The tooth is in the collection of Johns Hopkins -University. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Six miles east of Williamsburg, York County._—In Godman’s Natural -History (3d ed., 1860, vol. II, p. 77) mention is made of the discovery, -in 1811, of remains of a mastodon along the banks of the York River, 6 -miles east of Williamsburg. The account was derived from Dr. S. L. -Mitchill (Med. Repos., New York, vol. XV, p. 388; Cuvier’s “Theory of -the Earth,” p. 399). He had received his information from Bishop James -Madison, then president of College of William and Mary, at Williamsburg. -The parts found consisted of the bones of the pelvis, a thigh bone, 2 -vertebræ, 2 ribs, 2 tusks, and 7 molar teeth, 4 of which were yet in a -part of the jaw, probably the lower. The largest tooth is reported as -weighing 7.25 pounds; the smallest between 3 and 4 pounds. It is -probable that mastodon teeth in a wet condition would weigh the amount -stated. Clark and Miller (Bull. IV, Virginia Geol. Surv., 1912, p. 20) -refer this animal to the Pleistocene of the Talbot formation. - -Dr. Lyon G. Tyler, president of College of William and Mary, informs the -writer that the fossils above mentioned were doubtless destroyed in a -fire which consumed the main building in 1859. - -2. _City Point, Prince George County._—The U. S. National Museum (No. -539) contains a part of the upper second true molar of _Mammut -americanum_, sent there in 1888 by Mr. John S. Webb. The tooth is -silicified. Mr. Webb reported that the fragment had been unearthed by -laborers in making a ditch through some lowland which abounded in shells -and blue marl. In a letter dated September 2, 1918, Mr. Webb informed -the writer that his recollection is that the tooth was found about 12 -miles north of Disputanta and near James River. - -3. _Abingdon, Washington County._—An upper right second true molar in -the U. S. National Museum (No. 8807) is recorded as having been received -in January 1869 from Mr. Wyndham Robinson, but there is no information -as to the exact locality, depth, and kind of soil inclosing it. With it -were found some vertebræ and fragments of ribs and of tusks. - -4. _Saltville, Smyth County._—In the U. S. National Museum is the -horizontal part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a young mastodon, -found at the place named. This, with some remains of an undetermined -species of _Bison_ and some teeth of _Elephas primigenius_, were -presented to the museum in 1914 by Mr. H. D. Mount. They had been found -about 1896, in making an excavation for the water reservoir of the town. -It is said that within less than a century the valley at Saltville was -at times a lake. The reservoir is situated at the edge of this former -lake. The bones were found at a depth of not more than 8 feet. Mr. O. A. -Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, 1917, p. 474) records the finding -of mastodon remains in the Saltville deposit. He states that fragmentary -remains of mastodon have for many years been picked up in that valley. A -list of the species of vertebrates found at this place is given on page -353. - -About 100 years ago (Med. and Physic. Jour., Phila., XV, 1806, 1st -Supp., p. 388) an account of the discovery of mastodon remains in Wythe -County, Virginia, was published by B. S. Barton. The details had been -communicated to him by Bishop James Madison, president of William and -Mary College, Williamsburg, Virginia. According to the bishop, not only -were bones discovered but also the stomach of the animal in a state of -perfect preservation, and containing a large quantity of half-masticated -food (Godman’s Amer. Nat. Hist., 3d ed., 1860, vol. II, p. 74). Later, -the bishop admitted that he had been misinformed. It is probable that -something was found there, at least some bones. Bishop Madison had made -arrangements to have the bones sent to Williamsburg; but if they reached -there they were doubtless destroyed by a fire in 1859. The supposed -discovery is mentioned in Cuvier’s “Ossemens Fossiles,” volume II, page -270, and is discussed in Barton’s “Archæologia Americana,” 1814, page -41. - -Wythe County at that time occupied far more territory than at present, -and possibly the bones described by Madison had really been found in -Washington or Smyth Counties; but Saltville, as the writer is informed -by Mr. E. C. Hutton, surveyor, never was in Wythe County. - -5. _Covington, Alleghany County._—In 1901 there was sent to the U. S. -National Museum by Dr. A. C. Jones, of Covington, a lower last molar of -a mastodon found at that place. This tooth differs from the ordinary -teeth of _Mammut americanum_ in having the crown more depressed. The -writer has observed similar teeth which have been found elsewhere. It is -possible that they belonged to a species distinct from _M. americanum_. -Dr. Jones informed the writer that the tooth was found within the city -limits of Covington, about 300 yards from Jackson River, at a depth of -12 feet, in brick clay. - -6. _Hot Springs, Bath County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a part of -an upper left second true molar, recorded as having been found about a -mile from the Hot Springs Hotel. The tooth is silicified. It was -presented by Mr. J. F. McAllister. Hot Springs is at the head of Wilson -Creek, a tributary of Jackson River. In the folio of Monterey Quadrangle -coming down nearly to Hot Springs, no mention is made of any -Pleistocene; but the presence of occasional deposits of soils along some -of the streams is recorded. Evidently some of these deposits were laid -down in Pleistocene times. - -7. _Edom, Rockingham County._—The American Geologist in 1891 (vol. VII, -p. 335), contains an account of the finding at this place of bones of -what was called a mammoth, but which was more probably a mastodon. It -was said to have been discovered on the land of a Mr. Frank. The -information was furnished by Dr. Zirkle, who stated that a nearly -complete skull had been found. - -In the U. S. National Museum is the symphysis of the lower jaw of a -mastodon, recorded only as having been found in Virginia. The specimen -(No. 210) would not be worth mentioning were it not that it presents in -front two sockets for tusks of considerable size. The bases of the tusks -are retained at the bottom of the sockets. The left socket has a -diameter of about 35 mm.; the other is slightly smaller. From the -outside of one socket to the outside of the other is 94 mm. The front of -the symphysis is damaged, so that its length can not be determined. Its -lower face is quite flat. The height of the jaw at the front of the -tooth which was present is about 150 mm. It seems to the writer that -this jaw belonged to the species _Mammut progenium_. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Stewartstown, Monongalia County._—Dr. G. F. Wright, in his “Ice Age -in Northern America,” fifth edition, page 378, wrote that Dr. I. C. -White had reported (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. XXXIV, pp. 378–379) -the finding of a tooth of a mastodon at this place; but in the article -quoted nothing is said about a mastodon. Evidently White published this -article elsewhere. - -The tooth is said to have been dug up on the fifth and highest terrace -along Monongahela River. In White’s article, page 378, it is stated that -in the region of Morgantown the high-terrace deposits are about 275 feet -above low-water in the Monongahela and 1,065 feet above tide. It is -probable that the mastodon lived there during the early Pleistocene. - -2. _Parkersburg, Wood County._—In 1902 the present writer received from -Mr. J. W. Miller, of the High School of Williamstown, West Virginia, a -letter inclosing photographs of a mastodon tooth, found on Neal Island, -3 miles above Parkersburg. The tooth appears to be the upper left second -molar and is furnished with all of its roots. The writer does not know -under what conditions the tooth was found. Its perfect state of -preservation shows that it could not have been carried far by the -stream. For a discussion of the Pleistocene of some parts of West -Virginia the reader may consult the paragraphs on pages 354–355. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 5, 39.) - -1. _New Hanover County._—Under this number must be mentioned that a -tooth of _Mammut americanum_ has been found about 10 miles below -Wilmington, near the Fort Fisher road. This tooth is in the possession -of Captain E. D. Williams, of Wilmington. - -2. _Pender County._—Professor H. H. Brimley, of the State Museum at -Raleigh, North Carolina, has informed the writer that there are in that -museum some remains of mastodon from Pender County; but nothing more is -known to the present writer about the nature of these remains or about -the locality where they were found. - -3. _Duplin County._—From the same source it is learned that there are in -the collection at Raleigh teeth of mastodon which had been found in -Duplin County. - -4. _Goldsboro, Wayne County._—In the State Museum at Raleigh is a left -ramus of a mastodon, collected near Goldsboro. The writer has examined -this important specimen and has also received a photograph of it, sent -by Professor H. H. Brimley. This is evidently the jaw described by Leidy -(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 113) from photographs received -from Professor W. C. Kerr, then State geologist of North Carolina. This -jaw was recorded as having been obtained from gravel overlying Miocene -marl, near Goldsboro. - -This specimen presents the peculiarity of having two tusks at the front -of the symphysis. The diameter of these is 45 mm. How long they were -originally can not be determined. The form of this jaw and presence of -two large incisor tusks indicates that this specimen belongs to _Mammut -progenium_. The front molar present, M_{2}, has a length of 122 mm. and -a width of 88 mm. Leidy regarded this jaw as having belonged to a male -animal. Professor E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, 1858, p. 199) -mentions that a large number of bones had been found in a marl pit near -Goldsboro. - -5. _Jacksonville, Onslow County._—In the collection of the State Museum -at Raleigh the writer has seen a part of a skeleton of a mastodon, found -near Jacksonville and exhumed by Mr. T. W. Adicks. A considerable part -of the skull, including upper teeth, both upper tusks, lower jaw, and -some limb-bones, were secured. The animal was evidently a fully mature -one, as there were present in the jaws the last and the next to the last -molars; but these were not greatly worn. In the lower jaw there were no -tusks, but the tip of the jaw seemed to indicate that earlier in life -these might have been present. The upper tusks are unusually short. One -is 33 inches (841 mm.) long, 94 mm. in diameter at the base, and 120 mm. -about the middle of the length. At the base is a pulp-cavity whose depth -is 230 mm. The distal end of this tusk is much worn, evidently during -the life of the animal. On one side is a flat surface 120 mm. long and -75 mm. wide which is directed obliquely to the plane of the curvature of -the tusk. Opposite this surface is another whose plane is parallel with -that of the curvature of the tusk. About 50 mm. from its tip the tusk is -crossed by a groove nearly 20 mm. wide and 42 mm. deep, which appears to -have been produced by the drawing of branches or roots across the tusk. -About 60 mm. further back there is another groove, broader and -shallower. The other tusk is 940 mm. long. Near its extremity it is -crossed by three grooves, one of which, about 55 mm. behind the tip, -runs two-thirds of the way around the tusk. - -The small size of the tusks makes it pretty certain that this animal was -a female. The jaw does not differ especially from that of a Late -Wisconsin mastodon, apparently about one-sixth taller, found near -Winamac, Indiana, and now mounted in the U. S. National Museum. - -6. _Maysville, Jones County._—From Professor H. H. Brimley, of the State -Museum, at Raleigh, the writer has learned that tusks and teeth of -_Mammut americanum_ had been secured for that museum at Maysville. This -is situated on White Oak River. Photographs show the teeth are lower -hindermost molars, right and left. The writer has seen these teeth; -likewise upper second and third molars and the tusks. The latter are of -medium size, having a diameter of 120 mm. at the base. The pulp-cavity -is 190 mm. deep. The enamel of all the teeth is rather rough and -corrugated. - -7. _Sixteen miles southeast of Newbern, Pamlico County._—On the left -bank of Neuse River, at a point said to be 16 miles below Newbern, -several vertebrate fossils were collected many years ago. The collection -appears to have been made by the botanist Nuttall; but the first mention -found by the writer is a paper by H. B. Croom, in 1835 (Amer. Jour. -Sci., ser. 1, vol. XXVII, pp. 168–171). He stated that the locality was -on the north bank of Neuse River, on the land of Mr. Benners, who had -dug several pits in order to obtain marl. In these pits, some reaching a -depth of 25 feet, many fossil shells, sharks’ teeth, and bones of marine -fishes were found. These marls appear to belong to the Pleistocene -(Stephenson, North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, p. 289). -In the same pits were found teeth and bones of various Pleistocene -mammals. A few of the fossils, as the great shark tooth, certainly -belonged to Tertiary deposits. Croom states that there were fragments of -the horns of a fossil elk; also a mastodon tooth which had a breadth of -7 inches and a depth of 9.5 inches. It is not improbable that this was a -tooth of an elephant. Teeth, supposed to belong to a fossil elk and -which had a breadth of 3 inches and a depth of 4.5 inches, were probably -hindermost milk molars of _Mammut americanum_. Harlan (Amer. Jour. Sci., -vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143) indicated that he had seen in the collection -made by Nuttall remains of the mastodon; also of a supposed _Sus_, an -elephant, elk, deer, horse, seal, cetaceans, a tortoise, shark, skate, -snake, and fish. This collection apparently passed into the hands of T. -A. Conrad. J. W. Foster (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. X, p. 166) -stated that Conrad had many years previously obtained these animals near -Newbern. Besides those mentioned he included a hippopotamus. This -identification was probably based on milk tusks or lower tusks of the -mastodon. - -8. _Harlowe, Carteret County._—In 1828 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIII, p. -348), Elisha Mitchell wrote that in digging the Clubfoot and Harlowe -Canal, remains of both the elephant and the mastodon had been found. -Under this number may be mentioned the finding of a jaw of a mastodon in -the Inland Waterway Canal, which appears to run some miles east of the -old Clubfoot and Harlowe Canal. This specimen is, or was recently, in -the laboratory of the U. S. Fish Commission at Beaufort. - -9. _Pitt County._—In 1871 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 113), Leidy -reported that an isolated lower last molar tooth of _Mammut americanum_, -but accompanied by the jaw, had been obtained in Pitt County. No more -exact locality was mentioned. In the U. S. National Museum (No. 202) is -a lower right hindermost molar which was found in Pitt County. - -10. _Wilson County._—From Professor H. H. Brimley the writer learned -that there are in the museum at Raleigh some remains of mastodon from -Wilson County. The writer has seen at Raleigh a lower second left molar, -from Wilson County. - -11. _Tarboro, Edgecombe County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 205) -is a lower right last molar of _Mammut americanum_, recorded as having -been sent by Dr. Pitman, of Tarboro. It is black and very heavy. - -12. _Rocky Mount, Nash County._—Professor E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North -Carolina, 1852, p. 56) mentioned the finding of mastodon bones in -marl-pits, on the farm of Mr. Knight, on the bank of Tar River, 3 miles -west of Rocky Mount. The Pleistocene is here supposed to belong -principally to the Sunderland, but partly to the Wicomico formation. -Emmons, in 1858 (Rep. North Carolina Geol. Surv., Agric. East Cos., p. -199), figured and briefly described a molar of a mastodon which he -referred to _Mastodon giganteus_. This was found in a Miocene marl pit -in Halifax County; but so many Pleistocene species have been reported -from such marls that it is possible that the tooth belonged to a -Pleistocene animal. - -Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 396) referred -this tooth with doubt to his _Mastodon obscurus_; but the type of the -latter, a lower molar (Leidy op. cit., plate XXVII, fig. 13), presents -no such double series of trefoils. - -Leidy (op. cit., p. 247, plate XVII, fig. 16) referred some fragments of -mastodon teeth found at Tarboro to his _Mastodon obscurus_; but these -seem to the writer to belong to _Gomphotherium rugosidens_. We do not -know that _G. obscurum_ is a Pleistocene species, nor is it certain that -it has been found in North Carolina. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In the region about Beaufort numerous -remains of mastodons have been found, most of which are to be referred -to _Mammut americanum_. In the Academy of Natural Sciences of -Philadelphia the writer has seen a fine left lower last molar of this -species. The collection of Rutgers College contains a part of a tooth -from Coosaw River. At Princeton University there is an upper second true -molar from somewhere about Beaufort. Field Natural History Museum has 3 -teeth of _Mammut_, recorded as having been found in the phosphate bed at -Beaufort. - -Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) stated he had seen, in -the collection of C. N. Shepard at Amherst College, bones, fragments of -jaws, and teeth of mastodon from the marl at the head of Hilton Harbor, -on St. Helena Island, on which Beaufort is situated. Among these were 2 -inferior tusks about 10 inches long and 2 inches in diameter at the -base. If the molars which accompanied them had differed from those of -_Mammut americanum_, Leidy would have been quick to note the fact. -Evidently the bones and teeth mentioned by Leidy are those now in the -mounted skeleton at Amherst College, described by Professor F. B. Loomis -(Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. XLV, p. 437, figs. 1, 3, 4) as _Mastodon -americanus_. This was a very large animal and the two large lower tusks -show that it belonged to _Mammut progenium_. - -In the Academy’s collection at Philadelphia is a large hindermost molar, -180 mm. long and 96 mm. wide, which had been sent to the Academy in -company with the type of _Gomphotherium rugosidens_. - -2. _Ashley River, above Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860 -(Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, p. 109), Leidy stated that -fragments of teeth and bones had been found in the Post-Pliocene -deposits of Ashley River, apparently referable to _Mastodon ohioticus_ -(_Mammut americanum_). In a footnote to this statement, F. S. Holmes -says that since Leidy’s statement was written several perfect teeth have -been discovered, and referred to plate XIX, figures 1, 2, 3. These -figures illustrate the teeth which belonged to Dr. L. F. Klipstein, -Christ Church. In the preface to Holmes’s work he refers to the teeth on -this plate as being those associated with teeth of a horse, remains of a -deer, and a piece of pottery. On page III of the introduction there is -further explanation of the discovery. Exactly where the swamp which -Klipstein was draining was situated seems not to have been stated, but -the context appears to indicate that it was somewhere along Ashley -River. - -In 1918 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. XLV, p. 438, fig. 2, not “fig. -3”) Professor Loomis described and figured 2 lower tusks, found in Nine -Mile Bottom, 9 miles above Charleston, probably along Ashley River. On -page 441 Loomis correctly described these, except that what he called -enamel is only a dense outer layer of dentine. Evidently these tusks had -been used for punching against hard objects. One may surmise that the -animal had been accustomed to bark trees with them. - -Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) states that he saw in -the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, remains of -mastodons, etc., which had been found on Ashley River. - -In the collections at Charleston, both the private ones and that of the -Charleston Museum, there are teeth of _Mammut americanum_, but records -of exact localities are usually wanting. - -3. _Head of Cooper River, Berkeley County._—John Drayton, in his “View -of South Carolina,” in 1802, page 39, plate, figure 4, mentions the -discovery of fossil bones in Biggin Swamp, made in digging a canal -between Santee and Cooper Rivers. It appears probable that this swamp is -not far from Monks Corner. Drayton’s figure shows that the tooth was one -of _Mammut americanum_. It is said to have been buried at a depth of 8 -or 9 feet. B. S. Barton (Archæologia Amer., 1814, pp. 22–23) stated that -he had examined teeth of both mastodon and elephant from this swamp. -George Turner (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. IV, 1899, p. 511) speaks -of the discovery of bones of what is called the mammoth in the -construction of the Santee and Cooper River Canal. Cuvier (Oss. Foss., -ed. 4, vol. II, p. 275) stated that the naturalist M. Bose had witnessed -the exhumation of 5 molars of mastodon during the excavation of the -“canal de Caroline,” 15 miles from Charleston. They were found in pure -sand at a depth of 3 feet. It is possible that there is here an error in -the distance from Charleston. - -4. _Lee County._—Tuomey (Rep. Geol. Surv. South Carolina, 1848, p. 178) -states that between Lynch’s Creek and Black River, “near Concord -church,” he found a bed of Pliocene marl about 4 feet thick, which, like -the Darlington deposit, rests on black shale. In an excavation made in -this marl, he found a portion of a tusk of a mastodon. This might, -indeed, have belonged to an elephant, but more probably to _Mammut -americanum_. - -5. _Darlington County._—In 1848 (Rep. Geol. Surv. South Carolina, 1848, -pp. 177–180), Tuomey reported that 2 perfect molars of _Mastodon -maximus_ (=_Mammut americanum_) had been found on land of G. W. Dargan, -somewhere near Darlington. They were found in a swamp and covered with 3 -or 4 feet of mud, but lying in a marl which he regarded as belonging to -the Pliocene. One was sent to the college at Columbia. In a note to the -geologist J. W. Foster (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. X, 1856, p. -167), Tuomey stated that he had placed in the cabinet of South Carolina -College a fine tooth of mastodon, found in Darlington district. At an -earlier date Robert W. Gibbes (same Proceedings, vol. III, 1850, p. 67) -exhibited before the association teeth of a horse found at Darlington, -associated with bones of Mastodon. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In Richard Harlan’s list (Proc. Acad. Nat. -Sci., vol. I, 1841–43, p. 189) of fossil vertebrates which had been -exhumed in making the Brunswick Canal were mentioned teeth of _Mastodon -giganteum_ (=_Mammut americanum_). About this time J. H. Couper (Proc. -Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. IV, p. 33) read a paper in which he mentioned the -occurrence of the same species in the canal referred to. Lyell (Second -Visit, etc., p. 348) included the mastodon among the species discovered -here. Richard Owen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, p. 93) reported -the result of an examination of a collection submitted to him through -Lyell. Hippopotamus had been recognized in a supposed incisor; but Owen -showed that it was a small tusk of a proboscidean, probably of _Mammut -americanum_. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 248) -stated that he had examined in the collection of the Academy the hinder -part of a tooth of the American mastodon. - -Gidley (Bull. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436) recognized _Gomphotherium -floridanum_ and _Mammut americanum_ in a collection which had been made -some years ago at Brunswick, probably in dredging in the harbor. -Inasmuch as only fragments of these teeth were present, the -identification was difficult. The writer has, through the kindness of -Professor S. W. McCallie, had the opportunity to examine these -fragments. They appear all to belong to _Gomphotherium rugosidens_, a -species rather common in that region. This species probably does not -belong to the Pleistocene, but to the upper Miocene or the Lower -Pliocene. It is possible, however, that it belongs to the lowermost -Pleistocene, the Nebraskan. - -2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—Remains of _Mammut -americanum_ have been found at two places in Chatham County, Heyner’s -Bridge and Skidaway Island. Lyell (Travels in N. A., 1845, vol. I, p. -163) records his visit to Heyner’s Bridge, on White Bluff Creek, about 7 -miles south of Savannah. In Hodgson’s memoir this locality is said to be -on Vernon Creek (map 40). Lyell had learned from Dr. Habersham that -bones of mastodons and other extinct mammals had already been found -there. Lyell himself secured a grinder of a mastodon. It was found in a -bed of clay about 6 feet thick exposed only at low water. The tooth -referred to may be the one mentioned by Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. -Mus., pt. IV, p. 23). Hodgson (“Memoir on Megatherium,” p. 12) reported -the discovery of mastodon remains at this place, specifying a section of -a tusk 3.25 feet long and nearly 11 inches in circumference; also a -femur, which was sent to Paris. Reference is made to the mastodon -remains on page 42 of the memoir mentioned. For the geology of this -locality and a list of the species found there the reader is referred to -page 371. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Maps 5, 10.) - -It has not been practicable to arrange the figures on the map of -mastodons in Florida in an orderly manner. Below, the localities are -described by beginning at the northern end of the State and ending at -the southern end. - -1. _Marianna, Jackson County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 324) is -a tooth of _Mammut americanum_, recorded as having been sent to the -National Institute, September 25, 1847, by Walter Yonge, from Marianna. -No additional information has been preserved. It is a large upper right -last molar, with 5 cross-crests, a hinder talon, and nearly complete -roots. Marianna is situated on Chipola River. - -12. _Little River, Gadsden County._—Dr. E. H. Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., 1916, p. 104) reported that a tooth of _Mammut -americanum_ had been obtained from Little River. - -2. _Fort White, Columbia County._—Dr. E. H. Sellards reported to the -writer the discovery of a tooth of _Mammut americanum_ at a point 3 -miles northwest of Fort White. No details have been received. The town -is on Santa Fe River. - -3. _Citra, Marion County._—In Ward’s Natural History Establishment, at -Rochester, New York, the writer saw in January 1914, 2 cross-crests of a -probably hindermost upper molar of _Mammut americanum_. There had been -present a large pulp-cavity. Nothing definite about the history of the -specimen could be obtained, except that it had been found at Citra. - -15. _Neals, Alachua County._—From this locality Sellards (5th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., p. 58) reported the discovery of a mastodon, -probably _Gomphotherium floridanum_. Associated with this species was an -undetermined species of _Hipparion_. At the same place has been found -_Tapirus terrestris?_ On his plates IV and V of the same volume, -Sellards has figured teeth belonging to two undetermined species of -mastodons. All of these fossils came from the phosphate deposits at -Neals. - -16. _Archer, Alachua County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1886, p. 11) reported that Dr. W. H. Dall had discovered at -Archer remains of a mastodon to which Leidy gave the name _Mastodon -floridanus_. It is here referred to the genus _Gomphotherium_. It was -associated in the Alachua clays with a species of _Hipparion_, three -species of _Procamelus_, and a rhinoceros; also an astragalus of -_Megatherium_. All of these, except the last, are usually referred to -the Lower Pliocene or the Upper Miocene. The writer believes that they -belong to the lowest Pleistocene, the Nebraskan. - -17. _Williston, Levy County._—Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1887, -p. 309) reported the finding of several species of fossil vertebrates in -the Mixon bone-bed, at or near Williston. The species were -_Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Hipparion plicatile_, _Procamelus major_, -and _Teleoceras proterus_. These were found in the Alachua clays at -depths from 2.5 to 6 feet. In Dall’s list of 1892 (Bull. U. S. Geol. -Surv. No. 84, p. 129) _Hipparion ingenuum_ is included. - -18. _Juliette, Marion County._—Sellards, in 1913 (5th Ann. Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 58), stated that _Gomphotherium floridanum_ had been -found in hard phosphate in a mine at this place. As in other such cases, -he referred the species to the Upper Miocene or the Lower Pliocene. - -5. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In the collection of the Florida -Geological Survey is a fragment of a molar of _Mammut americanum_ which -was dredged up from Withlacoochee River during operations by the -Schilman and Bene Phosphate Company. It was presented by John D. -Robertson. - -In the possession of Mr. J. D. Robertson of Ocala, Florida, is a part of -a skull of _Mammut americanum_, reported by him to have been found in -the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 1, township 17 -south, range 19 east. This would be about 6 miles east of Dunnellon and -not far from Withlacoochee River. - -In the region about Dunnellon the mastodon _Gomphotherium floridanum_ -has been collected. For the list of species found at Dunnellon and in -Withlacoochee River the reader may consult page 376. - -19. _Near San Pablo Beach, Duval County._—From station 120, on the -Inland Waterway, near San Pablo Beach, Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 106) reported the discovery of a tooth of _Mammut -americanum_ in place in the bank of the canal. Remains of _Elephas -columbi_ and undetermined species of _Bison_ and _Odocoileus_ had been -thrown out by the dredge. - -4. _Almero Farm, St. John County._—At the residence of Mr. Fred R. -Allen, 113 King street, St. Augustine, Florida, the writer had the -privilege of examining seven teeth of _Mammut americanum_ which had been -found near Mr. Allen’s farm, 28 miles south of St. Augustine, in the -Inland Waterway Canal. At the same place Mr. Allen had found remains of -a fossil horse, a mylodon, alligator, and a part of the plastron of -_Terrapene antipex_. The deposits are to be regarded as belonging to -some part of the first half of the Pleistocene, probably the first -interglacial. - -6. _Daytona, Volusia County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 2150) is -an upper left last molar of _Mammut americanum_, sent in August 1901 -from Daytona by E. T. Conrad & Company. It had been found at a depth of -5 feet in an old oyster-bed which was being dug up for surfacing the -streets. The locality is within the limits of the town and about 2 miles -from the Atlantic coast. The senders reported a little later that they -had found four other teeth, a piece of tusk 40 inches long and 7 inches -in diameter, and about a bushel of bones and fragments. There appeared -to be other bones in the pit, but nothing more is on record. Since that -mastodon died there, the land appears to have been depressed beneath the -sea, permitting the growth of the oyster-bed, after which there was -again an elevation. - -13. _Fellsmere, St. Lucie County._—Dr. E. H. Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105) stated that _Mammut americanum_, -represented by a tooth or teeth, had been found at Fellsmere in -connection with the construction of drainage canals. - -7. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—At this place have been found -well-preserved remains of _Mammut americanum_. Besides a part of a lower -jaw, there are some parts of tusks and fragments of other parts. The -right side of a palate containing the second and the third true molars, -found in what has been called stratum No. 2, has been figured by -Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., plate XXXI). The age of -these will be discussed on pages 381–384. - -14. _Palm Beach, Palm Beach County._—In his report of 1916, already -cited, Dr. Sellards noted the fact, on page 105, that several teeth of -_Mammut americanum_ had been obtained by him, 8 miles west of the -Florida East Coast Railroad, in the canal constructed to drain the -Everglades. From the same canal had been secured _Elephas columbi_, -_Equus complicatus_, and a femur of a species of _Bison_. Sellards -informs us that the vertebrate fossils here, as at Vero and many other -localities, are embedded in the sand and muck beds which lie above the -Pleistocene marls. - -8. _Hillsboro County._—Remains of mastodon have been reported from -various places in this county, but the localities have not been very -exactly defined. - -In the National Museum (No. 6726) is a lower left hindermost molar of -_Mammut americanum_ which was sent by Mr. W. L. Spitler, of Tampa. -Exactly where it was found is not recorded. The tooth is white and well -preserved. There are five cross-crests. The cones are unusually low, and -such teeth may possibly represent an undescribed species. - -At Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer has seen a mastodon -tooth, labeled as having come from Tampa Bay. The tooth is heavy and -rock-like. A part of an atlas of the mastodon is from the same place. - -In the collection of Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, is a lower right -last molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found at Sulphur -Springs, Hillsboro County. The writer has not found where this place is -situated. All of the specimens mentioned belong to _Mammut americanum_. - -9. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—Dr. E. H. Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., p. 112, fig. 45) records the finding of an upper -right last molar of _Mammut americanum_ in this river. The tooth is -unworn and has four cross-crests and a large talon. It was preserved in -the collection of S. A. Robinson. With a collection of teeth of _Equus_ -found in Alafia River and preserved in the American Museum of Natural -History, New York, is a single cross-crest of _Mammut americanum_. - -20. _Brewster, Polk County._—In his report of 1915 (p. 106, fig. 36) Dr. -E. H. Sellards figured a fragment of a tusk, found in a phosphate mine, -which he supposed might belong to _Gomphotherium floridanum_. He figured -also a tooth (p. 104, fig. 34) which he definitely referred to this -species, but it is not clear that it was found at Brewster. A list of -the species found associated with the tusk will be found on page 380. -Among these species is _Mammut progenium_, a species ranging from the -Aftonian to the Late Wisconsin. While all the species of the list are -referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene, _M. -progenium_ appears to favor a later reference. - -10. _Pains Creek, Polk? County._—In the collection of the Academy of -Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, is a tooth of _Mammut americanum_ -recorded as having been found on Pains Creek, 50 miles from Tampa. It -appears to be a second milk molar; the length is 43 mm., the width at -the second crest likewise 43 mm. - -There is a Big Pains Creek in the northwestern corner of Polk County, -which empties into Peace Creek. A little further south is Little Pains -Creek, which empties into Peace Creek in De Soto County, near Bowling -Green. On which of these the tooth was found can not be determined. - -11. _Peace Creek, De Soto County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. -1990) is an upper right hindermost molar recorded as having been found -on Peace River. It was a part of the exhibit of the Plant System at the -Centennial Exposition at Atlanta, Georgia. It is credited also to the -Peace River Phosphate Company. Probably the tooth was found somewhere -not far from Arcadia. Leidy (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) does -not record the species from Arcadia, but his undetermined species of the -genus may have been _M. americanum_. - -The tooth mentioned above has five cross-crests and a conical talon. At -the ends of the transverse valleys are large tubercles. - - - ALABAMA. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Bogue Chitto, Dallas County._—The U. S. National Museum contains 3 -or 4 fragments of large molars of _Mammut americanum_ found not far from -the town named. One fragment is labeled as having been found in section -10, township 17 north, range 7 east. This would probably be 6 or 7 miles -west of north from the town named. Another fragment is said to have been -found in the bed of Bogue Chitto. The teeth were sent to the U. S. -Geological Survey by Crawford P. Lewis. From this same region there have -been collected remains of _Elephas imperator_ and _Equus leidyi_. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Perthshire, Bolivar County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -fragment, the rear end, of an upper left hindermost molar of _Mammut -americanum_, received from Perthshire in August 1914. It is the gift of -Mr. S. D. Knowlton and was reported as having been sucked up with gravel -from the bed of Mississippi River. This place is in the northern part of -Bolivar County and immediately south of latitude 34°. - -2. _Caseilla, Tallahatchie County._—The writer has seen a lower left -last molar of a mastodon, found in 1915, near this place. It was sent to -the U. S. National Museum for identification by Dr. B. Franklin, of -Caseilla. He stated that the tooth had been found in Avant Creek, about -3 miles above its entrance into Yalobusha River, apparently in the -southeastern corner of Tallahatchie County, in township 23 north, range -7 west. The tooth had been buried in joint clay. The banks of the creek -are usually about 10 feet high, but where the tooth was found, on the -south side of the creek, the bluff is about 50 feet high. - -3. _Jackson, Hinds County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural -Sciences of Philadelphia is a lower left last milk molar, presented by -Dr. Isaac Lea and reported to have been found near Jackson, Mississippi. -No additional information was furnished. The tooth is but slightly worn -and has complete roots. - -4. _Vicksburg, Warren County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 344) is -a fragment of an upper right last molar, said to have been found at -Vicksburg. The fragment consists of the hindermost crest and the talon. -In Wailles’s report on the geology of Mississippi, 1854, page 284, there -is a statement to the effect that mastodon remains had been found in the -deep cut of the railroad at Vicksburg. - -5. _Bovina?, Warren County._—In Wailles’s report, just cited, it is -stated that mastodon bones had been found in the vicinity of Big Black -River, near the eastern line of Warren County. While the statement is -rather indefinite, the locality is probably somewhere in the region -about Bovina, on the railway from Vicksburg to Jackson. - -6. _Claiborne County._—According to Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1859, p. 111), portions of jaws with teeth of mastodons have -been found in this county, associated with a skull of a bear which he -could not distinguish from that of _Ursus americanus_. - -7. _Jefferson County._—In Wailles’s report of 1854 (p. 284), already -cited, it is stated that remains of the mastodon had been found in this -county, near the former town of Greenville. The writer has not been able -to learn more exactly where this town was situated. - -8. _Natchez, Adams County._—The region about Natchez is a fertile one -for remains of mastodons and various other fossil vertebrates. The first -mention of the finding of fossils here appears to be a note by S. L. -Mitchill in 1826 (Cat. Organ. Remains, p. 10), who presented two teeth -to the Lyceum of Natural History, New York. G. Troost, in 1835 (Trans. -Geol. Soc. Penn., vol. I, p. 143), stated that he had in his cabinet a -tooth of a mastodon, found near Natchez. - -In 1845 (Proc. 6th Meet. Assoc. Amer. Geologists and Naturalists, pp. -77–79), M. W. Dickeson read a paper on the geology of the Natchez -bluffs, in which he mentioned the occurrence of mastodons. - -In 1846 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, p. 106), the same writer -exhibited at the Academy a large collection of fossil bones which had -been made near Natchez. His account treats especially of the remains of -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_ and a human pelvis; but it is mentioned that the -deposit abounds in bones and teeth of the mastodon. Dickeson stated that -the stratum which contained these organic remains is a tenacious blue -clay which underlies what he called the diluvial drift east of Natchez. -This “drift” is now regarded as being mostly loess. - -Lyell, in 1846 (Second Visit to U. S. N. A., ed. 2, vol. II, p. 195), -wrote that mastodon remains had been found in the loam (loess) which -contained land-shells at different depths. - -Hilgard in 1860 (Geol. Agric. Mississippi, p. 196) gives a list, -furnished by Dr. Leidy, of the mammalian fossils which had been found -“in a solid blue clay said to belong to this formation” (the Bluff -formation). Mastodons are said to be by far the most common. At Pine -Ridge, 6 miles north of Natchez, in townships 7 and 8 north, range 3 -west, mastodons and other mammals occurred at a depth of about 20 feet -from the surface, in a ravine. The list referred to was quoted from -Wailles’s report of 1854 (Agric. Geol. Mississippi, pp. 285, 286). - -Leidy, in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 9), in speaking of the -occurrence of human remains at Natchez, referred to the occurrence of -the mastodon at this place. McGee, in 1891 (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. -Surv., pt. I, p. 399), in discussing the geological conditions at -Natchez, stated that several nearly perfect skulls of the mastodon and -at least one of the American elephant had been discovered at Natchez. -His idea was that some of these remains had been found in the brown loam -and some in the gravelly beds well down toward the Port Hudson clays. - -In his discussion of the loess at Natchez, Shimek, in 1904 (Bull. Labs. -Nat. Hist., Univ. Iowa, p. 305), expressed doubt about the occurrence of -mastodons and other vertebrates in the loess. - -In the collection at Yale University is a large lower jaw of _Mammut -americanum_, labeled as found at Natchez. Both rami are represented and -each has in it the second and third molars. The hindermost molar is but -little worn. The second molar is 115 mm. long and 87 mm. wide, the third -molar 188 mm. long and 93 mm. wide. The spout at the front of the jaw is -cut off square and is rough, but there are no sockets for tusks. - -For further consideration of the Pleistocene geology at Natchez and a -list of the species of vertebrates found there, the reader is referred -to pages 389 to 393. - -9. _Pinckneyville, Wilkinson County._—On page 284 of Wailles’s report of -1854 he stated that mastodon bones had been obtained in Bayou Sara, near -Pinckneyville. - -10. _Between Zeiglerville and Pearce, Yazoo County._—In the U. S. -National Museum (No. 10275) is a right ramus of the lower jaw of a -mastodon, found on the farm of Mr. R. L. Fisher, about 8 miles northwest -of Vaughan. This jaw was sent to the U. S. National Museum by Mr. R. H. -Douthat, secretary of the Yazoo Commercial Club, of Yazoo City. The -specimen had been washed out of its place of burial along a creek. From -Mr. Fisher the writer has received the information that the jaw was -found along Teshacah Creek, in section 9, township 12 north, range 1 -east. It appears to have been buried at a depth of about 15 feet. - -The length of the jaw from the rear to the front of the penultimate -molar is 630 mm., to the front of the beak 808 mm. A part of the front -of the jaw has been broken off during exhumation, as shown by the -photographs. The height at the middle of the length is 195 mm. The -coronoid process rises 400 mm. above the lower border of the jaw. There -are present the hindermost and the penultimate molars. The hindermost is -220 mm. long and has five crests and a low rough talon. In the front of -the jaw is a part of the socket for an incisor tusk which had a diameter -of about 40 mm. Apparently the jaw is to be referred to _Mammut -progenium_. - -11. _Woodville, Wilkinson County._—From Mr. W. L. Ferguson, of -Woodville, the writer has received a letter, with a photograph showing -jawbones, with teeth, of one or more mastodons found near Woodville. -Some fragments of tusks, a part of a skull, and some vertebræ were also -found. The information is sent that these remains were buried under 30 -feet of deposit. They were found on the bank of Dunbar Creek, a -tributary of Bayou Sara, in township 1, range 3, section 24. - -On pages 385 to 389 will be treated the geology of this region; but at -the present it would be unsafe to refer these mastodons to any -particular stage of the Pleistocene. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 5. Fig. 23.) - -1. _Kingsport, Sullivan County._—The writer was informed by Mr. George -P. Torbett, a newspaper man, that D. M. Lafitte, of Bristol, Tennessee, -had a tooth of a mastodon, found near Kingsport. Mr. Torbett had seen -the tooth and recognized its similarity to a mastodon tooth shown him. - -2. _St. Clair, Hawkins County._—Dr. S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of -Georgia, waiting in 1892 (Science, vol. XX, p. 333), reported that a -mastodon tooth had been found somewhere in that county. On making -inquiry of Dr. McCallie the writer received the information that the -tooth was found about 3.5 miles nearly due east from St. Clair and about -7 or 8 miles south of Rogersville. The tooth was presented to the -University of Tennessee. - -3. _Mossy Creek, Jefferson County._—The writer has received from Mr. W. -C. Bayless the information that a mastodon tooth had been found 3 miles -south of the place named. The more exact locality is given as the farm -of John Silver, 0.75 mile north of Bays Mountain. The tooth was -discovered under a white oak stump, at a depth of 6 feet. It was 7.5 -inches long and had 5 cross-crests. - -4. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—The geologist G. Troost, writing in -1835 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Pa., vol. I, p. 142), stated that he had in his -cabinet a tooth of a mastodon from the locality named. - -5. _Neuberts Springs, 7 miles Southeast of Knoxville._—Doctor McCallie, -as cited above, reported the discovery of four molars of a mastodon in a -fair state of preservation at a point 7 miles southeast of Knoxville. -They were found beneath 30 inches of a yellow tenacious clay, in which -occurred water-worn stones. In a communication to the writer, Dr. -McCallie indicates that the remains had been buried at a time when -Tennessee River flowed at a higher level than at present. - -6. _Eleven miles West of Nashville, Davidson County._—From Mr. William -A. Nelson, a member of the Tennessee Geological Survey, the information -has been received that some mastodon remains, including teeth, had been -found 11 miles west of Nashville, just west of Mill Creek and about 200 -yards from Cumberland River. The remains occurred in a very tough -yellowish clay which occupied a solution channel in the Carter Creek -limestone. This was at a depth of about 15 feet from the surface. - -Under this number may be recorded the finding of a part of a lower molar -of a young mastodon near Nashville, sent to the writer for examination -by Mr. W. E. Myer, of Nashville, in 1920. It had been found in the north -bank of Cumberland River, about 300 yards upstream from Lock A, in a bed -of sand beneath nearly 30 feet of gravel. With it were found a calcaneum -of a camel and some fragments of a shell of a turtle. In a thin bed of -gravel just below this were discovered a tooth of _Equus leidyi_, a -femur of a probably larger horse, and an antler of a small probably -undescribed deer. Apparently these fossil-bearing deposits belong -somewhere near the Aftonian interglacial stage. Remarks on the geology -of this locality will be found on page 399. - -7. _Williamson County, 11 miles Southeast of Nashville._—The geologist -Troost (vol. cit., p. 139) recorded the finding of mastodon bones and -teeth in the region noted. The locality was said to be about 0.5 mile -from Liberty meeting-house. It must be in the extreme northeastern -corner of Williamson County. In another spot not far away were found a -tusk and a part of a tooth. - -8. _Fayetteville, Lincoln County._—From Mr. Wilbur A. Nelson, above -mentioned, the writer learned in 1913 that Mr. W. F. Myer, of Carthage, -had dug up, near Fayetteville, about two-thirds of the skeleton of a -mastodon. Nothing more has been learned about this. - -9. _Memphis, Shelby County._—In 1850 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. X, -p. 57), Dr. Jeffries Wyman reported that teeth of a mastodon had been -found somewhere about Memphis. They were supposed to have been obtained -from the diluvium of Mississippi River, and were found associated with -_Castoroides_, _Castor_, and _Megalonyx_. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 5.) - -1. _Ludlow, Kenton County._—In the Sunday Star of Washington, D. C., for -January 3, 1919, there appeared a reproduction of a photograph of a -tusk, believed to belong to a mastodon, which had been found at Ludlow, -opposite the lower end of Cincinnati. It was unearthed by the steam -shovel in the course of excavating for the Southern Railroad, at a depth -of 35 feet, in a gravel bank. It is reported to have a length of 6 feet -10 inches and a diameter of 7 inches. A part of the distal end is -missing. According to the photograph, the tusk forms somewhat more than -half the circumference of a circle whose radius is about 23.5 inches. -The curvature and the thickness, as compared with the length, appear to -indicate that it belonged to a mastodon, but the identity is not -certain. - -2. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—At this place there have been collected -an almost incredible number of teeth, skulls, and other bones of _Mammut -americanum_; and these have been sent to many museums of this country -and Europe. While skulls are said to have been found, no complete -skeletons have ever been collected. In 1805, Dr. B. S. Barton (Med. -Phys. Jour. Phila., vol. I, pp. 154–159) wrote of bones he had seen from -this place. He quoted from a letter written by John Bartram to James -Logan. Some Shawanese Indians had brought to Pittsburgh a tooth and a -piece of tusk. They described a head as having a long nose and a mouth -on the underside. They reported that there were at the Lick five whole -skeletons; also a shoulder-blade which, when stood on end, came to the -shoulders of a tall man. What they regarded as the long nose may be -interpreted as a tusk. Probably some tons of mastodon bones have been -collected at this place, but it is quite certain that nearly the whole -of this important material has been lost. Further reference to the -locality, its geology, and the species collected there will be made on -pages 401 to 404, map 41. - -3. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—From an excavation made at this -place by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, in an attempt to restore the springs -which supplied the once popular watering-place, there were taken a large -quantity of bones of various animals, perhaps as much as two farm-wagon -loads. The greater number of these bones belonged to the mastodon. -Portions of skulls were found, but no complete skull. There were in the -collection perhaps 100 mastodon teeth and many tusks, but some of these -may have belonged to elephants. In some cases the tusks show at the -distal end evidences of abrasion by use. Several tusks are planed off on -opposite sides, as if they had lain buried in the bottom of a stream, -had been worn down flat by sand and gravel, and had then been turned -over and planed on the other side. In Mr. Hunter’s collection, seen by -the writer, there are small tusks, probably deciduous upper or lower -ones, which vary from 87 mm. to 115 mm. in length. Each one is slightly -flattened, and has an outer layer of hard dentine or possibly enamel, -which is smooth. When this has peeled off the underlying dentine is -grooved and ridged longitudinally. The transverse diameters vary from 20 -to about 27 mm. Some of these small tusks are straight, others are -slightly curved. On page 405 will be given a list of the associated -animals and remarks on the geology. - -4. _Harrisonville, Harrison County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -lower left penultimate molar of a mastodon said to have been found -somewhere near this place. It was presented by Hon. M. L. Ross, through -Mr. R. L. Garner. No details are known. The village mentioned is said to -be near Cynthiana, but it is not on the maps at hand. - -5. _Fayette County._—In Kentucky University there is a lower left -hindermost molar of a mastodon, labeled as having been found somewhere -in the county. - -6. _Drennon Springs, Henry County._—In 1881, Mr. G. K. Greene, (2d Ann. -Rep. Bur. Statist. and Geol. Indiana, 1880, p. 428) stated that the -collection of the State University of Indiana contains a remarkably fine -half of a lower jaw of a mastodon, found at the place named. Nothing -more is known about it. In 1831, C. S. Rafinesque (Monthly Amer. Jour. -Geol., vol. I, p. 354) wrote that “Drennon’s Licks had bones and -mounds,” indicating that at that early time fossil bones had been found -there. - -7. _Louisville, Jefferson County._—In 1835, Dr. Richard Harlan (Med. and -Phys. Res., p. 256) referred to statements made to the effect that -several mastodon skeletons had been found in digging the canal around -the falls of the Ohio, at Louisville. They were taken from the river -banks, at a depth of several feet beneath the present soil. It was added -that several pairs of tusks were arranged in a circle within which were -remains of a fire and Indian tools. The authority for this story is -hardly what one could desire. - -8. _Smithland?, Livingston County._—In the Academy of Natural Sciences -at Philadelphia is a part of a lower left hindermost mastodon molar, -labeled as having been found at the mouth of Cumberland River. It is -credited to Dr. P. B. Goddard. No details have been preserved. Smithland -is at the mouth of Cumberland River, but how far away from this town the -tooth was found is not known. - - - - - FINDS OF ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Toronto, York County._—In 1863 (Canad. Naturalist and Geol., vol. -VIII, p. 399), Professor Alex. Winchell wrote that he had a cast of a -tooth found at Toronto, and thought by him to belong to _Elephas -primigenius_. The writer saw this cast at Ann Arbor, Michigan. It is -evidently a lower right penultimate molar of the species mentioned. It -is to be regretted that more information was not furnished as to the -exact locality and the beds; it would be of interest to know whether it -had been found in the interglacial deposits that occur about Toronto. - -2. _Amaranth, Dufferin County._—In 1908 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. -IX, p. 387), Dr. Robert Bell reported the finding of the greater part of -the skeleton of an elephant in a swamp in lot 9, range 7, of the -township of Amaranth. The tusk was said to be 14 feet long and 8 inches -in diameter. The context indicates that the remains were found at a -moderate depth in shell marl. - -In 1891 (Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. VIII, p. 504), Professor J. Hoyes -Panton reported the discovery, in 1890, of bones of a mammoth at this -place, impliedly in a bed of marl. There were 31 ribs, several vertebræ, -a tusk 12.66 feet long, with a portion broken off; also a tooth weighing -16.75 pounds. From Mr. Simon Jelly, of Shelburne, the writer learns that -the bones reported to have been found at Shelburne are the same as those -reported from Amaranth. They had been exhumed by his brother, John -Jelly, and were taken to Owen Sound and from there exhibited at county -fairs for several years. - -These bones, or a part of them, are at present in possession of Mr. -Alexander Duke, of San Diego, California. A photograph of the tusk shows -it has quite the length given for it. It is relatively slender, the base -having a diameter said to be 9.5 inches. It is spirally twisted in the -distal half. The atlas is present and stated to measure 16 by 9 inches. -There is a small but distinct photograph of a hindermost molar, -apparently an upper one. The tooth is 16 inches long, 7 inches high, and -3 inches wide. This is the length from the front of the grinding-surface -to the base behind. The plates are not worn to the base in front. There -appear to be 22 ridge-plates present, and 6 in a 4–inch line. The base -of the tooth is straight; the ridge-plates curve forward slightly as -they ascend. The hyoid arch is preserved. The writer regards the -specimen as being a large individual of _Elephas primigenius_. - -This elephant lived after the Wisconsin ice-sheet had begun to withdraw. -According to Taylor’s map (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., LIII, plate XIX), -this region had become cleared of ice while the basin of Lake Ontario -was still fully occupied by the glacier; but it is doubtful that the -animal could have lived there at that time. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Minoa, Onondaga County._—Dr. Burnett Smith, of Syracuse University, -sent the writer photographs of a lower hindermost molar of an elephant -which, associated with a tusk, was found at this place, 8 miles east of -Syracuse. Dr. Smith has ascertained that the tooth and the tusk were dug -up during the construction of the West Shore Railroad. The tooth is -quite certainly that of _Elephas primigenius_. It is worn down to the -base in front, but retains a part of its large posterior root. - -2. _Williamson, Wayne County._—In the collection of Rochester University -is a lower left hindermost molar tooth found at this place. Professor H. -L. Fairchild informed the writer that the tooth was found on the -Iroquois beach, but whether on the northern or southern side is not -known. - -3. _Pittsford, Monroe County._—In 1842 (Zool. New York Mamm., p. 101, -plate XXXII, fig. 2), J. E. De Kay described, under the name _Elephas -americanus_, a tooth found at Perinton, about 10 miles east of Rochester -and near Irondequoit River. A description of the discovery and of the -locality had been given in 1837 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXII, p. 377) -by an anonymous writer. Two teeth and a tusk had been found in a sandy -bank on the stream mentioned while a race was being made for a saw-mill. -The tusk, and probably the teeth also, lay at a depth of 4 feet. The -exact locality was described as being 2 miles north of the crossing of -Erie Canal. This is in reality southeast of Rochester and near -Pittsford. On page 59 is described a tusk of a supposed mastodon found -at Pittsford in 1830. - -De Kay regarded the animal as belonging to an undescribed species, but -his name _Elephas americanus_ had been applied to the mastodon by Cuvier -in 1799. - -On examining Fairchild’s plates showing the recession of the Wisconsin -ice-sheet (Bull. 127, State Mus. New York) it will be seen that the -localities where the three specimens of _Elephas primigenius_ have been -found are close to the south shore of the ancient Lake Iroquois. The -animals could not, therefore, have lived before the ice had nearly or -quite withdrawn into the basin of the present Lake Ontario. They may -have lived long after this, possibly up to, or near to, the beginning of -the Recent. It is to be noted further that the locality of the molar -tooth found at Williamson, Wayne County, is closer to the shore of -Iroquois Lake than is that of any of the mastodons; so possibly this -species existed somewhat longer than did the mastodon. - -4. _Buffalo, Erie County._—From the director of the Buffalo Society of -Natural History, Dr. William L. Bryant, the writer has received -photographs of a right upper hindermost molar of _Elephas primigenius_ -dredged from near the middle of Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. The -tooth is 275 mm. long and 100 mm. wide on the worn surface. It is worn -to near the base in front, but probably no plates are wholly lost. There -appear to be about 24 present. It appears probable that the tooth had -not been carried far after being washed from its resting-place. Although -it probably belongs to the Wisconsin stage, there is a possibility that -it was washed out of some older Pleistocene deposit. - -5. _Queensbury, Warren County._—Mr. C. A. Hartnagel, assistant State -geologist of New York, informed the writer of the discovery, some 60 -years ago, of a tooth of an elephant near Queensbury, situated near the -southern end of Lake George. The tooth is labeled as found on the John -Harris farm. The nature of the deposit in which it was buried is not -known. It was found during the excavation of a cellar, therefore at no -great depth. - -The tooth is a lower right hindermost molar, worn on only about 8 plates -and not to the base in front. About 7 plates are missing from the rear. -There are present 17 ridge-plates. The length along the base is 250 mm.; -originally it must have been close to 350 mm. On a lateral face there -are only about 7 of the plates in a 100–mm. line. Nevertheless, the -writer regards the tooth as belonging to _E. primigenius_. It is -unusually long for the species; hence the plates are thicker, quite as -thick as some specimens of _E. columbi_. However, the enamel, as shown -on the worn face, is much thinner than that of _E. columbi_ and -comparatively little folded. The plates are only moderately concave on -the hinder face. The height of the tooth at the ninth plate is 140 mm. - -6. _Lewiston, Niagara County._—From Mr. C. A. Hartnagel the writer -received information of the finding of a tooth of an elephant at -Lewiston; and later the tooth was sent for examination. It proved to -belong to _E. primigenius_ and to be the upper right hindermost molar. -Inasmuch as it is worn to the base in front and as the large anterior -root is missing, some plates, probably at least two, are missing. There -are 22 present. The tooth is worn back to the tenth from the rear. The -length, as the tooth is preserved, is 275 mm. The height at the tenth -plate from the rear is 160 mm., not including the base of the roots. The -greatest thickness is 85 mm. On the lateral face are 9 plates in a -100–mm. line. The base of the tooth is straight; the hinder border of -the crown, arched. - -Mr. Hartnagel stated that besides the tooth some fragments of other -teeth and two atlases were found at the same place. Evidently more than -one animal was present. The remains here described were discovered at -least 20 feet below the gravel-bed at that place and 80 feet below the -level top of the terrace at points where it was not eroded. The bones -and teeth appear to have been scattered through a bed of sediments at -least 6 feet in thickness. The remains described above were mentioned by -Kindle and Taylor on page 13 of Folio 190 of the U. S. Geological -Survey, but were referred to a mastodon. The writers described the -deposit in which the tooth was found. The geological age was believed to -be that of the Iroquois episode of the Wisconsin. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In the collection at Princeton University -is an upper right last molar of this species recorded as having been -found at Trenton. It was discovered in the bluff of Delaware River, just -outside the fence of the Riverview cemetery, about 12 feet from the -surface. The tooth was given to Dr. Marcus S. Farr by Dr. C. C. Abbott, -and to him by Dr. Ward, of Trenton. Dr. Abbott was certain that it was -found in the Trenton gravels. Further mention will be made of this on -page 304. - -2. _North Plainfield, Union County._—In Rutgers College is a -considerably weathered elephant tooth referred to this species. It was -found on Greenbrook road, 2 miles east of North Plainfield. There are -about 12 ridge-plates present in the specimen. This locality is on the -border of the Wisconsin drift moraine, and the elephant tooth was -probably buried in outwash from the moraine. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Brookfield, Tioga County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 193) is -a part of an upper molar of _Elephas primigenius_ sent in 1889 by Mr. -Ira Sayles, of Brookfield. It was found along the north fork of -Cowanesqua Creek. The hinder 13 plates are present. Mr. Sayles, in a -letter to the present writer, stated that originally the tooth had 8 -more enamel plates. This would seem to indicate that the tooth is the -hindermost molar. Ten of the plates on the side of the tooth are crossed -by a line 100 mm. long. The animal probably belonged to the Late -Wisconsin stage. - -2. _Chadd’s Ford, Chester or Delaware County._—In the collection of the -Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, is a fragment of an elephant -tooth labeled as found in kaolin deposits owned by W. W. Jeffries and G. -B. Dillingham. The specimen was described by Leidy (Proc. Phila. Acad., -1875, p. 121). In this fragment are six ridge-plates, and a line -crossing them measures 60 mm. The tooth appears to have belonged to -_Elephas primigenius_. Leidy stated that it had been found lying on the -kaolin bed, 8 feet below the surface. - -In the same collection is a fragment of a tooth to be referred to _E. -primigenius_, consisting of three plates, apparently presented by I. -McClure. It is said to have been found in Chester County, but no more -exact locality was named. - -3. _Harvey’s, Greene County._—From Mr. Andrew J. Waychoff, of -Waynesburg, the writer has received for examination a lower jaw of a -young individual of _Elephas primigenius_ found near the place named. -Professor Edwin Linton sent the information that it was discovered in -the bed of Gray’s Fork of Ten mile Creek, about 0.25 mile west of -Graysville. In the jaw are the second true molars, right and left, -slightly worn. The length of each is 165 mm., the width 62 mm. - -4. _Lone Pine, Washington County._—From Professor Edwin Linton, of -Washington and Jefferson College, the writer received a photograph of an -elephant tooth found at Lone Pine. This place is located on Little Ten -mile Creek, 7.25 miles southeast of Washington. Professor Linton writes -that a 100–mm. line crosses ten of the ridge-plates on the side of the -tooth. The photograph shows that there are 20 plates present, of which -12 are worn more or less. - -5. _Beaverdam, Erie County._—In 1828 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XIV, p. -31), Mr. Jeremiah Van Rensselaer described a tooth which must have been -that of _Elephas primigenius_. It had been found near Lake Erie, at a -place called Beaverdam, near a small rivulet, and at a height of 600 -feet above the lake. He stated that there were 13 layers of enamel in a -line 4.5 inches long. The tooth was sent to the Lyceum of Natural -History, New York, but was probably destroyed in a fire at the old -American Museum of Natural History. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 11, 36.) - -1. _Waverly, Pike County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper -molar of an elephant said to have been found in a gravel-pit of the -Norfolk and Western Railroad, at Waverly. It was sent to the Smithsonian -Institution in 1900 by Mr. E. Sehon, who stated that the tooth had been -picked up along the railroad mentioned, about 30 miles south of Kenova, -West Virginia, but that the gravel had been loaded on the cars at -Waverly. The tooth is believed to be the hindermost milk molar. There -are 10 plates in a line 100 mm. long. The Pleistocene geological -conditions at Waverly may to some extent be learned by consulting -Leverett’s paper forming Monograph XLI of the U. S. Geological Survey, -pages 101–104. There is a possibility that this tooth was buried in -gravels older than the last glacial stage. - -2. _Zanesville, Muskingum County._—In 1853 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, -vol. XV, pp. 146–147) is found a brief account of the discovery of -elephant remains at Zanesville. One tusk and four molars were found. Two -of the latter weighed (probably while wet) 20 pounds each and two others -14 pounds each. They had been found on the line of what was then called -the Ohio Central Railroad and in the eastern part of the city. At about -the same time (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. IV, p. 377) Warren -exhibited a tooth of an elephant, one of three received by him from -Zanesville (misprinted Lanesville). In the second edition of his -monograph on “Mastodon giganteus” Warren figured one of these teeth (his -plate XXVIII). It was stated that he had four of the teeth, all -belonging to _Elephas primigenius_. These are now in the American Museum -of Natural History, New York. The right upper hindermost molar is a fine -large tooth. The large front root is missing, as are quite certainly -about 3 plates. There are now 28 present. The length along the nearly -straight base is 335 mm. The rear is high and arched. There are 9 plates -in a 100–mm. line and the enamel is little festooned. Foster, in 1857 -(Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 10th meeting, p. 156), described the -discovery and exhumation of these remains, publishing a geological -section illustrated by a figure. The elephant bed is 37 feet above the -river and over 20 feet from the surface. In the collection of the State -University at Columbus (No. 5296) is a fine upper hindermost molar of -_Elephas primigenius_ credited to T. W. Lewis and said to have been -found at Zanesville. There are nine or ten plates in a 100–mm. line. -Zanesville is situated in the unglaciated part of the State; but outwash -from both the Illinoian and the Wisconsin glaciers has been deposited -along the river. For a knowledge of the Pleistocene epoch in that -region, Leverett’s work may be consulted (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., -vol. XLI, p. 158, plate II). - -3. _Duncan Falls, Muskingum County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. -308) is a tooth, apparently the first true molar, of _Elephas -primigenius_ labeled as having been found on Salt Creek, in the county -named. Salt Creek is situated in the eastern part of the county, flows -southward, and empties into Muskingum River at Duncan Falls. This tooth -is probably the one mentioned by J. W. Foster in 1857 (Proc. Amer. -Assoc. Adv. Sci., 10th meeting, 1856, p. 158) as having been found near -the mouth of Salt Creek and then owned by Mr. A. C. Ross. - -4. _Millport, Columbiana County._—From Professor Edwin Linton, of -Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania, the writer -received a letter stating that there is in that institution a tooth of -an elephant found in section 7 of Franklin Township (17 north, range 3 -west), apparently about 2 miles northeast of Millport and on or near the -stream Nancy Run. The locality is outside of the glaciated area. -Probably the animal had lived during the Wisconsin stage, but there is a -chance that it belonged to an earlier time. - -5. _Mount Healthy, Hamilton County._—In 1914, the writer received the -photograph of a skull of _Elephas primigenius_ which was found some -years before at Mount Healthy. Professor N. M. Fenneman informed the -writer that it was discovered on the farm of Barney Miller, in the bank -of Whisky Run. Professor C. A. Hunt, of Mount Healthy, has sent the -information that it was found in the bed of Taylor Creek, a branch of -West Fork of Mill Creek, in the northeast quarter of section 28, -township 3, range 1, of the Miami purchase. Taylor Creek is probably -another name for Whisky Run. The skull was met with in deep alluvial -sediment. At the time of Professor Hunt’s writing it was in the -possession of Mr. Jacob Kismer, North Side, Cincinnati. In 1920 it was -purchased for the U. S. National Museum (No. 10261). - -The front of the skull is preserved from the vertex to the front of the -premaxilla. A part of one tusk, about 4 inches in diameter, is present. -An upper molar was detached and later lost or otherwise disposed of. The -one present has 10 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. Leverett (Monogr. -XLI, p. 283), in speaking of drift deposits in Mill Creek Valley, stated -that the greater part of the drift is Illinoian. Professor Fenneman -(Bull. 19, Geol. Surv. Ohio, p. 158) refers the deposit to the Wisconsin -stage. - -15. _Butler County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural -Sciences at Philadelphia is an elephant tooth which is accredited to W. -S. Vaux and labeled as having been found in Butler County. The tooth has -now a length of 230 mm., but is worn down to the base in front and the -large anterior root is missing. The width is 105 mm. It appears to be a -large hindermost upper molar of _E. primigenius_. Nothing more definite -is known about the locality. The whole country is covered with Wisconsin -drift. - -6. _Dayton, Montgomery County._—In the collection of the Society of -Archæology and History at the University of Ohio is a tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_ which, as reported by Professor W. C. Mills, was found near -the middle of the eastern boundary of Montgomery County. This would not -be far from Dayton. The locality is within the area covered by Wisconsin -drift and the animal lived probably not far away from the foot of the -retiring glacier. - -7. _Selma, Clark County._—In Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, are two -upper last molars, right and left, said to have been collected at Selma. -There are nine ridge-plates in a line 100 mm. long. Nothing is known -regarding the geological conditions connected with the discovery, except -that the locality is within the Wisconsin area. - -8. _Versailles, Darke County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper -hindermost molar of _Elephas primigenius_ (No. 4761), recorded as found -in Wayne Township, on the farm of Foster Compton, in the northeast -corner of the township. This would be probably about 4 miles north of -east of Versailles. The country is level and was doubtless originally -swampy. This tooth is apparently the one mentioned by A. C. Lindemuth in -1878 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. III, pt. 1, p. 509). He stated that it had -been picked up in the creek bottom just north of Versailles. - -Under this number may be recorded a tooth of _E. primigenius_ found many -years ago by George H. Teaford, about 2 miles southeast of Palestine, in -Darke County, and now in the collection in the public library at -Greenville. It is a lower left hindermost molar. There are 20 plates -present and evidently a few are missing from the front. - -9. _Jersey, Licking County._—In the collection of the Ohio State -University, Columbus, are two large teeth of _Elephas primigenius_ -labeled as sent from this place and credited to D. D. Condit. The length -along the base of one of the teeth is 286 mm. There are nine plates in a -100–mm. line and the enamel is unusually thin. This locality is on the -western border of the Wisconsin terminal moraine and the animal belongs -therefore to the Late Wisconsin stage. - -10. _Chicago, Huron County._—In the collection of the Society of -Archæology and History, at the University of Ohio, the writer has seen a -tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, labeled as having been found at this -place, which is located on or close to the Defiance moraine. - -11. _Kamms, Cuyahoga County._—About May 1, 1911, Mr. F. W. Glenn, of -Kamms, sent to the U. S. National Museum a photograph of a tooth which -the present writer identified as belonging to _Elephas primigenius_. -This town is about 4 miles from the shore of Lake Erie. - -12. _Cleveland, Cuyahoga County._—In the collection of Adelbert College, -Cleveland, is a lower jaw of _Elephas primigenius_ which was obtained -here. Professor H. P. Cushing has furnished the writer photographs of -this jaw, which belonged to a young animal, inasmuch as the hindermost -milk molar had not wholly appeared above the bone. Of this tooth, six -ridge-plates were crossed by a line 50 mm. in length. - -This jaw was found in 1909, in making a sewer, in hitherto undisturbed -materials, 22 feet from the surface. In the section at that point is -found 22 feet of sand resting on till, the latter being the upper part -of the glacial filling of the preglacial Cuyahoga Valley, 300 feet down -to the rock. The jaw was at the base of the sands. Professor Cushing -regarded the jaw as older than old Lake Warren and presumably as -belonging to the time of Lake Whittlesey. - -13. _New Berlin, Stark County._—At Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, -the writer has seen a well-preserved specimen of an upper second true -molar of _Elephas primigenius_ found near New Berlin. There were counted -16 ridge-plates, of which 11 are in a 100–mm. line. - -From Rev. J. P. Stahl, Alliance, Ohio, the writer has learned that this -tooth was found about a mile south of New Berlin, in a small gravel hill -along the Canton and New Berlin highway. The gravel was being removed to -make a road-bed. New Berlin is on the Grand River moraine and the -elephant belongs therefore to the Late Wisconsin stage. - -14. _Amboy, Ashtabula County._—In the Buffalo, New York, Natural History -Society, the writer examined a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, -discovered at this place. It is the front half of the right upper -hindermost molar. There are nine ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. At the -same place, and probably under the same geological conditions, were -found teeth of _Elephas columbi_. These conditions will be described on -page 329. - -15. See page 135. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Three Oaks, Berrien County._—Mr. C. K. Warren, of Three Oaks, has in -his possession the upper and lower last molars, right and left, of an -elephant which appears to have been found somewhere in the neighborhood -of Three Oaks. These are large teeth and seem to the writer to belong to -_E. primigenius_. The left upper tooth is 300 mm. long and 100 mm. wide. -There are 22 plates. The tooth is worn back to the fourteenth plate, 170 -mm. high. There are only seven plates in a 100–mm. line, but it must be -taken into account that the tooth is a large one for the species. The -plates are parallel with one another and the base of the tooth is -straight. The enamel is thin. - -One of the lower teeth has a length of 342 mm. The height at the first -unworn plate, about the fourteenth, is 135 mm. On the outer face there -are six plates in a 100–mm. line. - -Not knowing exactly where these teeth were found or at what depth, not -much can be said regarding them. However, the region about Three Oaks is -occupied by Wisconsin drift and the animal quite certainly lived during -the Late Wisconsin stage. - -As shown by the map of mastodons in Michigan (map 8), at least three -specimens of the American mastodon have been found in this county. It is -extremely probable that the two species lived together. - -2. _Eaton Rapids, Eaton County._—In the Michigan Agricultural School, at -East Lansing, is a lower jaw (No. 8260) of _Elephas primigenius_, found -at Eaton Rapids, on the Grand River. Dr. A. C. Lane (Ann. Rep. Geol. -Surv. Michigan for 1905, p. 553) says that it was found 2 miles below -the town. It was found in 1904 by Charles H. Fry. The jaw contains a -tooth on each side, and in front of each is a socket for a missing -tooth. Behind the tooth is a cavity in the jaw for a succeeding tooth. -The one present is taken to be the first true molar. There are present -13, possibly 14, plates. The length of the tooth is 123 mm., its width -51 mm. The enamel is thin and little crinkled. The jaw is 100 mm. high -at the rear of the tooth present. - -Eaton Rapids is situated on the Grand River, where the latter breaks -through the Charlotte morainic system. In this county there have been -found two mastodons, one about Belleview, the other in the vicinity of -Olivet. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 11.) - - - IN AREA COVERED BY ILLINOIAN DRIFT. - -1. _Otter Creek Township, Vigo County._—In Ward’s Natural History -Establishment, Rochester, New York, the writer saw a pair of upper -second molars which, in 1885, were found in Otter Creek Township. They -were dug up on the farm of W. H. Stewart, while making a ditch in low -ground. From information received from Mr. S. D. Humphrey, North Terre -Haute, it appears that the locality is not far from the common -meeting-point of sections 8, 9, 16, 17 of township 13 north, range 8 -west. The complete tooth, the one of the left side, had 22 plates and a -front and a rear talon. The length was 248 mm., the width 96 mm. There -were 10 plates in a line 100 mm. long. This thinness of the plates is -evidence as to the specific identity of the animal. - -2. _Madison, Jefferson County._—The collection of the Academy of Natural -Sciences, at Philadelphia, contains a large lower last molar of the -right side, presented by Dr. Hallowell in 1840, and labeled as coming -from Madison. The length is 245 mm., and there are 9 plates in 100 mm. -This tooth was mentioned by Dr. Leidy in 1869. From the information -furnished one can conclude only that _Elephas primigenius_ once lived in -southern Indiana. - -3. _Vevay, Switzerland County._—Professor E. Danglade, of the U. S. Fish -Commission, presented the U. S. National Museum a tooth (No. 7913), -apparently a second true molar, possibly the first, of _E. primigenius_. -There are 10 plates present. The tooth was found on the shore of Ohio -River about 1.5 miles below Vevay, having been washed out of a gravel -bank, and is much weathered. No exact conclusions about the age of the -tooth can be drawn from the known facts. - - - IN AREA BETWEEN THE SHELBYVILLE AND THE BLOOMINGTON MORAINES. - -10. _Webster, Wayne County._—In the collection of Earlham College are 2 -elephant teeth, credited to Jehiel Bond and found on Nolands Fork, near -Webster, Wayne County. One is the second molar of the right side of the -upper jaw and is much worn; the other is the third upper molar of -apparently the same side and is but little worn. These teeth were -mentioned by the author in his report on the “Pleistocene Vertebrata of -Indiana” (33d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 750), but he had not -then determined to what species they belonged. A renewed study shows -that they certainly belong to _Elephas primigenius_. With these teeth is -a tusk which measures 1,800 mm. along the convex curve. - -Webster is situated south of the Bloomington moraine, in a tract of -country indicated by Leverett as covered by undulating drift, in part -morainic. - -The greater part of this political township, made up apparently of parts -of townships numbered 13 north and ranges 8 and 9 west, is occupied by -outwash deposits laid down by the Wabash River and brought from further -north during the Wisconsin stage; but at present, at least, it is -impossible to assign the animal to any particular division of that -stage. - - - IN AREA NORTH OF BLOOMINGTON MORAINE AND SOUTH OF THE MISSISSINAWA - MORAINE AND THE WABASH RIVER. - -4. _Windsor, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, -Richmond, Indiana, is a part of a tooth referred to this species. It is -either the last milk molar or the first true molar of the right side of -the lower jaw. There are present eleven plates and one or more is -missing from the rear. The length along the base is 100 mm., the width -is 55 mm. There are six plates in a line 50 mm. long. This tooth was -found August 20, 1893, in the bed of Stony Creek, near Windsor. -According to Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana, this is just south of -the Union City moraine near its junction with the Bloomington moraine. -By what is known of the habits of this species it may have lived even -when the glacial sheet was forming the Union City moraine. - -5. _Winchester, Randolph County._—In the collection of Earlham College -is a lower molar of the right side, apparently the first, labeled as -found at Winchester. No details are furnished. Winchester lies on the -border of the Union City moraine and all the country about is occupied -by Wisconsin drift. It is quite certain, therefore, that this mammoth -lived at some time between the formation of the moraine mentioned and -the end of the Pleistocene epoch. - -6. _Fairmount, Grant County._—Here was found, in 1904, the nearly -complete skeleton of the mammoth mounted in the American Museum of -Natural History in New York City. It has been described and figured by -the writer (36th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 718, figs. 63, 64; -Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, p. 396, fig. 133). It was found on the -farm of Mrs. Dora C. Gift, about 4 miles east of Fairmount. The location -is in the southeast quarter of section 23, township 23 north, range 8 -east. This information has been furnished by Mr. George Swisher, -surveyor of Grant County. - -This whole region is mapped by Leverett as being occupied by ground -moraine of till plains, and the animal must have lived after the -Wisconsin ice cleared away. A tract more or less morainic, an extension -of the Union City moraine, is indicated by Leverett on his latest map as -passing further south than Fairmount. At the earliest it must have been -after the withdrawal of the ice from the Union City moraine that the -animal lived. Considering the character of the surrounding country, the -nature of the deposit inclosing the skeleton, and the depth at which it -was buried, it might be supposed that it was not long after the -formation of the Union City moraine that this elephant existed. - -9. _North Liberty, St. Joseph County._—From Professor A. M. Kirsch, of -Notre Dame University, the writer received a photograph of an upper -molar of _Elephas primigenius_ found at New Liberty about 1905. This -tooth is worn to the base in front and to the fourth plate from the -rear. Evidently several plates are gone from the front. Apparently 18 -remain. The extreme length is 215 mm. The edges of the plates, as seen -on the side of the tooth present a sigmoid curve. The enamel was -evidently thin. - - - IN AREA NORTH OF KANKAKEE RIVER. - -8. _Crown Point, Lake County._—Mr. G. W. Stose, of the U. S. Geological -Survey, informed the writer that about 1888 he helped in exhuming some -bones of an elephant near Crown Point, discovered in the construction of -a large ditch in township 34 north, range 8 west. The bones lay in a -swamp clay at a depth of 8 to 10 feet. A part of a tusk, one tooth, and -one large bone were put in Guenther’s Museum, Chicago. Another tooth -(M^3) owned by Mr. Stose (No. 8067) was presented to the U. S. National -Museum in 1914. It is worn to the base in front; 22 plates remain. The -length of the tooth is 285 mm., and the width 100 mm. There are 8 plates -in a 100 mm. line. The enamel is thin and little folded. - - - IN AREA BETWEEN THE WABASH AND KANKAKEE RIVERS. - -7. _Near Francisville, Pulaski County._—The writer has received from Mr. -W. D. Pattison, of Winamac, Indiana, two photographs of a tooth of an -elephant which quite certainly belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. The -locality is in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section -20, township 30 north, range 4 west. According to Leverett’s map, this -is in a tract covered by Wisconsin ground moraine and but little above -the level of the Kankakee marshes, the 700–foot contour-line being not -far away. Just west of the place is a part of the Marseilles moraine. -The spot must be very near Metamonong Creek. - -11. _Rochester, Fulton County._—The American Museum of Natural History, -New York, has a well-preserved skull of _Elephas primigenius_ which had -been exhumed in the vicinity of Rochester. The exact locality is not -known to the writer. - -The specimen is supposed to have been a female. The tusks are slender -and only 700 mm. long. The hindermost upper molar is present. It is 245 -mm. long and 75 mm. wide. There are 10 plates in a 100–mm. line. There -appear to be 25 or 26 plates present. The second molar was still in use -and about 130 mm. long. This was a large elephant, the measurements -falling only slightly below the specimen in that museum which was -obtained near Fairmount, Grant County. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 11, 38.) - -1. _Cairo, Alexander County._—The collection of the Buffalo Society of -Natural History contains a tooth of an elephant, an upper left second -true molar, apparently belonging to _Elephas primigenius_. It is -reported to have been found at Cairo, at a depth of 95 feet below the -bed of Ohio River. It was probably discovered in preparing the -foundations of a railroad bridge. It has 15 ridge-plates, besides the -front and rear talons. The length of the base, in a straight line, is -156 mm. There are 10 plates in a line 100 mm. long, a number too great -for _E. columbi_. The tooth is unworn. It has suffered no injury, as -from being rolled along the river bed; hence the animal probably died -near where the tooth was found. It is impossible to assign the tooth -with certainty to any particular stage of Pleistocene times. It seems -most probable that the animal lived at the time the Illinoian ice-sheet -was only a few miles away; the depth at which it was buried in the -filling of the river channel appears to lend confirmation to this view. - -2. _Ashland, Cass County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 2195) are -some remains of an elephant, referred to _Elephas primigenius_, found at -Ashland in the spring of 1901. The remains consist of pieces of one -tusk, the symphysis of the lower jaw, the right and left upper -hindermost molars, the right lower last molar, a fragment of the rear of -a much-worn upper second molar, and another of a correspondingly worn -lower second molar. They were found in tilling a farm near Ashland by -Mr. J. W. Arnold, of Jacksonville, Illinois. - -The upper teeth resemble greatly those figured by the writer in his -report on the Pleistocene Mammalia of Iowa (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. -XXIII, plate LIX); but the teeth from Ashland are more worn than those -found in Milwaukee. The last molars from Ashland are worn back to about -the eleventh ridge-plate, and the second molar is worn so that only its -rear portion remained. The length of the upper molars is about 275 mm. -The height of the eleventh plate is 185 mm.; the breadth of the -grinding-surface is 90 mm. One or two of the hinder plates are missing, -but evidently there were at least 24. There are 9 or 10 ridge-plates in -a 100–mm. line on the worn surface; farther towards the base 8 plates in -the same space. The ridge-plates are little bent; the enamel is thin and -little sinuous in its way across the worn surface of the tooth. - -The lower last molar is 315 mm. long, 152 mm. high, and 85 mm. wide. It -is thus longer than the upper molars, slightly narrower, and not so -high. - -A fragment of the hinder end of what appears to be the lower left second -molar shows 7 ridge-plates remaining. These form two series, an inner -and an outer, entirely separate from each other. This condition is -sometimes seen in little-worn teeth. - -The geology of this region may be studied on the Tallula-Springfield -Folio, No. 188 of the U. S. Geological Survey. The Tallula Quadrangle -includes a narrow strip of the eastern border of Cass County. Here the -surface forms a nearly level prairie. According to the geologists Shaw -and Savage, the surface in the region next to Cass County and much of -the rest of the quadrangle is covered by a blanket of loess. Its -thickness varies from 4 to 20 feet; under this, sometimes, in wells, is -to be found a dark-colored ill-smelling deposit, of no great thickness, -which is believed to represent the Sangamon stage. Underlying the loess -everywhere is the Illinoian drift. - -As regards the geological age of the elephant described above, it is -quite certain that it lived after the Illinoian stage. It is quite -probable, too, that its teeth and bones were found in the loess which -overlies the Sangamon soil in some places in the quadrangle. This loess -may have accumulated during the Iowan glacial stage or during the -succeeding Peorian interglacial. Considering what we know about the -habits of _Elephas primigenius_, it appears most probable that the -animal in question passed its life during some part of the Iowan. - -3. _Kewanee, Henry County._—In the collection of the University of -Illinois, at Champaign, is a fragment of an upper molar of _Elephas -primigenius_, found at Kewanee. It was discovered in 1910, in making an -excavation for the National Tube Company, and was presented to the -university by Mr. J. E. Kemp, at that time engineer in charge of the -work of excavation. This gentleman has furnished very exact information -regarding the discovery of the tooth and the nature of the deposits -passed through. - -Mr. Kemp himself saw the tooth taken out and states that it was found at -a depth of about 12 feet. As to the materials passed through, Mr. Kemp -writes: - - “After the first 2 feet of soil carrying organic matter we have 5 - feet of yellow clay above the ground-water level, and below this - approximately 3 feet of yellow clay which becomes very soft unless - carefully drained before working. This yellow clay then merges into - bluish clay, hard and better packed, going to a depth of - approximately 20 to 21 feet. At this level we meet with that black - soil which is known locally as ‘the chip yard’ and which contains - vegetation and pieces of wood, as you describe. This ‘chip yard’ is - a softer stratum than the overlying blue clay and caused difficulty - in the excavation of a hole approximately 20 feet by 30 feet and 20 - feet deep, as the vibration of the reciprocating engines in the - building caused the bottom to rise in little hillocks over night, - and the last 2 feet of excavation had to be dug out and 24 inches of - concrete placed in the bottom, in order to preserve the excavation.” - -At Galva, 10 miles southwest of Kewanee, in cuttings along the railroad, -is found a section which illustrates the geological situation at Kewanee -(Monogr. XXXVIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 126, plate X). There is at the -top 4 feet of loess, 1 foot of Sangamon soil, 4 feet of Illinoian drift; -in another section nearby there are 12 feet of loess, 2 feet of Sangamon -soil, and 40 feet of Illinoian drift. - -Another section at Galva is described by Leverett (op. cit., p. 130). -The loess is 15 feet thick, beneath which is a mucky soil about 1 foot -in depth, which caps the Illinoian till sheet. In this soil a log about -a foot in diameter and several feet long was found embedded. Alden and -Leighton (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXVI, p. 170) mention this occurrence. - -From these examples it becomes evident that the “chip bed” at Kewanee is -a Sangamon soil overlain by loess. The elephant tooth at a depth of 12 -feet must have been buried in the blue clay. This, however, is probably -the unweathered part of the loess. If so, the mammoth tooth found at -Kewanee is to be referred to the early Peorian stage. - -4. _Penny’s Slough, Henry County._—In the collection of the Davenport -Academy of Science is a large upper left hindermost molar tooth, labeled -as having been found in Penny’s Slough. It is very large, the length -along the base being 357 mm. (about 14 inches), and the height of the -eighteenth plate is 175 mm. There is an unusual number of the plates, -apparently 27. There are 7 plates in a line 100 mm. long. The tooth is -moderately worn. There are 2 large roots in front and 2 rows of smaller -ones behind these. The base is straight and the plates little warped. - -Mr. C. C. Martin, of Geneseo, Illinois, county surveyor of Henry County, -has informed the writer that Penny’s Slough is located in sections 17, -18, 19, and 20 of township 18 north, range 3 east, in the northern part -of the county and on Rock River. On Leverett’s glacial map of this -region (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XXXVIII, plate VI) the area is -indicated as being occupied by sand and gravel plains and terraces of -Wisconsin age. It seems most probable that this elephant lived when the -Wisconsin glacier was not far away. However, there is a variety of -Pleistocene formations in that region and the elephant in question may -belong to the Iowan or to the Illinoian glacial stage. - -5. _Kendall County._—In the collection of the National Museum is a -plaster cast made from a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, found somewhere -in Kendall County, but the present location of the original tooth is not -known. It had a length of 280 mm. along the base. There appears to have -been 20 plates, 8 in a 100–mm. line. The tooth seems to have resembled -greatly one of _E. primigenius_ which was brought from Alaska. - -Kendall County is mostly occupied by moraines formed during the -Wisconsin stage of the Pleistocene, especially moraines which were built -up just before the retirement of the ice into the basin of Lake -Michigan. Probably the elephant which possessed the tooth lived during -the latter part of the Wisconsin stage. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Milwaukee._—In the Public Museum of Milwaukee are considerable parts -of a mammoth skeleton (No. 5351) found within the limits of the city. -These were secured in May 1898, in excavating for a sewer along Cold -Spring avenue and between Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth streets. On -learning of the discovery, Mr. George B. Turner, then taxidermist of the -Milwaukee Public Museum, afterwards chief taxidermist in the U. S. -National Museum, took charge of the excavations for the skeleton. He -furnished the writer with an account of his work, giving a list of the -bones, a plan of the area excavated, and a section of the deposits -passed through. A description of the remains is given below: - - _Feet._ _Inches._ - Filled-in materials 4 0 - Clay and peat, mixed 1 0 - Peat 1 3 - Peat and clay, mixed 1 0 - Peat, clay, and shells 1 0 - Clear blue clay with the elephant bones at the - bottom 4 6 - Gravel and cobblestones undetermined. - -As indicated in Turner’s sketch, the surface of the gravel and stones -sloped downward toward the north. - -It will be seen that the bones were buried about 9 or 10 feet below the -natural surface of the ground. The head of the elephant was directed -toward the east, the hinder end toward the west. The parts found were -within a distance of 10 feet from east to west. Later the excavations on -each side of the sewer were extended eastward, as shown on the plan, in -an effort to find the skull, but without success, and iron rods 10 feet -long, in two sections, were driven their full length horizontally -everywhere around the excavation in the hope of recovering the skull. - -For some time after the finding of these bones the theory prevailed that -they had belonged to an elephant of one of the circuses which had made -use of the ground near there. The fact that the lower jaw was found, but -not the upper jaw and the brain-case, and only a part of the vertebræ -and a part of the foot-bones, is sufficient to dispose of this theory. -Also, some of the bones lack the epiphyses. Besides this, the elephant -was neither the African nor the Asiatic species. It is evident that the -animal after dying had lain on the surface for some time, so that the -bones were somewhat scattered, perhaps by wolves or waves, and some were -injured by exposure to the weather. - -The following is a list of the bones found: Lower jaw, 5 cervicals, 9 -presacrals, 31 ribs, both scapulæ, both humeri, both ulnæ, both radii, 9 -wristbones, 14 metacarpals and phalanges, 1 femur and a fragment of the -other, 2 tibiæ, 2 fibulæ, 17 metatarsals and phalanges. - -It is evident that this elephant lived and died after the Lake Michigan -ice-lobe had withdrawn from that vicinity. It may, however, not have -been long after that withdrawal; for it is probable that the muddy -waters from the foot of that glacial lobe furnished the blue clay which -enveloped the bones. Later peat and muck and mixtures of these with clay -accumulated over the blue clay. The place is within the area of what -Alden has mapped as ground moraine of Lake Michigan glacier. The -occurrence of peat and shells seems to show that there was a pond in -which the elephant had been buried and afterwards covered with clay and -peat. - -Under this number must be included the fine palate and teeth found in -excavating for a sewer on the South Side, at Milwaukee. The record as to -exact location, depth, and kind of materials overlying it is missing. A -description of it, with illustrations, was published by the present -writer in 1912 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, p. 409, plate LIX). - -This individual probably had a history not greatly different from that -of the Cold Spring Avenue elephant. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869, Cope (Proc. Amer. Philos. -Soc., vol. XI, p. 178) stated he had seen in the collection of the -Baltimore Academy of Natural Sciences two molars, the tusk, maxillary -and premaxillary bones, and parts of frontals, with fragments of other -bones, which he referred to _Elephas americanus_ Leidy. These, it is -supposed, were remains of _E. primigenius_. Lucas (Maryland Geol. Surv., -Pliocene and Pleistocene, 1906, p. 164) refers to these remains and -identifies them as certainly those of _E. primigenius_. He found a -smaller tooth of this species which had come from Oxford Neck. Leidy -(Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 255) speaks of the -teeth, tusks, and the other parts mentioned above. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—In 1914, Mr. H. D. Mount, of the Mathieson -Alkali Works, of Saltville, sent to the U. S. National Museum some -remains of an elephant, identified as _Elephas primigenius_. These were -found about 1896 in making an excavation for the water reservoir. The -most important parts sent are teeth, whole or fragmentary, and appear to -represent three or four individuals. Among the teeth is a complete but -considerably worn upper left hindermost molar and an unworn upper second -true molar. The former indicates the presence of 23 ridge-plates; the -latter 16 of them. Remarks on this discovery and a list of all the -species secured will be found on page 352. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 11, 39.) - -1. _Inland Waterway Canal, Carteret County._—In the collection of the -State Museum, at Raleigh, the writer has seen an upper hindermost molar -(A. N. 1326) which certainly belongs to this species and which is said -to have been dredged up in Core Creek. The creek forms a part of the -Inland Waterway which joins Neuse River with the harbor at Beaufort. The -molar was presented to the State collection by Mr. H. T. Paterson, U. S. -assistant engineer, now of Newbern, North Carolina. From the director of -the museum, Professor H. H. Brimley, the writer has received photographs -of this fine tooth. In the same canal was found a jaw of a mastodon -which is mentioned on page 117. From Mr. Paterson the writer has -received the important information that the tooth was found in Core -Creek about 8.5 miles from Beaufort, in 1909, while dredging a -sedimentary deposit varying from 6 to 8 feet in depth, containing -numerous cypress stumps and roots and underlain by a deposit of sand -mixed with shells and other fossils. Into this the dredge went from 6 to -8 feet. - -The tooth is worn to the base in front and a very few plates are -probably missing. Nevertheless, there are still 22 or 23 remaining. The -base of the tooth is nearly straight and the ridge-plates are but little -curved. The length of the base is 232 mm. Measured along the side of the -tooth are 11 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. The enamel is unusually -thin, being about 1.3 mm. in thickness, and but little undulating across -the grinding-surface. - -It is believed that the deposit containing this elephant tooth and the -cypress stumps belongs to the first interglacial, while the underlying -sands containing marine fossils belong to the Nebraskan glacial stage. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—Mr. Charles T. Earle, an enthusiastic -collector living at this place, sent to the U. S. National Museum in -1921 various lots of vertebrate fossils which had been washed up on the -beach at Palma Sola. Among the fossils belonging to the Pleistocene is a -tooth, a right lower second milk molar, which must apparently be -referred to _Elephas primigenius_. It is much worn, the plates present -rising above the base only about 10 mm. The anterior root and the -posterior had been considerably absorbed. Only 4 ridge-plates remain; -evidently at least 1 had wholly disappeared from the front, and 2, -possibly 3, from the rear. The original length of the tooth can not be -determined. The width is 30 mm. The 4 enamel plates present, together -with the portion of cement belonging to each, occupy a length of 30 mm. -The enamel is thin. - -It would be more surprising to find this species in Florida had it not -already been discovered in North Carolina and at two places in Texas, -Temple and near San Antonio. One can not state with certainty the stage -of the Pleistocene during which this individual lived, but the writer -believes that it was during an early stage, perhaps the first -interglacial. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 11. Figure 23.) - -1. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In a collection of fossil vertebrates -sent many years ago to the U. S. National Museum and described by the -writer in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 85) is a fragment -consisting of two plates from the rear of a penultimate milk molar, -probably of the lower jaw. This is referred to _Elephas primigenius_. Of -page 395 will be found a list of the accompanying species. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 11.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In the Academy of Natural Sciences at -Philadelphia is a fine upper left hindermost molar, sent from the place -named. There are present 23 or 24 plates. It is worn back to the apex of -the eighteenth plate. The length along the base in a straight line is -253 mm.; there are therefore about 9 plates in a 100–mm. line. Some -other teeth from the same place, now in the collection, were regarded as -belonging to the same species. - -In William Cooper’s account of collections made at Bigbone Lick (Monthly -Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 168–171) he showed that great numbers of -teeth as well as bones of elephants had been collected at various times -at this locality. He refers all to _Elephas primigenius_, but certainly -many of them must have belonged to the species now known as _E. -columbi_. Cooper mentions the discovery of a fine and nearly entire -skull of an elephant, 4 feet long, having all of the teeth and one tusk -in it. In the nearly 100 years that have elapsed this specimen has -probably suffered destruction. - - - - - FINDS OF ELEPHAS COLUMBI IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _St. Catharines, Lincoln County._—In 1898 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. -XII, p. 137), Mr. L. M. Lambe stated that there was in the collection of -the Geological Survey of Canada from this place a molar of a mammoth, -purchased in 1887 by Mr. Whiteaves. It had been found while excavating -under the opera house for a sewer, on Queen Street. In the collection of -the Buffalo Society of Natural History the writer has seen a cast of a -lower right hindermost molar, the original of which is said to have been -found at St. Catharines. It was probably made from the tooth now in the -collection at Ottawa. There are 22 plates; probably one or two may be -missing from the front, and the wear extends over only 6 plates. Of -these there are 7 in a 100–mm. line. The plates of the hinder half are -considerably curved, and the hindermost ones lean strongly forward. The -writer regards the tooth as that of _Elephas columbi_. - -As shown by Fairchild’s plate 17 (Bull. 160, New York Geol. Surv.) and -Coleman’s plate 22 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., XV, p. 347) this town is -situated within the Iroquois beach. The elephant could, therefore, -hardly have lived at or before the time of the formation of the beach; -in reality it probably lived long after the lake had retired to its -present limits. - -In his “Catalogue of Casts of Fossils,” 1866, page 37, Henry A. Ward -gave a figure of a cast of an elephant tooth, No. 143, the original of -which was said to have been found at St. Catharines. This tooth may be -the one now at Ottawa, but if so the figure is incorrect. - -2. _Hamilton, Wentworth County._—In 1863 (Canad. Nat. and Geol., vol. -VII, p. 135), a lower jaw of an elephant was described under the name -_Euelephas jacksoni_ Briggs and Foster. This had been found near -Hamilton, at the extreme western end of Lake Ontario. It was mentioned -and figured as _Euelephas jacksoni_ in the same year by W. E. Logan -(Rep. Geol. Surv. Canada, p. 914, figs. 495, 497). The specific name, -however, is not to be credited to Briggs and Foster, for it was proposed -by W. W. Mather in 1838 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXIV, p. 362, figures) -for a lower jaw of an elephant found in Jackson County, Ohio. This jaw -is, however, from the description and the figure, wholly indeterminable. -Lambe (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 136) presents a short history of -the specimen found at Hamilton. It was reported first by T. Cottle in -1852 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. X, p. 395; reprint in Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. XV, 1853, p. 282). Besides the jaw, lacking most of the -left ramus, there was found a much-curved tusk nearly 7 feet long. - -The writer has had the opportunity to examine this jaw, now in the -Victoria Museum at Ottawa. It is believed to belong to _Elephas -columbi_. The finely preserved last molar has been worn on about 9 of -the ridge-plates, and this worn surface is about 110 mm. long. There are -24 plates present, and 8 of these occupy a 100–mm. line. The hinder -plates lean forward and the base of the tooth is very convex. - -Cottle reported that the remains were discovered at a depth of 40 feet -from the surface and at an elevation of 60 feet above the level of the -lake. It is stated on the label that the elevation above the lake was 70 -feet, and this is the height given by Logan (Geol. Canada, 1863, p. -914). The author stated also that at an elevation of 7 feet more were -found antlers of _Cervus canadensis_ and the jaw of a beaver. - - - VERMONT. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Mount Holly, Rutland County._—In 1849 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., -vol. II, p. 100), Professor Louis Agassiz exhibited before the members -of the American Association for the Advancement of Science a tooth and a -tusk of an elephant, discovered in making excavations for the Rutland -and Burlington Railroad, somewhere on the slope of Mount Holly, Rutland -County. It was said to have been found lying under an erratic boulder. -Agassiz was doubtful as to the specific identity of the animal. In 1850 -(Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. IX, p. 256), Zadock Thompson gave a -brief account of this discovery. The remains were found, he said, in -Mount Holly Township, at an elevation of 1,360 feet above sea-level, in -a deposit of muck, at a depth of about 9 feet. This muck-bed is located -on the divide between the streams which flow into Connecticut River and -those which empty into Lake Champlain. In 1853 (“History of Vermont,” -App., p. 14) Thompson presented a more extended report on the discovery. -This is reprinted in Edward Hitchcock’s “Report on the Geology of -Vermont,” 1861, page 176. The elevation is given here as 1,415 feet; the -location is said to be east of the summit station. On the Wallingford -topographic sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey the station named -Summit is shown to have an elevation of 1,500 feet. First, there was -found a tooth lying on gravel beneath 11 feet of peat; soon afterward a -tusk was discovered at a distance of 80 feet, and later the other tusk -and some bones were met with not far away. The grinder was in an -excellent state of preservation. The length of one tusk along the -convexity of the curve is given as 80 inches, while the distance direct -from the base to the tip was 60 inches. A figure of the tusk was given -by Hager in the second volume of the 1861 report just referred to, on -page 934. According to Agassiz’s statement, the tooth and tusk were -taken to the Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge. - -Dr. J. C. Warren (“Monogr. on _Mastodon giganteus_,” ed. 2, 1855, p. -162, plate XXVIII, fig. B) figured and described the tooth. The length -was given as 11 inches at the base, and the number of ridge-plates as -22. This would give an average of 8 plates in a 100–mm. line. This -number and the general appearance of the tooth indicate that the animal -was _Elephas columbi_, instead of _E. primigenius_. The difference -between this tooth and that of _E. primigenius_ is well shown by the -figure of a tooth of _E. primigenius_ from Zanesville, Ohio, figured on -the same plate with the Vermont tooth. This tooth is now in the American -Museum at New York. - -Thompson reported the presence of many billets of wood, about 18 inches -long, in the bottom of the muck, the work of beavers. - -At the Davenport (Iowa) Academy of Natural Science the writer examined a -tooth of an elephant labeled as having been found on Mount Holly in -excavating for the Vermont Central Railroad. The length along the base -is 300 mm., the height of the ninth plate is 160 mm., the length of the -grinding-surface 160 mm. There are in all 24 plates, the 10 anterior -ones of which are worn. There are 7 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line, -measured on one side of the tooth. This tooth is regarded as belonging -to _Elephas columbi_; it certainly belonged to another individual than -the one that Warren figured. It is almost certain that the animals -represented by the teeth and skeletal remains found on Mount Holly lived -after the retreat of the ice from those mountains; and one may suppose -that local glaciers lingered long after the main ice-front had abandoned -the region. The animals lived certainly as late as near the close of the -Pleistocene, if not at the beginning of the Recent; they may have been -living on those mountains while the basin of Lake Champlain was an arm -of the sea. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Homer, Cortland County._—In 1847 (Amer. Jour. Agric. and Sci., vol. -VI, p. 31, fig.), Samuel Woolworth reported that an elephant tooth had -been found on the bank of a small stream, about 2 miles northwest of -Homer. Emmons, in 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, East. Cos., p. 200), -figured the same tooth. In his Manual of Geology (ed. 2, 1860, p. 242, -fig. 207) he stated that this tooth was found in Cortland County. Henry -A. Ward, of Rochester, advertised and sold casts of this elephant tooth, -as the writer is informed by Mr. Frank H. Ward, of Ward’s Natural -Science Establishment. It is almost certain that this elephant lived in -the neighborhood of Homer after the Wisconsin glacial ice had begun its -retreat to the far north. - -2. _Elmira, Chemung County._—In the collection of the American Museum of -Natural History in New York is a part of an elephant tooth (Cat. No. -10488) which the writer identifies as belonging to _Elephas columbi_, -and which is recorded as having been found at Elmira. There are only 3 -ridge-plates in the fragment. As to the time during the Pleistocene when -this species lived in New York, all that can be said is that it was -during the last half of the Wisconsin stage. No specimens have been -found as close to the glacial lakes preceding Lake Ontario as in the -cases of _Elephas primigenius_, but this may be due to accidents of -preservation or to failures of discovery. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Middletown, Monmouth County._—In 1818 (Cuvier’s “Theory of the -Earth,” p. 384, plate I, figs. 2, 5), S. L. Mitchill referred to a tooth -of an elephant found somewhere about Middletown. In his “Catalogue of -Organic Remains,” 1826, page 10, Mitchill mentioned a singular -boat-shaped tooth of an elephant, found on Bennett’s farm, Middletown, -New Jersey. Both references are to the same tooth; the shape was due to -the wear the tooth had suffered. It was said to come from the region -where the horse remains were obtained. This tooth was a lower right -hindermost molar, much worn. It evidently belonged to _Elephas columbi_. -We have no other information about the specimen. It appears probable -that the deposits which yielded remains of horses and of elephants are -to be referred to an interglacial stage, at least as old as the -Sangamon. The finding of a bone of _Megatherium_ along the New Jersey -coast suggests that the Aftonian may be represented there. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Rogersville, Greene County._—The writer has received from Mr. Andrew -Waychoff, of Waynesburg, a small photograph of a lower hindermost molar, -found 3 miles south of Rogersville, in the bed of Hargus Creek. The -tooth was found about 1909 or 1910 and passed into the possession of Mr. -Waychoff; but it had been broken by the finder, who wished to see what -was in it. The tooth has 8 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line and the form -and arrangement of the plates indicate that it belonged to _Elephas -columbi_. It is impossible to determine, with the knowledge at command, -the stage of the Pleistocene to which this animal is to be assigned. - -2. _Pittsburgh, Allegheny County._—In 1910 (Science, n. s., vol. XXXI, -p. 31), an anonymous note stated that there was in Carnegie Museum of -Natural History an enormous tusk, supposed to be of this species, found -in the banks of the Allegheny River, in a suburb of Pittsburgh. There -is, however, no certainty that the tusk was not that of _E. primigenius_ -or of _Mammut americanum_. In either case it would be difficult to refer -the animal to any definite Pleistocene stage. - -3. _Tryonville, Crawford County._—In 1892, Mr. H. Roberts sent to the -Smithsonian Institution considerable parts of a skeleton of _Elephas -columbi_, including the hinder part of a lower molar, probably the -penultimate. These remains had been found in digging a cellar in -Tryonville, at a depth of 7 feet. Tryonville is on Oil Creek and in the -eastern part of the county. From Mrs. A. A. O’Dell, Niagara Falls, New -York, daughter of Mr. Roberts, the writer learns that the cellar was at -a height of 80 feet above the level of Oil Creek. Since that time the -creek has abandoned its channel at that point. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 12, 36.) - -1. _Stark County._—In Princeton University is a large lower left -hindermost molar catalogued as having been found in Stark County. The -tooth has 24 ridge-plates and is worn back to the fourteenth from the -front. The length from the front of the tooth to the base of the last -plate is 315 mm. There is no exact record of the locality. The Grand -River moraine of the Wisconsin ice covers most of this county, so that -the animal probably lived after the ice had disappeared from that -vicinity. - -2. _Amboy, Ashtabula County._—In the collection of the Buffalo (New -York) Natural History Society is a small elephant tooth, evidently a -second milk molar, found at Amboy. It is regarded by the writer as -belonging to _Elephas columbi_. There are present 7 ridge-plates and all -have suffered wear. The length from front to rear is 114 mm. - -In the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland, is a large lower right -hindermost molar of an elephant found at Amboy, in the extreme -northeastern corner of the State. There is a description and figure of -this tooth in the Scientific American for January 23, 1904, on page 60. -It is there called _Elephas primigenius_. It presents 23 plates and -front and rear talons; the length from the base in front to the rear of -the hinder talon is 295 mm. There are from 6 to 8 plates in a 100–mm. -line. The tooth was found between 1890 and 1900 in a gravel-pit near -Amboy, worked by the Lake Shore Railroad. In the same pit was discovered -a tusk which may have belonged to the same animal. A tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_ at the Buffalo Society of Natural History was probably -found at the same place. The writer is informed by Professor Frank R. -Van Horn, of the Case School of Applied Science, that the deposit -consists of interstratified sands and gravels and is supposed to be the -delta formation of the old Conneaut River. Its thickness was from 50 to -75 feet. In this deposit was driftwood, arranged in such regular order -that it suggested the idea that it had formed part of a corduroy road. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Jackson County._—In 1863 (Canad. Naturalist and Geologist, vol. -VIII, p. 399), Alexander Winchell described an elephant tooth (No. -3163), found in this county. This is now in the collection at the -University of Michigan, labeled _Elephas jacksoni_. The writer regards -it as belonging to _E. columbi_. It is the much-worn hindermost tooth of -the left side of the lower jaw. There are present 17 plates, and about 7 -are missing from the front end. Above the bases of the rear plates are -only 5 in a 100–mm. line; on the worn face are 7 plates in this -distance. The anterior plates lean backward with respect to the base, -while the hinder ones lean forward. The plates are more or less bent -between base and apex. The Kalamazoo morainic system crosses the middle -of Jackson County, running east and west. - -In 1861 (1st Bien. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan, p. 132), Professor -Winchell mentioned this tooth and stated that it had been found in the -northern part of the county while a ditch was being made. The locality -is, therefore, north of the moraine referred to above. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Terre Haute, Vigo County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is a -fine lower left molar of _E. columbi_, labeled as found, in 1896, near -Terre Haute, on the farm of Aaron Conover, and presented by Earl -Conover. Mr. Herbert C. Anderson, county surveyor of Vigo County, -informed the writer that the farm is located in the southwest quarter of -section 9, township 12 north, range 9 west. This is 3.5 miles north of -Terre Haute. The place is near Wabash River and the deposit is probably -outwash from one of the ice-sheets. The depth at which the tooth was -found is given as 18 feet. The length from the top of the anterior plate -to the base of the hindermost is 380 mm.; width of worn face 100 mm. The -hinder plates lean strongly toward the front and there are 6 plates in -100 mm. - -2. _Monrovia, Morgan County._—The collection of the State Museum at -Indianapolis contains the hinder half of what appears to be the lower -right last molar. This was presented January 10, 1911, by David Hobson, -of Monrovia, Indiana, and is labeled as found 1.5 miles southeast of -Monrovia, in a gravel bar in Sycamore Creek. There are present 13 -plates, considerably flexed as they rise from base to summit. - -According to Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana, Monrovia is situated on -the northern edge of the Shelbyville moraine. The tooth seems to have -been found in Sycamore Creek, on the moraine or near its southern -border, not far from the northern border of the Illinoian drift area. -While the possessor of this tooth probably lived during some period of -the Wisconsin stage, it is possible that the tooth had been washed out -of some deposit of the Illinoian or of some interglacial deposit laid -down between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin stages. - -3. _Windfall, Tipton County._—In the Morrill collection, in the -University of Nebraska, Lincoln, there are two teeth, an upper and a -lower last molar, secured at Windfall by Professor Erwin H. Barbour. -These teeth have been described and illustrated by the writer (36th Ann. -Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 742, plates XXV, XXVI). Windfall is -situated on Wisconsin drift, some miles west of the more or less -morainic belt which marks the northwestward continuation of the Union -City moraine. - -4. _Bringhurst, Carroll County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is -a last molar found some years ago near Bringhurst and presented by Mr. -John Flora. There are 27 plates present, an unusual number. The length -of the tooth is 320 mm. from the summit of the first to the base of the -twenty-sixth. No information was furnished as to the exact place where -the tooth was found, nor as to the depth and kind of materials. -Bringhurst is situated on Wisconsin drift, and the animal must have -lived at some time after the ice retired from the Fowler-Lafayette -moraine. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 12, 38.) - -1. _Staley, Champaign County._—In the collection at the University of -Illinois the writer has seen a lower last molar recorded as having been -found by John Early at a point 5.5 miles west and 1.5 miles south of -Champaign, apparently not far from Staley. It is said to have been -picked up by a dredge; hence probably in some ditching operations. The -writer regarded the tooth as belonging to _Elephas columbi_. - -Apparently this tooth was found very near the outer border of the -Champaign moraine; hence the animal might have lived at any time after -the deposition of this moraine. It is more probable, however, that this -species did not affect such a cold environment, and haunted those -regions when the climate had greatly ameliorated. - -2. _Stronghurst, Henderson County._—In the summer of 1914, Mr. John -Shick discovered near Stronghurst, in a well, at a depth of 20 feet, -four elephant teeth. A letter, with photographs of these teeth, sent to -the U. S. Geological Survey, was shown the writer, who identified the -teeth as belonging to _Elephas columbi_, apparently the second and third -upper deciduous molars, right and left. They were reported to have been -found in a dark soil. All the region about Stronghurst is occupied by -Illinoian drift. Since at a depth of 20 feet an old soil was reached it -becomes quite certain that this represents a pre-Illinoian interglacial -deposit, probably the Yarmouth stage; and to that must be assigned the -time of the elephant in question. - -3. _Chillicothe, Peoria County._—In the palæontological collection of -the University of Iowa is a tooth of _Elephas columbi_, recorded as -collected at Chillicothe by Fred Wachs. It was found in gravel, at a -depth of 40 feet, but the exact locality is not known. The tooth is the -first lower true molar. - -It is impossible to determine the geological age of this tooth. -Chillicothe is situated on Illinois River and within the area of the -Wisconsin drift. The valley is filled with deposits brought down from -the Wisconsin ice-sheet and by late alluvium; but at a depth of 40 feet -there might possibly be some earlier gravels. - -4. _Chicago Heights, Cook County._—From J. H. Knapp, Chicago Heights, -the writer has received photographs of a lower hindermost molar of -_Elephas columbi_, found in Second Creek, 2.5 miles east of Chicago -Heights. This locality is situated on the Valparaiso moraine and we must -refer the time of the existence of the elephant to the Late Wisconsin -stage. - -5. _Pawpaw, Lee County._—In the collection of the palæontological -department of the University of Nebraska the writer saw a lower molar of -_Elephas columbi_ (apparently the left second), found at Pawpaw. It was -presented by Dr. M. H. Everett, of Lincoln, Nebraska. There are present -19 ridge-plates, and there are 7 plates in a 100–mm. line. - -On inquiry by the writer Mr. Frank Wheeler, of Pawpaw, furnished -detailed information. In constructing an ice-pond there was found at a -depth of 4 feet parts of both hip-bones, a femur 4 feet 4 inches long, -some much decayed foot-bones, some vertebræ and ribs, and the head and -lower jaw. The head is said to have been nearly 3 feet long and the -lower jaw 26 inches long. In the latter were two huge teeth. It appears -that the forelegs were present, but much decayed. No tusks were found, -nor any upper teeth. It was concluded that the animal was 22 feet 6 -inches long and between 15 and 16 feet high; but the dimensions were -undoubtedly exaggerated. Certain “streaks and mossy fibers” led to the -conclusion that the animal had been covered with a coat of hair. It is -probable that all of these remains except the tooth in Lincoln have been -lost. Undoubtedly, had an expert in exhuming such skeletal remains been -called in there might have been rescued a large part of the skeleton. Up -to this time no good skeleton has been secured of _E. columbi_. - -The place where the skeleton was found is in the southwest quarter of -the southeast quarter of section 10, township 37 north, range 2 east. -This is situated on a member of the Bloomington morainic system, a -moraine left by the Wisconsin ice-sheet. It is evident, therefore, that -the skeleton of the elephant had, during some Late Wisconsin time, -fallen in a pond and become slowly covered up. - -There is an account of this discovery in F. E. Stevens’s “History of Lee -County, Illinois,” 1914, page 527. - -6. _Woodhull, Henry County._—In the Galesburg, Illinois, Register of May -14, 1911, appeared an account of the finding of three large molars and -some bones of a supposed mastodon in a clay of a brick and tile factory -at Woodhull. - -Professor Page L. Baker, superintendent of schools in Woodhull, states -that first a part, 6 feet 10 inches long, of a tusk was found, 9 inches -in circumference at the base, 6 inches at the other end. Some scattered -bony plates supposed to belong to the skull were observed, but no -limb-bones were found. Five teeth were secured, varying in weight from 6 -to 16 pounds; one had 20 enamel plates, and there were 6 of these plates -in a 100–mm. line. It can hardly be doubted that the species represented -was _Elephas columbi_. - -Professor Baker stated that the pit was about 14 feet deep, the upper 2 -feet consisting of prairie soil, possibly loess. Below this is 10 feet -of red clay, and then about 2 feet of white clay, resting on a layer of -muck. The bones were in the white clay, but resting on the muck. The -teeth were wholly in the white clay. The tusk was removed about 15 feet -from the teeth. This region is covered by Illinois drift, overlain by -loess, sometimes of considerable thickness. It does not appear from the -depth and character of the deposits that the Illinoian drift had been -penetrated. The muck-bed belongs probably to the Sangamon stage, -possibly to the Iowan. The reader is referred to the geological sections -found at Galva, about 18 miles further east (see p. 142). - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. -XI, p. 178), Cope wrote that there had been found on the farm of Lambert -Kirby, in Oxford Neck, a molar tooth resembling that of a half-grown -_Elephas primigenius_ or _E. columbi_. Besides this tooth were remains -of what Cope called _Elephas americanus_ Leidy. These, it is supposed, -belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. The collection referred to had been -placed in the cabinet of the Baltimore Academy of Sciences; but the -writer has not seen it. Lucas (Maryland Geol. Surv., Pliocene and -Pleistocene, 1906, p. 167) describes the teeth from this locality. He -identified one small tooth as belonging certainly to _E. columbi_, and a -large one as probably belonging to the same species. - -2. _Queen Anne County._—In 1820, Horace H. Hayden (Geolog. Essays, p. -121) wrote that he had an enormous grinder of the Asiatic elephant, dug -up in the county named, on the plantation of Mr. Carmichael. It was said -to have been enveloped in a stiff blue clay. - -Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill (Cuvier’s “Theory of the Earth,” 1818, p. 394, -plate I, figs. 3, 5) mentions and figures the tooth, apparently that of -_Elephas columbi_. It is said to have been dug out of the ground by the -side of a marsh. It was the last upper molar of probably the right side. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Wirt County._—From Professor John L. Tilton, of the University of -West Virginia, the writer has received for examination a fragment of a -tooth of _Elephas columbi_ reported to have been found many years ago, -somewhere in Wirt County along Little Kanawha River. No details have -been preserved. The thick ridge-plates and the heavy crimped enamel -betray the species. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 12, 39.) - -1. _New Hanover County._—In the State Museum at Raleigh, the writer has -seen a part of a molar tooth of this species consisting of 9 -ridge-plates. It is said to have been found in the quarry of Ross and -Larry. There are 8 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line and the enamel is -rather thick. - -Captain E. D. Williams, of Wilmington, has informed the writer that this -quarry is situated about 9 miles below Wilmington, near the Fort Fisher -road. From a point a little below this Captain Williams secured a tooth -of _Mammut americanum_. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In 1877, Dr. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Phila., vol. VIII, p. 213) stated that there was in the exhibit of -the Smithsonian Institution at the exposition at Philadelphia, in 1876, -a last lower molar of this species, found at Beaufort. The present -writer has not recognized the tooth in the collection of the U. S. -National Museum. - -In Rutgers College are six or more teeth or parts of teeth of _E. -columbi_, recorded as coming from Coosaw River. In the collection of -Amherst College the writer has seen two lower hindermost molars, labeled -as collected in Coosaw River. - -2. _Edisto River._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences -of Philadelphia there is a fragment of a molar of _Elephas columbi_, -comprising only 2 ridge-plates, recorded as having been found in or on -Edisto River. The specimen is credited to Dr. H. C. Chapman. While the -locality is indefinite, it probably was somewhere around Edisto Island. - -3. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Numerous teeth of _Elephas columbi_ -have been found in the region surrounding Charleston. Godman (Amer. Nat. -Hist., vol. II, p. 257) referred to a statement made by Catesby to the -effect that negroes had found teeth along Stono River which they -recognized as those of an elephant. This had previously been mentioned -by Barton in his “Archæologia Americana,” 1814. In Holmes’s -“Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” page 108, Leidy stated that -small fragments of teeth and bones, usually much water-worn, of the -extinct elephant are not infrequently found in the Post-Pliocene -deposits in the vicinity of Ashley River. In a footnote to this remark, -F. S. Holmes stated that later a perfect tooth had been discovered and -was figured on plate XVII; but the tooth there figured came from Texas. - -In 1870 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98), Leidy reported that -he had seen in the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, -remains of elephant from Ashley River. It is certain that at least a -part of these remains belonged to _Elephas columbi_. In the U. S. -National Museum are teeth, recorded as having been secured from the -phosphate beds about Charleston. As an example may be mentioned No. -2105, a large upper right molar, with 20 ridge-plates. Another has the -number 1614 (Hay, Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, p. 413, plate LXI, fig. -4). - -In the Charleston Museum the writer has seen a lower second milk molar -(No. 13504) of this species. There are 9 ridge-plates and front and rear -talons. The length is 123 mm., the width 52 mm., with 8 plates in a -100–mm. line. In the same museum is an upper left second milk molar (No. -1109) with 8 plates present. The length along the base is 95 mm.; from -the base in front to the rear of the crown 117 mm.; width 55 mm. This -tooth appears to have been found somewhere about Charleston. In the same -museum are other teeth of this species, mostly parts of the hindermost -molars. Other teeth are found in the private collections of Charleston. - -In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, there are some -teeth (Nos. 13707, 13708) from the vicinity of Charleston which are -referred to _Elephas columbi_. One is an upper hindermost molar, worn to -the base in front and having left 18 plates. There are 6 plates in a -100–mm. line. The enamel is thick. The length of the tooth is 292 mm.; -the width, 90 mm. Another is a worn lower tooth with 16 plates. - -Another tooth, either a last milk molar or a first true molar, is not -worn to the base and retains the front root. There are 12 plates and a -large talon and a 100–mm. line crosses 8 plates. The enamel is thick and -considerably festooned. The greatest length of the tooth is 173 mm. -There is another lower right tooth, probably the last milk molar, which -presents 11 plates and front and rear talons. There are nearly 8 plates -in a 100–mm. line. - -Another right lower tooth, apparently the first true molar, 165 mm. long -on the grinding-face, has likewise 8 plates in 100 mm. A part of an -upper hindermost molar preserves 11 plates. There are 6 plates in 100 -mm. and the enamel is thick and folded. - -For a list of the vertebrate fossils found in the region about -Charleston, and their geological age, the reader is referred to page -363. - -4. _Head of Cooper River, Berkeley County._—In 1802, John Drayton (“A -View of South Carolina,” p. 40, plate, fig. 5) wrote that elephant bones -had been discovered in the excavation of a canal joining Santee and -Cooper Rivers. Drayton’s illustration shows that this tooth must have -belonged to _Elephas columbi_. The locality was in Biggin Swamp, -apparently not far from Monks Corner. At the same time and place were -found remains of _Mammut americanum_. The materials are said to have -been deposited in the Charleston Library. Barton (Archæologia Amer., p. -22) stated he had examined teeth of both the mastodon and the elephant -from this place. Richard Harlan (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 1, -vol. III, p. 66, plate V, fig. 3; Med. Phys. Res. p. 359, plate, fig. 3) -stated that a tooth of an elephant from the Santee Canal had been sent -to the Academy at Philadelphia. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—This is the type locality of _Elephas -columbi_. This species was based by Falconer (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. -Lond., XIII, 1857, table opposite p. 219) on a part of a tooth received -from the geologist Charles Lyell and which had been found in the -Brunswick Canal. The specimen consisted of 10 median plates of a lower -second or third molar. Falconer figured it in 1868 (Palæont. Mem., vol. -II, pp. 214, 221, plate X). Lyell (Second Visit, etc. vol. I, p. 348) -noted that an elephant had been found in excavating the canal. Richard -Harlan, in 1842 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. I, p. 189), stated -that a large collection of bones of various animals had been presented -to the Academy by J. Hamilton Couper, of Darien, Georgia. Among these -were teeth of _E. primigenius_. Couper, in 1848 (Hodgson’s Memoir, etc., -p. 45), stated that two lower jawbones with teeth, several loose teeth, -two tusks, and several vertebræ of _Elephas primigenius_ had been -collected in the canal during 1838 and 1839. These remains quite -certainly belonged to _Elephas columbi_ unless possibly some belonged to -_E. imperator_. - -Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 254) records the -presence in the collection of the Academy of a lower molar of _E. -columbi_. The present writer has seen in this collection parts of four -teeth of this species which had been sent from the Brunswick Canal, -doubtless parts of the Couper collection. The species are listed on page -369. - -2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—Lyell (Second -Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 314) reported that _Elephas primigenius_ had -been found at this place, with _Megatherium_, _Mylodon_, _Mastodon_, and -what was doubtless a species of _Bison_. Habersham, in 1846 (Hodgson’s -Memoir, etc., p. 29), mentioned two teeth which he identified likewise -as _E. primigenius_. These elephant teeth are all to be referred with -much certainty to _E. columbi_. - -For the examination of the geology about Savannah the reader is referred -to page 371, map 40. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Maps 12, 13.) - -1. _St. Marks River, Wakulla County._—In 1870 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1870, p. 98), Leidy stated that from this place there was in the -collection of the Natural History Society of Boston a molar of the -thick-plated variety of elephant. The grinding-surface, irregular and -worn so as to present a terraced appearance, has a length of 8.5 inches -and included 11 ridge-plates. The species is quite certainly _Elephas -columbi_. - -It may be mentioned that Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. -103) reported that part of a skeleton of a mastodon or of an elephant -had been obtained from Wakulla Spring by Mr. John L. Thomas. This is -near Crawfordville. - -2. _Station 120, Duval County._—Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Florida, p. 106) reported that _Elephas columbi_ had been discovered at -Station 120, on the Inland Waterway Canal. At the same place had been -found _Mammut americanum_, an undetermined species of _Bison_, and an -undetermined species of _Odocoileus_. The locality is probably 5 miles -south of Pablo Beach. - -3. _Citra, Marion County._—In January 1914, the writer saw at Ward’s -Establishment, at Rochester, New York, the hinder half of a lower left -hindermost molar of _Elephas columbi_, labeled as found at Citra. No -details were preserved respecting the history of the tooth. There were 6 -ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. - -4. _Near Mantanzas, St. John County._—At the residence of Fred R. Allen, -St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has seen part of four hindermost -molars, three upper and one lower, of _Elephas columbi_, found in the -Inland Waterway Canal, near his farm, 28 miles south of St. Augustine, -apparently not far from Mantanzas. At the same place have been found -_Mammut americanum_, _Equus_ sp., _Mylodon harlani_, and _Terrapene -antipex_. Sellards (8th Rep. p. 106) adds to this list an undetermined -species of _Bison_ and one of _Odocoileus_. - -5. _Ocala, Marion County._—From this place Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., -vol. II, p. 17, plate III, figs. 6–9) has described and figured a first -and a second milk molar. The figures have been reproduced by the writer -(Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, plate LXI, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6). These teeth -certainly belong to _Elephas columbi_. They were found in a fissure in a -limestone rock, near Ocala, in the property of Mr. F. M. Phillips. With -them were a part of a skull of _Smilodon floridanus_, teeth of a horse -which Leidy referred to his _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_), and teeth -supposed to belong to the little camel _Procamelus (Auchenia) minimus_. -These fossils were referred to the Pliocene, but apparently there is not -sufficient reason for doing so. The geology of the locality is treated -on page 378. - -6. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In the collection of the Florida -Geological Survey, No. 2232, is a part of the rear of what is regarded -as a hindermost upper molar, found in a phosphate mine near Dunnellon. -There are 7 ridge-plates, but some are missing from the front and some -from the rear. The height of the front plate present is 210 mm.; the -width is 82 mm. There are 6 plates in a 100–mm. line. This tooth is -remarkable because of its thinness. It is possibly a more anterior -tooth, but is rather high to be such. - -The geology of the neighborhood of Dunnellon and a list of the species -collected there are to be found on page 376. - -7. _Holder, Citrus County._—In the collection of Dr. H. G. Bystra, -chemist of the Buttgenbach river mine, is a fragment of a tooth of -_Elephas columbi_, found in the mine, on Withlacoochee River, a few -miles north of Holder, in section 29, township 17 south, range 19 east. -In the same collection are a fragment of an upper and one of a lower -molar, found in the same place in dredging for phosphate rock. - -21. _Sumterville, Sumter County._—In the collection of the Florida -Geological Survey (No. 240) is a single plate of a tooth of _Elephas -columbi_, found by Dr. Sellards 3 miles east of Holder. - -16. _Daytona, Volusia County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 105), Sellards stated that Mr. Morris, of Daytona, had found -in a marl pit a tooth of _Elephas columbi_. As stated on page 122, -remains of _Mammut americanum_ have been found in similar pits. In these -pits were collected a piece of a tusk of a proboscidean and a rib of a -whale, thought to belong to the genus _Balænoptera_. - -In the Fifth Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey, on pages -222 to 225, are presented the logs of artesian wells put down at -Daytona. In one well was found a bed of white marl at a depth of 6 feet, -having a thickness of 9 feet. It is possible that this corresponds to -the marl-bed which furnished the elephant and whale, and it may belong -to the first glacial stage. - -8. _Tampa, Hillsboro County._—In the collection of Heidelberg -University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer has seen a fragment consisting of -two plates of an upper molar of _Elephas columbi_, labeled as having -been found at Tampa. - -9. _St. Petersburg, Pinellas County._—In the museum of the State -University at Gainesville, Florida, is an upper left second molar of -_Elephas columbi_ recorded as having been found at Indian Rock, a -village near St. Petersburg, in the peninsula west of Tampa Bay. The -tooth is covered with barnacles and had evidently been in salt water. No -other information was secured respecting the tooth. - -10. _Kingsford, Polk County._—In the collection of Yale University is a -fragment of a lower molar of _Elephas columbi_, recorded as having been -found at Kingsford. It was obtained under 19 feet of phosphate rock and -sand. The collector was Juan C. Edmundoz. There are present 5 coarse -plates. The tooth belongs possibly to _E. imperator_. As recorded on -another page, teeth of horses have been found in the same situation. If -correctly reported, they belong, with the phosphate, to the Nebraskan -stage of the Pleistocene. - -20. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—There has been sent to the U. S. -National Museum, with other fossils, a fragment of a tooth of _Elephas -columbi_, washed up on the beach at Palma Sola, and found by Mr. Chas. -T. Earle. Besides the elephant tooth were fragments of deer antlers, -several teeth of _Equus complicatus_, a few of _E. leidyi_, one of _E. -littoralis_, and an astragalus and a metapodial of _Bison latifrons?_. -These all belong apparently to early Pleistocene. With them came teeth -of sharks, a beak of a porpoise, and the distal end of a metapodial of a -camel, all probably washed out of Miocene or Pliocene deposits in the -neighborhood. - -11. _Sarasota, Sarasota County._—In the American Museum of Natural -History are two fragments of teeth of _Elephas columbi_ collected about -8 miles southeast of Sarasota by Mr. Barnum Brown, in 1911; one consists -of three, the other of two plates. With them were found fragments of -extinct turtles and a dermal plate of an edentate, possibly of -_Chlamytherium_; also several teeth of horses. - -18. _Eau Gallie, Brevard County._—Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 105) announced that teeth of _Elephas columbi_ and of _Equus -complicatus_ had been found in the Hopkins Drainage Canal. - -17. _Fellsmere, St. Lucie County._—Sellards (op. cit., p. 105) reported -a tooth or teeth of _Elephas columbi_ found in a drainage canal at this -place. - -12. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Numerous fragments of teeth of _Elephas -columbi_ have been found at Vero. The geology will be discussed on pages -381 to 383, and a list of the fossil vertebrates that have been found at -Vero will be presented. - -13. _Zolfo, Hardee County._—In the American Museum of Natural History -(No. 15546) is the right ramus with the symphysis and one tooth of -_Elephas columbi_. The tooth is quite certainly the hindermost one. -Thirteen plates are present and a number must have worn out and -disappeared from the front. Zolfo is on Peace Creek. - -14. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—Numerous remains of _Elephas columbi_ -have been found at Arcadia and vicinity, mostly in the course of -dredging for phosphate. The geology of the region is discussed on pages -380–381 and a list presented of fossil vertebrates found there. - -Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 22, plate VII) figured a very -large tooth found at Arcadia. It has 27 plates and is 400 mm. long. -There are 6 plates in a 100–mm. line. This tooth is in the collection of -the Wagner Institute in Philadelphia. Leidy recorded also a part of a -last molar, now in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. - -In the collection of the Public Museum at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is an -upper, left, hindermost molar labeled as found in the phosphate beds of -Peace Creek, probably at Arcadia. It was presented by Mr. Ad. Meinecke. -There are 6 plates and a little more in a 100–mm. line. Teeth, Nos. 319 -and 1991, from Arcadia, are in the U. S. National Museum. No. 1571 of -the Florida Geological Survey was found 6 miles north of Arcadia. - -15. _Tourner’s, Glades County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 8088) -is a part of a tooth of _Elephas columbi_ sent by J. M. Purvis, -Tourner’s, Florida. It was reported as having been collected on the -Caloosahatchee River at the place named. This place (spelled also -Turner’s) appears to be near Thompson’s and probably in township 43 -south, range 29 east. This tooth appears to be the penultimate milk -molar; there are 9 ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. The enamel is thin -and much folded. - -Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 23) recorded the discovery of a -last molar tooth of _E. columbi_ at some point on the river mentioned. -The tooth is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Dall -(Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) on the authority of Leidy stated -that _Bison latifrons_ and _Equus fraternus_ had been found in the -Pliocene beds along this river. It is probable that he used _B. -latifrons_ in a wide sense. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 102) shows that at -least the elephant and the horse were from the Pleistocene. - -19. _Palm Beach, Palm Beach County._—Sellards, in his Eighth Annual -Report, page 105, stated that there had been secured from the Palm Beach -Canal for the drainage of the Everglades, teeth of _Elephas columbi_, as -well as those of _Equus complicatus_ and _Mammut americanum_, and a -femur of a species of _Bison_. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 12.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In the Academy of Natural Sciences at -Philadelphia the writer has seen a number of teeth which belong to -_Elephas columbi_, found at Bigbone Lick. Whether or not these are part -of the collection given by President Thomas Jefferson the writer has not -learned. One of these teeth has been described and figured by the writer -(Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 737, plate XXII, fig. 1). It is -identified as the upper hindermost milk molar, is wholly unworn, and -shows well the form of the crown before it came into action. In that -stage the roots are almost wholly undeveloped. The length taken at right -angles with the plates is 145 mm. For remarks on the geology of this -locality and a list of the species of vertebrates the reader is referred -to pages 401 to 404. - -2. _Mouth of Big Twin Creek, Owen County._—In the American Museum of -Natural History are two fine teeth and a lower jaw, with the ascending -rami missing, found where the creek opens into Kentucky River. From the -finders, Mr. H. B. Ogden and his son, the writer learned that the jaw -was about on a level with the water. They had fastened their boat to it, -thinking it was a stump. The top of the bluff was about 35 feet above -the water. Some other bones were secured, among them a humerus. The -bones were in a mixture of what Mr. Ogden called hardpan and sand. No -certain statements can be made about the geological age of this -specimen. It might well be pre-Wisconsin. - - - - - FINDS OF ELEPHAS IMPERATOR IN SOUTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 14.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—A number of teeth of _Elephas -imperator_ have been seen by the writer in the collections made in the -vicinity of Charleston. - -No. 13557 of the Charleston Museum is a right ramus of the lower jaw -containing the hindermost molar. Sixteen plates are counted, but it is -probable that about two are missing from the front. There is no -indication that there was another tooth behind it. The exact locality of -discovery is not known. In the Frost collection is a part (8 plates) of -a lower right last molar, which must be referred to this species. Seen -on the inner face are only four ridge-plates in a 100–mm. line. In the -collection of Rev. Robert Wilson is a fragment of a molar of _E. -imperator_. The four plates present occupy 100 mm. of the length of the -tooth. - -2. _Head of Cooper River, Berkeley County._—Richard Harlan (Jour. Acad. -Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. III, 1823, p. 66, plate V, fig. 2; Med. Phys. -Res., p. 359, plate, fig. 2) described briefly and figured an elephant -tooth found in constructing the Santee Canal, probably in Biggin Swamp, -where the remains of _Mammut americanum_ and _Elephas columbi_ were -discovered. The tooth was a large one, the greatest diagonal length -being 14.5 inches (368 mm.). It had been worn back quite to the rear, -the trituration having affected 15 ridge-plates. This worn face measured -9 inches (228 mm.). Harlan stated that on this grinding-face 5 inches -was occupied by 6 enamel plates and 7 plates of cement. An estimate -shows that a 100–mm. line would cross 5 of the ridge-plates. Had this -tooth possessed the number (24) of ridge-plates usually found in _E. -columbi_, its length would have been 20 inches or more. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Maps 14, 15.) - -1. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In the collection of the Florida -Geological Survey (Nos. 2233, 2234) are two fragments of teeth of an -elephant dredged from Withlacoochee River at Dunnellon, presented by Mr. -F. J. Titcomb. The teeth are regarded by the writer as being lower last -molars, although the plates run nearly directly across the -grinding-surfaces. They may belong to one individual. No. 2233 presents -six plates; five of these occupy a line 100 mm. in length. They are much -bent as they ascend, so that their hinder faces are very concave. The -enamel is moderately thick. - -The tooth (No. 2234) has been figured by Dr. Sellards of the natural -size (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 85, fig. 12). As shown by -that figure, the ridge-plates of the rear portion have a thickness of 25 -mm. or even more. Taken all together there are hardly 5 in 100 mm. If -that tooth had belonged to _Elephas columbi_ and had had 24 plates, the -length would have been about 25 inches, which is hardly to be supposed. - -2. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—In the eighth Annual Report of the -Geological Survey of Florida, Dr. E. H. Sellards described and figured -(p. 150, plate XXV, fig. 1) a lower jaw of an elephant which had been -found near Vero. He referred it to _Elephas columbi_, but noted the -coarseness of the plates and its resemblance to _E. imperator_. The -specimen was found 3 miles west of Vero, along the bank of the drainage -canal. It was embedded in a matrix of brown sand, a stratum of which -rests on the marine shell-marl which underlies that region. It is -evident that a number of plates are missing from the front and that the -tooth is the hindermost one. If the jaw had belonged to _E. columbi_ -with 24 plates, the length of the teeth would have been about 440 mm. In -case the tooth is that of _E. imperator_, there were probably about six -more plates in front originally and the tooth had a length of about 330 -mm. The width appears to be about 90 mm. In the collection at Amherst -College is a fragment of a lower right molar, probably the hindermost, -of this species. Six plates are represented. It is well worn down, with -a very concave grinding-surface. The plates are close to 25 mm. thick. -The exact place where the tooth was found is not mentioned on the label, -but it was somewhere about Vero. - -3. _Labelle, Lee County._—In the report just cited (p. 112, fig. 46), -Sellards described briefly and illustrated a tooth he secured in -Caloosahatchee River in 1914. Notes taken by the writer are to the -effect that it was found on the north bank of the river, at the first -bend above Labelle, probably in Lee County and in township 43 south, -range 29 east. - -The length of this tooth, as preserved, is 310 mm. from the base in -front to the rear of the talon. There are 12 ridge-plates present, but -evidently some are gone from the front. There are 5 of these plates in a -100–mm. line, taken at the middle of their height. Sellards’s statement -that his figure is one-fifth the natural size is evidently an error for -one-third. - -If this tooth belonged to _E. columbi_ and had the usual number of -plates, 24, the length would have been near 600 mm., a size not -probable. If it belonged to _E. imperator_, as the writer thinks it did, -the original length was somewhere near 450 mm., a more reasonable, but -at the same time, an unusual dimension. - -4. _Everglades._—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York -(No. 8068), is a part of a tooth once supposed to belong to the Indian -elephant and said to have been mentioned somewhere by the geologist J. -D. Dana as having been found in the Everglades. It appears to be well -fossilized. It is apparently the second true molar of the right side. -There are 12 plates, of which 5 occupy a line 100 mm. long. Some plates -are evidently missing from the front. The writer believes that this -tooth belongs to _Elephas imperator_. - -5. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 189) is -a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of an elephant recorded as -having been found on Peace Creek. This jaw was collected by J. Fras Le -Baron, and in a report made to Professor S. F. Baird in 1881, he -indicated that this fossil, with many others which he had sent to the -Smithsonian Institution, had been found somewhere along Peace Creek -between the mouth of Little Charlie Apopka Creek and tide-water, but the -place is no more exactly designated; in any case not many miles away -from Arcadia. It, with other Pleistocene fossils, was found in gravel -overlying a soft yellow limestone about 4.5 feet thick. - -The jaw has been described and figured by Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., -vol. II, p. 23, plate VIII, fig. 2) as _Elephas columbi_. He stated that -eight of the ridges occupy a space of 6.4 inches. His estimate was, -however, made near the grinding-surface of the tooth, where the plates -converge. The writer has removed the bone and some of the cement from -the inner face of the tooth, so as better to expose the edges of the -plates. It is found that four of the enamel plates, with the -corresponding cement plates, occupy 100 mm. The plates are too coarse -for the tooth to be that of _Elephas columbi_. The length of the tooth, -in a straight line along the base, is 260 mm. Had the tooth originally -had 22 plates, a moderate number for _E. columbi_, the total length -would have been 500 mm. or more. Meanwhile, the width is only 85 mm. -There are now 12 plates left, and there were at first probably 18. The -original length was probably about 400 mm. or less. Leidy thought that -the 12 plates present represented the complete number entering into the -constitution of the tooth, but the exposure of the base of the tooth in -front shows that a number of plates had been worn out and lost. - -The species of vertebrates found along Peace River in the vicinity of -Arcadia and their geological age are discussed on pages 380–381. - -6. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—From Mr. J. C. Hennessy, of Palmetto, the -U. S. National Museum has received a part of a lower left hindermost -molar of _Elephas imperator_, found by him on January 10, 1917, on the -north shore of Manatee River, within the corporate limits of Palmetto. -The specimen presents seven ridge-plates and part of an eighth. Portions -of the tooth are missing from both ends. The distance across five plates -is 106 mm. The width across the worn face is 100 mm., the height of the -hindermost plate present 150 mm. The enamel is strongly plicated. The -tooth certainly belongs to _Elephas imperator_. The whole length of the -tooth in its complete state was about 360 mm. Had it belonged to _E. -columbi_, with 24 plates, the length would have been about 480 mm. (19 -inches). - - - ALABAMA. - - (Map 14.) - -1. _Bogue Chitto, Dallas County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -lower left molar which belongs to this species. It was collected by -Lawrence Johnson, of the U. S. Geological Survey. It is worn down to the -base in front and some plates have thus disappeared. Parts of seven -plates and the hinder talon remain. The width of the grinding-face is 90 -mm. At the third plate from the rear the height of the crown is 97 mm. -The hinder border of the tooth is obtusely keeled and there are no -indications that there was another tooth behind it. It seems necessary, -therefore, to regard it as the hindermost molar. The large hinder root -was developed, but hollow to contain the pulp. The anterior root is -entirely missing. The plates of the crown turn backward strongly. Of -these plates there are on the inner face of the tooth hardly four in a -100–mm. line; on the outer face, only four. The enamel is rather -strongly folded and of moderate thickness. - -With this tooth there came from the same place a molar of _Equus leidyi_ -and some fragments of teeth of _Mammut americanum_. The writer believes -that these species show the presence, along Bogue Chitto, of Pleistocene -deposits of about Aftonian age. - -2. “_Near Gulf of Mexico._”—J. C. Warren, in the second edition of his -work, “The _Mastodon giganteus_ of North America,” 1855, page 162, plate -XXVIII, figure A, described and figured a part of a large upper molar, -probably the hindermost, of an elephant which, as the writer believes, -belongs to _Elephas imperator_. Warren stated merely that this tooth had -been found in Alabama, near the Gulf of Mexico. He regarded the tooth as -belonging to _Elephas primigenius_ and representing a form with -extremely thick plates. Falconer (Palæont. Mem., vol. I, p. 227) -described the tooth with somewhat more accuracy than did Warren, -although he had only a cast of the tooth. He stated that the specimen -presented the middle portion of an enormous last upper molar of the -right side. This tooth had lost part of the front by wear and the rear -by fracture. There were preserved eight complete ridges and a half of -another in front. Falconer said that it bore a close resemblance to the -Bollaert tooth found at San Filipe, in Texas, a tooth described in The -Geologist, of London, in 1861, 1862, volumes IV and V. He gave the -length of the fragment, measured at the base, as 7 inches; the length of -the eight hinder ridges, at the base, 6.6 inches; the width of the crown -at the third ridge, 4.6 inches; the greatest width behind, 4.9 inches; -the height of the last ridge, 8 inches. The average thickness of the -plates, including the cement, was 0.8 inch. Warren’s figure shows that -the enamel is well crimped. Falconer referred the tooth, with some -doubt, to _Elephas columbi_, but he was not well acquainted with _E. -imperator_. The present writer believes that the tooth belongs to the -last species named. It is now in the American Museum of Natural History, -New York. The width of the grinding-surface is 110 mm. There are 5 -plates in a 100–mm. line. The plates are not curved. The enamel is thick -and festooned. - - - - - FINDS OF ELEPHANTS OF UNDETERMINED SPECIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - -The rather numerous specimens of elephants here described are those -whose specific identity can not at present be determined. Often the -discovery of elephant remains, especially of teeth, has been reported -without any attempt at description or identification; or they may have -been referred to _Elephas primigenius_ at a time when no specific -distinctions were recognized among our elephants. In probably most cases -the specimens reported have been lost. The great majority of them -belonged either to _Elephas primigenius_ or to _E. columbi_. It has -seemed worth while to keep record of these unidentified specimens; for -equally with the others they show the presence of Pleistocene deposits. - - - UNGAVA. - -1. _Long Island, James Bay._—In 1898 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. IX, -p. 371, fig. 1), Robert Bell reported the discovery of an elephant tooth -on Long Island, identified by Boyd Dawkins as that of _Elephas columbi_; -by Cope as probably a variety intermediate between _E. columbi_ and _E. -primigenius_. No measurements were given by Bell, and the tooth was -figured obliquely, so its proportions can hardly be determined. Cope -regarded it as a hindermost molar, but it appears to be a last milk -molar or a first true molar. It is remarkable for the great thickness of -the cement between the enamel plates. - -The tooth was reported found on the naked rock of an island nearly bare -of soil. It might be supposed that a tooth thus exposed would soon have -been destroyed by weathering. Lucas (Geol. Surv. Maryland, Pleistocene -vol., p. 151) expressed the opinion that it had been carried there by -water or ice. One might suppose it had been brought to the island by -human agency. Of its geological age nothing can be said, except that it -is Pleistocene. This locality is not marked on the map of elephants of -undetermined species, as it lies somewhat too far north. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _St. Catharines, Lincoln County._—In 1866 (Cat. Casts Foss., p. 37, -fig.), Henry A. Ward represented a cast of an elephant tooth which -appears to be the lower right hindermost molar. The original is stated -to have been found at St. Catharines and to be in a museum at Niagara. -It is possible that this is the tooth described on another page as -_Elephas columbi_ and now in the Victoria Museum at Toronto; but, while -Ward’s figure represents the greater length of the tooth as worn, in the -other tooth only 6 plates are worn. It is possible that the figure is -incorrectly drawn. - -2. _Hamilton, Wentworth County._—In 1904 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. -XV, p. 352), Coleman mentioned the finding of mammoth remains in a -tunnel excavated through Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, and in a -gravel-pit about a mile farther westward. A tusk and some bones were -secured, but nothing by means of which the species may be identified. On -page 147 is described the jaw of _E. columbi_, discovered at Burlington -Heights. Logan (Geol. Canada, 1863, pp. 966, 967) illustrated the jaw -just mentioned by two figures, 496, 498, of the symphysis of an -elephant, found at Hamilton. Possibly this bone belonged to _E. -primigenius_. - -3. _Toronto, York County._—In 1895 (Jour. Geol., vol. III, p. 641), -Coleman reported that in 1894 a tooth of a mammoth had been found on Don -River, north of Toronto, at a point where the stream flows over the -middle till of the region and cuts away banks showing stratified sand -and in some cases the upper till. The tooth may, therefore, belong to -the interglacial beds, but possibly to the late glacial. In 1901 (Jour. -Geol., vol. IX, p. 291), the same author indicated the possible -occurrence of mammoth or mastodon in the Don Valley beds. This was -recorded in 1900 (Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., p. 330). On page 300 -(Jour. Geol., vol. IX) it is stated that an ulna of a mammoth or -mastodon had been found in interglacial beds in Toronto, possibly in -deposits representing the cold-climate Scarboro beds; but as it showed -glacial scratches it may have been lying on the surface at the time of -the Wisconsin ice advance. Even in the latter case the bone can, it -would seem, be referred to an interglacial stage. - -In 1899 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 194), Coleman stated that teeth -of mammoths had been discovered in a bar, a part of the Iroquois beach -at York, east of Toronto. - - - VERMONT. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Richmond, Chittenden County._—Edward Hitchcock (Geol. Surv. Vermont, -1861, p. 176) stated that in 1858 remains of an elephant had been found -in Richmond, but no details were furnished. One of the teeth is still -preserved in the University of Vermont. The writer regards the species -as indeterminable. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Seneca Lake._—In 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, East. Counties, -p. 200), Emmons stated that a tooth belonging to the elephant had been -taken from the beach of Seneca Lake. When this happened, exactly where, -and what was done with the tooth, the present writer does not know. - -2. _Wellsburg, Chemung County._—In 1793 (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., -vol. II, pt. 1, p. 164), Timothy Edwards reported a horn or bone of some -animal had been found in Chemung, or Tyoga, River, about 12 miles from -Tyoga Point. Mr. F. W. Ashley, of the Library of Congress, informed the -writer that Tyoga Point was a former name of the present town of Athens, -Pennsylvania. Whether the tusk was really found in Pennsylvania or in -New York is uncertain, nor is it any more certain that the tusk was that -of an elephant and not of a mastodon. The fragment was 6 feet 9 inches -long, with a circumference of 21 inches at the base and 15 inches at the -other extremity. It was estimated to have formed an arc 10 or 12 feet -long of a semicircle. - -Mather, in 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., pp. 233, 636), stated that bones of -both the mastodon and the elephant had been found in Orange County. On -page 44 of the same volume he stated that bones supposed to belong to an -elephant had been found 2 miles west of Greenville, in Greene County. -Hall regarded them as belonging to a mastodon. The case is doubtful. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Chambersburg, Franklin County._—In 1806 (Phila. Med. and Phys. -Jour., vol. II, pt. 1, p. 157), Dr. B. S. Barton reported remains of a -mammoth found at Chambersburg. - -2. _Pittsburgh, Allegheny County._—In 1875 (Proc. Acad. Natural Sci., -Phila., p. 121), Leidy exhibited drawings of an elephant tooth, dredged -up at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at -Pittsburgh. The tooth was nearly entire and weighed slightly less than -16 pounds. Leidy referred the tooth to _Elephas americanus_, but whether -it was _E. primigenius_ or _E. columbi_ can not be determined. - -3. _Meadville, Crawford County._—In the Geologist, of London, volume V, -1862, on page 431, it was stated that Mr. A. B. Ruhmond, of Meadville, -had reported to the Scientific American the discovery of mammoth remains -in the excavation of the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad at French -Creek. No further information was furnished. In this case the remains -might have been those of a mastodon. - -4. _Girard, Erie County._—In the Erie Public Museum are three tusks, -said to have been found near Girard; one is about 4 feet long; another -somewhat longer. They are slender and probably belonged to _Elephas -primigenius_, but there is no certainty about this. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 16, 36.) - -1. _Little Salt Creek, Jackson County._—Somewhere along this creek was -discovered the lower jaw and its teeth, to which was first given the -name _Elephas jacksoni_. The creek, with its branches, gathers up the -waters of the central part of the county and leaves the county at its -northwest corner. - -The first notice of this jaw appears to have been given in 1838 (First -Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, pp. 96, 97) by C. Briggs, assistant -geologist of the survey. He stated that with some other bones it had -been found, by unnamed persons, about 1835, in the bank of a branch of -Salt Creek, in the northwest part of the county. A second search, made -by Briggs and Foster, brought to light fragments of the skull, two -teeth, and some other parts of the skeleton. Parts of the tusk in a -frail condition were secured. It is interesting to learn that the tusk -measured on the outer curve 10 feet 9 inches. The writer has been unable -to learn what has become of these bones; none is in the collection of -the State University at Columbus. The report made by Briggs on this -specimen was reprinted in the American Journal of Science, volume XXXIV, -1838, page 358, in a review of Mathers’ First Annual Report. The author -of the review was almost certainly J. W. Foster. An unsigned letter, -apparently also by Foster, follows, in which are poor figures of the jaw -and one of the teeth. In this letter the name _Elephas jacksoni_ is -applied to the remains. In 1839 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVI, p. 190), -Foster contributed a figure of one of the teeth, probably a hindermost -molar, but it is uncertain whether it represents the whole tooth or the -remaining part of a worn one; nor is the amount of reduction indicated. -The present writer finds it impossible to decide whether the tooth -belongs to _Elephas primigenius_ or _E. columbi_. - -2. _Beverly, Washington County._—In 1874 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. II, pt. -1, p. 471), Mr. E. B. Andrews reported that, several years before he -wrote, parts of the skeleton of a huge mammoth had been dug up in -Beverly. Among other parts were several large teeth in good -preservation, one of which was deposited in the cabinet of Marietta -College; but the writer has not been able to learn anything about it. A -Dr. Bowen, of Waterford Township, was said to have found, somewhere -farther up Muskingum River, a shoulder-blade of a mammoth; but this -locality must have been in Morgan County. The identification of the -species is also questionable. - -3. _Nashport, Muskingum County._—J. W. Foster (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. -II, 1838, p. 80) reported a molar and a tusk of an elephant had been dug -up at Nashport, in excavating a canal. With these had been found remains -of a mastodon, of _Castoroides_, and of a supposed sheep. More probably -the latter was an intrusion of a domestic sheep. These remains had been -preserved in the Zanesville Athenæum, but the writer can get no trace of -them. - -4. _Ross County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, -p. 15), Charles Whittlesey reported he had seen remains of elephant in -alluvial muck in Ross County, at an elevation of about 50 feet above the -bottom land of the Scioto Valley. The locality was no more exactly -defined and one can not determine whether it is within the Wisconsin -area, that of the Illinoian, or that not glaciated. According to -Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. XLI, p. 259), what appears to be an -Illinoian terrace along Scioto River opposite Chillicothe stands 120 -feet above the river, while the Wisconsin terrace is 60 feet lower. The -elephant remains were probably on the Wisconsin terrace. - -5. _Cincinnati, Hamilton County._—In 1843 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. -XII, p. 127), Lyell wrote that both elephant and mastodon teeth had been -found in the gravelly beds of the higher terraces on the right bank of -the river at Cincinnati. In his “Travels in North America” (vol. II, -1845, p. 59), Lyell was more definite in his statement. He stated that -near the edge of the higher terrace, in digging a gravel-pit, which he -saw open at the end of Sixth street, a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ -had been discovered not long before. Dr. E. O. Ulrich informs the writer -that this was probably at the eastern end of the street. Inasmuch as all -the elephant remains of our country were at that time referred to _E. -primigenius_, it is doubtful whether the specimen belonged to this -species or to _E. columbi_. Professor N. M. Fenneman writes that the -“higher terrace” here mentioned can be nothing more than the terrace on -which the lower city stands, namely, the Wisconsin outwash. He knows of -no fragments of Illinoian terrace there. - -6. _Fort Jefferson, Darke County._—In 1878 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. III, -pt. 1, p. 508), Mr. A. C. Lindemuth wrote that Dr. G. Miesse had in his -collection an almost perfect skeleton of a mammoth, as well as portions -of a mastodon, both of which were found in the peat deposits of Mud -Creek “prairie.” This mastodon is doubtless the one described on page 73 -and preserved in the Greenville Public Library. Where the elephant -remains are the writer does not know. The locality appears to be in -Neave Township (township 11 north, range 2 east). - -7. _Circleville, Pickaway County._—In 1834 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXV, -p. 256), in an unsigned article, the geologist S. P. Hildreth told of -having a tooth of an elephant which had been found in gravelly diluvium -back of Circleville. This meant probably somewhere east of the town. - -8. _South Bloomfield, Pickaway County._—In the article just cited, -Hildreth told of securing, near South Bloomfield, teeth of the “American -elephant,” in association with those of the mastodon. They were found in -excavating for a culvert over a small branch near the town. Hildreth -described the teeth, so that it is certain that they belonged to an -elephant; but the species can not be determined. A tooth is described as -being 7 inches broad, 6 inches long, and 3 inches thick. - -9. _Cleveland, Cuyahoga County._—In 1886 (Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., -vol. IV, p. 308), Dr. E. Sterling reported the finding of an elephant in -a small swamp 3 miles from Cleveland and 2 miles from the lake. The -swamp had originally occupied about 2 acres of surface. A well-preserved -tusk, two vertebræ, three ribs, part of the sacrum, and a molar were -secured. In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. 1, p. 183), J. S. -Newberry stated that the delta sand deposits, the gravel and sand, which -form the surface of the Cleveland plateau, had yielded numerous parts of -the skeletons of mastodon and elephant. - -10. _Montville, Geauga County._—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Ohio, vol. I, pt. -1, p. 526), M. C. Read recorded the discovery of remains of an elephant -at this place. Two tusks were secured, also all the bones of the pelvis, -seven or eight vertebræ, some ribs, fragments of the skull, and a part -of one tooth; the latter was not described. The remains were found in a -small marsh; at the surface was a deposit which had resulted from the -growth of swamp vegetation; at the bottom was clay; and in this clay the -bones were buried. They were supposed to have belonged to a young -animal. - -11. _Canton, Stark County._—In Mount Union-Scio College the writer has -examined a right tibia of a proboscidean reported to have been found 3 -miles northeast of Canton. It is believed to have belonged to one of the -elephants and not to a mastodon. The following measurements were taken. - - _mm._ - Total length 675 - Side-to-side diameter of lower end across the articular surface 200 - Fore-and-aft diameter of lower end across the articular surface 160 - Circumference at middle of length 345 - Side-to-side diameter at middle of length 110 - Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length 104 - Side-to-side diameter at extreme upper end 245 - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _East Saginaw, Saginaw County._—In 1902 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Michigan for 1901, p. 252), Dr. A. C. Lane reported the tooth of a -mammoth found in ditching close to the Père Marquette shaft No. 2, in -East Saginaw, and that this had been identified by the taxidermist -William Richter. The size given, 11 by 5 inches, indicates that it -belonged to one of the elephants. It was found at a depth of 3 feet or -less, and at an elevation of about 25 feet above the lake. The writer -has been unable to get any additional information about this tooth. The -locality is within the beach-line of the glacial Lake Algonquin, which -appears, according to Leverett and Taylor (Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. -Surv., p. 397), to have stood at a lower level than our present Lake -Erie. - -2. _Macomb County._—Alexander Winchell (1st Bienn. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Michigan, 1861, p. 132), in speaking of an elephant molar found in the -northern part of Jackson County, added that other remains had been found -in Macomb County. A. C. Lane (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, -p. 252, footnote) takes this to refer to the remains of the mammoth. -Here again a discovery is made of little value, through the neglect to -collect accurate information and to preserve the specimen. Macomb -County, situated on Lake St. Clair, is nearly wholly occupied by -deposits laid down by the falling glacial lakes from Lake Maumee to Lake -Erie. - -3. _Grand Ledge, Eaton County._—Former State Geologist A. C. Lane (Ann. -Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan for 1901, p. 252) made the following -statement: - - “Mr. E. R. Grinold, of Grand Ledge, noticed in ditching north of - that town that they had cut through a tusk; and through Mr. C. V. - Fuller my attention was called. I went there and found the remains - barely a foot from the surface, in a little low swale which Mr. - Frank Tabor, the owner, said was a duck pond 40 years ago; in other - words, a good place for a large, heavy animal to get mired. We - exposed three teeth which were plainly those of a mammoth, and were - lying just exposed. The teeth were, two of them, 8 inches long, the - third 6. The tusk had flattened into an ellipse about 9 by 5 inches - near the butt, and 6 or 7 feet long.” - -Grand Ledge is on the south bank of Grand River, in the northern edge of -the county; likewise on the Lansing moraine, one of the concentric -moraines laid down by the retreating Saginaw lobe of the Wisconsin ice. - -4. _Buchanan, Berrien County._—Mr. W. Hillis Smith, of Niles, Michigan, -informed the writer that in 1899 a drainage ditch was being made through -the Bakerstown marsh, south and west from Buchanan, and in the course of -the work many mastodon bones were thrown out; also that one tooth of a -mammoth was found. This came into the possession of Mr. E. H. Crane, of -Kalamazoo. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 16.) - - - IN DRIFTLESS AREA. - -1. _Vanderburg County._—John Collett (7th Ann. Report Indiana Geol. -Surv., pp. 245, 246) stated that mammoth remains had been found in -Vanderburg County. Nothing more is known about these. - -2. _Shoals, Martin County._—Mr. M. F. Mathers, of Orleans, Indiana, -informed the writer that in 1880, while at Shoals fishing, a part of the -upper jaw of an elephant, with two large teeth in it, was found, in -White River below the shoals. Mr. Mathers assures the writer that the -teeth were of a kind very different from those of a mastodon found on -his place. He did not know what became of the specimen. - -E. T. Cox (2d Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., 1871, p. 103) stated that -remains of the mammoth and of the mastodon had been found in Martin -County embedded in marsh clay resting on the drift. The only drift in -the county is the Illinoian. These animals must have lived after the -Illinoian stage; but not necessarily immediately after. - - - ON AREA COVERED BY ILLINOIAN DRIFT. - -3. _Vigo County._—John Collett, in 1881 (2d Ann. Rep. Bur. Statist. and -Geol., 1880, p. 385), stated that elephant remains had been found in -Vigo County. - -4. _Gosport, Owen County._—In 1859, Professor T. A. Wylie (Amer. Jour. -Sci., vol. XXVIII, p. 283) gave an account of the discovery of parts of -the skeleton of an elephant in the bank of White River, about a mile -southeast of Gosport. Two tusks, four teeth, and some fragmentary parts -of the skeleton were exhumed, from a bed of sand, overlain by 8 feet of -stiff bluish clay. The sand appeared to rest on bed-rock. One tusk had a -length of about 9 feet and a diameter of 8 inches, and this diameter was -maintained to near the tip. The teeth were evidently the second and -third molars, probably of the upper jaw. The largest molar measured 11 -inches on the longest diagonal and had 20 plates. “The distance between -the plates and the interval between the pairs is about one-fourth inch.” - -This specimen was probably taken to the University of Indiana and -destroyed in a fire. It seems most likely that the remains belonged to -_E. primigenius_. They were apparently buried in outwash materials from -the Wisconsin ice-sheet. - -17. _Wailesboro, Bartholomew County._—In 1902 (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., -1901, p. 247), J. J. Edwards, a physician, reported a tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_ found in a gravel-pit 0.5 mile south of Wailesboro at a -depth of 7 feet. The tooth weighed 9 pounds. It was afterwards destroyed -in a fire. Although this was quite certainly the tooth of an elephant, -the identification of the species may be doubted. - -5. _Brookville, Franklin County._—Dr. R. Haymond (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. -1, vol. XLVI, p. 294), under the name _Megatherium_, described a tooth, -evidently of an elephant. In 1869 (1st Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., p. -200) Haymond stated that he had the tooth in his possession; but the -family does not now (1910) know what became of it. It measured 13 inches -in length, 6 inches in height, and 4 inches in thickness. It probably -belonged to _E. columbi_. No statement was made as to the exact place of -discovery. - -John T. Plummer, in 1843 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. XIV, p. 302), -described a tusk found in digging a ditch near Brookville, 15 feet from -the surface. It was nearly 6 feet long, had a diameter of 4 inches, and -was strongly curved. This might have belonged to a mastodon. - - - ON AREA BETWEEN THE SHELBYVILLE AND THE BLOOMINGTON MORAINES. - -6. _Parke, Vermillion, and Putnam Counties._—John Collett, State -geologist in 1881 (2d Ann. Rep. Bur. Statist. and Geol., p. 385) made -the bare statement that mammoth remains had been found in these -counties. The southern portions of Parke and Putnam Counties are -occupied by Illinoian drift; the northern portion of each by Wisconsin. -Collett’s statement is not of great value for us. Some remains might -have been buried on the area covered by the Illinoian drift. - - - IN AREA NORTH OF THE BLOOMINGTON MORAINE AND SOUTH OF THE WABASH RIVER - AND THE MISSISSINAWA MORAINE. - -7. _Montgomery County._—W. H. Thompson, in 1886 (15th Ann. Rep. Indiana -Geol. Surv., p. 159), reported the lower jaw of a mammoth found in the -bed of Black Creek, on the land of Milton N. Waugh, who was not willing -to part with it. Thompson thought that a lake had formerly occupied -parts of Sugar Creek and Madison Townships. The jaw contained two teeth; -besides this jaw, there were two tusks nearly 11 feet long. - -The writer was informed by the late Professor Donaldson Bodine that the -locality was on section 12, township 20 north, range 3 west. The teeth -and bones were unearthed by a Mr. Parish and afterwards sold by him; but -it has been found impossible to trace their history. The locality is on -or very near a portion of the Bloomington morainic system, so that it is -evident that the animal lived during the latter portion of the Wisconsin -stage. - -16. _Connersville, Fayette County._—M. G. Mock has shown the writer a -sketch of an elephant tooth found some years ago 3 miles southwest of -Connersville. The tooth was 9 inches long, 7 inches high, and weighed 8 -pounds. Whether it belonged to _E. primigenius_ or to _E. columbi_ is -not known. - -8. _Wayne County._—John Collett, as mentioned under No. 6, stated that -mammoth remains had been found in this county, but he did not enter into -details. - -9. _Noblesville, Hamilton County._—John Collett, in the report cited in -the last paragraph, on page 385, gave a detailed account of the finding -of some remains of a mammoth 4 miles southeast of Noblesville, on the -farm of John H. Caylor. The locality is given as on the east half of the -northeast quarter of section 16, township 18, range 9 west; but -evidently the range is 5 east. In the summer of 1880 a large ditch was -being made for the drainage of a swamp, situated, according to Collett, -in a valley 20 rods wide and extending several miles from southeast to -nearly northwest. The higher land on each side is glacial drift and -contains gravel and large boulders. The ditch was 4 feet deep, 3 feet of -which was in recent peat or bog, and the bottom extended down 1 foot -into fine blue clay. In this clay were found two well-preserved teeth of -a mammoth, a hip bone, a thigh bone, and the tips of two vertebræ. These -bones and teeth were scattered along the line of the ditch a distance of -80 feet and in a width of less than 2 feet. What became of these bones -we are not informed. According to Leverett’s map, this region is covered -by Wisconsin ground moraine. I am informed by Professor Leverett that -the valley mentioned by Collett was probably originally a subglacial -drainage channel. - -15. _Muncie, Delaware County._—M. G. Mock, of Houston, Texas, formerly -of Muncie, Indiana, showed the writer a sketch of an elephant tooth, a -lower hindermost molar, with considerable parts of the skeleton, found -on the farm of S. N. Priddy, July 1, 1895. The tooth was 12 inches long -and 5 inches across. This belonged probably to _Elephas columbi_, but of -this there is no certainty. - -10. _Dora, Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict, in 1892 (17th Ann. Rep. -Indiana Geol. Surv., p. 241), reported two large teeth of a mammoth -found on the farm of John H. Peffley, in the east half of the southwest -quarter of section 18, township 27, range 8 east. The writers of the -report saw one of the teeth and identified it as _Elephas primigenius_; -but probably they did not consider the differences between this species -and _E. columbi_. - - - IN AREA NORTH OF WABASH RIVER. - -11. _Jasper County._—John Collett (12th Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. Surv., -p. 73) reported that mammoth remains had been found in Jasper County. -Nothing was added. - -12. _Pleasant Township, Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict, as noted -above, state on their page 240 that some years previously mammoth bones -had been discovered while throwing up an embankment for a bridge across -Silver Creek. The bones were found under 5 feet of muck. We have no -assurance that these bones were not those of a mastodon. It was reported -to Elrod and Benedict that some were in Wabash College, at -Crawfordsville. On this same creek, near Laketon, were found some -mastodon remains, for which see page 98. This township, in the -northwestern corner of Wabash County, lies on the great moraine which -runs along the north side of Eel River. - -13. _St. John’s, Lake County._—Professor W. S. Blatchley, in 1898 (22d -Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 90), stated that an almost complete -skeleton of a mammoth had been found in a marsh at the headwaters of -Deep River, in the north half of section 35, township 35 north, range 9 -west. This would be very close to St. John’s and on the Valparaiso -moraine. - -It is not probable that Professor Blatchley saw this skeleton, and we -can not, therefore, be certain that it was not that of a mastodon. If it -did belong to one of the elephants it is to be regretted that such rare -materials have not been preserved. - -14. _Allen County._—Professor C. R. Dryer (16th Ann. Rep. Indiana Geol. -Surv., p. 129) recorded the finding of a single mammoth tooth in Allen -County. Nothing more is known about this. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 16, 38.) - - - WITHIN THE AREA OF THE ILLINOIAN DRIFT. - -1. _Equality, Gallatin County._—In 1875, E. T. Cox (Geol. Surv. -Illinois, vol. VI, pp. 213–214), in his report on Gallatin County, -Illinois, stated he had picked up numerous plates of elephant teeth at -what was called “Half-moon,” located near Equality, in section 19, -township 9, range 8 east. It is an excavation made many years ago to -obtain salt-brine, near the Saline River, as the region thereabout -furnishes salt springs. It is implied in Cox’s account that other -remains of elephants had been found there, but usually in a bad -condition. It is impossible to determine to which species of elephant -the fragments belonged. - -According to Leverett’s glacial map of the region (Monogr. XXXVIII, U. -S. Geol. Surv., plate VI), the locality is occupied by alluvial terraces -older than the Wisconsin drift. Not far away is the border of the -Illinoian drift. Most probably the elephants there represented lived -after the Illinoian stage, but they may have lived at any time -thereafter up to the Late Wisconsin. - -2. _Chester, Randolph County._—Professor A. W. Worthen, former State -geologist of Illinois, made (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VIII, p. 8) the -statement that Hon. William McAdams had found at Chester and Alton -remains of mammoth, _Megalonyx_, _Bos_ (=_Bison_), _Castoroides -ohioensis_, and other extinct animals. He did not, however, say what -species had been found at each place. - -A newspaper statement was published in 1911 to the effect that William -Rade, of Belleville, had a large tooth, found in the lowlands along -Mississippi River south of Chester. It was described as a molar a foot -in length, 6 inches in diameter (in height probably), weighing over 5 -pounds, and having several parallel ridges across the face. It was -doubtless the tooth of a species of elephant. A letter addressed to -William Rade brought no response. It is probable that the tooth had been -washed down from higher ground at some time. Its geological age is -indeterminable. - -3. _Calhoun County._—William McAdams reported in 1883 (Trans. St. Louis -Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. LXXIX) that he had recovered from the clay in a -ravine in Calhoun County, Illinois, “the jaw of an elephant beside which -Jumbo would seem small.” One of the teeth from this fossil jaw, and -which McAdams presented before the Academy for inspection, weighed -nearly 18 pounds. It is not known what became of this jaw and the teeth; -nor can we determine the geological age of the animal. Such discoveries -lose most of their value through lack of exact statements regarding the -origin of the objects. - -15. _Christian County._—In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 39), -Worthen stated that a tooth of a mammoth had been found by David Miller -in a sand drift near the South Fork of Sangamon River, in Christian -County. It was presented to the State cabinet. The tooth is said to have -been of a chalky whiteness. The drift which covers this county belongs -to the Illinoian. It is not probable that the animal in question lived -before the Illinoian stage. - -4. _Sangamon County._—In 1873, Worthen (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. -308) stated that the tooth of a mammoth had been found some years before -in the bluffs of the Sangamon River and near the surface. He concluded -that it had not come from beds older than the loess. While the -probability is that the tooth was found in the Sangamon loess, there can -be no certainty about it. The animal might have lived there while the -Wisconsin ice was nearby. - -5. _Fulton County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list of 1905 (Augustana -Library Pubs. No. 5, p. 10), Professor Albert Hurd, of Knox College, -reported that there was in the museum of that college a poorly preserved -tooth of some species of elephant, found in Fulton County. All that can -be said about the geological age of this find is that the county is -covered by Illinoian drift and that the tooth is probably not older. -Nevertheless, it might have been found in some excavation or along some -ravine which had reached the Yarmouth. - -6. _Galesburg, Knox County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list referred to, -page 14, Professor Albert Hurd reported there was in the cabinet of Knox -College a much decayed elephant tooth, found near Galesburg in the -making of a ditch. The presumption is that the ditch had not passed -through the Illinoian drift and that the animal had lived after the -Illinoian stage; it may be during the Sangamon stage. - -14. _Pekin, Tazewell County._—In 1909 (Bull. 506, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. -61), Dr. J. A. Udden reported remains of a proboscidean found in Adam -Saal’s gravel-pit, between Illinois River and Dead Lake, a mile south of -Pekin, at a depth of 18 feet. There were two tusks, two teeth, a part of -a jaw, and a few other bones. One tooth is reported to have weighed 18 -pounds, the other 8 pounds. These were doubtless weighed while wet. Only -the teeth of an elephant would weigh so much. It is impossible to -determine the species. Udden stated that the gravel probably belongs to -the latest Wisconsin terrace. The locality is on the border of the -Shelbyville moraine. - -9. _Peoria, Peoria County._—In 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. -237), A. H. Worthen reported two molar teeth, with a portion of the jaw, -found in a gravel-bed in the bluff in the city of Peoria. A part of one -of these teeth was then in the State Cabinet at Springfield. According -to Worthen, these remains were found at a depth between 12 and 48 feet. -According to Udden’s map (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 506, plate I) the -locality would probably be on the early Wisconsin terrace. The animal -must have lived during the formation of this terrace. It would seem that -this must have been after the Wisconsin ice had begun to retire and -while the region was yet much depressed. Baker (Univ. Ill. Bull. XVII, -p. 299) stated that this animal was a mastodon. - -7. _Rock Island, Rock Island County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list of -mastodons and elephants it is stated that in laying the overflow pipe -from the basins of the Rock Island waterworks on the bluff south of the -city, a cut was made in the loess to a depth of about 22 feet near the -edge of the bluff. In the lower part of this cut were found a part of a -tooth of an elephant and a piece of a leg-bone. These were given to the -museum of Augustana College. The loess at this point is said to be about -35 feet thick and the lower part is somewhat peaty in cuts in the -streets further west. Probably this loess belongs to the Iowan stage and -that beneath it was an old soil deposited in peat-swamps. The fossil -seems to belong to the Iowan glacial stage, possibly to the Peorian -interglacial. - - - ELEPHANTS FOUND WITHIN THE AREA OF THE WISCONSIN DRIFT. - -8. _Atwood, Piatt County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 17, it is -stated that in the museum of Northwestern University there is a tooth of -a mammoth found near Atwood in 1879. It was dug up from about 6 feet -from the surface. Atwood is in the extreme southeastern corner of Piatt -County; the region round about is occupied by what Leverett (Monogr. -XXXVIII, plate VI) calls the Shelbyville till sheet, belonging to the -early Wisconsin stage. The animal may have lived at any time since that -till was deposited up to Late Wisconsin. The tooth was probably buried -in some old peat-swamp and unearthed during tilling operations. - -13. _Wheaton, Du Page County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 10, it -was reported on the authority of Charles A. Blanchard, president of -Wheaton College, that about 1890 the remains of a mammoth were found in -ditches on the Jewell farm, near Wheaton. The remains consisted of about -a dozen ribs, as many vertebræ, a femur, and other parts of legs. It -appears to the writer that the remains may have belonged to a mastodon. - -Wheaton is situated on that part of the Valparaiso moraine which runs -parallel with the western shore of Lake Michigan. Whatever the animal -was it must be regarded as belonging to the Late Wisconsin stage. - -13. _Oak Park, Cook County._—Under this number 13 must be recorded a -mammoth tooth found in a gravel-pit at Oak Park, at a depth of several -feet. Only parts of it were secured and the species is unknown. The pit -was in the Glenville beach, laid down during the waning of the Wisconsin -glacial sheet (Baker, F. C., Univ. Ill. Bull. XVII, p. 70). - -10. _Evanston, Cook County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 9, -Professor U. S. Grant, of Northwestern University, reported that the -museum contains the tooth of a mammoth, taken from a gravel-pit near -Evanston. The animal must have lived after the Wisconsin glacier had -withdrawn into the basin of Lake Michigan. - -11. _Rochelle, Ogle County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, pages 15, 16, -Professor Frank Leverett reported that in July 1886 he had seen a -collection of mammoth fossils at the house of F. G. Rossman, a farmer -living near Rochelle, which he had obtained in a bog in the northwestern -part of section 33, Lynnville Township. The materials consisted of a -tusk, two teeth, a piece of the jawbone, a few ribs, and some fragments -of bones. The fragment of tusk was about 5 feet long, 20 inches in -circumference at one end, about 18 inches at the other. The tooth was -from 12 to 13 inches long and 4 inches wide. - -Rochelle is on the border between the Wisconsin drift-sheet and the -earlier one lying west of it. On Leverett’s map this is put down as -being Iowan; but no Iowan is now recognized in Illinois. Mr. F. N. Rice, -county surveyor, reported that Lynnville Township is number 41 north, -range 2 west. - - - IN THE UNGLACIATED REGION IN THE NORTHWEST CORNER OF THE STATE. - -12. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—The geologist J. D. Whitney reported in -1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 162) that a few teeth of the -elephant had been found near Galena, on the surface. These are said to -be preserved in a collection in Galena. Whitney stated that these were -all that he had met with in the lead region. In his Geology of the Lead -Region (Wisconsin Geol. Surv., vol. I, pp. 129–133) the same author said -that, so far as he knew, elephant remains never were found in the lead -crevices. The teeth mentioned above had been found within the limits of -the city of Galena. - -Galena is situated in the driftless region and no conclusion is reached -about the geological age of those teeth. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Stockholm, Pepin County._—All that is known regarding the occurrence -of an elephant at this place was published by Professor N. H. Winchell -in 1910 (Bull. Minn. Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. 417), as follows: “Capt. -Jos. Buisson stated that a mammoth tooth was found opposite Lake City, -near Stockholm, on the shore of Lake Pepin.” The tooth may have been -that of a mastodon. - - - MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Upper Marlboro, Prince George’s County._—In B. L. Miller’s -geological report on this county (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1911, pp. 125, -126) it is stated that a right humerus of a mammoth, as determined by J. -W. Gidley, had been found at the road crossing of Cabin Branch, near the -western branch of Patuxent River. The bone was sent to Georgetown -University, Washington, D. C. - -2. _Washington._—In the Prince George’s County volume of the Maryland -Geological Survey, 1911, page 123, Dr. B. L. Miller stated that a tooth -of _Elephas americanus_ (_E. primigenius_ probably) had been found in -Wicomico materials in the pits of a Washington brick company, at a depth -of 35 feet. The brickyard was bounded by Florida and Trinidad avenues -and the Bladensburg turnpike. What has become of this tooth is not -known, nor can one be certain that the tooth was not that of _E. -columbi_. It may with safety be referred to an early stage of the -Pleistocene. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Warrenton, Fauquier County._—In 1831, Richard Harlan (Monthly Amer. -Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 58–67), in a letter to the editor, stated that -a “Dr. W.” of the village presented him with a fossil molar tooth of an -elephant found in that vicinity. Nothing more is known of this specimen. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Wheeling, Ohio County._—The geologist J. W. Foster (Proc. Amer. -Assoc. Adv. Sci., 10th meeting, p. 160) reported that Alfred Sears had -deposited in the Smithsonian Institution some elephant remains obtained -4.5 miles below Wheeling Creek. They were found on the second bottom or -terrace and at a depth of 17 feet from the surface. Within a few feet of -this place was an Indian mound. When the mound was built, 17 feet of -sediment had accumulated over the elephant remains. One can, however, -hardly refer the bones to a time farther back than the Wisconsin. A -record in the U. S. National Museum shows that Mr. Sears, in 1852, sent -a tusk and a tooth of an elephant to Washington. These were doubtless -placed in the collection of the Old National Institute. If they were -transferred to the Smithsonian Institution the record has apparently -been lost. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 16, 39.) - -1. _16 miles below Newbern, on Neuse River, in Pamlico County._—Harlan, -in 1842 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, p. 143), stated that he had seen, -in the collection made by Nuttall on Neuse River, remains of an -elephant. Elisha Mitchell, in the same year (Elements of Geol., p. 128), -stated that there was in the cabinet of the University of North Carolina -a tooth of an elephant from the locality mentioned. Possibly the tooth -referred by Croom (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVII, 1835, p. 170) to the -mastodon and which was 7 inches wide and 9.5 inches deep, was really -that of an elephant. Were it not for the fact that _Elephas primigenius_ -has been found in this region of North Carolina, one might, with -confidence, refer the tooth found below Newbern to _E. columbi_. For -other species found at this place the reader may consult pages 358 to -359. - -2. _Harlowe, Carteret County._—Elisha Mitchell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. -XIII, 1827, p. 347) stated that in digging the Clubfoot and Harlowe -Canal remains of both the mastodon and the elephant had been found. -Nothing more definite was communicated. The probability is that the -animal was _Elephas columbi_. - -3. _Duplin County._—At the meeting of the American Association for the -Advancement of Science in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1850, Dr. R. W. -Gibbes reported that he had obtained a part of a molar of an elephant -found somewhere in Duplin County. He spoke of its resemblance in -narrowness and in thinness of plates to a tooth found in Vermont and -exhibited by Agassiz. Possibly it belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Wakulla Springs, Wakulla County._—In the collection of the Florida -Geological Survey is a right tibia of an elephant reported found at the -place named. The measurements shown in the accompanying table were -secured. For comparison the dimensions of the tibia of the great -_Elephas primigenius_ in the American Museum of Natural History at New -York are presented. - - _Measurement of tibias, in millimeters._ - - ┌─────────────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ - │ │Wakulla Springs│ │ - │ │ elephant. │E. primigenius.│ - ├─────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┤ - │Total length │ 813│ 735│ - │Greatest width across upper end │ 266│ 245│ - │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of │ │ │ - │ length │ 106│ 100│ - │Side-to-side diameter at middle of │ │ │ - │ length │ 132│ 106│ - │Greatest width across lower end │ 215│ 205│ - └─────────────────────────────────────┴───────────────┴───────────────┘ - -With the tibia from Wakulla Springs is the distal half of an immense -femur of the left side. The distance across the articular surface of the -distal end was at least 241 mm., but the bone has suffered some -abrasion. The outer articular surface measures 115 mm.; the inner 1,202 -mm. When the bone is placed on a table with the hinder face downward the -inner ridge which bounds the patellar groove rises 280 mm. above the -table. Whether these bones belong to _Elephas imperator_ or to _E. -columbi_ is uncertain. - -2. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909, Sellards -(2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147) stated that Dr. L. W. -Stephenson, of the U. S. Geological Survey, had found at this place, in -a phosphate deposit, a fragment of an elephant tooth together with 3 -teeth of a fossil horse and some ear-bones of a whale. The elephant -belonged probably to _E. columbi_, but possibly to _E. imperator_. - -3. _Bartow, Polk County._—Dr. W. H. Dall (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1891, p. 120) has recorded the discovery at this place of tusks supposed -to be those of _Elephas columbi_. Possibly the tusks were those of _E. -imperator_ or even those of _Mammut americanum_. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In his report on the Geology and Agriculture -of Mississippi, 1854, page 284, Wailles wrote that fossil remains of the -elephant were not then known to have been found in the State. However, -on page 286, _Elephas primigenius_ is included in the list of fossil -Mammalia furnished by Leidy. The latter does not say where in -Mississippi elephant remains had been discovered, but it was probably at -Natchez. - -In his work on the Lafayette formation (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. -Surv., part 1, p. 400), McGee stated that at least one skull of the -American elephant had been found at Natchez in gravel, well down toward -the Port Hudson clays, and that to this adhered some of the coarse -gravel of the matrix. Probably the species was _Elephas columbi_. It is -likely that the skulls referred to by McGee were not as complete as he -supposed. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 16. Figure 23.) - -1. _Gallatin, Sumner County._—In 1835, Professor G. Troost (Trans. Geol. -Soc. Penn., vol. I, 1835, p. 144) reported that a Mrs. Ephraim Foster -possessed a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ found in a well at a depth of -40 feet. The identification followed the opinion of that time that only -one species of elephant had existed in the country. It more probably -belonged to _E. columbi_. - -2. _Columbia, Maury County._—In the publication just referred to the -geologist G. Troost stated that he owned a tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_, found a few miles below Columbia, probably near Duck -River, but no details as to the exact locality and kinds of deposits -were furnished. Hayes and Ulrich (Folio 95, U. S. Geol. Surv.) appear -not to have recognized any Pleistocene in this quadrangle. On page 6 -they stated that narrow strips of bottom lands occur along the larger -streams, particularly along Duck River. The tooth was probably that of -_E. columbi_. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 16.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—Remains belonging certainly to both -_Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_ have been found here, and there -is no reason for supposing that any other species has ever been -collected. Many specimens have, however, been mentioned in the -literature of the subject which one may have difficulty in referring to -either of these species. The difficulty arises from the insufficiency of -the descriptions and of the illustrations when there are any. - -Two elephant molars from America were figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss., ed. -4, plate XV, figs. 9, 11), without any exact locality being given, so -far as the present writer can discover. Adams (Palæontograph. Soc., vol. -XXXIII, p. 122) says of these that one was from Mississippi, the other -from Bigbone Lick, but which is from the latter place is not indicated. -Caspar Wistar (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., vol. I, 1818, p. 376) -reported that in the Jefferson collection there were teeth which he -referred to the Siberian elephant. Among these were some which belonged -to a young animal. - -William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, 1831, pp. 168–171) -recalled the quantity of elephant remains found at Bigbone Lick before -his visit. In the Finnell collection was a tusk with part of the base -missing, which was still 11 feet 10.5 inches long and 22 inches in -circumference. It was much curved, a fact which induced him to refer it -to an elephant. In the same collection were numerous other parts of -elephants, including 20 or more teeth. A Mr. Bullock secured a skull -nearly entire. It is pretty certain that the greater part of all this -fine material has been lost. Many of the bones and teeth collected in -early times went to the museums of Europe; some are mentioned by Leith -Adams (Palæontograph. Soc., vol. XXXIII, pp. 75, 122) and Lydekker (Cat. -Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. IV, p. 191). - -2. _Newport, Campbell County._—In 1871 Professor Shaler (Amer. -Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 160) stated that he had a tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_, which had been found in the uppermost terrace of the -alluvial plane opposite Cincinnati, at a depth of over 60 feet from the -surface. - -In 1877 (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. III, p. 79), the same writer stated -that a molar tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ had been found in the city -of Newport, about 25 feet above high-water mark and at a depth of 40 -feet. It is not improbable that the two accounts refer to the same -specimen. - -3. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection of Mr. Thomas -W. Hunter, made at this place, were several much water-worn teeth of -elephants, the species not determined. - -4. _Eminence, Henry County._—The geologist David D. Owen, in 1857 (3d -Geol. Surv. Kentucky, p. 103), reported that bones and teeth of the -mammoth had, at times, been found here. They do not appear to have been -preserved. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE EQUIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - MASSACHUSETTS. - - (Map 17.) - -_Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard._—In 1900 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XI, -p. 459, plate XLII, fig. 2), J. B. Woodworth reported finding an -astragalus of a horse in an osseous conglomerate, regarded as belonging -to the Miocene. It was identified by Professor H. F. Osborn, who -remarked that it resembled closely the same bone of some Pleistocene -horses. From this conglomerate have been obtained bones of whales, -supposedly also a skull of a walrus. While the size of the astragalus -suggests more that of a Pleistocene horse, it is possible that there was -some large Miocene equid that lived there. The present writer is -inclined to believe it will be found that the astragalus came from one -of the older Pleistocene deposits recognized as present at Gay Head. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Throg’s Neck, New York County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., -vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey stated he had a tooth of a -horse, taken from the compact marine drift at Throg’s Neck. It was -obtained by J. A. Bailey from excavations at Fort Schuyler, 18 feet -below the surface. - -According to Folio No. 83 of the U. S. Geological Survey, Harlem -Quadrangle, Throg’s Neck is occupied by till which usually thinly -covers, or leaves exposed, the underlying Hudson schist; Salisbury gives -an account of the drift on page 14 of the folio cited. At the depth -indicated the tooth was probably lying in pre-Wisconsin deposits; and -taking into consideration the geological age of other horse remains, one -may reasonably conclude that the tooth at Throg’s Neck was of a horse -that lived during the middle or early Pleistocene. That there may be -materials of a pre-Wisconsin stage underlying the surface drift at -Throg’s Neck is indicated by Woodworth’s discovery (Bull. 48, N. Y. -State Mus., p. 626, plate I) of deposits older than the Wisconsin along -Hempstead Bay, Long Island. - - NOTE.—In 1858 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. VI, p. 303), Dr. - Skilton, of Troy, wrote that a farmer had dug up, in what had been - marshy ground, 17 teeth of a horse. These, Skilton stated, belonged - to _Equus major_. The teeth were greatly decayed. The writer of the - report said that the enamel of the first upper molar, meaning the - anterior of the six grinding teeth, measured 1.9 inches (47.5 mm.); - that of the corresponding lower teeth 2.33 inches (58 mm.). If these - measurements were taken correctly, they indicate a horse much larger - than any yet known, unless it be _Equus giganteus_ of Texas. There - is no evidence that Dr. Skilton had made any serious study of the - dentition of horses and the teeth were probably those of a domestic - horse, or even of some other animal. - - In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. II, p. 47), Dr. C. Hart - Merriam, in his paper “The Vertebrates of the Adirondack Region,” - stated he had examined several fossil molar teeth of _Equus major_ - exhumed at Keenes Station, near the Oswegatchie Ox Bow, in Jefferson - County, New York. He compared them with the corresponding teeth of - an immense dray horse and found them much larger. - - Professor G. C. Manse, of St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York, - sent me for examination 4 upper teeth of a horse which must be those - examined by Dr. C. H. Merriam. They are labeled as having been - collected at Gouverneur, a town not far from Keenes Station. After a - careful study of these teeth and comparison with those of the - domestic horse, the writer concludes that they belonged to the - latter. Domestic horses are known to have larger teeth. Professor - Manse has unfortunately been unable to trace the history of the - teeth back to Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, who showed them to - Dr. Merriam. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Swedesboro, Gloucester County._—In 1868 (Cook’s Geol. New Jersey, p. -741), Cope stated that _Equus complicatus_ was represented in New Jersey -by a series of teeth obtained while a mill-dam at Swedesboro was being -cleared. No further information has been secured. At the Academy of -Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the writer has seen a horse-tooth -labeled as coming from the town named; but whether or not it is one of -those referred to by Cope it is impossible to say. - -2. _Fish House, Camden, Camden County._—In 1869 (Trans. Amer. Philos. -Soc., vol. XIV, p. 250, fig. 55), Cope wrote that a partial skull of -_Equus fraternus_ had been found at Fish House in a blackish clay at a -depth of 20 feet from the top of the clay. Over the clay was imposed a -bed of sand from 8 to 15 feet thick. This important skull appears to -have been lost (fig. 7). - -In 1897 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. New Jersey for 1896, p. 208, plate X), -Lewis Woolman described other remains of horses supposed to belong to -_Equus complicatus_, secured in the same Fish House clays. The writer -has seen these and regards them as belonging to the species just named. -These remains of horses will be mentioned on pages 302–303. - -3. _Navesink Hills, Monmouth County._—Somewhere in the northeastern part -of Monmouth County, in the region of the Navesink (or Neversink) Hills, -have been found remains of a fossil horse. They were first mentioned by -S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, pp. 7, 8). He mentioned a -cervical vertebra and teeth in sound condition. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. -Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 261) wrote that a vertebra and teeth were -associated with remains of a mastodon. Mitchill mentions only a part of -a tibia of a mastodon. These objects were all presented by Mitchill to -the Lyceum of Natural History in New York. The writer believes these -teeth had been buried in an early Pleistocene deposit. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In the collection of the Academy of -Natural Sciences at Philadelphia are 2 horse-teeth found at or near -Pittston. They were described and figured by Leidy in 1873 (Monograph U. -S. Geol. Surv., I, pp. 245–246, plate XXXIII, figs. 16, 17) as _E. -major_ (=_E. complicatus_). He stated they were found on the banks of -the Susquehanna River, associated with remains of mastodons and _Bison -latifrons_. The last was, however, a species of _Symbos_. In 1869 (Jour. -Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 262), Leidy stated that it was -reported these remains had come from a stratum “full of bones.” This -stratum belonged probably to an early or middle Pleistocene interglacial -stage. - -2. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the finding of “a pair of -teeth of a horse, which were yet incompletely developed,” in Hartman’s -Cave, near the town mentioned. He thought they belonged to an indigenous -species. The position of the cave, its fossils, and their age will be -considered in discussing the Pleistocene geology of the State on pages -308 to 311. - -3. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—As long ago as 1871 (Amer. Jour. -Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, pp. 235, 384), Wheatley announced the discovery of -2 unidentified species of horses in the great bone cave at the place -named. They were associated with the remains of 40 other species of -vertebrates, besides many insects. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., -Phila., ser. 2, vol. II, pp. 193–267, plates XVIII-XXI), Cope described -the materials collected up to that time from the same cave. Of horses he -recorded 2 forms, which he named _Equus fraternus fraternus_ and _E. -fraternus pectinatus_. He was inclined to believe the latter would prove -to be a distinct species. It is not certain whether this conclusion was -correct; but if not a species, it is probably a subspecies of _Equus -complicatus_. The teeth referred to _E. fraternus fraternus_ are pretty -certainly those of _E. complicatus_. Of this species Cope had a decayed -skull of a young animal with teeth, besides a considerable number of -other teeth and some bones of the skeleton. The geological relations of -these remains and those of the other species will be discussed on pages -311 to 320. - -4. _Rutherford, Dauphin County._—In 1868 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, -p. 195), Leidy described a horse-tooth, loaned him by Mr. W. Lorenz and -found somewhere between Rutherford and Highspire. It was met in a -depression 6 feet deep and 20 feet across, filled with diluvium. Leidy -thought the tooth might have belonged to a contemporary of the mastodon, -but this was equally improbable. All the cement was dissolved from the -tooth, and the latter was stained by iron, but not petrified. It was an -upper second true molar. It has probably suffered the fate of such -specimens as are retained in private hands. - -5. _Frankstown, Blair County._—From Mr. O. A. Peterson, of the Carnegie -Museum, Pittsburgh, the writer learns that some part of an unidentified -species of horse has been found in the collection made some years ago at -Frankstown. For a list of the species page 321 may be consulted. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 17, 36.) - -1. _Cincinnati, Hamilton County._—In 1895 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., -vol. XVII, p. 217), Mr. Seth Hayes recorded the discovery of a molar -tooth and a vertebra of a horse, identified as _Equus fraternus_. It was -met with in exhuming the remains of the “Shaw mastodon” in Hyde Park, in -the northeastern part of Cincinnati. The details of the exhumation are -given in the description of the mastodon. The geological age of these -animals dates probably from about the Sangamon stage. The writer has not -been able to examine the horse remains referred to. It is probable that -the tooth belonged to _Equus complicatus_. - -2. _Columbus, Franklin County._—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. -_V_, p. 215), Charles Whittlesey stated that bones and teeth of a horse -had been found in fissures or “clay seams” of the Cliff limestone at -Columbus. In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), -the same geologist reported that Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, had, -many years before, obtained from the crevices of the Cliff lime rock, on -the west side of Scioto River, a number of bones embedded in red clay. -Among these was the tooth of a horse. The crevice had not been open -since the date of the white settlement of the country and it was wholly -filled by the red clay which results from the decomposition of the -limestone. Probably all the remains mentioned by Whittlesey have been -lost. - -In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 154), Klippart wrote -that, in excavating the exterior wall at the Ohio penitentiary, the -warden, Mr. Burr, found the fossil jaw of a horse with the molars in -good condition. He stated the horse must have been one-third larger than -the ordinary horse of to-day. - -From Professor Clinton R. Stauffer, of Adelbert College, Cleveland, the -writer received for examination a horse-tooth, labeled: “Catalogue No. -356. Horse-tooth. Given by Robert Cartwright. Found at Columbus, Ohio, -in excavating in a peat-bed for a gas holder in the penitentiary -grounds, October 30, 1873.” It is possible that this is the same tooth -mentioned by Klippart, but probably it is another. The present writer -identifies the tooth as that of _Equus complicatus_. The geological age -is probably approximately that of the Sangamon stage. - -3. _Salt Creek, Columbiana County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., -art. 3, vol. V, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey reported a tooth of a horse -found, about 20 years before, in making the Sandy and Beaver Canal, -along Sandy Creek, in Columbiana County, at a depth not exceeding 12 or -15 feet. Probably the locality was in the southwestern corner of the -county. The sources of Salt Creek are in Hanover Township, not far from -the sources of Little Beaver Creek. From this vicinity Salt Creek flows -westward. This county lies within the Illinoian drift region and the -horse probably lived during the Sangamon stage or earlier. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—So far as the writer knows, remains -of extinct horses have been found in Indiana only at the mouth of Pigeon -Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Only a single vertebra, a last -cervical, was secured. This formed part of a collection made at the -place named by Mr. Francis A. Lincke. The collection was described by -Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199). The bone was -referred to _Equus americanus_, a name employed at that time for the -horse now known as _Equus complicatus_. Although it would usually be -impossible to identify a species of horse on such materials, it is -probable that Leidy was correct. The geological age of the bone-bed is -discussed on page 32. It is concluded that the age is most probably the -Sangamon, but possibly Aftonian. The same species has been found at -Bigbone Lick, above Louisville, on the Kentucky side. The deposits there -overlie the Illinoian drift and are, in part at least, Sangamon. - -Associated with the horse bone at Pigeon Creek were megalonyx, a -probably extinct bison, the Virginia deer, a tapir, and the extinct wolf -_Ænocyon dirus_. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _On the line between Bond and Fayette Counties._—In 1899, Leidy -(Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 39, figure) described under the name -of _Equus major_ an equine maxilla, containing 4 premolars, sent him by -A. H. Worthen, State geologist of Illinois. This maxilla had been found -in a bog between Bond and Fayette counties. It was referred by Gidley -(Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 135, fig. 24) to _Equus -pectinatus_ Cope. The specimen is in the collection of the State museum -at Springfield and has been studied by the writer, who regards it as -belonging to _Equus complicatus_. A fossil horse-tooth found at Bigbone -Lick, Kentucky, greatly resembles one of the premolars of this jaw. - -The region where this jaw was found lies within the area of the -Illinoian drift; and, inasmuch as the specimen was found on a bog lying -on this drift, the animal must have lived after the withdrawal of the -Illinoian ice-sheet. The bog deposit belonged probably to the Sangamon -stage. - -The writer has endeavored earnestly, but in vain, to obtain more exact -details regarding the locality where the jaw was found and the depth of -interment. - -2. _Alton, Madison County._—At a meeting of the St. Louis Academy of -Science, December 4, 1882 (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. -LXXX), William McAdams reported he had seen the fossil tooth of a horse -from near Alton. No details were added, except that all the horses he -had seen from the drift were large animals, while those from the bad -lands of Dakota were mostly quite small. - -In the McAdams collection, an account of which will be given on page -339, is a fragment of an incisor of a horse. It has on it McAdams’s No. -25. It is doubtful that this tooth was found in the loess. All the -fossils of that collection purporting to have been found in the loess -are very white, while this is of a brownish color, and there is a coat -of iron oxide adhering to some parts of it. This may or may not be the -tooth mentioned by McAdams as above reported. - -3. _Greene County._—At the meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science -just referred to, Mr. McAdams stated that teeth of an extinct horse had -been brought up from the bottom of a well being dug in Greene County. -More exact situation and the depth of the well were not mentioned. - -Both Greene and Madison counties are occupied by the Illinoian -drift-sheet. The horse-teeth found in these counties might have come -from Sangamon deposits; or possibly the Illinoian drift had been passed -through and Yarmouth interglacial had been entered. - -The geologists J. A. Udden and E. W. Shaw (Belleville-Breese Folio, No. -195, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 7) have noted in those quadrangles deposits -which may consist of pre-Illinoian till; also old black soils which may -belong to the Yarmouth. The quadrangles mentioned lie along the southern -border of Madison County. The old soils were found at depths varying -from 30 to 75 feet. In this region, too, the Illinoian drift is overlain -by a blanket of loess. To arrive at any valuable conclusion, one ought -to know just where specimens are found and at what depths and in what -kind of deposits. On the other hand, the information is of the most -meager kind. The specimens mentioned are not in a collection made by -McAdams and now in the National Museum. - - - MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Marshall Hall, Charles County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an -upper right molar, first or second, of a horse labeled as found at this -place. It is credited to Mr. O. N. Bryan, who, some years ago, -contributed many articles to the museum. The conditions of discovery are -not known. The length of the grinding-surface is 28 mm., the width 27 -mm. It probably belongs to _Equus leidyi_. According to Shattuck’s map -of the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Maryland (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1906, -plate I) this locality is occupied by Talbot deposits. Shattuck regards -the Talbot as belonging to late Pleistocene times. The present writer -does not accept this view. - -2. _Georgetown, District of Columbia._—In 1835 (Med. and Phys. -Researches, p. 267), Dr. Richard Harlan acknowledged the receipt, at the -Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of remains of a fossil -horse found at Georgetown in constructing the canal along the Potomac. -These were probably teeth and had been sent by Colonel I. J. Abert, of -Washington. They ought now to be in the Academy mentioned. In 1850, R. -W. Gibbes (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67) presented -before the American Association of Sciences a specimen (a tooth?) which -he said came from the bank of the Potomac and was associated with a -tooth of _Bos_ (_Bison_). How he came to have this was not related, nor -is it certain that it was found near Washington. - -3. _Mitchellville, Prince George’s County._—In the U. S. National Museum -are 2 upper teeth, molars or premolars (No. 8813), of a horse found on -his estate northwest from the town named, by Mr. Edward S. Walker. They -were presented to the National Museum by Dr. Edward W. Berry, of John -Hopkins University. These teeth, apparently first and second molars, -seem to belong to an undescribed species. The table gives the height of -the teeth and dimensions of the grinding-surface in millimeters. - - ┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ - │ Tooth. │ Height. │ Length. │ Width. │ Protocone. │ - ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ - │M^1 │70 │29.5 │25 │12 │ - │M^2 │73 │30 │23 │14.5 │ - └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘ - -The teeth present the appearance of having been little worn. -Measurements of the crown taken about one-third the distance to the base -are as follows: - - ┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ - │ Tooth. │ Length. │ Width. │ Protocone. │ - ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ - │M^1 │25 │25 │11 │ - │M^2 │26 │25.2 │13 │ - └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘ - -The teeth are moderately curved, so that the outer face is convex, the -inner concave. Some of the cement is retained and is colored blue with -vivianite. The enamel presents less complication than is usually found -in either _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_. The dimensions of the -teeth and the narrowness, especially of the second molar, seem to -exclude reference to either of the species mentioned. - -4. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. -National Museum, had for many years been making collections, mostly of -Miocene vertebrates, along the cliffs at Chesapeake Beach. Among other -fossils found there are some remains of horses, among them one much worn -upper tooth, probably a premolar. The height is only 21 mm., the length -of the grinding-surface 22.4 mm., the width 24 mm. It may be referred -provisionally to _E. leidyi_. Mr. Palmer had also an ungual phalanx and -a cervical vertebra and various other bones and teeth of horses. The -geological situation at the place and the other Pleistocene species -found there will be discussed on pages 347–348. - -5. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In his work on the exploration of -Bushy Cavern, near Cavetown, Mr. Charles Peabody (Bull. IV, Dept. -Archæol., Phillips Acad., p. 12) stated that in a limestone quarry, -south of the cave, in the red earth, was found a tooth which J. W. -Gidley identified as probably _Equus complicatus_. In 1920 (Proc. U. S. -Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection -made at Cavetown. In this were other remains referred to _Equus -complicatus_. Some fragments of a large tooth were referred with doubt -to _Equus giganteus_. - -6. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a crevice in a limestone rock, -at a point about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, taken in a -straight line, J. W. Gidley, in the fall of 1912, made a large -collection of fossil vertebrates. In this collection is a first phalanx -of an extinct horse. The species has not been determined. A list of the -accompanying species, so far as determined, will be presented on pages -349–350. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Abingdon, Washington County._—In the U. S. National Museum is the -outer half of an upper hindermost molar of a horse sent, in 1869, by Mr. -Wyndham Robinson. With it were remains of _Mammut americanum_. The -length of the grinding-surface is 30 mm. It belongs pretty certainly to -_Equus complicatus_. - -2. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., -vol. XI, p. 474) reported the occurrence of an upper left molar of a -horse at Saltville. The species has not been determined. The matter will -be referred to again on pages 352–353. - -3. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, -pp. 171–182), Cope gave an account of the discovery of remains of -numerous fossil vertebrates somewhere along New River, in the county -named. Among these animals were upper and lower milk and permanent -molars of a horse. Cope identified these as belonging doubtfully to -_Equus complicatus_. On page 353, the Pleistocene geology of the region -and a list of the accompanying vertebrates will be presented. - -4. _Staunton, Augusta County._—From Dr. W. F. Deekens, surgeon dentist -of Staunton, a tooth of a horse found somewhere in that vicinity, was -sent to the U. S. National Museum. It had been found in a limestone -quarry, 70 feet below the surface, in a narrow stratum of clay. Probably -the tooth had been carried down into a crevice in the limestone by a -current of water. The length of the grinding-surface is 31 mm. The -arrangement of the enamel folds is simple, but the tooth had only just -begun to be worn. The narrowness of the tooth is remarkable and it may -belong to an unrecognized species. - -5. _Denniston, Halifax County._—From Mr. G. W. Joyner, living near this -place, the U. S. National Museum in 1920 received a left lower -grinding-tooth of a horse, found by the donor in a little stream on his -farm. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Point Pleasant, Mason County._—From Dr. L. V. Guthrie, -superintendent of the West Virginia Asylum, at Huntington, the U. S. -National Museum received for examination a horse-tooth dredged up with -gravel from Ohio River at Point Pleasant. The writer has not been able -to distinguish this tooth (either the last or the next to the last -premolar) from that of _Equus niobrarensis_. If further discoveries -confirm this provisional determination, the known range of the species -will be greatly extended. The tooth has been deposited in the U. S. -National Museum by the owner, Captain H. S. Wert, of Point Pleasant. The -presence of this tooth proves that there are, somewhere not far away, -some early Pleistocene deposits, probably in some high terrace along the -Ohio, such as are found in abundance along the upper part of the river -and its affluents. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 17, 39.) - -1 _Elizabethtown, Bladen County._—The geologist E. Emmons (North -Carolina Geol. Surv., 1858, p. 197, fig. 18) described and figured an -upper left second or third molar tooth of a horse which he called _Equus -caballus_, the domestic animal. It, with a tooth from the lower jaw, had -been found in a bed of Miocene age at Elizabethtown. Whatever may have -been the age of the marl-bed, the horse lived during the Pleistocene. -Conrad, however (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, 1869, p. 359), insisted -on the Miocene age of the animal. The same tooth was, in 1860 (Holmes’s -Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, plate XV, fig. 16), figured by Leidy and -referred to _E. fraternus_. It is now known as _E. leidyi_. Miller -(North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, p. 248) points out -that patches of Miocene marl do occur in the vicinity of Elizabethtown. - -2. _Sixteen miles Southeast of Newbern, on the Neuse River, in Pamlico -County._—In a locality on the left bank of Neuse River, about 16 miles -below Newbern, bones of _Equus_ and various other animals were first -found long ago, apparently by Nuttall. T. A. Conrad, in 1838 (Fossils -Medial Tert. U. S., p. X), spoke of great numbers of bones of horse, -mastodon, etc. Harlan (Med. Phys. Res., p. 267) says that Conrad -possessed specimens from the locality. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. -Mus. part 3, p. 89) states that there is in that museum an upper -cheek-tooth from Newbern. So far as the writer knows, none of the teeth -found here has been figured or accurately described. - -On pages 358–359 will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils -collected at Newbern and a consideration of the geology. - -3. _Greenville, Pitt County._—In 1852, E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North -Carolina, p. 106) said he had procured a grinder of a horse at -Greenville, in the sandy stratum just above the Miocene marl. In 1858 -(Geol. Surv. North Carolina Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, fig. 21), -the same writer figured an incisor tooth found in the Miocene of Pitt -County. Conrad (Amer. Jour. Sci. 1871, vol. I, p. 468) spoke of the -finding of black and mineralized teeth of a horse, which he regarded as -_E. fraternus_, in Miocene marl. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1871, p. 113) reported on the upper molar tooth which Conrad had found. -He regarded it as occurring accidentally in the Miocene and as belonging -to _E. complicatus_; but as the tooth was injured, Leidy thought it -might belong to _Hipparion_. In the collection of the Academy of Natural -Sciences at Philadelphia the writer has seen quite certainly the same -tooth. It appears to be an upper premolar, the third or the fourth. It -has a height of about 50 mm. and a length of 30 mm. The inner half has -been split off. It is that of _E. complicatus_. - -4. _Plymouth, Washington County._—E. Emmons, in 1858 (North Carolina -Geol. Surv. Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, figs. 19, 20), figured 2 -teeth, an upper left molar or premolar and a hindermost left molar, -which had been washed up on the beach at Plymouth. This place is on the -south bank of Roanoke River. Judging from Emmons’s figures, one must -conclude that these teeth belong to _Equus leidyi_. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In the museum of Rutgers College, at New -Brunswick, New Jersey, the writer has seen 6 teeth of _Equus_, presented -by Mr. G. U. Shepard jr., and obtained on Coosaw River; but no more -detailed information has been furnished. In the Charleston Museum is a -tooth of _Equus complicatus_ which was found by Mr. Earle Sloan, in -Coosaw River. - -2. _Charleston, Charleston County._—The remains of horses, especially -teeth, are among the most abundant Pleistocene fossils in the region -around Charleston. Most of the specimens have been discovered in -dredging for phosphate rock, and usually nothing is recorded about the -exact locality where found or about the conditions of burial. A -considerable number of well-preserved teeth have, however, been -discovered in known localities and under defined conditions. - -The earliest collection of fossils described from about Charleston was -made by Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston, and Captain A. H. Bowman, -U. S. Army. These fossils were sent to Dr. Joseph Leidy and described by -him as early as 1858, but more fully in 1860, in Holmes’s -“Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina.” Most of these fossils were -obtained on the shores of Ashley River, about 10 miles above Charleston. -From this locality were described 5 upper teeth of _Equus complicatus_ -(Leidy, op. cit., p. 102, plate XV, figs. 2–5, 7) and 2 lower ones -(plate XVI, figs. 19, 21). - -Of _Equus leidyi_ (=_E. fraternus_ Leidy) the author quoted described -from Ashley River 2 lower teeth (op. cit., plate XVI, figs. 20, 22). -Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) reported that there -were in the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, teeth of -_Equus major_ (=_E. complicatus_) and _E. fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_) -secured in the Ashley River deposit. Leidy, in 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Vert. -Fauna West. Terrs., p. 245, plate XXXIII, figs. 14, 15) reported an -upper molar and a lower one of _E. complicatus_, found in the “phosphate -beds” of Ashley River. - -From Doctor Swamp, Johns Island, southwest of Charleston, Leidy (op. -cit., p. 103, plate XV, fig. 6) described an upper tooth as that of his -_Equus fraternus_. This was afterwards made by Cope the type of this -species; but Gidley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XIV, p. 111) determined -that this type belongs itself to _E. complicatus_. It was this -determination which made it necessary to give a new name, _E. leidyi_, -to the teeth of medium size which had gone under the name of _E. -fraternus_. - -In the National Museum is a finely preserved upper right third or fourth -premolar of what appears to be _Equus complicatus_ which is recorded -having been found in Wando River, northwest from Charleston. The tooth -is 75 mm. high, 31 mm. long on the grinding-face, and 27 mm. wide. The -enamel is much complicated. In Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South -Carolina,” on pages 102 and 104, Leidy mentions an upper second premolar -of _Equus fraternus_ found on Goose Creek, about 12 miles from -Charleston. He added a paragraph on the geology. Further reference to -this will be found on page 363. In the Charleston Museum and in the -private collections about Charleston the writer has seen many teeth of -horses found in that region, most of them without statements about exact -localities, though some were found in Stono River. The teeth of _E. -leidyi_ appear to be more numerous in the collections than those of _E. -complicatus_. Many teeth of both species are contained in the Scanlan -collection, made in the region about Charleston and now owned by Yale -University. In this collection are found also two lower molars which the -writer refers to _Equus littoralis_. The reader is referred to pages 362 -to 366. - -3. _Richland County._—On the occasion referred to in the next paragraph, -Robert W. Gibbes presented a tooth of a horse found in Richland district -at a depth of 17 feet, in a slough, supposed to have been a former bed -of Congaree River. - -4. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. -Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Gibbes showed before the Association several -specimens of horse-teeth, referred to _Equus americanus_ (_E. -complicatus_), found in supposed Pliocene at Darlington. They were -reported as having been discovered associated with bones of a mastodon, -presumably of _Mammut americanum_. No additional information was -furnished. Darlington is situated on a branch of Black Creek, an -affluent of Great Pedee River. The teeth were probably found in a -Pleistocene terrace deposit. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 17.) - -Apparently remains of extinct horses have been found in Georgia in only -two places, as follows: - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—During the construction (in 1838–39) of a -canal which connected Altamaha and Turtle Rivers, remains of various -fossil vertebrates were discovered. A list of these will be given on -page 370. Among the remains was a lower left last premolar or first -molar of an extinct horse, described by Leidy in 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 266) and again in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pleiocene -Foss. South Carolina, p. 104, plate XVI, fig. 23). In the first -publication he referred the tooth to his species _Equus americanus_ -(=_E. complicatus_); but in 1860 he referred it to his _Equus fraternus_ -(=_E. leidyi_). The size of the tooth appears to justify his later -conclusion. - -Lyell, in his “Second Visit to the United States,” made in 1845 (ed. 2, -vol. 1, p. 348), stated that remains of _Equus_ had been found in the -Brunswick Canal. He referred it to _Equus curvidens_, and stated that -this species had the upper teeth more curved than any living horse. - -On page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, J. -W. Gidley furnished a list of vertebrates dredged up somewhere near -Brunswick. Among the species are 3 horses, _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. -leidyi_), _E. complicatus_, and _E. tau_ (probably _E. littoralis_). -Through the liberality of Professor S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of -Georgia, the writer has been permitted to study these teeth. There is -one damaged upper molar which belongs to _E. complicatus_; 4 upper and 1 -lower grinders belong to _E. leidyi_; 2 upper left molars are certainly -those of _E. littoralis_; one having a height of 72 mm., a crown-length -of 23 mm., and a width of 22 mm. The length is slightly greater than -that of the type of the species. - -In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the -writer has examined an equine tibia presented by J. H. Couper, probably -found in the Brunswick Canal with the other remains presented by Mr. -Couper. It is compared in size with a tibia of the horse Edwin Forrest, -with that of a draft horse in the U. S. National Museum, and with that -of _E. scotti_, No. 10628, in the American Museum of Natural History. - - _Measurements of tibiæ of horses, in millimeters._ - - ┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ - │ │Brunswick│ Edwin │ Draft │ E. │ - │ │ horse. │Forrest. │ horse. │ scotti. │ - ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ - │Total length of tibia │ 455│ 365│ 420│ 370│ - │Side-to-side diameter at │ 65│ 42│ 50│ 49│ - │ middle of length │ │ │ │ │ - └─────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - -The Brunswick horse was evidently a very large one, but it may have been -an unusually large specimen of _Equus complicatus_. - -2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—On page 27 of -William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” in Joseph Habersham’s -memorandum, is noted the fact that among the fossils found here was a -well-preserved tooth of a horse. The height of the tooth is given as -being 2.75 inches, greatest diameter 1.2 inches, the least 1 inch. The -tooth was evidently an upper premolar or molar. It belonged probably -either to _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_, but to which is uncertain. - -In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Robert W. -Gibbes reported the discovery of horse remains, probably a tooth, in the -alluvium of Skidaway Island, a few miles southeast of Savannah. No -further information was furnished. The geological conditions at this -island and the fossils found there will be considered on pages 370 to -372. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Maps 17, 18.) - -1. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909 (2d Ann. -Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147), Sellards stated, on authority of -notes received from Dr. L. W. Stephenson, that 3 teeth of a fossil horse -had been found at the place named. At the same place was discovered a -fragment of a tooth of an elephant, most probably _Elephas columbi_, and -some ear-bones of a whale. The writer has not seen these and does not -know to what species they belonged. - - _Measurements of tibiæ of horses._ - - ┌───────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ - │ Dimensions taken. │Equus sp.│ E. │ E. │ - │ │Florida. │ scotti. │caballus.│ - ├───────────────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ - │Total length of bone │ 396│ 370│ 392│ - │Length on outer border │ 360│ │ │ - │Length on inner border │ 378│ │ │ - │Width across upper end │ 125±│ 107│ 108│ - │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ - │ length │ 45│ 40│ 37│ - │Side-to-side diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ - │ length │ 56│ 49│ 43│ - │Greatest width at lower end │ 94│ 93│ 86│ - └───────────────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘ - -2. _Almero Farm, St. John County._—In the collection of Mr. Fred R. -Allen, of St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has examined a left tibia -of an extinct horse, found in the Inland Waterway Canal, about 28 miles -south of St. Augustine. The species has not been determined, but it may -be well to put on record the measurements. It apparently belonged to a -rather large horse. For comparison, other corresponding measurements are -given, taken from _Equus scotti_, No. 10628 of the American Museum of -Natural History, and from _Equus caballus_, No. 74 of Mr. Chubb’s -collection at the museum mentioned, a trotting stallion. - -It will be seen that the tibia found below St. Augustine is a relatively -stouter bone than those it is compared with. The large horse, known to -have existed in Florida, is _Equus complicatus_. - -3. _Neals, Alachua County._—This place is near Newberry. Here have been -collected _Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Tapirus terrestris?_, and -_Hipparion_ sp. indet. - -4. _Wade, Alachua County._—The writer has seen at Tallahassee, 4 fossil -_Equus_ teeth, found at this place. One is No. 1470 of the Florida -Geological Survey and labeled as found in the Buttgenbach “cummer” mine. -It is a lower left second premolar, 40 mm. high, 31 mm. long, and 14.5 -mm. wide, not including the cement present. Another tooth, No. 1462, -from Buttgenbach’s river mine, near Wade, is the hindermost left molar -of the lower jaw, 32 mm. long, and 13 mm. wide in front. It is thought -these teeth belonged to _Equus leidyi_. - -5. _Newberry, Alachua County._—This is the locality mentioned by Dall -(Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 128) under the name of Hallowells; but -he mentioned no fossils from this place. In the Report of the Florida -Geological Survey, volume v, page 58, Sellards stated that a species of -_Hipparion_ had been discovered in the hard phosphate. In the eighth -report of the same survey, on page 42, the present writer described a -specifically undetermined species of _Parahippus_, also from the -phosphate deposits. On page 94 Dr. Sellards reported _Equus littoralis_ -and _Odocoileus_ from Newberry. The writer has identified as _Equus -littoralis_, a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar, found -at Newberry. - -6. _Archer, Alachua County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1885 (Proc. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Phila., pp. 32, 33), described from this place a rhinoceros, -_Rhinoceros proterus_, and _Hippotherium ingenuum_. In 1886 (ibid., pp. -11, 12) he again mentioned these species and described in addition to -them _Mastodon floridanus_ and 3 species of camels which he referred to -the genus _Auchenia_. In a list furnished by Leidy to Dr. W. H. Dall -(Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), there are listed, besides the -species mentioned, _Megatherium_ and _Cervus virginianus?_, all found in -the Alachua clays and usually referred to the Lower Miocene or Upper -Pliocene. In the list presented on page 375, under the geology of -Florida, a species of tapir is added. At present the writer assigns the -deposits known as the Alachua clays to lowermost Pleistocene. - -7. _Williston, Levy County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, -New York, is an upper last molar of _Equus_, found at the place named -and presented by E. Mixon. The enamel is not much plicated. The size of -the tooth indicated that it belonged to _E. leidyi_. In the list of -vertebrates unearthed at Mixon’s (near Williston), furnished by Leidy to -Dall, were included two species of _Hippotherium_, _H. ingenuum_ and _H. -plicatile_. These species are now referred to the genus _Hipparion_. _H. -plicatile_ was described by Leidy in 1887 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -p. 309). A list of the species at present known to have been obtained -here is to be found on page 375 under the geology of Florida. They have -all been found in the Alachua clays and are usually regarded as -belonging to the late Tertiary. - -8. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. -13), Leidy reported the discovery of some fossil vertebrates in a -fissure in a limestone rock near Ocala. Some equine teeth he referred to -_Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_). The other species were identified as -_Smilodon floridanus_, _Elephas columbi_, and (with some doubt) -_Procamelus minimus_. For conclusions regarding the geology of the -locality see page 378. - -9. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer has examined 2 fossil -horse-teeth found near Dunnellon, now the property of the Florida -Geological Survey. No. 1366 is from the Camp Phosphate Company’s Blue -Run mine. It is a first or second upper molar, worn down to a height of -only an inch and having a grinding-surface 26 mm. long and 25 mm. wide -and with a protocone 12 mm. long fore-and-aft. No. 1444, also a first or -second upper molar, has a height of 47 mm., a length of 24 mm., a width -of 23 mm., and a protocone of 11.5 mm. The enamel of the lakes is much -plicated. The teeth are identified as those of _Equus leidyi_. No. 1444 -has been figured by Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 111, -fig. 40) and described as dredged from the Schilmann and Bene river -mine, on Withlacoochee River. - -On page 376, under the geology of Florida, will be found a list of the -species obtained at Dunnellon and the surrounding region. In this list -is included _Parahippus_ sp. indet. and _Hipparion plicatile_. Dr. -Sellards believes that many species of that list belong to the -Pleistocene. The horse-like species, the rhinoceros, and the camel are -held by him as being older than the Pleistocene. - -10. _Hernando, Citrus County._—At this place have been secured -_Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Hipparion_ sp. indet., and _Procamelus_ sp. -indet., all from the phosphate deposits and referred by Sellards to the -Upper Miocene or the Lower Pliocene. - -11. _Holder, Citrus County._—In the collection of Dr. H. G. Bystra, of -Holden, is a fossil horse-tooth dredged from Withlacoochee River, in -section 29, township 17 south, range 19 east. The species to which the -tooth belonged has not been determined. - -12. _Orange County._—The writer has seen, in the collection of the -Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, an upper right last molar -of Equus, labeled as found in the county named. Nothing more is known by -the writer about the tooth. - -13. _Eau Gallie, Brevard County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 105), Sellards stated that at this place, in the Hopkins -drainage canal, had been collected teeth of _Elephas columbi_ and _Equus -complicatus_. - -14. _Kingsford, Polk County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 3 -horse-teeth collected in 1903 by Mr. Juan C. Edmundoz, from some of the -phosphate mines in the region about Kingsford. Although most of the -fossils from these mines have been supposed to belong to the late -Miocene or early Pliocene, these horse-teeth are certainly of -Pleistocene age. One tooth, No. 8620, is an upper right true molar, -either the first or the second. It is worn down to about half its -original length. The length of the grinding-surface is 25 mm.; its width -is 26 mm. The enamel surrounding the lakes is extremely complicated. -Another tooth, No. 8619, is a right hindermost molar with the protocone -missing. A third tooth, No. 8618, is a little-worn lower molar, probably -the second. The height is 83 mm., the length 25 mm., width 14 mm. The -teeth are to be referred to _Equus leidyi_. - -15. _Brewster, Polk County._—In volume VIII of the Florida Geological -Survey, pages 95, 96, Dr. Sellards states that from the phosphate mines -at Brewster have been obtained teeth of _Hipparion minor_. A list of the -associated species is to be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene -geology of Florida on page 380. - -16. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—In the American Museum of Natural -History, New York, is a collection of 10 teeth of _Equus_, said to have -been dredged in Alafia River. Some belong to _E. leidyi_. One, a right -third or fourth upper premolar worn down to a height of 40 mm., has -still a length of 30 mm. and a width of 27 mm.; apparently it belongs to -_E. complicatus_. The writer has described an extinct species of -box-tortoise, _Terrapene putnami_ (Fossil Turtles, N. A., p. 360) -dredged by Professor F. W. Putnam in Alafia River about a mile above its -entrance into Tampa Bay. With the bone, which forms the type of the -species, were dredged a peripheral bone of a _Testudo_, possibly _T. -crassiscutata_, and remains of horses and tapirs. It is pretty certain -that the 10 teeth above mentioned were secured by Professor Putnam. - -In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, is a part of a lower right -premolar of _Equus_, apparently _E. leidyi_, said to have been found -near Tampa Bay. - -17. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—At several places about the mouth of -Manatee River have been found relics of fossil horses. Mr. Ernest -Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent to the U. S. National Museum for -identification some teeth found in Manatee River, others in Terra Ceia -Bay. The teeth are all well fossilized; some are upper teeth, others -belong below. The writer regards them as belonging to _Equus leidyi_. - -In the same museum are 2 lower right true molars, a second and a third, -sent from Manatee by Mr. N. B. Moore. The teeth are moderately worn. The -length of the grinding-surface of the hindermost molar is only 23 mm., -the width 12 mm. They must have belonged to a small horse and are -referred to _Equus littoralis_. - -From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received in February -1921, several teeth of _Equus leidyi_, 2 of _E. complicatus_, and 1 of -_E. littoralis_, which had been washed up on the beach at Palma Sola, -about 10 miles below Palmetto. With these teeth came parts of antlers of -a deer, a part of a metacarpal and an astragalus of _Bison latifrons?_, -a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, a part of a tooth of -_Elephas columbi_, a fragment or two of a terrapin (_Trachemys_ sp. -indet.), a fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle, and teeth -of sharks. The porpoise and the sharks, also a part of a metapodial of a -camel, may belong to Miocene or Pliocene deposits near the locality. - -18. _Sarasota Bay, Sarasota County._—The region a little further south -than Manatee River has furnished remains of extinct horses. Sellards -(7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 112, fig. 47) has figured a lower -tooth of a large horse, found by Mr. Joseph Willcox, at White Beach, on -Sarasota Bay. Inasmuch as the fore-and-aft dimension of the tooth is 30 -mm., it very probably belonged to _Equus complicatus_. Mr. Willcox has -submitted to the writer 2 large lower teeth, regarded as belonging to -the species just mentioned. Another lower tooth, apparently a third or -fourth lower premolar, found on the same beach, has the fore-and-aft -dimension only 26 mm., the width 15 mm. This is referred to _Equus -leidyi_. At Blackburn’s place, 12 miles south of White Beach, Mr. -Willcox secured a tooth of _Equus_ apparently little worn. The height is -83 mm., the length at the summit 28 mm., but a little further down only -26 mm.; the width 12 mm. This tooth is to be referred to _Equus leidyi_. - -In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are 7 teeth of -_Equus_, collected in 1911 by Mr. Barnum Brown at a place 8 miles -southeast of Sarasota. They appear to belong to the Florida horse of -medium size, _Equus leidyi_. - -19. _Calvenia, Hardee County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 4838) -is an upper right last molar of a horse labeled as found near the mouth -of Charlie Apopka Creek and as having been presented by Captain Le Baron -through L. C. Johnson. The tooth belongs to _Equus leidyi_. Another -tooth found at the same place, at the same time (December 16, 1883), and -presented in the same way, is a lower grinder. The height is 75 mm., the -length, 27 mm., the thickness 12.3 mm. It is to be referred to _E. -leidyi_. - -20. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—Many remains of horses, especially teeth, -have been collected at and near this place, by Mr. Joseph Willcox, on a -sand-bar at Arcadia being explored for phosphate. The first published -description of these remains appears to be that of Leidy in 1889 (Trans. -Wagner Inst., II, p. 19). Leidy had at hand 17 upper molars, 2 lower -molars, and 2 incisors. He was, at that time, uncertain whether these -teeth pertained to an indigenous species of _Equus_ or to the domestic -horse. The manager of the Arcadia Phosphate Company, Mr. T. S. Moorhead, -informed Mr. Willcox that the main source of the materials of the bar -extended for miles along the shores of Peace Creek and was about 8 feet -thick. - -Among the materials examined by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1890, p. 182) was a tooth which he regarded as belonging to _Equus -major_ (=_E. complicatus_), but, on the suggestion of Professor Cope, he -described and figured as _Hippotherium princeps_. Later, Lucas (Trans. -cit., vol. IV, p. 49, plate XIX, figs. 12, 13) concluded that Leidy’s -first opinion was correct. The tooth is abnormal in having the column of -the protocone free from the other cusps of the tooth for a short -distance from the grinding-surface. In Bulletin No. 84 (p. 129) of the -U. S. Geological Survey, Leidy referred the Peace Creek horses to his -_Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_), and it is found that in size and other -respects the type of _Hippotherium princeps_ agrees with this species. -It is retained, however, as _Equus princeps_. - -In the U. S. National Museum are 6 teeth collected on Peace Creek, -probably not far from Arcadia, which all apparently belong to E. leidyi. -J. W. Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, 1901, p. 121) -stated that there is in the American Museum a tooth from Peace Creek, -much too small to be referred to any species at that time reported from -the United States, but resembling closely _Equus tau_, from Mexico. This -tooth probably belongs to _Equus littoralis_. - -Besides the horses of the genus _Equus_, there have been found at or -near Arcadia the 3–toed horse _Hipparion ingenuum_. Whether this is to -be referred with the great majority of the fossils found in this region -to the Aftonian fauna of the first interglacial or to the Nebraskan -stage it is impossible to say. - -21. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Numerous remains of extinct horses have -been found here, but they always consist of single bones or teeth, -sometimes in fine condition, sometimes somewhat water-worn. The remains -occur in both deposits, designated as No. 2 and No. 3, but in the latter -the materials are more fragmentary and not specifically identifiable. -Sellards has figured some of the teeth in his seventh Annual Report -(1915, pp. 110, 111, figs. 40–43). In his eighth report, on page 149, he -has recognized the occurrence here of 3 species, _Equus complicatus_, -_E. leidyi_, and _E. littoralis_. - -The writer has examined a large canine tooth found in the stratum of -sand, No. 2. From its size it is referred to _Equus complicatus_. Its -fore-and-aft diameter is 14 mm. Another tooth from the stratum, an upper -right third true molar, finely preserved and retaining some of the -cement, is regarded as belonging to _E. leidyi_. Two lower teeth from -No. 2 are water-worn, but retain their structure. The fore-and-aft -diameter of each is 21 mm. They must have belonged to the little horse -called _E. littoralis_. A fragment of an upper tooth is referred to this -species. It is not water-worn, but has been split from the crown to the -root. A hinder first phalangeal bone found in the canal (No. 1802 of the -Florida Geological Survey) is 96 mm. long. This indicates a horse as -large as our ordinary domestic horses and it probably belonged to _Equus -complicatus_. - -22. _Labelle, Lee County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. -17), Leidy stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had obtained, from a Pliocene -shell-bed on Caloosahatchee River, some remains of a fossil horse, -consisting of two cervical vertebræ and a part of a lower jaw, which -contained the first and second molar teeth. These teeth are probably -what would be called premolars 2 and 3. Leidy referred the remains to -his _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_). - -Dall (Bull. No. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) stated that _Equus -fraternus_, _Bison latifrons_, and _Elephas columbi_ were found in -Pliocene beds on the Caloosahatchee, but Sellards (8th Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 102) corrects this error as to the age. - -The writer has received a letter from Mr. Willcox in which he states -that the fragment of lower jaw was found about 2 or 3 miles below -Labelle. - -23. _Palm Beach, Palm Beach County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards wrote that Mr. J. L. Hayes had secured -for the Florida State Geological Survey, from the Palm Beach Canal, -teeth of _Elephas columbi_ and _Equus complicatus_ and a femur of a -species of _Bison_. - - - ALABAMA. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Newbern, Hale County._—In August 1914, there was received at the U. -S. National Museum, from Mr. J. W. White, of Newbern, a lower left first -incisor of a horse. This, with a lower molar of a species of _Bison_, -had been found in a creek. The incisor is somewhat worn, but still -retained a part of the cup. The grinding-face is 14 mm. from side to -side. The species can not be determined. - -2. _Bogue Chitto, Dallas County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an -upper right true molar, first or second, of a horse, found at this place -in 1883, by L. C. Johnson, of the U. S. Geological Survey. The tooth is -identified as that of _Equus leidyi_. The enamel is much crenated. At -the same place was found a tooth (a lower molar) of _Elephas imperator_, -and teeth of _Mammut americanum_. It seems to the writer that the -presence of these species indicates that the deposits along Bogue Chitto -belong to the early part of the Pleistocene, about equivalent to the -Aftonian. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Orizaba, Tippah County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 1907) is -a fossil tooth of a horse, a third or fourth right premolar, found -apparently not far from this little town. It is labeled as having been -picked up at Lander’s mill, 9 miles south of Ripley, on Cane Creek, out -of débris of Cretaceous marl, and given to Dr. T. E. Stanton. How it -came to be mingled with the marl is not known. The tooth is only -moderately worn, the height being 75 mm. The length of the -grinding-surface is 28 mm., the width 27 mm. It has the enamel unusually -strongly folded. The tooth is referred provisionally to _Equus leidyi_. - -2. _Natchez, Adams County._—Elsewhere will be found an account of the -discovery of fossil vertebrates near Natchez by Dr. M. W. Dickerson (p. -390), among which were found horse-teeth, referred to two species. One -of these horses, represented, as supposed, by 12 teeth, was at first -called by Leidy _Equus americanus_ (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, -vol. III, p. 265, plate II); but later _Equus complicatus_ (Proc. cit., -1858, p. 11). In 1901 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 109, -fig. 7), Gidley selected one of the teeth, that of Leidy’s plate II, -figs. 1, 6, referred to above, as the special type of the species _Equus -complicatus_. These Natchez teeth are now in the collection of the -Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. - -Some of the teeth from Natchez were described by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s -Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina, pp. 100–105, plate XV, figs. -11–15, plate XVI, figs. 24–26, 30, 31) as _Equus complicatus_. Others -(pp. 100105, plate XV, figs. 17, 18, plate XVI, fig. 27) were referred -to a hitherto unrecognized species _Equus fraternus_. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 17. Figure 23.) - -1. _Rogersville, Hawkins County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 520) -is a single horse-tooth found many years ago in a crevice in a marble -quarry at this place. It is referred by the writer to _Equus leidyi_ -(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 84). With it were sent a canine -tooth and a few bones of a peccary, described as _Mylohyus setiger_ (p. -394). - -2. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In 1885 Mr. Ira Sayles collected at -this place a lot of bones and teeth of vertebrates, described by the -present writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 87). Among them is -an upper right second premolar of a horse, identified as _Equus leidyi_. -A list of the species will be found on page 395. _E. littoralis_ also is -present. - -3. _Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County._—In the American Museum of -Natural History, New York, is an upper second molar tooth brought from -Lookout Mountain (Gidley, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. -121). Under what conditions this tooth was found have not been recorded. -It belongs probably to the species _Equus littoralis_. - -4. _Nashville, Davidson County._—From William Edward Myer, of Nashville, -Tennessee, the writer received, June 26, 1920, some fossils collected -near Nashville, about 300 yards upstream from Lock A, in Cumberland -River, at a depth of nearly 30 feet beneath a bank of gravel. Below this -gravel is a bed of sand apparently 2 or 3 feet thick and this is -underlain by another bed of gravel apparently about 2 feet thick. This -itself lies on bed-rock at about the level of low water in the river. In -the lower gravel were found a lower molar of _Equus leidyi_, a part of a -left femur of a large horse, and an antler of a small undetermined and -probably undescribed deer. In the layer of sand were discovered a heel -bone of a camel, a part of a tooth of a young mastodon, and some -fragments of turtle bones. The equine tooth belongs to the right side. -It has a height of about 80 mm., a length of 28 mm. on the -grinding-surface, and a width of 16 mm. It is black, and like the others -thoroughly fossilized. - -The fragment of femur appears to have belonged to a horse perhaps larger -than _Equus leidyi_. It begins at the lower border of the third -trochanter and descends to the lower part of the deep fossa for the -plantaris muscle. Immediately above the fossa the side-to-side diameter -of the bone is 50 mm., the fore-and-aft 60 mm. In a horse of medium size -these diameters are respectively 45 mm. and 53 mm. - -Later there was discovered at the same locality the upper two-thirds of -the right metatarsal. The fragment is 230 mm. long. The upper articular -end is somewhat injured; 75 mm. below the upper end the fore-and-aft -diameter is 45 mm., the side-to-side diameter 38 mm. The latter diameter -was somewhat greater, as the bone appears to be slightly crushed. The -specimen is referred to _Equus complicatus_. Probably the femur -mentioned above belonged to this species. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 17.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In their report published in 1831 -(Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XX, p. 371), Cooper, Smith, and Dekay reported -they found in the collection from this place large teeth and bones of a -horse. They regarded these as being of equal antiquity with the extinct -animals associated with them. In 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -vol. III, p. 263, 264) Leidy stated that there were in the Academy 10 -permanent molars of a horse from Bigbone Lick. These he referred to -_Equus curvidens_. In 1853 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. -263) he wrote that several teeth supposed to have come from this -locality had possibly been obtained elsewhere. - -In 1851 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 140), he spoke of foot-bones -of the horse, a calcaneum and first phalanx, from the same place. In -1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 104), Leidy -mentioned several horse-bones from Bigbone Lick presented to the -American Philosophical Society by President Jefferson. In Rochester -University are 2 hoof phalanges labeled from Bigbone Lick. Osborn (“Age -of Mammals,” p. 478) puts down _Equus_ from Bigbone Lick as being -doubtful. There appears to be no good reason for this. - -The remains of horses from this locality appear all to belong to _Equus -complicatus_. - -2. _Monday’s Landing, Mercer County._—From Professor Arthur M. Miller, -of the University of Kentucky, the writer has received for examination a -much-worn upper left molar or premolar of a horse found at the place -named. It was met with in a fissure filled with crystallized calcite, -near the bank of Kentucky River. The vein of calcite was about 6 feet -wide. Similar veins at this locality have been worked down to a depth of -200 or 300 feet. A part of a lower jaw of a deer-like animal was found -in one of these veins. The horse-tooth is badly worn, but it appears to -have belonged to a small species, the fore-and-aft length of the crown -being only 19 mm. The enamel of the anterior lake is considerably -complicated. It is impossible, from the lack of other fossil remains, to -determine the geological age of this horse. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE TAPIRIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—In 1871, Wheatley announced (Amer. -Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, p. 384) that he had discovered in the Port -Kennedy bone cave 2 species of tapirs (_Tapirus americanus_ and _T. -haysii_). In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. II, p. 253), Cope -stated that remains of 35 or more tapirs had been discovered in this -cave. He referred all to _T. haysii_. These tapirs will be mentioned -again on page 312, where the geological relations of the cave and its -contents are considered. - -2. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908, Dr. W. J. Holland reported (Ann. -Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. 231) found in a bone cave at Frankstown the -third and fourth lower premolars of a tapir about the size of _Tapir -americanus_, which name is a synonym of _T. terrestris_. This will be -mentioned in the discussion of the geology of the region on page 321. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 19, 36.) - -1. _New Salisbury?, Columbiana County._—Somewhere in the region probably -of the town named was found, about 1850, a jaw of a tapir, apparently -mentioned first by Louis Agassiz (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. V, -1851, p. 179), who referred to it as a jaw of a pachyderm. Leidy, in -1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 107), -reported that he had studied a much-mutilated fragment of the lower jaw -of the smaller variety of the extinct tapir, which had belonged to -Professor J. Brainerd, of Cleveland. It had been found in the valley of -Yellow Creek, in Columbiana County, in an erosion of the coal series. It -was covered with 30 feet of clay, at a height of 186 feet above -low-water in Ohio River. Charles Whittlesey, in 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. -Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), stated that this specimen was taken -from “valley drift,” of Yellow Creek, in Columbiana County, by Mr. E. -White, C. E., in a cut of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Inasmuch as Yellow -Creek itself does not enter the county named, reference must be to what -is called, on the topographical sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey, -North Fork of Yellow Creek. The railroad follows this creek for many -miles in the county. The town of New Salisbury is taken as being -probably not far from the locality. It is not known what became of this -specimen, nor is it possible to say to which species it belonged. It is -to be referred probably to the Sangamon stage. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—Tapir remains have been found at -only one place in Indiana, viz, in the banks of the Ohio River at the -mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. A single lower -hinder molar formed part of a collection made by Mr. Francis A. Lincke -and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199). -This tooth was figured by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils -of South Carolina,” p. 107, plate XVII, figs. 9, 10) under the name -_Tapirus haysii_. Associated with the tooth were remains of _Megalonyx -jeffersonii_, a bison of probably an extinct species, the Virginia deer, -the horse known as _Equus complicatus_, and the large extinct wolf -_Ænocyon dirus_. - -On page 32 is discussed the probable age of the bone-bed which contained -the animals named above. It is concluded that the age is possibly the -Aftonian, but more probably the Sangamon. This species of tapir has been -found at Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, between Louisville and Cincinnati, in -deposits containing _Equus complicatus_, 2 extinct species of _Bison_, -deer, etc. The deposits lie on Illinoian drift and are in part, at -least, of Sangamon age. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a crevice in limestone rock, at -a point about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, Mr. J. W. Gidley -found a tooth of a tapir. The tooth has never been specifically -identified. A list of the associated species, as far as determined, will -be given on page 350. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, -p. 176), Cope announced the discovery of several lower molars of a tapir -in what he regarded as cave breccia, along New River. These teeth he -found to be somewhat larger than those of _T. terrestris_, the Central -and South American species, and he referred them to _Tapirus haysii_. A -list of the species found here is given on page 353. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene -Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 106, plate XVII, figs. 2, 3), Leidy -described briefly and figured 2 injured upper cheek-teeth of a tapir -found in the Pleistocene of Ashley River, and referred by him to -_Tapirus americanus fossilis_, on the supposition that they were not -different from those of the existing South American tapir, but larger. -The larger of the two teeth (fig. 2) appears to have had a fore-and-aft -diameter of about 29 mm. It seems, therefore, to belong to Leidy’s -species _Tapirus haysii_. Under the same name, _T. americanus fossilis_, -Leidy illustrated (figs. 11, 12) a lower molar found on Ashley River. -This appears to be too small to have belonged to _T. haysii_. Instead, -however, of referring it to _T. americanus_ (=_T. terrestris_) it may -possibly be found to belong to _T. veroensis_ Sellards, the lower molars -of which are not certainly known. The length of the tooth figured by -Leidy is that of a second molar of _T. terrestris_, but the width is -greater than in the latter. - -In the Charleston Museum is a part of a left ramus of the lower jaw of a -tapir likewise referred to _T. veroensis_ Sellards. This fragment -contains all 3 of the true molars. The following measurements were -secured: - - _Measurements, in millimeters, of lower molars of tapirs in the - Charleston Museum._ - - ┌───────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ - │ │ Tapirus │ │ - │ │ veroensis? │Tapirus haysii.│ - ├───────────────────────────────┼───────┬───────┼───────┬───────┤ - │ │Length.│Width. │Length.│Width. │ - ├───────────────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ - │Length of all 3 molars combined│66 │ │79 │ │ - │First molar │20 │17 │25 │28 │ - │Second molar │23 │18.5 │26 │31.5 │ - │Third molar │24 │18 │28 │32 │ - └───────────────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘ - -In the collection of Charles C. Pinckney, at Lambs, South Carolina, are -2 tapir teeth, one of which is an upper molar, not yet come into use, -apparently the last tooth of the right side. The length of the crown is -25.5 mm., the width in front 27.5 mm., behind about 23 mm. In front is a -pretty strong cingulum, but there is none behind. This tooth is referred -to _Tapirus haysii_. - -In the Scanlan collection from Charleston, now the property of Yale -University, are various specimens of tapirs. An upper left second molar -is slightly worn. The length is 24 mm., the width 30 mm. The outer -border of the crown makes a right angle with the anterior border; in _T. -terrestris_ the outer anterior corner is considerably less than a right -angle. In the latter the hinder faces of the protocone and of the -hypocone are concave; in the tooth here described both hinder faces are -swollen, and the crests appear more depressed than in _T. terrestris_. -It is regarded as belonging to _T. haysii_. - -In the Scanlan collection are 3 lower molars which the writer refers to -_T. haysii_. The following are the measurements: - - _Measurements, in millimeters, of lower molars of tapirs in the - Scanlan collection._ - - ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────┬───────┐ - │ │Length.│Width. │ - ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────┼───────┤ - │Left third? molar, with the rear cingulum broken off│28± │22.5 │ - │Left second molar │25.5 │21 │ - │Right second molar │27 │21 │ - └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────┴───────┘ - -In the Scanlan collection is a fragment of the left maxilla with 4 -teeth, the last premolar and the 3 molars. The specimen resembles figure -1 of Leidy’s plate XVII of Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South -Carolina.” The teeth of the Scanlan specimens are, however, less worn. -The hinder molar had not yet come through the gum. The specimen is -referred to _T. terrestris_. The following are the measurements: - - _Measurements, in millimeters, of upper teeth of Tapirus terrestris._ - - ┌─────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ - │ Tooth. │ Tapir from Charleston. │ T. terrestris, U. S. Nat. │ - │ │ │ Mus. No. 238110 │ - ├─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┤ - │ │ Length. │ Width. │ Length. │ Width. │ - ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ - │ Pm^1 │19 │24.5 │19 │25 │ - │ M^1 │20 │25.5 │21 │23 │ - │ M^2 │22.5 │28 │23.5 │27 │ - │ M^3 │24.5 │27.5 │25.5 │26 │ - └─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘ - -The molar teeth have an acute angle between the anterior and the outer -borders, and the front and the hinder faces of the protocone and the -hypocone are not so swollen as in the tooth referred to _T. haysii_. In -apparently every respect the teeth of the fossil agree with the teeth of -_Tapirus terrestris_ from Brazil. It is to be hoped that before long a -good skull of the Pleistocene tapir whose teeth so closely resemble -those of _T. terrestris_ will be discovered. If the two prove to be the -same species it will seem that only the descendants of those which -migrated to North America perished during the Glacial period. - -There is another tooth, an upper left second molar, of _T. terrestris_ -in the Scanlan collection; also the rear half of an upper molar labeled -as coming from Bull River. Other fragments of teeth are recorded as -coming from Ashley River. - -In the Charleston Museum (No. 13495) is a part of the left ramus of the -lower jaw with the 3 molars. On measurement it is found that the teeth -and jaw agree closely with those of _T. terrestris_. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological -Survey of Georgia, Mr. J. W. Gidley published a list of species of -vertebrate fossils which belong to the State collection at Atlanta, -secured during some dredging operations at Brunswick. This list, with -modifications, is incorporated in that presented on page 370. Among the -fossils examined by Gidley, a tooth was recognized as that of _Tapirus -haysii_. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Neals, Alachua County._—Through the kindness of Dr. E. H. Sellards, -State geologist of Florida, the writer has been permitted to examine -various teeth (No. 1186, Florida Geological Survey) taken from the T. A. -Thompson phosphate mines at Neals. Among these is a lower left milk -molar of a tapir. The length of the crown is 21 mm., the width at the -front lobe 14 mm., at the hinder lobe 12.5 mm. The buttresses are well -developed. The tooth may be provisionally referred to _Tapirus -terrestris_, yet living in Brazil. Although this tooth was found in -phosphate materials, it seemed to Dr. Sellards more probable that it was -an intrusion from Pleistocene deposits. The present writer refers the -Alachua clays to the Nebraskan stage of the Pleistocene. Sellards has -referred to this tooth in his Eighth Annual Report, 1916, p. 94. - -2. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1884 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1884, p. 119), Leidy briefly described a tooth of a tapir found by Dr. -J. C. Neal, of Archer, Florida. This is now in the U. S. National -Museum, No. 3329. The tooth is the third premolar of the left side, -implanted in a fragment of maxilla. The crown is 23 mm. long and 27 mm. -wide. Leidy stated that it differed neither in form nor size from the -corresponding tooth of the living _Tapirus americanus_ (_T. -terrestris_); but in a specimen of this the corresponding tooth is only -18.5 mm. long and 25 mm. wide. The fossil agrees in size with the same -tooth of _T. haysii_ from the Port Kennedy Cave in Pennsylvania (Hay, -Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXIII, p. 593). With this tooth had been found -teeth of a young mastodon, remains of several individuals of a species -of rhinoceros, some foot-bones of a llama, a calcaneum which Leidy -thought possibly belonged to the extinct _Cervus americanus_ (_Cervalces -scotti_), and vertebral centra of a small crocodile. The cervalces was -afterwards dropped from the lists. These remains had been found in a bed -of clay, occupying a ridge in a pine forest. The deposits are now known -as the Alachua clays, and they, as well as the contained fossils, will -be discussed on page 375. The tapir remains are not included in Leidy’s -list given in Bulletin 84 of the U. S. Geological Survey. - -3. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer has examined a number of tapir -teeth found in phosphate beds in Withlacoochee River, at Dunnellon. From -the Florida geological survey an upper left second premolar (No. 1440) -has been received which is considerably larger than the corresponding -tooth of _Tapirus terrestris_ and presents other peculiarities. It may -have belonged to _T. haysii_. An upper second true molar (No. 1440) has -the crown 23 mm. long, 27 mm. wide across the front lobe, and 23 mm. -across the hinder lobe. The corresponding dimensions of a specimen of -_T. terrestris_ from Surinam are 24 mm., 25.5 mm., and 21.5 mm. A tooth -(No. 1378) which appears to be the lower left second molar is 22.5 mm. -long, 19 mm. wide in front, and 20 mm. wide behind. The corresponding -measurements of _T. terrestris_ are 22.5 mm., 18.5 mm., and 17.5 mm. The -buttresses which descend from the outer ends of the crests of the fossil -tooth are not so strongly developed as in _T. terrestris_. Probably -these teeth belong to an undescribed species. An upper molar having a -length of 23 mm. has been shown the writer by Dr. L. W. Stephenson; it -was found in phosphate deposits at Dunnellon and sent to him by Sister -M. Catherine, of St. Joseph’s Academy, at St. Augustine. - -4. _Near Ocala, Marion County._—Mr. J. D. Robertson, of Ocala, presented -to the National Museum a tooth of a tapir, found in phosphate deposits a -few miles from Ocala, section 5, township 15 south, range 23 east. - -5. _Tampa, Hillsboro County._—In the collection of fossils, at -Vanderbilt University, made from the phosphate-producing beds in -Hillsboro County, is part of the left ramus of a lower jaw of a tapir -containing the first and second true molars. The first molar has a -length of 24 mm. and a width of 20 mm. in front. This is smaller than -the corresponding tooth of _T. terrestris_ and near that supposed to -belong to _T. veroensis_. The second molar has lost its hinder crest. -Under the first molar the jaw is 54 mm. deep and 37 mm. thick. - -The writer (Fossil Turtles of North America, p. 361) reported the -finding of tapir teeth in Alafia River, in this county. - -6. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—At this important locality remains of -tapirs have been found in the bed of sands known as No. 2, and likewise -in the bed of muck mentioned in discussions of the locality as No. 3. -From the latter have been secured parts of 2 lower jaws and a number of -detached teeth (Sellards, 8th Ann. Rep., p. 149). One at least of these -(No. 6943) appears to belong to _Tapirus haysii_. From No. 2 Dr. -Sellards has obtained a nearly complete skull of a tapir, described -(10th and 11th Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv., p. 57, plates I-IV) as -_Tapirus veroensis_. From the same stratum he (8th Ann. Rep., p. 139) -secured a part of a tooth which he referred with some doubt to _T. -haysii_. - -7. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free -Inst., vol. II, p. 19) stated he had examined 3 crowns of upper molars -and fragments of others. In no way did he find them differing from those -of the South American tapir, _T. americanus_ (_T. terrestris_). On page -380 will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils found in this -vicinity. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In 1849 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. -IV, p. 182), Dr. Leidy wrote that there was in the collection of the -Academy a tooth of a tapir discovered by Dr. M. W. Dickeson near -Natchez. It had been found in association with remains of the mastodon -and the horse _Equus americanus_ (=_E. complicatus_). The tooth was -pronounced a lower molar of the left side, apparently the third milk -molar, and was referred to _Tapirus americanus fossilis_; that is, it -was looked upon as a fossil tooth of the existing South American tapir. -The molar was mentioned by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene -Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 106). The writer has seen this tooth in -the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. - -In 1852 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, p. 148), Leidy called -the attention of the Academy to a fragment of a left lower jaw with 2 -teeth of a tapir found in the Pleistocene near Natchez and sent to Leidy -by the geologist B. L. C. Wailles. It was referred to _Tapirus haysii_. -This specimen was figured and described by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s -“Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 107, plate XVII, figs. 4, -5). Wailles mentioned this jaw in his work (Agric. Geol. Mississippi, -1854, p. 285), and stated that it was found in a ravine on Pine Ridge, -which runs through townships 7 and 8, range 3 west, about 6 miles north -of Natchez. - -In a list (furnished by Dr. Joseph Leidy) of fossil mammals found in the -Pleistocene of Mississippi, 2 species of tapirs are included, viz, -_Tapirus americanus_ (=_T. terrestris_) and _T. haysii_ (Wailles, op. -cit., p. 286; Hilgard, Agric. Geol. Mississippi, 1860, p. 196). The -associated species will be listed on page 391. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 19. Figure 23.) - -1. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -collection of bones and teeth of several species of vertebrates, made in -what may once have been the floor of a cave, near the village mentioned. -On page 395 will be found a list of the species. Among the remains are -10 teeth, in fine preservation, of a young tapir, described by the -writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 88, plate III, figs. 4 to -11), and made the type of a new species, _Tapirus tennesseæ_. - -2. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—On the left bank of Dumplin (or -Dumpling) Creek, about 5 miles above its entrance into French Broad -River, and apparently about as many miles northwest from Dandridge, is a -cavern known as Zirkel’s Cave. Dr. H. C. Mercer briefly described (Dept. -Amer. and Prehist. Archæology, Univ. Penn., 1896) his investigation of -the cave. He reported the finding of remains of tapir, peccary, bear, -and small rodents; but these were not specifically determined. - -3. _Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County._—In 1894 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. -XXVIII, p. 356), Mercer reported that he had found teeth of a tapir in a -cave on Lookout Mountain. Cope, on page 597 of the same volume, -identified these teeth as those of _T. haysii_. With them was found a -bone, thought to belong to a mylodon. - -According to a letter received by the writer from Dr. Mercer, the tapir -specimen consisted of a lower right ramus, 1 left incisor, and 5 molars. -The teeth appear all to have been loose and the jawbone was broken into -about 8 fragments. The cave and its contents will be discussed on page -398. - -4. _Bristol, Sullivan County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 2 tapir -teeth in a fragment of the left maxilla. These are the fourth premolar -and the first molar, both considerably worn. The size of these teeth -indicates that they belong to _Tapirus haysii_. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 19.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The evidences for the occurrence of a -species of tapir at this place are not as convincing as might be -desired. In 1852, Dr. I. Hays (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, p. -53) presented to the Academy a tooth of a tapir which he had had in his -possession two years and which was said by him to have come from the bed -of a canal in North Carolina. This tooth was named by Leidy _Tapirus -haysii_ on page 106 of the volume cited and again on page 148, but -without description. It was again mentioned by him in 1853 (Jour. Acad. -Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 201) and again without description. In -1860, Leidy (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 106, -plate XVI, figs. 7, 8) described and figured the tooth and stated that -it was supposed to have come from Bigbone Lick. Which of the statements -was correct the writer does not know. - -2. _Stamping Ground, Scott County._—In 1910 the writer received for -examination from Professor Arthur M. Miller, professor of geology in the -State University at Lexington, Kentucky, a part of a lower jaw of -_Tapirus haysii_, found between the town named and Georgetown, in the -bottom of a filled-up sink-hole encountered in lead-mining operations, -on McConnell’s Run. In this specimen all the molars are complete and the -roots of the 3 hinder premolars are present. - -3. _Yarnallton, Fayette County._—From Professor Miller there was -received with the specimen above described pieces of the jaws of -_Tapirus haysii_, discovered in an old stream-deposit at the place -named. A fragment of a lower jaw was sent; also a piece of a right -maxilla, with the anterior true molar complete and parts of the second -molar and of the hindermost premolar. Some other parts of the skeleton -were found, but they seem not to have been cared for. - - - - - FINDS OF RHINOCEROSES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - FLORIDA. - -1. _Archer, Alachua County._—Two species of rhinoceros have been -described from this locality. In 1884 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. -118), Dr. Joseph Leidy reported the discovery, with other fossils, of -remains of a species of the genus _Rhinoceros_ in Alachua clays, but he -gave it no name. This was, however, done in 1885 (same Proceedings, -1885, p. 32). In 1896, after the death of Leidy, his unfinished paper, -completed and edited by Professor F. A. Lucas, was published (Trans. -Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. IV, p. 41 seq., with numerous figures). -This species is now referred to _Teleoceras_, as _Teleoceras proterus_. - -In 1890 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 94), Leidy described -another species which he called _Rhinoceros longipes_, from the same -place and deposit. This species is now called _Aphelops longipes_. - -These species are usually credited to the Upper Miocene or Lower -Pliocene. The reader is referred to page 376, where the geological -position of these beds is discussed. - -2. _Williston, Levy County._—In his list of 1892 (Bull. U. S. Geol. -Surv., No. 84, p. 129), furnished by Leidy, W. H. Dall included -_Rhinoceros proterus_ among the fossils found at Mixon’s, near the -village of Williston. - -3. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In 1913 (5th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 58), Dr. E. H. Sellards stated that some remains of a -rhinoceros had been found in the mines worked along Withlacoochee River, -in the region about Dunnellon. In volume VIII of the Florida Survey, -page 94, _Aphelops malacorhinus_ (=_A. longipes_) is included among the -fossils found in the Dunnellon formation. It is not included in his list -of Pleistocene species found in the Withlacoochee River (Florida Geol. -Surv., vol. VIII, p. 104). This was doubtless because he regarded it as -belonging to an earlier formation. - -4. _Mulberry, Polk County._—In 1915 (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., -p. 72), Sellards stated that a tooth of _Teleoceras fossiger_ (in the -present work recognized as _T. proterus_) had been discovered in the -Bone Valley phosphate formation, at the place named. As in other cases, -the Bone Valley formation was referred to the Late Tertiary. - -5. _Brewster, Polk County._—In the volume last referred to, on page 72, -Sellards mentions parts of jaws and teeth found in a phosphate mine at -Brewster which are different from those of _Teleoceras proterus_. Some -of these are figured by Sellards on his pages 107 and 108. They have not -been specifically or generically determined. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE PECCARIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Rochester, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., vol. -II, pp. 33–40), Leidy described and figured a skull of _Platygonus -compressus_, purchased of Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, at -Rochester, and said to have been found in a gravel bank in a railroad -excavation, a few miles from Rochester. This skull was a part of 2 -incomplete skeletons found lying together. - -The writer received word from Professor Henry L. Ward, director of the -Milwaukee Public Museum, that he recollects that, when a small boy, -about 1873 or 1874, he went with his father, Henry A. Ward, to some -point on the New York Central Railroad, where peccary remains had been -found. He thinks the place was at or near Pittsford. Dr. F. A. Lucas, -director of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, then in -the employ of the elder Ward, writes that the place was at Pittsford, -and in a gravel bank being worked by the railroad company to obtain -materials for a fill. The exact depth at which the bones were found is -not recalled, but it was not great. - -The locality, according to Fairchild’s plate 42 (Bull. 127, State Mus., -New York), is on the predecessor of Irondequoit Bay, extending out from -Lake Iroquois. The peccaries possibly lived rather early in the late -Wisconsin stage; but more probably their time of existence was -considerably later, when the climate had become milder. - -2. _Gainesville, Wyoming County._—From Mr. C. A. Hartnagel, assistant -State geologist of New York, the writer received notice of the -discovery, in 1914, of the remains of 2 peccaries at a point about -one-third of a mile northwest of Gainesville. The remains consist of 2 -nearly complete skulls, parts of 5 ribs, 2 scapulæ, 2 metacarpals, 1 -innominate bone, 1 ilium, 1 radius, 1 ulna, and 2 tibiæ. These have been -identified by Dr. John M. Clarke as belonging to _Platygonus -compressus_. - -The manner of burial of these peccaries is puzzling and interesting. -They were found in a hill, or drumlin, which stands out on a plain of -considerable extent and whose long axis runs north and south. The -elevation is 1,625 feet above sea-level. The drumlin is about 600 feet -long, about 300 feet wide, and 40 feet high. It is composed of sand, -gravel, and stones up to a foot in diameter. The bones are said to have -been discovered by a contractor who was removing sand and gravel. The -bones were at the south end of the drumlin and buried in a considerable -pocket of sand. Those reporting the position of the bones place them at -least 10 feet from the surface, and perhaps as much as 30 feet. Mr. -Hartnagel thinks it is almost necessary to suppose that the skeletons -were there when the drumlin was built. To the writer it would appear -still more difficult to explain how they happened to be there at that -time. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Shark River, Monmouth County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., vol. VII, p. 387), Leidy described a tooth of a peccary shown to -him by Timothy Conrad, but found by Dr. P. Knieskern, supposedly in a -Miocene formation of Shark River. Leidy expressed the conclusion that -the tooth resembled very closely a premolar of _Dicotyles nasutus_, now -called _Mylohyus nasutus_. It is very probable that the tooth had gotten -into Miocene materials by accident or that there was some error in the -history, and that it really belonged to a Pleistocene peccary. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1880, p. 347) reported _Dicotyles nasutus_ from the Crystal Hill -(Hartman’s) cave near Stroudsburg; but later (Ann. Rep. for 1887, -Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., p. 8, plate II, figs. 3–6) he described the -teeth and parts of the jaws as _Dicotyles pennsylvanicus_. This species -will be found on page 310 under the name _Mylohyus pennsylvanicus_, in -the list of fossils found in this cave. There too will be found a -discussion of the location of the cave and the probable age of the -remains. - -2. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—In the bone cave at this place -have been found 3 species of peccaries. Cope, in 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. II, pp. 259–263) described these under the -names _Mylohyus tetragonus_, _M. pennsylvanicus_, and _M. nasutus_. The -first was a new species, based on a damaged lower jaw with some of the -teeth (op. cit., plate XXI, figs. 3–3b). For the present the writer -refers it to the genus _Tagassu_, inasmuch as the interval between the -canine and the first premolar (pm^2) is only half the length of the -whole tooth row, and the molars have the structure found in _Tagassu_. -Some teeth belonging to an upper jaw were referred with doubt to this -species. They may have belonged to _Mylohyus pennsylvanicus_. Of the -species last named, Cope had fragments of 2 lower jaw’s with some teeth -in them and some teeth free from the jaws. Of _Mylohyus nasutus_, Cope -had from the cave only an upper canine and its reference to this species -is uncertain. - -On page 312 will be found a list of the species of vertebrates found in -the Port Kennedy Cave; also remarks on their geological age. - -3. _Milroy, Mifflin County._—In 1882, Leidy described (Proc. Acad. Nat. -Sci. Phila., 1882, p. 302) a species of peccary found in a limestone -cave in the county named, but he gave no more exact information; nor did -he do so in his two subsequent references to it in 1889 (Trans. Wagner -Inst., vol. II, p. 49; Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. -12, plate II, figs. 1, 2). The specimen is in the Academy of Natural -Sciences at Philadelphia. In the Pennsylvania survey, as quoted, the -giver is called John Schwarzer. The name of the species is _Platygonus -vetus_. The writer has been informed by J. C. Swigart, county surveyor -of Mifflin County, that the proper name of the donor of the specimen was -John Swartzell, a former surveyor who lived near Milroy and who was much -interested in geology. - -From Professor Mosheim Swartzell, of Washington, D. C., son of John -Swartzell, the writer has received a letter in which are given this -son’s recollections regarding the finding of the specimen in question. -He states that it was discovered in Naginey’s limestone quarry, 1.5 -miles south of Milroy. It came from a considerable, but now unknown, -distance from the surface and was first noticed in the débris of the -quarry. While Mr. John Swartzell was observing it, an ignorant workman -struck it with a tool and damaged it, exclaiming that it was only the -jaw of a hog. It was later sent to Philadelphia. Professor Swartzell -writes that there was a cave not far away, but that the jaw was not -found in it; it probably had fallen down into a crevice of the -limestone. - -4. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. -231), Dr. W. J. Holland reported remains of a number of peccaries found -in a bone cave at the place named. He mentioned especially _Dicotyles -pennsylvanicus_, but thought it belonged properly in _Platygonus_. It is -probably to be referred to _Mylohyus_ as _M. pennsylvanicus_. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 20, 36.) - -1. _Wilmington, Clinton County._—In the collection of the Archæological -and Historical Museum of the University of Ohio, at Columbus, are -considerable parts of the jaws, teeth, and other parts of the skeleton -of a specimen of _Platygonus compressus_ exhumed at a point about 4.5 -miles north of west of Wilmington. The locality is given as being in the -northeast corner of Adams Township, south of the road running northeast -and southwest between Todd and Dutch Creeks; also about 0.6 mile south -of the north line of Adams Township and about 0.75 mile from the east -line. It would therefore be near the second northwesterly directed loop -of Todd Creek in that neighborhood. - -2. _Columbus, Franklin County_.—In 1875 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., -vol. XXIII, Hartford, pp. 1–6; also in Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, -pp. 1–6), J. H. Klippart gave an account of the finding of about a dozen -skeletons of _Platygonus compressus_. These were buried in 2 “nests” not -far from each other. The bones were rather brittle and were damaged -somewhat in exhuming them. The place of burial was in the bank -(apparently the right) of Olentangy River, at the crossing of Olentangy -and Montgomery streets. The remains were here buried in a sand-bank. One -lot of 6 of the smallest animals was found in penetrating the sand bank -about 20 feet from the entrance and at a depth of 8 feet from the -surface. They were embedded in calcareous clay and sand. The other 6 and -largest animals were found about 6 feet farther in and about 4 feet -deeper. It appears that all the animals were lying with their snouts -directed toward the southeast. Klippart thought that they had been -destroyed suddenly and violently. It is, however, probable that they had -been frozen in their beds during a winter storm. Of these skeletons it -appears that half went to Professor O. C. Marsh, of Yale University, and -the present writer has had the privilege of studying them. The -geological age of the animals will be considered on page 330. - -3. _Chalfants, Perry County._—In the collection of the Archæological and -Historical Museum at the University of Ohio are considerable parts of a -specimen of _Platygonus compressus_ found not far from Jonathan Creek, -about a mile northeast of Chalfants. The locality, as given the writer -by Professor W. C. Mills, is as follows: center of southwest quarter of -section 14, township 17 north, range 16 west. The name of the political -township is Hopewell. The locality appears to be on the area covered by -Illinoian drift. This fact makes it possible that the animals lived -during the Sangamon stage. - -4. _Lisbon, Columbiana County._—In the collection just mentioned is the -left ramus of a lower jaw of a peccary which the writer referred with -doubt to _Mylohyus nasutus_ Leidy. It lacks so much of the front end -that only 18 mm. of the symphysis is present; also, the ascending ramus -is broken off. There are present the 3 milk molars and the first molar, -but this is yet in its cavity in the bone. A comparison with Leidy’s _M. -pennsylvanicus_ seems to show that the jaw did not belong to that -species. Of _M. nasutus_ no lower jaw is known. - - _Table of measurements, in millimeters_. - - ┌─────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ - │ Specimen. │ Lisbon jaw. │ M. penn. │ - ├─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┤ - │ │ Length. │ Width. │ Length. │ Width. │ - ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ - │ Dm_{2} │ 9│ 5│ 7│ 4.5│ - │ Dm_{3} │ 12│ 8│ 11│ 7│ - │ Dm_{4} │ 19.5│ 11│ 18│ 10.5│ - │ M_{1} │ 16.5│ 12│ 16│ 13│ - └─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘ - -This specimen was found near the southern edge of Lisbon, on Middle Fork -of Little Beaver Creek, in the northwest quarter of the northeast -quarter of section 24, township 18 north, range 3 west. The locality is -apparently outside of the glaciated area; and it is at present -impossible to determine the geological age of the animal beyond that it -undoubtedly belongs to the Pleistocene. The writer believes that -_Mylohyus nasutus_ did not survive the Wisconsin ice-stage. The specimen -was described and figured by the writer in 1914 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. -XXIII, p. 226, plate XXV, figs. 4–6). - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 36.) - -1. _Belding, Ionia County._—So far as the writer knows, no species of -peccary has been found in the State of Michigan, except at Belding. The -remains are in the palæontological collection of the University of -Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and belong to the species _Platygonus -compressus_ Le Conte. The remains are said to consist of bones of 5 -individuals; and Mr. N. A. Wood, preparator at the university, informed -the writer there are 294 bones. The skull of one of the 5 individuals -was missing when the collection was made. The skeletons were found in a -peat-swamp, in 1877, and were sent to Professor Alexander Winchell by -Mr. A. Tuttle. A skull belonging to this collection was described in -1903 (Jour. Geology, vol. XI, p. 777, figs. 1–4) by Mr. George Wagner. - -It seems probable that there, as in two or three other known cases, a -herd of these animals, asleep together, had succumbed to rigorous -weather, probably to a winter blizzard. - -Belding is situated on Flat River, a tributary of Grand River. It lies -close to a part of the Charlotte moraine system, thought to be -correlated with the Valparaiso system. These peccaries could not have -lived in that region until after the Wisconsin ice had retired into Lake -Michigan, or nearly so. It is more probable that they lived there long -after this retirement, at a time when the climate had become much -warmer. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 36.) - -1. _Gibson County._—The type specimen of _Mylohyus nasutus_ was found -somewhere in this county. The specimen was first mentioned by Leidy in -1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 416), but without other -designation than peccary. Leidy wrote that it had been sent to him by -Dr. David D. Owen, who informed him that it had been discovered in -Gibson County, in digging a well, at a depth of between 30 and 40 feet. -No more exact locality has ever been determined. The specimen consisted -of the front of the skull only. It was later described by Leidy (Proc. -same Academy, 1868, p. 230), under the name _Dicotyles nasutus_; and in -1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 385, plate XXVIII, -figs. 1, 2) was further described and illustrated. The figures referred -to have been reproduced by the present writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. -Indiana, vol. XXXIII, p. 607, text-figs. 42, 43), and again in 1914 -(Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2). - -It is unfortunate that Owen and Leidy did not more accurately establish -the locality where this jaw was found. In Gibson County there is a -considerable variety of geological deposits, even considering only those -belonging to the Pleistocene and Recent. The eastern and the -southeastern portion lies outside the drift-covered region. A strip -along the Wabash is occupied by alluvial deposits belonging to the -Recent epoch. Outside of this is another strip covered mostly by -Illinoian drift. - -The Patoka Quadrangle, described in Folio No. 105 of the U. S. -Geological Survey, published in 1904, covers nearly the whole of Gibson -County. An examination of this folio shows how complicated are the later -geological features of the region. It is fair to suppose that a well -from 30 to 40 feet in depth was dug, especially at that time, in the -higher parts of the county, where the elevation is somewhere near 500 -feet above sea-level. Here such a well would probably go through the -rather scattering Wisconsin deposits of various kinds or through the -loess referred to the Iowan stage, reaching perhaps the Sangamon; or -through later Illinoian or early Sangamon lake deposits and Illinoian -glacial accumulations into pre-Illinoian deposits. The folio cited notes -(p. 3) the presence of deposits supposed to belong to the beginning of -the Illinoian stage. These contained zones of black muck and other -organic materials; and in places were found logs and what were thought -by the well-diggers to be “black-oak” leaves. All these might have been -of Aftonian age; and in deposits of that time might have been found the -jaw of _Mylohyus nasutus_. - -This species has been reported from a number of other localities; but -the remains have been of so imperfect character that the identifications -may have been erroneous. Professor Cope reported in 1869 (Proc. Amer. -Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176) that he had found several molars and -canine teeth of this animal in cave breccia in Wythe County, Virginia. -The breccia appeared to be very old, and in them were found a species of -_Megalonyx_, _Equus complicatus?_, _Tapirus haysii_, _Ursus amplidens_, -and many other extinct species. - -Cope in 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI, p. 263) announced -this species from the Port Kennedy cave in southeastern Pennsylvania. In -this case there were found only a canine and 4 molars; hence not too -much reliance must be placed on the identification. A large majority of -the numerous species found in the Port Kennedy cave are extinct. Among -these are species of _Megalonyx_, a mylodon, a bear, 2 species of -saber-tooth tigers, a tapir, 1 or 2 species of horse, and 3 species of -peccaries. One can hardly doubt that the animals belonged to the early -part of the Pleistocene. The indications are that the known examples of -_Mylohyus nasutus_ belonged to the first half of the Pleistocene; that -is, to the Sangamon stage or to the Aftonian. - -2. _Near Williams, Lawrence County._—In the collection of the University -of Indiana are some peccary remains found in Rock Cliff quarry, not far -northwest from Williams. These were described by the writer in 1912 -(Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXIII, pp. 596, 605). The remains were -secured by Professor J. W. Beede. A part of a lower jaw which contained -a first true molar and impressions of the second and third molars was -referred to Leidy’s species _Tagassu lenis_. A large last upper molar -(op. cit., p. 605, plate IV, fig. 2) was referred with some doubt to -_Platygonus vetus_. - -These remains, together with some bones of one or the other of these -species and a carapace of the box-tortoise still living in that region, -were inclosed in masses of stalagmite which appear to have pretty -completely filled an old cave in the limestone, encountered in quarrying -operations. According to Professor Beede, the cave had, when he saw it, -been all quarried away except one corner. This was from 20 to 30 feet -below the general surface at that place. It was about 100 feet above the -present level of White River, about on a level with the highest terrace -along that stream. The probabilities are that the peccaries and the -box-tortoise belong to one of the earlier Pleistocene interglacial -stages. Professor Beede is inclined to believe that the cave was filled -during the Illinoian glacial stage by streams carrying in mud and sand -and gravel. If this view is correct the inclosed remains would be at -least as old as the Yarmouth. - -The species _Tagassu lenis_ is closely related to the peccary which now -lives in southwestern Texas and Mexico, and it has been regarded as -identical with it; but there appear to be reasons why it should be -retained under its own name. It was first described from teeth found -among materials coming from the phosphate deposits about Charleston, -South Carolina. Certainly many of the species found there lived during -the early part of the Pleistocene. - -It is possible that certain teeth referred by Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. -Sci., Phila., 1867, p. 155) to the existing peccary belonged to _T. -lenis_; but there is nothing known regarding their exact geological age. -Other teeth found in the lead region of Illinois were identified by -Wyman as those of the existing peccary. They too may have been those of -_T. lenis_. The writer regards the animals found in the lead crevices as -belonging to rather late Pleistocene, possibly to Peorian or Sangamon -times. As to the remains found in the cave in Lawrence County it is -probable that they date back to the Sangamon stage. - -3. _Laketon, Wabash County._—In the Fourteenth Annual Report of the -Geological Survey of Indiana, page 20, Cope and Wortman stated there was -in the Survey’s collection the symphyseal portion of the lower jaw and a -large part of the left ramus with all the premolar teeth, except the -last. This had been found at Laketon, in Wabash County. There were given -no further details, and the writer failed to find the specimen in the -collection. In the collection of Earlham College, Richmond, are -photographs of probably this specimen and of a part of the upper jaw. -The latter bone shows 3 premolars and the first molar; the lower jaw -presents the symphysis, the right canine, and the 2 anterior premolars. -The photographs are labeled as those of _Platygonus compressus_, -determined by Cope, and as made from the Wabash County specimen. - -All the region about Laketon is covered with Wisconsin drift or -materials derived from it. The peccary found must have lived after the -retirement of the border of the glacier beyond the Wabash River. It was -probably long after this and when the climate was perhaps warmer than it -is now. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 20, 38.) - -1. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—In 1848, Dr. John L. Le Conte (Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. V, pp. 102–106) described what he regarded as 5 new -species of fossil mammals from the lead region of Illinois. These had -been secured by Mr. Wm. Snyder, of Galena, in a lead crevice 50 feet -below the surface, filled with a mixture of clay and sand cemented by -oxide of iron into a hard mass from which the specimens could not be -removed without great injury. The species described were called -_Platygonus compressus_, _Hyops depressifrons_, _Protochœrus -prismaticus_, _Procyon priscus_, and _Anomodon snyderi_. The last was -regarded as related to the moles. _Procyon priscus_ resembled closely -the existing _P. lotor_. The 3 species first mentioned are now regarded -as belonging to a single species, which takes the name _Platygonus -compressus_. It may be remarked that the original spelling of the -generic name was due perhaps to a lapsus calami or to a printer’s error. -In the complete paper published shortly afterward the name was spelled -_Platygonus_. It is to be added that the teeth which served as the type -of the so-called species _Protochœrus prismaticus_ were found at a -locality 15 miles from the place where the other remains were obtained; -but as to where this place was nothing is said. - -In 1848 (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. III, pp. 257–274, plates I to -IV) _Platygonus compressus_ was more completely described. Various teeth -and parts of the skull and some limb-bones were figured. In this article -it is stated that the remains described had been found in a lead crevice -a few miles from Galena. A portion of the bones had been preserved by -the miners and had at length found their way into the hands of Mr. -Snyder, a merchant in Galena. - -In 1852 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, pp. 3–5) _Hyops -depressifrons_ and _Protochœrus prismaticus_ were further described, the -first being placed in the genus _Dicotyles_. Both of these are now -regarded as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_. - -The writer has considered it as probable that the peccary remains, as -well as _Procyon priscus_ and _Anomodon snyderi_, are of Late Wisconsin -age; but it is possible that they are somewhat older. The reader is -referred to page 343, where the Pleistocene of the lead region is -discussed. - -2. _Alton, Madison County._—In the McAdams collection, of which a -general account has been given on page 339, is a part of a lower canine -tooth which apparently differs in no way from the corresponding canine -of _Platygonus cumberlandensis_, found by Mr. J. W. Gidley in a -limestone fissure near Cumberland, Maryland. On page 350 will be found a -list of the species found in this fissure and their geological age. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Bluemounds, Dane County._—In 1862, Professor J. D. Whitney reported -(Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, pp. 135, 136) that he had discovered in -a crevice at Bluemounds, accompanied by bones and some teeth of the -mastodon, a buffalo, and a wolf, several fragments of jaws and some -teeth and other bones of a peccary, in an excellent state of -preservation. At the top of his page 134 Whitney indicates that these -remains belonged to the species now called _Platygonus compressus_. On -page 422 of the same volume Jeffries Wyman, in reporting on the -vertebrate remains collected in the lead region, mentions only 3 teeth; -and these, he said, differed much from either of the fossil species and -agreed with the existing peccary. From Whitney’s note at the bottom of -his page 135 we may suppose that these 3 teeth were found in Iowa, near -Dubuque. It is probable that the teeth found at Bluemounds belonged to -_Tagassu lenis_. - -In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 162), Whitney stated that from -a crevice near Bluemounds he got peccary bones and teeth which were -supposed to be identical with the animals now living. Leidy (Jour. Acad. -Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 384) stated that he believed that teeth -found in Wisconsin belonged to _Dicotyles lenis_. One can not be certain -regarding the age of these animals found in this lead region. They are -probably pre-Wisconsin. The age will be discussed on page 343. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Benedict, Charles County._—More than 50 years ago Cope (Proc. Nat. -Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 155) reported the finding of peccary jaws mingled -with remains of Miocene vertebrates collected by James T. Thomas, near -his residence in Charles County, not far from Patuxent River, near -Benedict. Cope recognized that the peccary and a part of a jaw of -_Grison macrodon_ (referred by Cope to _Galera_) belonged to the -Pleistocene. The peccary was referred to the existing species _Dicotyles -(Tagassu) torquatus_; likewise their similarity to the remains described -by Leidy from Charleston, South Carolina, was noted. They are assigned -here to _Tagassu lenis_. The jaws from the Patuxent locality are now in -the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. - -2. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. -National Museum, has shown the writer 3 teeth of a peccary secured at -the place named. These will be mentioned in the discussion of the -geology of the locality. A left third premolar is 10.3 mm. long and 6.2 -mm. wide. A left second molar is 12 mm. long and 10 mm. wide. These -apparently belonged to _Tagassu lenis_. - -In March 1921, Dr. Adolph H. Schultz, of the Johns Hopkins Medical -School, presented to the U. S. National Museum a part of the left ramus -of the lower jaw of a peccary found at Chesapeake Beach. This fragment -contains the first and second molars and the sockets of the fourth -premolar and the third molar. This jaw and the teeth have been compared -with the corresponding parts of a specimen of _Tagassu angulatus_ (No. -35815, U. S. Nat. Mus.), secured along the boundary between the United -States and Mexico. In size the fossil teeth differ little from those of -_T. angulatus_; the first molar is, however, somewhat wider; the conule -between the two hindermost cones, the hypoconulid, is much smaller than -in the existing peccary used for comparison. The inner face of each -tooth is not so flat in the fossil as in the other species. In the -fossil the height of the jaw at the second molar is 28 mm.; in _T. -angulatus_ 35 mm. The specimen is referred to _Tagassu lenis_. - -3. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a rock crevice 3 miles west of -north of Cumberland, J. W. Gidley found abundant remains of peccaries. -These were described by him in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, -pp. 651–678, plates LIV, LV, 13 text-figs.). He recognized 4 species, 2 -belonging to _Platygonus_ and 2 to _Mylohyus_. The new species, -_Platygonus cumberlandensis_ and _P. intermedius_ and _Mylohyus -exortivus_, are based on materials found in the fissure. With the other -materials he recognized a part of a lower jaw, which he referred to _M. -pennsylvanicus_. - -4. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. -LVII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection of fossil -vertebrates made at Cavetown by the officers of Phillips Academy, -Andover, Massachusetts. Among the species are 6 which belong to the -group of peccaries, as follows: _Mylohyus nasutus_ (Leidy), _M. -exortivus_ Gidley, _M. obtusidens_ Hay, _Tagassu? tetragonus?_ (Cope), -_Platygonus vetus_ Leidy, _P. cumberlandensis_ Gidley. - -These and the associated species apparently lived here during -approximately the Middle Pleistocene, probably the Sangamon stage. A -list of the species found in the fissure and their geological relations -are presented on page 348. The specimen above referred provisionally to -_Tagassu tetragonus_ was called, in the paper cited above, _Platygonus -tetragonus_. It appears, however, to be nearer _Tagassu_. It may even -belong to an unnamed genus. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, -p. 176), Cope reported he had found several molar and canine teeth of -_Dicotyles nasutus_, in cave breccia on New River, with remains of many -other species of vertebrates. This now bears the name _Mylohyus -nasutus_. A list of the species is given on page 353, where the -Pleistocene geology of Virginia is discussed. - -2. _Augusta County._—In 1857 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. -104), Leidy stated he had examined a fragment of a lower jaw of a young -individual of _Platygonus compressus_, found in the county named. The -jaw contained the last milk molar, unworn. The first true molar had not -yet begun to protrude. The writer has seen this specimen in the -collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. No other -information regarding its place of origin has been secured. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Renicks, Greenbrier County._—In 1920 (Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1918, -p. 288, plates I-VI), J. W. Gidley reported on a visit he had made to a -cave situated on Greenbrier River, near Renicks. The cave was discovered -during quarrying operations in limestone. The greater part of the bones -had been destroyed before the workers appreciated their value. Only a -part of a skull of a peccary was secured, probably of the species -_Platygonus intermedius_ (Gidley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, p. -669). It has the catalogue No. 8003 of the U. S. National Museum. This -animal is to be referred to the Middle Pleistocene. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860 (“Holmes’s Post-Pliocene -Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 108, plate XVII, figs. 13, 14), Leidy -reported the finding of teeth of a peccary in the Ashley River deposits. -These teeth, a lower third molar and probably a lower second molar, were -described under the name _Dicotyles fossilis_ and were said to have the -size and form of the corresponding teeth of the collared peccary, -_Dicotyles torquatus_ (=_Tagassu tajacu_). Fragments of some upper teeth -were said to have the size of those of _D. labiatus_. In 1869 (Jour. -Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. VII, p. 384), the fossil teeth just -mentioned were referred, with some others, to the new species _Dicotyles -lenis_. The principal character distinguishing the teeth of this species -from those of the existing peccaries mentioned is the absence of -accessory tubercles. This is shown also in an upper hindermost molar of -the same species, described by the writer (9th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Sur., 1917, p. 48, plate III, fig. 2) under the name _Tayassu lenis_. -The name should have been _Tagassu lenis_. - -In the Pinckney collection, at the Pinckney residence, Lambs, South -Carolina, near Charleston, the writer examined a tooth of a peccary, -which apparently belongs to another species. It is taken to be a lower -hindermost molar. A part of the anterior crest and a part of one side -are broken off. The heel is relatively large, consisting of a hinder and -2 anterior tubercles; between the anterior tubercles is another minute -one. In the middle of each cross-valley is a tubercle. The length of the -fragment is 20.2 mm., the width 9.5 mm. This was evidently a larger -animal than _Tagassu lenis_. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Apparently 2 species of peccaries have been -found in the deposits along the drainage canal, near Vero, in the -uppermost stratum (No. 3). One, represented by a canine tooth, has not -been determined (Hay, Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, p. 50). It -appeared to be too large to belong to _Tagassu lenis_. - -The other remains belonged to a small peccary and have been referred to -_Tagassu lenis_. In 1916 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 149), -Sellards reported the finding of 2 cheek-teeth and a tibia. One of the -teeth was taken from the stratum called No. 2; the other teeth and the -tibia had washed out of the bank and it was uncertain from which stratum -they had come. In 1917 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, pp. 45, 48, -plate III, fig. 2), the writer reported the finding of a hindermost -molar of a small peccary, believed to be _T. lenis_, in stratum No. 2; -also the discovery by Isaac M. Weills of a small canine of _T. lenis_ in -stratum No. 3 (op. cit., plate III, fig. 3). On page 50 of the same -paper the writer referred provisionally to _T. lenis_ the tibia above -mentioned. - -2. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—From this place have been sent to the -U. S. National Museum many specimens of fossil vertebrates, a list of -which will be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene geology of -Florida (p. 379). Some of these belong to the Pleistocene, others -apparently to the Miocene. Among the specimens is a right astragalus of -a peccary. While it is possible that the original possessor of this -astragalus lived during the Miocene, it does not seem probable. It may -have belonged to _Tagassu lenis_. The length of the bone is 32 mm., the -width across the lower end 19 mm. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 20. Figure 23.) - -1. _Rogersville, Hawkins County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a part -of a lower left canine tooth of a peccary found near the place -mentioned. With it came an upper molar of _Equus leidyi_. The tooth -lacks most of the crown. It has been described by the writer under the -name _Mylohyus setiger_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 84, plate -III, figs. 21–23). The root of the tooth is 93 mm. long, measured along -the convexity of the curve. A little of the tip of the root is missing. -The size of the tooth indicates a very large animal. - -2. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -considerable collection of bones and teeth made in 1885 near Whitesburg. -This locality and the accompanying species will be discussed on another -page. Among the remains are 3 upper canine teeth, referred by the writer -(Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 90, plate III, figs. 12–13) to -_Mylohyus nasutus_ Leidy. A list of the associated species will be found -on page 395. - -3. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—In 1896 (Dept. Amer. and Prehist. -Archæol. Univ. Penn.), Dr. H. C. Mercer reported he had found remains of -the tapir, peccary, bear, and small rodents in Zirkel’s Cave. The cave -is situated on the left bank of Dumplin Creek, about 5 miles above its -entrance into French Broad River. The species to which the peccary -remains belonged was not determined. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 20.) - -1. _Rockcastle County._—In 1853, Dr. Leidy (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., -vol. X, p. 331, plates XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII, figs. 5–8, 17, 19) described -under the name _Euchœrus macrops_, a fine skull of a peccary which had -been lying for 47 years in the collection of the society. It had been -sent there by Dr. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, Kentucky, and was said to -have been found in one of the nitrous caves of that State. The writer is -informed by Dr. Arthur M. Miller, Professor of Geology in the University -of Kentucky, that it is unlikely that the skull came from any of the -caves in the region about Lexington, as he had never heard any of them -had been worked for saltpeter. In the Transactions of the American -Philosophical Society for 1804 (vol. VI, pp. 235–247) is a paper by -Samuel Brown, in which he describes a cave in what is now Rockcastle -County. In this and some other neighboring caves were found immense -quantities of saltpeter. Probably the skull which Leidy afterward -described from this region was brought to light. It appears to have been -mentioned by Dr. B. S. Barton as early as 1806 (Phila. Med. and Phys. -Jour., vol. II, plate I, p. 158). It is now in the collection of the -Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. It was recognized by Leidy -as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE CAMELIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 21.) - -1. It is not certain that any fossil camel remains have ever been found -in Pennsylvania. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. XI, -p. 264, plate XXI, figs. 4, 4_a_) Cope described _Teleopternus -orientalis_ and referred it to the Camelidæ. This was found in the Port -Kennedy cave, and whatever its relationships it belongs to the early -Pleistocene. Matthew (Osborn, Age of Mamm., p. 469) suggested that its -affinities might be with the musk-oxen. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 21.) - -1. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1886 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1886, p. 12), Dr. Joseph Leidy briefly described three species of the -genus Procamelus from materials collected near Archer by Dr. W. H. Dall. -The teeth and bones had been found in what has been called the Alachua -clays, and were associated with a considerable number of species of -vertebrates. The list will be found on page 375, where the Pleistocene -geology is considered. The three species of camels were called _Auchenia -major_, _A. minor_, and _A. minimus_. They are now referred to the genus -_Procamelus_. In 1896 they were (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. IV, -pp. VII-XIV, 15–61, with plates) described in more detail and -illustrated by Leidy and Lucas. The error of calling _P. minor_ by the -name _P. medius_, first introduced by Cope, was followed in the paper -just mentioned; and some authors have continued this practice. Dr. W. H. -Dall included these camels in his list (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 84, -p. 129). Authors have in general referred to the Tertiary the deposit -which furnished these camels; the present writer believes that the -Alachua beds belong to the first glacial stage. The matter is further -discussed on pages 376 to 378. - -2. _Williston, Levy County._—In 1892 (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, -p. 129), Dr. W. H. Dall published a list, furnished by Joseph Leidy, of -the vertebrate fossils found at what was then known as Mixon’s bone-bed. -The species, with some additions, are listed on page 375. Among others -is _Procamelus major_. The species were found in the Alachua clays, and -these clays are referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or Lower -Pliocene. - -3. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1889 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, -p. 31; Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. II, pp. 13–17), Leidy -mentioned the discovery of a tooth of a camel, regarded by him as -belonging to _Procamelus_, in a limestone quarry at Ocala. With it were -described the saber-tooth tiger _Machairodus floridanus_. Teeth were -found also of a horse which is referred to _Equus leidyi_. A list of the -species found at this locality is on page 378. In the Philadelphia -Academy paper Leidy called the camel _Auchenia minor_. In the next paper -cited he regarded it as _A. minimus_. - -4. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., pp. 94, 104), Dr. Sellards presented a list of the species of -vertebrates discovered in the Dunnellon formation at Dunnellon and -vicinity. Among the species is the camel _Procamelus minor_. This, -however, he did not include among the Pleistocene animals. - -Undetermined teeth of a camel are mentioned by Sellards as found in the -phosphate mines at Dunnellon (5th Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv., p. 58). - -5. _Hernando, Citrus County._—Sellards (5th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 58) reported a discovery of teeth of an undetermined species -of camel in a phosphate mine at Hernando. These probably are of the -genus _Procamelus_. - -6. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Some remains of a camel have been found in -the stratum at Vero known as No. 2, the one immediately overlying the -bed of marine marl. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 149) states there had been -secured up to that time two upper cheek-teeth, a distal end of a -cannon-bone, and a phalanx. The latter, a hinder first phalanx, is -figured (plate XXX, fig. 5). It resembles considerably the bone figured -by Leidy and Lucas (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. IV, plate XVIII, fig. -8), but it presents important differences. - -The anterior phalange figured by Leidy and Lucas is 85 mm. long; a -hinder phalange of the same animal would have been shorter. The hinder -phalange found at Vero is 104 mm. long. The probability is that its -owner was an animal considerably larger than Leidy’s _Procamelus -minimus_. The phalanx referred by Leidy and Lucas to _Procamelus medius_ -(=_P. minor_) has exactly the length of that of _P. minimus_, but is a -much stouter bone, the side-to-side diameter at the middle of the length -being one-half greater. The Vero camel appears, therefore, to be -distinct from any of the Pliocene camels of Florida. It probably belongs -to the genus _Camelops_. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 21. Figure 23.) - -1. _Nashville, Davidson County._—From Mr. W. E. Myer, of Nashville, the -writer has received for examination a right calcaneum of an undetermined -species of camel, belonging probably to the genus _Camelops_. This was -found near Nashville, in the bank of Cumberland River. At the same -locality were found part of a tooth of a young mastodon, a tooth of -_Equus leidyi_, a fragment of a femur of a probably larger horse, an -antler of a young deer, a tooth of _Mylodon_, and some fragments of -turtle bones. However, the horse remains and the antler are said to have -been lying in a layer of gravel, while the camel and mastodon were in a -bed of sand just above the gravel. Over these beds are nearly 30 feet of -gravel. - -The total length of the calcaneum is 138 mm., the greatest height 67 -mm., and the thickness at the rear of the articular surface for the -astragalus, 45 mm. From the rear end to the surface for the astragalus -is 85 mm. The surface for union with the cuboid is 19 mm. wide, -considerably narrower than in the dromedary and in an astragalus from -Denver, Colorado, which apparently belongs to _Camelops huerfanensis_. -The outer face of the bone is considerably less concave than in either -of the two species referred to. The tuberosity is relatively thicker at -the middle of its length than is either of the species mentioned; its -height at its middle is relatively less than in the Denver specimen. It -is believed that the age of the beds containing these fossils is about -that of the Aftonian interglacial. - - - - - FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE DEER OF THE GENUS ODOCOILEUS IN EASTERN NORTH - AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Toronto._—In the Guide Book No. 6, issued by the Ontario Bureau of -Mines in 1913, and prepared by Professor A. P. Coleman, it is recorded -on page 18 that in the Don beds at Toronto, supposed to belong to the -Sangamon stage, had been found bones of a deer resembling those of the -Virginia deer. On page 29 deer bones are reported as found in other beds -situated in the western part of Toronto. The age of these is uncertain; -they may be older than the Don beds or younger than the Scarboro beds. -In these same beds have been found also a lower jaw of a bear, possibly -_Ursus americanus_; an atlas of a bison, a part of an antler of -_Cervalces borealis_, and some parts of either a mastodon or a mammoth. - -The geology of the Pleistocene in the region about Toronto is treated on -pages 281 to 283, figure 3. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Orange County._—Emmons, in 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, East. -Counties, p. 201), stated he had found, in a fresh-water marl-bed in -Orange County, a horn of an extinct deer, associated with remains of -mastodon. The exact locality is unknown. - -2. _Greenville, Greene County._—In 1846 (Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. -V, p. 390), James Hall mentioned the finding of a jawbone, with teeth, -of a deer in Greene County. It was associated with remains of a -mastodon. - -3. _Cuba, Allegany County._—In 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 367), Hall -reported that an engineer of the Genesee Valley Canal informed him that -near New Hudson, 4 miles from Cuba, several antlers of deer and one of -an elk had been found 12 feet below the surface, in a muck deposit. New -Hudson appears to be about 10 miles north of Cuba, and not on the canal. -The locality is said to be at the summit of the canal. - -4. _Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County._—James Hall (op. cit., pp. 364, 366) -stated that a tusk, supposed to belong to a mastodon, with some horns of -deer, had been found at Hinsdale in sand and gravel, 16 feet below the -surface. Clarke (Bull. 69, N. Y. State Mus., p. 933) suggested that -these may have been antlers of the elk. - -There appear to be no good reasons for suspecting that any of the deer -remains found in New York are older than Late Wisconsin. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Woodstown, Salem County._—In the palæontological collection at Yale -University is a fragment of an antler of a deer, most probably of -_Odocoileus virginianus_, discovered in Salem County. It is not -accompanied by any information as to the exact locality where found or -as to the conditions of burial. The fragment of the shaft is 135 mm. -long, and from it springs a tine, the partial length of which is about -45 mm. - -2. _Vincentown, Burlington County._—In the collection of the Academy of -Natural Science at Philadelphia are some fragments of antlers labeled as -having been found at Vincentown. - -In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 376), Dr. Joseph -Leidy stated that remains of the deer had been found in Burlington and -Monmouth Counties, but no exact localities were mentioned. Many of the -specimens seem to have been found, as accidental occupants, in marl-beds -of Cretaceous age. In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia -there are specimens from Pemberton. - -3. _Deal, Monmouth County._—In the Academy’s collection, at -Philadelphia, there is a specimen labeled as having been found at this -place. No details are recorded. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Dr. Joseph Leidy reported on a collection -which many years before had been found in Hartman’s Cave, near -Stroudsburg. Nearly all the species still exist, but in the collection -was included _Castoroides_ and _Rangifer_. Among the fossils were -jawbones, with teeth, and broken bones of the Virginia deer. It seems -possible that the remains had collected there at the close of the -Pleistocene; but some may belong to the Recent. - -2. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. -231), Dr. W. J. Holland reported the discovery of remains of a deer, -possibly _Odocoileus virginianus_, in a cave at Frankstown. With this -deer were many other species of mammals. A list is presented on page -321. - - - OHIO. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _New Knoxville, Auglaize County._—In his “History of Ohio and of -Auglaize County,” 1905, on page 338, C. W. Williamson, in describing the -finding of a skull of _Castoroides_ near New Knoxville, stated that some -bones of the deer had been found in what was believed to have been the -house of the giant beaver. They were supposed to have been brought there -by carnivorous animals; but the deer may have died there before the -house was covered up. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In 1880 the U. S. National Museum received -from Professor Kost, then of Adrian College, a skull of _Castoroides -ohioensis_ discovered at the place named above. In his communication he -wrote that at the same place there had been found previously a mastodon -and bones of an elk and of a deer. The place was in a marsh, in Adrian, -and the fossils were at a depth of 4 feet. - -2. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In 1908, Russell and Leverett (Folio -155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9) reported the discovery of bones of deer -and elk in a peat-swamp, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor. In the same swamp -had been found, at a depth of 5 feet, a skull of _Castoroides -ohioensis_. The bones of the deer and elk were at a somewhat higher -level, so that it is not wholly certain they belong to the Pleistocene. - -The specimens found both at Adrian and Ann Arbor lived there after the -retreat of the Wisconsin ice. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—In a collection of bones and teeth -made at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville, -and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, pp. -199–200) were included remains of the Virginia deer. With these bones -were parts of the skeleton of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, a bison of -probably an extinct species, a cervical vertebra of the horse known as -_Equus complicatus_, a tooth of a tapir, and the type upper jaw of the -extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_. - -On page 32 is discussed the age of the bone-bed. It is concluded that it -belonged possibly to the Aftonian stage, but more probably to the -Sangamon. Although this species of deer yet exists, abundant remains of -a species not yet distinguishable from it are found in early Pleistocene -deposits in Florida and elsewhere. According to D. D. Owen (Smithson. -Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. V, p. 7), this deer was found associated -with megalonyx bones a few miles below Henderson, Kentucky. Also, these -two species, together with _Equus complicatus_ and an extinct species of -_Bison_ and other extinct species of mammals, have been exhumed at -Bigbone Lick, halfway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on the Kentucky -side. - -Under this number may be considered the deer _Odocoileus dolichopsis_, -which Cope described in 1878 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 189). This -was represented by a left ramus of the mandible, found, as reported by -the State geologist, John Collett, in a late lacustrine deposit in -Vanderburg County. In the same deposits was found an ulno-radius of a -species of _Bison_. The deer jaw was further described and figured by -Cope and Wortman in 1884 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XIV, p. 22, plate -ii). Here, in quoting Cope’s description found in volume IV of Bulletins -U. S. Geological Survey, page 379, the authors substituted Harrison -County for Vanderburg County. In 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, -p. 615), the present writer accepted Cope and Wortman’s statement as to -the county; but it appears that the locality was really in Vanderburg -County. Cope and Wortman’s plate was reproduced by the writer in 1912 -(Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 615, plate VI, figs. 2, 2_b_). -Figure 1 of the plate represents a part of an upper jaw which may or may -not belong to the same species. It was supposed to have been found in -the same deposits. - -2. _Harrisville, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, -Richmond, Indiana, the writer has examined some bones which apparently -belonged to the Virginia deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_. The distal end -of the radius, a right calcaneum, and a sacrum have been identified. -These were found in a swamp known as “The Dismal,” situated about 6 -miles nearly east of Winchester. This would not be far from the village -of Harrisville. In this swamp were collected the fine specimen of the -giant beaver, preserved at Earlham College, and the bones of an elk. The -swamp is located near the Union City moraine, and the animals buried -there must have lived at some time after the retirement of the Wisconsin -ice-sheet; probably the time was long enough after that retirement for -the climate to become relatively mild. - -3. _Roann, Wabash County._—In 1892 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XVII, p. -241), Elrod and Benedict reported that in 1882 a Mr. Rantz, while -digging a ditch on the farm of William Runkle, 3 miles north of Roann, -unearthed, at a depth of 9 feet, the antlers and part of the skeleton of -the deer _Odocoileus virginianus_. The locality is evidently north of -Eel River and near the southern border of the great moraine which runs -parallel with this stream and north of it. Undoubtedly this deer lived -after the Wisconsin ice had withdrawn from the vicinity. In similar -situations in that region have been found several mastodons. It is -probable, therefore, that the deer belonged to the late Pleistocene. - -From Mr. B. E. Galtry, of Roann, the writer learns that Mr. Runkle -informed him that none of the bones found has been preserved. There were -many found, shin-bones, ribs, and antlers, from 3 to 4 feet below the -surface. Large numbers of poles were found, and the ditch diggers got -the notion that these poles had formed a bridge. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 22, 38.) - -1. _Niantic, Macon County._—In 1873, Worthen, State geologist of -Illinois, reported (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308) that he had -found some deer bones in a bog near Niantic; with them were remains of -the mastodon, buffalo, and elk. What is known regarding the locality and -the geology is here recorded on page 102. All these remains were -probably buried near the close of the Wisconsin glacial stage. - -2. _Whitewillow, Kendall County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 11. -E. S. Riggs, assistant curator of palæontology in Field Museum of -Natural History, reported that in 1902 Mr. John Bamford, in enlarging a -spring in a bog, encountered a layer of about 2 feet of bison, deer, and -elk bones at a depth of about 5 feet. With these were found skulls of at -least 6 mastodons. From Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, the writer has -received a base of a large antler and a nearly complete small antler of -the right side. These are not to be distinguished from those of _O. -virginianus_. Mr. Langford wrote that the mastodon bones were mingled -with the other bones to the bottom of the pit dug. In the same -excavation were found remains of mastodon, _Cervalces_, the existing -moose, the elk, the buffalo, and the cannon-bone of a large sheep-like -animal. The exact levels in which these bones occurred is not known. The -reader may consult page 109. - -3. _Ottawa, La Salle County._—J. D. Caton (“Antelopes and Deer of North -America,” p. 227) tells of having found a nearly complete skeleton and -three antlers of the Virginia deer in the valley of Fox River, near -Ottawa. These remains were in a stratum of gravel at a depth of more -than 16 feet. Over this was the surface loam, then sand, sand and clay, -then more sand. It seems probable that these deposits belonged to the -Late Wisconsin. - -4. _Evanston, Cook County._—Dr. Frank C. Baker (Univ. Ills. Bull, XVII, -pp. 4, 86) presented a geological section taken in the Toleston beach at -Evanston. This beach was laid down after the withdrawal of the Wisconsin -ice. At the depth of about 9 feet was found a bone of a deer. In 1891, -W. K. Higley (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. II, No. 1, p. XIV) reported -that a pelvis, referred to a deer, had been found in Late Wisconsin -deposits at Evanston. He had in mind the bone found in Toleston beach. -At the same place was found a femur of a deer at a depth of 9 feet -(Leverett, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., II, 1897, -pp. 76, 77). Apparently the femur and the pelvis had been discovered by -Dr. Oliver Marcy in 1864, from whom both Leverett and Baker quote the -geological section. - -5. _Lemont, Cook County._—Dr. F. C. Baker (op. cit., pp. 56, 89) -reported the finding of a portion of a skull of _Odocoileus virginianus_ -and a skull of the muskrat in the Des Plaines Valley, at Lemont, in a -bed of peat. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Lead region._—In 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, p. 421), Jeffries -Wyman, in his report on the vertebrate animals found by J. D. Whitney, -stated that there was a series of several molar teeth which, in form and -size, corresponds exactly with those of the red deer (_Cervus -virginianus_). He mentioned also various bones which seemed to belong to -the same species, but some were larger than those of the Virginia deer. - -In 1876 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XI, p. 49), Allen described as a new -species _Cervus whitneyi_, basing the name on a left humerus, a left -radius, and a right metatarsal found in the Whitney collection. It -appears probable that these bones are those mentioned by Wyman as being -larger than the existing Virginia deer and the mule deer. Allen does -not, however, mention what Wyman wrote. Allen’s species is now referred -to the genus _Odocoileus_. It is not stated by either Wyman or Allen -even from what State the remains were secured. It is most probable that -it was Wisconsin. - -From the Pleistocene of that region two species of _Odocoileus_ are -therefore known, _O. virginianus_ and _O. whitneyi_. - -2. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—In a letter to the author dated January 21, -1917, Dr. S. Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, noted that a -vertebra of a deer had been found in brick clay at Menomonie. It was -sent to the American Museum of New York and identified by Dr. W. D. -Matthew. This clay is at present regarded by Dr. Weidman as probably -belonging to the Sangamon interglacial. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. -XI, p. 178), Cope reported that fragments of antlers not distinguishable -from those of the Virginia deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_, had been -found on the farm of Lambert Kirby, in Oxford Neck. These, with remains -of other vertebrates, were placed in the Baltimore Academy of Sciences. - -2. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. -LVIII, p. 104), the writer described the distal end of two radii found -at Cavetown in a fissure in a limestone quarry. These were associated -with remains of 24 other species of vertebrates, mostly mammals. The -radii appeared to be those of _Odocoileus virginianus_. Another deer, -_Sangamona fugitiva_, was found in the same fissure. - -A list of the accompanying species is given on page 348. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., -vol. XI, p. 474, fig. 7) reported the finding of an astragalus of some -deer-like animal at Saltville. He states that the bone agrees with that -of _Odocoileus virginianus_, but is larger. To the present writer the -bone is not only too large to be that of the Virginia deer, but is -relatively too narrow, it being assumed that Peterson’s figure is -correct. In both the Virginia deer and the elk the width of the bone is -about 70 per cent of the greatest length, while the figure given is only -60 per cent as wide as long. It is not improbable that the animal -belonged to another genus. - -2. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, -p. 176) Cope stated that molars and other fragments of _Cariacus -(Odocoileus) virginianus_ were abundant in the cave breccia which he -examined. A list of the accompanying species will be found on page 353. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Wood County._—In 1835 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXIX, p. 147), -Hildreth stated that bones of a deer had been found in this county, then -a part of Virginia, involved in the travertine on the floor of the cave. -No facts are known that give any clue to the geological age of these -bones. They probably belong to some early or middle stage of the -Pleistocene. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 22, 39.) - -1. _On Neuse River, Pamlico County, 16 Miles below Newbern._—According -to both Croom (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVII, 1835, p. 168) and Harlan -(op. cit., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143), remains of deer had been found at -this locality. For want of more exact information we may refer them to -_Odocoileus virginianus_. On page 359 will be found a list of the -species collected here. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Numerous fragmentary remains of -_Odocoileus_ have been found in the region about Charleston. F. S. -Holmes, as early as 1859 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, p. 177), -announced the discovery of remains of deer in the vicinity of -Charleston. Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Foss. South Carolina, p. 109, -plate XX, figs. 1–4) stated that the collections of Professor Holmes and -Captain Bowman contained fragments of antlers, portions of jaws, and -teeth which had been found in the Post-Pliocene beds of Ashley River. -Leidy concluded these remains did not differ from the corresponding -parts of the existing white-tailed deer (_O. virginianus_). Many -fragments of antlers belong in the Scanlan collection at Yale -University. They are thoroughly fossilized and are hard and heavy. - -In the Charleston Museum (No. 1047) is an anterior cannon-bone of a -deer, but no definite locality is recorded. It is black and apparently -phosphatized, as are the numerous fragments of antlers found in the -private collections at Charleston. The cannon-bone mentioned is 188 mm. -long. - -While the materials so far discovered do not enable us to distinguish -the deer remains found about Charleston from _Odocoileus virginianus_, -it is not improbable that they belonged in reality to another species, -some perhaps to the Floridan Pleistocene species _O. sellardsiæ_. - -Antlers of the white-tailed or Virginia deer are common in the -collections about Charleston. In the Scanlan collection are bases of -antlers of adult bucks and two simple spikes of young deer. One base is -different from the others in being much flattened in one border, -probably the one on which the first tine arose. It is possible that it -represents a distinct species. - -2. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1848, Tuomey (Rep. Geol. South -Carolina, pp. 177–180) stated that on the land of a Rev. Mr. Campbell, -somewhere in the vicinity of Darlington, he had found fragments of the -horns of a deer. He regarded the beds as belonging to the Pliocene. In -the neighborhood, in a similar deposit, had been found molars of -_Mastodon maximus_ (=_Mammut americanum_). Both species may belong to -the early Pleistocene. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Pablo Beach, Duval County._—Dr. Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 106) reported remains of _Odocoileus_ found at station -120 of the Inland Waterway Canal, about 5 miles south of Pablo Beach. -Further mention is made of this on page 374. - -2. _Neals, Alachua County._—In his eighth report (page 94) Sellards -stated that at Neals, near Newberry, teeth had been collected which -probably belonged to a species of _Odocoileus_. These were found while -phosphate rock was being mined; but they, with a tooth of a tapir and -one of _Equus littoralis_, doubtless belong to the early Pleistocene. - -3. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1896 Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Instit., -vol. IV, p. X), in a note on the species of vertebrates found in the -Alachua clays, included among these a tapir, a mastodon, and a -megatherium. In his list furnished for Dr. W. H. Dall’s report (Bull. U. -S. Geol. Surv. No. 84, p. 129), is included _Cervus virginianus?_. The -tapir, the deer, and the megatherium have been regarded as Pleistocene -fossils which became mixed with those of the Pliocene. For that reason -_Odocoileus_ is here credited to Archer. See also Sellards’s conclusion -(6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 162). It is not certain exactly -where the species above named were found. One locality mentioned by -Leidy is 10 miles south of Archer, now Williston; another is 10 miles -north of the same town, now Newberry. For the geological age of the -species found at Archer, consult page 375. - -4. _Ocala, Marion County._—From a fissure in a limestone rock at Ocala, -Sellards (8th Ann. Rep., p. 103) secured some remains of _Odocoileus_, -but it was not determined to what species they belonged. - -5. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 43, plate VIII, figs. 3–5) described some teeth of a deer -found near Dunnellon, in the “Cullens river mine.” These were referred -provisionally to the species or subspecies now living in that region, -_Odocoileus osceola_. - -6. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—In a small collection of fossil -vertebrates sent from this place by Mr. Ernest Leitzel to the U. S. -National Museum for identification were some fragments of antlers of -_Odocoileus_. - -7. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. -National Museum received, in 1921, many fragments of antlers found on -the beach at Palma Sola, about 10 miles below Palmetto and on the south -side of Manatee River. With these came teeth of _Equus leidyi_, _E. -complicatus_, _E. littoralis_, teeth and bone of _Bison latifrons?_, a -tooth of _Elephas columbi_, and a fragment of the beak of a ziphoid -porpoise. The last and various sharks’ teeth probably originated in -Miocene deposits not far away. A list of the species found at this place -and believed to belong to the Pleistocene is presented on page 379. - -8. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—In 1889 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., -1889, p. 96; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 84, p. 129), Leidy reported the -discovery of antlers of deer, _Odocoileus (Cervus) virginianus_, at -Arcadia. These may have belonged to _O. osceola_ or _O. sellardsiæ_. In -1884 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. VI, p. 428), Mr. S. T. Walker reported -the finding of fossils, among them fragments of deer antlers, on -sand-bars in Peace River, from a point about where the town of Hull now -is to a point 8 miles by land above Fort Ogden, apparently not far from -the present town of Owens. On this matter see Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., p. 109). This locality and its fossils are further -described on page 381. - -9. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Numerous remains belonging to one or two -species of _Odocoileus_ have been found at Vero. Fragments of various -parts of the skeleton and some teeth have been found in the two upper -strata, No. 2 and No. 3, which lie above the marine marl. The writer -(9th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., 1917, pp. 50–57, plate III, fig. 3) -referred some of these bones to the new species, _O. sellardsiæ_. -Possibly only this species is represented at that locality, but probably -some of the bones belong to _O. osceola_. Lists of the species found in -the two deposits bearing fossil vertebrates will be found on pages 381 -to 383. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Natchez, Adams County._—Dr. Leidy wrote (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., -Phila., 1854, p. 199) as follows: - - “Fossil bones of a deer not larger than the _Cervus virginianus_ - have been found in association with bones of the _Megalonyx_, - _Mastodon_, etc., in the vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi. In the - cabinet of the Academy mentioned there are several specimens from - the locality, consisting of a portion of a lower jaw, a fragment of - an antler, and the posterior and inferior portions of two crania.” - -The geology of this important locality is discussed on pages 389 to 393. - -2. _Aberdeen, Monroe County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ser. 2, -vol. VII, p. 376), Leidy stated that remains of a deer had been found at -this place in a railroad cutting. No details were given. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 22. Figure 23.) - -_Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. -LVIII, pp. 85–95), the writer described bones and teeth of Pleistocene -animals which had been found at Whitesburg. A list of the species is -given on page 395. In the collection are 21 teeth which were referred to -_Odocoileus virginianus_, but their small size suggests that they may -belong to another species of deer. - -_Nashville, Davidson County._—On page 201 is presented an account of a -collection made at Nashville. Among the fossils was an antler of a deer -which is referred by the writer to an undetermined species of -_Odocoileus_ (p. 399). - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 22.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The bones and teeth of the Virginian -deer have been reported with some doubt from Bigbone Lick; even if found -it is not certain that they belonged to Pleistocene deposits. - -2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection made in -cleaning out Bluelick Springs, in Nicholas County, remains of a deer -were secured. The geological age of these can not be determined with -certainty, but they were probably of Late Wisconsin time. For a list of -the associated species see page 405. - -3. _Henderson, Henderson County._—In a letter to Dr. Joseph Leidy, -published by the latter (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. -7), Dr. D. D. Owen stated that many antlers and bones of deer had been -found about 6 miles below Henderson, associated with bones of _Megalonyx -jeffersonii_. - - - - -FINDS OF CERVUS CANADENSIS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Hamilton, Wentworth County._—On Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, -many years ago antlers of the elk were found associated with a jaw of a -beaver. They were discovered 30 feet from the surface and at a level 7 -feet higher than the jaw of _Elephas columbi_ described on page 147. The -age of all these bones is late Pleistocene. The elk had, therefore, -spread over the northern part of our country before the close of the -Wisconsin stage. - -The geology of this locality and the species found there are considered -on pages 284–285. - -2. _Near Strathroy, Middlesex County._—In 1901 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. -XV, pp. 95–97, fig.) L. H. Smith wrote on the occurrence of the elk in -Ontario. None had been known to exist there since the settlement by -white men. The writer of the article had a number of specimens of -antlers collected in the neighborhood of Strathroy and the neighboring -county, Lambton. A fine pair of antlers and a part of a skeleton of an -elk had been discovered in a boggy spring in lot 15, 12th concession, -township of Lobo. It was evidently not deeply buried. This and the -others, notwithstanding shallowness of burial, may have been buried in -Late Pleistocene times; but there is no assurance that they did not live -during the early Recent. - -3. _Kingston, Frontenac County._—In 1898 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. -IX, p. 377), Robert Bell stated that remains of the elk had been found -in shell marl in at least two places near Kingston. - - - VERMONT. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Grand Isle, Champlain Lake._—In 1840 (Rep. on Quadrupeds, -Massachusetts, p. 82), Emmons reported the finding of an antler on this -island, which he concluded belonged possibly to a young elk. It had been -thrown out by the plow from an elevated piece of ground, near a spring -of water. He concluded that it was the antler of the second year, and -stated that it had no branches. It was somewhat curved and had a total -length of 849 mm. The diameter just above the burr was given as 183 mm.; -but this is much greater than that in any specimens of young elks at -hand. Possibly some other species is represented and it may not have -belonged to Pleistocene. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Racket River, St. Lawrence County._—J. E. De Kay, in 1842 (Zool. N. -Y., Mamm., p. 120, plate XXIX, fig. 1), described a part of a skull, to -which were attached the damaged antlers of an elk, which had been dug up -near the mouth of Raquette River. This must have been not far from the -town of Racket River. Nothing appears to be known regarding the -conditions under which the skull was found. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. -Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 377) refers to the specimen. It was at -one time in the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, but is probably no -longer in existence. - -2. _Seneca Castle, Ontario County._—Mr. E. Hitchcock (Science, vol. VI, -1885, p. 450) reported the finding of an antler of an elk at this place. -It was associated with supposed remains of a mastodon, in a peat morass, -near Flint Creek. It is to be credited to the Late Wisconsin. - -3. _Farmington, Ontario County._—James Hall, in 1887 (6th Ann. Rep. -State Geologist, New York, p. 391), reported the discovery of about -two-thirds of the skeleton of an elk at the place named, in a cedar -swamp, buried in peat at depths of from 6 to 18 inches. The antlers had -projected above the surface and had been gnawed by rodents. Hall -remarked that the elk had not been known to live in that region since -the coming of the white race. The skeleton may or may not have been -deposited there during the late Pleistocene. - -4. _Livingston County._—In the collection at Princeton University is a -calvarium of an elk labeled as found in Livingston County. The finder -had, with a tool, chopped off the antlers and otherwise hacked the -skull. One can not be certain as to the geological age of the specimen. - -5. _Cuba, Allegany County._—In 1843, James Hall (Geol. 4th Dist., p. -367) reported that several horns of deer and one of an elk had been -found at the summit of the Genesee Valley Canal. The place given was New -Hudson, 4 miles from Cuba; but this town is about 10 miles from Cuba and -apparently not on the canal. The antlers were found at a depth of 12 -feet, in muck. - -6. _Jamestown, Chautauqua County._—Hall (op. cit., p. 365) stated that -Dr. Emmons had in his possession a tooth which he regarded as belonging -to this species. De Kay (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., p. 120, plate XXIX, fig. 4) -describes and figures this tooth. Emmons, in 1840 (Rep. Quadrupeds of -Massachusetts, p. 82), first mentioned the tooth and said it had been -found in a clay bed with several others. The tooth may belong to the -Pleistocene, but this can not be proved. It is of value, as are the -other cases, as showing the former distribution of the species. - -7. _Boonville, Oneida County._—In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. -II, p. 46), Dr. C. Hart Merriam reported that Mr. Calvin V. Graves, of -Boonville, had parts of elk horns, plowed up in an old beaver meadow. -These may have belonged to very late Pleistocene time or to any part of -the Recent. - -8. _Third Lake of Fulton Chain, Herkimer County._—In the publication -just referred to and on page 45, Merriam stated he had seen a number of -elk antlers, found in a bog near the place mentioned. Their geological -age can not be determined any more closely than in the preceding case. - -9. _Steele’s Corners, St. Lawrence County._—On page 46 of the paper just -cited, Merriam reported that Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, had parts -of antlers discovered at the place named. No details as to mode of -occurrence were given. The antlers were discarded by their owners some -time after the clearing away of the Wisconsin drift. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Deal, Monmouth County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. -VII, p. 377), Leidy stated that there were in the museum of the -Philadelphia Academy portions of two antlers of the elk obtained in the -earth just above the Cretaceous greensand near Deal. No further -information was furnished. Deal is about 5 miles south of Long Branch. -The antlers may have belonged to the Pleistocene or to the Recent. - -2. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1911 (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V, p. -123), Mr. Ernest Volk detailed the finding of a fragment of an antler of -an elk in the glacial gravels at Trenton, at a depth of 5.5 feet. For -the geology of this locality see page 304. - -Cope (Cook’s Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 742) wrote that this species has left -antlers and bones in various parts of the State in the gravel drift, but -he mentions no localities. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1899 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., -Pennsylvania, for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the discovery of various -fragmentary remains of this species in the Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) -Cave, near Stroudsburg. This cave and its contents will be considered on -page 310. - -2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—From Durham Cave, situated near -Riegelsville, there was sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences of -Philadelphia, about 70 years ago, a collection of bones. They were -examined by Leidy, who reported on them (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1880, p. 349). In this list the elk was not mentioned. In 1889 (Ann. -Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, pp. 18, 19), further attention was -given to the collection, and the elk was included. The bison, which was -mentioned in the first list, was omitted in the second. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In 1880, Professor J. Kost, of Adrian -College, sent to the U. S. National Museum a skull of _Castoroides -ohioensis_ and a jaw of a mastodon found in a marsh in the town of -Adrian, at a depth of 4 feet. At the same place another mastodon, -together with bones of a deer and of an elk, had previously been -secured. These belong to a late period in the Wisconsin. - -2. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In 1908 (Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., -p. 9), Russell and Leverett told of the finding of bones of elk and deer -in a peat-swamp, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor. In the same swamp, at a -depth of 5 feet, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ had been discovered. -The bones of the elk and deer were at a somewhat higher level. While -they are probably of late Pleistocene age, one can not be wholly sure of -it. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Cambridge City, Wayne County._—In the collection of Earlham College, -at Richmond, Indiana, is a part of the skull of an elk (No. 5070) -labeled as found a mile northwest of Cambridge City, and as presented by -Lee Ault, superintendent [of schools?]. It is recorded on the specimen -that it was found in Little Simond’s Creek and lay partly exposed in a -bed of gravel 4 rods below the mill-dam, and 0.25 mile from where the -creek empties into the West Fork of Whitewater River. The specimen is -pretty thoroughly mineralized and stained with iron oxide. The -geological age of the skull is uncertain, but it has the appearance of -being old. Found in that region, it must, however, be younger than the -Shelbyville and Bloomington moraines, which are nearby. - -2. _Fountain City, Wayne County._—In Earlham College is the rear of the -skull of an elk recorded as found on Nolan’s Fork, near the border of -the Bloomington moraine. It has the No. 5069 and is credited to Mr. -Isaac Thomas. The remark made in the preceding paragraph about the age -of the specimen from Cambridge City may be repeated here. - -3. _Harrisville, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, -Richmond, are some bones which belong to _Cervus canadensis_ and -reported found in May 1893, by Messrs. Shoemaker, Graves, and Moore, in -a ditch or canal being put through the swamp known then by the name of -“The Dismal,” apparently about 6 miles east of Winchester, near the town -of Harrisville. It was here that was found the fine specimen of -_Castoroides ohioensis_ which is at Earlham. Just at what depth the elk -bones were found is not known. With them came some bones of the -white-tailed deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_. Of the elk there are a -dorsal and two lumbar vertebræ, most of the sacrum, some pieces of ribs, -the articular end of the scapula, a complete humerus, most of the right -side of the pelvis, most of the left pubis, the left cubo-navicular -bone, the distal end of the left cannon-bone, and three phalanges. - -We can not be certain that the animal lived at that place during -Pleistocene times. At most, it lived after the Wisconsin ice had -withdrawn from that vicinity. Dr. A. J. Phinney (Geol. Surv. Indiana, -vol. XXI, p. 181) stated that in draining swamps in this county elks’ -antlers had been found, but no details were given. At any rate, in that -region all such remains would belong to a time following the middle of -the Wisconsin stage. - -4. _Pennville, Jay County._—McCaslin, in his report on the geology of -Jay County (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XII, p. 169), stated that the -bones of the mastodon and post-glacial deer, or elk, had been frequently -met with. “The gigantic antlers of the latter have been found in size -indicating an animal 8 or 9 feet high and 10 or 11 in length. These have -been picked up in a bog north of Camden.” Making proper allowances for -miscalculations, we must conclude that these antlers belonged to the elk -(_Cervus canadensis_). The antlers had probably been laid out so as to -give their maximum extent. This township (24 north, range 12 east) is in -the northwest corner of the county. The name Camden no longer appears on -the maps, being apparently a former name for Pennville. The bog referred -to was evidently north of the Salamonie River and close to or on the -moraine bearing the same name. The elk must have lived there after, -probably a long time after, this moraine was laid down. - -5. _Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict reported in 1892 (Geol. Surv. -Indiana, vol. XVII, p. 240) that a Mr. Longnecer had unearthed the head -and antlers of an elk in a swamp on his farm “near the west county -line.” The antlers measured 8 feet from tip to tip. In this case they -probably were given their greatest possible span. It is to be regretted -that no more definite locality was given. For those in that region who -might be interested, it would be possible to learn the location more -accurately by searching the office of the county surveyor or of the -county clerk. At any rate, the animal lived there in Late Wisconsin -time. - -6. _Foresman, Newton County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is the -left antler of an elk said to have been found in 1884, at Foresman. It -is credited to D. E. Howe, and the writer has not been able to get any -additional information. Foresman is on Iroquois River; and, according to -Leverett’s map (Monogr. LIII, plate VI), the region about there is -occupied by clay of a glacial lake bottom. The antler may be of the -Recent period, but more probably of Late Wisconsin times. - -7. _Rensselaer, Jasper County._—In the State collection at Indianapolis -just mentioned is a part, about 16 inches long, of the antler of an elk, -presented by Dr. Loughridge, of Rensselaer, but no additional -information is furnished. The animal may have lived at any time during -or since the Late Wisconsin stage. - -8. _Lake County._—In the Twenty-second Annual Report of the State -Geologist of Indiana, page 90, Blatchley stated that antlers of the elk -had been found in this county, but no details were given. - -9. _Kouts, Porter County._—In the report just cited, on page 90, -Blatchley, State geologist, reported antlers of a large elk found close -to teeth of a mastodon. This was somewhere near Kouts. - -The reports of fossil remains of _Cervus canadensis_ in Indiana are not -very satisfactory. In few cases has any effort been made to record -anything like exact information as to the locality and the depth of -burial and the nature of the deposit and to preserve the specimens. -Nevertheless, in most instances at least, it is quite certain that the -remains referred to this species were really such. While, again, some of -the remains have possibly belonged to the Recent period, probably most -of them date back to late Pleistocene; that is, Late Wisconsin times. In -many cases the remains have been found at a depth of several feet in -swamps that were being drained. It is certain that these swamp deposits -accumulated with exceeding slowness. Not infrequently fossil mastodon -bones and teeth have been found within a few inches of the surface. In -the case of none of the finds of elk materials is there any indication -of an age beyond that of the Late Wisconsin. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 23, 38.) - -1. _Niantic, Macon County._—in 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. -308), A. H. Worthen reported the discovery of remains of mastodon, elk, -buffalo, and deer in a bog near Niantic. The exact locality and the -conditions are described on page 102. In that account it is concluded -that the mastodon remains went to the museum of C. F. Günther, of -Chicago, and from there to the collection of the Chicago Academy of -Sciences. What became of the bones of the elk, the buffalo, and the deer -is not known. As no record appears to have been kept of the depths at -which each of the species was found, we do not know whether or not the -others were as old as the mastodon. However, it is certain that these -old ponds and marshes left on the surface of the Wisconsin drift filled -up very slowly. - -2. _Near Whitewillow, Kendall County, 5 miles west by north of -Minooka._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, of the Field Museum of Natural History, -informed the writer that he had found here bones of the elk. These were -also reported by him in Netta C. Anderson’s list (Augustana Coll. Publ., -No. 5, page 11). Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, has likewise found elk -antlers here and remains of _Cervalces_ and _Alces americanus_. - -For the location of this place and its geological situation page 337 may -be consulted. All the species found are without doubt of Late Wisconsin -age. Riggs’s statement referred to appears to indicate that the elk, -buffalo, and deer bones found are of more recent age than those of the -mastodons, but Mr. Langford writes that the antlers were mixed up with -the mastodon bones. - -3. _Palos Park, Cook County._—This place is on the Wabash Railway, about -20 miles southwest of Chicago. Dr. E. S. Riggs wrote the author that in -October 1915, the Field Museum of Natural History had received a fine -head and antlers of the elk from the Sag Drainage Canal near Palos Park. -It was found in peat at a depth of 13 feet. One can hardly doubt that -the animal lived there during the latter part of the Wisconsin stage. - -4. _Batavia, Kane County._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, writing April 3, 1916, -informed the author that he had picked up the jaw of an elk along a -ditch, somewhere about Batavia, in which mastodon bones had been found. -At what depth the bones had been buried could not be determined. In this -case all that can be said is that the animal lived there after the -Wisconsin ice had retired from that place. - -5. _Union Grove, Whiteside County._—In the U. S. National Museum, No. -7335, is a right astragalus of an elk found near Union Grove, 3 feet -below the surface of a bed of peat, in an old channel of the Mississippi -River. This astragalus was presented by Mr. Leo B. Lincoln, of Chicago, -through the peat expert of the U. S. Geological Survey, Professor -Charles A. Davis. - -The locality is said to be in the southeast quarter of the southeast -quarter of section 7, Union Grove Township, apparently township 21 -north, range 4 west. This section appears to be about 5 miles away from -the present bed of the river. Although the area is outside of the -Wisconsin drift-sheet, it is not probable that the elk antedates the -Wisconsin stage. Its age is more probably Late Wisconsin. - -6. _Lead Region of Illinois._—In 1876, J. A. Allen (Amer. Jour. Sci., -vol. XI, p. 48) stated he found in a collection made in this region by -J. D. Whitney an imperfect radius that seemed not to differ at all from -that of a young male _Cervus canadensis_. This collection is that -reported on by Jeffries Wyman in 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, -pp. 421–423). It is impossible to say whether the specimen was found in -Wisconsin, Iowa, or Illinois. - -As elsewhere stated, the writer formerly regarded the vertebrate fossils -found in that region as belonging mostly to the Late Wisconsin; but it -now appears possible they lived during a pre-Wisconsin time. - -7. _Beecher, Will County._—Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, Illinois, an -intelligent collector of the fossils of that region, informed the author -that he obtained an antler of the _Cervus canadensis_ at a place along -Trim Creek, about 3 miles north of east of Beecher. The fragment -included the base and two tines. The exact locality and the geological -conditions are discussed on page 107. Mr. Langford reported that the -antlers were above the mastodon bones. At the same place was found a -fragment of an antler of _Cervalces_. All these species belonged -probably to very late Pleistocene time. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County._—In the Public Museum of Milwaukee are -parts of both antlers of an elk found at Miller’s brewery, in Wauwatosa, -at a depth of 4 feet. - -Wauwatosa is a suburb west of Milwaukee, on the Menomonie River, -situated principally on one of the moraines laid down just before the -Wisconsin ice-sheet retired into Lake Michigan. The elk must have lived -there since that withdrawal of the ice. It is possible that the antlers -were found in marsh deposits of Recent age along the Menomonie River. - -2. _Pewaukee, Waukesha County._—This town is situated about 20 miles -north of west of Milwaukee. In the Public Museum at Milwaukee is an -antler which was plowed up somewhere about Pewaukee by Stanley G. -Haskins and presented by him to the museum. Probably the antler belongs -to the Recent epoch. - -3. _Whitehall, Trempealeau County._—From Dr. S. Weidman, State geologist -of Wisconsin, the writer received a tibia found near Whitehall and which -he identifies as belonging to _Cervus canadensis_. The following account -of the discovery has been furnished by Dr. Weidman: - - “The gully (fig. 2) in which the tibia was found is eroded out of - stratified sand, containing fragments of local sandstone and cherts. - The stratified sand, with local small fragments of sandstone, is, of - course, pre-loessial in origin, but the erosion of the lower terrace - is post-loessial, and the gully is very recent. The tibia was taken - 2 feet below the lower terrace, along the side of the gully about 5 - or 6 feet deep at the lower end and 3 or 4 feet deep at the upper - end; length of gully 300 or 400 feet. The bone may possibly have - been inserted after the development of the lower terrace, but I - could see no indication of disturbance or change in the upper 2 feet - of the lower terrace further exposed by the gully at this point, the - upper 2 feet being essentially the same at this point as elsewhere - along the side of the gully. If the bone was deposited along with - the small fragments of sandstone in the stratified formation, the - fragments being usually flat, about 0.5 inch thick by 1 to 2 inches - wide, then the bone is evidently pre-loessial in age. I am inclined - to think the bone was deposited with the sandstone fragments during - the process of the filling up of the valley with the stratified - surface, long before the loess was deposited in the region, rather - than after the loess and the lower terrace was formed.” - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 2.—Diagrammatic section of gully near Whitehall, Wisconsin, - showing place of burial of elk bone. -] - -According to this account the specimen belonged to the Peorian stage or -an earlier one. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. -XI, p. 178), Cope stated that a collection of vertebrate fossils had -been found on the farm of Lambert Kirby, in Oxford Neck, including parts -of antlers. These were not distinguishable from those of the elk and the -Virginia deer. They were placed in the Baltimore Academy of Natural -Sciences. - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Maps 23, 39.) - -1. _On Neuse River, Pamlico County, 16 miles below Newbern._—On page -117, in discussing the occurrence of mastodons at this place, it is -stated that H. B. Croom had reported also the presence of elk remains. A -more competent witness was Richard Harlan, who included the elk in his -list of species (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143). The reader -is referred to page 358, where the locality and the species are further -considered. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy does not seem to -mention the occurrence of the wapiti at Charleston. F. S. Holmes, in the -introduction to his work on Post-Pliocene fossils of South Carolina, -page 7, mentions the elk among the animals found in the Pleistocene beds -which still have living representatives. - -In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, -are two teeth, labeled as from Ashley River and credited to Captain A. -H. Bowman. It is possible that Leidy did not mention them because he -regarded them as teeth of elk that lived within Recent times. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In a list of fossil vertebrates dredged, -probably, from the harbor at Brunswick, Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. -Surv. Georgia, p. 436) announced the finding of some part, supposedly a -tooth, of a cervuline, “probably belonging to the genus _Cervus_.” That -_C. canadensis_ might have lived in that region during some part of the -Pleistocene is not at all improbable; that it lived there during the -time that _Megatherium_ existed we have not at present sufficient -evidence. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—From the late Professor F. W. -Putnam the writer learned that he had obtained from Alafia River some -part of the elk. The present writer has not seen the specimen. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Figure 23.) - -_Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In a collection of fossil vertebrates -secured at Whitesburg and described by the writer in 1920 are some -fragments of teeth which were referred to _Cervus canadensis_ (Proc. U. -S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 92). A list of the species is presented on -page 395. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 23.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In his report of 1831 on Bigbone Lick, -William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 207) stated that -he had found remains of _Cervus canadensis_; but he did not appear to be -wholly certain of this. Shaler was likewise in doubt regarding the -presence of the elk (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. III, n. s., p. 197). -Other authors have mentioned the elk as occurring here, but not in a -convincing way. Nevertheless, it is not at all improbable that this -species was represented here. The geology of this locality is considered -on pages 401 to 404 and a list of the species is presented. - -2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection of fossil -vertebrates secured by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, living near Bluelick -Springs, were teeth, some bones, and fragments of antlers. This -collection had been secured in an attempt to clean out and restore the -failing springs. Whether or not these remains date back to the -Pleistocene is uncertain. They are reported to have been found above the -bones of the mastodon. - - - - - FINDS OF RANGIFER IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - GRINNELL LAND. - -_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. -488), Fielden published a paper on the post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell -Land and north Greenland. In 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. -XXXIV, p. 566), Fielden and De Rance presented a report on the same -subject. - -At a station in latitude 82° 30′ N., in beds at an elevation of 400 -feet, there were secured meager remains of _Ovibos moschatus_ and _Phoca -hispida_. At another station, in latitude 82° 25′, there were obtained -remains of _Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. -The invertebrate fauna was found to be identical with that now existing -there. In case the beds are Pleistocene they are probably those of a -late stage. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Toronto, York County._—In 1899 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. -195), Coleman stated that horns of the caribou were common in the -Carleton Bar, just west of Toronto. This bar belonged to the Iroquois -beach. In the same bar near York, east of Toronto, mammoth teeth had -been found. In 1904 (Jour. Geol., vol. XV, p. 366), the same writer -states that antlers are very common at Toronto Junction. This is -probably the same locality as that spoken of as Carleton Bar. - -In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, pp. 290, 298), Coleman wrote that a shed -horn of a caribou had been found at Taylor’s brickyard. This is nearly a -mile north of the Gerard street bridge in Toronto (Amer. Geologist, vol. -XIII, p. 87). It was in a blue peaty clay, in which were found also -unios and wood. This clay is about 4 feet 6 inches thick and near the -top of the warm-climate beds. Notwithstanding the presence of the antler -of a caribou, the stratum is assigned by Coleman to the warm-climate -beds, because of the character of the vegetation. At present the caribou -is not known to come nearer than 150 or 200 miles to Toronto. - - - VERMONT. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Woodbury, Washington County._—In 1910 (Rep. Geol. Surv. Vermont, p. -7), Professor G. H. Perkins stated that there are in the State Cabinet -at Burlington a fully developed antler and a part of the upper jaw, with -five molars, of _Rangifer caribou_ found at Woodbury in a peat-bog at a -depth of 7 feet. Probably the animal lived at about the close of the -Pleistocene epoch. The species has not been known in the State since -historical times. - - - CONNECTICUT. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _New Haven, New Haven County._—In 1875 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, -vol. X), Professor J. D. Dana gave an account of the finding of a -humerus and a tibia of a reindeer in the Quinnipiac Valley, near New -Haven. The humerus was discovered in a bed of clay at a depth of 11 -feet; the tibia at a depth of 7 feet. The two bones belonged to -different individuals. Marsh, as quoted by Dana, thought that the tibia -resembled more closely that of _Rangifer tarandus_ of Europe than it did -that of _R. caribou_, but that the humerus was more similar to that of -the caribou. Dana concluded that the clays had been laid down after the -glacier had retreated from the valley, but while it was yet near enough -to send down ice-floes. Woodworth (17th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. -1, p. 978) was inclined to refer the clays to some pre-Wisconsin time. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Ossining, Westchester County._—In 1859, Dr. Joseph Leidy (Proc. -Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI, p. 194) read a letter from Dr. G. J. -Fisher, of Ossining (then Sing Sing), in which was reported the finding -of an antler of a reindeer in that vicinity, in excavating a peat-bed, 6 -feet from the surface. The peat-bed had an area of about an acre, was -surrounded by high ground, and looked as if it had been the site of an -ancient lake. It is to be regretted that the situation of the place was -not more accurately given. - -Woodworth (Bull. 84, New York State Mus., 1905, p. 187) remarked that he -did not know the circumstances under which the reindeer remains had been -found; but its occurrence there was consonant with his views of the -non-submergence of the lower Hudson valley. On the other hand, there -appears to be no good reason why the caribou might not have occupied -that region step by step as the glacier retired, and have remained there -long enough for its bones to become buried in mucks overlying the -deposits laid down in the Hudson while it was at sea-level. - -2. _Racket River, St. Lawrence County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., vol. VII, p. 377), Leidy mentioned the occurrence of caribou -(“_Cervus tarandus_”) remains at Racket River, basing his statement on a -remark of S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, p. 26). On the same -page Leidy referred to Mitchill’s skull of the elk found at Racket -River, and to De Kay’s figure of it. In De Kay’s description (Zool. N. -Y. Mamm., p. 120) of the skull he stated that it bore a label in -Mitchill’s handwriting purporting that the skull belonged to the -reindeer. It looks, therefore, very much as if the crediting of the -caribou to this locality is due to an error of identification on the -part of Mitchill; on the other hand, it is barely possible that Mitchill -had remains of both animals from the locality. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Vincentown, Burlington County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., vol. VII, p. 377, plate XXVIII, fig. 9), Leidy described and -figured a part of an antler of a reindeer found at Vincentown. It was -discovered 4 feet from the surface in soil overlying greensand. -According to Lewis and Kümmel’s geological map, the region about -Vincentown is occupied by Cape May deposits resting on Manasquan marl, -of Cretaceous age. It may be supposed, therefore, that this reindeer was -in that region during the prevalence of the Wisconsin glacial stage -(Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. VIII, p. 183). This antler is peculiar in -having no brow-tine, in having the bez-tine placed at an unusual height, -6 inches above the base, and in having no tine arise from the rear of -the shaft up to a height of about 2 feet from the base. Where the -last-mentioned tine might be expected is simply a sharp ridge. Leidy -thought that the antler resembled more closely that of the barren-ground -reindeer than that of the woodland reindeer. It may, however, belong to -a distinct but as yet unnamed species. - -2. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1884 (17th Ann. Rep. Peabody Mus., -Harvard Univ., for 1883, p. 372), Professor F. W. Putnam reported as -follows on a fragment of antler of _Rangifer_ found at Trenton by Dr. C. -C. Abbott: “A piece of worked antler, probably a handle to a stone -knife, from the gravel in the railroad cut where the human tooth (No. -27798) was found. Collected and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott.” - -This specimen is mentioned by Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Mamm. of Pennsylvania -and New Jersey, 1903, p. 241) as belonging to _Rangifer grœnlandicus_. -From Dr. C. C. Willoughby, director of Peabody Museum, the writer learns -that this part of an antler is yet in that museum. He writes that it has -been a handle for apparently a steel knife and that he sees nothing -whatever about the specimen to indicate a prehistoric origin. It may, he -thinks, have been washed out of some recent Indian grave. In a personal -letter to Mr. S. N. Rhoads, Professor Putnam wrote that the fragment had -been identified by Dr. J. A. Allen as belonging to _Rangifer_. In 1883 -(Jour. Franklin Inst., vol. CXV, pp. 366, 374), H. C. Lewis stated on -the authority of Dr. C. C. Abbott that remains of _Rangifer_ had been -discovered in the Trenton gravels. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) Cave, near -Stroudsburg, there was found, many years ago, bones and teeth of what -Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 347) called _Rangifer -caribou_. In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 5) -the remains are spoken of as fragments of jaws and teeth. - -2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—In his earliest mention of remains -found in Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Leidy included the woodland -caribou (_Rangifer caribou_). In his list published in 1889 (Ann. Rep. -Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 18) this species is not included, -but the writer does not know why it was not. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Alton, Madison County._—In the collection of fossils made in the -region about Alton by William McAdams, a list of which will be given on -page 339, is a single upper right molar, the first or second, which -belongs to this genus. The tooth has McAdams’s No. 11. To the base of -the tooth a mass of very hard matrix adheres and a part of the -grinding-surface is covered by the same material. The tooth is likewise -somewhat shattered. The length of the tooth is 19 mm., the width across -the anterior lobe 13.5 mm. - -From the materials at hand it is not possible to determine to what -species the tooth belonged. It is referred provisionally to _Rangifer -muscatinensis_. This tooth differs from other _Rangifer_ teeth observed -in having the front of the protocone, at its base, less fully rounded -out, and in that the mesostyle, on the inner face of the tooth, widens -more extensively as it approaches the base than in any other species -observed. Nevertheless, the width of the mesostyle varies in species and -individuals. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—From Professor S. Weidman, of the Wisconsin -Geological and Natural History Survey, the writer received a part of an -antler of a female or a young individual of some species of _Rangifer_. -Professor Weidman sends the information that this was obtained in a sand -formation just below the clays worked at Menomonie for brick. He regards -the brick-clays as being of Sangamon interglacial age. He states, too, -that a part of a leg-bone believed to belong to a mastodon had been -found in the clays; also bones of a fish, which have been identified by -Dr. Hussakof as the Mackinaw trout, _Cristivomer namaycush_ (Jour. -Geology, vol XXIV, pp. 685–689, figs. 1, 2). - -Probably the caribou represented by this specimen lived in that region -at the beginning or at the close of some one of the glacial stages, when -the climate was yet severe. The supposed mastodon bone may have belonged -to _Elephas primigenius_. It is described on page 111. - -At a later time Dr. Weidman sent the writer a large part of the beam of -an antler of a caribou which likewise had been found in the lacustrine -clay at Menomonie. It was met with in the red clay, near the top of the -lacustrine clay bed. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 24.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The presence of reindeer bones at this -place appears first to have been mentioned by William Cooper (Monthly -Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 207). He wrote that “antlers, jaws, and -other remains of _Cervus canadensis_, _C. virginianus_, _C. alces_, and -perhaps _C. tarandus_ are not very rare.” Shaler (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. -Hist., vol. XIII, 1871, p. 167; Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, -p. 197) reported that antlers of the caribou had been found by him here. -A list of the species found at Bigbone Lick will be given on page 403. - - - - - FINDS OF MUSK-OXEN IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - GRINNELL LAND. - -_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. -488), H. W. Fielden presented a paper on the post-Tertiary beds of -Grinnell Land and north Greenland. He reported the discovery of a bone -and a tooth of _Ovibos moschatus_ and a bone of _Phoca hispida_ in -deposits at an elevation of 400 feet. This was in latitude 82° 30′ N. At -another station, in latitude 82° 25′, Fielden procured fossil remains of -_Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. A report -to the same effect was presented by Fielden and De Rance in 1878 (Quart. -Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566). - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1900 (Ann. Rep. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. -for 1899, p. 16), Professor F. W. Putnam stated that Mr. Ernest Volk, of -Trenton, had found in the Trenton gravels a part of the scapula of a -musk-ox, now at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The -part present is that bearing the glenoid cavity. This report is -reprinted on pages 248 to 249 of Volk’s “Archæology of the Delaware -Valley” (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V). On page 111 of this work, Mr. -Volk gives an account of the discovery of the bone, and illustrates it -by plates LXXXVI and LXXXVII. The bone was identified by Putnam, -Matthew, Allen, Boas, Lambe, True, and Lucas. Inasmuch as the comparison -must have been made with the scapulas of _Ovibos moschatus_, the fossil -probably belonged to this species. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In 1872 (Contrib. Ext. Fauna West. -Terrs., p. 255, plate XXVIII, fig. 8), Leidy briefly described and -figured a molar tooth which he referred to _Bison latifrons_. It had -been found along the bank of Susquehanna River at Pittston, associated -with the mastodon and a horse. Dr. J. A. Allen (Amer. Bisons, 1876, p. -12) expressed the opinion that the tooth belonged to some species of -_Ovibos_. The present writer agrees that the tooth is not that of -_Bison_. It seems to agree more nearly with teeth of _Symbos cavifrons_; -but it differs from the teeth of that species in some respects. The -writer has examined this tooth at the Academy of Natural Sciences at -Philadelphia. It is worn almost to the roots and is 34 mm. long and 32 -mm. thick at the base of the hinder lobe. It agrees in form more closely -with the first molar of both _Ovibos_ and _Symbos_; but it is much -larger than the same tooth in _Ovibos moschatus_ and somewhat larger -than that of _Symbos cavifrons_. The inner face of the anterior lobe is -much more rounded than in _Symbos_, and the inner face of the hinder -lobe forms an angle with the hinder face, instead of rounding into it, -as it does in _Symbos cavifrons_. The teeth appear to have been packed -together more closely, on the lingual side, than in _Bison_, _Symbos_, -and _Ovibos_. The tooth is probably worthy of being given a new name. - -Mr. S. W. Rhoads has examined this tooth and concluded that it belonged -to _Bison bison_. To this view it seems sufficient to say that in -_Bison_ teeth the outer face of each of the lobes is very convex and -column-like, while the parastyle and especially the mesostyle are -relatively small. In the Pittston tooth the mesostyle stands out beyond -the outer face of the hinder lobe, and the latter is nearly flat; this -is also the condition in _Symbos_. The writer will say further that the -accessory column is not always present in teeth of _Symbos_. - -2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—Mr. Rhoads, as cited above, on pages -246 to 248, described a part of a horn-core of a bovine animal to which -he applied the name _Bison appalachicolus_. Later (Proc. Acad. Nat. -Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 492) he concluded that the horn-core had belonged -to an animal of the genus _Ovibos_; and accordingly it bears the name -_O. appalachicolus_. Leidy had in 1889 called attention to a collection -of bones made in Durham Cave, near Riegelsville (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., -Pennsylvania, for 1887, pp. 18–19). He recorded 20 species, all of which -lived there or at most, not far away, when the country was discovered. -These may have all entered the cave at a later period, but the musk-ox -may have antedated the others. A list of these fossils is presented on -page 311. - - - OHIO. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Urbana, Champaign County._—At Urbana, Ohio, in the possession of Mr. -Charles McDarg, the writer has seen a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ which -had been found on the farm of Ed. Jennings, while a ditch was being dug. -It was buried in mud at a depth of 10 feet. This region is covered by -the Wisconsin drift, and the animal must have lived not long after the -ice had withdrawn from the neighborhood. - -2. _Youngstown, Mahoning County._—In the geological collection of the -Ohio State University is a part of a skull of _Ovibos moschatus_ secured -at Youngstown. The specimen shows the base of the skull and the -forehead. Between the bases of the horns is a narrow channel, -characteristic of _Ovibos_. The specimen shows the effects of abrasion, -the horn-cores being worn down to their bases. The specimen is said to -have been found in gravel at a depth of 60 feet. It appears to have been -presented in 1890 by H. McGinnis. It is probable that this skull was -found along Mahoning River, but the elevation was, unfortunately, not -given. The probability is that the deposits inclosing the fossil were -laid down during the Wisconsin stage. - -According to Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XLI, p. 149), the old -trough of Beaver River was filled with gravel during the Wisconsin -glacial stage, and this filling is now in process of excavation. The -same is probably true of its tributary, the Mahoning. If the skull was -buried in this gravel its age is thereby determined. - -3. _Trumbull County._—In 1853 (Smith. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3, -p. 16), Leidy stated that he had received, for inspection, from -Professor Samuel St. John, of Hudson, Ohio, a fragment of a skull, with -one horn-core attached, which had been found in Trumbull County. No -further details were given as to the locality or of the geological -conditions. The skull appeared to be much water-worn. It belongs to -_Symbos cavifrons_. Trumbull County is wholly occupied by Wisconsin -drift. The animal is, then, probably to be credited to the Late -Wisconsin. It is possible, however, that this skull was found in an -older deposit exposed in the valley of some stream. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 25.) - -Up to the present time it appears that remains of musk-oxen have been -found in Michigan in only two localities, Manchester, Washtenaw County, -and near Moorland, in Muskegon County. These remains belonged to two -different genera, _Symbos_ and _Boötherium_. - -1. _Manchester, Washtenaw County._—In No. 13 of the Occasional Papers of -the Museum of Zoology, pages 1–3, plates I, II, issued by the University -of Michigan, November 12, 1915, Dr. E. C. Case reported the finding of a -fine skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ at a place near Manchester. This was -given by Case as being about 3 miles northeast of Manchester, but Mr. -Schlicht, owner of the farm, has sent the writer a description and plat -of the section which show that the spot is situated about 0.5 mile -northwest of the town. It is near the center of the northwest quarter of -the northwest quarter of section 1, township 4 south, range 3 east. A -drain was being made in a swampy tract and the skull was found at a -depth of 4 feet, lying on a bed of clay. This was covered by a black -muck filled with plant remains and interrupted by a few thin layers of -fine gravel. - -The skull was in fine condition, but lacked the lower jaw. The spade of -a workman struck the nose and injured the bones so that some parts were -lost. The teeth were almost perfectly preserved. - -The locality which furnished this skull is in the valley of the Raisin -River. According to Leverett’s glacial map of Michigan (Monogr. U. S. -Geol. Surv., LIII, plate VII), this valley crosses, at this point, the -northern end of the Fort Wayne moraine. It is not improbable that this -musk-ox lived when the foot of the ice-sheet was not far removed. Even -in case the skull had gotten into a drainage channel it could not, -because of its fine state of preservation, have been moved far from -where the animal died. The circumstances appear to indicate that the -skull had been left on the clayey bottom of a shallow pond of a tundra -and become covered by the muck of a milder epoch. - -2. _Moorland, Muskegon County._—In 1908 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. -XXXIV, p. 683, plate LXXIX), J. W. Gidley described, as belonging to a -new species, _Boötherium sargenti_, a skull of a musk-ox found on the -farm of Mr. Charles McKay, reported to be near Grand Rapids. Further -inquiry showed that the farm is located near Moorland, in the northeast -quarter of section 16, township 10 north, range 14 west. The skull was -found in a marsh at a depth of 2 or 3 feet and lying beneath the pelvis -of a mastodon. It and the mastodon are now preserved in the Kent -Scientific Museum, at Grand Rapids, Michigan. - -In 1915 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XLVIII, p. 525, plate XXXI), the -writer redescribed the specimen. Dr. J. A. Allen, in 1913 (Mem. Amer. -Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, pp. 214, 215), referred to this skull and -concluded that it had belonged to the female of _Symbos cavifrons_. The -writer does not accept this opinion. He has examined more than 25 skulls -of _S. cavifrons_, some of which must have been females. In none did the -rough surfaces for the horns fail to meet at the midline as it does fail -in the Moorland specimen. - -The Moorland marsh is surrounded by what Leverett has called the Lake -Border moraines. It is probable that this musk-ox existed there after, -but not long after, the ice had withdrawn into Lake Michigan. From what -is known about the habits of musk-oxen in general, we must conclude that -the climate was yet cold. - -The fact that the mastodon remains were so closely associated with the -musk-ox skull does not prove that the animals lived there together. Near -Alma, in Gratiot County, the late Charles A. Davis found mastodon bones -in a peat-bog within a few inches of the surface. If by chance the -pelvis of a modern horse or cow had fallen on that spot, it might easily -have been pressed down into contact with those bones. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Wailesboro, Bartholomew County._—In the American Museum of Natural -History, New York, is a portion of a skull of a musk-ox which the writer -identifies as _Symbos cavifrons_. It is labeled as found along the East -Fork of White River, in 1904, near Wailesboro, Bartholomew County, -Indiana. This locality is about 45 miles east of south of Indianapolis. -The skull is reported to have been washed out of a bank composed of -alluvium which overlies from 10 to 20 feet of glacial gravel. It is also -said that out of the same gravel a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ had -been secured. It seems to be implied that the musk-ox skull came from -the gravel; but the record is not clear. It was presented to the museum -in New York by Dr. J. J. Edwards, of Columbus, Indiana. He is said to -have been interested to some extent in collecting palæontological -materials. It is likely that he depended on others for his knowledge of -the origin of the skull. - -The specimen presents the brain-case to the rear of the orbits, -including the basioccipital bone and the bases of the horn-cores. It has -been rolled somewhat and many ridges and processes have been eroded off. -Measurements were given by the writer in his paper on the “Pleistocene -Period in Indiana and its Vertebrata” (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, -pp. 638–639). Dr. J. A. Allen (Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. -201) has examined this skull and concluded that it is not specifically -determinable, but the writer, after re-examining the specimen, sees no -reason for changing his original conclusion. - -This skull was found within the area of Illinoian drift; but the border -of the Wisconsin forms the high ground just east of the river. According -to Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana (Monogr. LII, U. S. Geol. Surv., -plate VI), the valley of the river is filled with sands and gravels -resulting from glacial drainage, and this came mostly, if not all, from -the Wisconsin ice. Most probably the animal which possessed this skull -lived there at some time when the Wisconsin glacial ice was not far -away. - -2. _Richmond, Wayne County._—In the collection at Earlham College, -Richmond, Indiana, is the brain-case of a skull identified as that of -_Ovibos moschatus_. This fragment was described and figured by the -writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 641, plate IX, fig. -2). The skull was unearthed by some workmen in the vicinity of Richmond -and put into the hands of Professor D. W. Dennis, who loaned it to the -writer. It is referred to _Ovibos moschatus_, the species now existing -in the Arctic region of North America. Possibly if we had more complete -remains specific differences might be found. - -This animal probably lived in the region about Richmond at a time when -the Wisconsin moraine was yet lingering in Indiana and when the climate -was yet severe. - -3. _Randolph County._—In the collection belonging to Earlham College is -the rear portion of the skull of a musk-ox, identified as belonging to -_Symbos cavifrons_. At what place in Randolph County it was found is not -known. It had been somewhat eroded and injured. Measurements -approximately correct were given by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. -Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 638). We may suppose that the animal lived in -that region at some time during the last half of the Wisconsin stage. - -4. _Beaver Lake, Newton County._—In 1870, F. H. Bradley (Geol. Surv. -Illinois, vol. IV, p. 229), reported that upon the bottom of Beaver -Lake, just east of the State line, since the lake had been partially -drained, skeletons of _Mastodon_ and _Boötherium_ had been found by Dr. -H. M. Keyzer, of Momence, Illinois, and others. Unfortunately, we do not -know what became of these valuable materials. Probably the -“_Boötherium_” was the animal now known as _Symbos cavifrons_, inasmuch -as it is far more abundant than any other species of musk-ox. If any -parts of the skeleton of this musk-ox were really found the loss is -great, inasmuch as very few bones have ever been discovered. - -The time when the mastodon and the musk-ox lived about Beaver Lake must -have been after the withdrawal of the Wisconsin glacial sheet beyond -that region. For remarks on this locality see page 96. The name Beaver -Lake has disappeared from the maps, but it was in township 30 north, -range 9 west. - -5. _Hebron, Porter County._—In the American Museum of Natural History is -a nearly complete skull of the musk-ox known as _Symbos cavifrons_, -collected about 6 miles east of Hebron. It was found by workmen while -making excavations for a railroad bridge. The exact location is given as -section 16, township 33 north, range 6 west, in the marshy lands just -north of Kankakee River. The depth was about 7 feet and the deposit was -described as a mixture of sand and clay. Doubtless the animal died near -the spot where its skull was found, inasmuch as this had undergone -little injury. - -This skull was described and figured by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. -Indiana, vol. XXXVI, pp. 635–638, figs. 49, 50) and in 1914 (Iowa Geol. -Surv., vol. XXIII, pp. 299–302, figs. 98, 99); also by Dr. J. A. Allen -(Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. 214, plates XVII, XVIII). - -On Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana this region is represented as being -occupied by sand and gravel deposits resulting from glacial drainage. -The musk-ox must have lived after the foot of the glacier had withdrawn -nearly to the end of Lake Michigan. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Bondville, Champaign County._—In the collection of the University of -Illinois, at Champaign, is the rear portion of the skull with the -horn-cores of a specimen of _Symbos cavifrons_. It is reported as found -on the farm of John Busey, southwest of Champaign and 4 miles from -Bondville. Professor S. A. Forbes informed the writer that the locality -is in section 31, township 19 north, range 8 east. No details are known -regarding the conditions under which the skull was found. The region is -occupied by the Champaign moraine and it was after the retirement of the -ice from this moraine that the animal lived. It may, however, have been -not long after that time. - -2. _Manito, Mason County._—Mr. John Wiedmer, of St. Louis, presented to -the U. S. National Museum (No. 7800) the rear half of the skull of a -specimen of _Symbos cavifrons_ found near Manito, at a depth of 5 feet, -by workmen who were cutting out peat. A tooth of a mastodon, _Mammut -americanum_, sent with the skull, is said to have been embedded in the -upper part of the sand which underlies the peat. The skull was reported -as found at about the same depth, but it was quite certainly not in the -sand. - -The exact location of the skull was in section 22, township 23 north, -range 6 east, within the area of the Illinoian drift-sheet, but the -Wisconsin drift is not far away. The valley of the Illinois River in -this county is mapped by Leverett as occupied by sands and gravels of -Wisconsin age. Probably the animal lived when the Wisconsin ice-sheet -was not far distant. - -The skull described apparently belonged to a rather small, perhaps not -fully grown individual. For purposes of comparison with other skulls, as -the one found at St. Louis, Missouri, and the one found at Hebron, -Indiana (p. 252), the following measurements have been taken of this -skull: - - _mm._ - From tip to tip of horn-cores 437 - Height of rear of skull from bottom of condyles 168 - Width across the mastoid region 183 - Width between hinder ends of temporal fossæ 117 - Width at space between bases of horn-cores and orbits 127 - Width at the rear border of orbits 231 - Length of rough surface of forehead, at midline 200 - Fore-and-aft width of base of horn-core 98 - Vertical thickness of base of horn-core 78 - From front of foramen magnum to rear of nasal bones 260 - -The exostosis between the bases of the horn-cores is longitudinally -deeply excavated, the excavation being 50 mm. wide and 27 mm. deep. The -tips of the horn-cores come forward only even with the rear border of -the orbits. In some other cases the horn-cores come forward to the -front, or even in advance of the front border of the orbits. It is -possible that this Manito skull was that of a cow. - -3. _Alton, Madison County._—In a collection of fossil mammals made at -Alton by William McAdams and now in the U. S. National Museum is a -single tooth, a lower left second molar, referred with some doubt to -_Symbos promptus_. The crown is 34 mm. long and 25 mm. wide at the base. -The tooth has been described briefly by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. -Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 115). A list of the species accompanying it will be -found on page 339. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Mahan, Brooke County._—In 1902 (Science, n. s., vol. XVI, pp. -707–709, fig.), J. B. Hatcher reported the finding of a part of a skull -of _Symbos cavifrons_ at a point in Brooke County, somewhat over a mile -below Steubenville, Ohio. The locality is further defined as being the -sand-pit of the Steubenville Sand Company, on the Thomas Mahan farm, on -the east side of the Wheeling branch of the “Panhandle” Railroad. The -details regarding the locality were furnished by Mr. Sam Huston. The -sand-pit was located in the glacial terrace which rises about 70 feet -above low-water mark and from about 35 to 40 feet above high-water. The -river has never been known to rise as high as to the spot where the -skull was found. It had doubtless been brought down by the waters which -built up the terrace. These waters probably came from the Wisconsin -ice-sheet. The skull is now in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh. - -The interesting geology of this region is described on page 355. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Natchez._—The first notice of the occurrence of any species of the -Ovibovinæ at Natchez seems to be the inclusion of _Symbos (Boötherium) -cavifrons_ in Leidy’s list of fossil Mammalia found in the State of -Mississippi (Wailles’s Rep. Agric. Geol. Mississippi, 1854, p. 269), but -the locality is not mentioned. The occurrence of the species in the -State was not mentioned by Leidy in 1853 in his “Memoir on Extinct -Species of Fossil Ox” (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3). -Leidy’s list mentioned above was quoted by Hilgard in 1860 (Agric. Geol. -Mississippi, p. 196). In neither place was any statement made regarding -the part preserved. In his “Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North -America,” published in 1855 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. -5, p. 6), Leidy stated that _Boötherium_ had been found at Natchez. Five -years later (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 73) Leidy reported -that an isolated tooth, a last lower molar not yet protruded from the -jaw, had been received from Natchez and was preserved in the museum of -the Philadelphia Academy. On comparison with a last molar in a jaw of a -supposed _Ovibos cavifrons_ received at the Smithsonian Institution and -found near Woodbine, Iowa, Leidy concluded that the Natchez tooth -belonged to the same species. Probably he had already based on this -tooth the announcement of the presence of this species at Natchez. At -least, the writer knows of no other parts of _Symbos cavifrons_ found at -Natchez, and he has seen neither the tooth from Natchez nor the jaw from -Woodbine, Iowa. - -Leidy stated that the tooth in question had a height of 2.25 inches, a -length antero-posteriorly of 2 inches. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 25.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In his account of Bigbone Lick and the -collections made there (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 158–174, -205–217), William Cooper included in his list of species both _Bos -bombifrons_ (_Boötherium bombifrons_) and _Bos pallasii_ (_Symbos -cavifrons_). Already in 1818 Wistar (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, -vol. I, p. 379, plate XI, figs. 10, 11) had described, without -systematic name, the skull which later was made the type of _Bos -bombifrons_ by Harlan (Fauna Amer., p. 271). This skull was a part of -the collection made at Bigbone Lick by Governor William Clark for -President Thomas Jefferson. In the account presented by Cooper (p. 173) -he stated that in the Finnell (sometimes spelled Phinnell) collection, -made in 1830, he had found a second head of the species, but what became -of it is not known. Harlan, as cited (p. 272), stated that in the -collection of fossils made at Bigbone Lick by Major Long were teeth -which probably belonged to the musk-ox. They differed little from those -of the bison, but were thicker at the crown, more deeply grooved at the -sides, and altogether more robust. In 1870 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., p. 97), Dr. Leidy mentioned that in the Museum of Comparative -Zoology, in Cambridge, he had seen a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ which -Professor Shaler had collected at Bigbone Lick. The present writer has -seen this skull. A list of the species found at this locality is -recorded on page 403. - -2. _Bluelick Springs?, Nicholas County._—In the collection at Yale -University is the hinder part of a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_, bought -in 1876 from Henry Ward, Rochester, and labeled as found in the Bluelick -region. The locality is not more definitely known. - -3. _Winchester, Clark County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a part of -the rear of the skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ labeled as found at -Winchester. It is credited to J. W. Fitch. It shows well the condyles, -some of the base of the skull, and the base of the right horn-core. - -Besides the remains above described a part of a cranium of _Symbos -cavifrons_ from Kentucky is preserved in the Boston Society of Natural -History. Leidy (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3, p. 16) stated -that it had been found in the alluvium of Kentucky River. - - - - - FINDS OF EXTINCT BISONS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Toronto, York County._—Through the kindness of Professor B. A. -Bensley, of the University of Toronto, the writer has had the -opportunity to examine a malar bone of a bison found in the Don -interglacial beds at Toronto. It is slightly water-worn and the edges -are somewhat injured. The bone has been compared with the corresponding -one of a large specimen of _Bison bison_, No. 22374 of the U. S. -National Museum, and with a complete skull of _Bison alleni_ from -Alaska. The Toronto bone is about one-third larger than that of the -_Bison bison_ and about one-tenth larger than that of _B. alleni_. The -projecting outer plate, immediately below the orbit, narrows little if -any from behind forward, while in both the other species referred to it -becomes much narrower toward the front. The bone quite certainly -belonged to an extinct species, but without the horn-cores it is -impossible to determine to which one. - -In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, p. 301), Coleman stated that a large -atlas vertebra of a bison which he thought might belong to _B. -americanus_ had been found in interglacial beds in Toronto. It is more -probable, however, that it belonged to one of the extinct species. It is -uncertain whether the deposits belonged to the Don series or the -Scarboro. - -The geology of this region is treated on pages 281 to 283. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Fauna West. -Terrs., p. 255, plate XXVIII, fig. 8), Leidy described and figured a -tooth as that of _Bison latifrons_. This has been referred here to an -undetermined species of _Symbos_. In a paper on the distribution of the -American bison in Pennsylvania, Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1895, p. 245) concluded that this tooth belonged to the existing -bison. He stated also that the Academy had two other teeth, lower -molars, from the same place, which Leidy had labeled as “_Bison -americanus_” and regarded as more recent than the figured tooth. Rhoads -thought the identification correct, but that they belonged to the same -individual as did the tooth figured by Leidy. The writer has not seen -these lower teeth and admits them here only provisionally. They were -found along Susquehanna River, in association with remains of _Mammut -americanum_ and _Equus complicatus?_ (“_E. major_”). If any of the -bovine teeth belong to Bison the species belonged to early or middle -Pleistocene and is now extinct. - -2. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—The presence of Bison in the -famous cave at this place was announced by Wheatley in 1871 (Amer. Jour. -Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, p. 384). Cope, in his account of 1899 (Jour. Acad. -Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI), does not mention the genus; but Mercer, on -page 280 of the same volume, credits Wheatley with having found remains -of three individuals of one undetermined species. He used the generic -name _Bos_. - -A description of the Port Kennedy Cave and its contents and remarks on -the geological age of the fossils will be given on pages 311 to 320. - - - OHIO. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Fincastle, Brown County._—In 1887 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. -X, p. 20), Horace P. Smith, curator of the society, described a fine -pair of horn-cores of _Bison latifrons_ found in Brown County and which -had come into the possession of the society. They were discovered at a -depth of 18 feet, in making excavations for the piers of a bridge across -Brush Creek. Inasmuch as nearly the whole of the course of this stream -is in Adams County, the locality must have been in the northeastern -corner of Brown County, near Fincastle, where the creek has its source, -and within the area of the Illinoian drift. Smith thought that the -horn-cores were in the drift; but, if so, the overlying materials must -have been washed down over them after their burial. It is improbable -that they were ever beneath or in the glacier. The animal probably lived -during the Sangamon interglacial stage; quite certainly before the -Wisconsin. - -2. _North Fairfield, Huron County._—In the Norwalk Museum, at Norwalk, -are some skull-bones of a bison found at some point not known to the -writer, about 7 miles from North Fairfield, while search was being made -for bones of the megalonyx which belongs partly to the museum at -Norwalk, partly to the Niver family at North Fairfield. These bison -bones served as the type of _Bison sylvestris_, described by the writer -in 1915 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. XLVIII, p. 515, plate XXX). This -is the only species of extinct bison known that lived after the close of -the Wisconsin stage. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—Many years ago Dr. Leidy (Proc. -Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, pp. 199–200) described a collection of -mammalian remains made on the banks of Ohio River at the mouth of Pigeon -Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Among these materials was a -fragment of a cervical vertebra of a species of _Bison_, which Leidy -identified with doubt as _Bison americanus_, the existing bison, now -known as _Bison bison_. It would be impossible to determine to which of -our several species of the genus _Bison_ this bone belonged; but it -probably did not belong to B. bison. This species is not known from -times preceding the Wisconsin drift and the bone-bed at Pigeon Creek is -undoubtedly older. On page 32 is a discussion of the probable age of the -bone-bed. It may be as old as the Aftonian stage, but more probably it -belonged to the Sangamon. - -The other species found at the locality named are _Megalonyx -jeffersonii_, the Virginia deer, the extinct horse known as _Equus -complicatus_, _Tapirus haysii_, and the extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_. At -Bigbone Lick, midway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on the Kentucky -side, have been found two extinct species of _Bison_, _B. antiquus_ and -_B. latifrons_. At the same place has been found _Equus complicatus_. -The beds there overlie the Illinoian drift and belong, in part at least, -to the Sangamon. - -Under this number may be included mention of a bone of a species of -Bison which Cope reported in 1878 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 189) -from Vanderburg County. Cope stated that John Collett, then State -geologist of Indiana, had discovered in a late Pleistocene deposit a -number of fossils. One of these was the ulno-radius of a _Bos_ (now to -be referred to _Bison_); another was a part of the mandible of the deer -_Odocoileus dolichopsis_. In 1884 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol XIV, p. 22), -Cope and Workman, inaccurately quoting Cope’s original description of -the deer _Odocoileus dolichopsis_, state that this deer and the bison -bones were found in Harrison County. - -By consulting the Patoka Folio, No. 105, of the U. S. Geological Survey, -it will be seen that the northern part of Vanderburg County, four -townships, Nos. 4 and 5 south, ranges 10 and 11 west, are included. The -two northern townships are largely occupied by lacustrine deposits which -the geologists Fuller and Clapp regarded as having been laid down in -lakes produced by the damming of the drainage by the Illinoian -ice-sheet. Farther south, along the streams emptying into Pigeon Creek, -are wide areas which are covered by “fine silts, mainly of pre-Wisconsin -age, but including some of more recent age.” Whether or not the bison -bone and the jaw of _Odocoileus dolichopsis_ were found in any of these -deposits we are unfortunately left in the dark. It is most probable that -the bison and the deer lived there after the Illinoian stage and before -the Wisconsin. - -2. _Vincennes, Knox County._—In the geological collection of Earlham -College, Richmond, Indiana, is preserved the greater part of the skull -of a bison which belonged to the species known as _Bison antiquus_. This -skull was first described and figured by Mr. W. G. Middleton and -Professor Joseph Moore (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1899, pp. 178–181, -with a plate); afterwards by the writer (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. -XXXVI, p. 651, figs. 50, 51). - -This fine skull is said to have been found in 1896 by a Mr. Brower, a -few miles from Vincennes, in a ditch, at a depth of 6 feet. Beyond this -the writer has not been able to learn. It would be of value to know -exactly where this place was, for then some conclusion might be reached -as to the geological age of the animal. The greater part of the county -is occupied by drift of Illinoian age, which appears in some places to -have on it some loess, and doubtless its surface has been much modified -since the materials were laid down. Even in this area there may be some -deposits of later times, interglacial and glacial. - -According to Leverett’s glacial map of the region, there are along -Wabash River sand and gravel terraces of Wisconsin age; while along -White River there are said to be alluvial terraces older than Wisconsin. - -At present one can arrive at a conclusion only from general knowledge. -The writer knows of no extinct bison (except one rather peculiar -species) which lived after the Wisconsin glacial stage. It appears most -probable that the skull at Earlham College came from some interglacial -deposits laid down about the middle of the Pleistocene, most likely -during the Sangamon stage. - -The writer has been informed that another skull of a buffalo was for -years on exhibition in a business house conducted by Mr. T. L. Cheney, -but it seems to have disappeared. Mr. J. Gimble, of Vincennes, informs -the writer that it was found in the bed of Wabash River, near St. -Francisville, Illinois, about 10 miles below Vincennes. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Alton, Madison County._—In the U. S. National Museum are four teeth -of an undetermined species of _Bison_ found somewhere in the vicinity of -Alton. They are part of a collection made many years ago by Mr. William -McAdams, and afterwards passed into the hands of Professor O. C. Marsh, -then vertebrate palæontologist of the U. S. Geological Survey. It now -belongs to the U. S. National Museum. Nearly all of these fossils were -originally inclosed, wholly or partially, in nodules of fine sand, -cemented together with carbonate of calcium. Where the teeth are exposed -to view they are shown in a beautifully white condition; but the -remaining matrix is so hard and adheres so strongly that it is -practically impossible to remove it without greatly damaging the teeth. -A list of the species found at Alton will be given on page 339; also a -discussion of their geologic age. - -The bison teeth consist of four upper molars and the hinder half or more -of the left hindermost molar. They were described by the writer (Proc. -U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 115). They are somewhat larger than any -belonging to the existing buffalo measured. They are larger, too, than -those of the commonest extinct species, _B. occidentalis_. It is -impossible to say at present to which extinct species they belonged. One -naturally thinks of _Bison latifrons_, the bearer of the immense horns, -but teeth have not yet been found associated with the horn-cores of that -species. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Coon Valley, Vernon County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -well-fossilized tooth of a species of bison which was sent, in 1899, by -Rev. P. Moe, of Coon Valley. This tooth has been regarded as belonging -to _Bison bison_, but its fossilization seems to indicate that it -antedates the time of this species. It was found in section 26, township -14 north, range 6 west. This would be between the towns of Coon Valley -and Chaseburg. This locality lies within the “driftless area,” and it -would probably be difficult for the geologist, even on the ground, to -determine the age of the deposit, especially as no details were -furnished regarding the depth at which the tooth was found or the nature -of the inclosing materials. - - - MARYLAND. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. -National Museum, collected at this place, in 1912, a fragment of a lower -last molar which apparently belonged to some species of _Bison_. A few -other remains have later been secured. - - - VIRGINIA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper -second molar of a species of _Bison_, found at Saltville. It was sent in -1904 by Mr. H. D. Mount, of Saltville, with remains of _Elephas -primigenius_ and _Mammut americanum_. It is understood that all were -found in excavating for the water reservoir of the town. The bison tooth -is little worn, the height being still 46 mm. At the summit the crown is -34 mm. long, at the base 23 mm. long and 29 mm. wide. It resembles -closely that of _Bison bison_, but is slightly larger than the same -tooth in a large specimen of the existing species. The base of the skull -is present, with the occipital condyles. The latter are slightly larger -than in the specimen of _B. bison_ just mentioned. The species can not -be determined, but it probably was not _B. bison_. A list of the -associated species found at this locality is presented on page 352. - -2. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, -p. 176), Professor Cope stated that he had found molar teeth of a bison -which he identified with doubt as _Bison antiquus_. The animal may quite -as well have belonged to any one of four or five other extinct species. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860, Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pl. -Foss. South Carolina, p. 110, plate XVII, figs. 15, 16) described -briefly and figured a tooth of a bovine animal found in the Pleistocene -of Ashley River. This he suspected belonged to _Bison latifrons_, but he -added that it presented nothing to distinguish it from that of the -existing bison. Numerous teeth resembling those of the domestic ox and -the bison have been found on Ashley River and have been regarded as -those of the domestic animal. (See letter of Agassiz to Professor F. S. -Holmes in the Introduction to Holmes’s work cited above.) While the -teeth of our cattle may have been picked up along the shores of Ashley -River, it is highly probable that the great majority of similar teeth -belonged to some extinct species of _Bison_. Probably only the discovery -of horn-cores will lead to the determination of the species. Leidy -probably used the name _Bison latifrons_ in a very wide sense. In the -collection at Amherst College the writer has seen an upper molar of a -bison, apparently the second molar, which is 38 mm. long on the outer -face. This length is too great for B. bison and the tooth probably -belongs to _B. latifrons_. It was probably found in the region about -Charleston. - -In the Charleston Museum the writer has seen an anterior cannon-bone of -_Bison_ which had quite certainly been found somewhere about Charleston. -The following measurements were secured, and corresponding measurements -of _B. bison_ are added for comparison: - - _Measurements of anterior cannon-bones of bisons, in millimeters._ - - ┌─────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐ - │ │Fossil bison.│ B. bison. │ - ├─────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ - │Length along the outer border │ 242│ 206│ - │Width of upper articular surface │ 90│ │ - │Side-to-side diameter at middle of length│ 64│ 52│ - │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length│ 39│ 33│ - │Width of lower articular surface │ 96│ 91│ - └─────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘ - -Other measurements may be found in J. A. Allen’s work, “The American -Bisons,” page 45. Apparently the bison which possessed the bone -described above had a height about one-eighth greater than the large -individual of the existing bison compared with it. Fossil remains found -elsewhere show that at least one large species of _Bison_ formerly -inhabited this country. _B. latifrons_ was a species with very large -horns, and its body may also have been larger than that of the existing -bison. To this species may have belonged the large cannon-bone described -above. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—Remains of an undetermined species of -Bison were found at the time of excavating the Brunswick Canal, south of -Darien, in 1838–39. In a communication to the Academy of Natural -Sciences (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. I, pp. 216–217), Mr. J. -Hamilton Couper gave an account of the geology of the locality and -mentioned the fact that remains of _Megatherium_, _Elephas primigenius_, -_Mastodon giganteus_, _Hippopotamus_, horse, _Bos_, and _Sus americana_ -had been secured. As was later determined by Owen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1848, p. 93), the supposed hippopotamus incisor was a lower tusk -of a mastodon. _Sus americana_ was referred by Owen to his genus -_Harlanus_; but was afterwards found to belong to _Bison_. Owen (Jour. -Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. I, p. 20, plate VI) described and -furnished an excellent figure of the jaw. The jaw is now in the -collection of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia. Measurements show -that it is larger than the jaw of _Bison bison_, corresponding well with -the other bones of _Bison_ found at the same place. Leidy regarded it as -belonging to _B. latifrons_; but he used this name in a very wide sense. -In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia is a part of the -right ramus of the lower jaw labeled “_Bison latifrons_, Darien canal, -Ga.” The teeth are badly worn. The jaw itself is larger than that of -_Bison bison_. The following measurements were taken: - - _Measurements of bison jaws, in millimeters._ - - ┌────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐ - │ │B. latifrons.│ B. bison. │ - ├────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ - │Height of jaw just behind third molar │91 │83 │ - │Thickness of jaw just behind third molar│36 │32.5 │ - │Height of jaw in front of third molar │63 │52 │ - │Thickness of jaw in front of third molar│31 │29 │ - └────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘ - -The jaw has the appearance of being much more massive than that of _B. -bison_. - -In his work on the “Extinct Species of American Ox” (Smiths. Contrib. -Knowl., vol. V, p. 11), Leidy stated that Couper had presented to the -Academy in Philadelphia a tibia and a part of a humerus of _Bison_, -which bones he reported were larger than those of the existing American -bison, and he referred them to the species _Bison latifrons_. The tibia -was 456 mm. long and 87 mm. wide at the lower end; in a large _Bison -bison_ in the U. S. National Museum the tibia is 412 mm. long and 78 mm. -wide below. - -Couper presented to the Boston Society of Natural History an atlas and a -metatarsus from the same locality. The atlas had a width of 247 mm.; -that of the existing bison just referred to is 220 mm. wide. The -metatarsal is said to have been 272 mm. long; that of the living bison -mentioned is 255 mm. A front cannon-bone at Harvard is 256 mm. long. In -a collection determined by J. W. Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. -Georgia, p. 436) some bison remains, probably a tooth or teeth, were -referred with doubt to _Bison bison_. It is far more probable that they -belonged to an extinct species, and that _B. latifrons_. - -2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—On page 29 of -Joseph Habersham’s Memorandum, forming a part of William B. Hodgson’s -“Memoir on the Megatherium,” published in 1846, a portion of the humerus -of a _Bos_ is listed among the fossils found at Skidaway Island. This -bone is to be assigned to an undetermined species of _Bison_. The width -across the condyles is given as 4.5 inches, which is not greater than in -_B. bison_; but it is not probable that it was this species. Lyell -(Second Visit, etc., ed. 3, vol. I, p. 348) includes “a species of the -ox-tribe” among the fossils found at this locality. - -For further remarks on the species of vertebrates found at Brunswick, -the reader may consult page 371, where also the geology of the locality -is discussed. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Wade, Alachua County._—In the collection of the Florida Geological -Survey is an upper left last molar of _Bison_, found in the Buttgenbach -river mine, in Santa Fe River, 6 miles north from Wade. Although this -tooth was found in a phosphate mine, it certainly belongs to Pleistocene -time. The tooth is but little worn and is well fossilized. Its height is -45 mm., the length on the outer face 30 mm., the length at the middle of -the width 27 mm., the width at the base of the first lobe 24 mm. - -There is another tooth in the collection, apparently the second upper -molar of the left side, from the same place and fossilized in the same -way. For a list of the species found at this locality and the writer’s -view regarding their geological age, the reader is referred to page 376. - -2. _Pablo Beach, Duval County._—In the collection just mentioned there -are, from near Pablo Beach, three bones which apparently belonged to -some extinct species of _Bison_. No. 4444 is the left fibular bone; No. -4443 the left third cuneiform of the hinder foot; and No. 4442, a first -phalange of a hinder foot. These were found along the Inland Waterway -Canal, about 20 miles north of St. Augustine. The locality appears to be -about 5 miles south of Pablo Beach. At the same place have been found -_Mammut americanum_, _Elephas columbi_, and remains of a species of -_Odocoileus_. - -3. _Ocala, Marion County._—Sellards (op. cit., p. 103) reported remains -of an undetermined species of _Bison_ found in a fissure in limestone -rock near Ocala. - -4. _Dunnellon?, Marion County._—Sellards (op. cit., p. 104) presented a -list of Pleistocene vertebrates, found in or along Withlacoochee River, -but the exact localities are not given. Among these is an undetermined -species of _Bison_. Lucas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXI, 1898, p. -767) stated that there is in the U. S. National Museum an imperfect -skull of _Bison latifrons_, obtained from Withlacoochee River. The -writer has not seen this skull. On page 376 the other species found here -are listed and their geological age discussed. - -5. _Tampa, Manatee County._—In the Jarman collection, now in Vanderbilt -University, and made in the region about Tampa, is a right lower third -molar of _Bison_. It is well fossilized, but structurally does not -appear to differ from a tooth of the existing American bison. It -belonged, however, quite certainly to an extinct species. In the -American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a well-worn lower left -last molar of a bison, dredged up in Alafia River. With it were a -mastodon tooth, teeth of two or three extinct horses, and various -extinct tortoises. The reader is referred to page 379. - -6. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—Mr. Ernest Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent -from that place to the U. S. National Museum some teeth for -determination. Teeth of the horses are described on page 379. With these -was a part of a lower right molar, possibly the last molar, of _Bison_. - -From Palma Sola, on the south side of Manatee River and about 10 miles -below Palmetto, there has been sent to the U. S. National Museum, by Mr. -Charles T. Earle, the distal end of a metacarpal bone. This has a width -of 93 mm. It may have belonged to _Bison latifrons_. With it came teeth -of _Equus complicatus_, _E. littoralis_, and _E. leidyi_, a part of an -antler of a deer (_Odocoileus_), a part of a beak of a platanistid -porpoise, and a tooth of _Elephas columbi_. Probably the porpoise and -teeth of sharks came from Miocene deposits somewhere in the -neighborhood. - -7. _Grove City, Charlotte County._—Leidy, in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Free -Inst., vol. II, p. 12), stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had found, on -Rocky Creek, 30 miles north of Sarasota Bay, some remains of the great -extinct _Bison latifrons_. Sellards (8th Rep., pp. 103, 112) learned -that the locality was really Stump Pass, near Grove City. The horn-core -was lost by accident, but Leidy speaks of it as being huge. With it was -the proximal part of a radius whose upper end measured transversely 1.4 -times that of an existing bison. - -In a letter to the author, Mr. Willcox writes that, as nearly as he can -recollect, the diameter of the horn-core was about 5 or 6 inches. - -8. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Sellards (8th Rep., Florida Geol. Surv., p. -150) stated that an extinct bison is represented in the collection of -the Florida Geological Survey by a number of teeth, the distal end of a -humerus, and some foot-bones. They were supposed to have been derived -from stratum No. 2. - -When in Vero in 1916, the writer secured a much-worn upper left premolar -3 of _Bison_ from the base of the muck layer No. 3. It is in some -respects different from the corresponding tooth of the existing bison. -For lists of the species found at Vero and for a discussion of the -geological age the reader may consult pages 381 to 383. - -9. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—In the U. S. National Museum are some -teeth of _Bison_, obtained at or near Arcadia, on Peace Creek. In -general, these resemble closely the corresponding teeth of _B. bison_. -Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 22) mentioned a tooth and a -first phalanx of _Bison_ from Peace Creek. These are probably in the -collection of the Wagner Free Institute. - -In the U. S. National Museum (No. 1989) is a hinder cannon-bone from -Arcadia. It resembles the corresponding bone in _B. bison_, but -doubtless belonged to a species now extinct. Lucas (Proc. U. S. Nat. -Mus., vol. XXI, p. 767) referred the teeth and the metacarpal to _B. -latifrons_. - -In the same museum is a calcaneum labeled as collected on Peace Creek by -J. F. Le Barron. The reader may consult page 381 for further -information. - -10. _Labelle, Lee County._—Remains of _Bison_ apparently have been found -at Labelle, or near there. Leidy, in Dall’s report (Bull. No. 84, U. S. -Geol. Surv., p. 129) referred this to _B. latifrons_. The bison, -_Elephas columbi_, _Equus fraternus_, and a mylodon were supposed to -have been buried in Pliocene deposits, but this opinion appears to be -erroneous. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 102) has shown that the elephant and -probably the horse were in Pleistocene marls. As shown on page 384, the -elephant is _Elephas imperator_. - -11. _Palm Beach, Palm Beach County._—In his eighth report, Sellards (p. -105) stated that a femur of an undetermined species of _Bison_ was found -near this place, in the Palm Beach Drainage Canal. In the collection of -the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard University, are a front -cannon-bone, lacking the epiphyses, and the proximal end of a humerus. -The size of these indicates that they belong to _B. latifrons_. The -glenoid cavity measures 80 mm. by 60 mm. The neck of the humerus is 100 -mm. wide. - - - ALABAMA. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Newbern, Hale County._—In August 1914, there was received at the U. -S. National Museum, from Mr. J. W. White, of Newbern, a lower right last -molar of a species of bison reported found in a creek, and an incisor -tooth of a horse, which appear to be fossilized. The bison tooth had -just begun to wear. The fore-and-aft length of the crown is 37 mm. The -locality is somewhat outside of the range of _Bison bison_ as given by -Allen on his map (“American Bisons, Living and Extinct”). The fossil may -well belong to some extinct species and have lived in that region in -middle Pleistocene times. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In Dr. M. W. Dickeson’s account of a -collection of bones and teeth made near Natchez (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1846, p. 106) he included remains of the genus _Bos_. To-day -these would be referred to the genus _Bison_. - -In 1854 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. III, p. 9, plate II, -figs. 2–7), Leidy described and figured bovine teeth from Natchez, which -he referred to _Bison latifrons_. Two of these teeth had been found, as -Leidy stated, by M. W. Dickeson, in association with remains of -_Mastodon (Mammut), Equus_, _Ursus_, _Cervus (Odocoileus)_, _Megalonyx_, -and _Mylodon_. Three others had been presented by W. H. Huntington, who -discovered them in association with remains of _Mammut americanum_, -_Equus complicatus_, and _Felix atrox_. Three of the teeth were upper -molars, the others, lower molars. Leidy gave the measurements of most of -these. The following measurements are those of an upper second and an -upper third molar: - - _Measurements of bovine teeth, in - millimeters._ - - ┌────────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐ - │ Tooth. │Height.│Length.│Width. │ - ├────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ - │Second molar│ 67│ 37.5│ 27│ - │Third molar │ 75│ 42.5│ 29│ - └────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘ - -These teeth are considerably larger than those of _Bison bison_ and _B. -occidentalis_ (Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. XXIII, p. 320). - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 26.) - -1. _Woolper Creek?, Boone County._—The type of _Bison latifrons_ is -usually regarded as having been found at Bigbone Lick, but Leidy (Jour. -Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 372) stated it had been found a -dozen miles or more north of Bigbone Lick, in the bed of a creek that -enters into the Ohio River. It seems probable that this creek is the one -named above. - -2. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—It was at this place that was found the -horn-core and attached part of skull which forms the type of _Bison -antiquus_. It was a part of the Jefferson collection and was described -by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VI, 1852, p. 117). Richard -Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. 2, p. 27) wrote that there is -in that museum a fragment of a right mandible, probably belonging to -_Bison latifrons_. However, the identification is hardly to be relied -on. Shaler (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, p. 197) reported the -finding of bones of _Bison latifrons_, but it is doubtful in what sense -he used this name; and he did not indicate how these bones differed from -those of other bisons. He probably had in mind _B. antiquus_. Hence the -presence of the species with the widely spread horns at Bigbone Lick is -doubtful. - -A list of the species of mammals collected at this place will be found -on page 403. - - - - - FINDS OF BISON BISON IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - ONTARIO. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _North Bay, Nipissing County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a -horn-sheath, found at this place. It was sent by Dr. Charles E. Cook, of -Lockport, New York, who himself saw it thrown out of a ditch, about 5 -feet deep, which was being made from the shore of the lake. The horn was -found at a distance of 600 feet from the lake and in front of the Hotel -Queen’s. It certainly belongs to the existing species, _Bison bison_. -Whether the presence of the horn at that spot is due to the former -existence of the American buffalo there or to its introduction by man it -is impossible to say at present. - - - MASSACHUSETTS. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Orleans, Cape Cod._—In 1920 (Jour. Mamm., vol. I, pp. 161–164, figs. -1–3), Dr. G. M. Allen presented an account of the discovery of a maxilla -containing the penultimate and the hindermost milk teeth of a calf of -_Bison bison_, at Orleans, Cape Cod. This specimen had been collected -about 20 years previously by Dr. A. W. Grabau and presented by him to -the Boston Society of Natural History. The bone and teeth were found -“wholly embedded in till about halfway up on a section of a glacial -moraine, situated on Town Cove and about 70 or 80 feet high.” With the -specimen were associated many fragments of the shells of the mollusk -_Venus_. Dr. Allen suggested that this bison calf had either come to its -end while wandering on the moraine or had more likely lived and died -during the preceding Peoria interglacial stage. It might be questioned -whether bones which had been buried and thereby become softened would -have endured the rough treatment of a glacial mill. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Albany, Albany County._—Dr. John M. Clarke, State geologist of New -York, sent the writer some teeth of a species of _Bison_, probably _B. -bison_, for which he gives the assurance that they were found somewhere -in the vicinity of Albany, and in the “Albany clays.” These clays are -supposed to belong to the Champlain stage. While this is somewhat -further east than the bison has extended within historical times, it is -entirely reasonable to suppose that at some time in the not distant past -its range went to the Hudson. Indeed, Dr. G. M. Allen has recently shown -(Jour. Mamm., vol. I, pp. 161–164) that at some time during the late -Pleistocene a bison lived in the region of Cape Cod. The specimens sent -by Dr. Clarke must have occupied eastern New York late in the Wisconsin -stage. - -2. _Syracuse, Onondaga County._—In 1890 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXIV, p. -953), Professor Lucien Underwood reported the discovery of a skull of a -bison in Syracuse, while a sewer was being excavated. Underwood stated -that it was found at a depth of 10 feet, in a black muck. Professor E. -D. Cope identified the skull as that of _Bison bison_. The present -writer, in 1914, examined the skull at Syracuse University. He also -talked with Mr. John Cunningham, who bought the skull from the finder, a -laborer, paying him one dollar. Mr. Cunningham stated that he went to -the spot and measured the depth from the surface, and found it to be 17 -feet. Above the muck that inclosed the skull was what he regarded as -clay. Dr. Burnett Smith has examined the deposits in a cellar dug within -a few rods of the spot where the skull was found. The upper 7 or 8 feet -was a mixture of shells and clay, and had been used to make a kind of -cement. This discovery appears to make it certain that the bison lived -in New York shortly after the Wisconsin ice had retired from the Finger -Lake region. - -3. _Jamestown, Chautauqua County._—In the American Journal of Science, -volume XXVII, 1835, page 166, is an account, by Knight, of the -discovery, at Jamestown, of what were probably two teeth of a bison in a -fragment of the jaw. These were encountered by John Hazeltine, in -digging for a foundation of a building at the outlet of Chautauqua Lake, -and at a depth of 10 feet. The soil was mostly gravel, but the jaw was -said to have been lying in black muck. It was sent to Yale College, but -was not recognized as belonging to _Bison_. Reasons were suggested why -it did not belong to a young mastodon. The measurements given of the -teeth agree well with the upper molars of an American buffalo. Joseph -Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 371) quoted -Knight’s account as indicating a buffalo. The discovery is interesting, -taken in connection with the finding of the specimen at Syracuse. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Trenton, Mercer County._—Mr. Ernest Volk (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. -V, 1911, p. 209, plate CXX) reported the discovery of a part of a femur -of _Bison_ (probably _B. bison_) in the “yellow drift,” at Trenton, 2.5 -feet from the surface. A first right upper molar, identified as that of -_Bison_, was found in another sand-pit at a depth of 9 feet (op. cit., -p. 136). This appears to have belonged in the Trenton gravel, but at -that point the materials were apparently a mixture of sand and loam. The -reader is referred to page 304, where the geology of this locality is -described and a list of the species is given. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) Cave, near -Stroudsburg, was found a lower jaw containing the last molar, as noted -by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1880, p. 347; Ann. Rep. Geol. -Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 5). Mercer (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1894, p. 98), mentions a tooth of the existing bison found in -Hartman’s Cave. - -2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—From a cave near Riegelsville, was sent -to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, more than 70 years -ago, a collection of bones, reported on by Leidy in 1880 (Proc. Acad. -Nat. Sci., Phila., 1880, p. 349) and in 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., -Pennsylvania, 1887, pp. 18–19). In the contribution of 1880, Leidy -included _Bison_ among the animals represented, but this is not included -in the list of 1887. Why this was omitted is not known. If _Bison_ -occurred there, the probability is that it was represented by the -existing buffalo. - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Jasper County._—The only record known to the writer of the finding -of buffalo bones worthy to be regarded as fossil is that of the former -State geologist, John Collett (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XII, p. 73), -who makes the statement that in Jasper County bones of the buffalo, the -beaver, and the bear are common. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Sullivan, Moultrie County._—In 1875 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. VI, -p. 186), the geologist George C. Broadhead reported that he had found -the skull of a bison on the west bank of Kaskaskia River, about 3 miles -southeast of Sullivan, on the land of John Purvis. The locality appears, -therefore, to have been somewhere near the south half of the eastern -line of township 13 north, range 5 east. The summit of the bluff here is -described as rising about 25 feet above the stream. At the height of -about 8 feet was a bench approximately 10 feet wide, and the skull was -found on this bench, “a few feet from the top.” The surrounding clay was -described as being a rich black loam. - -Broadhead stated that the skull measured 12 inches across the forehead -above the eyes and the same between the roots of the horns. The latter -were short, thick, and slightly curved. In the Transactions of the St. -Louis Academy of Science, volume III, page XXIII, practically the same -account is given of the discovery. Here Broadhead expressed the idea -that the skull belonged to _Bison latifrons_, and said that the horns -were short, thick, and curved upwards and forwards. It is not known -where the skull now is. To the writer it appears most probable that the -skull was that of _Bison bison_. There is nothing in the description to -indicate any of the other known species. As to the age of the deposits, -the presumption is reasonable that they belong to the Late Wisconsin or -Recent, for the locality is north of the Shelbyville moraine. It is -possible that the bench belongs to the Illinoian; but the nature of the -material, “a rich black loam,” seems to show that the bench is an -alluvial deposit laid down since Wisconsin times. - -2. _Homer, Champaign County._—In the collection at the State University -of Illinois, at Champaign, are the horn-cores and the rear of the skull -of _Bison bison_, reported to have been thrown out of a ditch near -Homer. The writer is informed by Professor R. M. Bagg, of Appleton, -Wisconsin, that the specimen was found in excavating a ditch, at a depth -of 4 feet, according to the report made to him. Homer is situated on a -part of the Champaign moraine and the bison in question must be not -older than Late Wisconsin. If it was really found at a depth of 4 feet -it would seem to date well back in the Recent, if not into the -Pleistocene. - -3. _Niantic, Macon County._—Professor A. H. Worthen reported (Geol. -Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308) the presence of bones of the buffalo in -an old filled-up marsh near Niantic. The situation is more particularly -described on page 102. With the bison bones were found those of the -mastodon, the elk, and the Virginia deer. The bones of these animals are -said to have been found under 4 feet of black muck, partly embedded in a -light-gray quicksand filled with shells of _Planorbis_, _Cyclas_, and -_Physa_. - -Inasmuch as Niantic is situated near the border of the Shelbyville -moraine, all these remains probably belong to Late Wisconsin times. It -would be useful to know whether the bones of the buffalo, the elk, and -the deer were found above those of the mastodons or mingled with them. - -4. _East of Whitewillow, Kendall County._—In township 35 north, range 8 -east, probably in section 27, on land owned by John Bamford, in clearing -out a well in a bog, have been found the bones of mastodons and other -species of vertebrates. For a description of the locality and the -species found there see page 337. Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, has -reported the occurrence of bones of the existing bison there and has -sent to the writer a maxilla which contained finely preserved teeth. - -Unfortunately, no thorough and systematic examination of the place has -yet been made. All of the species and the deposit belong to the Late -Wisconsin, that part of it following the withdrawal of the ice. Mr. -George Langford informed the author that he found the bison and deer -bones mixed up more or less with the mastodon bones. At a depth of about -4 to 5 feet the owner of the place began to strike bones of the bison, -which appeared very fresh, retaining considerable animal matter. From -about 6 feet down to gravel, about 13 feet, mastodon and other bones -were literally packed together. - -5. _Batavia, Kane County._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, of the Department of -Palæontology, Field Museum of Natural History, wrote to the author that -he had picked up some bison bones along a ditch in which mastodon bones -had been found; but the depth at which they had been met with could not -be determined. At the same time bones of the elk were found. Undoubtedly -the mastodon remains belong to Late Wisconsin times; and it is probable -that the bison and elk remains are to be referred to the same. - -6. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—In the collection of the Academy of -Natural Science of Philadelphia is a lower hindermost molar collected in -a lead crevice somewhere near Galena. It was presented to the Academy by -Mr. Henry Green, of Elizabeth, a town near Galena. This, with a -metacarpal bone of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, had been found at a depth of -130 feet from the surface. It was described and figured by Leidy -(Contributions to Extinct Vert. Fauna, etc., 1873, p. 255, plate XXXVII, -fig. 4). Leidy thought that it might have belonged to _Bison bison_, but -not improbably to _B. latifrons_. J. A. Allen (The American Bisons, -etc., p. 13) concluded that it belonged undoubtedly to the existing -American species. The structure of the tooth will apparently not decide -this matter. It is probable that most of the animals found in those lead -crevices belong to pre-Wisconsin times; and the tooth in question may -belong to an extinct species. A list of the species found in the lead -region of Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin is to be found on page 343. - -7. _Mitchell, Madison County._—In “Records of Ancient Races in the -Mississippi Valley” (1887), William McAdams, of Alton, Illinois, stated -that in a large mound, square in shape, 300 feet on each side and 30 -feet high, through which the railroads pass in the American bottom, at -Mitchell, had been found, in contact with a number of copper implements -and ornaments, a number of teeth of the buffalo. These McAdams had in -his possession. While these teeth can not be regarded at all as -belonging to Pleistocene times, the fact is of interest in connection -with McAdams’s statement that in all his explorations during a period of -more than 30 years, in no other case had he been able to find any -evidences of the buffalo associated with the remains of the ancient -people of this country. In this connection may be considered Shaler’s -views on the modern coming of the buffalo east of the Mississippi River. -On the other hand, account must be taken of the finding of a skull of a -buffalo deep in lake deposits at Syracuse, New York. - - - WISCONSIN. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Bluemounds, Dane County._—In his report, made in 1862, on the -geology of the lead region of Wisconsin (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, -p. 136), J. D. Whitney recorded the finding of bison bones in a crevice -at Bluemounds. From the same crevice were obtained bones and teeth of -the mastodon and of a peccary, and bones of a wolf. It was supposed that -these remains were found at a depth of about 40 feet and embedded in the -red clay commonly found in such crevices. These bones were put into the -hands of Jeffries Wyman for identification, who, on page 421, stated -that the bison bones were all of the size of the same parts of the -existing buffalo and closely resembled them. J. A. Allen (Amer. Jour. -Sci., vol. XI, 1876, p. 47), in referring probably to the same bones, -speaks of “an extinct bison,” without, however, giving any reasons for -his conclusion. It is nevertheless possible that he was correct. - -The writer formerly believed that the fossil vertebrates, collected in -the fissures in the lead region, had lived after the close of the -Wisconsin glacial stage. It seems now more probable that they belong to -a pre-Wisconsin time. - -2. _Oshkosh, Winnebago County._—The writer has received from Dr. S. -Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, a humerus, found in a marsh near -Oshkosh, quite evidently that of _Bison bison_. Although stained by iron -on the outside, the remainder of the bone is white and full of animal -matter. The animal may have lived during the Recent period. - - - KENTUCKY. - - (Map 27.) - -1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—Great numbers of individuals of _Bison -bison_ have been found at Bigbone Lick. Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. -Geol., vol. I, pp. 207, 211) reported numerous bones of buffaloes and -even an entire skeleton, but they appear to have been near the surface -or even on it. Lyell (“Travels in North America,” Murray’s ed., vol. II, -p. 65) stated that he had seen great quantities of remains of the bison -in a superficial stratum in the river bank; but he was left in doubt -whether or not the animals had been contemporaneous with the mastodon. -Shaler (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, p. 197) found abundant -remains of the buffalo at this place; but the bones were not found at -any great depth, except in the bog about the spring. He regarded it as -proven that the musk-ox and the caribou did not come into contact with -the recent buffalo, but were extinct before it came. Some of the bison -materials collected by Shaler were described by Dr. J. A. Allen, in 1876 -(Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. IV; Mem. Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. I, pt. -2). It may be difficult to prove that any of the bison bones and teeth -found here are of Pleistocene age; but there appears to be no good -reason why this species might not have reached that region at the close -of the Wisconsin ice-stage. A list of the species of mammals found here -is given on page 403. - -2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the mass of materials -collected in the spring at Bluelick Springs by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, -were skulls and parts thereof, teeth, limb-bones, and vertebræ. The -actual geological age of these remains can not be established; but they -were of probably late Wisconsin age. - - - - - FINDS OF CASTOROIDES IN PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA. - - - NEW YORK. - - (Map 28.) - -1. _Clyde, Wayne County._—A skull of the giant beaver was found, about -the year 1846, near Clyde, on the farm of Gen. W. H. Adams. The locality -and the geological conditions were described by James Hall (Proc. Boston -Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. II, 1846, p. 167; Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. V, -p. 385). The region is on the divide between the streams flowing north -into Lake Erie and those flowing southward into Clyde River. The actual -spot was at the head of a shallow stream which flows into Lake Ontario. -At this point the Sodus Canal was cut and ran in a north-and-south -direction. The farm was only partly swampy. Hall’s section is as follows -from above downward: - - 1. Vegetable soil, 2 feet or more. - - 2. Fine sand, with some alternating layers of clay, containing twigs, - leaves, etc., 2 to 3 feet. - - 3. Muck, or peaty soil, with decayed wood, bark, leaves, and even - trunks of large trees, about 4 feet. - - 4. Fine sand, with fresh-water shells, 2 to 3 feet. - - 5. Drift, with boulders; depth unknown. - -The skull was found at the bottom of No. 3, at a depth of 8 feet. It is -evident that this animal lived here near, or after, the close of the -Wisconsin stage, and after the old Lake Iroquois had withdrawn from the -region. - -2. _Canastota, Madison County._—In 1914, Dr. Burnett Smith, of Syracuse -University, reported (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXXVIII, p. 463) the -discovery, at this place, of an incisor tooth of the giant beaver. The -exact locality is given as about 225 paces northwest from the southeast -line of lot 10, town of Lenox, on Cowaselon Creek, otherwise known as -the “State ditch.” The tooth was found at a depth of 9 feet, in a sticky -blue clay, containing a few fresh-water shells. Just above this, at a -depth of 7 feet, is a layer made up principally of shells, with some -vegetable matter. This animal could not have lived here until after the -withdrawal of Lake Iroquois, and therefore not till near the close of -the Wisconsin stage. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - - (Map 28.) - -1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889, Dr. Joseph Leidy reported -(Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, p. 14, plate II, figs. 7–20) -the discovery of teeth of _Castoroides ohioensis_ in Hartman’s (or -Crystal Hill) Cave, about 3 miles southwest of Stroudsburg and 5 miles -from Delaware Water Gap. Its elevation is about 800 feet above the level -of Delaware River. The species associated with this giant beaver will be -listed on page 309. The parts figured by Leidy are a portion of a -palate, with the molars and some of the premolars, and both rami of the -lower jaw, showing the three temporary molars and the first true molars, -with some incisors and the permanent canines. - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 28, 29, 36.) - -1. _Nashport, Muskingum County._—In 1836 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. -XXXI, pp. 79–83), S. P. Hildreth, in an unsigned article, gave an -account of the finding of remains of the type specimen of the giant -beaver, in association with remains of mastodon and of a supposed fossil -sheep, at a point 2 miles north of Nashport. A canal, now abandoned, was -being constructed, which followed two small streams, one of which flowed -into Licking River, the other into Wakitomika Creek. The land traversed -was flat and swampy. The distance from Nashport to Wakitomika Creek is -nearly 4 miles, so that in saying that the spot was on this creek -Hildreth spoke in general terms. The bones of the mastodon and the right -halves of the lower jaws of two giant beavers were found resting on a -bed of gravel at a depth of 14 feet. Foster (2d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. -Ohio, 1838, p. 80) stated that a molar and a tusk of an elephant had -also been found here. Hildreth concluded that the jaws and teeth were -perhaps those of an animal of the beaver family; “or, from the grooved -outer surfaces of the incisors, a marine animal of the walrus or seal -race, and a borderer of the ancient ocean.” It was afterwards described -by J. W. Foster (2d Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Ohio, 1837, p. 80, figs.) -under the name of _Castoroides ohioensis_. The remains described -consisted of the front end of one side of a lower jaw with its incisor, -an upper incisor, and a radius. They showed signs of some attrition; but -in a region like that they could not have been transported any -considerable distance. - -In the mud in which the canal at this point was cut, there were found -three skulls of a species of sheep, which Hildreth thought were -different from those of the domestic sheep and to which he gave the name -of _Ovis mamillaris_. They are said to have been discovered at a depth -of 8 feet. It seems quite possible that they had been lying on or near -the surface and had made their way to the side of the canal by the flow -of the mud, which gave much trouble by filling up the canal during the -night. Most, if not all, of the differences thought to separate these -skulls from the domestic sheep disappear on comparison. The specimens of -both _Castoroides_ and of the sheep have probably been lost. They appear -not to be at Zanesville. On page 82 of the article above cited, Hildreth -stated that he had received, from some point on Wills Creek, a portion -of a tooth similar to the one found at Nashport; the place was said to -be about 40 miles east, apparently, of Zanesville. This would seem to be -in Noble County. The tooth was described as being embedded in -dark-colored carbonate of lime and as having fallen from a calcareous -rock which lies near the tops of the hills, 150 feet above the bed of -the creek. It is very probable that this was not a tooth of -_Castoroides_. It may have been the spine of a palæozoic shark. - -2. _Wilmington, Clinton County._—From Professor W. C. Mills, of the Ohio -State University, the writer in 1913 obtained information that a fine -skull of _Castoroides_, without the lower jaw, had been found on the -farm of Mr. J. M. Richardson, on the western border of Wilmington. -Nothing more has been learned about the discovery. The locality is north -of the Hartwell moraine, and the animal must have lived there after the -withdrawal of the ice-sheet from that region. - -3. _Germantown, Montgomery County._—One mile east of Germantown, Edward -Orton, State geologist of Ohio, found along Twin Creek a large tooth -which (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. L, 1870, p. 54) he compared with -the tusk of a hog. It was later identified by J. S. Newberry (Proc. Lyc. -Nat. Hist. New York, vol. I, 1870, p. 83) as belonging to _Castoroides_. -It was found in a bed of peat which is overlain by from 50 to 100 feet -of glacial drift. One might conclude that the animal had lived there at -some time between the Illinoian and Wisconsin stages. However, opinions -have differed. - -The geology along Twin Creek has been studied by Orton, Wright, and -Leverett. The last named published his views in 1902 (Monogr. U. S. -Geol. Surv., XLI, pp. 363–365, plate XIV, fig. 1). He states (p. 365) -that there seem to be good reasons for believing that the peat-bed -indicates the lapse of a considerable interval of deglaciation. Whether -the interval preceded or followed the formation of the early Wisconsin -moraine is yet to be determined. That seems to mean that the interval -may be mid-Wisconsin or pre-Wisconsin. Wright thought that but a few -hundred years had elapsed between the deposit of the till below the peat -and that above. Orton’s description of the locality was published in -1870 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, vol. L, p. 54). - -4. _West Sonora, Preble County._—In 1893 (Amer. Geologist, vol. XII, p. -73), Professor Joseph Moore reported that a fragment of an upper incisor -of _Castoroides_ had been found at West Sonora. It was associated with -remains of a mastodon. West Sonora is on the Englewood moraine. - -5. _Greenville, Darke County._—In 1883 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. -VI, p. 238), F. W. Langdon described a tooth of _Castoroides_, found at -a depth of 4 feet, in a swampy locality near Greenville. In 1893 (Amer. -Geol., vol. XII, p. 73), Joseph Moore stated that this tooth belonged to -Dr. J. W. Jay, of Richmond. It may now possibly be in the collection of -Earlham College. Moore said that it had been found associated with -mastodon. - -In the public library at Greenville is a fragment of an upper incisor of -_Castoroides_, found in making a ditch along Bridge Creek, in 1889, by -Mr. Leo Katzenberger, who writes that the place is in the northwest -corner of section 1, township 11, range 2 west, 1.5 miles southwest of -Greenville. These animals likewise lived on or near the Sidney moraine. - -6 _New Knoxville, Auglaize County._—In C. W. Williamson’s “History of -Ohio and Auglaize County,” 1905, on page 338, with a figure, is an -account of the finding of a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ in section -29 of Washington Township, which is in township 6 south, range 5 east, -and near New Knoxville. The discovery had been made that beneath a bed -of humus there was a stratum of gravel of a quality for road making. In -removing the upper peaty layer, the head of the giant beaver was -discovered, near the south margin of the pond. Williamson stated that -the house of the animal was uncovered. It was between 3 and 4 feet high -and about 8 feet square; the poles of which it was constructed were -about 3 indies in diameter and were laid after the manner of the houses -of modern beavers. Apparently the beaver died in the house, and it was -thought that after the death of the beaver wolves or other carnivorous -animals had inhabited the house, since bones of deer and other animals -were strewn over the floor. It is to be regretted that the house, if -such it was, was not taken up in a way that it might have been -accurately reconstructed. Williamson’s account is reproduced in Bulletin -16, Geological Survey of Ohio, 4th series, 1912, page 39. - -In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, the writer has seen a very large -skull of _Castoroides_, labeled as found at Wapakoneta, but it is quite -certainly the one found at New Knoxville. Both incisors are broken off -close to their insertion in the skull. Williamson’s figure represents at -least the left one present. - - - MICHIGAN. - - (Map 28.) - -1. _Berrien County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, New -York, is a nearly complete skull with the left ramus of the lower jaw, -purchased from Mr. George A. Baker. The exact place in the county where -it was found is unknown, and the writer has been unable to get into -communication with Mr. Baker. - -As to the time in the Pleistocene when this individual lived, we may be -sure that it was after the Wisconsin glacial ice-sheet had abandoned -this county. How long after this retirement it is impossible to say. It -is to be noted that both mastodons and mammoths have been found in this -county, in what appear to be deposits of the same age. - -2. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a skull of -_Castoroides_ (Cat. No. 197), of which the lower jaw is missing. This -was received June 10, 1880, from Professor J. Kost, then of Adrian -College, Michigan. In his letter Professor Kost wrote as follows: - - “Found in fresh-water marsh, 4 feet under, in Adrian, Lenawee Co., - Michigan. In same place as the Decker mastodon, now in Adrian - College; also of lower jaw of smaller mastodon (sent in this - consignment), with various bones of elk, deer, etc.” - -The mastodon jaw referred to is in the U. S. National Museum (No. 188). -The present writer has not been able to learn exactly where all these -bones were obtained. It would be interesting to know whether -all–mastodons, giant beaver, elk, and deer–were found in the same -excavation. It is probable that they were at least in nearly the same -spot. For remark on the age of the deposits at Adrian see page 81. - -3. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In the collection of the Department of -Geology in the University of Michigan is a skull which lacks the lower -jaw and is otherwise slightly injured. A report of this specimen was -made in 1914 by Mr. N. A. Wood (Science, n. s., vol. XXXIX, p. 759). -This was found several years ago in a peat-bog on the farm of Professor -J. B. Steere, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor, at a depth said to have been -about 3 feet. Beneath the peat and muck is a gravelly marl. According to -the Ann Arbor Folio (No. 155, U. S. Geol. Surv.), there is, running -south from the city, a strip of low ground designated as occupied by -peat and muck. This borders on the east a part of the Fort Wayne -moraine, and must have provided an ideal spot for colonies of these -great beavers. Naturally these specimens must be credited to the Late -Wisconsin stage. - -4. _Attica, Lapeer County._—In the collection of Alma College, Alma, -Michigan, is a fragment of an upper incisor, found at a depth of 7 feet, -in digging the tail-race of a mill in Attica. The statement was made -that at the same place there were often found what appeared to have been -beaver dams made of wood. This wood crumbled on coming to the air. In -cases like this there is a fine opportunity to determine whether or not -the wood had been gnawed by the broad incisors of _Castoroides_ or by -the narrower ones of the existing beaver. The wood might easily be -prevented from crumbling by replacing the water with a solution of gum -arabic or even of glue. - -Attica is situated some distance outside of the beaches of old Lake -Maumee, and on low ground between morainic tracts left by the Saginaw -lobe in its retreat. These gigantic beavers must, therefore, have lived -near the close of the Pleistocene. - -5. _Owosso, Shiawassee County._—In the collection of the University of -Michigan (No. 3109) is the greater part of a lower jaw of a giant -beaver, found somewhere near Owosso, in a swamp deposit. An account of -this specimen was given in 1914 by Mr. N. A. Wood (Science, n. s., vol. -XXXIX, p. 758). It was received from Mr. A. G. Williams in 1892. -According to Leverett and Taylor’s glacial map of Michigan, Owosso lies -a few miles outside of the beach of old Lake Saginaw. This is supposed -to have come into existence about the close of the period of Lake -Maumee. The earliest time when this beaver might have existed, leaving -out the question of the climate, would coincide closely with the time -when the one found at Attica might have lived. It is most probable that -both lived at a time when the glacier front was farther away. - - - INDIANA. - - (Maps 28, 30.) - -1. _Vanderburg County._—In 1884 (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pt. -2, p. 37), in a footnote written probably by John Collett, State -geologist, it is stated that remains of _Castoroides ohioensis_ had been -found in this county. Inasmuch as this county lies outside of the drift -region, and as no details as to place and depth were given, we can -arrive at no conclusion as to the stage of the Pleistocene in which the -possessor of this tooth lived. The reader may consult page 258. - -2. _Richmond, Wayne County._—About 2 miles east of Richmond, where a -farmer was scooping out wet earth for a fish-pond, there was found by -Joseph Moore (Amer. Geologist, vol. XII, p. 73) a fragment of an upper -incisor of this species. With it were sound and decayed teeth of the -mastodon. Most probably this fish-pond was being excavated in low ground -where a marsh had existed. Richmond is situated just south of the -Bloomington moraine, on an area which is undulating and more or less -morainic. The animal must have lived at some time after the culmination -of the Wisconsin stage. - -3. _Greenfield, Hancock County._—In 1893 (Amer. Geologist, vol. XII, p. -73), Joseph Moore mentioned the fact that some remains of _Castoroides_ -had been found near Greenfield and that these were in the possession of -Dr. M. M. Adams. In 1900 (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1899, p. 171, plates -I, II), Moore presented figures of the skull and made some brief -statements regarding it. At that time the skull had come into the -possession of Earlham College. If restored this skull would have had a -length of 13 inches. Nothing is known as to the exact place where it was -found, but it can not be doubted that the animal lived after the -Wisconsin ice had retreated further north. - -4. _Jamestown, Boone County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is a -lower jaw of a giant beaver which has all of the molars, but whose -incisors are broken off at the border of the bone. This specimen was -presented by Mr. A. E. Deatley, of Lizton, Hendricks County, who found -it in earth thrown out by a dredging machine, but the exact locality was -not stated. Jamestown is situated on Eel River where it crosses the -Champaign moraine. The geological age of the animal is therefore Late -Wisconsin. - -5. _Summitville, Madison County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is -an upper right incisor of the giant beaver in its premaxilla, labeled as -presented by Mr. J. F. Cartwright. Nothing more is known of the history -of the specimen. - -Summitville is surrounded by plains of Wisconsin drift. It is about 12 -miles from the place where was found the fine mounted specimen of -_Elephas primigenius_ now in the American Museum of Natural History, New -York. - -6. _Union City, Randolph County._—Here was found the nearly complete -skeleton of _Castoroides ohioensis_ at Earlham College, Richmond, -Indiana. This was secured by Professor Joseph Moore, who described and -figured it. It was discovered on the farm of John M. Turner, about 8 -miles nearly east of Winchester. Mr. Turner has informed the writer that -the farm is a part of section 15, township 17, range 1. - -The bones occurred in a layer of fine-grained marly silt from 2 to 3 -feet thick, overlain by from 3 to 4 feet of dark loose mold abounding in -fragments of shrubby stems and vines in various stages of decay. Under -the silt containing the bones were coarser and finer drift gravels which -formed the bottom of the ditch. In the silts were found fresh-water -gasteropods and bivalve shells. Along the same ditch, within a distance -of 30 rods, other fragments were found which were supposed to indicate 9 -individuals of _Castoroides_. As this region is covered by Wisconsin -drift, the animal evidently lived after the Wisconsin ice-sheet had -retired from the Union City moraine, possibly a long time thereafter. - -7. _Fairmount, Grant County._—Near Fairmount were found some limb-bones -and other parts (but no skull) of the giant beaver. These were obtained -not far from where the large specimen of _Elephas primigenius_ was -discovered which is mounted in the American Museum of Natural History in -New York. The remains of this _Castoroides_ are in the Field Museum of -Natural History. No details regarding the find have been published. It -was stated that near the bones were parts of trees, as though a dam had -been built there; but this interesting matter appears not to have been -investigated. - -The elephant mentioned above was found on the farm of Dora C. Hitt, in -the southeast quarter of section 23, township 23 north, range 8 east. - -8. _Carroll County._—In 1884 (14th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, pt. 2, -p. 37) the State geologist, John Collett, wrote that _Castoroides_ had -been found in this county; but nothing was added to this statement. On -the map the number is placed arbitrarily. - -9. _Logansport, Cass County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a fine -skull of _Castoroides_, without lower jaw, which, according to the -newspaper report accompanying it (dated January 30, 1894), was found 2 -or 3 miles north of Logansport, by Mr. S. L. McFadin, who sold it to the -National Museum. It lay at a depth of 7 feet on a fine sand, above which -was a foot of solid gravel, then 3 feet of solid clay, and at the top 3 -feet of alluvium. According to Leverett and Taylor’s map of the region -(Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. LIII, plate VI), this place would be on -the moraine which lies north of the Wabash River, the meeting-place of -the ice-lobes coming from Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Saginaw Bay. - -10. _Macy, Miami County._—From Mr. C. F. Fite, Denver, Indiana, the -writer received a photograph of a tooth of _Castoroides_, apparently the -lower right incisor. This was found in Allen Township. Mr. Fite gives as -the exact locality section 23, township 29, range 3 east. This would be -not far from Macy. It lies, therefore, on or near the northern border of -the great moraine which extends from Delphi, Indiana, to the -northeastern corner of the State. - -11. _Kosciusko County._—As in the case of Cass County, we depend for our -knowledge of the discovery of _Castoroides_ in Kosciusko County on the -statement made by John Collett, in the place there cited. - -12. _Grovertown, Starke County._—From Dr. E. S. Riggs, of Field Museum -of Natural History, the information has been received that there is at -that museum a fine skull, with the right half pf the mandible, of a -giant beaver which was found 1.5 miles west of Grovertown, in making an -excavation for the abutment of a bridge, 6 feet below the surface in -township 34 north, range 1 west. This is within the region of the -Pleistocene Lake Kankakee. - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Maps 28, 38.) - -1. _Shawneetown, Gallatin County._—In the collection of the Academy of -Natural Science of Philadelphia are a part of one incisor, two molars, -and two petrous bones which were many years ago obtained by a Dr. -Feuchtwanger, from a well at a depth of 40 feet. These were mentioned by -Le Conte in 1852 (Proc. Acad. Phila., vol. VI, p. 53). Leidy has figured -the incisor (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” 1860, -plate XXII, fig. 5; Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, plate II, -fig. 10). Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XXXVIII, p. 65) -states that at Shawneetown a boring for gas and oil penetrated 112 feet -of alluvial and other deposits before reaching rock. His map (plate VI) -indicates that here the valley of the Ohio is composed of sand and -gravel plains of Wisconsin age. Under the conditions it seems impossible -to form any certain conclusions regarding the geological age of this -specimen. It belongs possibly to the later half of the Pleistocene. - -2. _Alton, Madison County._—In the McAdams collection, described on page -338, is a part of a large upper incisor, in two pieces, of a specimen of -_Castoroides_, with McAdams’s Nos. 209, 210, and a small fragment of -another incisor. All three specimens are more or less enveloped in -nodules of hard materials. In 1883 (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. -IV, p. LXXX) McAdams stated that he had seen, both in true and modified -drift, remains of rodents large and small, but one, an extinct beaver, -was of monstrous size. - -For conclusions as to the age of the fauna secured by McAdams see page -339. - -3. _Charleston, Coles County._—In 1867 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. -97), Leidy briefly described a skull of _Castoroides_, sent to him for -examination by Professor A. H. Worthen. It lacked both zygomatic arches -and the incisor teeth. The length of the skull was 10.5 inches. This -skull had been found by someone while he was plowing in a field near -Charleston. The region about Charleston is covered by the Shelbyville -lobe of the early Wisconsin drift. The animal must have lived at some -time after the deposition of that drift. - -4. _Naperville, DuPage County._—H. M. Bannister (Geol. Surv. Illinois, -vol. IV, p. 113) reported a skull and other parts of the skeleton of -_Castoroides_, found by a farmer in a slough not far from Naperville. -The skull went to Colonel Wood’s Museum in Chicago, and it was probably -destroyed in the great fire of 1871. This animal quite certainly lived -after the retirement of the Wisconsin ice-sheet. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 28.) - -1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860, Dr. Joseph Leidy (Holmes’s -Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, p. 114, plate XX, figs. 6–8) recorded the -fact that fragments of the teeth of the giant beaver had been found in -the Pleistocene deposit of Ashley River. - -In the Pinckney collection is an upper cheek-tooth, the fourth premolar. -The height of the tooth is 37 mm., the length is 16 mm., the width 11.5 -mm. It was found in the vicinity of Charleston. - -In the Scanlan collection, the property of Yale University, and made in -the vicinity of Charleston, are five more or less injured teeth. One is -a left upper molar, either the second or the third. The length of the -grinding-surface is 12 mm., the width 13 mm. Two fragments of upper -right incisors are interesting. One of these, 140 mm. long, bears the -oblique excavated surface worn by the lower incisors. Each diameter of -the tooth is 25 mm. The other fragment is 123 mm. long and comes from -the middle of the tooth. The two diameters of this tooth are, as in the -other one, 25 mm. Both of these teeth appear to be more strongly curved -than the teeth of more northern specimens. Also, the striation on the -outer face of the tooth is finer, finally becoming hair-like lines as -the rear face is approached. More of the larger ridges in the front of -the tooth are directed obliquely and terminate along a front groove than -in specimens hitherto observed. It is possible that an undescribed -species is indicated. The two teeth present some differences between -themselves. Another fragment, 103 mm. long, has a diameter of 20 mm. At -the base is seen a part of the pulp-cavity. - - - GEORGIA. - - (Map 28.) - -1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In a small collection of vertebrate -fossils made during dredging operations at Brunswick not many years ago, -and which now belongs to the Geological Survey of Georgia, Gidley found -a fragment of an incisor tooth of _Castoroides ohioensis_. The -accompanying species will be recorded on page 370. Gidley’s list is -found on page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of -Georgia. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Map 28.) - -1. _Natchez, Adams County._—James Hall, in 1846 (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. -Hist., vol. II, p. 168; Jour. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. V, p. 380), -announced that remains of this animal had been found in the neighborhood -of Natchez. The exact locality is unknown and likewise the conditions -under which the specimens were discovered. This species is not included -by Leidy in his list of fossil mammals found in Pleistocene deposits in -Mississippi up to 1854 (Wailles, Agri. Geol. Mississippi, p. 196). - -A list of the species found in the vicinity of Natchez is presented on -page 392. - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Map 28. Figure 23.) - -1. _Memphis, Shelby County._—In 1850, Dr. Jeffries Wyman reported (Proc. -Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. III, p. 281) that a part of a lower jaw of -_Castoroides_ had been found at Memphis. With it were a toe-bone of -_Megalonyx_, a tooth of a young mastodon, and a part of the lower jaw of -a beaver. It was thought that these remains had been buried in the -deposits laid down by Mississippi River. It is to be regretted that the -locality and the height above the river were not more exactly specified. -The specimen of _Castoroides_, a right ramus of the lower jaw, is now in -the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. - - - - - ON THE PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS RELATION TO ITS - FOSSIL VERTEBRATES. - - - ONTARIO. - -For a knowledge of the Pleistocene of Canada, the student ought first to -read Dr. J. W. Dawson’s “Canadian Ice Age,” published in 1894. In this -will be found references to the earlier literature of the subject. For -the results of more recent studies the reports of the Canadian -Geological Survey are to be consulted, as well as papers published in -the scientific journals. For the more important of these papers the -reader may consult the list published by Dr. H. L. Fairchild in 1918 -(Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXIX, pp. 229). - -To state the matter briefly, one may say that almost everywhere in -Ontario are deposits of glacial drift of Wisconsin age. In a few -localities have been discovered beds which belong to earlier glacial and -interglacial epochs. On the other hand, around Hudson Bay, around the -Gulf of St. Lawrence, along St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, and the Bay -of Fundy are marine deposits, laid down after the Wisconsin ice had -retired from those localities and while the region which had been -occupied by this ice-sheet was depressed so much that the sea could -enter the basins named. - -The most interesting locality in Canada for the student of vertebrate -palæontology is doubtless Toronto, because of the presence there of -Pleistocene deposits belonging to more than one stage, and because of -the discovery of several species of extinct vertebrates and of many -mollusks, insects, and plants. For an understanding of the geology of -the region Coleman’s papers must be studied, as well as those of authors -cited by him. On the interglacial deposits three of Coleman’s papers may -be especially cited (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, 1901, pp. 285–310; 10th -Internat. Cong. Geol., 1906, Mexico, pp. 1237–1258; Bull. Geol. Soc. -Amer., vol. XXVI, 1915, pp. 243–254). - -According to Coleman’s figure 1 of the first paper cited, the known -interglacial deposits in that region extend from the mouth of Humber -River eastward beyond the mouth of Rouge River, a distance of about 22 -miles, and away from the lake a distance of about 8 miles. Deposits have -been found even 14 miles north of Toronto (Coleman, 1915, p. 246). -Coleman’s sketch map of the region, taken from his paper of 1901, is -here reproduced (fig. 3). - -According to Coleman (paper of 1915, p. 243) there are known at Toronto -five well-defined sheets of boulder clay, with four sheets of -interglacial sand and clay separating them. So far as the writer knows, -only the lowest of these beds have been described with any -particularity. These lowest beds constitute the Toronto formation, and -it is these which have furnished nearly all the fossil animals and -plants discovered in that region. This Toronto formation is divisible -into two portions, and these have been designated as the Don beds and -the Scarboro beds. They are regarded as having been deposited in the -valley of an ancient river running from Georgian Bay to Scarboro. Of -these the Don beds are the older. Sections of these are found in Toronto -and outside, especially along Don River. They have been laid down -usually on a boulder clay, 1 to 9 feet thick, which itself reposes on -Hudson River shales. At one point along the Don an interglacial river -had cut through both the boulder clay and the shale to a depth of 16 -feet. The Don deposits consist of varying layers of sands, gravels, and -clays. At one point the section obtained amounted to about 27 feet; but -this, combined with another, made up about 44 feet. At one place trunks, -12 or 15 feet long, of trees have been found, which were flattened into -the surface of the boulder till; also shells of unios, which are -embedded in clay close to the boulder till. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 3.—Region about Toronto, Ontario, showing location of Toronto and - Scarboro Heights Pleistocene beds. From Coleman. -] - -In 1913 (Ontario Bur. Mines. Guide Book No. 6, pp. 15–18), Professor -Coleman presented a list of the species found in the Don beds. Of the -plants 32 species of trees had been secured, among them the pawpaw, the -red cedar, and the osage orange; 41 species of fresh-water mollusks were -listed, of which 12 were Unionidæ. - -As bearing on the climate, it may be said that there are 12 species of -the genus _Unio_ listed, of which 4 species are now known only from -localities south of the St. Lawrence drainage; while 3 other species -live in Lake Erie, but not in Lake Ontario. The plants are mostly trees; -and several species, as the osage orange and the pawpaw, are now found -only considerably farther south. One species of maple no longer exists. -Penhallow gave it as his opinion that the flora points conclusively to -the existence of climatic conditions of a character more nearly like -that of the middle United States to-day. The unios now missing from that -region give evidence to the same fact. For these reasons the Don -deposits are spoken of as the warm-climate beds. - -The Scarboro beds are finely displayed at Scarboro heights, a few miles -east of Toronto. The thickness of the clay here amounts to about 94 -feet. In these deposits have been found possibly mammoth or mastodon and -caribou, but there is some uncertainty about these. Only 14 species of -plants have been secured and these are trees; but apparently no mollusks -have been reported. As an offset there are great numbers of beetles. Of -these there have been described 72 species, and all are extinct except -2. - -The trees, according to Penhallow, indicate a climate somewhat cooler -than that now prevailing in that region. The same conclusion was reached -by Scudder from his study of the insects. In his paper of 1901, Coleman -took the view that the Toronto formation had been laid down in the -interval between the Iowan and the Wisconsin glacial stages, that is, -during what is now known as the Peorian. In the address of 1906, page -44, he appears to have been inclined to accept Leverett’s view that at -least the Don beds belonged to the Sangamon stage. By 1915 (paper cited, -p. 252) he had about concluded that the Toronto beds were as old as the -Aftonian stage. - -Dr. G. F. Wright, in 1912 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXV, pp. -205–218), accounted for the deposits and fossil animals and plants found -at Toronto in a different way. At a certain time in the Pleistocene the -region about Toronto was occupied by some species of animals and plants -now found only considerably further south. An ice-sheet from the -Keewatin center extended thither and laid down the Don beds. Later the -Labrador glacier pushed into that region and deposited the Scarboro -beds. According to this view the whole succession of events would be -much shortened. - -The writer is disposed to accept Leverett’s estimate of the geological -position of the interglacial beds at Toronto. The presence there of -_Elephas primigenius_, _Mammut americanum_, and the probable _Ursus -americanus_ hardly counts in the determination of the geological age, -for all these animals appear to have continued on from at least the -Aftonian interglacial to the close of the Wisconsin. There are no -specimens that show that either _Rangifer_ or _Cervalces_ existed during -the Aftonian, although one can hardly doubt that they did then exist. In -order to show that the Toronto formation belongs to the Aftonian, it -would be necessary to produce satisfactory stratigraphical evidence or -to find there genera and species of mammals which characterize the -Aftonian, such as camels, _Elephas imperator_, and those horses which -belong to the early Pleistocene. If the deposits belong to the Sangamon -stage, such horses as _Equus complicatus_ and _E. leidyi_ ought in time -to be discovered there. - -Coleman has discussed the interglacial beds that occur elsewhere in -Canada (10th Internat. Geol. Congr. 1906, Mexico, pp. 1237–1258; Bull. -Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXVI, 1915, pp. 243–254). He refers to Chalmers’s -account of interglacial deposits along Lake Erie; but so far as the -writer has been able to determine, most of the deposits referred to are -of Late Wisconsin age. However, as he says, Spencer found interglacial -materials near Niagara Falls. Other beds have been discovered along -Moose River, south of James Bay; but their geological position has not -been definitely determined, and the fossils discovered there, mostly -proboscideans, are not referred with certainty to the interglacial -deposits. - -Most of the vertebrate fossils found in Ontario, excepting many of those -found at Toronto, belong to the Late Wisconsin stage; and in studying -their geological relations one must, as in the States of New York, Ohio, -Indiana, and Michigan, take into consideration the history of the Great -Lakes after the Wisconsin ice-sheet began to retire. According to -Leverett and Taylor’s maps (Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate XIV), -as early as the time when the glacial ice had just begun to withdraw -from Lakes Michigan and Erie, a considerable area of land had become -cleared of ice in the peninsula bounded by Georgian Bay, Lakes Huron, -Erie, and Ontario. We can hardly suppose, however, that any mastodons or -any elephants, except possibly _Elephas primigenius_, could have made -their way to that area. Even the last-mentioned species would have had -to travel over many miles of glacial ice. Conditions were hardly more -favorable when Lake Whittlesey had come into existence (op. cit., plate -XVI). At a later stage (op. cit., plate XVII) the ice-free parts of the -peninsula could have been reached only by crossing the lakes or over -wide stretches of glacier. It is possible that some of the mastodons and -elephants that have been found had crossed over into Ontario at about -the stage represented by plate XIX of the work cited, but it is more -probable that they lived there at a later time. - -Brief mention is here made of the fossil vertebrates found in Ontario -and their localities. More detailed statements will be found on the -pages cited. - -Beginning in the west, a mastodon has been found at Blythewood, Essex -County (p. 45). In Elgin County a mastodon has been met with at St. -Thomas (p. 45), and a mastodon (p. 45) and an undetermined species of -elephant at Highgate (p. 45). A little farther back from the lake, at -London, Middlesex County, has been found a mastodon (p. 45). At Marburg, -not far from the shore of Lake Erie, Dr. H. M. Ami exhumed a mastodon -(p. 45). The writer has not learned how this locality is related to the -ancient beaches. At Dunnville, Haldimand County, a mastodon has been -secured (p. 46). It could hardly have lived there before the lake had -assumed nearly its present level. The same remark will apply to the time -when the mastodon (p. 46), _Elephas columbi_ (p. 147), and possibly _E. -primigenius_ (p. 166) lived at St. Catharines. From Hamilton, at the -extreme western end of Lake Ontario, have been described remains of -_Elephas columbi_ (p. 147), _E._ sp. indet. (p. 166), elk, _Cervus -canadensis_ (p. 235), and the beaver. _Elephas primigenius_ has been -found at Toronto, (p. 130); also _Cervalces_, a bison (p. 256), and a -reindeer (p. 244). The same elephant has been discovered at Amaranth, in -Dufferin County (p. 130). The elk, _Cervus canadensis_, has been -reported from Strathroy, Middlesex County, and Kingston, Frontenac -County (p. 235). At Smith’s Falls, Lanark County, the humpback whale, -_Megaptera boöps_, has been discovered (p. 17). White whales, -_Delphinapterus leucas_ and _D. vermontanus_, have been found at -Pakenham, Lanark County (p. 17), at Cornwall, Stormont County (p. 18), -Nepean Township (p. 17), Ottawa East, Carleton County, and Williamston, -Glengarry County (p. 18). At Ottawa has been discovered an assemblage of -species, as listed on page 287. - -The geology of the Hamilton locality has been described by Logan (Geol. -Canada, 1863, p. 914), by Spencer (Canad. Naturalist, vol. X, 1883, pp. -222–230, 306–308), and by Coleman (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XV, -1904, p. 351). The remains mentioned were found in deposits forming what -is called Burlington Heights. Here Dundas Valley opens into the extreme -western end of Lake Ontario. The valley is about a half mile wide. -Across this had been formed a bar, interrupted only at its northern end, -with a height of 108 feet above the level of the lake and a width -varying from a few hundred yards to less than a half mile. Its height is -almost that of the Iroquois beach found on the south shore of the lake -and continuing on the northern shore. Many years ago a canal was cut -through the narrowest part of the bar, and it was in the construction of -this that the elephant (p. 166), elk (p. 235), and beaver bones were -found. It is evident that the bones were deposited there while the bar -was being built and at a time when it lacked 38 feet of being as high as -it now is. The elephant jaw is in good condition, and this indicates -that the animal died near the spot. - -Coleman (op. cit., p. 352) stated that afterwards a railroad cut had -been made across the southern end of the bar, exposing 30 feet of coarse -stratified gravel, followed below by 2 feet of brown clay (evidently an -old soil) and 8 feet of blue till. In the old soil were found quantities -of decayed wood, as well as bones of mammoth and other animals. About a -mile farther west, pits were opened for clay, sand, and gravel. Coleman -gives the following geological section at this place. The column at the -right gives the heights above the lake level. - - _feet._ _feet._ - Clay making red brick 6 78 - Gravel 30 72 - White sand 5 42 - Hard pan 4 37 - White sand with mammoth tusks and bones 33 - Covered to level of the bay 0 - -The mammoth tusks and bones were not water-worn. It will be observed -that they were found 83 feet below the top of the Iroquois beach (116 -feet above the present lake), while the jaw was only about 45 feet below -the beach. Both Coleman, as cited, and Fairchild (Bull. Geol. Soc. -Amer., vol. XXVII, p. 247) regard the formation of the bar at Hamilton -as showing that during Iroquois times the lake became flooded to a -height of about 82 feet. - -Besides the interglacial species found at Toronto, which have already -been mentioned, there may be noted a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ (p. -130), a cast of which was reported by Winchell. Whether this was derived -from interglacial or late Wisconsin beds is not known. Coleman, as -elsewhere cited, reported the finding of remains of one of the elephants -on the Iroquois beach. On the same beach have been collected antlers of -reindeer (p. 244). These animals must have lived there not earlier than -the time when that beach was forming, perhaps later. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 4.—Eastern Ontario, showing limit of fresh-water beaches and - marine fossils. Redrawn from Coleman. -] - -In a buried gorge extending in a northwestern direction from the -whirlpool at Niagara to the Niagara escarpment, Dr. J. W. Spencer (Bull. -Geol. Amer., vol. XXI, p. 433) has discovered what he regards as -deposits equivalent to the Toronto formation, while older glacial and -interglacial beds are found below and more recent ones above. No fossils -were met with except wood. At Amaranth have been secured considerable -parts of a skeleton of _Elephas primigenius_ (p. 130). This elephant -must have existed rather late in the Wisconsin stage. About Kingston in -Frontenac County, at two places, have been secured remains of the elk -(p. 235), but lack of details as to places and conditions precludes -certainty as to their geological age. The fact that they were found in -shell marl is favorable to the idea that they belonged to the -Pleistocene. Here may be mentioned again the bison horn of uncertain -geological age which was found on the north shore of Nipissing Lake (p. -266). In Algoma County, on the banks of Moose River, was found a part of -a skull of a mastodon, but there is uncertainty whether it had been -buried in interglacial deposits or in marine Champlain beds. The region -in the extreme eastern end of Ontario is interesting because it -furnishes a considerable fauna belonging to the Champlain stage. During -the last glacial stage the region on which the Wisconsin ice-sheet was -resting became depressed to such an extent that when this ice retreated -beyond the St. Lawrence River, marine waters occupied the basin nearly -to the eastern end of Lake Ontario and Ottawa River as far as Lake -Coulonge. Coleman’s figure of the region (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. -XII, pp. 129–146, fig. 1) is here reproduced (fig. 4) to show the -western limits of the marine waters, so far as known, and the -corresponding fresh-water beach along the north shore of Lake Ontario. -Figure 5 from Coleman shows how the Champlain Sea was limited on the -south. Marine fossils, especially mollusks, have been found along the -upper St. Lawrence as far as Brockville, Quebec, and on the opposite -side of the river, in New York. On Coleman’s map the present elevations -of the old beaches at important localities are marked, that at Ottawa -having an elevation of 450 feet and at Coulonge 370 feet. According to -Johnston, who has described the Pleistocene geology in the vicinity of -Ottawa (Mem. 101, Canad. Dept. Mines, 1917), there is a point about 8 -miles northwest of the city where a marine terrace is found at a height -of 690 feet above sea-level. The marine beds at Ottawa are divided into -the Leda clays at the base and Saxicava sands above. The former have a -maximum thickness of about 200 feet, the Saxicava sands, a thickness of -about 40 feet. The fossils occur mostly in the Leda clays. In 1897, Dr. -H. M. Ami (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XI, pp. 20–26), and again in 1901 -(Geol. Surv. Ann. Rep., XII, G, pp. 51–56), published lists of the -fossils found in the Ottawa Valley, nearly all of them in the vicinity -of Ottawa. There were listed 26 species of plants, about 13 species of -marine mollusks, and the following vertebrates: - - Mallotus villosus, capelin. - Cyclopterus lumpus, lump-sucker. - Osmerus mordax, smelt. - Artediellus atlanticus (Cottus uncinatus), sculpin. - Gasterosteus aculeatus, stickleback. - Phoca vitulina, common seal (p. 22). - Phoca grœnlandica, Greenland seal (p. 23). - Tamias striatus, chipmunk. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 5.—South shore-line of ancient Champlain sea. Redrawn from - Coleman. -] - -The aquatic forms are all species existing in the Gulf of St. Lawrence -and along the northern Atlantic coast. The chipmunk lives at Ottawa. -Specimens of feathers of birds also have been found in nodules, but the -species have not been determined. The remains of the chipmunk were -probably washed in by some fresh-water stream. - -According to Johnston’s paper just cited, there are deposits of glacial -drift underlying the marine Champlain beds, but they have furnished no -fossils. The marine deposits extend up the Ottawa Valley at least as far -as Coulonge Lake, and here has been found _Mallotus villosus_. At -Welshe’s, 3 miles north of Smith’s Falls, Lanark County, have been found -some remains of the humpback whale, _Megaptera boöps_ (Dawson, Amer. -Jour. Sci., vol. XXV, 1883, p. 200). It was met with (p. 17) at an -elevation of 440 feet above present sea-level. It appears to have been -left there during the time when the Saxacava sands and gravels were -being laid down (Coleman, Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XII, p. 133). - - - QUEBEC. - -The Pleistocene of Quebec was described by Logan in 1863 (Geol. Canada, -pp. 917–926) and by J. W. Dawson, 1894, in his “Canadian Ice Age.” -Dawson divided the epoch, as represented in Canada, into the early -Pleistocene, the mid-Pleistocene, and the later Pleistocene. He did not -accept the glacial theory as it is now understood, admitting only great -local glaciers. His early Pleistocene deposits embraced the great bulk -of the boulder clays. His mid-Pleistocene represents an interglacial -period, during which were deposited the marine Leda clays, Saxicava -sands, and their fresh-water equivalents. The climate was supposed to be -milder than at present. During the later Pleistocene there was to some -extent a recurrence of local glaciation and of deposition of boulder -clay. This stage was followed, according to Dawson, by the Early Modern, -which he regarded as the age of the mammoth and mastodon. - -Mr. J. Stansfield has described with some detail the Pleistocene and -Recent deposits of the island of Montreal (Mem. 73, Geol. Surv. Canada, -1915). The boulder clay is of variable thickness and does not appear to -be divisible into beds of different epochs. The Leda and Saxicava -deposits are present. When the latter were laid down the region about -Montreal was depressed about 600 feet below its present elevation. This -has been confirmed by Goldthwait (Summary Rep. for 1913, p. 211). Later -it began to rise; and Stansfield thinks that when the elevation had -reached about 100 feet less than that of the present the water of the -St. Lawrence at that point had become fresh. He found some apparent -evidences of a recurrence of glaciation after the Champlain stage, but, -on the whole, left the question undecided. He published a list of about -85 species of marine invertebrate fossils, collected from the Leda clay -about Montreal, and 22 species obtained from the Saxicava sands. Besides -the invertebrates secured from the Leda clays at that place, there are -two vertebrates, _Phoca grœnlandica_ (p. 22) and _Delphinapterus -leucas_, or _D. vermontana_ (p. 18). At Rivière du Loup, in Temiscouata -County, whale remains were reported in 1894 (p. 18), which were thought -to belong to _Delphinapterus leucas_. At Metis, Rimouski County, a -jawbone of a whale has been discovered in the shelly marl of the lower -terrace (p. 19); whether or not it belonged to _Megaptera boöps_ is not -certain. The specimen of the former species was described by Leidy in -1856. - -According to Logan’s report of 1863 (Geol. Canada, p. 920), the single -bone was found in a brickyard. At the same place was found some vertebræ -of the whale. At Bic, Rimouski County, has been found a nearly complete -skeleton of a walrus, at an elevation of more than 100 feet (p. 21). -Dawson (Canadian Record Sci., 1895, vol. VI, p. 352) described a nearly -complete skeleton of the whale which had been found at Montreal in the -Leda clay, 22 feet below the surface. This Leda clay was supposed by -Dawson to have been deposited at a depth of from 50 to 80 fathoms, which -depth, he said, corresponded approximately to the marine shore-lines at -Montreal at an elevation of about 470 feet above sea-level, and to the -sea-beach at Smith’s Falls, above referred to. Hence at the time that -the whale was buried the mountain at Montreal was only a rocky islet in -the sea which prevailed then over the region from the Laurentian hills -on the north to the highlands of Quebec, south of the St. Lawrence. - -At Tétreauville, in Ottawa County, on Ottawa River, have been found some -bones, supposed to belong to the harbor seal, _Phoca vitulina_. - - - NEW BRUNSWICK, NOVA SCOTIA, AND CAPE BRETON ISLAND. - -All three of these regions were involved in the glaciation of the -Wisconsin stage. According to Goldthwait (Summary Rep. for 1913, pp. -244–250), New Brunswick was the center from which the ice flowed out -over the other two lands. From this center it moved southward over the -western end of Nova Scotia, more and more southeastward over the rest of -the peninsula, while over Cape Breton Island the direction was eastward -and northeastward. Some indications were observed of an earlier -glaciation. As regards post-glacial submergence, Goldthwait found that -at St. John, New Brunswick, this had amounted to about 190 feet, while -on Cape Breton Island no signs of any submergence were found. Robert -Chalmers had arrived at similar conclusions; and these agree well with -the theoretical isobases drawn by Taylor for that region (Monogr. U. S. -Geol. Surv. LIII, 1915, p. 503). G. F. Matthew in 1879 (Geol. Surv. -Canada, Rep. for 1877–78, EE, pp. 1–36) described the geology of -southern New Brunswick. Few fossil vertebrates of Pleistocene age have -been discovered in these countries. On Cape Breton Island mastodon -remains have been found in two places, Middle River and Baddeck (p. 46). -As long ago as 1874 remains supposed to belong to _Delphinapterus_ were -found near the mouth of the Jaquet River, in the northernmost part of -New Brunswick; but Professor G. H. Perkins has shown that the animal was -probably the narwhal, _Monodon monoceros_. The discovery is discussed -here on page 19. At the southern extremity of New Brunswick, along -Mace’s Bay, Charlotte County, a jaw supposed to belong to a species of -_Delphinapterus_ was found, which had been buried in the Leda clay (p. -19). Near Fairville, at the mouth of St. John River, there has been -discovered some bones of the seal _Phoca grœnlandica_ (p. 21). In the -Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia is a skull of a walrus (p. 21) found -apparently in the water near Sable Island about 50 years ago. It is not -certain that it is a Pleistocene fossil. - - - NEW ENGLAND. - -Inasmuch as relatively few vertebrates belonging to the Pleistocene have -been discovered in the New England States, it will not be necessary to -enter into details regarding the geology of the glacial period in this -region. Nevertheless, the subject is one of great interest and one which -has engaged the attention of many geologists. For those who wish to -enter on the study, the writer recommends first a paper written in 1906 -(Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XVIII, pp. 505–556) by Frederick G. Clapp, -entitled “Complexity of the Glacial Period in Northeastern New England,” -which gives a brief history of the development of the idea that in the -region mentioned there are evidences of more than one glacial and of -more than one interglacial stage. There are also citations of the -principal papers written on the subject. Among the writers cited are -Shaler, Woodworth, Fuller, Upham, Stone, and Tarr. Clapp concluded that -New England had been invaded by at least three ice-sheets and that these -invasions had been separated by two interglacial intervals of long -duration. On account of the greater thickness of the drift and because -of fewer favorable exposures, due to the rocky nature of the coast and -other causes, many difficulties are encountered in studying the -deposits. He regarded absolute correlations as not yet possible. The -last glaciation he accepted as corresponding closely with the Wisconsin, -as displayed in States further west. What is known as Montauk drift, -forming a part of the Gay Head interval of Woodworth, appeared to Clapp -to correspond possibly to the Illinoian. Still older drifts would seem -to have their place nearer the pre-Kansan (Nebraskan) than to the -Kansan. What have been called “Leda clays” are found from Boston north -into the St. Lawrence Valley. Clapp divides them into the “high-level” -and the “low-level” clays. The former are the older and regarded as -being about the equivalent to the Iowan stage. The “low-level clays” are -referred to the Wisconsin stage. Another body of clays named by Fuller -(Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XVI, p. 375) the Gardiner clays, from -their type locality, Gardiner Island, near the east end of Long Island, -lies beneath the Montauk till and has been referred by Fuller to the -Yarmouth interglacial. - -In his paper cited Clapp presents (pp. 520–523) a list of the fossils, -mostly mollusks, which have been collected in the Pleistocene deposits -from New Brunswick to New York. - -Along the New England coast are evidences of uplift which followed the -retirement of the Wisconsin ice. Katz (Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. -VIII, 1918, p. 410) reported elevations of 155 feet at Stratham, New -Hampshire, and 300 feet at Pawnal, Maine. Fairchild (Bull. Geol. Soc. -Amer., vol. XXIX, p. 214) records the elevations at various localities -in Maine. - -A brief interesting account of the Pleistocene epoch as recorded in -Massachusetts and Rhode Island may be found in an article by B. K. -Emerson (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 597, pp. 134–149). It deals in -part with the geology of the valley of the Connecticut River. - -Goldthwait (Appalachia, vol. XIII, pp. 1–23) and Foshay (Amer. Jour. -Sci., ser. 4, vol. XXXVIII, pp. 345–348) have found evidences of an -early Pleistocene glaciation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. - -Vermont is interesting especially on account of the Pleistocene history -of Lake Champlain. This history has been recently discussed by Professor -H. L. Fairchild (Rep. State Geologist Vermont, vol. X, 1916, pp. 1–41, -with maps and views), who presents (pp. 40–411) a list, 37 in number, of -the more important papers relating to the subject. - -While the Wisconsin ice-sheet was resting upon Canada and the northern -part of the United States, the land thus occupied, and probably a -considerable area beyond the ice, became depressed. The valleys of the -St. Lawrence, the Ottawa, the Hudson, and the Connecticut had been -pressed down to such an extent that, as the ice-sheet retired these -valleys became filled with water standing at sea-level. When at length -the glacial front had retreated beyond the St. Lawrence, sea-water -entered Lake Ontario and passed up Ottawa River far above the city of -Ottawa (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., LIII, plate XXI). South of -the St. Lawrence, marine waters occupied what is now Lake Champlain and -as much of the surrounding land as was then at or below sea-level. In -his account Fairchild makes use of the plate which is here reproduced -(map 31) from his article of 1917 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXVIII, -p. 279, plate XI). This geologist believes that the Hudson formed for a -while a connection with Lake Champlain, although the Hudson waters may -not have been actually saline. But in Lake Champlain the presence of -fossil marine mollusks and at least one whale skeleton shows that its -waters were salt. The lines crossing the plate obliquely are the -isobases which show the amount of elevation which has taken place along -those lines since the end of the Pleistocene. South of New York City -this is zero. At the northern end of Lake Champlain the elevation is 800 -feet. This means that the north end of the lake for a while stood 800 -feet lower than now. Marine fossils have, however, been found at an -elevation of only about 300 feet. The waters which first occupied the -lake and stood at the highest level were of glacial origin and fresh. -When the ice-front had receded so as to open the St. Lawrence and admit -sea-water, the northern end of the lake had been uplifted about 500 -feet. It was then that the marine animals entered. - -Other important papers to be consulted in this connection are as -follows: One by J. B. Woodworth (Bull. 84 New York State Mus.); one by -Charles E. Peet (Jour. Geol., vol. XII, 1904, pp. 415–469; 617–660), and -two by Professor Fairchild (Bulls. 105, 127, New York State Mus.). - -It is proper to say that certain glacial geologists maintain that the -depression in the New England States has been less than supposed by -Fairchild, and that the isobases curved around toward the north as the -New England coast was approached, somewhat as represented by Taylor -(Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 503). Fairchild, in a later paper -(Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XXIX, 1918, pp. 187–244), has reached the -same conclusion and presented a map on which are drawn the isobases, or -lines passing through points affected by the same amount of post-glacial -uplift; from this map 32 has been prepared. On his map the location of -the heavy or solid lines is regarded by Fairchild as being based on -clear evidence. Where the lines become thin the evidence is less -trustworthy; where the lines are broken their positions are -hypothetical. The numerals on the lines show the amount of uplift along -those lines. Two points of importance are brought out on the map. The -first is that Newfoundland formed an independent center of glaciation -and of subsequent uplift, a conclusion based on good geological -evidence. The second point is that the center of the Wisconsin -glaciation was located southeast of James Bay, considerably farther -south and west than is usually supposed. The confirmation of this is -left to the future. - -It does not seem to have been demonstrated that there are in Connecticut -any Pleistocene deposits older than those laid down by the Wisconsin -ice-sheet. In case Fuller (U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 82) is correct -in his determination of beds of the early, middle, and late Pleistocene -on Long Island, it is to be expected that beds of corresponding ages -will yet be recognized in Connecticut. Woodworth (17th Ann. Rep. U. S. -Geol. Surv., pt. 1, p. 978) mentions deposits of clay at Berlin and at -New Haven that may be older than the Wisconsin. - -While the correlations recorded above of the Pleistocene of the New -England States with the glacial and interglacial stages of the -Mississippi Valley may be subject to modifications, it is interesting to -learn that the presence of Middle and Early Pleistocene deposits in the -Eastern States has received the recognition of so many students of -glacial geology. The hope is awakened that in New England there may yet -be found interglacial deposits which will furnish remains of Pleistocene -vertebrates, as these have come to light from Throg’s Neck, New York, to -southern Florida. It is possible that the astragalus of an equine animal -(p. 183), found at Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, belongs to a species of -_Equus_ of early Pleistocene age. - -In order to illustrate still further the events connected with the -history of the Pleistocene in the region of the Great Lakes, three -additional figures are introduced. One of these (map 33) shows J. W. -Spencer’s conception of the drainage of the region in preglacial times. -The areas now occupied by the lakes were then traversed by rivers. It -will be observed that the rivers above Pittsburgh now discharging into -the Ohio then emptied northward into the Erigan. This is shown also by a -map (fig. 6) taken from Leverett (U. S. Geol. Surv. Monogr. XLI, p. 89). -Figure 5, on page 287, shows the position of the shore of this Champlain -Sea. - -The number of Pleistocene vertebrates found in the New England States is -limited, and most of them have been mentioned. - -Somewhere on the coast of Maine have been found specimens of the fish -_Mallotus villosus_ (Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. III, 1848, -p. 67). At Charlotte, Vermont, a white whale, _Delphinapterus -vermontanus_, was found many years ago (p. 19). Some bovid teeth were -found many years ago at Gardiner, Maine, and referred to _Bison bison_, -but it is now believed that they are teeth of the domestic ox. However, -Dr. G. M. Allen has reported from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, teeth of a -young bison (p. 266). At Woodbury, Washington County, Vermont, at a -depth of 7 feet, an antler and a piece of the upper jaw with five molars -of _Rangifer caribou_ (p. 244) have been discovered (Rep. Geol. Surv. -Vermont, vol VI, p. 7). Mastodons have been discovered in Massachusetts -at Coleraine and Shrewsbury (p. 47). Many years ago a tooth and a tusk -and some bones of an elephant were found at Mount Holly, Vermont (p. -148); the writer refers the animal to _Elephas columbi_. An undetermined -elephant has been found in Vermont at Richmond (p. 167). Walrus remains -have been recovered at Addison Point (p. 23), Andrews Island (p. 23), -Gardiner (p. 23), and Portland (p. 24), all in Maine; off Portsmouth, -New Hampshire (p. 25); and on Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts (p. 25). -At the latter place a tooth supposed to belong to the hooded seal (p. -26) was found long ago. With respect to the specimens found at this -place there is some doubt as to their geological age. With the exception -that the reindeer bones (p. 244) found near New Haven may be of -pre-Wisconsin age, no Pleistocene vertebrate fossils older than Late -Wisconsin appear to have been discovered anywhere in Connecticut. As -shown elsewhere (p. 48), there were found long ago at Sharon, Litchfield -County, remains which were identified as those of mammoth, but these -have since been regarded as those of the common mastodon. Only a single -vertebra was preserved. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 6.—Probable preglacial drainage of the Upper Ohio. From Leverett. -] - -Mastodons have been found in four other places, Cheshire, New Britain, -Bristol, and Farmington (pp. 47, 48). The animals which left their bones -at those places certainly lived after the last glacial sheet had -withdrawn from the State. As mentioned on page 291, Fairchild has found -reasons for believing that, while the Wisconsin ice-sheet was -withdrawing from the Hudson and Connecticut Valleys, the whole region -was so depressed that these valleys became occupied by water at -sea-level. In these waters there were laid down thick deposits which now -stand at levels much above tide, varying, in Connecticut, from nearly -200 to about 300 feet. Map 31, reproduced from Professor Fairchild -(Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol XXVIII, 1917, plate XI) is intended to show -how wide an extent of territory along the Connecticut Valley was then -submerged. It is probable that the emergence of these deposits was not -accomplished until after the glacier had retired beyond the State. - -It will be observed (map 6) that the localities just mentioned, where -the mastodons have been found, lie very close to or on the areas covered -by the deposits mentioned. The pond in which the Farmington mastodon -(fig. 6, No. 3) was buried is in a range of hills which must have stood -as an island in the Connecticut inlet. While it is possible that -mastodons lived on this island while the land was depressed, it is more -likely that they lived there after it had been more or less elevated. -Judging from the topographical maps, one may conclude that the mastodons -that have been found at Cheshire (fig. 6, No. 1) and New Britain (fig. -6, No. 2) were buried in deposits that overlie those laid down at -sea-level. Their time of existence must have been near the end of the -Pleistocene. Too little is known about the mastodons reported from -Bristol and Sharon to form any definite opinion about the stage of the -Pleistocene when they lived; but it was probably after the withdrawal of -the last ice-sheet. - - - NEW YORK. - -From the geologist’s point of view there is hardly, if at all, another -State which presents for solution more numerous or more interesting -problems connected with the Pleistocene than does New York. Among these -are the geography and topography of the State at the beginning of the -Pleistocene; the number and identity of the glacial stages which -affected its surface; the origin and development of the bordering Great -Lakes, of the numerous interior lakes, and of the river courses, actual -and abandoned. For a knowledge of these one must consult the various -reports issued by the Geological Survey of the State; above all, the -numerous and instructive papers that have been published by Professor H. -L. Fairchild, of the University of Rochester. - -For the student of Pleistocene vertebrate palæontology, the State of New -York is not so attractive as some others; but it is far from being -devoid of interest. Few species of vertebrates of Pleistocene age have -been found in its deposits, and these, with one exception, belong to the -latest episodes of the last glacial stage. So far as the writer is -aware, the following list comprises all of the Pleistocene vertebrates -known to have been found within the borders of the State; those marked -with an asterisk (*) are now extinct: - - *Equus sp. indet (p. 183). - *Platygonus compressus (p. 212) - Bison bison (pp. 266, 267). - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 226). - Cervus canadensis (pp. 235, 236). - Rangifer caribou? (p. 245). - *Mammut americanum (pp. 48–63). - *Elephas columbi (p. 149). - *Elephas primigenius (pp. 131, 132). - Castor canadensis. - *Castoroides ohioensis (p. 272). - -Deposits of materials belonging to Pleistocene stages older than the -Wisconsin are apparently of rare occurrence in the State. If existing -they are usually concealed beneath the widely spread Wisconsin drift. On -Long Island, Fuller (U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 82) has described -beds of gravels, sands, and clays, which he regards as belonging to the -Nebraskan, Aftonian, Yarmouth, and Illinoian. None of these has -furnished any vertebrate fossils. However, in 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. -Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), Whittlesey reported that he had a tooth -of a horse (p. 183) found at Fort Schuyler, Throg’s Neck, 18 feet below -the surface. This must have been lying beneath the Wisconsin drift. -Inasmuch as Fuller has found the Manhassett formation, regarded as -equivalent to the Illinoian, around Manhassett Bay, within 4 or 5 miles -of Throg’s Neck, it seems entirely reasonable to suppose that deposits -of similar or earlier age exist at Throg’s Neck. - -With the exception of small areas, the whole of the State was at one -time covered by the ice-sheet of the Wisconsin stage. The glacial ice -filled the basins of the Great Lakes, and overrode even the peaks of the -Adirondack and Catskill Mountains. Only along the southern side of Long -Island and in the loop formed in Cattaraugus County by Allegheny River -does the ice-sheet appear to have been absent. - -Nearly everywhere, even on the southern coast of Long Island as outwash, -it left its burden of clay, sand, gravel and boulders, usually many feet -in thickness; in the mountainous regions this drift material is present, -at least in the valleys. At the extreme southern edge of the glacial -sheet there was laid down the terminal moraine, which, more or less -distinctly determinable, has been traced from the eastern end of Long -Island to the southwestern corner of Cattaraugus County, and onward into -Pennsylvania. This moraine is shown here on maps 3 and 6–A. - -As the ice-sheet withdrew toward the north, the surface which it had -occupied was, for many reasons, very uneven, and in the depressions -there were formed numerous lakelets and lakes. Into the smaller lakes -and ponds especially, were swept, by running water and blown by winds, -coarse materials and dust, so that they began at once to fill. -Water-loving plants in due time took possession of their borders, and in -time marshes were formed. In some of these bodies of waters are now -found deposits of shell marl, which show that for a long period the -lakes and ponds were inhabited by fresh-water mollusks. Sometimes below -this marl, but usually above it, is found a layer of peat, the product -of the partial decay of the vegetation. It is in such peat-bogs, -sometimes buried in the peat, sometimes in the marl, that have been -found most of the bones and teeth of the fossil animals recovered. -Inasmuch as such deposits lie upon the Wisconsin drift, it is certain -that these animals lived, at the localities where found, after the -retirement of the glacier from that locality; how long afterward one -usually can not be certain. - -It is in such Late Wisconsin deposits that have been found the numerous -remains of mastodons on Long Island, on Staten Island, around New York -City, and especially in Orange County (pp. 48–54). This county has -furnished some of the most complete skeletons of mastodons ever -discovered. Whether or not the conditions for their existence were more -favorable in this region than in that between this county and the Finger -Lake region may be regarded as doubtful; but it is certain that the -conditions for the preservation of skeletons were extremely favorable. - -A remarkable case is presented at Cohoes, where a part of a skeleton of -a mastodon was found in one of the great pot-holes existing there, and -another part of the same skeleton in a neighboring pot-hole. The case is -discussed below. - -In the western half of the State, after the foot of the glacier had -retired beyond the divide between the present northward and southward -flowing streams, bodies of water began to collect between the divide and -the foot of the glacier. To these bodies, regarded as lakes, changing -from time to time their dimensions and their outlets, have been given -various names. At first, the waters that collected in the Finger Lake -region found their outlet southward through the Susquehanna River; later -through the Mohawk and Hudson; then westward into the Mississippi -drainage; afterward through a channel leading around west and north of -the Adirondacks and into Lake Champlain and down the Hudson; and -finally, as now, into the St. Lawrence River (map 34). - -The waters of the Erie basin, for most of the time, found their outlet -toward the west into the Mississippi; but at a later time they escaped -for a while eastward through central New York into the Mohawk. For -information regarding these lakes one must consult Leverett and Taylor -(Monogr. LIII, U. S. Geol. Surv.) and Fairchild (Bulls. 127, 160, N. Y. -State Mus.). - -From a study of the geological history we may arrive at some -approximately correct ideas as to the time when the mastodons, -elephants, horses, giant beavers, etc., lived within the limits of the -State. Of these animals, apparently none of the specimens discovered up -to this time belongs to any pre-Wisconsin stage, except the horse whose -tooth was found at Throg’s Neck (p. 183). The history of our extinct -horses and the depth at which the specimen was found indicate that the -animal had lived either during the first or the second third of the -Pleistocene. - -We may be certain that none of the mastodons (p. 49) which have been -reported from Long Island lived there while the northern border was -occupied by the glacier, and the remainder by the ocean. Not until the -land had risen to about its present level could mastodons have become -buried in the muck-filled ponds where they have been met with. Where the -glacier front was when mastodons got foothold on the island we can not -tell certainly; but it required perhaps hundreds or probably thousands -of years for the elevation of the island to the extent of about 100 -feet. We can hardly doubt that the mastodon lived on up to near, -possibly into, the Recent period (see map 34). - -It is interesting to speculate on the time and manner of entombment of -the skeleton, described on page 56, which was found at Cohoes, part in -one pot-hole, part in another not far away. Hall adopted the theory that -the carcass of the mastodon had been frozen in the glacial ice and, on -the thawing of this ice, had been dropped into the pot-holes. In fact, -he thus explained the frequent presence of mastodon skeletons in swamps. -We have, however, no evidence that mastodons were ever thus frozen up in -the ice of the glacier; but there is a possibility that this happened -sometimes. If a skeleton should thus have been engaged in the moving -stream of ice it is not probable that it would ever have emerged in a -recognizable condition. In the production of cracks and crevices in the -glacial ice, of which Hall spoke, the bones would have been broken up -and scattered, if not ground to powder. If a cadaver had been frozen in -the ice for any considerable time it would certainly have come out in -such a waterlogged condition that it would hardly have floated. Weighted -down by its heavy tusks, it would have drifted against rocks and at -least the tusks would probably have been broken off. If we exclude the -idea that the mastodon had first been frozen in the glacier, the writer -sees no reason for denying that it might thus have been transported for -some distance; but little is gained by granting it. The animal could as -well have lived near Cohoes as farther up the Mohawk. - -As stated on another page, James Hall concluded that the pot-holes -belonged to some preglacial time. Professor H. L. Fairchild has -expressed in a letter to the present writer the following opinion: - - “When the ice-sheet melted from Cohoes the locality was 355 feet - lower than it is to-day. Deep estuary deposits partially filled the - Hudson Valley and buried the Cohoes district. The Mohawk channel at - Cohoes is excavated through marine sediments. There is no suggestion - of any river channel there previous to the present river work. The - pot-holes are post-glacial, but they probably represent a more - copious and vigorous flow than that of the present river. That was - supplied by the diminishing Iromohawk, the latest outflow through - the Mohawk Valley of the Iroquois water. In this view the pot-holes - were drilled by the latest glacial waters.” - -It appears that, when the mastodon skeleton fell into the pot-holes, -these had been drilled long before; for the principal one had become -filled with gravel to a depth of at least 10 feet. They were, therefore, -probably well above the stream-level, except in times of high-water. -However the carcass reached the locality, it must have arrived in a -complete state. Had it already attained an advanced stage of decay, some -limbs or the feet or the lower jaw, probably the whole head, weighted -down as it was by the heavy tusks, would have dropped off. It may be -assumed that the skeleton was lying on land or in some pond not far -above the pot-holes. The flesh was not wholly decayed, and the bones -were held together by the ligaments. While the skeleton was in this -condition the river rose and swept it over the first pot-hole, where the -right leg dropped off; and then onward over the second, where more of it -was deposited. Some unimportant parts may have been carried farther, and -some of the missing bones may have decayed in the pot-holes. After the -bones were deposited there the pot-holes became slowly filled up, -probably mostly during times of high-water, with muck and branches and -trunks of trees of several species (Hay, Science, n. s., vol. XLIX, -1919, p. 378). - -The retreat of the Wisconsin ice-sheet far beyond the St. Lawrence and -the rise of the land to its present elevation, 350 feet above the sea at -Cohoes, belong to the closing chapter of Pleistocene history. When the -Cohoes mastodon was buried the ice-sheet was probably already north of -the St. Lawrence and, as Professor Fairchild writes, 150 feet of the -rise of the land had already occurred. The time could, therefore, not -have been long before the beginning of the Recent epoch. If these -animals lived at such a late time at Cohoes they doubtless existed at -the same time in all parts of the eastern region where their remains -have been discovered. They may have been able to occupy Long Island a -little earlier than places further north, but the interval would be -geologically inconsiderable. - -The writer has learned of no discoveries of mastodon bones in materials -laid down by the marine waters that occupied Lake Champlain, the St. -Lawrence Valley, and that of Ottawa River, or in deposits overlying -these marine beds. - -On the basis of one of Professor H. L. Fairchild’s plates (Bull. 127, N. -Y. State Mus., plate XXXV) the writer has prepared map 34, which is -intended to show the position of the Wisconsin ice-sheet in New York -after it had retired somewhat north of the divide. This divide is marked -by a line of dots. The area then occupied by the ice is stippled. Lake -Erie was already nearly free from ice and was discharging its water by -way of the Mississippi. Impounded waters from the melting glacial ice -were collecting in the region of the Finger Lakes, forming Newberry -Lake, and escaping down the Susquehanna. The Mohawk afforded outlet for -the water from the southeastern lobe of ice. Fairchild’s plates 36 to 42 -show the successive positions occupied by the ice-front as it retired -northward and the various lakes that were formed. - -Although not many species of vertebrate animals have been found in the -Pleistocene deposits of New York, a large number of localities have -furnished remains of the mastodon, _Mammut americanum_. These localities -are recorded and brief descriptions of the remains and their geological -environment have been presented on pages 48–63. The localities are -indicated on map 34. It will be seen that several specimens have been -found on Long Island and many in Orange County, in the southeastern -corner of the State. In the western half of the State most of the finds -occur within the area once occupied by the successive lakes. The animals -could have lived there only after the ice-sheet and the lake waters had -disappeared. It will be seen that a few finds have been made close to -the shores of the present lakes. The animals must have lived there at -the very end of the Pleistocene, if not within the Recent epoch. - -The finds of other vertebrates are recorded on the following pages: -_Equus_ sp. indet. on page 183; _Platygonus compressus_ on page 212; -_Bison bison_ on page 266; _Odocoileus virginianus_ on page 226; _Cervus -canadensis_ on page 235; _Rangifer caribou_ on page 245; _Elephas -columbi_ on page 149; _Elephas primigenius_ on page 131; _Castor -canadensis_ on page 272; _Castoroides ohioensis_ on page 272. - -In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. II, pp. 255–256), W. C. -Redfield reported that he had received remains of a fox of the genus -_Vulpes_ from Gulf Summit, Broome County. The lower jaw and other bones -had been discovered in a cutting of the New York and Erie Railroad, 40 -feet below the natural surface. The deposit above these bones was -evidently the Wisconsin drift. The fine clay inclosing the bones may -have belonged to the Sangamon, or even some older interglacial deposit. -It is impossible to say whether this fox was _Vulpes fulvus_ or _Urocyon -cinereoargenteus_. - - - NEW JERSEY. - - (Map 6–A.) - -In the consideration of the problems of Pleistocene geology and -palæontology, New Jersey is one of the most important States. Its -northern part is occupied by glacial drift deposits, while the southern -two-thirds is covered more or less completely by materials laid down -beyond the limits of the glaciers. The glacial materials appear to -belong to two widely separate epochs. The geologists who have been -connected with the geological survey of New Jersey recognize in the -materials composing the Pleistocene deposits south of the glacial region -three formations, the Bridgeton, oldest; succeeded by the Pensauken; and -the Cape May, the youngest. The geologists of Maryland recognize in New -Jersey three formations which correspond to the three of Maryland, the -Sunderland, the Wicomico, and the Talbot. However, the author of the -Maryland Pliocene and Pleistocene volume, Professor Shattuck, insists -that parts of Salisbury’s Bridgeton, Pensauken, and Cape May all enter -into the Sunderland; parts of the Cape May, Pensauken, and possibly of -the Bridgeton, into the Wicomico; and parts of the Pensauken and Cape -May into the Talbot. - -There are wide divergences in the views of the two groups of geologists -regarding the manner in which the materials have been laid down. The -Maryland geologists hold that their three terraces represent three -epochs of submergence, and that the gravels, sands, and clays were -deposited in the salt waters of the ocean or of estuaries. Salisbury and -Knapp (Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. VIII, 1917, p. 3) adopt the view -that the formations are partly of subaerial and partly of marine and -estuarine origin, with emphasis on the subaerial mode. Of the Bridgeton, -the authors referred to say (their p. 18 ) that the accessible parts are -primarily of terrestrial origin. A part of what remains may be marine or -estuarine, and part of what has been removed may have been so. No -palæontological evidences of marine deposits of this epoch are found in -the State. The writer records his dissent from the theory that the -terraces and the deposits called the Sunderland, Wicomico, and Talbot -have been the product of marine submergence. A part only of the Talbot -can be referred to deposition in the sea. - -Of the Pensauken, Salisbury and Knapp say (p. 87): “There is nothing in -its constitution to negative the hypothesis of the whole formation being -river work; nor is there anything, as now understood, to prove it.” As -to the deposits which they refer to the Cape May, the authors quoted say -(p. 162) that the southern part of the State seems to have stood a few -feet (30 to 50) lower than at present; but that it could not have stood -long at this height, for sea-cliffs are essentially wanting. At one -point, near Millville, Cumberland County, marine fossils are met with at -an elevation of about 10 feet above tide. - -The Cape May was, according to Salisbury and Knapp, laid down during the -last glacial epoch, the Wisconsin (p. 162). This determination of age -would doubtless gain the acceptance of the Maryland geologists and their -adherents, although the latter would include under this name many local -deposits which Salisbury puts in the Pensauken. - -It is remarkable that, so far as the writer knows, no remains of -Pleistocene vertebrates have ever been discovered in that portion of New -Jersey which is mapped as occupied by the Cohansey sands, an area -including nearly half the State. It lies southeast of a straight line -which would run from Navesink River to Salem. The reason for this lack -of fossil vertebrates does not occur to the writer. A large portion of -this region is mapped as being covered with deposits of all three of the -Pleistocene formations, Bridgeton, Pensauken, and Cape May. On or near -to the line of outcrop of the Cretaceous deposits from Salem to Raritan -Bay, not fewer than ten localities are known where mastodon remains have -been discovered, besides two localities which have furnished horses and -two which have furnished elephants. Since the southeastern part of the -State has yielded no vertebrate fossils and little else to throw light -on the age of its deposits, we shall dismiss it from consideration. - -The glacial geology of the State has been studied by Professor Rollin D. -Salisbury, of the University of Chicago, and his assistants, Henry B. -Kümmel, Charles E. Peet, and George N. Knapp. The results of their -studies on the glacial-drift deposits have been published in volume v of -the final report of the State geologist, 1902. - -The Quaternary formations of the southern part of the State are -described in volume VIII of the final report. A more succinct -description of the events of the Quaternary period is found in Bulletin -14 (1915) of the New Jersey Survey. The authors are J. Volney Lewis and -Henry B. Kümmel. - -In the vicinity of Perth Amboy is a heavy glacial moraine which may be -traced eastward through Staten and Long Islands. West of Perth Amboy it -turns northward, and swinging around it reaches Springfield. Thence it -runs northwestward to Rockaway, and continues west by south to Delaware -River, at Belvidere. This moraine marks, in New Jersey, the southward -limit of the last ice-sheet, the Wisconsin. All the drift deposits of -the State north of this moraine are regarded as belonging to the -Wisconsin stage. It is to be supposed that this is, at least to some -extent, underlain by older drift deposits. - -South of the moraine just described are scattered deposits of glacial -drift and other evidence of glacial action which are referred to a much -older ice-sheet, one supposed to correspond to the Kansan drift of the -Mississippi Valley (Salisbury, Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. V, p. 781). -On the other hand, it is sometimes referred (Chamberlin and Salisbury, -Geology, vol. III, pp. 383, 384) to the first glacial (sub-Aftonian). - -As has been said, three formations are recognized which were laid down -otherwise than by glacial ice-sheets, the Bridgeton, the Pensauken, and -the Cape May. The deposition of the Cape May is regarded as being -contemporaneous with the Wisconsin ice-sheet (Salisbury and Knapp, New -Jersey Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 162; Lewis and Kümmel, Bull. 14, p. -120). The Pensauken formation is believed to be much older than the Cape -May; it may (Salisbury and Knapp, op. cit., p. 78) be older than the -extra-morainic drift, mentioned above as being of about Kansan times; -but it may have coincided in part only with the Kansan. According to -Lewis and Kümmel (op. cit., p. 111) the old, extra-morainic, Jerseyan -drift was coincident with at least the later stages of the Pensauken. -Hence, we may believe that the Pensauken corresponds somewhat to the -Aftonian stage of Iowa. The Bridgeton formation is still older than the -Pensauken and, being Quaternary, must be referred either to the early -part of the first interglacial or to the first glacial; but the New -Jersey geologists are not specific on this point. - -It is unfortunate that nowhere in New Jersey has any considerable number -of species of Pleistocene vertebrates been found buried together. We are -thus deprived of one means of estimating the age of the species and of -the beds. Most of the specimens found, as the mastodon and the two -elephants, belong to species which lived during the whole or a large -part of the Pleistocene and hence do not testify definitely to the age -of the deposits in which they occur. Too often the information we have -regarding the place and conditions of burial is extremely meager. - -In Salem County a mastodon has been found in Mannington Township, at -Chestnut Hill (p. 63); and a deer, probably _Odocoileus virginianus_, at -Woodstown (p. 226). Although the geological map shows that in Mannington -Township Cape May Pleistocene prevails, while about Woodstown there is -Pensauken, one can not well conclude that the animals are of -corresponding age. - -In Gloucester County _Mammut americanum_ has been found at Harrisonville -(p. 63), Mullica Hill (p. 64), and Woodbury (p. 64); _Equus_ at -Swedesboro (p. 184). As to the former species, we can not be certain of -the age, either from our knowledge of the age of the deposits inclosing -the remains or from the history of the species. As to the horse found at -Swedesboro, one may, from the history of the genus in this country, -arrive at some conclusion; but this will be deferred to page 303. - -In Camden County, so far as the writer has knowledge, no vertebrate -remains have been found except in the Fish House beds, along Delaware -River, just above Camden; but the horse remains (p. 184) are of great -importance. These beds were originally supposed to be of Cretaceous age, -but in 1869 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, p. 250), Cope -expressed the conviction that they belonged to the Pliocene period. He -presented a geological section (fig. 7) of the beds which shows a thin -stratum of soil above, then from 8 to 15 feet of light-brown sand, -followed below by a blackish clay about 25 feet in thickness. Near the -bottom of the latter was found a layer containing shells of several -species of _Unio_ and _Anodonta_. Just above this bed of unios there was -discovered a large part of a skull of an extinct horse which Cope -referred to _Equus fraternus_. This was deposited in the collection of -the Academy at Philadelphia, but later disappeared. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 7.—Geologic section of Fish House beds, Camden, New Jersey. - Redrawn from Cope. -] - -In 1897 (Rep. State Geologist, New Jersey, for 1896, pp. 201–247, plates -X-XIV) Woolman published a paper on the stratigraphy of the Fish House -beds and described and illustrated other horse-teeth which he referred -to _Equus complicatus_. These teeth were found at a depth of 12 feet -below the top of the black clay; 6 feet of surface gravels had been -removed from the clay. The teeth are now in the collection of the -Academy, at Philadelphia. Woolman stated that in the same collection are -a patella and a fragment of a long bone of a horse found in the black -clay, in 1892. - -Woolman regarded the clay in question as belonging to Pensauken times. -Salisbury and Knapp (op. cit., p. 104, fig. 49) state that there is here -20 feet of black clay overlying Pensauken sand and that the clay is -overlain by Pensauken gravel. If this judgment of the geological age of -the clay is correct, the horses probably lived during the first -interglacial (Aftonian) or the beginning of the second glacial stage -(Kansan). There are, however, those who insist that these Fish House -clays belong really to the Cape May formation. This would make the -geological age of the horse about that of the Wisconsin drift. - -Besides the horse remains, only some bones of a wolf have been found in -the clays mentioned, and these too have disappeared. They probably would -have thrown little light on the age of the beds. We must reach -conclusions from other data. - -This fact seems to be pretty certain: Had horses lived at Fish House -during the deposition of the Cape May they would (as did the mastodon, -_Elephas primigenius_, and _E. columbi_) quite certainly have spread out -over northern New Jersey and over the grassy plains of New York and -Ohio; and their remains would somewhere have been found, as are those of -the other species just mentioned, in old swamp and lake deposits -overlying the Wisconsin drift; but no horse remains have ever been -reported from such deposits. Furthermore, in all the digging that has -been done at Trenton, in deposits acknowledged by all to belong to -Wisconsin times, no trace has been found of horse remains. - -Near the bottom of the Fish House clay bed, just below the level of the -horse remains, there is found a layer which contains river clams -represented by the genera _Unio_ and _Anodonta_. Ten species of _Unio_ -have been recognized and two of _Anodonta_. When these were first -studied the beds were believed to belong to the Cretaceous. -Nevertheless, the close resemblance of the shells to still living -species was recognized; and to them were given names differing from -those of the related existing forms by the ending _oides_. The species -were described by Lea and Whitfield and have been restudied by Dr. H. A. -Pilsbry, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. The species -are probably identical with forms yet living; but half of them no longer -exist in the region of Delaware River. Pilsbry (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. -Phila., 1896, pp. 567–570) stated that five of them have no longer any -representatives in the Atlantic drainage south of the St. Lawrence River -system. It is probable that these species had, when they lived at Fish -House, spread into other rivers south of the Delaware and thus were not -trapped in this river by the Wisconsin ice. It seems certain, therefore, -that a longer period of time and a longer series of vicissitudes must -have intervened to produce such changes in geographical distribution. -According to C. T. Simpson’s work, “Descriptive Catalogue of the -Naiades,” 1914, _Unio (Quadrula) subrotundus_ now inhabits the Ohio, -Cumberland, and Tennessee Rivers; _U. (Lampsilis) anodontoides_ occupies -the Mississippi River and Gulf drainage regions; while _Anodonta -corpulenta_ is found in the Upper Missouri region. The Wisconsin -ice-sheet and the short period of time since its disappearance are -hardly sufficient to explain this wide dispersion of species, while -others have been able to retain their place in the Delaware. - -Opposed to this view regarding the identity of the unios of the Fish -House beds, see Ortmann (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol LII, p. 280, -1913) and Baker (Univ. Ills. Bull., XVII, p. 205, 1920). These writers -contend that the species have no especial relationship to western forms. -According to Baker the deposits are older than the earliest glacial -stage. On the other hand, according to Dr. E. W. Berry (quoted by -Baker), who has studied the plants, the beds belong to the late -Pleistocene. - -We have, then, these reasons for holding that the Fish House clays are -of early Pleistocene age: (1) Competent geologists have determined them -as belonging to the Pensauken formation, laid down at or before the time -of the Kansan stage; (2) the presence of remains of horses, evidences of -whose existence during or after the Wisconsin have not been produced; -(3) the presence of many species of naiades, some of which yet live in -that region, but the majority of which now live only in far-distant -regions. - -We may confidently conclude that the horse remains which were found at -Swedesboro belonged likewise to the Pensauken. - -In Burlington County mastodons have been found at Pemberton ( p. 64), -but one can not be certain of their geological age. A reindeer has been -unearthed at Vincentown (p. 64). It seems highly probable that it lived -there while the Wisconsin ice-sheet occupied the northern part of the -State; but there is a possibility that it is older. In the Academy of -Natural Sciences at Philadelphia are some remains of _Odocoileus_ found -at Vincentown (p. 227). - -In the vicinity of Trenton, Mercer County, scant remains of six species -of Pleistocene mammals have been reported. These are _Mammut americanum_ -(p. 64), _Elephas primigenius_ (p. 132), Bison bison (p. 287), _Ovibos -moschatus_ (p. 248), _Cervus canadensis_ (p. 237), and _Rangifer -caribou?_ (p. 248). All are known to have existed elsewhere during late -Pleistocene times, and three indicate a cold climate. The presence of -fossil vertebrates here is of special interest because many evidences -have been found of man’s occupation of the region in apparently late -Pleistocene times. - -At and in the vicinity of Trenton are found both Pensauken and Cape May -deposits, the latter overlying the former (Salisbury and Knapp, op. -cit., pp. 120, 165). The Cape May rises about 60 feet above sea-level. -At various places the Pensauken protrudes through the mantle of Cape May -and rises to a height of as much as 130 feet above sea-level. Its base -is about 20 feet above sea-level. The materials consist of sand, gravel, -and cobblestones. So far as the writer knows, no fossils have been found -in the Pensauken about Trenton. - -The Cape May at Trenton is held to have been laid down principally -during the presence of the Wisconsin ice-sheet in the northern part of -the State; and naturally it consists mostly of sands, gravels, coarse -and fine, and some boulders. In the localities where excavations have -been made for sand and gravel for building purposes, for sewers, and for -railroads, and in search for relics of man, two principal divisions are -recognized. Below are strata of clays, sands, gravels, and boulders -which are believed to have been deposited by the floods of varying -intensity which issued from the glacial moraine then about 60 miles -above Trenton (figs. 8, 9). Over this lies a bed of what is called -yellow drift, which reaches a thickness of about 3 feet. It consists -mostly of fine sand, but there are many pebbles and occasionally some -large boulders. It is everywhere characterized by wavy red bands. While -some geologists have held the opinion that this deposit had been -produced by winds, it appears to be definitely determined that it was -waterlain (Wissler, Scient. Monthly, vol. II, p. 237). This “yellow -drift” is overlain by about a foot of black soil which belongs to the -Recent epoch and is the result of cultivation by whites. For details -regarding the Trenton gravels and the yellow sands above it the reader -should consult Ernest Volk’s work, “Archæology of the Delaware Valley” -(Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V, 1911). - -All the species mentioned above have been reported from the beds known -as the Trenton gravels. A femur of a bison was found also in the yellow -drift (see p. 287). - -Monmouth County has furnished more fossil vertebrates of the Pleistocene -than any other county. Mastodons have been discovered at Englishtown, -Freehold, Marlboro, Long Branch, Manasquan, and in the Navesink Hills -(pp. 65, 66). Many specimens, as those about Freehold and Long Branch -and Manasquan, are in such superficial positions in peat that they do -not seem to be very old, probably of Cape May age; and yet of this one -can not be wholly certain. The discovery of a heel-bone of a megatherium -(p. 31) at Long Branch appears to indicate the presence there of early -Pleistocene deposits. At Englishtown the remains had apparently become -mixed with marl, and they may belong to an older stage of the -Pleistocene. In the Navesink Hills, according to Leidy, the mastodon -remains were associated with those of an extinct horse (p. 184). If so, -both species probably were buried in Pensauken deposits. In this same -region there was found long ago a tooth of _Elephas columbi_ (p. 149); -but it is useless to speculate on its geological age. At Long Branch (p. -26), damaged skulls of walruses, probably of the existing species, have -been met with. It seems natural to associate this southward migration, -which extends to South Carolina, with the Wisconsin epoch; but it is -possible that it was earlier. At Deal (p. 227) have been found remains -of a deer, probably _Odocoileus virginianus_. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 8.—Sketch of vicinity of Trenton, showing distribution of Trenton - gravels. Redrawn from Salisbury and Knapp. -] - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 9.—Sections taken at Trenton, New Jersey. - - Upper figure taken along the line 3 of Fig. 8. - - Lower figure taken along the line 2 of Fig. 8. - - The black represents the glacial gravel. A, the crystalline rock of - the region; T, Trias; K, Cretaceous; Pp, Pensauken; O, sea-level. -] - -Somewhere about Shark River, a tooth of a peccary (p. 213) was found, as -was supposed, in Miocene marl. Leidy could not distinguish this tooth -from that of _Mylohyus nasutus_. So far as our evidence goes, this -species belongs to the early and middle Pleistocene. - -Near North Plainfield a tooth was found which is referred to _Elephas -primigenius_ (p. 133). The locality is very close to the moraine of the -Wisconsin ice-sheet, and the animal probably lived there when the -Plainfield outwash plain (Salisbury, Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. V, -1902, p. 738) was being laid down. - -Near Schooley’s Mountain, but west of Musconetcong River and in Warren -County, remains of a mastodon (p. 67) were encountered in excavating the -Morris Canal. It is probable that these were buried in a swamp left over -from the Wisconsin times; but Lewis and Kümmel’s map of 1910–1912 -indicate in this region only drift older than the Wisconsin. - -The mastodons found at Hackettstown and Hope, in Warren County, are -probably of Late Wisconsin origin (pp. 67, 68). - -Near Mount Hermon, about 5 miles northeast from Delaware, in Warren -County, and about 2 miles northwest of Hope, was found the splendid -skeleton of the moose _Cervalces scotti_, which forms one of the -treasures of Princeton University (Scott, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., -1885, p. 174). It was discovered in a bog. All this region is -(Salisbury, Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. VIII, plate XXVIII) occupied by -Wisconsin drift and the bog doubtless rested on this drift. It seems -certain, therefore, that this stately relative of our existing moose -lived after the disappearance of the Wisconsin ice-sheet. - -A mastodon (p. 68) which was found at Greendell in Sussex County quite -certainly lived there after the last glacial stage. - -Berry (Torreya, vol. X, p. 261) has studied a collection of nine species -of plants which had been obtained in peat from near Long Branch. Only -three of these now range north of Long Branch. He concluded that the -last glacial stage had been followed by a period of climate warmer than -the present climate. This is in accord with views which the present -writer has held. It ought not, however, to be assumed with too much -confidence that the peat-bed is of Late Wisconsin origin. - - - PENNSYLVANIA. - -About half of the area of Pennsylvania lies outside of the region which -was glaciated. Figure 10 is a map taken from Folio 172 of the U. S. -Geological Survey, published in 1910 and compiled by Dr. W. C. Alden in -1901. A broad strip along the southern part of the State, being -non-glaciated, is not represented. The areas shaded by parallel ruling -and stippling are those which present evidences of glacial action. - -The glaciated area consists of two principal portions. One of these, -that subjected to the action of the Wisconsin ice-sheet, is represented -on the map by means of oblique parallel lines coming down to an -interrupted heavy line. This line, representing the Wisconsin terminal -moraine, starts on Delaware River north of Easton, runs northwestward to -Potter County, thence into New York, thence back into Pennsylvania, in -Warren County, and then enters Ohio north of the Ohio River. The course -of this moraine was worked out especially by H. C. Lewis and G. F. -Wright and was described in report L of the Pennsylvania Geological -Survey, in 1881. The moraine crosses the Delaware at Belvidere, New -Jersey, and passes through the following counties: Northampton, Monroe, -Carbon, Luzerne, Columbia, Sullivan, Lycoming, Tioga, Potter, Warren, -Crawford, Venango, Butler, Lawrence, and Beaver. - -South of this moraine are two areas which, on this map, are represented -by stippling. These are occupied by drift materials, usually forming a -considerably thinner covering, which are believed by most glaciologists -to belong to an older Pleistocene stage, probably about as old as the -Kansan. Especially in the valleys these older drift deposits may reach -thicknesses of 200 or 300 feet. These old glacial deposits are -represented also by terraces along the margins of the valleys. Some of -these in the vicinity of Warren stand at a height of about 1,400 feet -above the sea. Figure 17 is taken from Shaw and Munn (Folio 178, U. S. -Geol. Surv., p. 12). The uppermost gravels are supposed to represent the -Kansan stage. A few small patches lying in the angle of the unglaciated -area are of doubtful age, as indicated on the map. It must be stated, -however, that there is some dissent from this conclusion as to the age -of this outer drift. Professor E. H. Williams has published a number of -papers in which he takes the position that this drift is a deposit laid -down by the same ice-sheet that later on built up the Wisconsin moraine -(Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, 1894, pp. 32–36; Science (n. s.), vol. -XXXVII, pp. 447–450; Pennsylvanian Glaciation, first phase, 1917, pp. -1–101). Professor G. F. Wright appears to take the same view. The writer -sees no sufficient reason for distrusting the opinions of Dr. Alden and -his colleagues. - -It must not be assumed that an animal whose remains have been found -within the area occupied by the Wisconsin drift lived during or after -that stage. Even within this area there may occur fossil-bearing -deposits of an older Pleistocene time. These older deposits may underlie -the Wisconsin drift or they may occur as old terraces high up on the -sides of the valleys of rivers. Cases of the latter kind are found along -Allegheny River (Leverett. Monogr. XLI, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 229–252; -Shaw Jour. Geol., vol. XIX, 1911, pp. 140–156; folio 178, U. S. Geol. -Surv., p. 8). On the other hand, an animal of very late Pleistocene age, -or even of the Recent, may be buried in deposits which overlie an old -Pleistocene deposit. It is necessary, if it can be done, to determine -the actual age of the deposit containing the remains; otherwise one must -depend on the geological age of the species involved, or be content to -wait for further information. Unfortunately, but few of the quadrangles -in the glaciated area have had their geological structure studied and -reported on. At present the U. S. Geological Survey has published only -Folios 92 (Gaines) and 93 (Elkland and Tioga), lying mostly in Tioga -County, partly in Potter; also Folio 172 (Warren), occupying a part of -Warren County. Information may sometimes be secured from the numerous -volumes which have been published by the Geological Survey of -Pennsylvania and from articles in the scientific journals. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 10.—Glaciated areas of northern Pennsylvania. From W. C. Alden. -] - -The Pleistocene deposits which lie outside of the glaciated areas have -been mostly laid down along rivers. Some of the materials were -transported by the streams which carried away the drainage from the -glaciers; in other cases the materials were brought down from the higher -lands and laid down along the lower and less sloping parts of the -streams. In the unglaciated area many of the quadrangles have been -surveyed by the U. S. Geological Survey and the folios aid in -determining the age of deposits which contain fossil vertebrates. - -Important collections have been made in a few localities, and these will -now be considered: - -At Pittston, in Luzerne County, on Susquehanna River, have been found -teeth of the horse _Equus complicatus_ (p. 184), remains of mastodon (p. -68), and of a musk-ox (p. 248). The presence of the horse makes it -evident that the deposit containing the fossils belongs to a stage older -than the Wisconsin, although the locality is within the area of the -Wisconsin. - -We consider now the contents of a cave found near Stroudsburg, Monroe -County. The Hartman (or Crystal Hill) Cave was discovered in 1880 and -explored first by Mr. T. Dunkin Paret, of Stroudsburg. It was soon -afterward examined by Dr. Joseph Leidy, of Philadelphia, and Dr. Thomas -C. Porter, of Easton. Leidy published the first description of it in -1880 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 346–348) and presented a list of -the species of animals which had been secured by Mr. Paret. In 1889 -(Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, for 1887, pp. 1–18, plates I, II), -a more detailed report was made by Leidy, including descriptions and -illustrations of some of the vertebrates and of certain artifacts which -had been discovered. - -In 1894, Dr. H. C. Mercer made a re-exploration of the cave and gave a -more extended description of it (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. -96–104). - -Combining the statements of Leidy and Mercer with data obtained from the -Delaware Water Gap topographical sheet issued by the U. S. Geological -Survey, one finds that the cave is situated on Crystal Hill, about 3.5 -miles in a straight line southwest of Stroudsburg and close to the -village of Stormville. Crystal Hill is a part of an anticlinal fold, -Godfrey Ridge, of the Helderberg limestone. South of the fold runs -Cherry Creek; north of it, Mt. Michaels Creek. On the northeast the hill -is cut off from the rest of the ridge by a valley about 300 feet deep. -Mercer’s account states that the cave is on the top of the hill, about -0.25 mile from Cherry Creek, but the topographical map locates the top -of the hill about 0.75 mile away from this stream. Mercer also wrote -that the cave was 800 feet above Delaware River, 5 miles away. However, -the hill has an elevation of somewhat less than 840 feet above -sea-level, while the river at the nearest point is somewhat more than -280 feet above sea-level. Inasmuch as the cave is probably somewhere on -the southern slope of the hill, it is about 500 feet above the Delaware -and about 300 feet above the bed of Cherry Creek. - -The opening of the cave in the rock was wide (Mercer, p. 96, fig. 1), -but had become almost wholly choked by débris. Nevertheless, a hole -large enough for adventurous boys to enter remained (Leidy, op. cit., -1880, p. 346). After a few feet descent the cave extended nearly -horizontally more than 100 feet. It had become filled nearly to the roof -by various deposits. Excavations showed that on top was a layer, about a -foot, of “black friable earth mingled with animal and vegetal remains” -(Leidy). Mercer describes it as a “top layer of limestone roof-splinters -and down-slidden outer talus thinning inward into less stony cave -earth.” Beneath this layer was a thin stratum of stalagmite. Further -digging showed that below this stalagmite flooring the cave was filled -to a thickness of as much as 14 feet in one place. This deposit is -described by Mercer as being a continuous homogeneous bed of exquisitely -fine clay deposited in thin laminæ rarely sprinkled with sand pockets -and underlain with a thin film of sand. Neither in this deposit nor in -the stalagmite was there found a trace of any formerly living thing. All -the remains of animals and all the artifacts were discovered in the -uppermost layer. - -It should be noted at this point that this cave is situated about 5 or 6 -miles north of the Wisconsin moraine. - -The following is a list of the species of vertebrates identified by -Leidy. When his names differ from those now in use they are inclosed in -parenthesis. - - - _List of species of vertebrates._ - - Chelydra serpentina. - Terrapene carolina (Cistudo clausa). - Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris (M. gallopavo). - Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). - Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (Dicotyles) (p. 213). - Rangifer caribou (p. 246). - Odocoileus virginianus (Cervus) (p. 237). - Cervus canadensis (p. 237). - Bison bison? (B. americanus) (p. 267). - Marmota monax (Arctomys). - Tamias striatus. - Sciurus carolinensis. - Castor canadensis (C. fiber). - Peromyscus leucopus (Hesperomys). - Neotoma magister (N. floridana). - Microtus pennsylvanicus (Arvicola riparius). - Erethizon dorsatum. - Castoroides ohioensis (p. 272). - Sylvilagus floridanus (Lepus sylvaticus) - Myotis subulatus (Vespertilio). - Eptesicus fuscus (Vespertilio). - Scalopus aquaticus (Scalops). - Procyon lotor. - Mustela noveboracensis (Putorius ermineus). - Mephitis putida (M. mephitica). - Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Canis virginianus). - Canis lycaon? (C. lupus). - Lynx canadensis (Felis). - -Besides these vertebrates, there were reported by Leidy the land snails -_Helix albolabris_, _H. alternata_, and _H. tridentata_; also a pair of -valves of the river mussel _Margaratina margaritifera_ and a fragment of -another valve. Leidy regarded these as showing that this mussel formerly -lived in Delaware River; whereas in his view it no longer existed there; -but specimens of it from Philadelphia are in the U. S. National Museum. - -An examination of the list shows that nearly all of the species of -vertebrates are yet in existence and most of these still living in that -general region. _Rangifer caribou_ lives now far to the north and _Lynx -canadensis_ has its range somewhat further north. The two indicate a -colder climate, especially the reindeer. Both got into the cave probably -after the glacial front had withdrawn from that vicinity. The remains of -_Castoroides_ may have been carried in there at about the same time. The -type specimen of _Mylohyus pennsylvanicus_ was found in this cave. Cope -referred specimens of a peccary found in Port Kennedy Cave to the same -species with doubt. Undetermined species of the genus were recognized by -Barnum Brown in his collection made in the Conard fissure in -northwestern Arkansas. Dr. W. J. Holland reported _Mylohyus -pennsylvanicus_ from the cave at Frankstown, Pennsylvania. The type of -the genus, _M. nasutus_, was found in Indiana. Beyond the testimony -furnished by the Crystal Hill Cave, we have no evidence that the genus -_Mylohyus_ existed after the Wisconsin stage; the possibility exists -that this species got into the cave before this stage. - -The specimen of _Equus_ is still more doubtful. It consisted of two -isolated first and second milk molars of a very young colt. Leidy was in -doubt whether the colt belonged to the domestic horse or to an -indigenous species. The specimen had been collected with no record as to -the part of the cave or of the depth in the upper layer of soil where it -was buried. A fragment of a jaw of a colt might easily have been carried -into the cave by some carnivorous animal since the coming of the whites. -A fragment of the lower jaw of a bison also was found which had in it -the last molar; and this was referred by Leidy to the existing buffalo. - -It can hardly be doubted that this cave was hollowed out before the -Wisconsin ice period. It may have been formed during the early -Pleistocene. The fact that it was filled to a depth of 14 feet, in some -places, with a fine laminated clay devoid of all traces of organic -beings seems to indicate that for ages it had been shut off from the -outer world, and that streams charged with fine sediment were permitted -to pass through it. During possibly some glacial stage preceding the -Wisconsin, erosion may have opened the cave so that the horse remains, -those of a bison, and of _Castoroides_ were dragged into it. The -evidence for these suppositions is slender, but so too is that for a -late Wisconsin indigenous species of horse in Pennsylvania. It is -probable that most of the species found in the cave belong to the late -Pleistocene or even to the Recent. - -Fossil vertebrates found in a cave in Bucks County require our -attention. - -In 1880 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 349), Leidy presented a -list of vertebrate remains which had been lying unstudied for 40 years -in the collection of the Academy. These had been found in Durham Cave, -somewhere near Riegelsville, in Bucks County. It is not improbable that -the cave took its name from the village of Durham, about 2 miles -southwest of Riegelsville. Leidy stated that the cave appeared to have -been obliterated in the quarrying of limestone. In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. -Surv. Pennsylvania, for 1887, pp. 18–19) Leidy published a list of the -species which he had identified. - - - _List of fossil vertebrates from Durham Cave._ - - Acipenser sturio. - Ameiurus nebulosus (Amiurus atrarius). - Thamnophis sirtalis (Eutænia). - Chelydra serpentina. - Terrapene carolina (Cistudo clausa). - Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris (M. gallopavo). - Rangifer caribou (p. 246). - Cervus canadensis (p. 237). - Alces americanus (Alce). - Odocoileus virginianus (Cervus) (p. 227). - Erethizon dorsatum. - Marmota monax (Arctomys). - Sciurus carolinensis. - Castor canadensis (C. fiber). - Neotoma pennsylvanica (N. floridana). - Ondatra zibethica (Fiber). - Sylvilagus floridanus (Lepus sylvaticus). - Ursus americanus. - Procyon lotor. - Mephitis putida (M. mephitica). - Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Vulpes virginianus). - -This list differs in its species from Leidy’s list of 1880 only in the -exclusion of the bison and the inclusion of the elk, _Cervus -canadensis_. All the species are still in existence, most of them in -that region. The presence of the reindeer, the moose, and the porcupine -suggests a cooler climate than now prevails there. These animals may all -have become buried in that cave during the latest times of the Wisconsin -stage or even during the Recent. - -We are now to study a case which furnishes us with a store of knowledge -regarding the life of the Pleistocene. In 1871 there was found at Port -Kennedy, Montgomery County, a cave which was worked for its fossils by -Charles Wheatley and later by Dixon, Mercer, and Cope, the latter having -devoted himself to the description of the vertebrates. First of all will -be given a list of the species of vertebrates, mostly mammals which have -been recognized in the materials found in the cave. When Cope’s names -differ from those employed here they are put in parenthesis. - - - _List of species of vertebrates found in Port Kennedy Cave._ - - Ranidæ: - Rana sp. indet. - Emydidæ: - Clemmys insculpta. - C. percrassa. - Terrapene eurypygia (Toxaspis anguillulatus). - Colubridæ: - Coluber acuminatus (Zamenis). - Meleagridæ: - Meleagris superbus (M. altus). - Megatheriidæ: - Megalonyx (p. 31). - M. scalper (p. 31). - M. tortulus (p. 31). - M. wheatleyi (p. 31). - Mylodon harlani? (p. 31). - Equidæ: - Equus complicatus (E. fraternus) (p. 185). - E. pectinatus (E. f. pectinatus) (p. 185). - Tapiridæ: - Tapirus haysii (p. 203). - Tagassuidæ: - Mylohyus nasutus (p. 213). - M. pennsylvanicus? (p. 213). - Tagassu tetragonus (Mylohyus) (p. 213). - Camelidæ?: - Teleopternus orientalis (p. 224). - Cervidæ: - Odocoileus lævicornis. - O. virginianus? - Bovidæ: - Bison sp. indet. (Bos) (p. 256). - Elephantidæ: - Mammut americanum (Mastodon) (p. 69). - Sciuridæ: - Sciurus calycinus. - Castoridæ: - Castor canadensis (C. fiber). - Cricetidæ: - Peromyscus leucopus? (Hesperomys). - Anaptogonia hiatidens. - Sycium cloacinum. - Microtus dideltus. - M. diluvianus. - M. involutus. - M. speothen. - Zapodidæ: - Zapus hudsonius? - Erethizontidæ: - Erethizon dorsatum? - Ochotonidæ: - Ochotona palatina (Lagomys). - Leporidæ: - Sylvilagus floridanus (Lepus sylvaticus). - Talpidæ: - Scalopus sp. indet. (Scalops). - Soricidæ: - Blarina simplicidens. - Vespertilionidæ: - Myotis? sp. indet. (Vespertilio). - Ursidæ: - Ursus americanus. - Arctotherium haplodon. - Mustelidæ: - Taxidea taxus (T. americana). - Mephitis fossidens. - M. leptops. - M. obtusata. - M. orthostica. - M. putida. - Osmotherium spelæum. - Pelycictis lobulatus. - Mustela diluviana. - Gulo luscus. - Lutra rhoadsii. - Canidæ: - Canis priscolatrans. - C. dirus? (C. indianensis). - Urocyon cinereoargenteus. - U. latidentatus. - Felidæ: - Machairodus gracilis. - Smilodontopsis mercerii (Smilodon). - Felis eyra. - F. inexpectata (Uncia). - Lynx calcaratus. - -Into this list there are admitted 60 species, of which 54 are mammals. -Of these, 41 are extinct, not counting the doubtful species unless there -is good reason for it. There are, therefore, 68 per cent of the species -extinct. - -No remains of _Rana_ were mentioned by Cope in his list of 1899. One -species unnamed was recorded by Wheatley in his lists of 1871 and by -Mercer in his paper of 1899. The turkey (_Meleagris superbus_) was not -included by Cope in 1899, but it was included by Wheatley and Mercer and -Cope in their papers of 1871 and in that of Cope in 1896 (p. 378). -Mercer (1899, p. 280) mentions a leg-bone of a turkey, with spur, found -by Wheatley. Remains of _Megalonyx_ were abundant, but of _M. loxodon_ -only a single tooth was met with. _Mylodon_, believed to be _M. -harlani_, was found only by Wheatley and was represented, as stated by -Cope, by only a claw phalanx. The horse remains were originally (Cope, -1895, p. 447) referred to _Equus major_ (=_E. complicatus_). Mercer, in -1899, in his figure 9, following Cope’s nomenclature, uses the name _E. -complicatus_. In 1899, Cope concluded that the equine remains -represented two races of _Equus fraternus_, _E. f. fraternus_ and _E. f. -pectinatus_. The present writer believes that the teeth referred to the -subspecies _fraternus_ are too large to belong to the species which was -called _E. fraternus_, but which is now called _E. leidyi_. Only a -single species of tapir, _Tapirus haysii_, was recognized. Cope (1895, -p. 447) stated that it was the most abundant of the larger mammals. Cope -(1899, p. 257) reported that 18 individual peccaries were represented by -teeth, while bones were numerous. He recognized the presence of three -species. The identifications of _Mylohyus nasutus_ and _M. -pennsylvanicus_ were uncertain. A new species, _M. tetragonus_, was -based on a ramus of a lower jaw. Milk molars were yet present and the -third molar had not appeared. Cope spoke of the long diastema; but, to -judge from his figure, the diastema equals only about the length of the -milk molars and the first molar. - -Cope, in 1899, described _Teleopternus orientalis_, basing it on a few -teeth which belonged to three individuals. He was doubtful about the -family position of the animal, but put it provisionally in the Camelidæ. -In many respects the teeth resembled those of the Cervidæ. Matthew -(Osborn, Age of Mammals, p. 469) has suggested its affinity to _Ovibos_. - -Two species of deer were found in the cave, of which one was not -distinguishable from _Odocoileus virginianus_. In Wheatley’s second list -of 1871 and that of Cope of the same year there was recorded an -undetermined species of _Bos_ (_Bison_). Mercer (1899, p. 280) recorded -from the Wheatley collection remains of three individuals of one species -of the same genus. In Cope’s paper on the remains of this cave nothing -is said about the genus; but in 1872 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XII, p. -96) he stated that _Bos_ was represented by a part of a femur and some -other bones. Hence in the list given above an undetermined species of -_Bison_ is included. - -Abundant remains of the mastodon occurred in the cave, but none of any -of the elephants. One need not, however, on that account conclude that -elephants were not living in that region at that time. - -It will be observed that a considerable number of rodents is included in -the list. One species of porcupine is recognized. This was at first -regarded by Cope as an extinct form and called _Erethizon cloacinum_; -but in 1899 he referred all the remains, with some doubt, to the -existing species, _E. dorsatum_. Cope found remains of about 50 -individuals of a species of rabbit which he determined as _Lepus -sylvaticus_, but this is now called _Sylvilagus floridanus_. In the -Wheatley collection a species of bat was recognized and put in -_Vespertilio_. Probably it belonged to _Myotis_. - -Bears were abundantly present in the cave. One species, _Arctotherium -haplodon_, was larger than the grizzly bear and represented by parts of -about 25 individuals. A smaller bear, indicated by 8 individuals, -appeared to be in no way different from the existing black bear, _Ursus -americanus_. Of skunks there are listed 7 species, belonging to 3 -genera, all the species being extinct except a supposed _Mephitis -putida_. Besides these mustelids, there have been identified remains of -the existing badger, the existing glutton, an extinct weasel, _Mustela -diluviana_, and an extinct otter, _Lutra rhoadsii_. Remains of true dogs -were not abundant in the collection. Cope recognized, however, 2 species -of the genus _Canis_, one of about the size of the more common form of -the existing wolf; the other exceeding in size the largest wolf known to -him. This he thought might belong to Leidy’s _Canis indianensis_ (=_C. -dirus_ Leidy). There were present 2 foxes, the existing gray fox -(_Urocyon cinereoargenteus_) and an extinct species, _U. latidentatus_. -Of the cat family a species, thought at first to be a hyæna (_Crocuta_), -received the name _Felis inexpectata_. It had the size of the jaguar, -and was represented by teeth and various bones. An extinct lynx, much -like _Lynx ruffus_, was present. Another cat was identified as _Felis -eyra_. Of this species G. S. Miller (Bull. 79, U. S. Nat. Mus., p. 116) -remarks that its type locality is Paraguay and that it is supposed to -range north to Central America. It appears somewhat doubtful, therefore, -that the fossil remains belong to this species. Nevertheless, the -progenitors of the species, in their wandering from Asia or Alaska to -Central America and Paraguay, might have sent a colony into -Pennsylvania, later to become extinct. Cope stated (1899, p. 250) that -there was an isolated calcaneum in the collection which was of the -proper size for _Felis eyra_, but which differed from that of this -species. Two species of saber-tooth cats were found, _Smilodontopsis -gracilis_ and _S. mercerii_. The former is represented by various bones -and teeth, especially by a damaged skull which presents the dentition. -The crown of the great canine is 113 mm. long. - -Besides the species included in the list given above, there are a few -whose presence for one reason or another is doubtful. In both of his -lists of 1871 Wheatley reported the presence of _Crotalus_, _Coluber_, -and _Tropidonotus (Natrix)_. Cope (1871, p. 98) said that the reptiles -included three or four serpents, but in 1895 (p. 447) he wrote that two -species of _Ophidia_ were recognized. In his final paper he mentioned -only his _Zamenis acuminatus_, here referred to _Coluber_. Wheatley -(1871, p. 255) recorded an unidentified snipe as belonging to -_Scolopax_. Cope (1871, p. 98) wrote that a snipe was one of two species -of birds present. Mercer (1889, p. 280) recognized the same remains as -belonging to a species of _Gallinago_. Wheatley in his last list (1871, -p. 384) and Cope (1871, p. 98) reported _Scalopus (Scalopus)_ as being -represented by an undetermined species. It is catalogued by Mercer in -the same way. Cope (1895, p. 447) stated that the raccoon was very rare; -but it was not mentioned in any of his later papers. On the same page he -wrote that there were fragments of teeth closely similar to those of -_Bassariscus astutus_; but the species was not mentioned afterward. - -As already said, there are admitted into the list given above, as -identified in a reasonably good manner, 60 species, of which 54 belong -to the Mammalia. It is a matter of interest to compare these with the -species of mammals which were living in that general region before the -fauna was disturbed by the arrival of the whites. The number of species -of the existing mammals, as shown in the second column, is obtained from -Rhoads’s “Mammals of Pennsylvania and New Jersey.” The subspecies are -not included. - - _Families of land mammals represented in Port Kennedy Cave and those - that have lived in that region within Recent times, together with the - number of known species in each family at each of the two epochs._ - - ┌──────────────────────┬──────────────────────┬──────────────────────┐ - │ Families. │ No. of species, Port │ │ - │ │ Kennedy. │No. of recent species.│ - ├──────────────────────┼──────────────────────┼──────────────────────┤ - │Megatheriidæ │ 5│ │ - │Didelphidæ │ │ 1│ - │Equidæ │ 2│ │ - │Tapiridæ │ 1│ │ - │Tagassuidæ │ 3│ │ - │Camelidæ? │ 1│ │ - │Cervidæ │ 2│ 2│ - │Bovidæ │ 1│ 1│ - │Elephantidæ │ 1│ │ - │Sciuridæ │ 1│ 6│ - │Castoridæ │ 1│ 1│ - │Cricetidæ │ 7│ 9│ - │Zapodidæ │ 1│ 2│ - │Erethizontidæ │ 1│ 1│ - │Ochotonidæ │ 1│ │ - │Leporidæ │ 1│ 2│ - │Soricidæ │ 1│ 5│ - │Talpidæ │ 1│ 3│ - │Vespertilionidæ │ 1│ 8│ - │Procyonidæ │ ?│ 1│ - │Ursidæ │ 2│ 1│ - │Mustelidæ │ 11│ 9│ - │Canidæ │ 4│ 3│ - │Felidæ │ 5│ 3│ - └──────────────────────┴──────────────────────┴──────────────────────┘ - -In the column of fossils there are 54 species; in that of the Recent -there are 58 species. Of two families represented at present in the -region, but not included in the Pleistocene column, Didelphidæ and -Procyonidæ, the latter named has had remains referred to it with doubt. -Without doubt members of both families existed there at that time. - -Of the families of the Pleistocene column two no longer live anywhere -near the region; four nowhere on the continent; one nowhere on the -earth. Even of such families as the Ursidæ and the Felidæ important -elements, as _Arctotherium_ and the saber-tooths, are extinct. Of the 54 -species admitted in the Pleistocene column 40 are extinct; that is, 74 -per cent. - -If we consider the sizes of the animals in question we gain this result: -Only 15 of the existing species are of any considerable size, ranging -from that of a raccoon to that of a bison, about 26 per cent. Of the 54 -fossil species of mammals, about 30 vary in size as indicated, about 57 -per cent. It is hardly to be doubted that this preponderance is due to -the poorer chances which the smaller skeletons had of preservation and -of rescue from the matrix. Had the smaller fossil species been preserved -and collected in the same proportion that the smaller existing ones have -to the larger, the cave ought to have furnished twice as many species of -mammals as it did. It is, of course, possible that the larger species -are more liable than the smaller ones to become extinct as time passes -on. We can hardly doubt, in any case, that when the Port Kennedy animals -were being buried in that cave there lived in that region a considerably -larger number of species than within Recent times. There must have -existed in that region more moles, more rabbits, more cricetids, more -squirrels, and many more bats. Certainly there is no adequate record of -the number of birds, snakes, turtles, and amphibians that must have -existed about Port Kennedy and have perished in that cave. - -From the collection that has been made in the cave at Port Kennedy some -definite conclusions ought to be reached regarding their time of -existence. In his account of the cave and of the exhumation of the -animal and vegetable remains, Mercer (1899, pp. 269–286) has shown what -extreme care was taken in recording the position which each specimen -occupied in the deposits. In his figure 9 he has noted the levels which -the various species occupied. While the existence of four beds of -materials makes it evident that the deposition went on for some time, it -is noted that few or no differences exist in the character of the -species included. Possibly Mercer’s subdivision 1 is to be excepted in -this statement. Certainly no great changes went on in the fauna while -the cave was being filled; no such changes as occurred in the glaciated -region from the Aftonian interglacial stage up to the Late Wisconsin. It -appears more probable that the deposits in the cave and the animals -entombed there appertain to about a single Pleistocene stage. Is, then, -the stage the Late Wisconsin? - -This cave is situated only about 55 miles south of the Wisconsin -moraine. At the time the species found in the cave existed they must -each have occupied a wide extent of territory. It is not to be doubted -that the range of nearly every species extended northward far beyond the -moraine mentioned. Why, then, in deposits overlying the Wisconsin drift -have there never been found any remains of the four Port Kennedy species -of _Megalonyx_, of _Mylodon_, of the two species of horses, of the -tapir, of the three species of peccaries, of the deer _Odocoileus -lævicornis_, of the five extinct species of cricetids, of _Ochotona_, of -the extinct species of _Blarina_, of the great bear _Arctotherium_, of -the six extinct species of skunks, of the extinct otter, of the extinct -dog, of the extinct fox, of any species of saber-tooth tiger, or of the -extinct cats _Felis inexpectata_ and _Lynx calcaratus_? The absence of -so many species of animals, most of them of large size, from deposits so -well adapted to preserve bones and teeth, render it very certain that -the animals no longer existed there. - -Did the extinct species which are referred to above exist in eastern -Pennsylvania at some time during the Wisconsin glacial stage and perish -before the close? - -A few of the species found in the cave and still existing are at present -inhabitants of regions somewhat more northerly than Port Kennedy. Such -are _Erethizon dorsatum_ and _Gulo luscus_; but the great majority, -living and extinct, indicate a climate at least as warm as that of the -present; many of them suggesting a still milder condition. Within -historical times both of the species just named have inhabited the -Alleghany Mountains at least as far south as Port Kennedy. Cope, in 1871 -(Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XII, p. 99), concluded that he had then -identified in the cave remains of 11 neotropical species. It appears, -therefore, wholly improbable that this assemblage of animals lived in -that region, so close to the foot of the glacier, during the Wisconsin -stage. These animals must have had their time of existence previous to -this inhospitable epoch. It seems to the writer that the proportion of -extinct species, three-fourths, and the history of many of the genera -and species, indicate a time about equivalent to the Aftonian. - -Professor A. Heilprin (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1895, p. 451) -expressed himself as being inclined to refer this cave fauna to the -Pliocene. An examination of this opinion would show that it is no more -tenable than the opinion that the fauna is of the Wisconsin stage. It -will not be discussed here beyond saying that deposits containing a -similar fauna are found along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey to the -Gulf, and that at one place at least, Vero, Florida, these are underlain -by abundant Pleistocene sea-shells. - -Besides the vertebrates which have been listed, a number of beetles were -found and about 10 specifically determined plants. Wheatley (1871, p. -385) presents a list of the beetles as determined by Dr. G. H. Horn, but -the names were not accompanied by descriptions. When later (Trans. Amer. -Entom. Soc., vol. V, 1876, pp. 241–245) Horn came to describe them he -reduced the number of species and, in some cases, gave them other names. -The following is a list as given in Horn’s paper just cited: _Cychrus -wheatleyi_, _C. (minor)_, _Pterostichus_ (spp. indet.) _Cymindis -aurora_, _Chlænius punctulatus_, _Dicælus alutaceus_, _Choeridium? -ebeninum_, _Phanæus antiquus_, _Aphodeus precursor_. All of these, as -the writer is informed by Dr. E. A. Schwarz, of the U. S. Department of -Agriculture, are regarded as extinct, but as closely allied to species -now living in that general region. The plants, as reported by Mercer, -are _Quercus palustris_, _Q. alba_, _Q. macrocarpa_, _Fagus ferruginea_, -_Corylus americana_, _Pinus rigida_, _Carya porcina_, _C. alba_, -_Ampelopsis quinquefolia_, _Cratægus crus-galli?_, and all still -flourish in eastern Pennsylvania. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 11.—Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of first - exploration, 1871. Redrawn from Mercer. - - M, M, Triassic shale; AL, Triassic shale; B, black clay, with leaves, - etc. -] - -Mercer (1899, p. 269) has given a description of the cave found in -quarrying operations. It was located on the right bank of the Schuylkill -River, at the village of Port Kennedy and about 2 miles below Valley -Forge. Wheatley (1871, p. 236) gave a map which showed the position of -the quarries. A comparison of this with the topographical map of Folio -162 of the U. S. Geological Survey shows that they were situated about -800 feet away from the river and facing the valley of an unnamed -streamlet. None of the descriptions give the elevation of the cave above -the river or above the sea. The river at that place is apparently about -70 feet above sea-level. The 100–foot contour-line runs along near the -location of the quarries, but these may have extended back to a higher -level. Putting all of the statements together, it appears probable that -the mouth of the cave was, in Wheatley’s time, about 50 feet above the -level of the river. Originally the surface elevation may have been still -greater, but may have been reduced by erosion of the hill. The surface -rock here is red shale of the Stockton formation, belonging to the -Triassic, and is underlain by the Shenandoah limestone, a member of the -Cambro-Ordovician series. This limestone was being quarried in 1871, -when a cave was broken into, filled with incoherent materials and -exposing fossil bones in abundance. It was visited by Charles Wheatley, -who proceeded to make excavations and collect the fossils. In studying -the fossils he worked with Professor E. D. Cope and Dr. G. H. Horn. The -results were published in Wheatley’s two papers of 1871 and in two -papers by Cope in the same year (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XII, pp. -15, 73–102). According to Wheatley’s description and his figures, the -part of the cave seen was about 20 feet wide at the top, expanded below -to about 30 feet, and then narrowed at the bottom, as then recognized, -to about 10 feet. The depth was given as 40 feet, but Mercer thinks that -this was improbable and that Wheatley’s measurements were to some extent -guesses. Mercer (1899, p. 271) stated that this cave might be compared -to a bottle of unknown size. It had opened to the surface; and on his -page 283 Mercer spoke of it as forming a well-like hole that might have -been as much as 70 feet deep. Evidently Mercer here included that part -of it which he himself excavated. The materials filling it were, -according to Cope (1871, p. 73), the débris of the neighboring Triassic -strata. Figure 11 is taken from Mercer’s paper and is a reproduction of -a sketch made by Wheatley in 1871. After Wheatley had made his -collection the cave was covered over by débris from the quarry and -forgotten. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 12.—Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of last - exploration, 1894. Redrawn from Mercer. -] - -In the course of further quarrying operations the same cave was broken -into again in 1893. Excavations in the materials that filled the cave -were made in 1894 by Dr. Samuel Dixon, H. C. Mercer, and others, -resulting in the securing of the collection which formed the subject of -Cope’s paper of 1894 and his final report of 1899. At this time, -according to Mercer, the quarrying operations carried on from 1855 had -transformed a gently sloping hillside into an amphitheater several acres -in extent, walled with perpendicular escarpments of rock, sometimes a -hundred feet high. At this time the floor of the quarry had been lowered -and the cave was broken into at a level below that reached by Wheatley. -Figure 12, reproduced from Mercer’s figure 5, shows the relation of the -later excavations to those of 1871. As already stated, Mercer concluded -that Wheatley’s dimensions were probably results of guesses, inasmuch as -the top of Mercer’s exposure was not more than 30 or 33 feet below the -original level of the hilltop. According to Mercer’s figure 5, his own -excavation probably extended down about 16 feet below the level reached -by Wheatley; but other statements appear to make this somewhat greater. - -Mercer wrote that the materials filling the cave had been stratified by -the action of water. He recognized four subdivisions, most of which -stood higher around the walls than at the center of the cave. Of these -subdivisions, the first and uppermost was supposed to mark the lowest -level attained by Wheatley. It consisted of fine clay and loam of black -color, intermingled with fine and coarse muck, in which were found some -remains of small mammals, just what species was not stated. On his -chart, his figure 9, a tapir is indicated as occurring in it. -Subdivision 2 was composed of from 4 to 11 feet of sandy clay, with -fragments of sandstone and limestone, from small ones up to about 2 feet -in diameter. In this matrix there were numerous bones and teeth of large -animals, but it lacked small ones and vegetal matter. Subdivision 3 was -a sandy clay, blackened by vegetable matter and containing numerous -bones of vertebrates, large and small. The lowest subdivision, 4, was a -zone which was followed down about 10 feet and which consisted of sand, -clay, and stones, all of a yellow color. In this were found remains of -the larger mammals, better preserved than in the upper subdivisions. At -the lowest depth reached the excavation appears to have extended below -the level of the Schuylkill River and the water came in so rapidly that -further descent was not practicable. - -Mercer’s theory of the filling of the cave is expressed in these words, -on his page 277: - - “Enough had been seen to convince us that a fresh-water flood, - rising to a level of from 15 to 20 feet above the present level of - the hilltop, hence a general inundation of the whole surrounding - country, bearing in its current the clay, stones, and earth of - neighboring levels, had tumbled into the fissure, carrying with it - the bones of creatures previously denuded of flesh and softened by - decomposition.” - -And further, on page 284: - - “Not unreasonably, therefore, we may suppose, not only that the - creatures had perished together, but also that they had perished on - the spot or at the chasm—not meeting this fate during a long - interval of time, and through a long series of chance tumbles, but - suddenly and by force of a common event.” - -Are we to suppose that during some summer freshet animals in such -numbers were swept away that those that were found in the cave, and -doubtless many more which decayed utterly, were only the relatively few -that happened to pass over that 20–foot hole? Where, then, were picked -up all the other animals that must have burdened the swollen Schuylkill? -Or did it possibly happen that all the animals that were swept away were -in some unaccountable manner directed into that hole? If the current was -strong enough to sweep along stones up to 2 feet in diameter, how did it -happen to deposit there fine sand and clay, leaves, cones, seeds, and -sticks? It is difficult to accept the theory that the filling of the -cave was due to a cataclysm such as has been invoked. It seems far more -probable that the mouth of the cave was open for many hundreds of years, -possibly thousands of them, so that animals, plants, stones, and fine -and coarse earth could in various ways get into it. Animals wandering -about might inadvertently fall in or be pushed in by the herd. Doubtless -at some former time the Schuylkill flowed at a higher level than now, -and during times of unusually high-water might have risen to the level -of the mouth of the cave and carried into it at each rise some mud, some -vegetation, and some animals. The filling was quite certainly a slow -process. - -To the writer the part of the cavern which was worked and pictured by -Wheatley has all the marks of an enormous pot-hole, such as those which -have been discovered at Cohoes, New York. While the latter appear to -have been drilled out in late Pleistocene times, the Port Kennedy hole -must have been fashioned during the early Pleistocene or even in the -Pliocene. One may suppose that, after the pot-hole had reached the depth -where the constriction was found, the water began to find its way out at -the bottom through fissures or passages in the limestone. When this -happened, the passages may have been enlarged mechanically or by means -of solution, resulting in the formation of the various lower caverns. -When the river had been lowered enough to reach only occasionally the -mouth of the pot-hole, the latter became choked first by the coarse -materials now found in subdivision 4, and afterwards by finer sand and -mud. - - -Some vertebrates of the late Pleistocene or early Recent observed at -Carlisle deserve consideration. - -In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. II, 1849, pp. 352–355) -Professor S. F. Baird gave an account of his explorations in the caves -in the region about Carlisle, Cumberland County. One of these caves was -near Carlisle, and in it Baird found a large number of animal remains. A -second cave, the situation of which was not given, was on the top of a -hill and was a vertical shaft 30 feet deep, which opened into a large -gallery. It furnished a skeleton of a bear, but this appeared to have -only recently fallen into the cave. Another cave was on the bank of the -Susquehanna, 0.5 mile below a railroad bridge. It was, therefore, -probably near Harrisburg. The entrance was in limestone rock, nearly -vertical, and 20 feet deep. Here Baird found many bones, embedded in -mud, but of these he obtained only a few. Another cave, apparently -nearby, which Baird spoke of as “the main cave,” furnished some of his -specimens. Still another cave, probably in the same neighborhood, was -the source of his most perfect specimens. This presented a series of -galleries near the roof and these were reached by ladders. These -galleries were filled with mud, and in this mud the bones were buried. -The number of species which he obtained, he reported, was nearly twice -the number living there at the present time. Of these fossil species he -estimated that about 5 per cent were extinct. Baird appears never to -have completed his study of his collection. His list designates the -animals only by their vernacular names. The mammals consisted of -panthers, lynxes, wolves, foxes, otters, bears, muskrats, deer, beavers, -and rabbits. There were bird remains in great quantities, and these -included wild turkeys, some of great size, swans, wild ducks, and -pelicans. There appeared to be 8 or 10 species of tortoises. Bones of -snakes were quite common; also scales and vertebræ of fishes, and a -lower jaw of a salamander. In the uppermost 2 or 3 inches of mud were -many relics of Indians. - -Baird supposed that these bones had in most cases been washed in from -above through sink holes. This collection, or some of it, was brought by -Baird to the Smithsonian Institution; and they, or some of them, are in -the collection of mammals; but the bulk of the collection has apparently -been lost. All of these animals belong evidently to either the very late -Pleistocene or to the Recent period. - -A cave at Frankstown has furnished fossils of about Middle Pleistocene -time. In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. iv, pp. 228–233) and again in -1912 (Proc. Internat. Zool. Congr., Boston, 1907, pp. 748–752), Dr. W. -J. Holland gave an account of the discovery of vertebrate fossils in a -fissure in limestone rock at Frankstown, Blair County. This village is -situated on the Frankstown Branch of Juniata River, a little more than 2 -miles north of east of Hollidaysburg. The fissure was excavated in a -Devonian rock known as the Lewistown limestone. The quarries are -reported to be in the village and on the top of a hill that rises about -400 feet above the banks of the Juniata. According to the Hollidaysburg -topographical sheet, the 920–foot line crosses the river just above the -village. The highest hill, 1,260 feet above sea-level, is 0.3 mile away -toward the northwest. In this hill, as Dr. Holland stated, there are -several small caves. The one which furnished the fossils appeared to be -about 40 feet in length, averaging from 6 to 8 feet in width, and at the -most was not more than 10 or 12 feet high. The floor was about 30 feet -below the top of the hill. The fissure appeared to have once continued -up to the surface, but the opening had been filled with fallen blocks of -limestone. The floor of the cave is described as being occupied by about -2 feet of red soil, everywhere traversed by bands and layers of dark -materials charged with organic matter. With the finer deposits were -mingled fragments of rock, some being large blocks. The fossil remains -appear to have been carefully collected, but were mostly fragmentary. -They were only cursorily studied at the time of Holland’s writing and -nothing has since been published on them. The number of species obtained -was estimated to be from 30 to 40. The following genera and species are -mentioned: - - Meleagris sp. indet. - Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 31). - Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 203). - Mylohyus pennsylvanicus (p. 214). - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 227). - Cervalces? sp. indet. - Bison sp. indet. - Mammut americanum (p. 69). - Sciurus sp. indet. - Ondatra sp. indet. - Erethizon sp. indet. - Lepus sp. indet. - Ursus americanus. - Arctotherium haplodon. - Mephitis sp. indet. - Canis sp. indet. - Felis? sp. indet. - -After the foregoing had been put in type Mr. O. A. Peterson, of the -Carnegie Museum, sent the writer a revised list in which additions are -made. The following are the most important: - - Cryptobranchus sp. indet. - Rana catesbiana? - Clemmys insculpta. - Blarina sp. indet. - Ænocyon dirus. - Canis priscolatrans? - Spilogale putorius. - Brachyprotoma putorius. - Boötherium bombifrons. - Equus sp. indet. - -Besides these forms, remains belonging to bats, various birds, snakes, -and batrachians have been recognized. Of the fossils identified -generically or specifically those belonging to _Megalonyx_, _Tapirus_, -_Mylohyus_, _Cervalces_, _Mammut_, and _Arctotherium_ are certainly -extinct. Probably, too, the bison and the species of _Felis_ are -extinct. There are, therefore, pretty certainly close to 50 per cent of -the species which are no longer living. This percentage and the history -of some of the genera make it improbable that the assemblage belongs to -the Late Wisconsin stage. Some of them could hardly have been living -during the Wisconsin, when the foot of the glacier was within 100 miles -toward the northeast and northwest. On the other hand, there are no -species or genera present which make it necessary to refer the -collection to the first interglacial. The assemblage probably belongs to -the middle Pleistocene. - - -Coming now to the very southwestern corner of the State, we find that. -_Elephas columbi_ has been met with in the bed of Hargus Creek, 3 miles -above Rogersville, in Greene County (p. 150), and _E. primigenius_ on -Gray’s Fork of Ten Mile Creek, near Graysville (p. 133). In the -Rogersville Folio (No. 146, U. S. Geol. Surv.), Dr. F. G. Clapp -described the geology of this quadrangle. On his page 10 he briefly -discussed the meager Quaternary deposits of the area. These he referred -to the Carmichaels formation, and indicated his opinion that it belonged -to very early Pleistocene. On the geological map it is represented as -occurring along Ten Mile Creek at and just below Rogersville. The -occurrence of a tooth of _Elephas columbi_ just above this town and of -_E. primigenius_ just above Harveys (p. 133) renders it probable that -other patches of the formation exist further up the stream and along -some of its branches, and that the fossils were derived from that -formation. It is, of course, possible that small patches of a later -deposit exist there. - -Reference has been made to the Carmichaels formation. The type locality -is found at Carmichaels, on Muddy Creek in Washington County. The -geological description of the locality has been presented by Marius R. -Campbell in the Masontown-Uniontown Folio (No. 82, U. S. Geological -Survey). The formation occurs extensively along Monongahela River and -other streams of western Pennsylvania. For information the reader should -consult the Geological Survey Folios Nos. 144, 146, 121, 82, and 177. -The deposits occur at levels considerably above the present streams and -are regarded as having been laid down in old and now abandoned river -channels and in tributaries of these. The time when this occurred is -believed by many, if not most geologists to belong to the early -Pleistocene, the Kansas stage, or possibly the Nebraskan. In the opinion -of some geologists the glacial ice dammed the streams and caused their -valleys to be filled with detritus. More recent Pleistocene deposits, -possibly of Wisconsin age, occur at lower levels in some places south of -the Wisconsin moraine; and perhaps the age of some of them has not yet -been recognized. When remains of vertebrate animals are discovered, it -is of great importance to determine, if possible, the exact levels of -their origin. - -On another page mention is made of the finding of a tooth of _Elephas -primigenius_ at Lone Pine (p. 133), 7.25 miles south of southeast of -Washington. This village is on Little Ten Mile Creek. No details of the -discovery have been received. From Folio 144 of the U. S. Geological -Survey it is learned that patches of the Carmichaels formation are found -for several miles along Ten Mile Creek, near the southern boundary of -the quadrangle. It seems probable that there may be patches of the same -deposit along Little Ten Mile Creek, in the neighborhood of Lone Pine. - -As detailed on page 70, a mastodon tooth was found many years ago about -1.5 miles south of the village of Hickory, Washington County, about -twenty miles southwest of Pittsburgh. Westland Run empties into -Chartiers Creek, and this into the Ohio at Pittsburgh. The geology of -Burgettstown and Carnegie Quadrangles has been described by E. W. Shaw -and M. J. Munn (Folio 177, U. S. Geol. Surv. 1911). No Pleistocene -deposits are mapped on the stream mentioned; but just a little lower -down, on Chartiers Creek, is a patch of the Carmichaels formation. Below -Hickory somewhere there must be a Pleistocene deposit of some kind, and -it is more probably early than late Pleistocene. - -From the vicinity of Pittsburgh there have been reported remains of the -mastodon (p. 69), of _Elephas columbi_ (p. 150), and of an undetermined -species of elephant (p. 168). Neither of the elephants is certainly -determinable. The mastodon, represented by fragments of bones and teeth, -is said to have been found in the river bank, at the junction of -Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers. It is impossible to determine the -Pleistocene stage to which any of these proboscidean remains belong. As -shown on the geological map of the Carnegie Quadrangle (Folio 177, U. S. -Geol. Surv.) there are indicated here Pleistocene deposits of early, -intermediate, and late stages. - -Little information is furnished by a mastodon reported found on Dicks -Creek in Butler County. The statements regarding the finding of elephant -remains on French Creek near Meadville are vague and valueless (p. 168). -Some remains of _Elephas columbi_ have been found at Tryonville, at a -depth of 7 feet (p. 150). The town is on the Wisconsin moraine and the -elephant probably belongs to the Late Wisconsin. - - -Nearly a hundred years ago a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ was reported -from a place in Erie County, called Beaverdam (p. 133). From Mr. Clyde -C. Hill, civil engineer, Northeast, Erie County, the information is -received that Beaverdam is a cross-roads hamlet about 23 miles south of -the lake, near the prolongation of the western New York boundary line. -This is within the area covered by Wisconsin drift, and it is pretty -certain that the animal lived there after or near the close of the -Wisconsin stage. - -Just west of Erie a mastodon tooth has been found along Chase Creek (p. -70). Unless there are some unrecognized pre-Wisconsin deposits along -this creek, the animal must have lived there at a time after the lake -had retired to about its present limits. This would be near the very -close of the Pleistocene epoch. The same conclusion must be arrived at -from a study of the proboscidean remains (supposed to be those of an -elephant) found at Girard. - - -Brief mention is made here of finds of fossil vertebrates in -Pennsylvania which have not yet been mentioned; also, the localities are -given where they are found, and citations of the pages where fuller -descriptions are furnished: - -A horse has been reported from Rutherford, Dauphin County (p. 185), and -a peccary, _Platygonus vetus_ (p. 213), from Milroy, Mifflin County. -Mastodons have been reported from Tunkhannock, Wyoming County; Berwick, -Columbia County; Reading, Berks County; Jackson Township, York County; -near Reedsville, Mifflin County; Chambersburg, Franklin County, and -Bedford, Bedford County (see pp. 68, 69). _Elephas primigenius_ has been -met with at Brookfield, Tioga County (p. 133); and somewhere about -Chadd’s Ford, in Chester or Delaware County (p. 133). - - - OHIO. - - (Maps 35, 36.) - -The State of Ohio is partly glaciated, partly not. The unglaciated -portion forms the southeastern border and constitutes close to 28 per -cent of the whole surface. The glaciated area is mostly covered by the -Wisconsin drift, which makes up 60 per cent of the whole surface. The -remainder is covered by that part of the Illinoian drift-sheet which -projects beyond the edge of the Wisconsin. This occupies about 12 per -cent of the surface of the State. The unglaciated area contains -Pleistocene deposits along the streams, especially along Ohio, -Muskingum, Hocking, and Scioto Rivers. Probably the greater part of the -materials forming these deposits were brought down the rivers which -headed at the foot of the Illinoian and Wisconsin glacial ice-sheets. -However, all that part of the country which was not covered by glacial -ice was acted on by atmospheric agencies and suffered erosion. Hence -abundant materials of non-glacial origin were swept down those -tributaries of the Ohio which had their sources in the Alleghany region -and down those which flowed through the unglaciated part of the State. -Much of these materials was deposited along the banks of these streams -and mingled with the débris from the glacial ice-sheet. Doubtless such -deposits were being made during the whole Pleistocene epoch and were -mostly swept away; or they may have been covered up by subsequent -deposits; or the deposits of one stage may in many cases not be -distinguishable from those of other stages. A perusal of chapter V of -Leverett’s monograph of 1902 (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, 1902, -pp. 228–252) and of the papers there cited, also of others published -since that time, will impress the reader with the fact that an old -drift, probably of Kansan or pre-Kansan age, has left traces of itself -in Ohio just outside of the terminal moraine of the Wisconsin drift. -This is found especially in Columbiana County; but, according to Wright -(2d Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, Z, p. 207) it extends as far westward as -Canton, Stark County. - -It is shown in Leverett’s paper that the streams, especially the larger -ones, of southwestern New York, western Pennsylvania, and eastern Ohio -had, at some time preceding that of this old drift, been deeply -excavated into the underlying rocks, and that these ancient channels had -become filled by the outwash from the older drift. Furthermore, terraces -composed of this drift are now found along rivers of the region -mentioned, at heights varying from 150 to as much as 500 feet above the -present streams. Those old, deeply excavated valleys may therefore have -once been filled to the highest terraces and since that time have been -re-excavated to the level of the present streams. The ancient rocky -floors in many cases lie now from a few to some hundreds of feet below -the beds of the existing rivers. It is easily possible that the bones -and teeth of early Pleistocene animals may have been buried in such -valley fillings and such terrace deposits. Again, remains of such -vertebrates may have been buried beneath the glacial “fringe” that has -been mentioned. In such cases it may be impossible for one who is not a -glaciologist, perhaps not even for him, to determine the real age of the -fossils. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance that a record be -kept of the exact spot where the fossil was found, so that at some -future time the geology of the locality may be studied by a competent -person. Naturally, other information, as that relating to the kind of -deposit, depth of burial, elevation of place of burial, and the like, is -valuable. - -A discussion of the Illinoian drift-sheet, including that part found in -Ohio, forms chapter VI of Leverett’s work of 1902 (Monogr. cit., pp. -253–291). As shown by his plate II, Illinoian drift covers a small area -in the southwestern corner of the State, along Ohio River; then leaving -the river and running first in a northeasterly direction, then directly -north, it forms a narrow strip outside the border of the Wisconsin as -far north as Richland and Holmes Counties. If it extends further east -than this, it is concealed beneath the Wisconsin. It is to be expected -that Illinoian drift will be discovered here and there in the greater -part of the State beneath the Wisconsin where the latter shall have been -penetrated in digging wells, in borings, and where streams have cut down -through the later drift-sheet. In such places it will be possible to -find remains of animals and plants buried in interglacial deposits laid -down before the Wisconsin stage; that is, in either Sangamon or Peorian -or even more remote times. On page 269 of the work just quoted, Leverett -mentions a case near Lancaster, Fairfield County, where a black mucky -soil was found between the Wisconsin and the Illinoian drifts. On page -273 of the same work is mentioned the occurrence of logs and pieces of -wood at Bethel, Clermont County, in a gravel-bed beneath the Illinoian -drift. This might be interpreted as indicating a deposit belonging to -the earliest part of the Illinoian or to the Yarmouth. - -The general aspects of the Illinoian drift are described by Leverett on -his pages 270 to 285. - -Deposits of Illinoian age may occur beyond the border of the ice-laid -Illinoian drift and even beyond the Wisconsin as the result of outwash. -Leverett (op. cit., p. 285) mentions the occurrence of what appears to -be an Illinoian terrace along Sandy Creek, near Waynesburg, Stark -County, at 70 feet above the stream, while the Wisconsin terrace is -hardly 40 feet above the creek. High-level terraces are found along -Licking and Muskingum Rivers from Hanover, Licking County, to -McConnellsville in Morgan County, and are thought to be possibly of -Illinoian age, while lower ones belong to the Wisconsin. Illinoian -gravels and cobble are likewise met with along Hocking River (Leverett, -op. cit., p. 288); also along the Scioto from Chillicothe nearly to its -mouth. On lower-level terraces other deposits of Wisconsin age are to be -looked for. Again it is seen how important it is that accurate -information should be sought regarding the exact spot of interment of -any vertebrate remains, as well as the elevation, the depth, and kind of -materials passed through. - -Map 35 has been prepared to show the distribution of the Wisconsin and -Illinoian drift-sheets in Ohio. The driftless area, shown without -shading of any kind, occupies the southeastern side of the State and -forms a broad tract somewhat parallel with Ohio River. The Illinoian -belt lies between this driftless area and the Wisconsin. Naturally it -passes beneath the Wisconsin drift and probably underlies most of it. A -part of the map is shaded by horizontal lines in order to show the -position and extent of former Lake Maumee. This lake was an early -predecessor of Lake Erie and emptied into Wabash River. The moraines -laid down by the Wisconsin ice on its gradual withdrawal from the State -are indicated by the stippled areas and by the letters at the sides of -the map. Most of the names applied to these moraines in Ohio differ from -the parts of the same moraines in Indiana. The Germantown, Eaton, and -Englewood correspond to the Bloomington of Indiana; the Sidney to the -Union City; the Loramie to the Salamanie; the Celina to the Wabash; and -the Lima to the Fort Wayne. - -Map 36 shows the localities where Pleistocene mammals have been -discovered in the State and the relation of these localities to the -drift-sheets and the moraines. - -It is to be supposed that any animal whose remains are found in deposits -overlying the Wisconsin drift lived there after the retreat of the -ice-sheet from that locality. Any mastodon (maps 5, 7) that has been -discovered within the area covered by the old Lake Maumee probably lived -there after that lake had subsided. However, it might be possible to -find along rivers, or deep cuts along railroads, animals that had lived -there during Sangamon times; but this may be supposed to occur rarely. -Mastodons, Nos. 34, 37, and 39 of map 7, probably lived and died after -later Lake Warren had shrunken into Lake Erie. - -Most of the fossil vertebrates that have been found in Ohio belong to -the Late Wisconsin; that is, they lived in their respective localities -after the glacial ice had retired from those localities. A few fossils -may be credited to an interglacial stage, Sangamon or Peorian, which -intervened between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin. Inasmuch as in the -area occupied by the Illinoian drift this deposit may be cut through by -rivers or railroads, it is possible that pre-Illinoian fossils might be -discovered. - -A tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ has been found at Waverly, Pike County, -on Scioto River, as recorded on page 134. Along that river there are -deposits of gravel and sand which were derived apparently from Illinoian -drift, while below these Illinoian deposits is a Wisconsin terrace. The -tooth above mentioned appears to have been found in a gravel-pit of the -Norfolk and Western Railroad about the year 1900. The writer has not -been able to secure any information as to the elevation of the pit. The -elephant remains observed by Whittlesey along Scioto River, as mentioned -on page 169, were probably buried in the Wisconsin terrace. A mastodon -has been found in Pike County (p. 70), but the more exact locality is -not recorded. - -An important but apparently now lost and therefore indeterminable -specimen of elephant is that to which was given the name _Elephas -jacksoni_, described on page 168. It was found in the northwestern -corner of Jackson County, on Little Salt Creek, probably a short time -before 1838. The probability is that it was found in Wisconsin deposits, -but its age is possibly greater. According to Leverett (op. cit., pp. -120, 121, 289), there are in this valley deposits which were probably -laid down during the Illinoian stage. An elephant skeleton is reported -to have been dug up many years ago in the village of Beverly, Washington -County (p. 169), on Muskingum River. Leverett (Monogr. XLI, p. 157) -states that glacial deposits belonging probably to the Wisconsin stage -are found here at a height of 119 feet above the river. Inasmuch as the -greater part of the village is below this level, the elephant probably -belongs to Wisconsin time. - -Further up the Muskingum, at or near Duncan Falls, there was found about -1857 a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ (p. 135). The animal probably -lived and died there at a time when the Wisconsin glacier was not far -away. Other remains of the same species have been described from -Zanesville. The bed which contained these is said to be at a height of -37 feet above the river and 20 feet from the natural surface of the -ground. Inasmuch as drift outwash, believed to be of Wisconsin age, is -built up here to a height of 100 feet above the river (Leverett, op. -cit., p. 157), it is wholly probable that the elephant, like the one -just described, lived in the vicinity of the Wisconsin ice-front. At -Nashport have been discovered in swampy ground remains of _Castoroides_ -(p. 273) and of _Mammut_ (p. 70). Although there is at Hanover, Licking -County, across Licking River, a great dam of supposed Illinoian age and -probably more or less hidden deposits of the same age along the river, -the giant beaver and the mastodon just mentioned may not be older than -the Wisconsin. Nevertheless, as they were found lying on gravel at a -depth of 14 feet, they may have been buried there during the Sangamon -stage. Along the eastern border of the State, in Columbiana County, on -Salt Creek, in the southwestern part of the county, there was found, -about 1845, a tooth of a horse (p. 186). It was discovered while a canal -was being excavated and at a depth not to exceed 12 or 15 feet. The -locality is apparently some miles south of the Wisconsin moraine. The -animal lived there evidently at some time preceding the Wisconsin drift -stage, possibly after the Illinoian, but quite as likely before the -Illinoian. Not far away from where the horse was discovered, apparently -on Little Yellow Creek, and probably not far from New Salisbury, there -was found, about 1850, a fragment of the lower jaw of a tapir (p. 203). -It probably lived at about the same time that the horse did. Near -Millport a tooth, referred to _Elephas primigenius_, has been found (p. -135). The locality is beyond the Wisconsin moraine, but it is impossible -to determine whether the beast lived there early or late in the -Pleistocene. - -At this point may be mentioned the discovery of remains of a peccary, -supposed to be _Mylohyus nasutus_ (p. 215), and of _Mammut americanum_ -(p. 70) in the southern edge of Lisbon, Columbiana County, apparently -along Middle Fork of Little Beaver River. This locality is on the border -of the Wisconsin drift-sheet, and the peccary and the mastodon might -well have lived there with the horse and the tapir mentioned above. - -Not many localities within the area of the Illinoian drift in Ohio have -furnished vertebrate fossils. - -Lyell in 1843, as stated on page 71, reported that teeth of mastodons -and of elephants had been found on the Cincinnati side of the river, on -the high terraces. - -From Professor N. M. Fenneman the writer learns that Lyell’s reference -could hardly apply to any other locality than Terrace Park or Milford. -Here are found some fragments of an Illinoian terrace that would hardly -be spoken of casually as such, while the Wisconsin deposit is present as -an upper and a lower terrace. - -In Hyde Park, as detailed on page 71, considerable parts of a mastodon -and some remains of a horse (p. 185), probably _Equus complicatus_, have -been discovered. The age of these remains certainly antedates that of -the Wisconsin; and it is not improbable that the excavation was carried -through the Illinoian drift into an older and probably interglacial -deposit. Professor Fenneman writes that this area is only thinly covered -by Illinoian drift and is also far beyond the limits of the Wisconsin -outwash. - -The occurrence of _Bison latifrons_ near Fincastle, in Brown County (p. -257), must be noted. The fine pair of horn-cores now in the Cincinnati -Society of Natural History may have been buried in deposits of Sangamon -age. It is not, however, impossible that they were in an interglacial -bed below the Illinoian drift. - -On page 135 there has been given an account of the finding of a skull of -_Elephas primigenius_, somewhat more than a mile east of New Burlington. -The locality is treated in proper detail in N. M. Fenneman’s paper -entitled “Geology of Cincinnati and Vicinity” (Bull. 19, Geol. Surv. -Ohio, p. 158). According to this account the skull was buried in a -lacustrine silt laid down probably when the Wisconsin glacier was not -far away from that region. The surrounding country is covered with -Illinoian drift. This skull is now the property of the U. S. National -Museum. - -In the collection of the Ohio State Archæological and Historical Society -at Columbus there are remains of _Platygonus compressus_, jaws and good -teeth, which were found about a mile north of Chalfants, in Perry -County, and along Jonathan Creek. This place is within the area covered -by Illinoian drift. It is possible that the remains are as old as the -Sangamon, but it is also possible that they belong to the close of the -Wisconsin stage (p. 215). - -The writer knows of no other fossil vertebrates that have certainly been -found within the area occupied by the Illinoian till as a surface -deposit. - -As shown by map 36, by far the larger number of Pleistocene vertebrates -which have been discovered in Ohio have been met with within the region -occupied by the Wisconsin drift-sheet. One reason for this preponderance -is the greater area included. Another reason may be found in the fact -that the conditions were more favorable for the preservation of teeth -and bones. Much of the country was flat and swampy and the bones buried -in clay and muck have always been soaked with water. Also there has been -less erosion going on. Erosion leads to exposure and therefore to -destruction of skeletons. - -On the map referred to are shown the various moraines that were left by -the Wisconsin ice-sheet in its retreat toward the north. Inasmuch as -most of the burials were in swamps resting on the drift, the animals -must have lived and died there after the ice had left that vicinity; how -long after one may not be able to determine. The mastodons and elephants -which have been found close to the shore of Lake Erie, especially if -buried near the surface, must have lived there at or after the time when -the waters had shrunken into Lake Warren. Such cases are furnished by -the mastodons and elephants found at Amboy (east of Ashtabula) (pp. 137, -150), at Cleveland (p. 79), and in Brownhelm Township, in Lorain County -(p. 79). The town of Amboy is about 130 feet above lake level and the -gravel-pit which there furnished _Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_ -was probably at about the same level. The writer has not been able to -confirm any case in which remains of proboscideans have been met with on -the south shore of the lake at a level lower than the Warren beach. -Mastodons may be traced to a lower level at the western end of the lake. -The one found in Springfield Township, Lucas County (p. 77), was buried -in deposits only about 45 feet above Lake Erie. As shown by the -topographical maps, the descent from this place and from Bowling Green, -Wood County, to the lake is a gradual one. It may become possible to -follow the presence of the mastodons, the elephants, and the giant -beaver in Ohio up to the time when the lake assumed its present level. - -For information regarding the several interesting discoveries of the -giant beaver (_Castoroides ohioensis_) pages 273 to 275 may be -consulted. - -It is hardly necessary to take up one by one all the cases of -vertebrates that have been met with within the area covered by Wisconsin -drift. With the few exceptions noted below, their geological age is -usually to be regarded as Late Wisconsin. Along the southern border of -this drift, where the remains are deeply buried, it is not unlikely that -they lie in a pre-Wisconsin interglacial deposit. Along Great Miami and -Muskingum Rivers there is always a possibility that the fossils may -occur in a terrace or in a deep valley deposit of Illinoian age. - -About a mile east of Overpeck, Butler County, there has been found the -skull of an extinct bear, _Ursus procerus_ Miller (Hay, Geol. Surv. -Indiana, vol. XXXVI, 1912, pp. 772–776, figs. 71–73). It was found at a -depth of 28 feet and about 3 or 4 feet above the limestone rock of that -region. To the writer it seems quite certain that the Wisconsin drift -had been penetrated and that the skull was in either a Sangamon -interglacial deposit or something still older. - -Columbus furnishes one of the rare cases in which horse remains have -been found within the Wisconsin glaciated area (p. 186). We are then -required to determine whether or not the horse, _Equus complicatus_, did -not live there after the close of the Wisconsin stage. As said on the -page cited, the first remains of horses discovered at Columbus were -reported as having been found in crevices of the limestone and in the -red clay filling such fissures. An examination of the Columbus Folio -(197, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 8) will show that in such crevices, south of -Scioto River, a red clay is found which antedates the Illinoian drift, -so that one might fairly refer the horse remains reported by Whittlesey -to a pre-Illinoian interglacial stage, possibly the Aftonian. The -horse-teeth found in the excavations at the penitentiary close to Scioto -River may be as old as those found in the rock fissures, or they may -have been buried in a post-Illinoian interglacial deposit. Such deposits -have been found at various places in the quadrangle (fol. cit., p. 9). - -As to the peccaries discovered at Columbus (p. 214), the writer sees no -reason why they should not be regarded as belonging to the Late -Wisconsin. - - - MICHIGAN. - -To understand the Pleistocene geology of the southern peninsula of -Michigan, it is indispensable to study Monograph LIII of the U. S. -Geological Survey, by Frank Leverett and F. B. Taylor. The whole -peninsula is overlain by glacial deposits laid down by the Wisconsin -ice-sheet. A glance at their glacial map (plate VII) will indicate to -the student the complexity of glacial problems in this region. The ice -invaded the State from three sides: on the west from Lake Michigan, on -the east from Lake Huron, and on the southeast from Lake Erie. - -On the west, close to Lake Michigan, is a system of Lake-border -moraines. This system has been traced more or less satisfactorily around -to Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron. A little farther out, in the southwestern -corner of the State, is Valparaiso moraine. This extends nearly to the -northern end of the peninsula, where it connects with Charlotte moraine -system. Farther in than the Valparaiso system is the Kalamazoo. This -extends northeastwardly from the Indiana line to Barry County, where it -turns east and at Jackson joins the Mississinawa system reaching -northeast from the northeastern corner of Indiana. The Valparaiso and -Kalamazoo moraines are in places closely associated. The attack on the -eastern side of the State came principally from a lobe which flowed -through Saginaw Bay. Nearest Lake Huron, following it around from Port -Huron to the northern end of the peninsula and then turning west, the -Port Huron moraine connected with the moraine along Lake Michigan. - -Farther inland is the Charlotte system. On the north, just above -latitude 44°, this joins the Valparaiso moraine, runs southward west of -Lansing, then turns eastward, then northeastward, and connects with the -Defiance moraine, which passes around the western end of Lake Erie. -Reaching far out from the head of Saginaw Bay, and concentric with it, -to Hastings, 100 miles away, are many minor moraines. - -Besides the Wisconsin drift which forms the surface deposit in Michigan, -there are, according to present indications, one or more pre-Wisconsin -drifts. Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 72) mentions several localities where -what appears to be more indurated till is encountered, sometimes at a -depth of 100 feet. Taylor (op. cit., pp. 289–290) states that “a till -older than that deposited by the Wisconsin ice-sheet seems to underlie -more or less continuously all of the later, or Wisconsin, drift in -Indiana and the southern peninsula of Michigan.” Along the western shore -of Lake Huron, north of Port Huron and along the streams, as reported by -Taylor (p. 290), there are several exposures of Illinoian till, in some -cases as much as 30 to 50 feet thick. In one case there is an old soil -at the top of this till. In such old soils it may be possible to find -fossil vertebrates of Sangamon or Peorian times, horses for example. - -The fossil vertebrates found up to the present time in Michigan are not -numerous in species or individuals; all appear to belong to the middle -or late Wisconsin times. A peccary, _Platygonus compressus_, has been -found at Belding, Ionia County (p. 215). Two musk-oxen have been -discovered in the State. At Manchester, Washtenaw County, has been found -a fine skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ (p. 250). At Moorland, Muskegon -County, was obtained a skull which has been called _Boötherium -sargenti_. - -Details regarding the mastodons which have been found in Michigan are -given on pages 80 to 88. Only two localities in the State have furnished -remains of _Elephas primigenius_. These are Three Oaks, Berrien County -(p. 137), and Eaton Rapids, Eaton County (p. 137). _Elephas columbi_ has -been encountered only once in the State, as far as is known; this was in -the northern part of Jackson County (p. 151). - -Elephants belonging quite certainly to either _E. primigenius_ or _E. -columbi_, but for one reason or another not determined, have been found -in four localities. These are East Saginaw, Saginaw County; Macomb -County; Grand Ledge, Eaton County; and Buchanan, Berrien County. (See -page 171.) - -The giant beaver, _Castoroides ohioensis_, found a congenial home in the -swamps of southern Michigan in the late Pleistocene. It has been met -with somewhere in Berrien County; at Adrian, Lenawee County; at Ann -Arbor, Washtenaw County; at Attica, Lapeer County; and at Owosso, Lapeer -County (pp. 275–276). - - - INDIANA. - - (Map 37.) - -Whoever wishes to gain a knowledge of the Pleistocene geology of -Indiana, as it is understood to-day, must study Leverett’s two great -treatises, forming Monographs XXXVII and LIII of the U. S. Geological -Survey. The first is entitled “The Illinois Glacial Lobe,” and was -published in 1899; the second has the title “The Pleistocene of Indiana -and Michigan and the History of the Great Lakes.” The portion of the -latter monograph which deals with Michigan was written by F. B. Taylor. -On pages 33 to 54 is a very full bibliography of the subject, consisting -of about 400 titles. - -From the glacial map of Monograph XXXVIII, plates V and VI, the writer -has prepared map 37. This shows which part of the State has escaped -glaciation, which has been subjected to the action of the Illinoian -ice-sheet, and which has been covered by the last, or Wisconsin, glacial -ice. It will be seen that about one-sixth of the State, that forming an -irregular triangle whose apex is in Brown County and whose base is -formed by the Ohio River, has never been covered by glacial ice. North -of this is a bilobed area which is covered by till of Illinoian age. The -rest of the State (somewhat less than two-thirds of it) is overlain by -the débris left by the Wisconsin ice-sheet and subsequent deposits. - -This northern area is to a great extent occupied by belts called -moraines, along which the materials are usually coarse, often full of -boulders, and frequently standing at a higher level than the surface on -each side of them. These moraines show where for long periods during its -retreat, or perhaps sometimes its advances, the ice-sheet paused and -piled up a part of its load of rocks, gravel, and sand. It will be -noticed that these moraines are somewhat concentric. On the right of the -map are seen those moraines which were left by the ice-lobe which came -down Lake Erie and later retired in that direction. Around the southern -end of Lake Michigan are the moraines laid down by the ice of the -Michigan lobe. The latter will be better seen on a glacial map of -Illinois (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv. XXXVIII, plate VI). In their advance -the two lobes met and coalesced and produced more or less irregular and -anastomosing moraines. - -On the right hand the moraines of the Erie lobe pass on into Ohio, -where, however, they have often been given other names. On the left the -moraines of the Lake Michigan lobe continue into Illinois and retain the -same names. Both groups of moraines are prolonged into the southern -peninsula of Michigan. - -On account of the comparatively recent recession of the Wisconsin -ice-sheet, the surface has not become eroded sufficiently to drain away -the water which was left in depressions of the surface. A large part of -Indiana is, or has been until recently, covered by swamps, lakes, and -ponds, and in such localities the bones and teeth of vertebrate animals -are best preserved during the early stages of fossilization. For this -reason great numbers of teeth and bones, sometimes nearly whole -skeletons, are met with in draining these swamps. - -The southern border of the Illinoian drift, beginning at Cincinnati, -follows Ohio River on the Kentucky side to Jeffersonville, then passes -west of north into Brown County, whence, turning southwest, it strikes -the East Fork of White River in Du Bois County; thence, following White -River a short distance, it crosses the Wabash in Posey County. -Northward, along this terminal moraine (map 37, figs. 1, 2) of the -Wisconsin drift, the Illinoian, passing beneath this, disappears from -the surface. - -The surface of the Illinoian area is better drained than the Wisconsin -area. Fewer fossils are found, and on various accounts they are of less -value. Usually the exact locality and kind of deposit is not recorded. -They may be found washed out of river and creek banks and may have in -reality been buried in sediments that were laid down in Wisconsin times -by the streams that carried away the mud, sand, and gravel from the -glacier. The driftless area has been exposed for many geological ages to -the influence of physical and chemical agencies. Its surface is, -therefore, more diversified by hills and valleys and streams. In the -limestones of this region caves are likely to be found, and these now -and then furnish fossil bones and teeth. - -During more than one of the glacial stages, perhaps during the earliest, -the Ohio has served as the drainage-way for the waters that escaped from -the glacial front. This subject is discussed by Leverett in Monograph -XLI of the U. S. Geological Survey. As a result of this conveyance of -glacial waters, the great trough of this stream may contain here and -there deposits of the Illinoian stage or even of older deposits. Remains -of _Megalonyx_ (p. 32) and of a horse (p. 186) have been found in the -right bank of the Ohio, at Evansville, Indiana. At Bigbone Lick, -Kentucky, close to the Ohio, horses have been discovered, _Mylodon_ and -_Megalonyx_. These seem to occur in Sangamon interglacial beds overlying -the Illinoian. - -The Illinoian drift, probably everywhere in central and northern -Indiana, underlies the Wisconsin. For some miles back from its terminal -moraine the Wisconsin drift is thin; and possibly the Illinoian may. be -found exposed in creek or river banks, or in railroad cuts. Furthermore, -Leverett (Monogr. LIII, p. 72) writes: - - “Probably a considerable number of the heavy deposits of drift in - central and northern Indiana are of pre-Wisconsin age, but as they - are largely sand and gravel, or loose-textured material, they can - not easily be discriminated from the Wisconsin.” - -Such deposits are likely to be covered by only a thin layer of Wisconsin -till. In many places in Indiana there have been found, deep down in the -drift, old soils, muck beds, and vegetation in various forms. These beds -appear to indicate interglacial deposits, most probably the Sangamon. -Now, various genera of vertebrates, among them horses, tapirs, and -mylodons, are not known to have existed after the Wisconsin glacial -stage. If, however, remains of such animals should be collected in -central or northern Indiana, or Ohio, or in southern Michigan, they -might be reported as having been found in late Wisconsin beds, when -really they had been derived from pre-Wisconsin interglacial soils. - -It is interesting to observe that when the Wisconsin ice-sheet began to -withdraw lakes began to form along its borders. One of these, Lake -Chicago, appeared at the south end of the present Lake Michigan and for -a long time discharged its waters down Illinois River. Another, Lake -Maumee, occupied the basin of Maumee River as far west as Fort Wayne, -and emptied down the Wabash. For details connected with the close of the -Pleistocene in the region of Lake Michigan the reader should consult -Frank C. Baker’s “The Life of the Pleistocene, or Glacial Period” (Univ. -Ill. Bull. XVII, 1920). - -A brief mention will be made here of the principal Pleistocene -vertebrates that have been found in Indiana; also the localities where -found, together with citations of the pages where fuller information is -furnished. - -The ground-sloth _Megalonyx_ has been collected near Evansville (p. 32). -With it were secured remains of an undetermined bison (p. 257), a -Virginia deer (p. 228), a horse (p. 186), a tapir (p. 203), and the dog -_Ænocyon dirus_ (p. 32). Peccaries have been found in Gibson County (p. -216), in Wabash County (p. 218), and two species at Williams, Lawrence -County (p. 217). At the same place was discovered the shell of a -box-tortoise. Remains of deer have been discovered somewhere in -Vanderburg County, including the existing deer and an extinct species, -_Odocoileus dolichopsis_; at Harrisville, Randolph County; and at Roann, -Wabash County. Bisons of an extinct species have been secured at -Vincennes (p. 258). - -The existing bison appears to have been found in Jasper County (p. 268). -Of musk-oxen, _Symbos cavifrons_ has been collected at Hebron, Porter -County (p. 252); at Wailesboro, Bartholomew County (p. 251); somewhere -in Randolph County (p. 252); and probably in Beaver Lake, Newton County -(p. 252). The existing musk-ox, _Ovibos moschatus_, has been discovered -near Richmond (p. 252). - -Mastodon remains are not uncommon, especially in the northern half of -the State. It is hardly to be supposed that these animals were more -abundant there during the late Pleistocene than in many other places in -the region east of the Mississippi. The conditions for their -preservation were evidently more favorable there than anywhere else, -unless in Orange County, New York. Burial in swamp mud kept the bones -from decay; and the imperfect drainage protected them from destruction -by erosion. The various finds are described on pages 88 to 100. - -Elephants are less well represented in Indiana than are the mastodons, -but are not rare (pp. 138, 151, 171). Two species were present in the -State, _Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_. Beavers were doubtless -abundant, but there appears to be no definite record of any find. -However, the giant beaver has been recorded from several localities (pp. -276 to 278). - -The great extinct dog _Ænocyon dirus_ was first found near Evansville -(p. 32), and the coyote, _Canis latrans_, has been reported from Boone -County. The latter is said to have been found in association with the -mammoth (Cope and Wortman, 14th Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, p. 7). - - - ILLINOIS. - - (Map 38.) - -As a foundation for a knowledge of the Pleistocene geology of Illinois, -the student must take Leverett’s work entitled “The Illinois Glacial -Lobe.” This is Monograph XLVIII of the U. S. Geological Survey, a volume -of 817 pages, with maps and figures. For a knowledge of the changes -which occurred around the south end of Lake Michigan on the retirement -of the Wisconsin glacier, see Dr. Frank C. Baker’s work, “The Life of -the Pleistocene, or Glacial, Period” (Univ. Ills. Bull. XVII, 1920). - -Illinois is eminently a glaciated State, as is to be recognized on -Leverett’s plate VI. A little triangle in the northwestern corner, -comprising about 600 square miles, and an irregular tract of perhaps -3,000 square miles at the southern end of the State constitute the whole -of the unglaciated area out of 56,650 square miles. Two glacial stages -are prominent, the Wisconsin and the Illinoian. The first was laid down -by the Lake Michigan lobe, which sent its icy mass southwestward as far -as Shelbyville. Westward the border moraine extends to Peoria, then -north to west of Princeton, then northeast to enter Wisconsin 55 miles -west of Lake Michigan. Eastward, of course, the deposits of till and the -moraines extend into Indiana. North of the Shelbyville moraine is the -Champaign. A more powerful moraine is the Bloomington, which forms a -loop through the State, extending from Danville, Illinois, through -Bloomington to Peoria, where it appears to have overridden the -Shelbyville and thence northward, forming the outer border of the -Wisconsin drift area. North of this moraine is located that called the -Marseilles, while sweeping around the south end of Lake Michigan into -Indiana and Michigan is the Valparaiso system. - -South and west of the area of the Wisconsin drift is the Illinoian. At -Mount Vernon the border crosses the Wabash and traverses Illinois, -striking the Mississippi River at Carbondale. It then follows the -Mississippi north to a point above Keokuk, where it enters Iowa. It -reenters Illinois between Rock Island and Clinton and extends into -Wisconsin. - -On Leverett’s map (Monogr. XXXVIII, plate VI) there is indicated in -northern Illinois, between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin, a tract -supposed to belong to the Iowan; but Alden (U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. -Pap. 106, 1918, p. 173) holds that there is no good evidence that the -Iowan extends into southern Wisconsin and Illinois. The supposed Iowan -(op. cit., plate III) is mapped as Illinoian. - -The glacial stage which preceded the Illinoian is the Kansan. This in -Iowa extends eastward to the Mississippi, and one might naturally expect -that it would be found underlying the Illinoian east of the river. -Leverett (Monogr. XXXVIII, p. 105) presents evidences of its presence in -western Illinois. Among these evidences is the presence in Hancock and -Adams Counties of another till sheet below the Illinoian and separated -from it by a black soil. This Kansan or some other pre-Illinoian till -sheet has been found in many places in Illinois (op. cit., pp. 107–118). - -Animal remains are not likely to be inclosed in the materials of the -moraines or of the intermorainal till; but this is possible. A musk-ox -or a hairy mammoth might have died not far away from the foot of a -stationary or advancing glacier and its bones might have become -incorporated in the moraine. Furthermore, inasmuch as any glacial stage -began while the glacier was yet in the far north and ended only when it -got back there, many non-glacial deposits belonging to that glacial -stage were probably laid down south of it; and it would be difficult or -impossible to distinguish these from interglacial deposits. However, it -was these deposits which were laid down after the glacial ice had -withdrawn, whether glacial or interglacial, which are of more interest -to the palæontologist, because in them are to be found the fossil -remains of animals and plants. - -The last of the interglacial stages, that which immediately preceded the -Wisconsin and followed the Iowan, is known as the Peorian. This takes -its name from a locality a few miles east of Peoria (Leverett, Monogr. -XXXVIII, p. 187). Here the Shelbyville till sheet is underlain by a bed -of fossiliferous loess from 8 to 12 feet in thickness. Beneath the loess -is fully 100 feet of Illinoian drift. This loess seemed to the -geologists who examined it to be a deposit of more recent date than the -Sangamon. - -The Peorian interglacial stage and the preceding Iowan glacial stage -have received much attention within recent years. In 1917 (Geol. Surv. -Iowa, vol. XXVI, pp. 49–212), Alden and Leighton presented the results -of their studies on the Iowan drift and the loess associated with it. In -1918 (U. S. Geol. Surv., Prof. Pap. 106, pp. 1–356), Alden dealt with -the Quaternary geology of southeastern Wisconsin. The results of these -investigations have been to establish the fact that a sheet of till -intermediate between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin had been laid down, -that which had already been designated as the Iowan; furthermore, that -immediately following this there was deposited a covering of loess. It -was further concluded that this is the main loess deposit, much of what -has been regarded as Sangamon loess being really loess of a later stage, -the Peorian. - -As no Iowan drift is known to be present in Illinois to separate the -loess of the Sangamon from the Peorian, it must be difficult, often -impossible in our present state of knowledge, to distinguish the one -from the other. The Sangamon loess was laid down probably long after the -Illinoian ice disappeared, so that there was time for the Illinoian -drift to become leached and otherwise modified and for the accumulation -of old soils and peat-beds. - -On the other hand, the old soils of the Peorian stage are likely to -overlie the loess. Unfortunately, the desired indications of geological -age are not always present where bones and teeth are found; or, if -present, are not always observed. We must, therefore, make our -assignments of fossils to one stage or the other with great -circumspection or leave the decision in abeyance. - -Reference has already been made to the presence of Kansan drift in -western Illinois and of black soils intervening between it and the -Illinoian. Such soils must be referred to the Yarmouth interglacial -stage. Whether or not still older glacial or interglacial deposits occur -in Illinois is problematic. - -In Illinois any considerable number of species of fossil vertebrates are -rarely found together. The localities are widely scattered and a single -species or two in each is the rule (map 38). In later glacial deposits -around the south end of Lake Michigan have been discovered the dogfish -_Amiatus calvus_ and a sun-fish belonging to the genus _Lepomis_. Baker -(Univ. Ill. Bull. XVIII, p. 85) reported the humerus of the merganser, -_Mergus serrator_, from the same region. The ground-sloth _Megalonyx -jeffersonii_ (pp. 33–34) has been found at Urbana, Galena, and Alton. - -The few horses are described on page 187. Peccaries have been found at -three localities (p. 218). For the specimens of deer that have come to -light, see page 229. A species of _Cervalces_ and the moose _Alces -americanus_ have been met with in Will County (p. 107). The reindeer has -been recognized from poor materials found at Alton. The prong-horn -_Antilocapra_ appears to have lived in the region of Galena, as shown by -Wisconsin specimens. The remarkable antelope _Taurotragus americanus_ -has been found at Alton (p. 339). As to the musk-oxen and the bisons, -the reader may refer to pages 251, 259, 268; for the mastodons and -elephants, to pages 100, 140, 152, and 176. - -Of the rodents, the muskrat has been found about Chicago; the pocket -gopher at Alton and Galena; the ground hog at the same places (p. -343). The beaver (p. 339) likewise occurs at Alton. The giant beaver, -_Castoroides ohioensis_, has been collected at four widely removed -places (p. 279). The rabbit, _Sylvilagus floridanus_, was included -among the animals found in the lead crevices of the region about -Galena, where also have been found an extinct species of raccoon, -_Procyon priscus_, what appears to be a large dog _Canis_ (or -_Ænocyon_) _mississippiensis_, the coyote, _Canis latrans_, and the -fox _Urocyon cinereoargenteus_. The bear, _Ursus americanus_, and the -common gray wolf, _Canis nubilus_, appear to have existed in the -middle Pleistocene at Alton. - -A skull of _Felis couguar_, the yet existing panther or mountain lion, -has been found in Randolph County, in the bed of Kaskaskia River. It -probably belongs to the late Pleistocene. - -A considerable fauna has been secured in the lead region about Galena, -in Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin. The collectors and describers of this -were not careful to designate the localities, and in some cases these -can not at present be determined. These collections are discussed on -page 343, in the account of the geology of Wisconsin. - -An interesting list of Late Wisconsin mammals has been secured near -Whitewillow, Kendall County. From Dr. E. S. Riggs, of Field Museum of -Natural History, and from Netta C. Anderson’s list, the writer learns -that at least six skulls of the common mastodon, together with many -other parts of the skeleton, has been taken from a well 10 feet in -diameter (p. 109). Above, there were bones of bison (p. 269), deer (p. -229), and elk (p. 240). It is stated that a layer of these about 2 feet -thick was encountered at a depth of about 5 feet. - -Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, states that he made a collection of -bones 15 miles west of Joliet and 5 miles west by north of Minooka. The -more exact locality he gave as township 35 north, range 8 east, and -probably section 27, on the farm of John Bamford. Apparently both Riggs -and Langford obtained their materials at the same spot. The latter has -sent the writer some bones from this place, including those of -_Cervalces_, _Alces americanus_, and a leg-bone of some undescribed -species of sheep or goat. He also reported the finding of the elk. For -other remarks see page 269. This locality is in the region mapped by -Leverett as having been occupied, after the retirement of the Wisconsin -glacial ice, by temporary lakes. The presence of the moose here seems to -indicate a climate somewhat severer than that now prevailing in that -region. Since the occupancy of the country by the European race the -moose has not been known to come further south than northern Wisconsin. -The list of species obtained is as follows: _Mammut americanum_, _Ovis_ -sp. indet., _Odocoileus virginianus_, _Cervus canadensis_, _Alces -americanus_, _Cervalces roosevelti?_. - -A brief description of the bone referred to _Ovis_ is presented. The -lower epiphysis is missing, but an allowance is made for this (fig. 13). - - _Comparisons of the metatarsals of a sheep, of a goat, of Næmorhedus, - and of Orvis sp. from Whitewillow, in millimeters, together with - indices in one-hundredths of the length._ - - ┌──────────────┬───────┬─────╥───────┬─────╥──────┬─────╥───────┬─────┐ - │ Measurements │ │ ║ Capra │ ║ │ ║White- │ │ - │ taken. │ Næmo- │Indi-║hircus │Indi-║ │Indi-║willow │Indi-│ - │ │rhedus.│ces. ║155623.│ces. ║Sheep.│ces. ║animal.│ces. │ - ├──────────────┼───────┼─────╫───────┼─────╫──────┼─────╫───────┼─────┤ - │Length on │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ outer border│ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ of bone │ 170│ 100║ 120│ 100║ 152│ 100║ 185±│ 100│ - │Side-to-side │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ width of │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ upper │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ articular │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ surface │ 36│ 21.2║ 23│ 19.2║ 23│ 15.1║ 37.5│ 20.3│ - │Fore-and-aft │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ width of │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ upper │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ articular │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ surface │ 30.5│ 17.4║ 20│ 16.7║ 21│ 13.8║ 37.5│ 20.3│ - │Side-to-side │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ width, at │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ middle of │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ length │ 23│ 13.5║ 15│ 12.5║ 14│ 9.2║ 19.0│ 10.3│ - │Fore-and-aft │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ width at │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ middle of │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ length │ 17.5│ 10.3║ 11.5│ 9.1║ 13│ 8.6║ 20.0│ 10.8│ - │Side-to-side │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ width at │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ lower end │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ just above │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ epiphysis │ 38│ 22.4║ 27│ 22.5║ 27│ 17.8║ 35.0│ 19.5│ - │Side-to-side │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ width across│ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ lower │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ articular │ │ ║ │ ║ │ ║ │ │ - │ surface │ 41│ 24.1║ 27.2│ 22.5║ 25│ 16.4║ │ │ - └──────────────┴───────┴─────╨───────┴─────╨──────┴─────╨───────┴─────┘ - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 13.—Metatarsal of undetermined species of Ovis? From Kendall - County, Illinois. -] - -From Alton, the U. S. National Museum has come into possession of a -collection which furnishes 15 species of fossil mammals. This was made -some time before 1883 by Hon. William McAdams, of Alton. It was briefly -mentioned by him at the Minneapolis meeting of the American Association -for the Advancement of Science in 1883 (Proceedings, vol. XXII, p. 268). -Apparently the collection was secured for the U. S. Geological Survey by -Professor O. C. Marsh and remained at Yale University until after his -death. The species were described by the writer in 1920 (Proc. U. S. -Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 109–117). This collection seemed especially -valuable because the species were found inclosed in supposed nodules of -loess. In our country the loess has furnished few such remains. The -following is the list of the species as determined. Those marked by a -dagger are extinct. - - †Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). - †Equus sp. indet. (p. 187). - †Platygonus cumberlandensis? (p. 219). - †Sangamona fugitiva. - †Cervalces roosevelti?. - †Rangifer muscatinensis? (p. 246). - †Taurotragus americanus. - †Symbos cavifrons (p. 254). - †Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). - †Mammut americanum (p. 102). - Castor canadensis. - Marmota monax. - †Castoroides ohioensis (p. 279). - Geomys bursarius. - Ursus americanus. - -Of these 15 species at least two-thirds are now extinct. This large -number might appear to indicate that the time of their existence was -rather early in the Pleistocene. However, it is quite certain that the -loess belongs somewhere about the middle of the Pleistocene; and there -are no species that require an earlier date. - -After the writer’s descriptions of the fossils had been published, an -important paper on the geology of the locality was issued (Jour. Geol., -vol. XXIX, 1921, pp. 505–514) by Professor Morris M. Leighton, who had -been commissioned by the Illinois Geological Survey to visit and study -the deposits involved. With the aid of Mr. John D. Adams, son of the -collector of the mammalian fossils, Professor Leighton succeeded in -finding the quarry in which most of the fossils had been collected. - -At one quarry in Alton Professor Leighton obtained the following -geological section, the description of which is here somewhat abridged: - - _Feet._ - Soil loessial, dark brown, leached 1 - Loess, brown above, grading below into buff, leached 4 to 5 - feet, maximum thickness 20 - Loess distinctly more reddish than that above; many fossil - snails, thickness about 30 - Glacial till, reddish, with pebbles of Canadian rocks; more - oxidized than overlying loess; thickness 1–3 - Mississippian limestone, about 100 - -The concretions which hold the mammalian fossils were found to lie -between the upper surface of the till and the overlying loess; -occasionally a concretion bears a drift pebble. The concretions have -resulted from the lime which in solution was brought down from the loess -and again precipitated so as to cement the loess materials around the -fossils. - -Professor Leighton was not able to determine definitely the ages of the -till and of the two deposits of loess. As to the till, its geographic -location suggested that it belonged to the Illinoian, but it had many of -the characteristics of the Kansan. The latter is believed to be present -at St. Louis and other localities not far away. Before the overlying -reddish loess had been deposited the till had suffered weathering and -erosion, indicating a considerable lapse of time had intervened. The -lower reddish loess presented many evidences that it is a deposit -distinct from the upper buff loess; and there seemed to be some -indications of at least a short interval between them. Leighton’s -conclusion was as follows: - -If the drift is Kansan in age, the reddish loess may be Sangamon; if, on -the other hand, the drift be Illinoian, the reddish loess probably is -Peorian. It is unlike any Peorian loess of which the writer knows, but -the color does not necessarily preclude that possibility. - -As to the upper loess, Leighton thought it might be of early Peorian -age, but possibly of early Wisconsin. However, his final conclusion was -thus expressed: - - “If the till proves to be Kansan in age, the weathering of the drift - may be credited to the Yarmouth interglacial epoch, the mammalian - fauna to late Illinoian or early Sangamon times, the reddish loess - probably to the Sangamon, and the buff loess to the Iowan.... - However this may be, the Illinoian and Sangamon epochs are - post-mid-Pleistocene from the standpoint of duration of the - Pleistocene and the fauna represented by the McAdams collection may - be regarded as post-mid-Pleistocene.” - - - WISCONSIN. - -The greater part of this State is covered by the drift-sheet which has -derived its name from the State, but in the southwestern corner is a -considerable tract which has never been subjected to glacial action. A -small part of this area extends southward into Illinois and another part -into northeastern Iowa. In Wisconsin it reaches eastward to Baraboo. -East of this driftless area is a tract lying along the southern border -of the State and reaching eastward about to 88° 40′ longitude, which is -covered by the Illinoian drift. - -The most detailed geological survey of any part of Wisconsin, so far as -regards the Pleistocene, is that made by Dr. W. C. Alden, of the U. S. -Geological Survey, of the area comprised between the boundary of the -State on the south and 44 degrees of latitude on the north and between -Lake Michigan on the east and 90 degrees of longitude on the west. On -the western side it joins the Mineral Point Quadrangle, to be mentioned -further along. There is, therefore, a wide strip surveyed across the -whole State. The area treated by Alden is, of course, nearly entirely -covered by Wisconsin drift. In the southwestern corner a considerable -part of the driftless region is included. East of this, as already -stated, is a tract which the Wisconsin ice-sheet did not reach and which -shows Illinoian ground moraine and some terminal moraines of Illinoian -drift. This narrows as it approaches its eastward limit. - -Alden (p. 166) informs us that at no place in the area subjected to -vigorous glaciation by the Wisconsin ice-sheet had soils or vegetal -deposits been found between the Wisconsin drift and the earlier drifts. -At several places, however, deposits have been discovered which probably -belong to earlier glacial stages. Just outside the area mapped by Alden, -in Calumet and Outagamie Counties, Lawson (Bull. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc., -vol. II, pp. 170–173) has recorded the discovery of much wood and other -vegetable matter. Baker (“Life of the Pleistocene,” p. 317) has referred -the deposits to the Sangamon. These interglacial deposits of uncertain -age need not be here noted further. In this Wisconsin area some remains -of mastodons and elephants have been met with, but all are relics of a -time after the partial or complete recession of the Wisconsin glacier. -Remains of two individuals of _Elephas primigenius_ have been found in -Milwaukee (p. 143). It is evident that they lived there after the -withdrawal of the Wisconsin ice-sheet. One of these was buried beneath -peat and clay at a depth of 10 feet or more and at a level of about 100 -feet above the present level of Lake Michigan. - -At Dover, in Racine County, in 1878, a proboscidean tusk and some bones -were found in a peat-bog. They have been identified as those of a -mastodon, but of this one can not be certain. The age of the deposits is -that of the Late Wisconsin stage, after the withdrawal from that -vicinity of the ice, but how long after one can not say. The Milwaukee -Public Museum has a tooth of a mastodon (p. 111), labeled as found at -Waukesha. Its geological age is that of the other remains here referred -to. In the collection of the University of Wisconsin is a large vertebra -of a proboscidean which was found in Lake Monona. Its time of burial -must have been late Wisconsin. Inasmuch as no remains of vertebrate -animals have yet been found in Wisconsin, in the area covered by the -Illinoian drift, it is not necessary to dwell on this region. It is not -certain that there is beneath it a still older drift; but there are, -according to Alden, some indications of such deposits. - -For a knowledge of the driftless area, first of all, may be consulted -the report made by Chamberlin and Salisbury in 1885 (6th Ann. Rep. U. S. -Geol. Surv., pp. 199–322, with plates). Alden’s work above referred to -maps a part of the region. Grant and Burchard have studied the geology -of the Lancaster and Mineral Point Quadrangles (Folio U. S. Geol. Surv. -145). Their text-figure 1 is here reproduced, inasmuch as it shows the -relation of the region to the surrounding glaciated areas (fig. 14). The -topographical map of Folio 145 and that of Chamberlin and Salisbury will -show the uneven character of the surface. This has resulted from the -erosion undergone during the whole of the Pleistocene. Much of the area -is covered with a coating of loess. Along Mississippi River this may be -as much as 10 feet thick, but at a distance of from 30 to 40 miles it -becomes reduced to a few inches. Considering this erosion, one might -conclude that few vertebrate remains would be preserved; nevertheless -they are not wholly missing. - -In 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, p. 136), J. D. Whitney stated -that he had found in a crevice at Blue Mounds, Wisconsin, remains of the -mastodon (p. 111), a peccary (p. 219), bones and teeth of a buffalo (p. -270), and a wolf which he referred with doubt to _Canis latrans_. The -depth was uncertain, but it may have been as much as 40 feet. The -fossils were embedded in reddish clayey loam, the usual crevice earth. -On page 422 of the same volume, Jeffries Wyman referred the wolf remains -to two distinct species, _Canis occidentalis_ and _C. latrans_. In 1876, -Dr. J. A. Allen (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. XI, pp. 47–49) described -from the same lot of bones the species _C. mississippiensis_. This -apparently did not include jaws and teeth that Wyman had referred to _C. -occidentalis_. In Wyman’s paper, on page 422, he assigned three teeth to -_Dicotyles torquatus_, an existing peccary, without stating that it had -been found at Blue Mounds. In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. -2, vol. VII, p. 384), Leidy referred this peccary to his _Dicotyles -lenis_, an extinct species. Inasmuch as the peccaries found at Galena -were identified by Leidy (Whitney, vol. cit., p. 424) as _Platygonus -compressus_ (p. 218), it appears pretty certain the _Dicotyles lenis_ -(_Tagassu lenis_) was among the fossils collected at Blue Mounds (p. -219). It must, however, be kept in mind that Whitney, on page 35, stated -that he had collected bones and teeth of the same animal near Dubuque, -Iowa. Allen regarded the buffalo as belonging to an extinct species; but -it is really undeterminable. Accordingly there may be credited to this -locality the following species: _Tagassu lenis_, _Bison_ sp. indet., -_Mammut americanum_, _Canis nubilus_ (_C. occidentalis_), _C. -mississippiensis_, _C. latrans_. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 14.—Relation of driftless region of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois - to glaciated areas. From Grant and Burchard. Unshaded area - represents driftless region. -] - -In Whitney’s report, on page 133, he announced the finding of a large -quantity of bones of mastodons at Sinsinawa Mound (p. 111), but he did -not know at what depth they occurred. It seems probable that they had -been met with in one or more crevices. - -It seems probable that the animals found in crevices in the lead region -of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa belong approximately to one geological -stage of the Pleistocene. The following appears to include all known to -have occurred in such situations: - - Megalonyx jeffersonii?. - Platygonus compressus. - Tagassu lenis. - Odocoileus virginianus?. - Cervus canadensis. - C. whitneyi. - Antilocapra americana. - Bison sp. indet. - Mammut americanum. - Marmota monax. - Microtus sp. indet. - Geomys bursarius. - Sylvilagus floridanus? (Lepus sylvaticus). - Anomodon snyderi. - Procyon priscus. - Canis nubilus (C. occidentalis). - C. mississippiensis. - C. latrans. - -The writer was at one time inclined to believe that these animals -belonged to the time succeeding the withdrawal of the Wisconsin -ice-sheet. Baker (“Life of the Pleistocene,” p. 353) thinks that they -belong probably to the Peorian, inasmuch as the region is covered by -Iowan loess, beneath which many of the bones have been found. It is -quite probable that those crevices were open during at least some part -of the Pleistocene and that animal remains collected in them. The -fossils are reported as being sometimes inclosed in a matrix of cave or -fissure materials which are cemented together by iron. The considerable -number of extinct species, certainly 7 out of about 18, makes it -probable that the fauna is not so recent as the Late Wisconsin. - -It appears to be determined that the Iowan loess was formed immediately -after the retirement of the Iowan ice-sheet. It might, therefore, be a -question whether all of these animals might have got into those crevices -in time to be covered in by the loess. On the other hand, the Illinoian -drift was, for a long time, exposed to weathering and erosion before the -Iowan drift and loess were laid down. Also, the Sangamon interval was -probably much longer than the Peorian, so that the chances for the -accumulation of the fossils were greater. It seems, however, that we can -only say that the fossils are post-Illinoian and probably pre-Wisconsin. - -Besides the vertebrate fossils referred to above, a few others, -especially mastodons (pp. 110, 111), have been found at other places, -but so little is known of the conditions of their interment that they -furnish little geological information. - -A very interesting region is found in the western part of the State, in -Dunn and Pepin Counties. This has been examined with great care by Dr. -Samuel Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin. About Menomonie there are -several brickyards, whose excavations furnish opportunities for studying -the formations at that point. Sections of one of these brickyards are -described and illustrated by Dr. E. R. Buckley, in Bulletin VII, part 1 -(1901), page 194, plate XXXVII. A section and brief description is found -also in a paper by Dr. Hussakof (Jour. Geol., vol. XXIV, p. 688). In -that region are found outwash gravels which have been definitely -correlated by Weidman with Iowan drift. In some places this is overlain -by loess. These gravels vary from 10 to 20 feet in thickness at -Menomonie. Beneath the gravels are found lacustrine clays varying in -thickness from 20 to 40 and even 60 feet. These are stratified and -consist of layers from 1 to 12 inches in thickness, with intervening -thin layers of sand. Toward the bottom the sand increases in amount. -Beneath the clay-bearing formation is a bed of sand attaining a maximum -thickness of about 150 feet. This is underlain by coarse sand and -gravel. The lacustrine clays and the underlying sands and gravels are -included by Weidman in his Menomonie formation, and this is believed by -him to be of Sangamon interglacial age. In northwestern Wisconsin are -found other glacial deposits believed to belong to the Illinoian drift -epoch. - -In the lacustrine clay at Menomonie have been found remains of the great -lake trout, _Cristivomer namaycush_ (Hussakof, as cited above), of a -deer (p. 230), a caribou (p. 247), and probably a mastodon. The deer is -represented by a single vertebra, identified by Dr. W. D. Matthew. The -supposed mastodon is indicated by the distal end of the right femur, the -caribou by an antler of a young and probably female individual and by -the shaft of a large individual. - -At Woodville, in St. Croix County, about 20 miles west of Menomonie, has -been found a forest bed regarded as belonging to the Aftonian. This was -described by Arthur Koehler (Amer. Forestry, vol. XXVI, Feb. 1916, p. -92, 3 figs.). Wood was found that was identified as that of spruce. - -In 1913 (Science, n. s., vol. XXXVII, p. 457), in a brief abstract, -Weidman reported that in Wisconsin he recognized drift deposits of -Wisconsin, Iowan, and Kansan ages and another still older. No localities -were mentioned, but his statements were doubtless based mostly on his -work in the western part of the State. The loess was found to be laid -down after the Iowan and before the Wisconsin. Interglacial deposits -were found between the Kansan and the Iowan. - -In 1905 (Jour. Geol., vol. VIII, pp. 238–256) and in 1910 (Jour. Geol. -vol. XVIII, pp. 542–548), Dr. R. L. Chamberlain presented the results of -his investigations on the “Pleistocene Geology of the St. Croix Region -in Western Wisconsin.” His conclusion (p. 548) was that in that part of -the State there were present (1) a surface mantle of gray Wisconsin -drift deposited by a glacier from the Keewatin center; (2) red Wisconsin -drift deposited by a glacier coming from the Labrador center; (3) a red -drift left by an ice invasion from the Labrador center, its age -consistent with Illinoian; (4) a grayish-black till that had come from -the Keewatin center and whose age was probably Kansan. - - - MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. - -For obvious reasons the Pleistocene geology of the District of Columbia -is considered in connection with that of Maryland. This region is of -especial interest, because of the long time and the care which has been -bestowed on it by geologists and because the conclusions reached have -been applied to the geological study of States both toward the north and -toward the south. - -The most complete exposition of the Pleistocene geology of the region is -to be found in the volume of the Maryland Geological Survey entitled -“Pliocene and Pleistocene,” published in 1906. The geological treatise -itself was written by George Burbank Shattuck and is illustrated by many -maps and text-figures. Included in this is a bibliography of the subject -which occupies 17 pages. There is a chapter by W. B. Clark, Arthur -Hollick, and F. A. Lucas, on the interpretation of the palæontological -criteria; another by F. A. Lucas on the mastodons and the elephants. The -Pleistocene mollusks found in the State, 40 species, were described and -figured by W. B. Clark; while the plants, also nearly 40 in number, were -described and figured by Arthur Hollick. - -The history of the development of our present knowledge of the geology -of Maryland and the classification of its formations up to 1906 is given -by Shattuck in the volume just cited (pp. 25–40). This geologist -recognized in the superficial deposits of the State five formations -(fig. 15). These are, beginning with the oldest, Lafayette, Sunderland, -Wicomico, Talbot, and Recent. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 15.—Diagram showing the ideal arrangement of the supposed - terraces in the Maryland Coastal Plain. From Shattuck. -] - -The Lafayette is regarded as having been laid down during the Pliocene. -The Sunderland, Wicomico, and Talbot form three terraces, of which the -Sunderland is the oldest, most elevated, and farthest away from the -larger bodies of water. It is composed of clay, peat, gravel, and -boulders supposed to have been brought in by the ice. The coarser -materials appear to occupy usually the lower parts of the formation. The -elevation near Washington is about 200 feet, but southward it descends -gently, until in St. Mary’s County it is only about 60 feet. The -thickness varies from about 80 feet to nothing. According to Shattuck, -at the time of deposition of the Sunderland the coast was depressed to -an extent of about 200 feet, so that its materials were laid down either -in salt water or in that of wide estuaries. No deposits belonging to it -have been found in the eastern peninsula. In the western peninsula -considerable areas are recognized along the Potomac up to Washington and -along the Patuxent and Chesapeake Bay to Baltimore and Elkton. Except in -the southern part of this peninsula, the Sunderland is found only in -widely separated patches. No marine organisms are known to have left -their remains in the Sunderland, but forest trees of a number of -existing genera and several extinct species have been described by -Hollick in the volume cited. - -The Wicomico formation is described as occupying a large portion of the -central and higher parts of the eastern peninsula; in the western it -forms a narrow and often interrupted fringe around the Sunderland. North -of Washington and Annapolis it occurs only in patches. Its materials are -very similar to those of the Sunderland. Its greatest elevation is about -100 feet above sea-level, and this, according to Shattuck’s view, marks -the amount of depression of the land at that time. The thickness may be -as much as 70 feet, but is usually much less. No marine fossils proper -to the period have been discovered in the deposits, but at a point in -Prince George’s County plant remains have been found in a deposit about -20 feet thick. - -The Talbot formation forms a fringe, sometimes of great width, sometimes -narrow or interrupted, along all the large bodies of water in this State -and in Delaware. It is the lowest of the terraces. The greatest -elevation is about 45 feet; the thickness does not exceed 40 feet. The -materials noted are those of the other two formations—clay, peat, sand, -gravel, and ice-borne boulders. At several points along Chesapeake Bay -and on the lower part of Patuxent and Potomac rivers, deposits -containing plant remains have been discovered, including pines, cypress, -hickory, beech, elm, and black locust. In contrast with the other -formations, the Talbot has furnished many marine fossils, mostly -mollusks; but in all cases the localities are close to the present -coast. - -The writer does not accept the theory that the materials forming what -have been called the Sunderland, Wicomico, and Talbot terraces have been -to any great extent laid down in the sea. Some part of the Talbot, that -lying near the present coast, has undoubtedly had such an origin. Nor -has the Coastal Plain suffered, so far as is determinable, any such -amount of depression as the theory mentioned requires. The materials of -the Sunderland and Wicomico have, in the writer’s opinion, been brought -down by rivers whose beds lay at levels nearly as high as those of the -real or supposed terraces. When the Talbot materials were laid down, the -rivers and estuaries of the coast had been cut down nearly to their -present levels, and this was not long after the beginning of the -Pleistocene. - -The authors of the submergence theory admit that no satisfactory -evidence of the presence of marine organisms, vertebrate or -invertebrate, are to be found in the body of the assumed terraces, -except again in parts of the Talbot which immediately border the ocean -or the great estuaries. It is almost inconceivable that the ocean could -occupy the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to Mexico for thousands of -years and lay down great thicknesses of clay, sand, and gravel without -having left somewhere beds of molluscan shells in such situations that -they would have been discovered. While these marine fossils are lacking, -there are found on all these terraces from Maryland to Florida and to -the Rio Grande an abundance of land vertebrates such as elephants, -mastodons, horses, camels, peccaries, and many other forms. Nor do our -palæobotanists have difficulty in finding oaks, walnuts, hickories, -poplars, etc. On the theory of submergence there are missing all the -things that ought to be found and there are met with just the things -that would not be expected. - -A figure is here reproduced (fig. 15) from the Maryland Pliocene and -Pleistocene volume, page 66, with the explanation there accompanying it. -The reader may judge for himself whether the sea could occupy the -Atlantic coast since Pliocene times without leaving any traces of marine -fossils, while at the same time there were preserved in those terraces -remains of land animals and land vegetation. - -Another section (fig. 16) is reproduced from Folio 179 of the U. S. -Geological Survey, the authors of which are G. W. Stose and C. K. -Swartz. The uppermost terraces are by these authors supposed to belong -to the late Pliocene, the formation formerly known as the Lafayette. -These figures suggest that the one set of terraces have some connections -with the other set. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 16.—Section across Potomac River near Big Pool, Maryland. Shows - gravel-covered terraces. Folio 179, U. S. Geol. Survey. -] - -Beginning at the southern extremity of Maryland, we notice the -occurrence of remains of _Mammut americanum_ at or near St. Mary’s City. -Other remains of the same animal have been secured near St. Clements in -St. Mary’s County (p. 112). Both of the localities are situated on -territory mapped by Shattuck as Wicomico; but as remarked on page 112, -our knowledge of the conditions under which the fossils were found is -not sufficient to allow us to say more than that they belong to the -Pleistocene. The species existed from early to late Pleistocene and can -not be used to determine the age of the deposits. - -Along Patuxent River, in Charles County, not far from Benedict, Cope -(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 155) recognized jaws and teeth -of _Grison macrodon_ and of _Tagassu lenis_ (p. 220). Both are extinct -species. - -According to Shattuck’s map of 1906, this region is covered by the -Talbot formation; but inasmuch as the species named were obtained from -pits furnishing Miocene marl, one can not be sure that they are not -older than the supposed Talbot. It would probably require a search in -the land records in order to determine exactly where the objects were -found. The presence of _Elephas primigenius_ suggests that this animal -had been pushed down here during one of the glacial stages. - -Nearly a hundred years ago an elephant tooth (p. 154) was found -somewhere in Queen Anne County, but it would probably be now impossible -to determine the locality. In case the elephant tooth was found near -Chesapeake Bay, as is very probable, there is no record of any -Pleistocene vertebrate having been found in the central and eastern -parts of the eastern peninsula. - -In the eastern peninsula remains of Pleistocene vertebrates have been -recorded from only two localities, Oxford Neck, Talbot County, and an -undetermined locality in Queen Anne County. From Oxford Neck, Cope -(Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, 1869, p. 178) reported _Elephas -primigenius_, _E. columbi_, _Cervus canadensis_, _Odocoileus -virginianus_, _Chelydra serpentina_, and _Terrapene eurypygia_. - -At Chesapeake Beach, William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, -discovered a few remains of Pleistocene vertebrates. One of these is a -tooth of an undetermined species of _Bison_, probably not the existing -one. Another species is probably _Equus leidyi_ (p. 189). Three teeth -appear to represent the peccary _Tagassu lenis_ (p. 220). In 1921, Dr. -Adolph H. Schultz, of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, presented to the -U. S. National Museum another specimen of _T. lenis_ which he had found -at Chesapeake Beach. Inasmuch as the fossils were picked up after having -fallen from their resting-place, it is impossible to say to which -formation they belonged. In the opinion of the writer, none of the three -species indicates a late Pleistocene time. - -On the opposite side of the western peninsula, at Marshall Hall, Charles -County, there was found long ago a tooth which the writer refers to -_Equus leidyi_. - -Coming north into the District of Columbia, we find recorded the -discovery of remains of horses and possibly at two different times. -According to Darton’s work (Folio 70, U. S. Geol. Surv.), there is some -later Columbia laid down along the route of the Chesapeake and Potomac -Canal above Georgetown. This would now doubtless be regarded as -belonging to the Talbot. It seems to follow that either the Talbot is -much older than has been supposed or that some of the extinct horses -continued on until a comparatively late time in the Pleistocene. - -Within the limits of the city of Washington there has been found a tooth -of probably _Elephas primigenius_ at a depth of 35 feet, in the Wicomico -formation (see p. 178). On any theory of the origin of the terraces, the -presence of the tooth at that depth in the ground and at that elevation -appears to indicate a considerable geological age for the animal. To -what extent materials may have been washed down from the surrounding -higher land may be difficult to determine. - -In Prince George County, near Mitchellville, have been found two teeth -of an extinct horse (p. 188). These are as yet unidentified. They are in -the U. S. National Museum, No. 8813. - -Near Towson, in Baltimore County, a mastodon tooth has been found (p. -112); but beyond proving that there is at that locality some Pleistocene -deposit, it gives us little information. - -In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 96–109), the writer -described a collection of vertebrate fossils, collected in a cave or -fissure in limestone at Cavetown, Washington County, by anthropologists -from Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. The following is the list -of species that were found in the collection: - - Crotalus horridus. - *Equus complicatus (p. 189). - *Equus giganteus? (p. 189). - *Mylohyus nasutus (p. 220). - *M. exortivus (p. 220). - *M. obtusidens, n. sp. (p. 220). - *Platygonus tetragonus? (p. 220). - *P. vetus? (p. 220). - *P. cumberlandensis (p. 220). - *Sangamona fugitiva. - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 231). - *Elephas columbi? - *Sciurus tenuidens, n. sp. - S. hudsonicus. - S. carolinensis. - Marmota monax. - Castor canadensis. - Ondatra zibethica. - Neotoma magister. - Microtus pennsylvanicus. - Erethizon dorsatum. - Sylvilagus floridanus. - Ursus americanus. - *Smilodontopsis mooreheadi. - Felis couguar. - -Of the 22 species here recognized 12 are extinct. This large number of -itself indicates that their time of existence was not recent. Similarly, -the presence of 2 species of horses, several species of peccaries, and -of a saber-tooth tiger points to a rather ancient period. The writer -believes that the assemblage belongs to the Sangamon stage of the -Pleistocene. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 17.—Generalized section across the Allegheny Valley at Parkers - Landing, West Virginia, showing various stages of erosion and valley - fill. U. S. Geol. Surv. Folio 178. -] - -In Washington County, probably along Lane’s Creek, was found, in digging -a mill-race, the skull of a mastodon (p. 112). Further east, near Clear -Spring, and about a mile above the entrance of Conococheague Creek into -the Potomac, was discovered a tooth of a mastodon (p. 113). This had -been washed out of some deposit along this creek, probably not far away -from where it was found. As Stose has shown (Hancock Folio, No. 179, U. -S. Geol. Surv.), along the Potomac and its tributary streams there are -extensive Pleistocene deposits of sand and gravel, laid down when the -river was as much as 200 feet above its present level. It is probable -that such deposits date from the early Pleistocene (fig. 17). A more -important locality for Pleistocene vertebrates is that near -Corriganville, about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, Maryland. The -cave is in Allegany County, west of Wills Creek and south of Jennings -Run, about 0.5 mile south of the village of Corriganville. An account of -this locality, with a list of the species determined up to that time, -has been published by Gidley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XLVI, 1913, -pp. 93–102). In cutting through a spur of limestone in making a -railroad, at a depth of about 100 feet there was exposed a cave or -fissure which contained many bones and teeth. Gidley secured some -hundreds of specimens belonging to about 35 species. Unfortunately -nothing has been published which shows the relation of this cave to the -terraces which are found along Potomac River and its tributaries. -Through the kind offices of Mr. F. S. Rowe, welfare agent of the Western -Maryland Railway, the writer has received from the division engineer, -Mr. P. Cain, of Cumberland, a topographic map of Allegany County and a -profile of the road extending through the rock cut. From these it -appears that the level of the track, at the fissure, is 837 feet above -sea-level. This seems, therefore, to be considerably above the highest -terrace along the Potomac in that region. It is to be supposed that the -fissure was formed long before the animal remains accumulated in it. - -In a paper published in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, pp. -651–678, plates LIV, LV, text-figs. 1–10) Gidley added to his former -list four species of peccaries, as follows: _Platygonus -cumberlandensis_, _P. intermedius_, _Mylohyus exortivus_ (all new), and -_M. pennsylvanicus_. In another communication he reported also a deer, a -wolverine, a beaver, a lynx, a badger, a marten, an eland, and a -crocodile or an alligator (Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1918, pp. 281–287). -Many of the identifications are merely provisional. - - - _Provisional list of fossils found near Corriganville._ - - - 1. Alligator or Crocodylus sp. indet. - - 2. Blarina brevicauda?. - - 3. Vespertilio grandis. - - 4. Vespertilio sp. indet. - - 5. Myotis sp. indet. - - 6. Ursus vitabilis. - - 7. Ursus americanus?. - - 8. Canis armbrusteri. - - 9. Canis sp. indet. - - 10. Vulpes? sp. indet. - - 11. Mustela vison?. - - 12. Gulo luscus?. - - 13. Taxidea sp. indet. - - 14. Lynx sp. indet. - - 15. Mammut americanum. - - 16. Equus sp. indet. (p. 189). - - 17. Tapirus haysii? (p. 204). - - 18. Platygonus cumberlandensis (p. 220) - - 19. P. intermedius (p. 220). - - 20. P. vetus? (p. 220). - - 21. Mylohyus exortivus (p. 220). - - 22. M. pennsylvanicus (p. 220). - - 23. Odocoileus sp. indet. - - 24. Taurotragus americanus. - - 25. Ochotona princeps?. - - 26. Lepus americanus?. - - 27. Lepus sp. indet. - - 28. Sciurus hudsonicus. - - 29. Sciuropterus alpinus?. - - 30. Marmota monax?. - - 31. Castor sp. indet. - - 32. Neotoma sp. indet. - - 33. Microtus chrotorrhinus?. - - 34. Synaptomys borealis?. - - 35. Synaptomys sp. indet. - - 36. Peromyscus leucopus?. - - 37. Napæozapus sp. indet. - - 38. Erethizon sp. nov. - -On account of the present unstudied condition of the collection, it is -difficult to reach conclusions that are satisfactory. It appears, -however, that there are at least 6 hitherto undescribed species, -one-fifth of the whole number. Another 6, if at all correctly -determined, indicate a wide removal from their ranges of the present -day. _Lepus americanus_ now lives well toward the north, coming down to -Saginaw, Michigan. _Ochotona princeps_ lives in the Rocky Mountains of -British America. _Synaptomys borealis_ is known only from the region -about Great Bear Lake, Mackenzie, Canada. _Microtus chrotorrhinus_ has -its habitat in Quebec and the northeastern United States. The species of -_Napæozapus_ are Canadian in their range, but descend to southeastern -Maryland and to North Carolina in the mountains. _Sciuropterus alpinus_ -is found from Alaska to Hudson Bay, but descends on the Pacific coast to -southern California. This northern habitat of so many supposed species -suggests that the fissure received its contents during one of the -glacial stages, and this may be the case. However, it is not unlikely -that these species and some others are really undescribed ones. One may -reasonably expect to find in a fauna containing _Equus_ and _Tapirus_ a -much higher percentage of extinct species than Gidley has recorded. - -The most remarkable member of the fauna is _Taurotragus americanus_, a -species closely related to the eland of southern Africa (Gidley, Smiths. -Misc. Coll., vol. LX, No. 27). Its presence in western Maryland gives a -vivid impression of the widely extended journey that some animals have -made from one continent to others. The same species has since been found -in collections made at Alton, Illinois (p. 339), and at Kimmswick, -Missouri (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 113). - -According to the author’s views, the fauna found at Cumberland, like -that of localities in western Virginia, belongs to a time somewhere -about the middle of the Pleistocene. Most of the species may be supposed -to have lived there during the warm Sangamon stage; others, as the -wolverine, at a somewhat earlier or later time when the climate was -cooler. - - - VIRGINIA. - -For the student of Pleistocene vertebrate palæontology, as for the -geologist, Virginia may be divided into three physiographic regions, the -Coastal Plain, the Piedmont Plateau, and the Appalachian Mountains. The -line which divides the Coastal Plain from the Piedmont Plateau begins at -the southern boundary of the State, at about 77° 31′ longitude. The -towns on or not far from this nearly north-and-south line are Emporia, -Petersburg, Richmond, Hanover, and Fredericksburg. Near the latter the -line inclines slightly eastward and passes a few miles west of -Alexandria and Washington, D. C. The Coastal Plain is much less elevated -than the region west of it and consists of deposits of Mesozoic or -Cenozoic age, and much of it is covered by Pleistocene materials. The -Plateau region is elevated and consists mostly of Palæozoic rocks, -mostly metamorphosed into a crystalline condition. The Appalachian -region presents nearly parallel ranges of mountains and intervening -valleys. - -For a knowledge of the Pleistocene geology of the Coastal Plain the -reader should consult Bulletin iv, 1912, of the Virginia Geological -Survey. The authors who discuss the physiography and geology of this -region are William B. Clark and Benjamin L. Miller. On pages 19 to 45 -they present a very full bibliography of the geological literature -pertaining to this region. Additional valuable assistance may be -obtained from the various folios issued by the United States Geological -Survey, but unfortunately not many species of vertebrate animals have -been found on this Coastal Plain of Virginia. - -In Bulletin IV, already mentioned, Clark and Miller recognize the -presence of three terraces belonging to the Pleistocene. To these are -given the names applied in Maryland and North Carolina to what are -regarded as equivalent terraces. The oldest of these, most elevated and -farthest from the coast, is the Sunderland; eastward of this lies the -Wicomico; the Talbot is the youngest and lowest and borders the coast. -Unfortunately, the geologists referred to did not map the areas occupied -individually or collectively by these terraces. They accept the theory -that these terraces were laid down in the sea. It is admitted, -nevertheless, that no marine fossils are found in deposits of the -Sunderland and Wicomico. In the Talbot, 26 species of marine mollusks -have been reported from Talbot deposits of the Dismal Swamp Canal, all -regarded as belonging to living species. It will be recollected that -Woolman (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 414), in a study of -mollusks collected in the Dismal Swamp Canal, found 7 extinct species in -a collection of 49 species, equal to about 16 per cent. It is, however, -not unlikely that the collections had been dredged up from deeper -deposits. - -In Bulletin V of the Virginia Geological Survey, on page 25, Sanford -stated that the Talbot had a width of 30 miles at the south. On -consulting Stephenson’s map of the superficial formations of the Coastal -Plain in North Carolina (North Carolina Geol. Surv., vol. III, plate -XIII) it will be seen that this corresponds quite exactly with the width -of the Pamlico formation at that line. For the writer’s views on the -terraces named the reader may consult page 346 on the geology of -Maryland. - -On page 113 is recorded the discovery of a tooth of a mastodon in a -marsh near Disputanta, in Prince George’s County. Not enough is known -about the geology of the region to say more than that the deposit -belongs to the Pleistocene. - -About 6 miles east of Williamsburg, a little more than 100 years ago, -remains which pretty certainly belonged to the genus _Mammut_ and -probably to the species _M. americanum_ (p. 113) were discovered, said -to have been found on the banks of York River; but by this was probably -meant the banks of the flood-plain. The bones were found in marsh mud -and were surrounded by roots of cypress trees. The adjacent bank was 20 -feet higher than this level. The topographical map of the Williamsburg -Quadrangle shows that an abrupt rise of this amount is to be found only -about 10 miles away from the river. Whether the cypress roots were those -of trees that had grown within recent years or whether they were remains -of a Pleistocene forest, such as was exposed at Tappahannock, Essex -County (Bull. IV, p. 186), the writer does not know. The information at -hand about this case does not make it possible to pronounce on the -geological age of the mastodon. - -On page 28 an account is given of the discovery of a skull of a walrus -on the Atlantic coast of Virginia, at Accomac. It had doubtless been -washed up by the sea from a Pleistocene deposit. It is easiest to -suppose that the walrus had been driven southward along the coast during -the Wisconsin glacial stage; but possibly this happened during an -earlier glacial time. - -No vertebrate fossils of Pleistocene age appear to have come to light -anywhere on the Piedmont Plateau, and little or nothing is known about -its Pleistocene geology. - -From the geological surveys we get little information about the -Pleistocene formations of the Appalachian region. At most, mention is -made of soils of undetermined age along the streams; and yet from this -region have been obtained a very considerable number of Pleistocene -vertebrates. - -From Mr. Wyndham Robinson, of Abingdon, Washington County, the U. S. -National Museum received in 1869 a tooth of _Mammut americanum_ (p. 113) -and one of _Equus complicatus_ (p. 189). Nothing has been learned -regarding the conditions under which they were unearthed. The -horse-tooth points to an age preceding the Wisconsin drift. - -From Saltville, in Smyth County, the following forms have been obtained: - - Crocodylus sp. indet. - Megalonyx dissimilis (p. 34). - Equus sp. indet. (p. 190). - Odocoileus? sp. indet. (p. 231). - Cervalces sp. indet. - Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). - Mammut americanum (p. 113). - Elephas primigenius (p. 145). - -That a crocodile should have lived in this region during the Pleistocene -is remarkable. _Megalonyx dissimilis_ is otherwise known only from -Natchez, Mississippi, from deposits which appear to be of about -Illinoian or Sangamon age. The horse-tooth points to about this time or -earlier, while the other species do not contradict this conclusion. The -astragalus referred to _Odocoileus_ probably belongs to some other -genus. - -Mr. M. D. Mount sent to the U. S. National Museum remains of _Bison_ (p. -259), _Mammut americanum_ (p. 113), and _Elephas primigenius_ (p. 145). -These, he reported, had been found at a depth not greater than 8 feet in -excavating for the city reservoir. He has written that the valley of -Holston River at Saltville, within about 80 years, had been a lake, at -least at certain times of the year, and that the reservoir was excavated -at the margin of this low area. - -Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, 1917, pp. 469–474) -reported from this place the crocodile, the megalonyx, cervalces, the -supposed deer, the horse-tooth, and remains of mastodons. The bones were -found in a sink-hole, in a layer of coarse gravel, pebbles and -cobblestones, a fact indicating that a stream of some size had occupied -the place. Overlying this layer was one in which there were fragments of -large river shells. The bone layer appears to have been only about 4 -feet from the surface. Peterson concluded that at the close of the -Pleistocene or later the remains had been moved and redeposited from -some place not far away, but this would not affect the geological age of -the fossils and it is evident that remains of vertebrates are widely -dispersed in that valley. All the species reported are extinct, but only -large forms were secured. - -Professor Cope, probably in 1868, found the following 24 species. He did -not state the localities exactly, except that they were along New River, -in Wythe County. Two were on the land of Abraham Painter. The writer -applied to the surveyor of the county named and has been informed that -the farm which belonged to Abraham Painter is on New River, near the -town of Ivanhoe. The nomenclature of the species has been revised. The -species preceded by a dagger are extinct. - - †Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34). - Castor fiber. - Neotoma floridana? - Marmota monax. - Peromyscus leucopus. - †Tamias lævidens. - †Sciurus panolius. - Sylvilagus floridanus. - Blarina sp. indet. - Vespertilio sp. indet. - †Tapirus haysii (p. 204). - †Equus complicatus? (p. 190). - †Mylohyus nasutus (p. 221). - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 231). - †Bison sp. indet. (p. 260). - †Ursus amplidens. - Procyon lotor. - Spilogale putorius. - †Myxophagus spelæus. - Crotalus sp. indet. - Amyda sp. indet. - Terrapene sp. indet. - Cryptobranchus sp. indet. - -At least 9 of the 24 species are extinct. None of the recorded species -requires us to refer the deposit to early Pleistocene times. _Ursus -amplidens_ was described from the deposits at Natchez. This and _Tapirus -haysii_, _Equus complicatus_, and _Mylohyus nasutus_ point to middle -Pleistocene, apparently about to Illinoian or Sangamon times. - -Cope reported that the teeth and bones were found in a cave breccia. -This consisted of a number of irregular masses which occupied -“depressions and short galleries” in the southeast side of a line of -hills. When those masses were excavated from their beds the floor and -roof of a portion of a cave were exposed, with the stalactites, -stalagmites, and usual incrustations. It would appear, therefore, that -at some time in the early Pleistocene or in the late Pliocene the caves -had been formed through the effect of streams of carbonated waters on -the limestone; that in some way the bones and teeth of the animals -listed above had got into the cave; that by a change in the amount or -character of the water the caves had gradually filled up; and that -afterwards the limestone which contained these caves had undergone great -erosion. - -Further north, in the valley of Jackson River at Covington, there is -evidently a deposit of Pleistocene clay, for in it at a depth of 12 feet -was found a tooth of a mastodon (p. 114). Another mastodon tooth was -found near Hot Springs, at the head of Wilson Creek, in Bath County, -possibly in similar deposits (p. 114). In Augusta County an unidentified -species of horse (p. 190) and the peccary _Platygonus_ (p. 221) have -been discovered. - - - WEST VIRGINIA. - -So far as the writer has learned, vertebrate remains belonging to the -Pleistocene have been found in West Virginia in only eight places and -only seven species are represented: _Mammut americanum_ (p. 115), -_Elephas_ sp. indet. (p. 179), _Equus niobrarensis?_ (p. 190), _Symbos -cavifrons_ (p. 254), _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ (p. 34), _Odocoileus -virginianus?_ (p. 231), and a peccary (p. 221). The horse appears to -indicate an early Pleistocene time, possibly pre-Kansan, but all the -other species continued from at least the Aftonian stage through to the -Late Wisconsin. The specimens, therefore, do not help us to determine -the age of the deposits in which they are found. - -No part of the State lies within the glaciated area; hence, during the -whole of the Pleistocene epoch its surface was subjected to weathering -and to the erosion of running water. At times the streams built up -deposits on their beds. Later they deepened their channels and left a -part of their former deposits as terraces. At a still later time the -deposition and deepening may have been repeated, and as a result there -is sometimes a series of terraces one above another. The age of these -terraces and their origin have been the subjects of a good deal of -controversy. - -In the Masontown-Uniontown Folio (U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 82), M. R. -Campbell has discussed the terraces along the Monongahela River, which -occur at an altitude of about 1,000 feet above sea-level and perhaps 150 -feet above the present river. Also more than 100 feet above the present -river are old abandoned river channels which are now partially filled -up. - -In 1911 (U. S. Geol. Surv. Folio 178, pp. 11–13), E. W. Shaw and M. J. -Munn described the Quaternary of the Foxburg and Clarion quadrangles in -Pennsylvania, where the same Pleistocene problems are involved. They -present an account of the different views regarding the high-level -terraces and the abandoned channels. They concluded, as did Campbell, -that these terraces and channels dated back to the early Pleistocene and -probably to the Kansan stage. Figure 17 is a reproduction of Shaw and -Munn’s figure 10, on their page 12. It represents a section across -Allegheny River at Parker’s Landing, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania. The -uppermost gravels in the figure would be those of supposed Kansan age; -while the lowermost are those laid down during the last glacial stage, -the Wisconsin. In the materials of the high terraces one may expect to -find fossil vertebrates of the early Pleistocene, as in the case of the -mastodon reported from Stewartstown, West Virginia (p. 116). The -conditions of burial should, however, be carefully studied and recorded; -for it would be possible for remains to be left at a later time on such -a terrace and to be covered up by earth washed down from above. - -On page 254 an account is given of finding a musk-ox skull near -Steubenville, Ohio, on a terrace about 75 feet above the low-water mark. -The region of the western part of West Virginia, western Pennsylvania, -and northeastern Ohio is interesting because of its history during the -late Pleistocene. The reader is referred to Leverett’s monograph, “The -Glacial Formations and Drainage Features of the Erie and Ohio Basins” -(Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, 1902, pp. 88–158, with figs.). -Leverett essays to show that the upper part of the Ohio River, the -Allegheny, and the Monongahela with its branches at one time emptied -into Lake Erie. The connection was made through Beaver River, which now -flows into the Ohio, and Grand River, in eastern Ohio, now emptying into -Lake Erie. When the Wisconsin ice filled Lake Erie and occupied its -southern shore the mouth of Grand River was dammed and the water could -escape only to the south. The flow was reversed, and after it had -reached the top of the divide it entered the stream that then -represented the head of the Ohio. When at length the mouth of Grand -River was reopened, the new channel had been cut so deep that most of -the streams of western Pennsylvania and West Virginia continued to flow -down the Ohio. Leverett’s figure representing the preglacial drainage of -the upper Ohio region is here reproduced (fig. 10). - - - NORTH CAROLINA. - - (Map 39.) - -Our knowledge of the Pleistocene geology of North Carolina is at present -confined almost wholly to the Coastal Plain of the State. The most -recent general discussions of the geology of this region are found in -volume III of the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, 1912. -The authors who contributed to this volume are William Bullock Clark, -Benjamin L. Miller, L. W. Stephenson, B. L. Johnson, and Horatio N. -Parker. L. W. Stephenson has furnished an article on the Cretaceous -deposits, and in his numerous geological sections he has referred to the -Pleistocene materials there found. Benjamin L. Miller wrote on the -Tertiary formations and likewise noted the Pleistocene materials found -in his sections. The most important part of the volume for the student -of the Pleistocene is Stephenson’s article on “The Quaternary -Formations,” which occupies pages 266 to 290. Clark, Miller, and -Stephenson united in a chapter on the “Geological History of the Coastal -Plain of North Carolina.” Clark, besides, deals with the “Correlation of -the Coastal Plain Formations.” In addition to numerous plates and -text-figures, a colored map shows the area covered by the surficial -formations of the Coastal Plain and another the distribution of the -formations exclusive of the surficial. Finally, Miller and Stephenson -presented a bibliography which includes 150 titles, occupying pages 44 -to 73. - -According to Clark and Stephenson, the Pleistocene of North Carolina -comprises five formations; the oldest is the Coharie, farthest removed -from the coast and lying back against the so-called Lafayette, itself -supposed, with some doubt, to belong to the Pliocene. Toward the coast -there come in, in succession of position and time, the Sunderland, the -Wicomico, the Chowan, and the Pamlico. These formations are described as -forming more or less well-defined terraces having higher and higher -elevations as they are followed back from the coast. The Pamlico nowhere -exceeds 25 feet above sea-level. The Chowan varies in elevation from -about 25 feet to about 50 feet. The Wicomico formation slopes from about -50 feet up to about 90 or 100 feet. The Wicomico may attain elevations -of from 140 to 150 feet at the western border. The Coharie varies from -about 160 feet along its eastern border to as much as 235 feet along its -western border. From its western border each formation sends up the -rivers prolongations into or across the next formation toward the west. - -Each terrace may present along its coastward border an escarpment of -varying elevation and obviousness. The Coharie and Sunderland formations -are regarded by the authors named as being correlated with the -Sunderland of Virginia and Maryland, although the Coharie may be really -Pliocene. The Wicomico is equivalent to that called by the same name in -the States farther north, while the Chowan and the Pamlico together are -correlated with the Talbot of Virginia and Maryland. - -The area occupied by the Pamlico is extremely narrow or absent along the -southernmost third of the coast of the State. At longitude 77° the -boundary between it and the Chowan turns and runs north, very slightly -to the east, striking the northern boundary of the State at about 76° -15′. Just south of Albemarle Sound its width east and west is nearly -equal to that of all the other Pleistocene formations at that latitude, -taken together. - -Clark, Miller, and Stephenson (op. cit., p. 300) accept the theory of -McGee that during Lafayette times, probably in the late Pliocene, the -Coastal Plain was depressed some 500 feet below its present level and -covered by the sea. Into this sea were poured, by the rivers coming down -from the higher lands to the west, the clay, sand, and gravel, sometimes -boulders, which make up the so-called Lafayette. Somewhat later the -region was uplifted enough to expose the Lafayette deposits and they -suffered erosion. When the Coharie formation began to be laid down the -sea-level must have been about 160 feet higher than at present; it -continued to rise until it reached an elevation of about 200 feet. A -subsidence and a succeeding elevation occurred, during which the -Sunderland terrace was produced. In like manner the succeeding deposits -and terraces are supposed, by the geologists named, to have been -formed—the Wicomico, the Chowan, and the Pamlico. - -One objection already offered (p. 346) to this theory to account for the -deposits belonging to the Lafayette and the formations of the -Pleistocene is that, instead of beds of sea-shells, remains of marine -fishes, porpoises, and whales, there are found scattered here and there -over this region the bones and teeth of elephants, mastodons, horses, -and other land animals. In maintaining this objection it is not -necessary to assume that the lower parts of the Pleistocene area have -never been submerged. - -The writer has caused to be prepared a map showing the geographical -distribution of the five formations referred (in the work cited) to the -Pleistocene. It is based on the maps found in that volume. It shows also -the localities where fossil vertebrates have been discovered, and where -marine fossils and land plants have been secured (map 39). - -One difficulty met with in our study of the distribution of the finds of -extinct vertebrates in North Carolina, as elsewhere, arises from -carelessness in recording and preserving proper data. In several cases -here to be considered, no more is known than that a fossil has been -found in a certain county. Happily, more is known in many other cases. - -Examination shows that no fossil vertebrates are known to have been -found in North Carolina within the area of the Coharie formation, but -that mastodons have been met with in the areas of all four of the other -formations as laid down in Stephenson’s map, plate XIII of the work -cited above. Horse remains, too, seem to have occurred within all the -areas last noted. This does not mean necessarily that these remains were -buried in the corresponding formations. A mastodon may have lived long -after the Sunderland was laid down and his remains have become buried in -some isolated deposit, say of Pamlico times; or, the remains may be -found within the area of Pamlico, but really buried in underlying -Chowan. Each case must be decided on the evidence bearing on it. - -Mention is made on page 155 of the finding of a tooth of _Elephas -columbi_ about 9 miles below Wilmington. Whether this was buried in -Pamlico deposits close along Cape Fear River, in Chowan deposits which -prevail there, or beneath these, in Wicomico, it is impossible to say. A -short distance below this place was found a tooth of _Mammut -americanum_. - -On page 190 is given an account of the discovery of a tooth of _Equus -leidyi_ in what was supposed to be Miocene marl in the vicinity of -Elizabethtown, on Cape Fear River, in Bladen County. Miller (op. cit., -p. 248) states that the Pleistocene about Elizabethtown rests usually -directly on the Cretaceous, but that south of the town are found some -patches of Miocene marls. The region about this town is mostly occupied -by the Sunderland formation, but the Wicomico extends up the river far -above the place. It is, however, mapped as lying mostly on the north -side of the river. It seems pretty certain that the horse-tooth occurred -in the Sunderland, probably at its base. - -Mastodon remains, as stated on page 115, have been found in Pender -County, but where is not known. Along the coast is a narrow strip of -Pamlico. The southeastern half of the county is occupied by the Chowan, -the northwestern by the Wicomico. - -Mastodon teeth have been found in Duplin County, but there is no record -as to exact locality, depth, or matrix. The southeastern two-thirds of -the county is covered by deposits of the Wicomico, the northwestern -third by Sunderland. The mastodon probably belongs to one or the other -of these. The Pleistocene deposits are, however, underlain by Tertiary -rocks, and possibly the mastodon came from these and belongs to a -different genus. - -On page 116 will be found an account of remains of a mastodon, probably -_Mammut americanum_, which was found near Jacksonville, in Onslow -County. Three of the supposed Pleistocene formations are found near -Jacksonville. The Pamlico comes up the New River quite to the town. -Immediately at the town is (following Stephenson’s map) the Chowan. The -southeastern border of the Wicomico comes down nearly to the town. In -which of the three areas the teeth were discovered we do not know. A -case is here furnished which illustrates the need of most accurate -observation and record of locality, depth, and character of materials. - -As stated on page 116, teeth and tusks of _Mammut americanum_ have been -obtained at Maysville, Jones County. The writer does not know exactly -the place where the remains were discovered. The region about Maysville -is occupied by the Chowan formation, but the Pamlico sends an extension -up White Oak River as far as Maysville. - -Remains of both _Mammut_ and _Elephas_ have been reported from Carteret -County. In 1828 (see p. 117) Elisha Mitchell stated that remains of the -elephant and mastodon had been met with in digging the Clubfoot and -Harlow Canal. This canal passed from Neuse River to Newport River. In -1876 (Senate Ex. Doc. No. 35, 44th Congr., p. 17) S. T. Abert -transcribed, from an earlier report made by Professor Olmstead, a -geological section taken in this canal. The excavation went to a depth -of 16 feet. The uppermost of the four layers consisted of the peaty mold -usually found in the swamp. The next layer was made up of a -yellowish-brown potter’s clay. The third layer consisted of sand and was -full of sea-shells and fossil remains of “mammoths” (mastodons) and -elephants. The shells belonged to species now found near Cape Lookout, -principally conch, scallop, and clam. The layer below this was blue -clay. In the case here presented there can hardly be a doubt that the -stratum containing the shells and the bones belonged to a Pleistocene -formation older than that assigned to the Pamlico. - -On page 145 is described a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, dredged up in -Core Creek, forming part of the Inland Waterway in Carteret County. The -conclusion seems unavoidable that this boreal animal had been driven to -this southern latitude during one of the glacial stages, and one -naturally thinks of the latest one, the Wisconsin; but it may have been -at a much earlier time. A mastodon jaw has been secured in the same -canal. - -Doubtless the locality in North Carolina, the most important to the -student of Pleistocene vertebrate palæontology, is that reported long -ago on the northern shore of Neuse River, 16 miles below Newbern. As -stated on page 117, in a mention of the mastodon bones discovered, H. B. -Croom seems first to publish a statement concerning the animal remains -found there. Some of his identifications were certainly wrong. According -to Harlan (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143), there were -secured remains of elephant, mastodon, hog, elk, deer, horse, seal, -cetaceans, a tortoise, snake, fish, shark, and skate. As in another -case, Harlan may have mistaken worn teeth of _Bison_ for teeth of the -hog (_Sus_). For our purpose the most important animals of the list are -the elephant, the mastodon, and the horse. According to Croom, the -animal remains were found in a marl pit. He was informed by the owner -that in an upper layer there were found teeth of sharks and fragments of -bones of marine fishes, mingled with sea-shells. In a deeper layer, 20 -to 25 feet below the surface, there occurred the remains of land -animals, together with sea-shells of great variety. Croom thought that -some teeth belong to the hyena, and Foster reported the hippopotamus; -but in both cases the identifications were wrong. - -Conrad (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVIII, 1835, pp. 107–110; Proc. Nat. -Inst. Prom. Sci., vol I, pp. 191–192) reported that the bones of animals -found here were water-worn, black, and silicified. He concluded that -they had been brought down the Neuse River and mingled with sea-shells. -The fossiliferous stratum did not rise anywhere more than 10 feet above -the river. In the first publication quoted, Conrad published a list of -66 mollusks in this stratum, of which 7 were not yet known as living -species and 2 others are noted as new. According to this list, less than -90 per cent are recent. He referred the deposits to his newer Pliocene. -In the second publication cited he concluded that the stratum belonged -to the post-Pliocene. Stephenson (op. cit., p. 289) refers to the -investigations made at this locality. It is not improbable that the -deposit which furnished these fossils belongs to the earliest -Pleistocene stage, the Nebraskan. The same may be said about the coquina -rock mentioned by Stephenson which occurs at Old Fort Fisher, in New -Hanover County (op. cit., p. 289, plate XXVIII). - -On page 115 the writer refers to a lower jaw of a mastodon found by the -geologist W. C. Kerr, near Goldsboro, and described by Joseph Leidy. The -jaw was reported to have been found in gravel overlying Miocene marl. -The writer believes that the mastodon belonged to the species _Mammut -progenium_. Goldsboro, on Neuse River, is near the western border of the -Sunderland formation, but the Wicomico is prolonged up the river far -above Goldsboro. According to Stephenson and Johnson (op. cit., p. 475), -Miocene sands and clays are found over a portion of the northern part of -the county (Wayne). The geological age of this mastodon depends more on -the age of the gravels in which it was found than on the age of the -terrace, although the writer is willing to concede an early Pleistocene -stage for the terrace. - -A mastodon tooth has been found (see p. 117) somewhere in Wilson County. -The county is covered mostly by Pleistocene of Sunderland age, but a -small part of the western end is occupied by the Coharie; while, -according to Stephenson’s map, both the Chowan and the Wicomico follow -up Contentnea Creek into Wilson County. The geological age of the -mastodon is doubtful. - -At Greenville, Pitt County, have been found remains of _Equus -complicatus_, perhaps also of another species of horse (see p. 191). -While supposed to have been found in Miocene marls, the tooth belonged -without doubt to the Pleistocene. Pitt County is occupied by four -Pleistocene formations, Pamlico, Chowan, Wicomico, and Sunderland. The -probability is that the horse-teeth were found in an early Pleistocene -deposit. - -As indicated on page 117, remains of _Mammut americanum_ have been found -in Pitt County, possibly at Greenville. - -As noted on page 117, a tooth of _Mammut americanum_ has been found at -or near Tarboro. Nothing more is known about its origin. At this place -are found deposits belonging to the Chowan, Wicomico, and Sunderland -formations; it is impossible to say from which the tooth was derived. - -Emmons (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, 1852, p. 56) reported finding -mastodon bones in marl-pits on the farm of Mr. Knight, on the banks of -Tar River, in Nash County, 3 miles west of Rocky Mount. The same -Pleistocene deposits occur here as at Tarboro. The bones were supposed -to have been buried in Miocene marl, and this may have been true. If so, -they belonged to some other species of mastodon than _Mammut -americanum_. - -On page 191 is given an account of the discovery of teeth of _Equus -leidyi_ which were washed up on the beach at Plymouth. This town is on -Roanoke River, several miles from Albemarle Sound, and on the border -between the Pamlico and the Chowan formations. Our determination of the -geological age of the teeth must be based on other evidence than that -furnished by the discoverers. - -Elsewhere in this work is given an account of finding a part of a skull -of a walrus at Kitty Hawk. It was probably during the Wisconsin glacial -stage that this animal lived along the coast as far south as Charleston. - -As to the geological age of the Pamlico formation, the geologists who -have contributed to the report of 1912, the volume cited, hold that it -belongs to late Pleistocene. The writer believes that the formation was -laid down at a much earlier time. The mastodon jaw and the tooth of -_Elephas primigenius_ found in the Inland Waterway Canal may have been -buried there during the prevalence of the Wisconsin ice epoch; but, on -the other hand, this may have happened during an older Pleistocene -stage. - -It will be observed that the Pamlico becomes very narrow along the -southern third of the coast of North Carolina. In South Carolina it may -be represented by one of the older Pleistocene deposits recorded by -Sloan; in part possibly by the Wando clays or the Sea island sands. In -the author’s view, it is pretty certain that the Pleistocene molluscan -fauna which had been found in the Clubfoot and Harlow Canal and at the -locality below Newbern corresponds to the Wadmalaw in the vicinity of -Charleston. It seems to appear at the southeastern corner of the State, -at Southport, and again in the northeastern corner in Dismal Swamp. -According to Shaler (10th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. I, 1890, p. -315), a collection of mollusks made near the northern border of the -swamp was submitted to Dr. W. H. Dall. There were 29 forms, of which 24 -are yet existing, 5 extinct. There were, therefore, 17 per cent of -extinct forms. Dall regarded the deposits as belonging to the Pliocene; -the writer believes that they may be referred to the Nebraskan stage of -the Pleistocene. - -From a study of mollusks collected later in the Dismal Swamp Canal, -Woolman (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, pp. 414–428) concluded that -they belonged to a time not earlier than late Pliocene and possibly as -late as the Pleistocene. Darton (U. S. Geol. Surv., Folio 80) referred -the deposits to the Pliocene. Stephenson (op. cit., p. 290) states that -recent investigations have led to the conclusion that the beds should be -referred to the Pleistocene. The parties in such a dispute may -compromise by referring the beds to the Nebraskan stage. It seems -probable that the Chowan formation belongs to a stage a little later -than these mollusk-bearing beds and represents a strip of old coast -marsh, inhabited by elephants, mastodons, horses, and various other -animals. - -In discussing the causes which led to the production of Cape Hatteras, -Professor Shaler (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol XIV, 1872, p. 117) -remarked that the hard shelly limestone which comes to the surface just -above high-tide level along the shore of the mainland from Newbern to -the mouth of the Roanoke River looks much like the shell-bed found near -Charleston, South Carolina. - - - SOUTH CAROLINA. - -To the reader who wishes to know what work has been done on the -Pleistocene geology of South Carolina, two papers may be recommended. -The first of these, historical in nature, was published in 1890 by -Professor Joseph A. Holmes (Jour. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., vol. VII, -pp. 89–117), the second in 1905 by Dr. Griffith T. Pugh (Thesis, -Vanderbilt Univ., pp. 1–74). Those who have contributed most to a -knowledge of the palæontology of this formation are Tuomey, F. S. -Holmes, Leidy, Dall, Dall and Harris, Earle Sloan, and G. T. Pugh. J. A. -Holmes, Tuomey, F. S. Holmes, and Dall have made important contributions -to the knowledge of the invertebrate animals. For our knowledge of the -vertebrates we are indebted principally to F. S. Holmes and Joseph -Leidy. The author who has dealt most recently and in considerable detail -with the stratigraphy of the Pleistocene deposits is Earle Sloan, State -geologist (Bull. No. 2, ser. IV, South Carolina Geol. Surv., 1908, 479 -pages). From these authorities we learn that, while the larger part of -the Coastal Plain may be to a greater or less extent overlain by -deposits referable to McGee’s Columbian, the deposits which bear fossils -are confined almost wholly to a narrow strip along the coast. In this -strip have been found the numerous mollusks listed and described by -Tuomey, F. S. Holmes, and W. H. Dall, as well as most of the species of -vertebrate fossils. The fossiliferous deposits do not usually extend -back from the coast more than about 10 miles. - -Undoubtedly fossil-bearing Pleistocene deposits are to be found here and -there along all the rivers, perhaps to the western border of the Coastal -Plain. This is indicated by the discovery of remains of horses and -mastodons in Darlington and Richland counties. The thickness of the -Pleistocene deposits along the coast is said to amount to as much as 60 -feet, but it is usually much less. Only a part of this is fossiliferous, -a bed that appears to vary in thickness from about 3 to 8 feet. This is -found as much as 8 feet above mean-tide level, sometimes below it. The -materials of this fossiliferous bed vary greatly. Sometimes they consist -almost entirely of shells of mollusks, in other cases of a blue mud or -sand, and with these may be mingled peaty materials, gravel, and again -rolled masses derived from the underlying deposits. The fossils -contained in the bed mentioned consist of mollusks, and in some places -bones and teeth of vertebrates occur in more or less abundance. The bed -is underlain often by deposits of Tertiary age. Bones and teeth of the -vertebrates, as fishes and cetaceans, that lived when those Tertiary -rocks were being deposited may occasionally have been washed into the -Pleistocene bed. Again, where the older and the newer beds are exposed -along the shores, fossils may be washed out of both and commingled on -the beach; then again, a great part of the fossils collected along this -coast of South Carolina have been rescued from the phosphate rock -gathered for commercial purposes. This has been to a great extent -dredged from the rivers; and thus remains of Pleistocene and of Tertiary -animals have been mixed indiscriminately together. It is often -impossible to determine to what formation a fossil may belong. To add to -the difficulty of the palæontologist, the vertebrate remains are -sometimes found washed out and mingled with bones or teeth of what -appear to have been domestic animals. - -Beginning at the northern end of the South Carolina coast-line, the -first locality furnishing Pleistocene fossils is, or rather was (Pugh, -op. cit. p. 33), White (or Price’s) Creek, in Horry County. Here at a -height of about 5 feet above tide was found a bed approximately 6 feet -thick apparently thrown up on the shore by storms (Tuomey, Geol. Rep., -1848, p. 187). No vertebrates have been reported from the locality. At -Laurel Hill, in the extreme northeastern corner of Georgetown County, -Tuomey (op. cit., pp. 187, 188) found a perpendicular bluff 30 feet -high, at the base of which was a bed 8 feet thick made up of sand and -broken shells. The top of the bed was 8 feet above tide, the highest -elevation reached by the bed along the South Carolina coast. Tuomey -mentions other localities around Georgetown where the fossiliferous bed -was discovered. One was on Santee River. No vertebrates appear to have -been met with in this region. In Christ Church parish, in Charleston -County, Tuomey discovered several exposures of the bed in question, and -this was sometimes so superficial as to be within reach of the plow. - -Pugh (Pleistocene Deposits, etc., p. 34) quotes from F. S. Holmes a -section which was found at Goose Creek, north of Charleston, as follows: - - Yellow sand 12 feet - Blue mud 29 feet - Ferruginous sand, containing bones, etc. 3 inches - Yellow sand 3 feet - Pliocene marl resting on Eocene white marl 12 feet - -The bones occurred likewise in the blue mud, and such were especially -well preserved. Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. S. C., p. 102) recounts -his observations at this locality; nevertheless, the only vertebrate -fossil that the writer finds credited by Leidy to this locality is a -tooth of _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_), which he figured (plate XV, -fig. 8). - -Dredging for phosphate rock has been carried on extensively in Cooper -River; but of Pleistocene vertebrate fossils secured here the writer has -record of only _Megatherium, mirabile_. This is represented in the -Charleston Museum by a portion of a lower jaw. - -Wando River is situated northeast of Charleston, runs parallel with the -coast, and empties into Cooper River. From this have (according to the -writer’s knowledge) been secured only _Equus complicatus_ and a part of -a tusk of _Odobenus_. The latter is in the Charleston Museum. In most -cases no record has been kept of the origin of the specimens in -collections. - -The Pleistocene bed along Ashley River is famous for the number of -fossil vertebrates which it has furnished. It has been described by F. -S. Holmes in various publications, especially in the Introduction to his -Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina, 1860, pages I-XII. In the same -work, on pages 99–100, Dr. Leidy briefly described the geological -character of the beds; and on subsequent pages he described the -vertebrate species found there. The principal beds were located on -Ashley River, about 10 miles above Charleston. According to Pugh -(“Pleistocene Deposits of South Carolina,” p. 34), the fossiliferous -deposits rest on Miocene marls. At the top are 4 feet of yellow sands -with bands of clay; below, is a foot or more of blue mud lying on the -Miocene. The bones are more numerous and best preserved in the blue mud. -The Pleistocene bed is elevated only a few feet above tide-level. -Inasmuch as nearly all the species of Pleistocene vertebrates which have -been found along the South Carolina coast have been secured along the -Ashley River, the few found elsewhere will be included in the following -list. Some of those marked found somewhere about Charleston may have -been collected in or along Ashley River. In this list the contractions -following the names signify as follows: A, Ashley River; B, the region -about Beaufort; C, somewhere around Charleston; C. r., Cooper River; E, -Edisto River; G. c., Goose Creek; J. i., John’s Island; S. r., Stone -River; W. r., Wando River; Y., Yonge’s or Young Island. The species -preceded by the dagger are extinct. - - Odobenus rosmarus A., W. r. (p. 29). - Lynx ruff us C. - †Canis sp. indet. C. - Procyon lotor A. - †Arctodus pristinus A. - Ursus americanus C. - Sylvilagus floridanus? A. - †Hydrochœrus æsopi A. - †Hydrochœrus pinckneyi C. (p. 365). - †Castoroides ohioensis A. (p. 279). - Castor canadensis A. - Ondatra zibethica A. - †Elephas imperator C. (p. 162). - †Elephas columbi A., B. (p. 155). - †Mammut americanum A., B. (p. 118). - Mammut progenium (p. 118). - †Bison latifrons? A. (p. 260). - †Bison sp. indet. A. (p. 260). - †Alces runnymedensis C. (p. 364). - Cervus canadensis A. (p. 242). - Odocoileus virginianus? A. (p. 231). - Camelops sp. indet. - †Tagassu lenis A. (p. 222). - †Tagassu sp. indet.? A. (p. 222). - †Tapirus haysii A. (p. 204). - †Tapirus sp. indet. A. (p. 205). - †Equus complicatus A., W. r., B. (p. 192). - †Equus leidyi A., J. i., G. c., S. r., B. (p. 192). - †Equus littoralis C. (p. 193). - †Hipparion venustum A. - †Physeter vetus A. - †Trichechus antiquus A. - †Megatherium mirabile A., C. r., S. r. (p. 35). - †Mylodon harlani A. (p. 35). - †Megalonyx jeffersonii B. (p. 35). - †Didelphis virginiana J. i. - †Alligator mississippiensis A. - †Pseudemys sp. indet. A. - †Testudo crassiscutata? A. - Trichiurus lepturus Y. - †Istiophorus robustus Y. - †Ischyrhiza mira? A. - Lepisosteus osseus A. - Dasyatis hastata? Y. - -Besides the species enumerated, the early collectors found remains which -were identified as belonging to such domestic animals as the dog, ox, -sheep, and hog. Leidy rejected these as Pleistocene species, while -Holmes and Agassiz accepted them as such. Possibly the supposed dog was -in reality a wolf and the supposed ox a bison. Small teeth like those of -cows are fossilized as are the teeth of extinct animals. At Bee’s Ferry -on Ashley River the fossiliferous bed has a thickness of 3.5 feet and is -at about high-water mark. It is overlain by from 15 to 20 feet of loose -sands. - -By far the most of the species have been entered in the list on the -authority of Joseph Leidy. Only F. S. Holmes reported the elk (_Cervus -canadensis_), and the writer has seen two teeth of the species at the -Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia credited to Charleston. -Holmes also reported _Glyptodon_, but that is not included in the list. -_Lynx ruffus_, _Ursus americanus_, _Hydrochœrus pinckneyi_, _Elephas -imperator_, _Bison latifrons_, _Alces runnymedensis_, _Camelops_ sp., -and _Equus littoralis_ are included on the evidence of specimens seen by -the writer in the Charleston Museum or in some of the other collections -made on the coast of South Carolina. Loomis has recently (Amer. Jour. -Sci., vol. XLV, 1918, p. 438) described a specimen of _Mammut progenium_ -(as _Mastodon americanus_) from near Charleston and another from near -Beaufort. - -_Alces runnymedensis_ was first briefly referred to in Year Book No. 14 -of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915 (1916), page 387. The -name is based on an upper right hindermost milk molar in the Charleston -Museum (No. 13534). It is the property of Mr. Charles C. Pinckney. Where -the tooth was found is not known, but it was somewhere near Charleston, -in the phosphate-bearing area. The specific name is that of the estate -of the owner. The tooth closely resembles the corresponding one of -_Alces americanus_, but is larger and has a flatter crown. Only the -crown of the tooth is preserved, and of this a part of the enamel of the -inner anterior cone is broken off; otherwise it is in fine condition. -The color is very black. The following measurements are given of this -tooth and of the corresponding one of _Alces americanus_, No. 117055 of -the U. S. Biological Survey. The two teeth are only slightly worn. - - _Measurements of milk molars of Alces, in millimeters._ - - ┌────────────────────────────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────────┐ - │ Dimensions taken. │A. americanum.│A. runnymedensis.│ - ├────────────────────────────────────┼──────────────┼─────────────────┤ - │Length of tooth near outer border │ 24.0│ 25.5│ - │Length of tooth at middle width │ 21.5│ 23.0│ - │Width of tooth along front border │ 23.0│ 23.0│ - │Width of tooth from median style to │ │ │ - │ base of inner hinder cone │ 21.0│ 24.0│ - └────────────────────────────────────┴──────────────┴─────────────────┘ - -The angle between the outer and inner faces of the hinder half of the -tooth is 54° in the tooth of the existing species, 64° in the fossil -tooth. On the grinding-surface the fossettes are wider than in the tooth -of the existing moose. - -It is interesting to find this moose in the region about Charleston. We -must suppose that it lived there during one of the glacial stages, -probably when the walrus occupied that part of the coast. - -In the Pinckney collection is a tooth of a capybara that deserves -attention. A figure of it is here presented (fig. 18), a side view. -Exactly where the tooth was found is not known, but it was somewhere in -the vicinity of Charleston. The tooth is the upper left hindermost -molar. In the figure the front end is directed toward the left hand. -There are present 17 plates. None of the plates either in front or -behind are missing. The free edges of the plates are not turned -backward. The length of the tooth is 62 mm., the width is 17.5, the -height of the plates on the inner face 37 mm., but probably the less -calcified bases of the plates have been destroyed. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 18.—Side view of upper last molar of _Hydrochœrus pinckneyi_ from - Charleston, S. C. ×1. Type. -] - -On the grinding-surface the plates run obliquely from the inside outward -and backward. As seen on the inner face, the plates, as they pass to the -grinding-surface, lean backward. The corresponding tooth of a capybara -from Surinam has a length of 37 mm. The length of its skull from foramen -magnum to the front of the snout is 215 mm. In case the skull of the -fossil was long in proportion to the length of the tooth, the length as -given above would be 360 mm., about 15 inches. - -To this fine large species I give the name _Hydrochœrus pinckneyi_, in -honor of Mr. Charles C. Pinckney, the owner of a collection of fossils -from the region about Charleston and the proprietor of the estate of -Runnymede, near Lambs, South Carolina. - -In the same collection is a part of the lower jaw, right side, of a -rather large wolf. In this jaw there remain the complete fourth -premolar, the roots of the third premolar, and one root of the second -(fig. 19). - -The following measurements are taken from the fragment mentioned; from -the corresponding part of a jaw of _Ænocyon dirus_, No. 8307, from La -Brea, California; from the gray wolf, _Canis occidentalis_, from Fort -Simpson, British America, No. 9001, U. S. National Museum; and from the -type of _C. floridanus_, in the U. S. National Museum. - - _Measurements of jaws and teeth of wolves, in millimeters._ - - ┌───────────────────────┬──────────┬──────────┬────────────┬──────────┐ - │ Parts measured. │ │ │ C. │ C. │ - │ │Charleston│ La Brea │occidentalis│floridanus│ - │ │ jaw. │ jaw. │ jaw. │ type. │ - ├───────────────────────┼──────────┼──────────┼────────────┼──────────┤ - │Height of jaw in front │ │ │ │ │ - │ of pm_{4} │ 28│ 32│ 33│ 21.5│ - │Thickness at front of │ │ │ │ │ - │ pm_{4} │ 14│ 16│ 14.2│ 10.2│ - │Length of pm_{4} │ 18.5│ 20.2│ 18.5│ 14.5│ - │Thickness of hinder │ │ │ │ │ - │ lobe of pm_{4} │ 9.5│ 11│ 9.5│ 7│ - │Thickness of front lobe│ 8.5│ 9.8│ 8.5│ 6.4│ - └───────────────────────┴──────────┴──────────┴────────────┴──────────┘ - -The measurements show that the fossil is much too large to belong to the -wolf now inhabiting Florida. It appears also to be too small to belong -to the wolf _Ænocyon dirus_, and _A. ayersi_ was but little if any -smaller. The lower teeth of the latter species are not known. The -accordance in measurements with those of _C. occidentalis_ makes it -probable that the fossil jaw found at Charleston belonged to a wolf not -greatly different. With the materials at hand it is impossible to refer -the jaw specifically. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 19.-Part of the right side of the lower jaw of an undetermined - species of wolf, showing premolar. Charleston, S. C. ×1. -] - -Within the city of Charleston the bed bearing vertebrate fossils is said -to be several feet below tide-level. At Young Island, Wadmalaw Sound, -nearly 20 miles southwest of Charleston, the top of the fossil-bearing -stratum is at tide-level. This locality is otherwise known in the -literature as Simmons’s. The only Pleistocene vertebrate fossils that -the writer finds reported from the place are the fishes _Lepisosteus -osseus_ and _Trichiurus lepturus_. - -In the region about Beaufort, the same fossil-bearing stratum, having -about the same composition and the same elevation, is met with in many -places. A few species of fossil vertebrates and many invertebrates have -been secured. Here have been found _Mammut americanum_ (p. 118), -_Elephas columbi_ (p. 155), _Equus complicatus_ (p. 191), and _Megalonyx -jeffersonii_ (p. 35). - -A brief notice will be taken of the few known localities where, away -from the immediate coast, vertebrate fossils have come to light. - -Tuomey, in 1848 (Rep. Geol. South Carolina, p. 177), in describing marls -found near Darlington, on the farm of G. W. Dargan, and which he -regarded as belonging to the Pliocene, reported the discovery of two -perfect molars of a mastodon (p. 118). The locality was in a swamp, and -the bed of marl was covered with 3 or 4 feet of black mud. The teeth -were immediately below the mud and enveloped in the marl. These teeth -belonged to _Mammut americanum_ and had been deposited at some time -during the Pleistocene. At another place fragments of the antlers of a -deer were found in the marl. In such cases the marls formed at one time -the surface of the ground, or more probably the bottom of a swamp; and -the Pleistocene bones and teeth might have been trampled down into the -marl by living animals. On page 119 is given an account of another -mastodon tooth discovered in the same county; and the teeth of a horse -have been reported as having been found, associated with those of the -mastodon (see p. 193). - -In Lee County, adjoining Darlington County on the southwest, at a -locality “near Concord church,” between Lynch’s Creek and Black River, -Tuomey (op. cit., p. 178) found a bed of Pliocene marl about 4 feet -thick. From an excavation in this marl had been taken a tusk which -Tuomey regarded as that of a mastodon, but this may have belonged to an -elephant. In Berkeley County, at the head of Cooper River, there is, or -was, a morass known as Biggin Swamp. This was passed through in -constructing the Santee Canal. On page 156 is an account of the -discovery of remains of _Elephas columbi_ and of _Mammut americanum_; on -page 162, the finding of a tooth of _Elephas imperator_. The discovery -of the latter marks the age of the deposits as being about that of the -Aftonian interglacial. - -It has been seen that at many points along the coast there is a -fossiliferous stratum varying from 2 to 8 feet. At most localities the -fossils consist principally of marine animals, especially mollusks, and -the deposits have evidently been laid down in salt water. Along Ashley -River and at some localities in the region about Beaufort it seems -evident that the surface was above, but not far above, sea-level, and -that it formed a swamp on which a great variety of land animals could -move about and feed. After death their bones would suffer the fate which -befalls them in such cases. Most of them would undergo decay. Parts -would be trampled into the muck, broken into fragments, and undergo -still further decay. Only the most durable parts, as the teeth, antlers, -and the more solid bones would usually stand a chance for preservation. -Apparently, on this coast, no considerable parts of one skeleton have -ever been found, or at least reported. In Charleston Museum are many -bones of a skeleton of _Megatherium_, but it is uncertain where it was -found. - -The list of vertebrates referred to the Pleistocene of the South -Carolina coast contains 33 species of mammals, of which 24 appear to be -extinct. This high proportion of extinct species seems to confirm our -reference of the fauna to the early Pleistocene. Besides the extinct -forms, it is to be noted that within historical times the muskrat, -beaver, and elk have not lived in the region about Charleston. - -Pugh (Pleist. Deposits S. C., p. 66), from a study of the Pleistocene -marine mollusca of South Carolina, has concluded that, if the -Pleistocene sea-temperature differed at all from that of the present, it -was slightly higher rather than slightly lower. It must be remembered, -however, that the Pleistocene represented a very long period of time and -that, farther north, the climate underwent great fluctuations. That -these fluctuations would not have affected the temperature of the sea -along the coast of the Carolinas is not probable. It is hardly -supposable that capybaras and manatees lived about Charleston at the -same time that the moose and the walrus were there. The latter had been -forced down there during some glacial stage, possibly the Wisconsin; -while the horses, tapirs, elephants, manatees, the mylodon, and the -megatherium had their existence, we may suppose, about the time of the -Aftonian. During this stage, too, lived the species of mollusks which -Pugh has elaborated. It would seem that after that time some change took -place in conditions, probably a slight elevation, so that little more -than beds of unfossiliferous sand and marls were deposited. - -Professor Earle Sloan, in his “Mineral Localities of South Carolina” -(Bull. No. 2, ser. IV., South Carolina Geol. Surv.), has recognized the -following divisions in the marine Pleistocene of the State: - - 6. Sea Island loams. - - 5. Wando clays and sands. - - 4. Accabee gravels. - - 3. Bohicket marl-sands. - - 2. Wadmalaw marl. - - 1. Ten-Mile sands. - -Of these, the fossiliferous deposits referred to above appear to belong -to the Wadmalaw marl. It may be confidently expected that somewhere -along the South Carolina coast, beneath the beds bearing the vertebrate -fossils, there will yet be discovered other Pleistocene deposits, -probably shell marls, which belong to the Nebraska stage. - - - GEORGIA. - -The only part of Georgia at present of interest to the student of -vertebrate palæontology is that which lies immediately along the -Atlantic coast and along a few of the larger rivers. The northwestern -corner of the State is mountainous and probably contains little or no -Pleistocene. The Coastal Plain extends landward to a line which starts -at Augusta, on Savannah River, passes through Milledgeville and Macon, -and ends at Columbus, on the Chattahoochee. A large part of this region -is mantled by a deposit resulting from the decay of the underlying -rocks. These deposits are of uncertain age, a part belonging probably to -the Pleistocene, but the large part to the Pliocene or to still older -Tertiary. The Pleistocene has not yet been differentiated from the -remainder, and, in any case, has furnished no vertebrate fossils. For -information on the subject the reader may consult McGee (12th Ann. Rep. -U. S. Geol., Surv., pt. I, pp. 478–484), Spencer (Geol. Surv. Georgia, -1890–91, pp. 61–81), and Veatch and Stephenson (Bull. 26, Geol. Surv., -Georgia, pp. 400–456). - -The deposits in Georgia which can with certainty be referred to the -Pleistocene form a broad belt lying along the coast and extending -landward a distance of about 30 miles along Savannah River and about 60 -miles at the Florida boundary line. For a description of these deposits -the reader is referred to Veatch and Stephenson’s article in Bulletin 26 -just mentioned, pages 424–456. These deposits are disposed in two -terraces, a higher and older and a lower and younger. The older is named -the Okefenokee formation, the younger the Satilla formation. The -positions of these may be observed in the figure here presented, taken -from Bulletin 26 above referred to (fig. 20). - -The Okefenokee terrace has a breadth of 20 to 40 miles and an elevation -of 60 to about 125 feet above sea-level. It forms a plain which Veatch -and Stephenson describe as in general flat and almost featureless. It is -dotted with cypress ponds and swamps, with here and there low ridges and -hills of sand. Along the larger streams which cross the plain are found -terraces supposed to have been laid down while the Okefenokee terrace -was forming; they extend far back into the State. In neither the main -terrace nor the fluviatile terraces have any fossils been found, except -a little silicified wood. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 20.—The Coastal Plain of Georgia. Adapted from Veatch. -] - -The Satilla Plain extends backward from the coast 20 to 30 miles and -varies in elevation from 15 to 40 feet. On the landward side it ends in -an escarpment which is taken, by the authors quoted, to be an old -sea-beach. Along the large rivers it is continued as a series of -terraces occupying a lower position than those of Okefenokee time. -According to Veatch and Stephenson, this formation consists of -unconsolidated clays, sands, and thin layers of gravel. The thickness -averages about 15 feet, but may become as much as 45 or 50 feet. - -The Satilla deposits are fossiliferous. At various places, at some -distance from the coast, sea-shells occur, especially shells of oysters. -This shows that at times the plain, or at least some parts of it, has -been under sea-water. Bones and teeth of vertebrate animals have been -discovered at several localities, but at only two places have -identifiable materials been secured. The region about Brunswick and that -just south of Savannah have furnished important collections of -vertebrate animals. - -During the years 1838 and 1839 an attempt was made to construct a canal -to connect Altamaha River with Turtle River at Brunswick. Some bones of -large mammals were met with and came to the notice of Hamilton Couper, -and through him became known to the scientific world. The most striking -was the great ground-sloth, of the genus _Megatherium_, and which Leidy -afterwards called _Megatherium mirabile_. At a more recent time, during -dredging operations, probably in the harbor, other remains were found -and turned over to the Geological Survey of Georgia. The fragmentary -bones and teeth were identified by Mr. J. W. Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. -Surv. Georgia, p. 436). - -The fragments of teeth regarded by Gidley as belonging to _Mammut -floridanum_ appear to the writer to represent _Gomphotherium -rugosidens_, a species rather common in that region and belonging to the -upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene. Four teeth identified as those of -_Physeter vetus_ or _Physeterula neolassicus_ appear to be identical -with Leidy’s _Orycterocetus quadratidens_; but this may be possibly the -same as _Physeterula neolassicus_ (=_P. dubusi_). It, too, is older than -the Pleistocene. From the two collections have been determined the -following list: - - Castoroides ohioensis (p. 280). - Elephas columbi (p. 157). - Mammut americanum (p. 120). - Bison sp. indet. (p. 261). - Cervus? sp. indet. (p. 243). - Tapirus haysii (p. 206). - Equus complicatus (p. 193). - E. leidyi (p. 193). - E. littoralis (p. 193). - Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). - Mylodon harlani (p. 36). - Chelonia (??) couperi. - Crocodylus (?) sp. indet. - Lamna sp. indet. - Galeocerdo sp. indet. - Carcharodon sp. indet. - Dasyatis sp. indet. - -With the bones found in the canal was a femur 13 inches long, which -Harlan described as _Chelonia couperi_, but which resembles more closely -that of some edentate mammal. Gidley stated that the shark-teeth -probably represent Eocene and Miocene species. This may be true, but the -supposition is not necessary, inasmuch as species of all three genera -are yet living on our Atlantic coast. - -J. Hamilton Couper (Hodgson’s Memoir, pp. 37–40) has given an account of -the topography and geology of the region through which the Brunswick -Canal was being constructed (map 40). On one of the plates of the work -is a section from the ocean westward 21 miles. About 10 miles west of -St. Simon’s Island the canal passed through Six-mile Swamp. This is -connected at its northern end with Altamaha River, at the southern with -Turtle River. The swamp has thus the appearance of a lake which has -become filled with alluvial deposits. These consist of a compact clay, -usually yellow and impregnated with iron. There are thin strata of soft, -chalky marl and many fragments of petrified wood. At the bottom of this -deposit were found the bones of _Megatherium_, _Elephas_, _Mammut_, -_Equus_, and _Bison_. Beneath the clay stratum was sand with marine -shells. Overlying the clay was a thin stratum of vegetable and sandy -loam. The bones occurred at a depth of from 4 to 6 feet. In no instance, -except when they had been washed out into the salt-water creek, was -there any abrasion of the surface or incrustation of marine shells. - -The geologist Charles Lyell (Second Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 347) stated -that part of a skeleton of a megatherium, dug out in cutting the canal, -was so near the surface that it was penetrated by the roots of a pine -tree. As a considerable number of the bones of one skeleton were found -together, Lyell supposed that a whole carcass had been floated down the -river to the spot. - -Even before remains of fossil vertebrates had been found at Brunswick, -bones had been discovered at Skidaway Island, near Savannah. As early as -1823, S. L. Mitchill (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. 58) -announced the finding of teeth of _Megatherium_ at this place. More than -20 bones of the same animal were reported from the same locality in 1824 -by William Couper. In 1846 (Hodgson’s “Memoir on Megatherium,” pp. -25–30), Dr. Joseph Habersham published a list of the species discovered -up to that time. Lyell (Second Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 313) gave an -account of his visit to the locality and noted the species obtained. The -following list appears to contain all found there: - - Elephas columbi (p. 157). - Mammut americanum (p. 120). - Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). - Equus leidyi? (p. 194). - Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). - Mylodon harlani (p. 37). - Terrapene canaliculata. - -The box-tortoise _Terrapene canaliculata_ was described by the writer in -1907 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XXIII, p. 850, figs. 5–7) on -fragmentary materials found in the U. S. National Museum. These had been -sent there by Dr. J. P. Scriven, who had been active in collecting the -fossil vertebrates about Savannah. Whether the remains of this -box-tortoise were found on Skidaway Island or in Whitemarsh Island is -uncertain. - -Besides these species, found on Skidaway island, two species, _Mammut -americanum_ and _Mylodon harlani_, have been found at Heyner’s (or -Hainer’s) Bridge. This is about 7 miles south of Savannah, where the -road crosses Vernon Creek (Lyell, “Travels in North America,” vol I, pp. -163–164). Here the stream is called White Bluff Creek. In order that the -reader may get a clear understanding of the conditions at this important -locality, a map found in Hodgson’s Memoir is reproduced (map 40). - -The whole region south of Savannah, between the mouths of Savannah and -Ogeechee Rivers, is low and much divided into islands by streams -connected with the rivers mentioned. A considerable part of these -islands consists of marshes, which are usually overflowed by the tides. -Most of the fossil bones were found along the southern bank of Skidaway -River, in two places, apparently about 0.5 mile apart and near the -western end of the island. On the map Hodgson has named the locality -Fossilossa. Here Skidaway River made a bend which caused the bank to be -eroded away, thus exposing the bones. According to Couper (Hodgson’s -Memoir, p. 40), the bones were embedded in the marsh formation at about -the level of very low-water. Lyell (Second Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 314) -stated that the bones occurred in a dark peaty soil, or marsh mud, above -which was a stratum of sand 3 or 4 feet thick; while below the peaty -soil and below sea-level was sand containing many marine fossil shells, -all belonging to species yet living on the neighboring coast. - -The authors quoted state that at various places along the Georgia coast -are found stumps of trees, cypress, cedar, and pine, in the deposits of -the salt marshes and at a depth of from 2 to 4 feet below high-water. -This is taken as evidence of subsidence in that region. - -It is a matter of importance to know how those animal remains reached -their place of burial. It has been suggested that whole carcasses had -been floated down the streams and sunken where the bones are found. This -is possible, but not probable. The peaty nature of the deposit inclosing -the bones appears to be opposed to this view; nor could disarticulated -bones have been washed down far from above, for they show no signs of -attrition. The most probable explanation is that these animals lived and -died about where their bones were discovered. At some past time the -surface stood at a higher level than at present, although low enough to -be more or less marshy. It probably supported a dense forest growth, and -hither the species listed above resorted, with many others not yet -discovered. - -The animals inhabiting the region represent the same fauna found at so -many places in Florida and Texas. The writer believes that they existed -during the early part of the Pleistocene, approximately during the -Aftonian interglacial; and that some of the species, as _Megatherium_, -_Mylodon_, _Equus_, and _Tapirus haysii_ became extinct before the -advent of the Wisconsin glacial stage, probably a long time before this. - - - FLORIDA. - - (Maps 7, 8, 15.) - -For the most recent descriptions of the geology of Florida one must -consult the Annual Reports of the Florida Geological Survey, issued by -the State geologist, Dr. E. H. Sellards, and Water supply Paper 319 of -the U. S. Geological Survey, prepared by George C. Matson and Samuel -Sanford and published in 1913. In the latter work are two large maps, -one representing the topography of the State and the distribution of the -various geologic formations; the other presents a generalized view of -the distribution of Pleistocene terraces, as recognized by Matson and -Sanford. The Second Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey -contains a map similar to the first mentioned. - -From these maps it will be seen that the surface of Florida is largely -occupied by Pleistocene deposits. According to Matson and Sanford, these -deposits present themselves as disposed mostly in three principal -terraces; and these are believed to indicate that the State was at one -time largely submerged beneath the sea and that its present condition -was attained after three principal upward movements. As shown on plate V -of the geologists just named, the northern half of the peninsula at the -time of greatest depression was represented by a number of islands, two -of considerable size. One of these was situated at the northern end of -the peninsula, the other near its center. The materials laid down around -these islands and bordering the dry land along the northern border of -the western half of the State form what is called the Newberry terrace. -Its surface stands now at a height varying from 70 to somewhat more than -100 feet above sea-level. A second elevation exposed the deposits which, -at least in part, constitute the next terrace, the Tsala Apopka. Its -surface is a plain having an elevation of 40 to 60 feet above sea-level. -At this stage the islands of the peninsula had coalesced, and the dry -land extended southward nearly to the present Lake Okeechobee. A broad -belt along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, now dry land, was still -occupied by salt water. A third elevation of the land left exposed the -lowest terrace, the Pensacola, that bordering the Atlantic and Gulf -coasts and including the southern end of the peninsula somewhat farther -north than Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of this terrace varies from -that of sea-level up to about 40 feet. - -The materials composing the terraces in Florida are principally sand -with local deposits of clays. In the southern part of the State -important beds of limestone are found in the Pensacola terrace. These -beds are shown on Matson and Stanford’s geological map. At St. Augustine -and along the coast southward are beds of sea-shells cemented into -coquina. Where cementation has not occurred there are beds of loose -shells and of marl and sand. - -The writer has already (p. 346) expressed his opinion regarding the -Coastal Plain terraces found in the States farther north. He finds in -Florida nothing to contradict, but much to confirm, that opinion. -Whatever may be the origin of Newberry and Tsala Apopka terraces, they -were not laid down in salt water. From the descriptions of the deposits -there the stratification and the alternation of the materials do not -exist that one might expect; but, above all, there seem to be no marine -fossils to attest to the presence of the sea. In Florida, too, here and -there over these higher lands there are found, in place of marine -fossils, the remains of many extinct land animals, as mastodons, -elephants, horses, ground-sloths, and the like. - -As regards the Pensacola terrace, there are found at its base, within a -few feet above or below sea-level, deposits containing remains of such -animals as have just been mentioned, besides many others. Often the -state of preservation of these remains and the condition of their burial -are such that we must conclude that the animals lived and died on the -spot. Furthermore, these animals constitute an assemblage corresponding -to that found in western Iowa, in Nebraska, and in Oregon, which are -believed to have existed during the first interglacial stage. It -corresponds also to that met with under similar conditions and at the -same level at Savannah, at Charleston, at Brunswick, and at Long Branch. -In most cases, too, this fossiliferous stratum is overlain with very -scant deposits. By some geologists and palæontologists the animals are -regarded as belonging to the Pliocene. - -If the reference of the fossil vertebrates mentioned is not wholly -wrong, it follows that the lowest terrace or plain along the coast was -not laid down late in the Pleistocene, but at an early stage, and the -higher plains must have been formed at still earlier times. - -At Vero, as will be shown on page 382, a large assemblage of fossil -vertebrates has been secured. The bed furnishing the oldest fossils, -those of the bed known as No. 2 and believed to be of about first -interglacial age, is underlain by a bed of marine shells, also of -Pleistocene age. This bed is regarded by Dr. E. H. Sellards as being -equivalent to the coquina which is so well known at St. Augustine; and -the same formation is found here and there along both coasts of the -peninsula (Matson and Sanford, op. cit., p. 192). Probably not all -deposits that are called coquina are of the same age, but the deposits -in question pass, on the landward side, beneath the deposits which bear -vertebrate fossils. The bed at Vero, No. 2, must have been laid down -after an uplift had brought above sea-level the bed of shells No. 1, on -which No. 2 reposes; that is, between the time of deposition of No. 1 -and No. 2 there must have elapsed a considerable interval of time. The -shell deposit, therefore, probably belongs to the first glacial epoch, -the Nebraskan. Inasmuch as a similar vertebrate fauna is found on both -the eastern and the western coasts of the peninsula, it follows that any -Pleistocene deposits underlying these vertebrate-bearing beds belongs to -the Nebraskan stage; in places these have great thickness. Matson and -Sanford (op. cit., pp. 194–195) concluded that the maximum thickness of -the Pleistocene in southern Florida, disregarding the sandhills, is -probably about 125 feet. Even if it were a matter of importance to -determine in or on which terraces the vertebrate fossils are found, it -would not always be easy to do so. The majority of specimens have been -discovered around the coasts of the State, and therefore in deposits -referred to the youngest terrace. In other cases it is difficult to -determine the terrace in which fossils are buried, partly because of -imperfect records as regards locality, kind of deposits, and depth of -burial, partly because each terrace extends up the river valleys beyond -its general border. The various fossil-bearing localities will therefore -be taken up by counties, beginning at the western end of the State and -ending at the southern end. - -_Jackson County._—As already recorded on page 121, a tooth of _Mammut -americanum_ has been found at Marianna. No details have been recorded. -The Newberry terrace extends nearly or quite to this town. If it could -be shown that this tooth had been buried in that terrace when it was -formed, it would probably have to be referred to the time of the first -glacial stage. - -_Gadsden County._—It appears that no vertebrate remains belonging to the -Pleistocene have been found in this county, except a tooth of _Mammut -americanum_ (p. 157) which was discovered somewhere in Little River. - -_Wakulla County._—On page 157 the finding of a tooth of _Elephas -columbi_ somewhere along St. Marks River has been mentioned; also the -discovery of a part of a skeleton of either a mastodon or an elephant -somewhere about Wakulla Springs. - -_Columbia County._—A mastodon tooth has been found in this county 3 -miles northwest of Fort White (p. 121). To which terrace it belonged or -what is its place in Pleistocene time it is impossible to say. - -_Nassau County._—At Stokes Ferry have been found some teeth of an -extinct horse (p. 194), a fragment of a tooth of an elephant (p. 180) -and some ear-bones of a whale. Veatch and Stephenson (Bull. 26, Geol. -Surv. Georgia, p. 394) report that these appeared to come from either -the Charlton formation or the Satilla. If the Charlton really belongs to -the Pliocene it is not probable that the fossils were derived from it; -if they were derived from the Satilla, they do not belong to late -Pleistocene. - -_Duval County._—On page 106 of the Eighth Annual Report of the Florida -Geological Survey, Sellards reported the finding of remains of _Mammut -americanum_ (p. 122), _Elephas columbi_ (p. 157), an undetermined -species of _Bison_ (p. 262), and an undetermined species of _Odocoileus_ -(p. 232), near Pablo Beach, at station 120 on the Inland Waterway Canal. -Here, too, has been discovered a bone of _Trachemys? nuchocarinata_. -Sellards stated that the position of the beds here is the same as that -of the other localities along the Atlantic coast, the fossils being -found in sand and muck which rest upon Pleistocene shell-marl. The -locality is, of course, on the youngest terrace; but that, in the -opinion of the writer, belongs to the early Pleistocene. - -_St. John’s County._—At a place 28 miles south of St. Augustine, along -the Inland Waterway Canal, Mr. Fred P. Allen, of St. Augustine, -collected on the Almero farm remains of _Mammut americanum_ (p. 122), -_Elephas columbi_ (p. 158), _Mylodon harlani?_ (p. 37), _Equus_ sp. -indet. (p. 194), the box-tortoise _Terrapene antipex_, and a dermal -plate of perhaps _Alligator mississippiensis_. These were found in the -banks of the canal. Here, at least, the horse and the mylodon, taking -into consideration the geological circumstances, indicate early -Pleistocene, equivalent to the first interglacial stage. - -_Levy and Alachua Counties._—Geologically these counties furnish -important localities because of the presence of the Alachua clays -(usually referred to the lower Pliocene or even the Upper Miocene) and -deposits belonging to all three of the Pleistocene terraces, Newberry, -Tsala Apopka, and Pensacola. The Alachua clays first require -consideration, for in them have been found a considerable number of -species of vertebrates which usually indicate Pleistocene deposits. The -localities where Alachua clays have furnished vertebrate fossils, as -indicated on Matson and Sanford’s map (Water Supply Paper 319, U. S. -Geol. Surv., plate I), are situated, one around Archer, Alachua County -(the type locality), second, about 5 miles west of Williston, in Levy -County, and a third about 5 miles east of Newberry, in Alachua County. - -The clays referred to form accumulations in depressions on the surface -of the Ocala limestone, itself belonging to the Eocene. The deposits are -said to average in depth about 10 feet, but are often thinner and -occasionally much thicker. They have furnished a considerable number of -species of vertebrates. A list, prepared by Dr. Leidy, of those found at -Archer was published in 1892, in Bulletin 84 of the U. S. Geological -Survey, on page 129. Besides these, Leidy had previously reported a -tapir, a small crocodile or alligator, and a bone thought to belong to -the extinct _Cervus americanus_ (_Cervalces scotti?_), but which was not -afterward mentioned. The rhinoceroses and the camels were described by -Leidy and Lucas in 1896 (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. IV, pp. 1–61 -with plates). - -Herewith is presented a list of such vertebrates as have been found at -Archer. It appears necessary to retain for the rhinoceroses the specific -names given them by Leidy. - - Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). - Odocoileus osceola? (p. 232). - Procamelus major (p. 224). - P. minor (p. 224). - P. minimus (p. 224). - Teleoceras proterus (p. 211). - Aphelops longipes (p. 211). - Tapirus haysii? (p. 207). - Hipparion ingenuum (p. 195). - Megatherium mirabile (p. 37). - Alligator (or Crocodylus) sp. indet. - -The following vertebrates have been collected east of Williston, in the -place mentioned in Dall’s report of 1892, on page 129, as Mixon’s: - - Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). - Procamelus major (p. 224). - Teleoceras proterus (p. 211). - Hipparion ingenuum (p. 196). - Hipparion plicatile (p. 196). - Thinobadistes segnis (p. 37). - Manatus antiquus?. - Pseudemys cælata. - Atractosteus lapidosus. - -The list from the locality east of Newberry (Hallowell’s place of Dall’s -report) is rather short. _Equus littoralis_, _Odocoileus osceola?_, -_Hipparion_ sp. indet., and _Parahippus_ sp. indet. have been reported -(Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. V, p. 58; vol. VIII, pp. 42, 94). At -Neals, Alachua County. _Tapirus terrestris?_, _Gomphotherium -floridanum_, and _Hipparion_ sp. indet. have been collected (Sellards as -cited). At Juliette, same county, _Gomphotherium floridanum_ has been -secured, and at Hernando the same species; also _Hipparion_ sp. indet. -and _Procamelus_ sp. indet. (Sellards Florida Geol. Surv., vol. V, p. -58). Along Santa Fe River, in the Buttgenbach mines, 6 miles north of -Wade, have been found teeth of _Equus_ and a tooth of _Bison_. - -At Dunnellon, about 25 miles south of Williston, from the phosphate -mines along the Withlacoochee River, have been obtained fossil -vertebrates so similar to those found in the Alachua clays that Sellards -concluded to unite his Dunnellon formation and the Alachua clays into -one to be called the Alachua formation (6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., p. 161). The list of vertebrates found at and about Dunnellon is -as follows, including the species dredged in Withlacoochee River: - - Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 38). - Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 138). - Ursus sp. indet. - Felis sp. indet. - *Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 122). - Mammut americanum (p. 122). - Elephas imperator (p. 162). - Trichechus manatus. - *Parahippus sp. indet. (p. 196). - *Hipparion plicatile (p. 196). - Equus leidyi (p. 196). - Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 207). - *Aphelops longipes (p. 211). - *Procamelus minor (p. 225). - Odocoileus osceola (p. 233). - Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - -The species marked by an asterisk are regarded by Doctor Sellards and -others as belonging to the Miocene or Pliocene (8th Ann. Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 94). See also Sellards, 1913 (5th Ann. Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., p. 58; 8th Rep., p. 104). - -On the basis of the fossil vertebrates it can hardly be denied that the -Alachua clays and the phosphate mines at Dunnellon are of the same -geological age. According to Sellards, the formation belongs to the -upper Miocene or to the lower Pliocene. Merriam (Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. -Cal., vol. X, p. 439) refers it to the Pliocene. Although there is -present a strong palæontological element which represents the -Pleistocene, the reference of the formation to the late Miocene or early -Pliocene has seemed to be required by the presence of _Gomphotherium_, -_Procamelus_, _Teleoceras_, and _Hipparion_. The Pleistocene species are -usually accounted for on the supposition that they are intrusions from -more recent deposits. - -A figure from Sellards (Geol. Surv. Florida, vol. VII, p. 53), only -slightly modified is intended to show the relation of the -phosphate-bearing formations to those underlying them (fig. 21). - -It is worth our while to consider whether or not the reference of the -Alachua formation to the Miocene or early Pliocene is required by -palæontological evidence. _Gomphotherium_ is characterized by having -molar teeth which on abrasion at one or both ends of each crest, present -a trefoil pattern of the enamel; also by having a band of enamel on each -of the upper tusks. Now, teeth having the same structure are not -uncommon in deposits of undoubted Pleistocene age in Kansas and Texas. -That the animals possessing these teeth had tusks with enamel bands is -not known, but it is quite possible that such enamel bands were present. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 21.—Diagrammatic sketch of geologic structure of Florida from - north to south passing through the hard rock and pebble phosphate - fields, showing relation of the phosphate deposits to the underlying - formations. After Sellards. -] - - - 1. Georgia-Florida State line. - - 2. Suwannee River. - - 3. Lake City. - - 4. Santa Fe River. - - 5. Withlacoochee River. - - 6. Lakeland. - - 7. Arcadia. - - 8. Caloosahatchee River. - - 9. Gulf Coast. - - _a_ Upper Oligocene phosphatic marls. - - _b_ Ocala limestone. - - _c_ Hard rock phosphate. - - _d_ Bone Valley formation. - - _e_ Pleistocene deposits (Pliocene and Pleistocene of Sellards). - -The genus _Hipparion_ is not confined to the Tertiary. Teeth have been -discovered in the Aftonian of Iowa (Hay, Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. XXIII, -p. 150) and in Missouri (op. cit., p. 149). The writer has described a -species of the genus, _Hipparion cragini_, collected by Professor Cragin -in the Sheridan beds in Kansas (Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. X, p. 42). - -One may be justified in suspecting that _Procamelus_ lived on into the -Pleistocene. Not only has it been found associated with Pleistocene -fossils in five places in Florida—Archer, Williston, Dunnellon, -Hernando, and Ocala—but it has been met with in possible Pleistocene -deposits (the Idaho formation) in Idaho, which furnishes _Equus_, -_Cervus_, _Castor_, and _Stegomastodon mirificus_ (the type of which -belongs in the Sheridan beds). Furthermore, the writer has had occasion -to describe a collection of fossils, believed to belong to the early -Pleistocene, which was obtained at Anita, Coconino County, Arizona. -Among these fossils are two species of _Procamelus_ much like those -described by Leidy from the Alachua formation (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., -vol. LIX, pp. 622–626). The writer believes that the genus _Procamelus_ -persisted into the early Pleistocene. - -Two species of rhinoceros have been collected in the Alachuan formation, -_Teleoceras proterus_ Leidy and _Aphelops longipes_ Leidy. Both occurred -at Archer, while _T. proterus_ was found near Williston and _A. -longipes_ at Dunnellon. A rhinoceros has been discovered in the Idaho -formation, with the Pleistocene species named above in connection with -_Procamelus_ of these beds. In Oregon Cope made a collection which has -been examined by Dr. W. D. Matthew (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. -XVI, p. 321). Here again _Teleoceras_ was supposed to have been found -with _Hipparion_, camels belonging to _Camelops_ (or _Procamelus_), -_Elephas_, and _Equus_. Matthew thought that there had happened, either -before the fossils were collected or afterwards, a mingling of elements -of two distinct faunas. - -To the writer it seems improbable that the commingling of _Procamelus_ -and the rhinoceroses with Pleistocene forms should occur thus -accidentally so often and at such widely removed localities. It appears -more probable that these Tertiary genera did not become extinct so early -as has been supposed and that the association was not a secondary one. -The association is what might be expected in collections made in -deposits of the earliest Pleistocene. - -It must not be forgotten in these discussions that the Pleistocene -genera and species with which the collections in question are being -compared are those of the so-called _Equus_ beds, which appear to -represent the fauna of the first interglacial stage. This, however, was -preceded by the Nebraskan, the first glacial, which probably occupied a -long period of time; possibly it was half as long as all the rest of the -Pleistocene (Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, vol. III, p. 383). About -the vertebrate life of this long stage we know as yet very little. The -writer is quite convinced that the Idaho formation and the Alachua, or -Bone Valley, belong to the earliest Pleistocene. - -_Marion County._—In a fissure in the limestone-rock quarry at Ocala -there has been found an important collection of vertebrates. The -following list is thought to include all that have been reported: - - Trucifelis floridana. - Sylvilagus sp. indet. - Elephas columbi (p. 158). - Bison sp. indet. - Odocoileus sp. indet. (p. 233). - Procamelus minimus (p. 224). - Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 207). - Equus leidyi (p. 196). - Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). - Terrapene formosa. - Testudo distans. - T. incisa. - T. ocalana. - -A part of this list was published by Sellards in 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. -Florida Geol. Surv., p. 103). The tortoises were described in the same -volume. - -Inasmuch as _Trucifelis floridana_ has been found in the Pleistocene at -Vero, Florida, one may safely regard the specimen found at Ocala as also -of Pleistocene age. All of the other mammals are admitted to be of -Pleistocene age except _Procamelus minimus_. The fissure may have been -open during some part of the Nebraskan stage. - -_Volusia County._—At Daytona, situated on the east coast, therefore on -the youngest terrace, remains of _Mammut americanum_ (p. 122) have been -found. At DeLand there has been recovered the skull of a dolphin which -Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 107, plate XIV) has -described as _Globicephalus bœreckii_ (p. 20). It was found at a depth -of 10 feet, in sands which overlie Pliocene shell marls. The sands are -regarded as belonging probably to the Pleistocene. DeLand is on the -Tsala Apopka terrace. At a depth of 10 feet there was reached the -supposed marine base of this terrace. - -_Orange County._—As stated on page 196, a tooth of an extinct horse was -found somewhere in the county. - -_Pinellas County._—On the western shore of Tampa Bay (p. 159), near St. -Petersburg, at Indian Rock, a tooth of _Elephas columbi_ was found. - -_Hillsboro and Manatee Counties._—The region around Tampa Bay is -important because of the wealth of vertebrate fossils dredged up by the -collectors of phosphate rock from the beds of Hillsboro, Alafia, and -Manatee Rivers. Unfortunately, few accurate records have been kept of -localities and conditions of occurrence of the fossils, and we usually -know only that a collection was made in a certain river, perhaps not so -much as that. For that reason it is concluded to group together all the -fossils regarded as Pleistocene and known to have been found in -Hillsboro, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties. In order to indicate as far -as possible the localities, the names of the species are followed by -contractions which apply as follows. - - A, Alafia River. - E, Ellenton, on Manatee River. - Hc, Hillsboro County. - Hr, Hillsboro River. - Ls, Little Sarasota Bay. - Ps, Palma Sola. - M, town of Manatee. - P, Palmetto. - S, 8 miles southeast of Sarasota. - T, around Tampa Bay. - Wb, White Beach, on Sarasota Bay. - - - _List of Pleistocene vertebrates found in Hillsboro, Manatee, and - Sarasota Counties._ - - Homo sapiens, Ps. - Elephas imperator, P (p. 164). - E. columbi, T, S, Ps (p. 159). - E. primigenius, Ps (p. 145). - Mammut americanum, T, He, A (p. 123). - Bison latifrons, Ps (p. 263). - B. sp. indet., T, A, P, Ps (p. 263). - Odocoileus sp. indet., P, Ps (p. 233). - Tapirus sp. indet., T, A (p. 208). - Tagassu lenis?, Ps (p. 222). - Equus complicatus, A, Wb, Ps (pp. 196, 197). - E. leidyi, A. P, Wb, Ps, S (pp. 196, 197). - E. littoralis, M, Ps (p. 197). - Chlamytherium septentrionale, Hr, Wb, S (p. 38). - Testudo crassiscutata?, A. - T. ocalana, He. - Terrapene putnami, A. - Deirochelys floridana, He. - Trachemys euglypha, E. - T. jarmani, Hc. - T. sculpta, Hc. - Pseudemys extincta, Hc. - P. cælata, Ps. - Platypeltis ferox, Hc. - -The bones of man belonged to the skull and are as completely fossilized -as the bones of a horse and are wholly free from organic matter. - -Among the mammals of this list there are no genera and few species that -have not been found in the Pleistocene at many places in the United -States. The presence of _Elephas imperator_ and three species of _Equus_ -and _Chlamytherium_ apparently indicate Pleistocene of about Aftonian -times. - -From Palma Sola, Manatee County, there have been sent to the U. S. -National Museum by Mr. Charles T. Earle many specimens of fossil -vertebrates, found at various times washed up on the beach. Some -belonged evidently to deposits older than the Pleistocene, probably to -Miocene, and included teeth of sharks, a beak of a platanistid porpoise, -and a lower tooth of a sirenian, _Metaxytherium floridanum_. Other -specimens, as bones of a camel, parts of the shells of tortoises, -alligator or crocodile teeth and bones are of uncertain age. Ten species -of the list are referred to the Pleistocene. All of the teeth are -isolated, but many are well preserved and little water-worn. The bones -are mostly fragmentary, some worn, some not. - -_Polk County._—On page 159 is an account of a tooth of an elephant. -_Elephas columbi_, reported as being found at Kingsford, Polk County, -under 19 feet of phosphate rock and sand. It may belong to _E. -imperator_. On page 196 is detailed the finding of several teeth of -_Equus_ in the phosphate mines of Kingsford. The species _E. leidyi_ and -_E. littoralis_ are recognized. Unless these elephant and horse-teeth -had been incorrectly reported or had been secondarily introduced into -the phosphate beds, they are, in the writer’s opinion, to be referred to -the first glacial stage, the Nebraskan. Dr. W. H. Dall has somewhere -reported the finding of tusks at Bartow; these were supposed to have -belonged to _Elephas columbi_ (p. 180). At Nichols the large -land-tortoise _Testudo hayi_ Sellards has been recovered from a -phosphate mine. From phosphate mines at Brewster has been secured the -following list of vertebrates, obtained from Dr. Sellards’s reports -(Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 100, 106, 108; vol. VIII, pp. 95, -96, 98, 100). - - Gomphotherium floridanum? (p. 123). - Mammut progenium (p. 123). - Hipparion minor (p. 197). - Procamelus minor? - Teleoceras or Aphelops sp. indet. (p. 211). - Agriotherium schneideri. - Tomistoma americanum. - -All of this list are referred by Sellards to the upper Miocene or lower -Pliocene. The writer regards them as belonging to the first stage of the -Pleistocene. - -From a phosphate pit at Christina, Sellards (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. -VII, p. 106, fig. 35) has reported a tooth of an undetermined species of -Gomphotherium. - -Sellards (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 72, 110) has reported the -collection of remains of _Hipparion_ sp. indet. and of _Teleoceras -proterus_ (p. 211) from phosphate mines at Mulberry. In the U. S. -National Museum are undetermined remains of _Gomphotherium_ from the -same place, sent in by Matson. - -_Brevard County._—In the Hopkins drainage canal at Eau Gallie have been -found remains of _Equus complicates_ (p. 196) and _Elephas columbi_ (p. -159). - -_Zolfo, Hardee County._—At Zolfo, near the border of the Bone Valley -area, have been found _Megatherium_ (p. 38) and _Elephas columbi_ (p. -160). - -_De Soto County._—With one exception, apparently, fossil vertebrates -have been discovered in De Soto County only in deposits along Peace -Creek. The exception is a place called Tourner’s or Turner’s, on -Caloosahatchee River. The elephant found there will be considered among -the fossils found in Lee County. At Calvenia, at the entrance of Charlie -Apopkee Creek into Peace Creek, _Equus leidyi_ (p. 198) has been -secured. - -Most of the fossils found below Calvenia are accredited to Arcadia. -According to Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 19), those of his -list were found on a sand-bar at Arcadia; but certainly others have been -taken from phosphate rock dredged both above and below the town. As -complete and as accurate a list as the writer has been able to prepare -is here presented. - -Peace Creek, or Peace River, has been the source of many fossil -vertebrates, the greater part of them obtained at or near Arcadia. Most -of the species were described by Joseph Leidy in 1889 (Trans. Wagner -Free Inst., vol. II, pp. 19–31). The region was examined by Dr. W. H. -Dall, whose report was published in 1892 (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., -pp. 128–133). He referred the bed bearing vertebrate fossils to the -Pliocene. Cope (in Dall’s report, p. 130) regarded them as equivalent to -the _Equus_ beds of the Great Plains, or between these and the Loup -Fork. Sellards (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 78–83) places the -formation in the Pleistocene. - - - _List of fossil vertebrates found in Peace Creek at or near Arcadia._ - - Elephas imperator (p. 164). - E. columbi (p. 160). - Mammut americanum (p. 124). - Bison sp. indet. (p. 264). - Odocoileus osceola? (p. 233). - Tapirus terrestris (p. 208). - Equus leidyi (p. 199). - E. littoralis (p. 199). - Hipparion ingenuum (p. 199). - Delphinid sp. indet. - Trichechus antiquus. - Glyptodon petaliferus (p. 39). - Glyptodon rivipacis (p. 40). - Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 40). - Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 39). - Alligator mississippiensis?. - Testudo crassiscutata. - T. obtusa. - Trachemys euglypha. - Macrochelys floridana. - Chætodipterus faber. - Diodon sp. indet. - Myliobatis sp. indet. - Galeocerdo sp. indet. - Isurus sp. indet. - -Of all the genera and species of mammals and reptiles appearing in the -list, there is none that it is necessary to suppose was derived from -Pliocene deposits, or even from those of a Pleistocene stage earlier -than the first interglacial. The marine fishes and sharks have been -derived possibly from the Arcadia marls. On the other hand, the presence -of _Elephas imperator_, the species of _Equus_, _Hipparion_, -_Glyptodon_, _Chlamytherium_, and the gigantic tortoise _Testudo -crassiscutata_ furnishes evidence that the age was about that of the -_Equus_, or Aftonian, beds of the Great Plains. - -_St. Lucie County._—At Fellsmere, a place near the northern border of -the county and about 10 miles west of Indian River, teeth of both -_Elephas columbi_ (p. 159) and _Mammut americanum_ (p. 122) have been -found, in the construction of drainage canals. - -The most important locality for Pleistocene fossils in St. Lucie County, -one may say in the whole State, is Vero. The topographical, geological, -and palæontological conditions found here are described in the Eighth -and Ninth Annual Reports of the Florida Geological Survey. Papers on the -subject may be found also in the Journal of Geology for January 1917 and -for October 1917; also in the American Anthropologist for the first and -second quarters of 1918. Besides the large number of species of -vertebrates found here, the interest is heightened by the fact that, -associated with these, are human bones and objects of human manufacture. -Through the valley of an insignificant stream was dug a large drainage -canal, the construction of which brought to light vertebrate bones and -teeth. Three beds of Pleistocene materials were exposed. At the bottom -is found a bed of marl filled with marine mollusks and which is the -geological equivalent of the coquina rock at St. Augustine. The same -deposit is found in various places along the coast and has received from -Dr. Sellards the name Anastasia formation. Above this lies a stratum -composed mostly of sand, but containing also some muck. In the -discussion of the locality this bed is designated as No. 2, the marl -being No. 1. No. 2 has a thickness of about 2 feet. It in turn is -overlain by No. 3, which consists mostly of vegetable matter and sand. -It is called also the muck-bed. In places the muck is replaced by a bed -of marl, which here and there may become pretty firmly consolidated. The -thickness of No. 3 is about 2 or 3 feet. Vertebrate fossils are found in -both No. 2 and No. 3. It is the purpose of the author first to present -lists of the fossils which have been found in each of the upper beds, -beginning with the stream of sand, No. 2. - - - _List of fossil vertebrates found at Vero in stratum No. 2._ - - Trucifelis floridanus. - Felis veronis. - Ænocyon ayersi. - Vulpes palmaria. - Lutra canadensis. - Procyon lotor. - Cryptotis floridana. - Blarina brevicauda peninsulæ. - Sylvilagus sp. indet. - Neofiber alleni. - Hydrochœrus robustus. - Sigmodon sp. indet. - Elephas columbi (p. 159). - Mammut americanum (p. 122). - Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - Odocoileus osceola? (p. 233). - Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 235). - Tagassu lenis (p. 222). - Tapirus haysii? (p. 208). - T. veroensis (p. 208). - Equus complicatus (p. 199). - E. leidyi (p. 199). - E. littoralis (p. 199). - Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). - Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). - Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 38). - Mylodon harlani (p. 39). - Didelphis virginiana. - Jabiru weillsi. - Cathartes aura. - Querquedula floridana. - Herodias egretta. - Alligator mississippiensis. - Testudo sellardsi. - Terrapene innoxia. - Chelydra laticarinata. - - - _List of fossil vertebrates found at Vero, in stratum No. 3._ - - Lynx ruffus floridanus. - Canis riviveronis. - Canis sp. indet. - Vulpes palmaria. - Lutra canadensis. - Ursus floridanus. - Procyon lotor. - Scalopus aquaticus australis. - Sylvilagus palustris. - Neofiber alleni. - Neotoma floridana. - Sigmodon hispidus. - Oryzomys palustris. - Elephas columbi (p. 159). - Mammut americanum (p. 122). - Odocoileus osceola? (p. 233). - O. sellardsiæ (p. 233). - Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - Tagassu lenis (p. 222). - Tapirus haysii? (p. 208). - Equus littoralis? (p. 199). - E. leidyi? (p. 199). - Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). - Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). - Didelphis virginiana. - Ardea sellardsi. - A. herodias. - Ardea? sp. indet. - Herodias egretta? - Aluco pratincola. - Cathartes aura septentrionalis. - Larus vero. - Larus? sp. indet. - Mycteria americana? - Alligator mississippiensis. - Crotalus adamanteus. - Farancia abacura. - Drymarchon corais couperi. - Gopherus polyphemus. - Terrapene antipex. - T. innoxia. - Pseudemys floridanus persimilis. - Trachemys? nuchocarinatus. - Chelydra sculpta. - Chelonia mydas. - Caretta caretta. - Siren lacertina. - Amphiuma means. - Caranx hippos. - Caranx sp. indet. - Amiatus calvus. - Lepisosteus platystomus. - Aëtobatis narinari. - -Besides those remains which are to be assigned with certainty to one or -the other or both of the strata, there are a few others about whose -place in the deposit there is uncertainty: - - Testudo luciæ. - Gopherus præcedens. - Trachemys bisornata. - T. sculpta. - -At a point about 3 miles west of Vero, a lower jaw of _Elephas -imperator_ (p. 163) was found in the bank of the drainage canal. It was -embedded in a matrix of brown sand which rests upon the stratum of -marine shell marl. - -The list of mammals found in stratum No. 2 shows that there are 29 -species and that 21 of these are extinct. This high proportion of -species no longer existing is of itself enough to show that the deposit -is an old one. Again, such species as _Elephas imperator_ and camels -occur in the glaciated region only in Aftonian beds, and outside of the -glaciated region only in those which are quite certainly of -approximately the same age. - -In the list of species found in stratum No. 3 there are 25 mammals, of -which 12 species are extinct. These form, therefore, 48 per cent of the -whole, indicating apparently a more recent geological time, perhaps -about the Sangamon stage. It is true that the geologists hold that there -has been continuous deposition and that no interval elapsed between the -laying down of No. 2 and No. 3. In a region so near to the level of the -sea, where the streams are small and short and have little fall, -deposition must have gone on with extreme slowness; hence there may have -been no period when deposition ceased. Apparently, too, there was a time -when the region was somewhat lower than at present and salt water came -up the stream as far as the locality where the fossils are found. The -presence of _Chelonia mydas_, _Caretta caretta_, the two species of -_Caranx_ and _Aëtobatis narinari_ may thus be explained. - -The fresh-water and terrestrial mollusks of stratum No. 2 were submitted -to Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the U. S. National Museum, who has reported on -them (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 144). He lists 29 species, -all living. - -The marine mollusks found in the stratum called No. 1, and which the -writer refers to the first glacial stage, have been studied by Mr. W. C. -Mansfield, of the U. S. Geological Survey (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., -vol. IX, pp. 78–80). Seventy-four species are specifically determined, -and of these 61 are identical with living forms. Three or four species -are possibly extinct. There is no question that the deposit belongs to -the Pleistocene. - -Nearly all of the plants were found in the bed designated as No. 3, the -upper or muck-bed. These were studied by Dr. Edward W. Berry, of the -Maryland Geological Survey. His report, published in 1917 (Rep. Florida -Geol. Surv., vol. IX, pp. 19–33), states his conclusion that the plants -belong to the late Pleistocene, either the Peorian or the Late -Wisconsin. It may be stated that Dr. Berry adopts the theory that the -terraces supposed to be found along the Atlantic Coast were formed -during stages of submergence beneath the sea, the lowest one late in -Pleistocene time. - -_Lee County._—The whole of Lee County is occupied by Pleistocene -deposits which form a part of the Pensacola terrace. Naturally the -Pleistocene is overlain, generally, at least, by accumulations of Recent -materials, and it may not always be easy to distinguish the one from the -other. So far as the writer knows, all the vertebrate fossils discovered -in this county have been collected along Caloosahatchee River above Fort -Myers. The geology of this river has been described by Heilprin (Trans. -Wagner Inst., vol. I), Dall (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 142–145), -Matson and Sanford (Water Supply Paper 319, pp. 134–138), Sellards (2d -Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 123, 6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. -Surv., pp. 41–46). The Pleistocene is underlain by Pliocene marls and -hard and soft limestones and consists of beds of muck, marl, and sand of -little thickness. At Labelle it is said (Sellards, 2d Ann. Rep., p. 126) -that there is a fossiliferous Pleistocene marl covered by 3 feet of -sandy loam. The following seem to be the species which have been found -in the Pleistocene in this region: - - Elephas imperator (p. 163). - Equus leidyi (p. 199). - E. sp. indet. (p. 199). - Bison latifrons (p. 264). - Mylodon harlani (p. 40). - Testudo obtusa?. - Trachemys bisornata. - T. sculpta. - -The presence of _Elephas imperator_ is an indication that the deposits -belong to the early part of the Pleistocene. None of the species appear -to indicate an older stage than the Aftonian. - -_Dade County._—Sellards (8th Ann. Rep., p. 106) records that some -fragmentary remains of a proboscidean had been found in Miami River, -Dade County. - -_Palm Beach County._—On page 105 of the report just cited, Sellards -stated that _Elephas columbi_ (p. 160), _Mammut americanum_ (p. 123), -_Equus complicatus_ (p. 200), and _Bison_ sp. indet. (p. 264) had been -found in the Palm Beach Canal, constructed to drain the Everglades. - -At some unknown point in the Everglades, possibly in Lee County, there -was found many years ago a tooth of an elephant which the writer -believes belonged to _Elephas imperator_, already mentioned on page 163. -It was formerly reported as _E. columbi_. - - - ALABAMA. - -An account of the Quaternary formations of Alabama may be found in -Eugene A. Smith’s “Report on the Geology of the Coastal Plain of -Alabama.” This was published in 1894, and the part pertaining to the -Pleistocene is found on pages 28 to 65. Along the coast Smith recognized -the presence of a formation which he called the Biloxi. The upper part -of this was regarded as belonging to the Recent, while the lower portion -was thought to be the equivalent of Hilgard’s Port Hudson, those -deposits numbered 1 to 4 in the section shown on page 387, under Geology -of Mississippi. The thickness of the Port Hudson is given as about 100 -feet. Borings revealed the presence of shells and lignitized wood. - -Along the rivers which traverse the Coastal Plain are found three -terraces. The first or lowest is that which is subject to annual -overflow. The second terrace, “the second bottom,” occurs along most of -even the smaller streams of the Coastal Plain. It may be as much as a -mile wide. The height above low water may vary from 10 to 15 feet in the -lower courses of the rivers to 60 feet farther up stream. Near -water-level a blue clay is frequently found which contains stumps, -roots, and other remains of vegetation, often well preserved. Smith -concluded that this second terrace was the substantial equivalence in -time to the Port Hudson. - -Smith presents a geological section taken along Black Warrior River, in -Hale County, 150 miles above Mobile. The section included about 50 feet. -As caving went on, stumps and logs were frequently brought into view. -Similar sections were found on Coosa River, above Montgomery, and on -Alabama River, 50 miles above Mobile. - -The third terrace is found at elevations of from 50 to 100 feet above -the second. It is sometimes 3 miles or more in width. - -In his paper on the Citronelle formation (Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Surv., -98, pp. 167–208), Matson discusses briefly (pp. 189–190) the Pleistocene -of the area studied by him. This extends from the western end of Florida -to Mississippi River. Here he recognized four terraces, from the -youngest to the oldest, the Pensacola, the Hammond, the Port Hickey, and -the St. Elmo. The St. Elmo merges into the Natchez formation, which -Matson, quoting Chamberlin and Salisbury, regarded as sub-Aftonian. The -Port Hickey terrace is stated to take its name from a locality on the -Mississippi River where the typical materials of the Port Hudson -formation are exposed. The Port Hickey terrace may, as suggested by -Matson, be of post-Iowan age. Naturally, these correlations require -confirmation. - -Berry has described fossil plants (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XLI, pp. -689–697; Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, vol. XXIX, pp. 387–398) which were -found along Chattahoochee River, not far below Columbus, Georgia; on -Warrior River, up to 356 miles above Mobile. Pleistocene deposits must -occur along all the larger streams still farther north, and these -deposits will yield in time bones and teeth of vertebrated animals. - -Notwithstanding the considerable area of Pleistocene deposits discovered -in Alabama, the number of species of vertebrates met with is remarkably -small. On page 40 is recorded the finding of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ -somewhere about Tuscumbia. At Newbern, Hale County, have been found an -incisor tooth of a horse (p. 200) and a molar of a bison (p. 264). At -Bogue Chitto, Dallas County, have been collected _Equus leidyi_ (p. -200), _Mammut americanum_, and _Elephas imperator_. The last species -indicates that the deposits probably belong in the Aftonian. The writer -knows of no other localities in the State where vertebrate fossils of -the Pleistocene have been obtained. - - - MISSISSIPPI. - - (Text-figure 22.) - -The geological history of the lower part of the Mississippi Valley -during Quaternary times appears to be particularly difficult to -understand and at present is far from being unraveled. It is easy to see -that such a region will offer great difficulties. Here debouches into -the ocean a majestic river which drains not only the glaciated portions -of the United States from western New York to northwestern Montana, but -the larger part of the region south of this from the Blue Ridge to the -Rocky Mountains, and brings down every year enormous quantities of sand -and silt, which are dropped partly on its flood-plain, but mostly near -its mouth. Through the ages during which this has been proceeding, this -river has been ever changing its bed, sometimes eroding away one bank, -sometimes the opposite one; so that its flood-plain is, in most places -below the mouth of the Ohio, many miles wide, varying, according to -Russell (“Rivers of North America,” 1898, p. 267) from 5 miles to 80 -miles in width. During the Quaternary there have been also elevations -and subsidences of the bed at least from Cairo northward, as a result of -which at one epoch the current was hastened and the valley cut out -deeper; at another the current was checked, the channel clogged up, and -the river forced to seek a new channel or even new temporary or -permanent outlets to the Gulf (E. A. Smith, Geol. Surv. Alabama, 1894, -pp. 30–34). - -To get a correct idea of the Pleistocene geology of the lower -Mississippi region, one must understand the situation at the beginning -of this epoch. I. C. Russell, on page 267 of his work just quoted, calls -attention to the differences displayed by the valley of the river within -the glaciated region and that south of it. South of the mouth of Ohio -River the wide flood-plain of the Mississippi lies from 300 to 500 feet -below the general level of the bordering uplands. He states further that -the hard rock bottom of the valley is only imperfectly known, but that -the records of wells and borings show that an ancient valley has been -filled with alluvium to a depth of at least 100 or 200 feet in its -northern part and to an increasing depth southward. If to this -thickness, given by Russell, we add the depth, 300 to 500 feet, which -the flood-plain occupies below the bordering uplands, we get a measure -of the depth of the great trench which once existed where now lies the -flood-plain of Mississippi River. In his paper on the underground waters -of southern Louisiana (Bull. 1, Louisiana Geol. Surv., 1905, p. 42, -plate II) Harris presents the record of the Fabacher well, which was -bored at New Orleans. At a depth of about 1,200 feet fossil remains were -brought up which appeared to be of Pleistocene age. It is evident from -these facts, as in the case of those obtained from the rivers of Texas, -that at about the beginning of the Pleistocene, or more probably during -the time of the so-called Lafayette, at the close of the Pliocene, the -country east of the Rocky Mountains, at least, stood for a long time at -a much higher level than at present and that, as a result of this -elevation, there was an enormous general erosion of the face of the -country and a great widening and deepening of the river valleys. This -time of elevation was quite certainly followed by a prolonged period of -depression, during which these canyon-like trenches and their -tributaries, up to their last ramifications, were nearly completely -refilled. This refilling must have occurred during the early stages of -the Pleistocene, for in the materials are buried the bones of early -Pleistocene animals. As quoted below, in considering the geology at -Natchez, Chamberlin and Salisbury state that since the Natchez -formation, 200 feet thick, was laid down, the trench of the Mississippi, -60 miles wide, has been excavated. One might change this expression and -say that it had been re-excavated, but not to its original depth. - -When we reflect that the greater part of the sediments which, during the -Pleistocene epoch, were deposited at the mouth of Mississippi River and -on its flood-plain from Kentucky southward, were certainly derived from -the glaciated portions of its great valley, and that those regions were -alternately affected by the events of five glacial and four interglacial -epochs, we must conclude that corresponding deposits or phenomena of -some kind exist throughout the valley. The matter is, however, so -complicated that many years must elapse before a satisfactory solution -will have been reached. - -In his Report on the Geology and Agriculture of the State of -Mississippi, 1860 (1863–65), the geologist E. W. Hilgard, on pages 5 to -46, described under the name of Orange sand a deposit which -characterizes the greater part of the surface of that State. He referred -this to the Quaternary and regarded it as being the southern equivalent -of the northern drift. This formation is now believed to belong mostly -at least to the Pliocene. Besides the Orange sand, Hilgard (op. cit., -pp. 194–201) referred other formations to the Quaternary. These in order -would be as follows, the latest above: - - 5. Modern alluvium. - - 4. Second bottom, or Hommock deposits. - - 3. Yellow loam deposits. - - 2. The Bluff formation. - - 1. Orange sand. - -The Bluff formations were described as occupying a narrow belt along the -borders of the Mississippi bottom in northern Mississippi and along the -river itself in the southern part of the State. He stated that the -fossils belonged to terrestrial species, and quoted Leidy’s list of -vertebrates, already mentioned, remarking that the blue clay which -furnished them was said to belong to the Bluff formation. He reported -that the snails found in the Bluff formation seemed all to belong to -living species. The yellow loams occupied a large part of the surface of -the State, overlying the Orange sand and forming a great part of the -soils of the State. The succeeding formations were found along many of -the rivers. - -In 1869 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, pp. 331–346), Hilgard reported -the results of a geological reconnaissance of Louisiana. In this he -proposed the name Port Hudson group for extensive deposits of clays -which were especially well displayed at Port Hudson. This formation was -further described by Hilgard in 1872 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. -XXIII, No. 248, p. 5). Two geological sections taken near Port Hudson -were presented, one of which is here reproduced. - - _Section midway between Port Hudson and Fontana._ - - 6. Yellow loam, sandy below 8–10 - 5. White and yellow hardpan 18 - Orange and yellow sand, sometimes ferruginous sandstone, - irregularly stratified 8–15 - 4. Heavy greenish or bluish clay 7 - 3. White indurate silt, or hardpan 18 - 2. Heavy green clay with porous calcareous concretions above, - ferruginous below; some sticks and impressions of leaves 30 - 1. Brown muck with cypress stumps 3–4 - White or blue clay with cypress stumps - -The cypress stumps of No. 1 were numerous and well preserved. - -The writer reproduces Hilgard’s geological map of the lower Mississippi -region, in which is represented the distribution of the Port Hudson -according to that writer’s views (fig. 22). It will be seen that it was -supposed to pass eastward into the coast region of Mississippi, Alabama, -and Florida. Westward from Atchafalaya River it was believed to occupy a -large part of southern Louisiana and to pass into Texas and around the -Gulf coast to near the Rio Grande. It will be observed that in the -latter State it corresponds in a general way to what has been called by -Deussen the Lissie formation. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 22.—The Mississippi embayment. Redrawn from Hilgard. Used to show - the distribution of the Port Hudson group. -] - -Although Hilgard represents on his map an alluvial deposit as covering -the region of the delta, a belt along the western side of the great -river as far up as Cairo, and the wide tract between Mississippi and -Yazoo Rivers, a study of his paper shows that he believed that much of -these regions was underlain by his Port Hudson. He recognized it at -Greenwood on the Yazoo, 60 miles east of the Mississippi; at Vicksburg, -and at various places in the delta. Usually its upper surface occurs at -about low-water level along rivers, and elsewhere is met with in digging -wells. At Vicksburg it was encountered by Grant’s Army in digging his -famous canal. It was believed by Hilgard that the same deposit was -present at Petite Anse, overlying the Orange sand and overlain by more -recent deposits. - -Inasmuch as Hilgard believed that the Orange sand was laid down at the -time when the northern drift was being deposited, he had to refer his -Port Hudson to a later time, and this time he seemed to regard as being -the epoch called by Dana the Champlain. - -McGee referred the deposits of the lower Mississippi Valley (sometimes -called the Mississippi embayment) to his Columbia formation (12th Ann. -Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., plate I, p. 392). This formation, in his view, -had been laid down during a great subsidence of the borders of the -continent and when the waters of the Gulf reached as far north as the -mouth of Ohio River or beyond. He relegated Hilgard’s Orange sand to the -Pliocene and recognized four phases as belonging to the Pleistocene. -These were, beginning below: (1) Port Hudson; (2) Orange sand (of -Safford, not that of Hilgard); (3) loess; (4) brown (or yellow) loam. Of -these divisions there were really only three, for he regarded the loess -as only a phase of the loam and as lying sometimes above, sometimes -below the latter. He recognized the Port Hudson clays as flooring the -entire flood-plain of the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio well -toward the gulf shore. The formation was believed to be usually a -low-lying one; but at Natchez (as seen by his section given on page 391) -it is elevated high above the present flood-plain. - -Gilbert D. Harris, geologist in charge of the geological survey of -Louisiana, and Arthur C. Veatch, assistant geologist, have contributed -much to our knowledge of the Pleistocene geology of the State. Reference -to their works will be found in the descriptions of several -fossil-bearing localities, especially in the description of Petite Anse. - -Harris, in 1905 (Bull. 1, Geol. Surv. Louisiana, p. 13), expressed the -conclusion that the longer the geology of southern Louisiana is studied -the more futile appears the attempt to make satisfactory subdivisions in -the Quaternary deposits—subdivisions that have any definite time or -structural limits. He regarded it as a mistake to assign to the Port -Hudson a special place in geologic time. - -Chamberlin and Salisbury in 1906, as quoted below, made no mention of -the Port Hudson formation; but that part of it supposed to be found at -Natchez was evidently included in their Natchez formation. - -Inasmuch as Petite Anse and Natchez have furnished more species of -fossil vertebrates than any other localities in their States, and -likewise human relics supposed to be of equal age with the extinct -mammals, these places will receive especial attention. - -Natchez is the most important locality in Mississippi as regards -Pleistocene vertebrate palæontology. So far as the writer knows the -first mention of the occurrence of vertebrate fossils here was a note by -Dr. G. Troost in 1835 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Penn., vol. I, p. 143), who -stated that he had in his possession a tooth of a mastodon found at -Natchez. - -In 1845 (Proc. 6th Meet. Assoc. Amer. Geologists and Naturalists, pp. -77–79), Dr. M. W. Dickeson, of Natchez, read a paper entitled “On the -Geology of the Natchez Bluffs,” in which he distinguished 22 several -beds. These were said to be of varying thickness and distinctly marked, -but all composed of various colored clays and sands, and containing -numerous organic remains, embedded wood, and detrital matter. Probably -by far the greater part of these beds were of subordinate importance and -do not appear to have been noted since that time. Beneath the surface -soil Dickeson recognized a mass of yellow loam 20 to 30 feet in -thickness, exceedingly fine and free from gravel. In this had been found -shells of _Helix_ and scattered bones of mastodons. Below this came a -bed of ferruginous sands and gravels 4 feet thick. This was succeeded -below by what he called the mastodon bed, in which Dickeson had detected -remains of more than 30 individual mastodons. The thickness of this was -not given. The next stratum, his No. 6, was a fine clay of blue color, -from 12 to 15 feet thick. In this and his No. 22, an ash-colored clay, -at low-water mark, he discovered remains of what has since proved to be -_Megalonyx jeffersonii_. The localities where his fossils were found -were not given with exactness. - -At a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences, October 6, 1846 (Proc., -etc., vol. III, p. 107), Dickeson exhibited a large collection of fossil -bones obtained by him in the vicinity of Natchez. Among these were the -head and lower jaw of the _Megalonyx_ already mentioned. He stated that -the stratum that contains these organic remains is a tenacious blue clay -that underlies the diluvial drift east of Natchez and which diluvial -deposit abounds in bones and teeth of the _Mastodon giganteus_. -Associated with the megalonyx were remains of bear, bison, deer, and -horse. The collection was more notable because of the presence of a part -of a human innominate bone. Dickeson affirmed that this had been taken -out of the blue clay about 2 feet below three associated skeletons of -the megalonyx; and it is further stated to have accorded in respect of -color, density, etc., with those of the megalonyx and other associated -bones. This bone is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural -Sciences, Philadelphia. - -In 1846 the English geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, studied the geology of -the region at Natchez (Second Visit to U. S. N. A., ed. 2, vol. II, pp. -194–201). With him were Dr. Dickeson and B. L. C. Wailles, afterwards -State geologist of Mississippi (Wailles, Agric., Geol. Miss., 1854, p. -213). In the yellow loam of the bluffs Lyell recognized loess deposits, -from their resemblance to those of the Rhine. These he estimated to -occupy the upper 60 feet of the bluff, and in them were found 20 species -of land-snails, all yet living. He reported that this loess sometimes -passed into a lacustrine deposit which contained shells of _Lymnæa_, -_Planorbis_, _Paludina_, _Physa_, and _Cyclas_, and that with the -land-snails had been found, at different depths, remains of the -mastodon, while in clay under the loam (meaning evidently the loess) and -above the sand and gravel, entire skeletons of the megalonyx had been -met with, associated with bones of the horse, bear, stag, ox (_Bison_). -Lyell noted especially the recent development of deep ravines. One of -these, called the Mammoth Ravine, had been formed, he was assured, -within the preceding 35 years. Its length was 7 miles and its depth 60 -feet. In this ravine was found the human innominate bone referred to -above. He was shown this bone, and states that Dr. Dickeson was -persuaded that the bone had been taken out of the clay underlying the -loam (loess). This indicates that Dickeson himself did not take out the -human bone. Lyell thought that, like most of the other fossils, it had -been picked up in the bed of the stream, which would simply imply that -it had been washed out of the cliffs, and that it may have been -dislodged from some Indian grave near the top. He (p. 197) stated that -the place where the bone was found was 6 miles from Natchez. The reader -may consult further Lyell’s account of his observations at Natchez in -volume III of the American Journal of Science, 1847, page 266. - -In 1854 Wailles (op. cit., p. 286) published a list of the vertebrate -fossils which had been found in the State. This list had been prepared -by Dr. Leidy. While no localities are mentioned in either publication, -it is quite certain that most, if not all, of the species had been found -at Natchez. Wailles (p. 285) stated that the most prolific locality was -on Pine Ridge, in townships 7 and 8 north, range 3 west, 6 miles north -of Natchez. While the name is not used, it is supposed that reference is -here had to the Mammoth Ravine mentioned by Lyell. Leidy’s list was as -follows: - - Felis atrox Leidy. - Ursus americanus fossilis. - U. amplidens Leidy. - Equus americanus Leidy. - Cervus virginianus fossilis. - Bison latifrons Leidy. - Boötherium cavifrons Leidy. - Elephas primigenius. - Tapirus americanus fossilis. - T. haysii Leidy. - Megalonyx jeffersonii Harlan. - M. dissimilis Leidy. - Mylodon harlani Owen. - Ereptodon priscus Leidy. - Mastodon giganteus. - -Hilgard (Agric. Geol., Mississippi, 1860, p. 196, a work not issued -until the early part of 1863), republished Leidy’s catalogue of species -just mentioned and stated that these had been found in a solid blue -clay. - -In J. W. Foster’s “Prehistoric Races of the United States,” published in -1873, p. 61, is a statement made by Professor C. G. Forshey, in which he -says that he visited the locality where the human innominate bone was -found and that it was in Bernard’s Bayou, 2.5 miles north from Natchez. -This does not accord with the statement of Wailles, who lived near -Natchez and who visited the locality in company with Lyell and Dickeson. -Forshey presented reasons for concluding that the bone was not derived -from the Bluff formation. He stated that the mastodon bones and all -others, of which there were many, were rotten, and that it was only with -difficulty that any of them could be preserved. On the other hand, -Leidy, in speaking of the bones of the megalonyx found in the Mammoth -Ravine (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 6), and of those -of the _Mylodon_ (op. cit., p. 48), says that they were in a good state -of preservation. - -In his work on the Lafayette formation published in 1891 (12th Ann. Rep. -U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 347–521), McGee discussed the geology about -Natchez. On page 397 he presented a composite section obtained along -about 3 miles of the bluff. This in a modified form is here given. - - _Section at Natchez._ - - _feet._ - 7. Loess 10 to 50 - 6. Brown loam 10 to 40 - 5. Stratified loamy sand 5 to 15 - 4. Tenacious blue clay (Port Hudson) 10 to 15 - 3. Cross-stratified sand, with pebbles 30 to 50 - 2. Stratified gravel 5 to 15 - 1. Greenish and blue clay, to above low water (Grand Gulf, - Tertiary) 5 to 10 - -McGee noted that these divisions (except the Port Hudson and Grand Gulf) -are purely arbitrary, inasmuch as the character and thickness of the -beds change more or less within no great distances. - -He noted the fact that the loess abounded in mollusks mostly of land and -swamp species; also that some of the gravelly beds well down towards the -Port Hudson clays had yielded bones and teeth of elephants and -mastodons. - -In 1898, Dr. B. Shimek visited Natchez and studied especially the loess -(Amer. Geologist, vol. XXX, pp. 279–298, with plates X-XVI). He -estimated the thickness of the loess as not exceeding 30 feet. He -collected from this loess more than 4,600 shells of mollusks; and these -proved to belong to 39 species or well-recognized subspecies. These -species are all terrestrial in habit and all are now found living either -on the hills in the immediate vicinity or in similar situations in other -parts of the South. Shimek came to the conclusion that the loess of that -region had been deposited by the action of the winds. He was unable to -find any “brown loam” above the loess, the presence of which other -authors had affirmed. - -Shimek found no traces of mammalian bones in the loess and was inclined -to doubt that they occur there. He does not appear to have visited the -locality from which most of the bones were reported. - -Chamberlin and Salisbury, in 1906 (Geology, vol. III, p. 386, fig. 513), -discussed briefly the geological situation at Natchez. The Natchez -formation (evidently including the Port Hudson) has a thickness of about -200 feet and is made up of materials derived mostly from the so-called -Lafayette, on which it there rests unconformably. In this Natchez -formation are also crystalline pebbles and calcareous clays assignable -to wash from the glacial regions. Between this Natchez formation and the -overlying loess a marked interval is indicated. The authors are inclined -to assign the Natchez deposits to the earliest part of the Pleistocene, -viz, to the Aftonian and the drift epoch preceding the Aftonian. Since -the time when the Natchez formation was deposited the great trench of -the Mississippi Valley, about 60 miles wide, has been excavated. - -Already on page 391 has been given the list of fossil mammals which -Leidy made out for the State geologist of Mississippi, B. L. C. Wailles. -A revision of this is here presented, with the addition of _Castoroides -ohioensis_. - - Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 40). - M. dissimilis (p. 41). - Mylodon harlani (p. 41). - Ereptodon priscus (p. 41). - Equus complicatus (p. 200). - E. leidyi (p. 200). - Tapirus haysii (p. 208). - T. terrestris (p. 208). - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 233). - Symbos cavifrons (p. 254). - Bison latifrons? (p. 265). - Mammut americanum (p. 125). - Elephas columbi? (p. 180). - Castoroides ohioensis (p. 280). - Ursus americanus. - U. amplidens. - Felis atrox. - -According to Lyell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. III, 1847, p. 268), -_Megatherium_ and _Castoroides_ had been found in the bluffs at Natchez. - -From this list of mammals it is possible perhaps to reach some -conclusion regarding the geological age of the deposits containing them. -In case we accept without reserve the species, 16 in number, as -determined, only 3, _Tapirus terrestris_, _Odocoileus virginianus_, and -_Ursus americanus_, are yet living, leaving about 81 per cent of the -whole as being extinct, and what was called _Tapirus terrestris_ was -probably an extinct form. This alone makes it probable that the time of -their existence was early in the Pleistocene. All three of the supposed -existing species may, however, prove to belong to extinct species -closely related to those whose names they yet bear. - -Certain species may be left out of consideration because of paucity of -specimens and our consequent lack of knowledge of them. These are -_Megalonyx dissimilis_, _Ereptodon priscus_, and _Ursus amplidens_. - -In case the high percentage of extinct species is not recognized as -being decisive, we may consider the assemblage from another point of -view. Certain species of the list appear to have existed throughout the -Pleistocene, at least from the time of the first interglacial stage. -These are _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, _Mammut americanum_, _Elephas -columbi_, and _Castoroides ohioensis_, and their presence indicates only -a Pleistocene time. Others of the list are not known to have existed -after the time of the last Wisconsin drift-sheet, and may be supposed to -have become extinct before that time. These are _Mylodon harlani_, -_Equus complicatus_, _Equus leidyi_, _Tapirus haysii_, and _Bison -latifrons_. All of these quite certainly existed until after the -Illinoian drift period, probably into the Sangamon interglacial, except -apparently _Equus leidyi_. - -The list contains no species of primitive mastodons belonging to the -genus _Gomphotherium_, no species of _Hipparion_, no camels; and -_Elephas imperator_ appears to be missing. There is, therefore, no -necessity for believing that the mammal-bearing deposits at Natchez are -as old as the Sheridan, or Aftonian stage, but the ancient forms -mentioned may at any time turn up there or elsewhere in the immediate -region. - -The presence of _Symbos cavifrons_ might be supposed to point to a -rather late date in the Pleistocene; but evidence has accumulated which -indicates that it reaches back farther in time than we have supposed. -Taking all into consideration, the writer concludes that the fossil -vertebrates found at Natchez date back at least as far as the time of -the Illinoian drift stage. There is nothing to prove that they are not -as old as the Aftonian stage, except the apparent absence of camels, -_Elephas imperator_, mastodons belonging to _Gomphotherium_, and a -multiplicity of species of _Equus_. - -Unfortunately, vertebrate fossils, especially those known to belong to -definite horizons in the Pleistocene, are, aside from Natchez, rarely -found; but near Orizaba, in Tippah County, a tooth of a horse has been -discovered which appears to have been _Equus leidyi_ (p. 200). Remains -of a deer (p. 234) have been found in a railroad cutting at Aberdeen, -Monroe County. Mastodons are not uncommon, as may be seen on consulting -the pages where these animals in Mississippi are discussed (pp. 124 to -126). - - - TENNESSEE. - - (Figure 23.) - -There are not many States which furnish fewer Pleistocene deposits of -any considerable area than does Tennessee. Lying, as it does, away from -the sea, there are no marine Pleistocene beds; situated beyond the -glacial area, there are no glacial-drift deposits; and almost half of -the State, the eastern, being mountainous, with rivers running in narrow -valleys, there has been little opportunity for accumulation of loose -Pleistocene materials. The U. S. Geological Survey has published about -25 folios describing the geology of this mountainous part of Tennessee. -One will search these folios, perhaps in vain, for any mention of -Pleistocene deposits and for traces of these on the maps. Now and then -mention is made of narrow strips of alluvium along some of the larger -rivers; nevertheless there are evidences that in some of these strips -there are Pleistocene deposits. From the mountainous region westward to -near Mississippi River there have doubtless been, during the -Pleistocene, better opportunities for deposition of alluvium along the -river courses, but such deposits have been little studied. Along the -great river forming the western boundary there is a band, 10 to perhaps -25 miles in width, overlain by loess. This may attain a depth along the -river varying from 20 to 70 feet, but away from the river it thins out -to a feather-edge (Glenn, Water Supply Paper 114, U. S. Geol. Surv.). Up -to this time, however, it has furnished few, if any, Pleistocene -fossils. - -Notwithstanding the paucity of Pleistocene areas in the mountainous -portion of Tennessee, this region has furnished a considerable number of -species of Pleistocene vertebrates, and bids fair to furnish its due -proportion (fig. 23). These species occur, not in water-laid or -wind-laid deposits, but in caves which abound in the limestones of that -region. In 1918 (Resources of Tenn., vol. VIII, pp. 85–142), Mr. Thomas -L. Bailey located and described more than 100 caves of considerable -size. Many had been worked to obtain saltpeter. Bones have been reported -from a few of them; probably bones had been met with in others, but were -not regarded as important. In these caves (and in others yet to be -discovered) may hereafter be found numerous remains of animals. Other -sources for such fossils are the crevices that are sometimes opened up -in quarrying operations. Caves and crevices of this kind are found in -the Alleghany Mountain region from northern Pennsylvania to Lookout -Mountain in Tennessee, and from them there is already known an extensive -Pleistocene fauna. - -Beginning in the northeastern corner of the State, a brief survey will -be made of the localities and fossils which concern us. At Kingsport, in -Sullivan County (fig. 23, _1_) the writer has learned of the finding of -a mastodon tooth (p. 127), but beyond the fact that it was owned by Mr. -D. M. Lafitte, the writer has been able to learn nothing. - -From Bristol, Sullivan County (fig. 23, _2_), in the northeastern corner -of the State, there has been sent to the U. S. National Museum a -fragment of a maxilla containing two teeth of a tapir. This is referred -to _Tapirus haysii_. No details regarding the place of discovery or of -the geological conditions are known (p. 209). - -From Hawkins County, at a locality not specified (fig. 23, _3_) another -mastodon tooth has been reported by Dr. S. W. McCallie (Science, ser. 2, -vol. XX, p. 333) (p. 127). These announcements show at least that these -animals could exist in those rough and elevated regions. From crevices -in a marble quarry near Rogersville (fig. 23, _4_), Hawkins County, -there were sent many years ago to the U. S. National Museum a tooth of -the horse _Equus leidyi_ (p. 201); and a canine tooth of a very large -peccary, _Mylohyus setiger_ (p. 222). The same peccary has been secured -from Cavetown, Maryland. - -[Illustration: - - Fig. 23.—Localities where fossil vertebrates have been found in - Tennessee. -] - - - 1. Kingsport, Sullivan County. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 2. Bristol, Sullivan County. Tapirus haysii (p. 209). - - 3. —— Hawkins County. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 4. Rogersville, Hawkins County. Equus leidyi, Mylohyus setiger (p. - 394). - - 5. Whitesburg, Hamblen County. 19 species (p. 395). - - 6. Mossy Creek, Jefferson County. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 7. Zirkel’s Cave, Jefferson County. Tapir, peccary, bear, etc., (p. - 396). - - 8. Dandridge, Jefferson County. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 9. Near Knoxville, Knox County. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 10. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County. Equus littoralis, Mylodon? sp. - indet., Tapirus sp. indet., etc., (p. 396). - - 11. Elroy, VanBuren County. Megalonyx jeffersonii, etc. (p. 397). - - 12. 11 miles west of Nashville. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 13. 11 miles southeast of Nashville. Mammut americanum (p. 127). - - 14. Nashville, Davidson County. Equus leidyi, E. complicatus?, - Camelops? sp. indet., Mylodon harlani, Odocoileus sp. indet. (p. - 399). - - 15. Columbia, Maury County. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 181.) - - 17. Memphis, Shelby County. Megalonyx sp. indet., Castoroides - ohioensis, Mammut americanum (p. 400.) - -In the U. S. National Museum is a collection of remains of vertebrate -animals made about 1885 by Mr. Ira Sayles, a collector for the U. S. -Geological Survey, from a point about a mile north of Whitesburg, -Hamblen County (fig. 23, _5_). Some masses of the matrix which contained -the bones accompany the collection. This matrix is a red earth such as -is often found in the floor of caves and in fissures in limestone, the -result of the decomposition of the calcareous rock. Some fragments are -to a great extent made up of broken bones. It is evident, however, that -there is now no cave at that place. Sayles suggested that the bones were -“kitchen-middens” and that there had been an old fortification there. -Possibly a cave or a fissure once existed there and the rock inclosing -it may have dissolved away, leaving the floor. - -In this collection the writer has found the following species; these -were described in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 85–95, -plates III, IV; text-figs. 1–3). Those preceded by an asterisk are -extinct. - - - _List of species._ - - *Testudo munda. - *Equus leidyi (p. 201). - *E. littoralis (p. 201). - *Tapirus tennesseæ (p. 209). - *Mylohyus nasutus (p. 223). - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 234). - *Sangamona fugitiva. - Cervus canadensis (p. 243). - *Elephas primigenius. - Sciurus carolinensis. - Tamias striatus. - Marmota monax. - Castor canadensis. - Neotoma pennsylvanica?. - Microtus pennsylvanicus. - Lepus americanus. - Ursus floridanus. - Procyon lotor. - *Ænocyon ayersi?. - -In this list there are 19 species, of which 8 are extinct. The latter -form, therefore, 42 per cent of the whole list. This ratio appears to -indicate a time about the middle of the Pleistocene. There are no forms -that require an earlier date and there is good reason for believing that -the horses and the tapir did not exist after the last glacial stage, -perhaps not after the Sangamon interglacial. - -It is interesting to find in eastern Tennessee the remains of _Elephas -primigenius_. The discovery of teeth of this animal at Beaufort, North -Carolina, in eastern Tennessee, and especially in Texas, proves that the -range of that species extended even farther south in the New World than -it did in the old. It is not improbable that the animal withdrew to the -south during one or more of the glacial stages. However, none of the -other species found at Whitesburg suggests a cooler climate than now -prevails there. - -It is possible that some of the forms referred to existing species are -really extinct. The teeth identified as those of _Odocoileus -virginianus_ are smaller than those usually found in recent individuals. -The deer _Sangamona fugitiva_ appears in a collection made at Cavetown, -Maryland, and in another made at Alton, Illinois, in or beneath deposits -of loess that are believed to have been laid down about the time of the -Sangamon stage. - -In Jefferson County mastodon remains have been found at two places, -Dandridge (fig. 23, _8_) and Mossy Creek. No details are known about the -first case; in the case of the tooth found 3 miles south of Mossy Creek -(fig. 23, _6_) it is stated that it was discovered at a depth of 6 feet -and beneath a white oak stump. Between the two villages, on the left -bank of Dumplin Creek, 5 miles above its mouth, is Zirkel’s Cave. From -this cave (fig. 23, _7_) Mercer (Dept. Amer. Archæol. Univ. Penn., 1896) -reported the discovery of remains of tapir (p. 395), peccary (p. 223), -bear, and small rodents; but to what species they belonged is not known. -The tapir and the peccary indicate Pleistocene times. The bear probably -belonged to the same epoch. - -At a point 7 miles southeast of Knoxville (fig. 23, _9_) Professor S. W. -McCallie reported the finding of a mastodon tooth beneath 30 inches of -clay. At Lookout Mountain (p. 395, fig. 23, _10_) have been secured a -tooth of a horse, probably _Equus littoralis_ (p. 201), remains of tapir -and probably of _Mylodon_ (p. 43). Just where the horse-tooth was found -is not known. The tapir was found in a cave on the left bank of -Tennessee River, 0.25 mile below the mouth of Chattanooga Creek (Mercer, -as cited above; also in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXVIII, p. 355). Mercer’s -accounts are brief and were intended only as preliminary reports. From -him, through Miss Harriet Newell Wardle, of Philadelphia, the writer has -received a letter in which are given some details about the -investigation of this cave in 1893 and 1896. - -Dr. Mercer extended his trench inward from the entrance a distance of -about 50 feet and downward to the rocky bottom of the cave. He -recognized the presence of three layers, as follows: (1) top layer, from -6 to 8 inches deep, containing relics of both white man and Indian; (2) -middle layer, about 2 feet thick, containing evidence of Indian only; -(3) red cave earth, varying from one to several feet in thickness, -according to the uneven conditions of the cave floor. This latter layer -was subdivided into an upper zone (_a_) about a foot deep, which showed -evidences of intrusion of bones and refuse from the overlying layer, and -(_b_) the undisturbed red earth which contained bones of bats and -perhaps of some other animals. In the upper zone (_a_) of the red-earth -layer Mercer found a jawbone and loose teeth of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. -209) and a jawbone of _Mylodon_ (p. 43) without teeth, both as -identified by Professor Cope. Later, Cope became doubtful as to the -_Mylodon_ bone. In this upper zone of red earth, “within a few varying -inches of the depth of the tapir specimen above or below it,” Mercer -found bones of cave rats (_Neotoma_), marmot (_Marmota_), squirrel, -deer, opossum, teeth and fragments of the skull of a large unidentified -mammal, a small and a large bird, wild turkey, two species of turtles, -frogs, and drum-fish. The skull and other bones of the large -unidentified mammal had plainly been cracked to secure the marrow, and -were otherwise crushed and splintered. Also, as many as 493 hornstone -chips were found, besides bones rubbed to a point, and 10 potsherds. It -becomes a question how the tapir bone and teeth and perhaps the bone of -the mylodon and the evidences of the Indian’s presence got into this -upper layer of red earth. Mercer “thought it reasonable to conclude that -the tapir had been intruded into the red earth from the upper layer and -had been in contact with the Indians.” This appears to indicate the idea -that the tapir had existed there at a late period, probably after the -Pleistocene; but the evidences appear to show that this animal lived in -the United States not later than about the Sangamon stage of the -Pleistocene. It is more probable that the tapir remains had not been -disturbed and that the relics of man had, by some means, made their way -down into the red earth. There remains also the possibility that Indians -and tapirs and mylodons had lived together in that region during the -middle of the Pleistocene and while the upper foot of red clay was being -deposited. The presence of the other animals mentioned by Mercer does -not disprove this possibility, for all of them pretty certainly existed -there during the middle Pleistocene. - -Not far from Elroy, Van Buren County (fig. 23, _11_) there is an -interesting cavern known as Bigbone Cave. This and the bones which it -has furnished are now to be described. - -Mercer (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XXXVI, pp. 36–70) found that in -the greater part of this cave the nitrous earth that had formed the -floor had been removed to such an extent that on the walls its stains -remained at a height of one’s waist. Wherever any of this deposit -remained it was exceedingly dry and any disturbance of it produced a -cloud of dust. It appears to have consisted mostly of the dung and -excretions of animals, such as bats and cave rats. The preservation of -the cartilage and horny sheaths of the claw was due to this dryness of -the atmosphere. Where Mercer found the bones he recognized four layers, -to represent which he published a figure (op. cit., p. 47, fig. 4). This -is here reproduced with unimportant changes (fig. 24). On top there was -a layer from 2 to 3 inches thick which had resulted from the disturbance -produced by the passing of white men and possibly to some extent of -Indians. With the dust were mingled remains of charred vegetable -substances that had been used as torches. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 24.—Diagram showing a vertical section of the gallery in Bigbone - Cave near Elroy, Van Buren County, Tenn. Adapted from Mercer. -] - -The second layer was 2 to 5 feet deep and consisted almost entirely of -well-preserved dried excrements of cave rats (_Neotoma_) and of -porcupines (_Erethizon_). In it were observed nuts, sticks, fur, and -moss. The only animal remains found in this layer were the bones of -_Megalonyx_ (p. 42), quills and coprolites of _Erethizon dorsatum_, -coprolites and a jaw of a cave rat referred to _Neotoma magister_, and -jaws of two bats, _Adelonycteris fuscus_ and _Myotis subulatus_ -(_Vespertilio gryphus_ of Mercer). Some traces were found of an -undetermined herbivorous mammal about as large as a bear. With the lot -of _Megalonyx_ bones from this cave which were described by Harlan there -were remains referred to _Bos_ (_Bison_), _Ursus_, _Cervus_ -(_Odocoileus?_), and a human metatarsal; but these were reported as -having been picked up on the surface and may therefore have belonged to -quite recent skeletons. - -Besides the animal remains found by Mercer in his second layer, there -were present quantities of vegetable matter belonging to several -species. All, however, were forms yet living in that region. - -Mercer’s third layer appears to have consisted of dry excrements which -had become somewhat hardened. Its thickness was a foot. In it were found -vegetable matter, some bat jaws and fur, and the carcass of a “window -fly.” The fourth layer consisted of a fine water-laid clay which on -drying had contracted and broken up into small angular masses. The -interstices appear to have been filled by materials soaking down from -the upper layers of excrement. No organisms were found in it. - -Mercer concluded that the sloth remains were geologically recent, and -this may be true. _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ has been found in the northern -States in deposits overlying the Wisconsin drift, and it is quite -reasonable to suppose that the animal existed in Tennessee up to as late -a time as it did in Ohio and Illinois. The persistence of the cartilages -of the sloth, and the framework of the window fly which lay below the -sloth bones, naturally suggests a comparatively short time; but if, -through the dryness of the cave, they could endure a thousand years, -they might possibly endure several thousand. One must consider also the -length of time required for 1.5 or 2 feet of cave floor to be built up -from the excrements of bats, porcupines, and cave rats, but there is no -reason to refer the time back further than about the close of the -Wisconsin stage. - -On another page (p. 127) is presented the little that is known about the -remains of two mastodons which have been reported from the region about -Nashville. One tooth was found 11 miles west of the city (fig. 23, -_12_); a part of a skeleton at a point 11 miles southeast of it (fig. -23, _13_). A tooth of an undetermined species of elephant was found long -ago near Columbia, Maury County (p. 395, fig. 23, _15_). According to -Folio 95 of the U. S. Geological Survey, there are some narrow strips of -alluvium along Duck River, at Columbia. The tooth may or may not have -been found in this alluvium. Apparently in the neighborhood of Gallatin, -Sumner County (fig. 23, _16_), was found before 1835, at a depth of 40 -feet, a tooth of an elephant (p. 181). The information furnished by the -tooth, as reported, is not worth much. - -In June 1920, the writer received from Mr. William Edward Myer, of -Nashville, a small box of fossils, collected near Nashville (fig. 23, -_14_). The exact locality is given as being about 300 yards upstream -from Lock A, in Cumberland River. According to a sketch sent by Mr. Myer -and here reproduced (fig. 25), there are loose deposits about 30 feet in -thickness lying upon bed-rock. This bed-rock is found at about the level -of low-water in the river. On this rock there is found first a bed of -gravel, which, to judge from Myer’s sketch, is 2 or 3 feet in thickness. -Above this comes a bed of sand of about the same thickness. The rest of -the 30 feet is composed of gravel; and this rises to the level of the -flood-plain. In the lowermost stratum, the bed of gravel, were found a -tooth of _Equus leidyi_ (p. 201), a part of a femur of a horse of large -size (p. 201), and an antler of a small and probably unnamed deer (p. -234). This antler resembles those of some of the Central American -species of _Odocoileus_. In the next stratum above were found some -indeterminable fragments of turtle bones, a tooth of a young mastodon -(p. 127), and a calcaneum of a large camel (p. 225), belonging probably -to the genus _Camelops_. In October 1920, Mr. Myer sent from the same -locality a part of a molar of _Mylodon harlani_ (p. 43). These remains -appear to the writer to indicate that the deposits are of early -Pleistocene age, about that of the first interglacial. - -[Illustration: - - FIG. 25.—Section on Bank of Tennessee River at Nashville. -] - -Somewhere about Memphis (fig. 23, _17_), were found, about the middle of -the last century, some scanty remains of a young mastodon, a bone of -_Megalonyx_ (p. 43), and a part of a lower jaw of _Castoroides_ (p. -280). Jeffries Wyman thought that these remains had been found in -diluvium of the Mississippi River. It appears probable that they were -found in the loess, which is well developed at that locality. Some -exactness in reporting the locality would have led to the solution of -this question. - - - KENTUCKY. - -The State of Kentucky lies almost wholly south of the area of -glaciation. Only along Ohio River, from about 50 miles above Cincinnati -to about as many miles below, do any ice-laid drift materials appear, -and these belong to the Illinoian glacial stage. For information on this -drift the reader may consult Leverett’s account (Monogr. U. S. Geol. -Surv., vol. XLI, pp. 256–258, plate II). Near Carrolton, between Ohio -and Kentucky Rivers, is a ridge of Illinoian drift which rises as much -as 200 feet above low water. Later-formed terraces of these rivers are -found up to 90 feet. Not far away from this locality drift materials are -found on the highlands to a height of 300 feet above the Ohio. Below -Rising Sun, Indiana, on the Kentucky side, are knolls of drift deposits -rising about 150 feet above the river. This Illinoian drift occupies -nearly the whole of Boone County; elsewhere it forms a narrow strip -along the Ohio. - -Naturally there were laid down, at various times during the Pleistocene, -deposits beyond the glacial front. Rivers coming down from the glaciers -brought into the Ohio valley enormous quantities of gravel, sands, and -clay, much of which must have been deposited along the banks or at the -bottom. Such materials may have been laid down there during all or some -of the earlier glacial stages, some perhaps during interglacial times. -Probably at later times the most of these early deposits were swept -away, but some may have persisted. The rock floor of the Ohio (Leverett, -op. cit., p. 83) is below the level of the present stream, generally -between 30 and 60 feet, and, at some points in its lower course, 75 -feet. There might, therefore, now exist Illinoian drift materials -anywhere above this rocky floor, as well as high up on the bluffs. It -may be difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine the actual age of -such deposits. During the whole Pleistocene, the rivers which enter the -Ohio from the south were bearers of fine and coarse materials from the -higher lands where they took origin. Sometimes, and in some parts of -their courses, they may have occupied channels other than those now -holding the waters. During times of depression of the country the -sediments were dropped along the channels until the latter may have been -nearly filled. Then the country may later have become elevated, so that -the streams again cut down and left some of the old deposits as -terraces. In some parts of the State, as in the region of Mammoth Cave, -water circulating in the limestone rocks has dissolved these so as to -produce caverns and fissures of various sizes. In such caves, when they -became opened to the surface, animals would seek hiding-places and would -perhaps bring in others as their prey. Dying there, their bones might be -preserved. From such a cave has been secured a fine specimen of the -skull of a peccary (p. 223). Such caves should be examined with great -care. - -One of the most famous localities for fossil vertebrates in this country -is that known as Bigbone Lick, in Boone County, about 22 miles in a -straight line southwest of Cincinnati. Fossil bones were collected there -as long ago as 1739. A condensed history of the explorations made there -for fossils was given by William Cooper in 1831 (Monthly Amer. Jour. -Geol., vol. I, pp. 158–174, 205–216). An account of the locality, its -geology, and something about the fossil vertebrates and fresh-water -mollusks found there was given by the geologist Charles Lyell in 1845 -(“Travels in North America,” Murray ed., vol. II, pp. 62–66). - -Enormous quantities of bones and teeth, especially those of _Mammut -americanum_, have been collected at this place. When it was first -discovered, bones of this animal, of the elephants, and some others, -must have been lying exposed on the surface, the result probably of -erosion by the creek passing there through what was then a marsh. -General William Henry Harrison, in 1795, shipped from there 13 hogsheads -of bones, but these were lost on their way to Pittsburgh. Dr. Goforth is -reported to have got as many mastodon teeth as a wagon and four horses -could draw. These teeth are said to have weighed from 12 to 20 pounds -each. If this statement of weights is true, some or all of the teeth -were those of elephants. In 1807, General William Clark made a -collection at Bigbone Lick, at the instances of President Thomas -Jefferson. Brief notices of these were published by Dr. Samuel L. -Mitchill and by Dr. Caspar Wistar. Some of these bones were sent to the -American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia and were afterwards put -into the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Another part was -sent to Paris. Remains of various species, mostly the mastodon, have -gone into many museums of this country and of Europe; but it is evident -that the greater part of the things collected there, and especially of -the finest things, has been lost to science. - -Notwithstanding the amount of work done at Bigbone Lick, the geology of -the locality, and especially of the bone-bearing levels, is not well -known. Most persons who have labored there were interested almost wholly -in getting as many bones as possible and then in getting away. Cooper, -as cited, published a map of the region and indicated where the -excavations had been made up to that time. This map is here presented, -redrawn (map 41). From Cooper’s account it appears that all of the bones -had been found within a very circumscribed area, near a number of salt -springs. The bones occurred on the surface and as deep as 25 feet. -Cooper attributed this variation of depth to the unevenness of the -surface, his idea being that the bone-bearing stratum occupied a certain -level. He concluded that the valley had been filled up to a depth of not -less than 30 feet by unconsolidated beds of various kinds, of which the -uppermost was a light-yellow clay. This appeared to have been brought -down from the higher grounds by flowing water. In it were found bones of -buffaloes and other modern animals. Below this came a thinner layer of -darker color, softer and more gravelly, which contained remains of reedy -plants and fresh-water mollusks. It is described as being sometimes very -thin or even wanting. It was in this layer that the bones, or most of -them, were buried. It was itself underlain by a bed of blue clay of a -very compact and tenacious kind. Cooper added that this bone-bearing -layer appeared sometimes to be embedded in the blue clay. - -The next important investigations made at this place, so far as the -writer knows, are those instituted by Professor N. S. Shaler in 1868 -(Geol. Surv. Kentucky, 2d ser., vol. III, 1877, pp. 196–198; Allen’s -“The American Bison,” 1876, pp. 232–236). He reported that he had sent -to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard at least a ton of bones. -Immediately at the salt springs Shaler appears not to have been able to -discover any order in the disposition of the bones. “It is only at -points remote from the springs, where the beds seem to have been formed -by a mixture of the creek mud and the waste from the springs, that we -find the remains in the order which will enable us to form some opinion -as to the succession of occurrence of these animals at this point.” At -one place he thought he had succeeded in finding a distinct order of -succession. Just where this place was he did not indicate, nor what -kinds of deposits were passed through. The depth reached appears to have -been only 8 feet. Unfortunately, the great collection made by Shaler has -remained unstudied, except the remains of the buffalo (J. A. Allen, “The -American Bison,” 1876, with plates). - -Shaler thought that the beds of glacial drift did not extend south of -Ohio River. The discovery that the Illinoian drift-sheet covers most of -Boone County (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, pp. -257–258) throws much light on the history of the locality. It appears -rather strange that Shaler did not find rocks of far northern origin at -Bigbone Lick. The geologic history appears to be something like this. -When the Illinoian ice-sheet crossed the Ohio there was present the -predecessor of Bigbone Creek. Inasmuch as the glacial sheet did not -remain there long, a rather thin deposit was laid down in the creek. -This is probably represented by the bed of blue mud mentioned by Cooper. -When the glacier retired, the locality became a swamp covered probably -by vegetation and receiving mud and gravel brought there by the stream -and washed down from the surrounding hills. Doubtless the salt springs -existed then as now and attracted thither elephants, mastodons, and -other species. What were all the changes undergone there between the -Illinoian and Wisconsin drift stages can not be guessed; but during the -latter time, when the Ohio was carrying down vast quantities of -detritus, some from the glaciated regions, some from the non-glaciated, -its muddy waters were often backed up into Bigbone Creek, as they are -sometimes now, and they left there the upper yellow clay described by -Cooper, or at least most of it. When the Wisconsin stage had passed and -Bigbone Creek was free to work in that valley, erosion began. As the -creek was cutting down its bed to the present level it doubtless often -changed its position, and in this way produced the irregularity of -surface which both Cooper and Shaler mention. - -Notwithstanding its widely extended reputation, Bigbone Lick has -furnished relatively few species of vertebrates, and there is question -regarding the antiquity of some of these. About the presence of _Mammut -americanum_ there is no doubt. About the presence of elephants also -there can be no question; and the writer is quite certain that both -_Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_ occurred there. Undoubtedly -_Equus complicatus_ has been collected there; also _Boötherium -bombifrons_, _Symbos cavifrons_, _Bison antiquus_, and _B. bison_; but -it is not certain that the remains of the last-named species are not of -Recent times. Shaler mentions the presence of _Bison latifrons_, but he -probably had in mind _B. antiquus_. The type of _B. latifrons_ was found -in another creek valley. The occurrence of the _Cervus canadensis_, -_Odocoileus virginianus_, and _Alces americanus_ is mentioned by Cooper, -who stated that he thought he had seen traces of all of them. Shaler was -doubtful as to the elk. In Allen’s monograph on American bison, on page -234, Shaler admits the moose. The following is a list of the species -which have been reported from Bigbone Lick. References are made to pages -where further information is given on the species. - - Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). - Mylodon harlani (p. 44). - Equus complicatus (p. 202). - ?Tapirus haysii (p. 209). - Odocoileus virginianus (p. 234). - Cervus canadensis (p. 243). - Cervalces scotti. - Alces americanus. - Rangifer caribou (p. 247). - Boötherium bombifrons (p. 255). - Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). - Bison antiquus (p. 265). - Bison bison (p. 270). - Mammut americanum (p. 128). - Elephas primigenius (p. 146). - Elephas columbi (p. 160). - Ursus americanus. - -It is proper now to determine, if possible, during which of the -Pleistocene stages each of these species lived. It is quite probable -that none of the individual animals that have been dug up at Bigbone -Lick lived there before the Illinoian glacial stage. To find such, if -they have been preserved there, the excavations would have to be carried -much deeper. The writer assumes that any of the animals that lived there -in the interval between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin stages lived, -died, and were buried during the Sangamon stage. _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ -may belong to the Sangamon or to the Late Wisconsin, for we know nothing -about the depth at which the bones and teeth were secured. _Mylodon -harlani_ is not known to have existed anywhere after the Wisconsin, and -hence we may refer it to the Sangamon. _Equus complicatus_ also may with -certainty be referred to the Sangamon; likewise _Tapirus haysii_, in -case the type was not found in South Carolina. As to the cervids -_Odocoileus virginianus_, _Cervus canadensis_, _Alces americanus_, their -status is doubtful. They might go back to the Sangamon or have lived -there at any time up to and during the Recent. The reindeer is most -likely to have existed there during the Wisconsin ice-stage. The fine -specimen of _Cervalces scotti_ at Princeton University was found in New -Jersey in deposits overlying Wisconsin drift, but it may be taken as -certain that the species had existed before the time of the Wisconsin. -There is no record of depth, matrix, or associated fossils in the case -of the type of this species, which was found at Bigbone Lick. It is -natural to refer the two species of musk-oxen to the Wisconsin stage; -but there are indications that at least _Symbos cavifrons_ has been -found at other localities in pre-Wisconsin deposits. Shaler recorded it -as being found near the bottom of his excavation with the horse and with -the bison which he called _Bison latifrons_, but which is _Bison -antiquus_. It and _Symbos cavifrons_ probably belong to the Sangamon. - -From the fact that bones of the mastodon and the two species of -elephants were found by Shaler in the deeper deposits, it is probable -that the individuals represented belonged to the Sangamon or some other -pre-Wisconsin deposit; but, inasmuch as all three species lived after -the Wisconsin, there seems to be no known reason why some of their bones -may not have been buried in the late and superficial deposits at Bigbone -Lick. As to the bones of the bear found at this place little can be -said. - -The numerous remains of _Bison bison_ appear by all accounts to have -been found only in the uppermost parts of the deposits. Shaler was of -the opinion that the buffalo (Allen’s “The American Bison,” p. 234) had -come to the region east of Mississippi River at a very late period, -after the disappearance from Bigbone Lick of the elephants, the -mastodon, and _Symbos_. It seems to the present writer that the presence -of the existing buffalo east of the Mississippi only after the passing -of the Wisconsin ice-sheet is quite certain; but that it came only after -the extinction of the great proboscideans is hardly to be sustained. In -many localities over the country remains of all three species have been -found in swamps overlying the Wisconsin drift. In 1890 (Amer. -Naturalist, vol. XXIV, p. 953), Professor Lucien Underwood described a -fine skull of the American buffalo which had been found in making a -sewer at Syracuse, New York. Underwood stated that it had been found in -black muck, at a depth of 10 feet; but Mr. John Cunningham, -superintendent of grounds at the university, who saw the place and -secured the skull from the laborer who encountered it, told the present -writer that the depth was 17 feet. It would seem that that bison had -lived on the shores of Onondaga Lake not long after the Wisconsin -glacier had withdrawn from the place. - -We do not know under what geological conditions the type of _Bison -latifrons_ was found; but it pretty certainly came from post-Illinoian -deposits, probably Sangamon, along possibly Woolper’s Creek in Boone -County. Proboscidean remains have been reported from the Kentucky side -of the Ohio in the region of Cincinnati, but it would be hazardous at -present to assign them a geological age. The same may be said about the -mastodon remains found in digging the canal around the falls, although -the low level along the river seems to indicate the Late Wisconsin. - -A collection, forming probably two farm-wagon loads, was made several -years ago at Bluelick Springs, by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter. The springs -having failed, Mr. Hunter undertook to dig down and restore the flow. In -this he failed, but he did find great quantities of bones, mostly those -of the mastodon, but also of elephants, buffaloes, and a few others (p. -129). There were about 100 mastodon teeth, many tusks, and large pieces -of these; and of these pieces about 20 had been planed off so as to be -flat on one or on two sides, as if they had lain in the bottom of a -stream and the water and sand had worn them down on one side and then -the tusks had been turned over and undergone a planing of the opposite -side. Among the bones were two ungual phalanges of _Megalonyx -jeffersonii_ (p. 44), and remains of the elk (p. 243), and deer (p. -234). To none of the species found there need one assign a higher -antiquity than late Pleistocene; but some might have been older. In -Scott County, between Stamping Ground and Georgetown, there has been -found, in the bottom of an old sink-hole, a part of a lower jaw with -teeth of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 210). The time of existence of this animal -is to be regarded as lying somewhere back of the Wisconsin glacial -stage. With this jaw, Professor Arthur M. Miller sent to the writer some -pieces of jaws of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 210) which had been found in an -old stream-deposit at Yarnallton, Fayette County. From a fissure filled -with calcite, at Monday’s Landing, Mercer County, there has been sent to -the writer, by Professor Miller, a molar tooth of a horse (p. 202). -Nothing more can be said of this horse than that it is older than the -Wisconsin stage. It may be as old as the first interglacial. - -About 5 or 6 miles below Henderson, on Ohio River, many years ago, -considerable parts of the skeleton of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ were found -(p. 44). With them were reported to have been discovered antlers and -bones of the deer (p. 234). A description of the locality was sent to -Joseph Leidy and published by him in his work on ground-sloths (Smiths. -Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 7). The bone-bed lay at an -elevation of only 5 or 6 feet above an ordinary stage of low water. It -was composed of a ferruginous sand and contained various species of -fresh-water mollusks and stems and limbs of trees. This was underlain by -a bluish clay, while above it, rising 40 or 50 feet, were beds of -siliceous earth and widely spread marls. Neither the geology of the -place, so far as the writer knows, nor the history of the animal -requires us to believe that the geological age is beyond that of the -Late Wisconsin or Wisconsin. However, a short time before, near -Evansville, Indiana, at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, and apparently only -about 10 miles away from where Owen found megalonyx bones, there had -been discovered by Frances A. Lincke, and described by Leidy (Proc. -Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1854, pp. 199–200), a collection of -vertebrate fossils. This included remains of megalonyx (p. 32), a -cervical vertebra of a bison (p. 257), a vertebra of a horse (p. 186), a -tooth of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 203), and a part of the upper jaw of the -wolf known as _Ænocyon dirus_ (p. 204). The horse was most probably -_Equus complicatus_, while the bison was probably one of the extinct -species. The wolf is regarded as being the same as that so abundantly -found in the collections made at Rancho La Brea, near Los Angeles. The -writer regards the fauna as belonging to the Sangamon, unless it is -still older. The specimens were found sticking out of the river at low -water, and it becomes quite probable that the Henderson beds and bones -are of the same age as those at Evansville. - -As mentioned on another page (p. 223) it is probable that the fine skull -of _Platygonus compressus_ that was sent many years ago to the Academy -of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, -Kentucky, and described by Leidy (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. X, p. -331, plates XXXV-XXXVII) had been found somewhere in Rock Castle County. -It counts as another product of the caves which abound in the Alleghany -range of mountains. - - - - - MAPS AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS - - -[Illustration: - - MAP 1. - - Distribution of Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 408. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 1. - - - Ontario: - 1. Nepean Township, Carleton Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). - 2. Ottawa East, Carleton Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). - 3. Smith’s Falls, Lanark Co., Megaptera boöps (p. 17). - 4. Pakenham, Lanark Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). - 5. Cornwall, Stormont Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). - 6. Williamstown, Glengarry Co., Delphinapterus vermontanus? (p. 18). - 7. Quebec, Montreal, Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). - 8. Rivière du Loup, Temiscouata Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). - 9. Metis, Rimouski Co., Megaptera boöps? (p. 19). - 10. Jaquet River, Restigouche Co., Monodon monoceros (p. 19). - 11. Mace’s Bay, Charlotte Co., Delphinapterus? sp.? (p. 19). - - Vermont: - 12. Charlotte, Chittenden Co., Delphinapterus vermontanus (p. 19). - - North Carolina: - 13. Below Newbern, Craven Co., “cetaceans” (p. 20). - - South Carolina: - 14. Charleston, Charleston Co., Physeter vetus (p. 20). - - Georgia: - 15. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Physeter vetus? (p. 20). - - Florida: - 16. Daytona, Volusia Co., Balænoptera? sp.? (p. 20). - 17. De Land, Volusia Co., Globicephala bæreckeii (p. 20). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 2. - - Distribution of Pleistocene _Pinnipedia_ on eastern North America. For - explanation see page 408. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 2. - - - Grinnell Land, Dumbbell Harbor (locality not on the map). Phoca barbata - P. hispida (p. 21). - - Nova Scotia: - 1. Sable Island, Odobenus rosmarus (p. 21). - - New Brunswick: - 2. Fairville, Charlotte Co., Phoca grœnlandica (p. 21). - - Quebec: - 3. Bic, Rimouski Co., Odobenus rosmarus (p. 21). - 4. Montreal, Phoca grœnlandica (p. 22). - 5. Tétreauville, Ottawa Co., Phoca vitulina (p. 22). - - Ontario: - 6. Ottawa, Phoca? sp.? (p. 23). - - Maine: - 7. Addison Point, Washington Co., Odobenus rosmarus (p. 23). - 8. Andrews Island, Knox Co., O. rosmarus (p. 23). - 9. Gardiner, Kennebec Co., O. rosmarus (p. 23). - 10. Portland, Cumberland Co., O. rosmarus (p. 24). - - New Hampshire: - 11. Jeffries Reef, off Portsmouth, O. rosmarus (p. 25). - - Massachusetts: - 12. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, O. rosmarus (p. 25). - - New Jersey: - 13. Long Branch, Monmouth Co., O. rosmarus (p. 26). - 14. Ocean Grove, Monmouth Co., O. rosmarus (p. 28). - - Virginia: - 15. Accomac Co., O. rosmarus (p. 28). - 16. Kitty Hawk, Currituck Co., O. rosmarus (p. 29). - - South Carolina: - 17. Charleston Co., O. rosmarus (p. 29). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 3. - - Distribution of Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 410. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 3. - - - New Jersey: - 1. Long Branch, Monmouth Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 31). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Megalonyx wheatleyi, M. loxodon, M. - tortulus, M. scalper, Mylodon harlani (p. 31). - 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 31). - - Ohio: - 1. North Fairfield, Huron Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 31). - 2. Millersburg, Holmes Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 32). - - Indiana: - 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 32). - - Illinois: - 1. Urbana, Champaign Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). - 2. Alton, Madison Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). - 3. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34). - - Virginia: - 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., Megalonyx dissimilis? (p. 34). - 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 34). - - West Virginia: - 1. —— Greenbrier Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34). - - South Carolina: - 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 35). - 2. Charleston, Charleston Co., Megatherium mirabile, Mylodon harlani - (p. 35). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). - 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Megatherium mirabile, Mylodon - harlani (p. 26). - - Florida (See Map 4). - - Alabama: - 1. Tuscumbia, Colbert Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 40). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, M. dissimilis, Mylodon - harlani, Ereptodon priscus (p. 40). - - Tennessee: - 1. Elroy, Van Buren Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 41). - 2. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., Mylodon? sp. indet. (p. 43). - 3. Memphis, Shelby Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 43). - 4. Nashville, Davidson Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 43). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., Mylodon harlani, Megalonyx jeffersonii - (p. 43). - 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). - 3. Henderson, Henderson Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 4. - - Finds of Pleistocene _Xenarthra_ in Florida. For explanation see page - 412. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 4. - - - Florida: - 1. Archer, Alachua Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 37). - 2. Almero Farm, St. John Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 37). - 3. Ocala, Marion Co., Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). - 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale, Megalonyx - sp. indet. (p. 38). - 5. Hillsboro River, Hillsboro Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. - 38). - 6. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). - 7. Zolfo, Hardee Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 38). - 8. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, Mylodon harlani?, - Chlamytherium septentrionale, Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). - 9. Arcadia, De Soto Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, Glyptodon rivipacis, - Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 39). - 10. Labelle, Lee Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 40). - 11. Williston Levy Co., Thinobadistes segnis (p. 37). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 5. - - Distribution of Pleistocene mastodons in eastern North America. For - explanation see pages 414, 416. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 5. - - Unless another name is used after the localities, Mammut americanum is - to be understood. - - - Ontario: - 1. —— Essex Co. (p. 45). - 2. Morpeth and Highgate, Elgin Co. (p. 45). - 3. St. Thomas, Elgin Co., M. progenium? (p. 45). - 4. London, Middlesex Co. (p. 45). - 5. Marburg, Norfolk Co. (p. 45). - 6. Dunnville, Haldimand Co. (p. 46). - 7. St. Catharines and Welland Port, Lincoln Co. (p. 46). - 8. Toronto, York Co. (p. 46). - 9. Junction of Missinaibi and Moose Rivers, Algoma Co. (p. 46). - - Massachusetts: - 1. Coleraine, Franklin Co. (p. 47). - 2. Shrewsbury, Worcester Co. (p. 47). - - Connecticut: - 1. Cheshire, New Haven Co. (p. 47). - 2. New Britain, Hartford Co. (p. 48). - 3. Farmington, Hartford Co. (p. 48). - 4. Bristol, Hartford Co. (p. 48). - 5. Sharon, Litchfield Co. (p. 48). - - New York (See Maps 6 and 34). - - New Jersey (See Map 6 A). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co. (p. 68). - 2. Pittston, Luzerne Co. (p. 68). - 3. Berwick, Columbia Co. (p. 69). - 4. Reading, Berks Co. (p. 69). - 5. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co. (p. 69). - 6. Jackson Township, York Co. (p. 69). - 7. Kishacoquillas Station, Mifflin Co. (p. 69). - 8. Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (p. 69). - 9. Frankstown, Blair Co. (p. 69). - 10. Bedford, Bedford Co. (p. 69). - 11. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 69). - 12. Hickory, Washington Co. (p. 70). - 13. Erie, Erie Co. (p. 70). - - Ohio (See Map 7). - - Michigan (See Map 8). - - Indiana (See Map 9). - - Illinois (See also Map 38): - 1. Shawneetown, Gallatin Co. (p. 100). - 2. Chester, Randolph Co. (p. 101). - 3. Beaucoup, Washington Co. (p. 101). - 4. East St. Louis, St. Clair Co. (p. 101). - 5. Alton, Madison Co. (p. 102). - 6. Sandoval, Marion Co. (p. 102). - 7. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 102). - 8. Warsaw, Hancock Co. (p. 103). - 9. Manito, Mason Co. (p. 103). - 10. —— Knox Co. (p. 104). - 11. Cambridge, Henry Co. (p. 104). - 12. Rural Township, Rock Island Co. (p. 104). - 13. Sterling, Whiteside Co. (p. 105). - 14. New Milford, Winnebago Co. (p. 105). - 15. Byron and Harper, Ogle Co. (p. 105). - 16. Urbana and Pesotum, Champaign Co. (p. 106). - 17. —— Edgar Co. (p. 106). - 18. Fairmount, Vermillion Co. (p. 106). - 19. —— Iroquois Co., 6 miles northwest of Hoopeston, M. progenium (p. - 106). - East Lynn and Rossville, Vermillion Co. (p. 107). - 20. Beecher, Will Co. (p. 107). - 21. Morris, Grundy Co. (p. 108). - 22. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 109). - 23. Yorkville, Kendall Co. (p. 109). - 24. Aurora, Kane Co. (p. 109). - 25. Batavia and Maple, Kane Co. (p. 110). - 26. Glencoe, Cook Co. (p. 110). - 27. Walnut, Bureau Co. (p. 105). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Dover, Racine Co. (p. 110). - 2. Waukesha, Waukesha Co. (p. 110). - 3. Madison, Dane Co. (p. 111). - 4. Bluemounds, Dane Co. (p. 111). - 5. Lone Rock, Richland Co. (p. 111). - 6. Sinsinawa, Grant Co. (p. 111). - 7. Wauseka, Crawford Co. (p. 111). - 8. Richland Center, Richland Co. (p. 111). - 9. Menomonie, Dunn Co. (p. 111). - - Maryland: - 1. St. Marys City, St Marys Co. (p. 112). - 2. St. Clements, St. Marys Co. (p. 112). - 3. Towson, Baltimore Co. (p. 112). - 4. Lane’s Creek and Clear Spring, Washington Co. (pp. 112, 113). - - Virginia: - 1. 6 miles east of Williamsburg, York Co. (p. 113). - 2. City Point, Prince George Co. (p. 113). - 3. Abingdon, Washington Co. (p. 113). - 4. Saltville, Smyth Co. (p. 113). - 5. Covington, Alleghany Co. (p. 114). - 6. Hot Springs, Bath Co. (p. 114). - 7. Edom, Rockingham Co. (p. 114). - - West Virginia: - 1. Stewartstown, Monongalia Co. (p. 115). - 2. Parkersburg, Wood Co. (p. 115). - - North Carolina (See also Map 39): - 1. —— New Hanover Co. (p. 115). - 2. —— Pender Co. (p. 115). - 3. —— Duplin Co. (p. 115). - 4. Goldsboro, Wayne Co., M. progenium (p. 115). - 5. Jacksonville, Onslow Co. (p. 116). - 6. Maysville, Jones Co. (p. 116). - 7. —— Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 116). - 8. Harlowe, Carteret Co. (p. 117). - 9. —— Pitt Co. (p. 117). - 10. —— Wilson Co. (p. 117). - 11. Tarboro, Edgecombe Co. (p. 117). - 12. Rocky Mount, Nash Co. (p. 117). - - South Carolina: - 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co. (p. 118). - 2. Ashley River, Charleston Co. (p. 118). - 3. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 119). - 4. —— Lee Co. (p. 119). - 5. Darlington, Darlington Co. (p. 119). - - Georgia: - - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 120). - 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co. (p. 120). - - Florida (See Map 10). - - Alabama: - 1. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co. (p. 124). - - Mississippi: - 1. Perthshire, Bolivar Co. (p. 124). - 2. Caseilla, Tallahatchie Co. (p. 124). - 3. Jackson, Hinds Co. (p. 124). - 4. Vicksburg, Warren Co. (p. 124). - 5. Bovina?, Warren Co. (p. 125). - 6. —— Claiborne Co. (p. 125). - 7. —— Jefferson Co. (p. 125). - 8. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 125). - 9. Pinckneyville, Wilkinson Co. (p. 126). - 10. Between Zeiglerville and Pearce, Yazoo Co., M. progenium (p. - 126). - 11. Woodville, Wilkinson Co. (p. 126). - - Tennessee (See also figure 23, p. 395): - 1. Kingsport, Sullivan Co. (p. 127). - 2. St. Clair, Hawkins Co. (p. 127). - 3. Mossy Creek, Jefferson Co. (p. 127). - 4. Dandridge, Jefferson Co. (p. 127). - 5. Neuberts Springs, Knox Co. (p. 127). - 6. 11 miles west of Nashville, Davidson Co. (p. 127). - 7. 11 miles southeast of Nashville, Davidson Co. (p. 127). - 8. Fayetteville, Lincoln Co. (p. 128). - 9. Memphis, Shelby Co. (p. 128). - - Kentucky: - 1. Ludlow, Kenton Co. (p. 128). - 2. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 128). - 3. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 128). - 4. Harrisonville, Harrison Co. (p. 129). - 5. —— Fayette Co. (p. 129). - 6. Drennon Springs, Henry Co. (p. 129). - 7. Louisville, Jefferson Co. (p. 129). - 8. Smithland?, Livingston Co. (p. 129). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 6. - - Eastern New York, western Massachusetts and Connecticut. Relation of - mastodon localities to sea-level areas near end of Wisconsin stage. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 6. - - - Massachusetts: - 1. Coleraine, Franklin Co. (p. 47). - 2. Shrewsbury, Worcester Co. (p. 47). - - Connecticut: - 1. Cheshire, New Haven Co. (p. 47). - 2. New Britain, Hartford Co. (p. 48). - 3. Farmington, Hartford Co. (p. 48). - 4. Bristol, Hartford Co. (p. 48). - 5. Sharon, Litchfield Co. (p. 48). - - New York: - 1. New Dorp, Richmond Co. (p. 48). - 2. Ridgewood, Kings Co. (p. 49). - 3. Jamaica, Queens Co. (p. 49). - 4. Inwood, Nassau Co. (p. 49). - 5. Riverhead, Suffolk Co. (p. 49). - 6. Morrisania, New York Co. (p. 49). - 7. New York City (p. 50). - 8. Hartsdale, Westchester Co. (p. 50). - 9. New Antrim, Rockland Co. (p. 50). - 10. Arden, Orange Co. (p. 50). - 14. New Windsor, Orange Co. (p. 51). - 15. Newburgh, Orange Co. (p. 51). - 25. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co. (p. 55). - 27. Claverack, Columbia Co. (p. 55). - 30. Coeymans, Albany Co. (p. 56). - 31. Cohoes, Albany Co. (p. 56). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 6 A - - Distribution of mastodon localities in New Jersey. For explanation see - page 418. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 6 A. - - - New Jersey: - 1. Mannington Township, Salem Co. (p. 63). - 2. Harrisonville, Gloucester Co. (p. 63). - 3. Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co. (p. 64). - 4. Woodbury, Gloucester Co. (p. 64). - 5. Pemberton, Burlington Co. (p. 64). - 6. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 64). - 7. Freehold, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). - 8. Englishtown, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). - 9. Marlboro, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). - 10. Long Branch, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). - 11. Navesink Hills, Monmouth Co. (p. 66). - 12. Manasquan Inlet, Monmouth Co. (p. 66). - 13. Verona, Essex Co. (p. 66). - 14. Rockport, Warren Co. (p. 67). - 15. Hackettstown, Warren Co. (p. 67). - 16. Hope, Warren Co. (p. 68). - 17. Greendell, Sussex Co. (p. 68). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 7. - - Distribution of Pleistocene mastodons in Ohio. For explanation see - pages 420 and 422. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 7. - - - Ohio: - 1. —— Pike Co. (p. 70). - 2. Nashport, Muskingum Co. (p. 70). - 3. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co. (p. 71). - 4. Amanda, Butler Co. (p. 71). - 5. Germantown, Montgomery Co. (p. 71). - 6. Dayton, Montgomery Co. (p. 72). - 7. New Paris, Preble Co. (p. 72). - 8. West Sonora, Preble Co. (p. 73). - 9. New Madison, Darke Co. (p. 73). - 10. Fort Jefferson, Darke Co. (p. 73). - 11. 6 miles west of Greenville, Darke Co. (p. 73). - 12. Greenville, Darke Co. (p. 73). - 13. Ansonia, Darke Co. (p. 74). - 14. Troy, Miami Co. (p. 74). - 15. Catawba, Clark Co. (p. 74). - 16. Urbana, Champaign Co. (p. 74). - 17. South Bloomfield, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). - 18. Circleville, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). - 19. Pickaway Plains, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). - 20. Salt Creek Township, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). - 21. Shadeville, Franklin Co. (p. 75). - 22. Mount Gilead, Morrow Co. (p. 75). - 23. Harper, Logan Co. (p. 76). - 24. Roundhead, Hardin Co. (p. 76). - 25. Washington Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). - 26. Pusheta Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). - 27. Wapakoneta, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). - 28. Duchouquet Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). - 29. St. Johns, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). - 30. —— Fayette Co. (p. 75). - 31. Ohio City, Van Wert Co. (p. 77). - 32. Columbus Grove, Putnam Co. (p. 77). - 33. Liberty Township, Putnam Co. (p. 77). - 34. Springfield Township, Lucas Co. (p. 77). - 35. Jackson Township, Wood Co. (p. 78). - 36. Carey, Wyandot Co. (p. 78). - 37. Old Fort, Seneca Co. (p. 78). - 38. Bucyrus, Crawford Co. (p. 78). - 39. Sandusky, Erie Co. (p. 78). - 40. Brownhelm Township, Lorain Co. (p. 79). - 41. Pittsfield Township, Lorain Co. (p. 79). - 42. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 79). - 43. —— Medina Co. (p. 79). - 44. Green Township, Summit Co. (p. 80). - 45. Massillon, Stark Co. (p. 80). - 46. Canton, Stark Co. (p. 80). - 47. Lisbon, Columbiana Co. (p. 70). - 48. —— Trumbull Co. (p. 80). - 49. Brighton, Clark Co. (p. 74). - 50. Woodstock, Champaign Co. (p. 74). - 51. Granville, Licking Co. (p. 75). - - - KEY TO NAMES OF COUNTIES IN OHIO. - - - 1. Williams - 2. Fulton - 3. Lucas - 4. Ottawa - 5. Lake - 6. Ashtabula - 7. Trumbull - 8. Geauga - 9. Cuyahoga - 10. Lorain - 11. Erie - 12. Sandusky - 13. Wood - 14. Henry - 15. Defiance - 16. Paulding - 17. Putnam - 18. Hancock - 19. Seneca - 20. Huron - 21. Medina - 22. Summit - 23. Portage - 24. Mahoning - 25. Columbiana - 26. Stark - 27. Wayne - 28. Ashland - 29. Richland - 30. Crawford - 31. Wyandot - 32. Allen - 33. Van Wert - 34. Mercer - 35. Auglaize - 36. Hardin - 37. Marion - 38. Morrow - 39. Knox - 40. Holmes - 41. Coshocton - 42. Tuscarawas - 43. Carroll - 44. Harrison - 45. Jefferson - 46. Belmont - 47. Guernsey - 48. Muskingum - 49. Licking - 50. Delaware - 51. Union - 52. Logan - 53. Shelby - 54. Darke - 55. Miami - 56. Champaign - 57. Clark - 58. Madison - 59. Franklin - 60. Pickaway - 61. Fairfield - 62. Perry - 63. Morgan - 64. Noble - 65. Monroe - 66. Washington - 67. Athens - 68. Hocking - 69. Vinton - 70. Ross - 71. Fayette - 72. Green - 73. Montgomery - 74. Preble - 75. Butler - 76. Warren - 77. Clinton - 78. Highland - 79. Pike - 80. Jackson - 81. Meigs - 82. Gallia - 83. Lawrence - 84. Scioto - 85. Adams - 86. Brown - 87. Clermont - 88. Hamilton - -[Illustration: - - MAP 8. - - Finds of Pleistocene mastodons in Michigan. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 8. - - - Michigan: - 1. Church, Hillsdale Co. (p. 80). - 2. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 80). - 3. Howell, Livingston Co. (p. 81). - 4. Bellevue, Eaton Co. (p. 81). - 5. Olivet, Eaton Co. (p. 82). - 6. Stanton, Montcalm Co. (p. 82). - 7. Buchanan, Berrien Co. (p. 82). - 8. Eau Claire, Berrien Co. (p. 82). - 9. Dorr, Allegan Co. (p. 83). - 10. Cannonsburg, Kent Co. (p. 83). - 11. Moorland, Muskegon Co. (p. 83). - 12. Williams Township, Bay Co. (p. 84). - 13. Near Saginaw, Saginaw Co. (p. 84). - 14. Alma, Gratiot Co. (p. 85). - 15. —— Saginaw Co. (p. 84). - 16. Bancroft, Shiawassee Co. (p. 86). - 17. Venice, Shiawassee Co. (p. 86). - 18. Fenton, Genesee Co. (p. 86). - 19. Davison, Genesee Co. (p. 86). - 20. Utica, Macomb Co. (p. 86). - 21. Plymouth, Wayne Co. (p. 87). - 22. Wyandotte, Wayne Co. (p. 87). - 23. Saline, Washtenaw Co. (p. 88). - 24. Petersburg, Monroe Co. (p. 87). - 25. Galien, Berrien Co. (p. 83). - 26. 7 miles southwest of Ypsilanti (p. 88). - 27. Clayton, Lenawee Co. (p. 81). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 9. - - Distribution of Pleistocene mastodons in Indiana. For explanation see - page 424. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 9. - - The names of the glacial moraines are given on Map 37. - - - Indiana: - 1. —— Posey Co. (p. 88). - 2. —— Dubois Co. (p. 88). - 3. Hindostan, Martin Co. (p. 89). - 4. West of Orleans, Orange Co. (p. 89). - 5. Sparksville, Jackson Co. (p. 89). - 6. West of Tampico, Jackson Co. (p. 89). - 7. New Albany, Floyd Co. (p. 89). - 8. Princeton, Gibson Co. (p. 89). - 9. —— Knox or Gibson Co. (p. 90). - 10. —— Parke Co. (p. 90). - 11. Brookville, Franklin Co. (p. 90). - 12. —— Dearborn Co. (p. 91). - 13. Greencastle, Putnam Co. (p. 91). - 14. Danville, Hendricks Co. (p. 92). - 15. Attica, Fountain Co. (p. 92). - 16. Bowers, Montgomery Co. (p. 92). - 17. Indianapolis, Marion Co. (p. 92). - 18. Anderson, Madison Co. (p. 93). - 19. Fairmount Township, Grant Co. (p. 93). - 20. Charleston, Clarke Co. (p. 91). - 21. Muncie, Delaware Co. (p. 93). - 22. —— Henry Co. (p. 94). - 23. Losantville, Randolph Co. (p. 94). - 24. Dalton, Wayne Co. (p. 94). - 25. Jacksonburg, Wayne Co. (p. 94). - 26. Richmond, Wayne Co. (p. 94). - 27. Penn Township, Jay Co. (p. 95). - 28. Fort Wayne, Allen Co. (p. 95). - 29. West of Waterloo, DeKalb Co. (p. 95). - 30. Ashley, Steuben Co. (p. 96). - 31. Beaver Lake, Newton Co. (p. 96). - 32. —— Jasper Co. (p. 96). - 33. Denham, Pulaski Co. (p. 96). - 34. Rich Grove Township, Pulaski Co. (p. 97). - 35. Royal Center, Cass Co. (p. 97). - 36. Macy, Miami Co. (p. 97). - 37. Peru, Miami Co. (p. 98). - 38. Laketon, Wabash Co. (p. 98). - 39. North Manchester, Wabash Co. (p. 98). - 40. Lagrange, Lagrange Co. (p. 99). - 41. Lowell, Lake Co. (p. 99). - 42. Hebron, Porter Co. (p. 99). - 43. Kouts, Porter Co. (p. 100). - 44. Valparaiso, Porter Co. (p. 100). - 45. Southeast of Valparaiso, Porter Co. (p. 100). - 46. Olive Township, St. Joseph Co. (p. 100). - 47. Notre Dame, St. Joseph Co. (p. 100). - 48. Fulton, Fulton Co. (p. 97). - 49. Indian Creek Township, Pulaski Co. (p. 97). - 50. Greensburg, Decatur Co. (p. 92). - 51. Jackson Township, Miami Co. (p. 98). - 52. Vincennes, Knox Co. (p. 90). - 53. Royerton, Delaware Co. (p. 94). - 54. Lawrenceburg, Dearborn Co. (p. 91). - 55. Northwest of Waterloo, DeKalb Co. (p. 95). - 56. —— Noble Co. (p. 95). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 10. - - Distribution of Pleistocene mastodons in Florida. For explanation see - page 426. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 10. - - If no name is given, Mammut americanum is understood. - - - Florida: - 1. Marianna, Jackson Co. (p. 121). - 2. Fort White, Columbia Co. (p. 121). - 3. Citra, Marion Co. (p. 121). - 4. Almero Farm, St. John Co. (p. 122). - 5. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 122). - 6. Daytona, Volusia Co. (p. 122). - 7. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 122). - 8. —— Hillsboro Co. (p. 123). - 9. Alafia River, Hillsboro Co. (p. 123). - 10. Pains Creek, Polk Co. (p. 123). - 11. Peace Creek, De Soto Co. (p. 124). - 12. Little River, Gadsden Co. (p. 121). - 13. Fellsmere, St. Lucie Co. (p. 122). - 14. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (p. 123). - 15. Neals, Alachua Co., Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). - 16. Archer, Alachua Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). - 17. Williston, Levy Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). - 18. Juliette, Marion Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). - 19. San Pablo Beach, Duval Co. (p. 122). - 20. Brewster, Polk Co., Gomphotherium floridanum and Mammut - progenium? (p. 123). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 11. - - Distribution of _Elephas primigenius_ in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 428. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 11. - - - Ontario: - 1. Toronto, York Co. (p. 130). - 2. Amaranth, Dufferin Co. (p. 130). - - New York: - 1. Minoa, Onondaga Co. (p. 131). - 2. Williamson, Wayne Co. (p. 131). - 3. Pittsford, Monroe Co. (p. 131). - 4. Buffalo, Erie Co. (p. 131). - 5. Queensbury, Warren Co. (p. 132). - 6. Lewiston, Niagara Co. (p. 132). - - New Jersey: - 1. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 132). - 2. North Plainfield, Union Co. (p. 133). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Brookfield, Tioga Co. (p. 133). - 2. Chadd’s Ford, Delaware Co. (p. 133). - 3. Harvey’s, Greene Co. (p. 133). - 4. Lone Pine, Washington Co. (p. 133). - 5. Beaver Dam, Erie Co. (p. 133). - - Ohio: - 1. Waverly, Pike Co. (p. 134). - 2. Zanesville, Muskingum Co. (p. 134). - 3. Duncan Falls, Muskingum Co. (p. 135). - 4. Millport, Columbiana Co. (p. 135). - 5. Mount Healthy, Hamilton Co. (p. 135). - 6. Dayton, Montgomery Co. (p. 135). - 7. Selma, Clark Co. (p. 136). - 8. Versailles, Darke Co. (p. 136). - 9. Jersey, Licking Co. (p. 136). - 10. Chicago, Huron Co. (p. 136). - 11. Kamms, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 136). - 12. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 136). - 13. New Berlin, Stark Co. (p. 136). - 14. Amboy, Ashtabula Co. (p. 137). - 15. —— Butler Co. (p. 135). - - Michigan: - 1. Three Oaks, Berrien Co. (p. 137). - 2. Eaton Rapids, Eaton Co. (p. 137). - - Indiana: - 1. Otter Creek Township, Vigo Co. (p. 138). - 2. Madison, Jefferson Co. (p. 138). - 3. Vevay, Switzerland Co. (p. 138). - 4. Windsor, Randolph Co. (p. 139). - 5. Winchester, Randolph Co. (p. 139). - 6. Fairmount, Grant Co. (p. 139). - 7. Francisville, Pulaski Co. (p. 140). - 8. Crown Point, Lake Co. (p. 140). - 9. North Liberty, St. Joseph Co. (p. 139). - 10. Webster, Wayne Co. (p. 138). - 11. Rochester, Fulton Co. (p. 140). - - Illinois: - 1. Cairo, Alexander Co. (p. 140). - 2. Ashland, Cass Co. (p. 141). - 3. Kewanee, Henry Co. (p. 142). - 4. Penny’s Slough, Henry Co. (p. 142). - 5. —— Kendall Co. (p. 143). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co. (p. 143). - - Maryland: - 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 144). - - Virginia: - 1. Saltville, Smyth Co. (p. 145). - - North Carolina: - 1. Inland Waterway Canal, Carteret Co. (p. 145). - - Florida: - 1. Palma Sola, Manatee Co. (p. 145). - - Tennessee: - 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co. (p. 146). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 146). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 12. - - Distribution of _Elephas columbi_ in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 430. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 12. - - - Ontario: - 1. St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (p. 147). - 2. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 147). - - Vermont: - 1. Mount Holly, Rutland Co. (p. 148). - - New York: - 1. Homer, Cortland Co. (p. 149). - 2. Elmira, Chemung Co. (p. 149). - - New Jersey: - 1. Middletown, Monmouth Co. (p. 149). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Rogersville, Greene Co. (p. 150). - 2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 150). - 3. Tryonville, Crawford Co. (p. 150). - - Ohio: - 1. —— Stark Co. (p. 150). - 2. Amboy, Ashland Co. (p. 150). - - Michigan: - 1. —— Jackson Co. (p. 151). - - Indiana: - 1. Terre Haute, Vigo Co. (p. 151). - 2. Monrovia, Morgan Co. (p. 152). - 3. Windfall, Tipton Co. (p. 152). - 4. Bringhurst, Carroll Co. (p. 152). - - Illinois: - 1. Staley, Champaign Co. (p. 152). - 2. Stronghurst, Henderson Co. (p. 152). - 3. Chillicothe, Peoria Co. (p. 153). - 4. Chicago Heights, Cook Co. (p. 153). - 5. Pawpaw, Lee Co. (p. 153). - 6. Woodhull, Henry Co. (p. 154). - - Maryland: - 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 154). - 2. —— Queen Anne Co. (p. 154). - - West Virginia: - 1. Little Kanawha River, Wirt Co. (p. 155). - - North Carolina: - 1. 9 miles south of Wilmington, New Hanover Co. (p. 155). - - South Carolina: - 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co. (p. 155). - 2. Edisto River, Charleston Co. (p. 155). - 3. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 155). - 4. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 156). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick Canal, Glynn Co. (p. 157). - 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co. (p. 157). - - Florida (See Map 13). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 160). - 2. Mouth of Big Twin Creek, Owen Co. (p. 161). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 13. - - Distribution of _Elephas columbi_ in Florida. For explanation see page - 432. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 13. - - - 1. St. Marks River, Wakulla Co. (p. 157). - 2. Station 120, Duval Co. (p. 157). - 3. Citra, Marion Co. (p. 158). - 4. Mantanzas, St. John Co. (p. 158). - 5. Ocala, Marion Co. (p. 158). - 6. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 158). - 7. Holder, Citrus Co. (p. 158). - 8. Tampa, Hillsboro Co. (p. 159). - 9. St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co. (p. 159). - 10. Kingsford, Polk Co. (p. 159). - 11. Sarasota, Sarasota Co. (p. 159). - 12. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 159). - 13. Zolfo, Hardee Co. (p. 160). - 14. Arcadia, DeSoto Co. (p. 160). - 15. Tourner’s, Glades Co. (p. 160). - 16. Daytona, Volusia Co. (p. 158). - 17. Fellsmere, St. Lucie Co. (p. 159). - 18. Eau Gallie, Brevard Co. (p. 159). - 19. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (p. 160). - 20. Palma Sola, Manatee Co. (p. 159). - 21. Sumterville, Sumter Co. (p. 158). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 14. - - Distribution of _Elephas imperator_ in southeastern United States. For - explanation see page 434. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 14. - - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 162). - 2. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 162). - - Florida: - 1. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 162). - 2. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 163). - 3. Labelle, Lee Co. (p. 163). - 4. Everglades, Palm Beach Co.? (p. 163). - 5. Arcadia, DeSoto Co. (p. 163). - 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co. (p. 164). - - Alabama: - 1. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co. (p. 164). - 2. “Near Gulf of Mexico” (p. 165). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 15. - - _Elephas imperator_ in Florida. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 15. - - - 1. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 162). - 2. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 163). - 3. Labelle, Lee Co. (p. 163). - 4. Everglades, Palm Beach Co.? (p. 163). - 5. Arcadia, De Soto Co. (p. 163). - 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co. (p. 164). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 16. - - Distribution of elephants of undetermined species in eastern North - America. For explanation see page 438. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 16. - - - Ontario: - 1. St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (p. 166). - 2. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 166). - 3. Toronto, York Co. (p. 167). - - Vermont: - 1. Richmond, Chittenden Co. (p. 167). - - New York: - 1. Seneca Lake (p. 167). - 2. Wellsburg, Chemung Co. (p. 167). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (p. 168). - 2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 168). - 3. Meadville, Crawford Co. (p. 168). - 4. Girard, Erie Co. (p. 168). - - Ohio: - 1. Little Salt Creek, Jackson Co. (p. 168). - 2. Beverly, Washington Co. (p. 169). - 3. Nashport, Muskingum Co. (p. 169). - 4. —— Ross Co. (p. 169). - 5. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co. (p. 169). - 6. Fort Jefferson, Darke Co. (p. 170). - 7. Circleville, Pickaway Co. (p. 170). - 8. South Bloomfield, Pickaway Co. (p. 170). - 9. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 170). - 10. Montville, Geauga Co. (p. 170). - 11. Canton, Stark Co. (p. 170). - - Michigan: - 1. East Saginaw, Saginaw Co. (p. 171). - 2. —— Macomb Co. (p. 171). - 3. Grand Ledge, Eaton Co. (p. 171). - 4. Buchanan, Berrien Co. (p. 171). - - Indiana: - 1. —— Vanderburg Co. (p. 171). - 2. Shoals, Martin Co. (p. 172). - 3. —— Vigo Co. (p. 172). - 4. Gosport, Owen Co. (p. 172). - 5. Brookville, Franklin Co. (p. 172). - 6. Parke, Vermilion, and Putnam Co. (p. 173). - 7. Northeast of Bowers, Montgomery Co. (p. 173). - 8. —— Wayne Co. (p. 173). - 9. Noblesville, Hamilton Co. (p. 173). - 10. Dora, Wabash Co. (p. 174). - 11. —— Jasper Co. (p. 174). - 12. Pleasant Township, Wabash Co. (p. 174). - 13. St. John’s, Lake Co. (p. 174). - 14. —— Allen Co. (p. 174). - 15. Muncie, Delaware Co. (p. 174). - 16. Connersville, Fayette Co. (p. 173). - 17. Wailesboro, Bartholomew Co. (p. 172). - - Illinois: - 1. Equality, Gallatin Co. (p. 175). - 2. Chester, Randolph Co. (p. 175). - 3. —— Calhoun Co. (p. 175). - 4. Sangamon River, Sangamon Co. (p. 176). - 5. —— Fulton Co. (p. 176). - 6. Galesburg, Knox Co. (p. 176). - 7. Rock Island, Rock Island Co. (p. 176). - 8. Atwood, Piatt Co. (p. 177). - 9. Peoria, Peoria Co. (p. 176). - 10. Evanston, Cook Co. (p. 177). - 11. Rochelle, Ogle Co. (p. 177). - 12. Galena, Jo Daviess Co. (p. 178). - 13. Wheaton, Dupage County, and Oak Park, Cook Co. (p. 177). - 14. Pekin, Tazewell Co. (p. 176). - 15. South Fork of Sangamon River, Christian Co. (p. 175). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Stockholm, Pepin Co. (p. 178). - - Maryland and District of Columbia: - 1. Upper Marlboro, Prince George Co. (p. 178). - 2. Washington, District of Columbia (p. 178). - - Virginia: - 1. Warrenton, Fauquier Co. (p. 178). - - West Virginia: - 1. Wheeling, Ohio Co. (p. 179). - - North Carolina: - 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 178). - 2. Harlowe, Carteret Co. (p. 179). - - Florida: - 1. Wakulla Springs, Wakulla Co. (p. 179). - 2. Stokes Ferry, Nassau Co. (p. 180). - 3. Bartow, Polk Co. (p. 180). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 180). - - Tennessee: - 1. Gallatin, Sumner Co. (p. 181). - 2. Columbia, Maury Co. (p. 181). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 181). - 2. Newport, Campbell Co. (p. 182). - 3. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 182). - 4. Eminence, Henry Co. (p. 182). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 17. - - Distribution of Pleistocene horses, mostly _Equus_, in eastern North - America. For explanation see page 440. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 17. - - - Massachusetts: - 1. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, Equus? sp. indet. (p. 183). - - New York: - 1. Throg’s Neck, New York Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 183). - - New Jersey: - 1. Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 184). - 2. Fish House, Camden Co., E. complicatus (p. 184). - 3. Navesink Hills, Monmouth Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 184). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., E. complicatus (p. 184). - 2. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). - 3. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., E. complicatus, E. pectinatus (p. - 185). - 4. Rutherford, Dauphin Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). - 5. Frankstown, Blair Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). - - Ohio: - 1. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., E. complicatus (p. 185). - 2. Columbus, Franklin Co., E. complicatus (p. 186). - 3. Salt Creek, Columbiana Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 186). - - Indiana: - 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., E. complicatus (p. 186). - - Illinois: - 1. Bond or Fayette Co., Equus complicatus (p. 187). - 2. Alton, Madison Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 187). - 3. Greene Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 187). - - Maryland and District of Columbia: - 1. Marshall Hall, Charles Co., Equus leidyi? (p. 188). - 2. Georgetown, D. C., Equus sp. indet. (p. 188). - 3. Mitchellville, Prince George Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 188). - 4. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., E. leidyi? (p. 189). - 5. Cavetown, Washington Co., E. complicatus (p. 189). - 6. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 189). - - Virginia: - 1. Abingdon, Washington Co., E. complicatus (p. 189). - 2. Saltville, Smyth Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 190). - 3. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., E. complicatus? (p. 190). - 4. Staunton, Augusta Co., E. sp. indet. (p. 190). - 5. Denniston, Halifax Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 190). - - West Virginia: - 1. Point Pleasant, Mason Co., E. niobrarensis? (p. 190). - - North Carolina: - 1. Elizabethtown, Bladen Co., E. leidyi (p. 190). - 2. Below Newbern, in Pamlico Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 191). - 3. Greenville, Pitt Co., E. complicatus (p. 191). - 4. Plymouth Co., E. leidyi (p. 191). - - South Carolina: - 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co., E. complicatus (p. 191). - 2. Charleston, Charleston Co., E. complicatus, E. leidyi, E. - littoralis (p. 192). - 3. Richland Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 193). - 4. Darlington, Darlington Co., E. complicatus (p. 193). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus, E. littoralis - (p. 193). - 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., E. complicatus (p. 194). - - Florida (See Map 18). - - Alabama: - 1. Newbern, Hale Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 200). - 2. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co., E. leidyi (p. 200). - - Mississippi: - 1. Orizaba, Tippah Co., E. leidyi? (p. 200). - 2. Natchez, Adams Co., E. complicatus (p. 200). - - Tennessee: - 1. Rogersville, Hawkins Co., E. leidyi (p. 201). - 2. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., E. leidyi (p. 201). - 3. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., E. littoralis (p. 201). - 4. Nashville, Davidson Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus (p. 201). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., E. complicatus (p. 202). - 2. Monday’s Landing, Mercer Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 202). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 18. - - Distribution of Pleistocene horses, mostly _Equus_, in Florida. For - explanation see page 442. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 18. - - - 1. Stokes Ferry, Nassau Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 194). - 2. Almero Farm, St. John Co., E. complicatus? (p. 194). - 3. Neals, Alachua Co., Hipparion, sp. indet. (p. 195). - 4. Wade, Alachua Co., E. leidyi? (p. 195). - 5. Newberry, Alachua Co., Hipparion sp. indet., Parahippus sp. - indet., Equus littoralis (p. 195). - 6. Archer, Alachua Co., Hipparion ingenuum (p. 195). - 7. Williston, Levy Co., Equus leidyi, Hipparion ingenuum, H. - plicatile (p. 195). - 8. Ocala, Marion Co., Equus leidyi (p. 196). - 9. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Equus leidyi (p. 196). - 10. Hernando, Citrus Co., Hipparion sp. indet. (p. 196). - 11. Holder, Citrus Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 196). - 12. —— Orange Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 196). - 13. Eau Gallie, Brevard Co., E. complicatus (p. 196). - 14. Kingsford, Polk Co., E. leidyi (p. 196). - 15. Brewster, Polk Co., Hipparion minus (p. 197). - 16. Alafia River, Hillsboro Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus? (p. 197). - 17. Palmetto, Manatee Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus, E. littoralis - (p. 197). - 18. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus? (p. 198). - 19. Calvenia, De Soto Co., E. leidyi (p. 198). - 20. Arcadia, De Soto Co., E. leidyi, E. princeps, E. littoralis, - Hipparion ingenuum (p. 198). - 21. Vero, St. Lucie Co., E. complicatus, E. leidyi, E. littoralis (p. - 199). - 22. Labelle, Lee Co., E. leidyi (p. 199). - 23. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., E. complicatus (p. 200). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 19. - - Distribution of Pleistocene tapirs in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 444. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 19. - - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Tapirus haysii (p. 203). - 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., Tapirus terrestris? (p. 203). - - Ohio: - 1. New Salisbury, Columbiana Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 203). - - Indiana: - 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Tapirus haysii (p. 203). - - Maryland: - 1. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 204). - - Virginia: - 1. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., T. haysii (p. 204). - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., T. haysii, T. veroensis?, T. - terrestris? (p. 204). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., T. haysii (p. 206). - - Florida: - 1. Neals, Alachua Co., T. terrestris? (p. 206). - 2. Archer, Alachua Co., T. haysii? (p. 207). - 3. Dunnellon, Marion Co., T. haysii?, T. sp. indet. (p. 207). - 4. Ocala, Marion Co., T. sp. indet. (p. 207). - 5. Tampa, Hillsboro Co., T. veroensis? (p. 208). - 6. Vero, St. Lucie Co., T. veroensis, T. haysii (p. 208). - 7. Arcadia, De Soto Co., T. terrestris? (p. 208). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co., T. haysii, T. terrestris? (p. 208). - - Tennessee: - 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., T. tennesseæ (p. 209). - 2. Dandridge, Jefferson Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 209). - 3. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., T. haysii (p. 209). - 4. Bristol, Sullivan Co., T. haysii (p. 209). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., T. haysii (p. 209). - 2. Stamping Ground, Scott Co., T. haysii (p. 210). - 3. Yarnallton, Fayette Co., T. haysii (p. 210). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 20. - - Distribution of Pleistocene peccaries in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 446. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 20. - - - New York: - 1. Rochester, Monroe Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 212). - 2. Gainesville, Wyoming Co., P. compressus (p. 212). - - New Jersey: - 1. Shark River, Monmouth Co., Mylohyus nasutus? (p. 213). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., M. pennsylvanicus (p. 213). - 2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., M. pennsylvanicus, M. nasutus, - Tagassu? tetragonus? (p. 213). - 3. Milroy, Mifflin Co., Platygonus vetus (p. 213). - 4. Frankstown, Blair Co., Mylohyus pennsylvanicus? (p. 214). - - Ohio: - 1. Wilmington, Clinton Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 214). - 2. Columbus, Franklin Co., P. compressus (p. 214). - 3. Chalfants, Perry Co., P. compressus (p. 215). - 4. Lisbon, Columbiana Co., Mylohyus nasutus? (p. 215). - - Michigan: - 1. Belding, Ionia Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 215). - - Indiana: - 1. —— Gibson Co., Mylohyus nasutus (p. 216). - 2. Williams, Lawrence Co., Platygonus vetus?, Tagassu lenis (p. - 217). - 3. Laketon, Wabash Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 218). - - Illinois: - 1. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 218). - 2. Alton, Madison Co., P. cumberlandensis? (p. 219). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Blue Mounds, Dane Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 219). - - Maryland: - 1. Benedict, Charles Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 220). - 2. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., T. lenis (p. 220). - 3. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Mylohyus pennsylvanicus, M. - exortivus, Platygonus cumberlandensis, P. intermedius (p. 220). - 4. Cavetown, Washington Co., Mylohyus nasutus, M. exortivus, M. - obtusidens, Platygonus vetus, P. cumberlandensis, Tagassu - tetragonus (p. 220). - - Virginia: - 1. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., Mylohyus nasutus (p. 221). - 2. —— Augusta Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 221). - - West Virginia: - 1. Renicks, Greenbrier Co., P. intermedius (p. 221). - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 221). - - Florida: - 1. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 222). - 2. Palma Sola, Manatee Co., T. lenis (p. 222). - - Tennessee: - 1. Rogersville, Hawkins Co., Mylohyus setiger (p. 222). - 2. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., M. nasutus (p. 223). - 3. Dandridge, Jefferson Co. “Peccary” (p. 223). - - Kentucky: - 1. Rock Castle Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 223). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 21. - - Distribution of Pleistocene camels in eastern North America. For - explanation see page 448. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 21. - - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Teleopternus orientalis (p. 224). - - Florida: - 1. Archer, Alachua Co., Procamelus major, P. minor, P. minimus (p. - 224). - 2. Williston, Levy Co., P. major (p. 224). - 3. Ocala, Marion Co., P. minimus? (p. 224). - 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., P. minor (p. 225). - 5. Hernando, Citrus Co., Procamelus? sp. indet. (p. 225). - 6. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 225). - - Tennessee: - 1. Nashville, Davidson Co., Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 225). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 22. - - Distribution of the deer of the genus _Odocoileus_ in the Pleistocene - in eastern North America. For explanation see page 450. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 22. - - - Ontario: - 1. Toronto, York Co., Odocoileus virginianus (p. 226). - - New York: - 1. —— Orange Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). - 2. Greenville, Greene Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). - 3. Cuba, Allegany Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). - 4. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). - - New Jersey: - 1. Woodstown, Salem Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). - 2. Vincentown, Burlington Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). - 3. Deal, Monmouth Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). - 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., O. virginianus? (p. 227). - - Ohio: - 1. New Knoxville, Auglaize Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). - - Michigan: - 1. Adrian, Lenawee Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). - 2. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., O. virginianus (p. 228). - - Indiana: - 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., O. virginianus?, O. dolichopsis (p. - 228). - 2. Harrisville, Randolph Co., O. virginianus (p. 228). - 3. Roann, Wabash Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). - - Illinois: - 1. Niantic, Macon Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). - 2. Whitewillow, Kendall Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). - 3. Ottawa, LaSalle Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). - 4. Evanston, Cook Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). - 5. Lemont, Cook Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Lead region, O. virginianus, O. whitneyi (p. 230). - 2. Menomonie, Dunn Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). - - Maryland: - 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). - 2. Cavetown, Washington Co., O. virginianus (p. 231). - - Virginia: - 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., O.? sp. indet. (p. 231). - 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., O. virginianus (p. 231). - - West Virginia: - 1. —— Wood Co., O. virginianus? (p. 231). - - North Carolina: - 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern. O. virginianus? (p. 231). - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., O. virginianus? (p. 231). - 2. Darlington, Darlington Co., O. virginianus? (p. 232). - - Florida: - 1. Pablo Beach, Duval Co., O. virginianus? (p. 232). - 2. Neals, Alachua Co., O. virginianus (p. 232). - 3. Archer, Alachua Co., O. virginianus (p. 232). - 4. Ocala, Marion Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 233). - 5. Dunnellon, Marion Co., O. osceola? (p. 233). - 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 233). - 7. Palma Sola, Manatee Co., O. virginianus? (p. 233). - 8. Arcadia, De Soto Co., O. virginianus? (p. 234). - 9. Vero, St. Lucie Co., O. sellardsiæ, O. osceola? (p. 234). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co., O. virginianus? (p. 233). - 2. Aberdeen, Monroe Co., O. virginianus? (p. 234). - - Tennessee: - 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). - 2. Nashville, Davidson Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 234). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). - 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). - 3. Henderson, Henderson Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 23. - - Distribution of _Cervus canadensis_ in the Pleistocene of eastern - North America. - For explanation see page 452. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 23. - - - Ontario: - 1. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 235). - 2. Near Strathroy, Middlesex Co. (p. 235). - 3. Kingston, Frontenac Co. (p. 235). - - Vermont: - 1. Grand Isle, Champlain Lake (p. 235). - - New York: - 1. Racket River, St. Lawrence Co. (p. 235). - 2. Seneca Castle, Ontario Co. (p. 236). - 3. Farmington, Ontario Co. (p. 236). - 4. —— Livingston Co. (p. 236). - 5. Cuba, Allegany Co. (p. 236). - 6. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 236). - 7. Boonville, Oneida Co. (p. 236). - 8. Third Lake, Herkimer Co. (p. 236). - 9. Steele’s Corners, St. Lawrence Co. (p. 236). - - New Jersey: - 1. Deal, Monmouth Co. (p. 237). - 2. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 237). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 237). - 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co. (p. 237). - - Michigan: - 1. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 237). - 2. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. (p. 237). - - Indiana: - 1. Cambridge City, Wayne Co. (p. 238). - 2. Fountain City, Wayne Co. (p. 238). - 3. Harrisville, Randolph Co. (p. 238). - 4. Pennville, Jay Co. (p. 238). - 5. —— Wabash Co. (p. 239). - 6. Foresman, Newton Co. (p. 239). - 7. Rensselaer, Jasper Co. (p. 239). - 8. —— Lake Co. (p. 239). - 9. Kouts, Porter Co. (p. 239). - - Illinois: - 1. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 239). - 2. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 240). - 3. Palos Park, Cook Co. (p. 240). - 4. Batavia, Kane Co. (p. 240). - 5. Union Grove, Whiteside Co. (p. 240). - 6. Lead Region, Jo Daviess Co. (p. 240). - 7. Beecher, Will Co. (p. 241). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Wauwatosa, Milwaukee Co. (p. 241). - 2. Pewaukee, Waukesha Co. (p. 241). - 3. Whitehall, Trempealeau Co. (p. 241). - - Maryland: - 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 242). - - North Carolina: - 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 242). - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 242). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 243). - - Florida: - 1. Alafia River (p. 243). - - Tennessee: - 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co. (p. 243). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 243). - 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 243). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 24. - - Distribution of Pleistocene species of _Rangifer_ in eastern North - America. For explanation see page 454. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 24. - - - Ontario: - 1. Toronto, York Co., Rangifer sp. indet. (p. 244). - - Vermont: - 1. Woodbury, Washington Co., R. caribou? (p. 244). - - Connecticut: - 1. New Haven, New Haven Co., R. caribou? (p. 244). - - New York: - 1. Ossining, Westchester Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 244). - 2. Racket River, St. Lawrence Co., R.? sp. indet. (p. 244). - - New Jersey: - 1. Vincentown, Burlington Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 244). - 2. Trenton, Mercer Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 245). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., R. caribou (p. 246). - 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., R. caribou (p. 246). - - Illinois: - Alton, Madison Co., R. muscatinensis? (p. 246). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Menomonie, Dunn Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 247). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 248). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 25. - - Distribution of musk-oxen in eastern North America during the - Pleistocene. For explanation see page 456. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 25. - - - New Jersey: - 1. Trenton, Mercer Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 248). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Symbos cavifrons? (p. 248). - 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Ovibos appalachicolus (p. 249). - - Ohio: - 1. Urbana, Champaign Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 249). - 2. Youngstown, Mahoning Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 249). - 3. —— Trumbull Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 249). - - Michigan: - 1. Manchester, Washtenaw Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 250). - 2. Moorland, Muskegon Co., Boötherium sargenti (p. 250). - - Indiana: - 1. Wailesboro, Bartholomew Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 251). - 2. Richmond, Wayne Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 252). - 3. —— Randolph Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 252). - 4. Beaver Lake, Newton Co., Symbos cavifrons? (p. 252). - 5. Hebron, Porter Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 252). - - Illinois: - 1. Bondville, Champaign Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 253). - 2. Manito, Mason Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 253). - 3. Alton, Madison Co., Symbos promptus? (p. 254). - - West Virginia: - 1. Mahan, Brooke Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 254). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 254). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., Boötherium bombifrons, Symbos cavifrons - (p. 255). - 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). - 3. Winchester, Clark Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 26. - - Distribution of extinct bisons in eastern North America during the - Pleistocene. For explanation see page 458. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 26. - - - Ontario: - 1. Toronto, York Co., Bison sp. indet, (p. 256). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Bison? sp. indet. (p. 256). - 2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 256). - - Ohio: - 1. Fincastle, Brown Co., B. latifrons (p. 257). - 2. North Fairfield, Huron Co., B. sylvestris (p. 257). - - Indiana: - 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 257). - 2. Vincennes, Knox Co., B. antiquus (p. 258). - - Illinois: - 1. Alton, Madison Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Coon Valley, Vernon Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). - - Maryland: - 1. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). - - Virginia: - 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). - 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., B. antiquus? (p. 260). - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., B. latifrons (p. 260). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 261). - 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). - - Florida: - 1. Wade, Alachua Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). - 2. Pablo Beach, Duval Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). - 3. Ocala, Marion Co., B. latifrons (p. 262). - 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - 5. Tampa, Manatee Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - 6. Palmetto and Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - 7. Grove City, Charlotte Co., B. latifrons (p. 263). - 8. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). - 9. Arcadia, De Soto Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 264). - 10. Labelle, Lee Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264). - 11. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264). - - Alabama: - 1. Newbern, Hale Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 264). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264). - - Kentucky: - 1. Woolper Creek, Boone Co., B. latifrons (p. 264). - 2. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., B. antiquus (p. 264). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 27. - - Finds of the existing bison (_Bison bison_) in the Pleistocene of - eastern North America. For explanation see page 460. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 27. - - - Ontario: - 1. North Bay, Nipissing Co. (p. 266). - - Massachusetts: - 1. Orleans, Barnstable Co. (p. 266). - - New York: - 1. Albany, Albany Co. (p. 266). - 2. Syracuse, Onondaga Co. (p. 266). - 3. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 267). - - New Jersey: - 1. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 267). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 267). - 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co. (p. 267). - - Indiana: - 1. —— Jasper Co. (p. 268). - - Illinois: - 1. Sullivan, Moultrie Co. (p. 268). - 2. Homer, Champaign Co. (p. 268). - 3. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 269). - 4. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 269). - 5. Batavia, Kane Co. (p. 269). - 6. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., this species? (p. 269). - - Wisconsin: - 1. Bluemounds, Dane Co. (p. 270). - 2. Oshkosh, Winnebago Co. (p. 270). - - Kentucky: - 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 270). - 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 271). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 28. - - Distribution of giant beavers, _Castoroides_, in eastern North - America. For explanation see page 462. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 28. - - - New York: - 1. Clyde, Wayne Co. (p. 272). - 2. Canastota, Madison Co. (p. 272). - - Pennsylvania: - 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 272). - - Ohio (See Map 29). - - Michigan: - 1. Berrien Co. (p. 275). - 2. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 275). - 3. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. (p. 275). - 4. Attica, Lapeer Co. (p. 276). - 5. Owosso, Shiawassee Co. (p. 276). - - Indiana (See Map 30). - - Illinois: - 1. Shawneetown, Gallatin Co. (p. 278). - 2. Alton, Madison Co. (p. 279). - 3. Charleston, Coles Co. (p. 279). - 4. Naperville, Dupage Co. (p. 279). - - South Carolina: - 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 279). - - Georgia: - 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 280). - - Mississippi: - 1. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 280). - - Tennessee: - 1. Memphis, Shelby Co. (p. 280). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 29. - - Distribution of the giant beaver _Castoroides_ in Ohio. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 29. - - - Ohio: - 1. Nashport, Muskingum Co.[1] (48) (p. 273). - 2. Wilmington, Clinton Co.[1] (2) (p. 273). - 3. Germantown, Montgomery Co.[1] (73) (p. 274). - 4. West Sonora, Preble Co.[1] (74) (p. 274). - 5. Greenville, Darke Co.[1] (54) (p. 274). - 6. New Knoxville, Auglaize Co.[1] (35) (p. 274). - -Footnote 1: - - These are the numbers which on the map are given to the counties. - -[Illustration: - - MAP 30. - - Distribution of the giant beaver _Castoroides_ in Indiana. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 30. - - - 1. Vanderburg Co. (p. 276). - 2. Richmond, Wayne Co. (p. 276). - 3. Greenfield, Hancock Co. (p. 277). - 4. Jamestown, Boone Co. (p. 277). - 5. Summitville, Madison Co. (p. 277). - 6. Union City, Randolph Co. (p. 277). - 7. Fairmount, Grant Co. (p. 277). - 8. —— Carroll Co. (p. 278). - 9. Logansport, Cass Co. (p. 278). - 10. Macy, Miami Co. (p. 278). - 11. —— Kosciusko Co. (p. 278). - 12. Grovertown, Starke Co. (p. 278) - - For explanation of the numerals on the margins see map 37. - -[Illustration: - - MAP 31.—Shows areas on Long Island and along Connecticut and Hudson - Rivers at sea-level near the end of the Pleistocene. Ruled areas - submerged. Amount of subsequent elevation indicated in feet at the - end of the isobases. Redrawn from Fairchild. -] - -[Illustration: - - MAP 32. - - Isobases of Late Glacial uplift in eastern North America. After - Fairchild. -] - -[Illustration: - - MAP 33. - - J. W. Spencer’s view of preglacial drainage of the region of the Great - Lakes. Redrawn from Spencer and Foshay. -] - -[Illustration: - - MAP 34. - - Map of York showing the location of the Wisconsin ice not long after - it began to retire; also Lakes Newberry and Maumee; also location of - finds of mastodons. Geology after Fairchild. For explanation see - page 468. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 34. - - - Mastodon Localities. - - New York: - 1. New Dorp, Richmond Co. (p. 48). - 2. Ridgewood, Kings Co. (p. 49). - 3. Jamaica, Queens Co. (p. 49). - 4. Inwood, Nassau Co. (p. 49). - 5. Riverhead, Suffolk Co. (p. 49). - 6. Morrisania, New York Co. (p. 49). - 7. New York City (p. 50). - 8. Hartsdale, Westchester Co. (p. 50). - 9. New Antrim, Rockland Co. (p. 50). - 10. Arden, Orange Co. (p. 50). - 11. Monroe, Orange Co. (p. 50). - 12. Chester, Orange Co. (p. 50). - 13. Salisbury Mills, Orange Co. (p. 51). - 14. New Windsor, Orange Co. (p. 51). - 15. Newburgh, Orange Co. (p. 51). - 16. Near Coldenham, Orange Co. (p. 52). - 17. East Coldenham, Orange Co. (p. 53). - 18. Montgomery, Orange Co. (p. 53). - 19. Hamptonburg, Orange Co. (p. 53). - 20. Bullville, Orange Co. (p. 53). - 21. Scotchtown, Orange Co. (p. 54). - 22. Otisville, Orange Co. (p. 54). - 23. Shawangunk, Ulster Co. (p. 54). - 24. Ellenville, Ulster Co. (p. 54). - 25. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co. (p. 55) - 26. Between Red Bridge and Wurtsboro, Sullivan Co. (p. 55). - 27. Claverack, Columbia Co. (p. 55). - 28. Freehold, Greene Co. (p. 55). - 29. Greenville, Greene Co. (p. 56). - 30. Coeymans, Albany Co. (p. 56). - 31. Cohoes, Albany Co. (p. 56). - 32. Copenhagen, Lewis Co. (p. 56). - 33. Center Lisle, Broome Co. (p. 57). - 34. Brookton, Tompkins Co. (p. 57). - 35. Pony Hollow, Tompkins Co. (p. 58). - 36. Elmira, Chemung Co. (p. 58). - 37. Lodi, Seneca Co. (p. 58). - 38. Macedon, Wayne Co. (p. 58). - 39. Seneca Castle, Ontario Co. (p. 58). - 40. Perkinsville, Steuben Co. (p. 59). - 41. Wayland, Steuben Co. (p. 59). - 42. Pittsford, Monroe Co. (p. 59). - 43. Rochester, Monroe Co. (p. 59). - 44. Scottsburg, Livingston Co. (p. 60). - 45. Fowlerville, Livingston Co. (p. 60). - 46. Geneseo, Livingston Co. (p. 60). - 47. Nunda, Livingston Co. (p. 60). - 48. Belvidere, Allegany Co. (p. 60). - 49. Pike, Wyoming Co. (p. 61). - 50. Attica, Wyoming Co. (p. 61). - 51. Leroy, Genesee Co. (p. 61). - 52. Stafford, Genesee Co. (p. 61). - 53. Batavia, Genesee Co. (p. 61). - 54. Holley, Orleans Co. (p. 62). - 55. Medina, Orleans Co. (p. 62). - 56. Niagara, Niagara Co. (p. 62). - 57. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co. (p. 62). - 58. Conewango, Cattaraugus Co. (p. 62). - 59. Buffalo, Erie Co. (p. 63). - 60. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 63). - 61. Westfield, Chautauqua Co. (p. 63). - - - - COUNTIES - - 1. Albany - 2. Allegany - 3. Broome - 4. Cattaraugus - 5. Cayuga - 6. Chautauqua - 7. Chemung - 8. Chenango - 9. Clinton - 10. Columbia - 11. Cortland - 12. Delaware - 13. Dutchess - 14. Erie - 15. Essex - 16. Franklin - 17. Fulton - 18. Genesee - 19. Greene - 20. Hamilton - 21. Herkimer - 22. Jefferson - 23. Kings - 24. Lewis - 25. Livingston - 26. Madison - 27. Monroe - 28. Montgomery - 29. Nassau - 30. New York - 31. Niagara - 32. Oneida - 33. Onondaga - 34. Ontario - 35. Orange - 36. Orleans - 37. Oswego - 38. Otsego - 39. Putnam - 40. Queens - 41. Rensselaer - 42. Richmond - 43. RoCkland - 44. Saratoga - 45. Schenectady - 46. Schoharie - 47. Schuyler - 48. Seneca - 49. Steuben - 50. St. Lawrence - 51. Suffolk - 52. Sullivan - 53. Tioga - 54. Tompkins - 55. Ulster - 56. Warren - 57. Washington - 58. Wayne - 59. Westchester - 60. Wyoming - 61. Yates - -[Illustration: - - MAP 35. - - Glacial map of Ohio showing the areas occupied by the Wisconsin and - Illinois drifts; also the unglaciated area; also the distribution of - the Wisconsin moraines. For names of counties see page 470. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 35. - - COUNTIES OF OHIO. - - - 1. Williams. - 2. Fulton. - 3. Lucas. - 4. Ottawa. - 5. Lake. - 6. Ashtabula. - 7. Trumbull. - 8. Geauga. - 9. Cuyahoga. - 10. Lorain. - 11. Erie. - 12. Sandusky. - 13. Wood. - 14. Henry. - 15. Defiance. - 16. Paulding. - 17. Putnam. - 18. Hancock. - 19. Seneca. - 20. Huron. - 21. Medina. - 22. Summit. - 23. Portage. - 24. Mahoning. - 25. Columbiana. - 26. Stark. - 27. Wayne. - 28. Ashland. - 29. Richland. - 30. Crawford. - 31. Wyandot. - 32. Allen. - 33. Van Wert. - 34. Mercer. - 35. Auglaize. - 36. Hardin. - 37. Marion. - 38. Morrow. - 39. Knox. - 40. Holmes. - 41. Coshocton. - 42. Tuscarawas. - 43. Carroll. - 44. Harrison. - 45. Jefferson. - 46. Belmont. - 47. Guernsey. - 48. Muskingum. - 49. Licking. - 50. Delaware. - 51. Union. - 52. Logan. - 53. Shelby. - 54. Darke. - 55. Miami. - 56. Champaign. - 57. Clark. - 58. Madison. - 59. Franklin. - 60. Pickaway. - 61. Fairfield. - 62. Perry. - 63. Morgan. - 64. Noble. - 65. Monroe. - 66. Washington. - 67. Athens. - 68. Hocking. - 69. Vinton. - 70. Ross. - 71. Fayette. - 72. Greene. - 73. Montgomery. - 74. Preble. - 75. Butler. - 76. Warren. - 77. Clinton. - 78. Highland. - 79. Pike. - 80. Jackson. - 81. Meigs. - 82. Gallia. - 83. Lawrence. - 84. Scioto. - 85. Adams. - 86. Brown. - 87. Clermont. - 88. Hamilton. - -[Illustration: - - MAP 36. - - Distribution of Pleistocene mammals in Ohio. Glacial map of Ohio. - Marks localities where Pleistocene mammals have been discovered. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 36. - - The numerals in the column at the left are those given to the - counties on the map. The numerals in the second column are those - found on the black circles. - - 3. Lucas Co. 1. Springfield Township, Mammut (p. 77). - 6. Ashtabula Co. Amboy, Elephas primigenius (p. 137); E. columbi - 2. (p. 150). - 7. Trumbull Co. 3. —— Mammut (p. 80); Symbos (p. 249). - 8. Geauga Co. 4. Montville, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 170). - 9. Cuyahoga Co. 5. Kamms, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). - Cleveland, Mammut (p. 79); E. primigenius (p. - 6. 136); E. sp. indet. (p. 170). - 10. Lorain Co. 7. Brownhelm, Mammut (p. 79). - 8. Pittsfield, Mammut (p. 79) - 11. Erie Co. 9. Sandusky, Mammut (p. 78) - 13. Wood Co. 10. Jackson Township, Mammut (p. 78). - 17. Putnam Co. 11. Liberty Township, Mammut (p. 77). - 12. Columbus Grove, Mammut (p. 78). - 19. Seneca Co. 13. Old Fort, Mammut (p. 78). - 20. Huron Co. 14. Chicago, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). - 15. North Fairfield, Megalonyx (p. 31). - 21. Medina Co. 16. —— Mammut? (p. 79). - 22. Summit Co. 17. Green Township, Mammut (p. 80). - 24. Mahoning Co. 18. Youngstown, Symbos (p. 249). - 25. Columbiana Co. Millport, Elephas primigenius (p. 135); Equus - 19. (p. 186). - 20. Lisbon, Mylohyus (p. 215). - 21. New Salisbury, Tapirus (p. 203). - 26. Stark Co. 22. Massillon, Mammut (p. 80). - 23. New Berlin, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). - Canton, Mammut (p. 80); Elephas sp. indet. (p. - 24. 170). - 25. —— Elephas columbi (p. 150). - 30. Crawford Co. 26. Bucyrus, Mammut (p. 78). - 31. Wyandot Co. 27. Carey, Mammut (p. 78); Ursus (p. 78). - 33. Van Wert Co. 28. Ohio City, Mammut (p. 77). - 35. Auglaize Co. New Knoxville, Mammut (p. 76); Odocoileus (p. - 29. 227); Castoroides (p. 274). - 30. Pusheta Township, Mammut (p. 76). - 31. Wapakoneta, Mammut? (p. 76). - 32. Duchouquet Township, Mammut (p. 76). - 33. St. Johns, Mammut? (p. 76). - 36. Hardin Co. 34. Roundhead, Mammut (p. 76). - 38. Morrow Co. 35. Mt. Gilead, Mammut (p. 75). - 40. Holmes Co. 36. Millersburg, Megalonyx (p. 32). - 48. Muskingum Co. Nashport, Mammut (p. 70); Castoroides (p. 273); - 37. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). - 38. Zanesville, E. primigenius (p. 134). - 39. Duncan Falls, E. primigenius (p. 135). - 49. Licking Co. 40. Jersey, E. primigenius (p. 136). - 41. Granville, Mammut (p. 75). - 52. Logan Co. 42. Harper, Mammut (p. 76). - 54. Darke Co. 43. Ansonia, Mammut (p. 74). - 44. Versailles, E. primigenius (p. 136). - 45. 6 miles west of Greenville, Mammut (p. 73). - Greenville, Mammut (p. 73); Castoroides (p. - 46. 274). - Fort Jefferson, Mammut (p. 73); Elephas sp. - 47. indet. (p. 170). - 48. New Madison, Mammut (p. 73). - 56. Champaign Co. 49. Urbana, Mammut (p. 74); Symbos (p. 249). - 50. Woodstock, Mammut (p. 74). - 57. Clark Co. 51. Catawba, Mammut (p. 74). - 52. Brighton, Mammut (p. 74). - 53. Selma, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). - 59. Franklin Co. 54. Columbus, Equus (p. 186); Platygonus (p. 214). - 55. Shadeville, Mammut (p. 75). - 60. Pickaway Co. South Bloomfield, Mammut (p. 75); Elephas sp. - 56. indet. (p. 170). - Circleville, Mammut? (p. 75); Elephas sp. indet. - 57. (p. 170). - 58. Pickaway Plains, Mammut (p. 75). - 59. Salt Creek, Mammut (p. 75). - 62. Perry Co. 60. Chalfants, Platygonus (p. 215). - 66. Washington Co. 61. Beverly, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). - 70. Ross Co. 62. —— Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). - 71. Fayette Co. 63. New Holland, Mammut? (p. 75). - 73. Montgomery Co. Dayton, Mammut (p. 72); Elephas primigenius (p. - 64. 135). - Germantown, Mammut (p. 71); Castoroides (p. - 65. 274). - 74. Preble Co. 66. New Paris, Mammut (p. 72). - West Sonora, Mammut (p. 73); Castoroides (p. - 67. 274). - 75. Butler Co. 68. —— Mammut (p. 71); Elephas primigenius (p. 135). - 69. Overpeck, Ursus procerus (p. 329). - 77. Clinton Co. Wilmington, Platygonus (p. 214); Castoroides (p. - 70. 273). - 79. Pike Co. 71. —— Mammut (p. 70). - 72. Waverly, Elephas primigenius (p. 134) - 80. Jackson Co. 73. Little Salt Creek, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 168). - 86. Brown Co. 74. Fincastle, Bison latifrons (p. 257). - 88. Hamilton Co. Cincinnati, Mammut (p. 71); Elephas sp. indet. - 75. (p. 169); Equus (p. 185). - 76. Mount Healthy, Elephas primigenius (p. 135). - 77. Mt. Washington, Mammut (p. 71). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 37. - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 37. GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF INDIANA. -] - - The southern limit of the Illinoian drift, from Cincinnati to - Jeffersonville, thence north to Brown County, thence southeast to - Posey County, is shown by a wavy line limiting a stippled border. - The southern limit of the Wisconsin drift is represented by a smooth - line and a coarser stippling. North of this terminal moraine are - represented important moraines developed during the recession of the - Wisconsin ice-sheet. - - 1.2.2. Shelbyville moraine - - 3.3.4.4.4. Champaign moraine - - 5.5.5. Bloomington moraine - - 6.7.7. Valparaiso moraine - - 9.10.10. Mississinawa moraine - - 11. Salamonie moraine - - 12. Wabash moraine - - 13. Fort Wayne moraine. - - Based on Leverett’s Glacial Map of Indiana, Plate VI, Monograph LIII - of the U. S. Geological Survey. - -[Illustration: - - MAP 38. - - Glacial map of Illinois. Marks also the localities where Pleistocene - vertebrates have been discovered. Based on Leverett’s map, Plate VI, - Monogr. XXXVIII, U. S. Geol. Survey. For explanation see pages 474 - and 476. -] - - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 38. GLACIAL MAP OF ILLINOIS. - - MORAINES. - - - 1. Shelbyville moraine. From Indiana line in southern Edgar County - runs westward, then northwestward to Peoria. Here it merges - with the Bloomington moraine. - - 2. Champaign moraine. Radiates northwestward, southwestward, and - eastward from Champaign. - - 3. Bloomington moraine. From Indiana line in Vermillion County - passes westward through McLean County to Peoria, where it joins - the Shelbyville moraine. Thence runs north to Lee County, - northeastward to Kane County and north into Wisconsin. - - 4. Marseilles moraine. Enters from Indiana in northern Iroquois - County, passes across northeastern Livingston, eastern La - Salle, to eastern Kane County and northward. - - 5. Valparaiso moraine. Embraces the southern end of Lake Michigan. - - VERTEBRATE FOSSILS. - - Jo Daviess Co. 1. Galena, Megalonyx (p. 34); Anomodon (p. 218); - Elephas sp. indet. (p. 178); Platygonus (p. 218); - Bison (p. 269). - Winnebago Co. 2. New Milford, Mammut (p. 105). - Ogle Co. 3. Harper, Mammut (p. 105). - 4. Byron, Mammut (p. 105). - 5. Rochelle, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). - Kane Co. 6. Batavia, Mammut (p. 110); Cervus (p. 240); Bison - bison (p. 269). - 7. Aurora, Mammut (p. 109). - Dupage Co. 8. Wheaton, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). - 9. Naperville, Mammut, (p. 109); Castoroides (p. 279). - Cook Co. 10. Glencoe, Mammut (p. 110). - 11. Evanston, Mammut (p. 177); Elephas sp. indet. (p. - 177); Odocoileus (p. 230); Amiatus (p. 336); - Lepomis (336); Merganser (p. 336). - 12. Oak Park, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). - 13. Lemont, Odocoileus (p. 230); Ondatra (p. 230). - 14. Palos Park, Cervus (p. 240). - 15. Chicago Heights, E. columbi (p. 153). - Whiteside Co. 16. Union Grove, Cervus (p. 240). - 17. Sterling, Mammut (p. 105). - Lee Co. 18. Pawpaw, Elephas columbi (p. 153). - Kendall Co. 19. Yorkville, Mammut (p. 109). - 20. Whitewillow, Mammut (p. 109); Odocoileus (p. 229); - Cervus (p. 240); Alces (p. 240); Cervalces (p. - 229); Ovis? (p. 338); Bison bison (p. 269). - Will Co. 21. Beecher, Mammut (p. 107); Cervalces (p. 107); - Cervus (p. 241). - Rock Island Co. 22. Rock Island, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). - 23. Bowling Township, Mammut (p. 104). - 24. Milan, Mammut (p. 104). - 25. Rural, Mammut (p. 104). - Henry Co. 26. Penny’s Slough, Elephas primigenius (p. 142). - 27. Woodhull, Elephas columbi (p. 154). - 28. Kewanee, Elephas primigenius (p. 142). - Bureau Co. 29. Walnut Township, Mammut (p. 105). - La Salle Co. 30. Ottawa, Odocoileus (p. 229). - Grundy Co. 31. Morris, Mammut (p. 108). - Henderson Co. 32. Stronghurst, Elephas primigenius (p. 152). - Knox Co. 33. Galesburg, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). - 34. On Spoon River, Mammut (p. 104). - Peoria Co. 35. Chillicothe, Elephas columbi (p. 153). - 36. Peoria, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). - Hancock Co. 37. Warsaw, Mammut (p. 103). - Fulton Co. 38. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). - Tazewell Co. 39. Pekin, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). - Mason Co. 40. Manito, Mammut (p. 103); Symbos (p. 253). - Iroquois Co. 41. Near Hoopeston, Vermillion Co., Mammut progenium - (p. 106). - Champaign Co. 42. Bondville, Symbos (p. 253). - 43. Staley, Elephas columbi (p. 152). - 44. Urbana, Mammut (p. 106); Megalonyx (p. 33). - 45. Pesotum, Mammut (p. 106). - 46. Homer, Bison bison (p. 268). - Vermilion Co. 47. East Lynn, Mammut (p. 107). - 48. Rossville, Mammut (p. 107). - 49. Fairmount, Mammut (p. 106). - Cass Co. 50. Ashland, Elephas primigenius (p. 141). - Sangamon Co. 51. On Sangamon River, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176) - Christian Co. 52. S. Fork Sangamon River, Elephas sp. indet. (p. - 175). - Macon Co. 53. Niantic, Mammut (p. 102); Bison bison (p. 269); - Cervus (p. 239); Odocoileus (p. 229). - Piatt Co. 54. Atwood, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). - Moultrie Co. 55. Sullivan, Bison bison (p. 268). - Coles Co. 56. Charleston, Castoroides (p. 279). - Edgar Co. 57. “Bloomfield,” Mammut (p. 106). - Calhoun Co. 58. —— Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). - Greene Co. 59. —— Equus (p. 187). - Fayette Co. 60. Line of Bond Co., Equus (p. 187). - Madison Co. 61. Alton, Megalonyx (p. 33); Mammut (p. 102); Equus - (p. 187); Platygonus (p. 219); Rangifer (p. 246); - Symbos (p. 254); Bison (p. 259); Castoroides (p. - 279); Geomys, etc. (p. 339). - Marion Co. 62. Sandoval, Mammut (p. 102). - St. Clair Co. 63. East St. Louis, Mammut (p. 101). - Washington Co. 64. Beaucoup, Mammut (p. 101). - Randolph Co. 65. Chester, Mammut (p. 101); Elephas sp. indet. (p. - 175). - Gallatin Co. 66. Equality, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). - 67. Shawneetown, Mastodon (p. 100); Castoroides (p. - 278). - Alexander Co. 68. Cairo, Elephas primigenius (p. 140). - -[Illustration: - - MAP 39. - - EXPLANATION OF MAP 39. - - Map of Coastal Plain of North Carolina, showing the localities where - fossil organisms have been found, what they are, and their relation - to the terraces. The fossils consist of plants, mollusks, and - mammals. Each group is indicated by a differently shaped black spot. - The information regarding the plants and mollusks has been obtained - from Dr. L. W. Stephenson’s report on the geology of North Carolina, - volume III, 1912, pages 266–303. -] - - - PLANTS. - - - 1. Weldon, Northampton Co., Wicomico. - 2. Dupree Landing, Edgecombe Co., Chowan. - 3. Seven Springs, Wayne Co., Chowan?. - 4. Four Oaks, Johnson Co., Coharie. - 5. Fayetteville, Cumberland Co., Coharie. - 6. Wade, Cumberland Co., Sunderland?. - 7. Williamston, Bertie Co., Pamlico. - 8. 10 miles below Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico. - 9. Southport, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. - - MOLLUSKS. - - - 1. Dismal Swamp, Gates Co., Pamlico?. - 2. Belhaven, Beaufort Co., Pamlico?. - 3. Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico?. - 4. 16 miles below Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico?. - 5. Fort Fisher, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. - 6. Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. - 7. Near Southport, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. - 8. Ft. Caswell, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. - 9. Swanquarter, Hyde Co., Pamlico?. - - MAMMALS. - - - 1. Rocky Mound, Nash Co., Sunderland. Mastodon. - 2. Tarboro, Edgecombe Co., Wicomico. Mastodon. - 3. Plymouth, Washington Co., Pamlico?. Horse. - 4. —— Wilson Co., ——? Mastodon. - 5. —— Pitt Co., Wicomico? Mastodon, horse. - 6. Goldsboro, Wayne Co., Sunderland or Wicomico. Mastodon. - 7. 16 miles below Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico. Horse mastodon, etc. - 8. Maysville, Jones Co., Pamlico. Mastodon. - 9. Duplin Co., Wicomico or Sunderland. Mastodon. - 10. Jacksonville, Onslow Co., Chowan? Mastodon. - 11. Harlowe, Carteret Co., Pamlico Co. Mastodon, elephant. - 12. Elizabethtown, Bladen Co., Sunderland or Wicomico. Horse. - 13. —— Pender Co., Chowan or Wicomico. Mastodon. - 14. 10 miles below Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Chowan? Mastodon, - elephant. - -[Illustration: - - MAP 40. - - Region about Savannah, Georgia, and Skidaway Island. Redrawn from - Hodgson’s Memoir. -] - -[Illustration: - - MAP 41. - - Bigbone Lick and vicinity, Kentucky. After Cooper. -] - - - - - INDEX - - - Abbott, C. C., 132, 246 - - Aberdeen, Mississippi, 234 - - Abingdon, Virginia, 113, 189 - - Academy Natural Sciences Phila., 64, 242 - - Accomac Co., Virginia, 28, 29, 352 - - Acipenser sturio, 311 - - Adams, A. L., 181 - - Adams, C. C., 33 - - Adams, J. D., 339 - - Adams Co., Illinois, 335; - Mississippi, 40, 125, 180, 200, 208, 233, 264, 280 - - Addison Point, Maine, 23 - - Adelonycteris fuscus, 398 - - Adrian, Michigan, 80, 227, 237, 275, 331 - - Ænocyon, 14; - A. ayersi, 366, 382, 395; - A. dirus, 32, 187, 228, 257, 322, 334, 365, 404; - A. mississippiensis, 337 - - Aëtobatis narinari, 382, 383 - - Aftonian horizon, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11; - in Alabama, 385; - in Florida, 373, 381, 383; - in Indiana, 33; - in Long Island, 295; - in New Jersey, 301, 302; - in Ohio, 330; - in Pennsylvania, 317; - in South Carolina, 367; - in Tennessee, 400; - in Wisconsin, 344 - - Aftonian stage, 15, 33, 283, 302, 367, 372, 379, 384 - - Aftonius, 14 - - Agassiz, L., 148 - - Agriotherium, 15; - A. schneideri, 380 - - Alabama, 40; - Elephas imperator in, 164; - Equidæ in, 200; - extinct bisons in, 264; - geology of, 384; - mastodons in, 124; - Xenarthra in, 40 - - Alabama River, 385 - - Alachua clays, 15, 121, 224, 232 - - Alachua Co., Florida, 37, 121, 195, 206, 211, 224, 232, 262, 375 - - Alachua formation, 10, 375, 378 - - Alachua phosphates, 15 - - Alafia River, Florida, 123, 197, 379 - - Albany, New York, 266 - - Albany Co., New York, 56 - - Alce americanus, 311 - - Alces americanus, 311, 336, 337, 338, 364, 403, 404; - A. runnymedensis, 363, 364 - - Alden, W. C., 110, 306, 340 - - Alden and Leighton, 12, 142 - - Alexander Co., Illinois, 140 - - Allegan Co., Michigan, 83 - - Allegany Co., Maryland, 189, 204, 220; - New York, 60, 226, 236 - - Alleghany Co., Virginia, 114 - - Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, 69, 150, 168 - - Allen, F. R., 37, 122, 194 - - Allen, G. M., 266, 292 - - Allen, J. A., 24, 230, 240, 246, 248, 251, 261, 264, 269, 270, 271, 402 - - Allen Co., Indiana, 95, 174 - - Alligator, 122; - A. mississippiensis, 363, 375, 381, 382; - A. sp. indet., 350 - - Alma, Michigan, 85 - - Almero Farm, Florida, 37, 122, 194, 375 - - Alton, Illinois, 12, 14, 33, 102, 187, 219, 254, 259, 279, 336, 337 - - Aluco pratincola, 382 - - Amanda, Ohio, 71 - - Amaranth, Ontario, 130 - - Amboy, Ohio, 137, 150, 329 - - Ameiurus nebulosus, 311 - - American Museum Natural History, 51, 56, 58, 79, 97, 101, 107, 139, - 140, 160, 163, 197, 198, 201, 263 - - Amherst College, 58 - - Ami, H. M., 22, 45, 287 - - Amiatus calvus, 336, 382 - - Amiurus atrarius, 311 - - Amphicyon, 2 - - Amphiuma means, 382 - - Amyda sp. indet., 353 - - Anancus, 2, 14, 15 - - Anaptogonia hiatidens, 312 - - Anderson, Indiana, 93 - - Anderson, Netta C., 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 176, 177, 240, 337 - - Andrews, E. B., 169 - - Andrews Island, Maine, 23 - - Anita, Arizona, 15 - - Annan, R., 53 - - Ann Arbor, Michigan, 228, 237, 275, 331 - - Anodonta, species, 303 - - Anomodon snyderi, 34, 218, 219, 343 - - Ansonia, Ohio, 74 - - Antilocapra, 337; - A. americana, 9, 343. - - Aphelops, 9, 15; - A. longipes, 211, 375, 376, 377; - A. malacorhinus, 211; - A. sp. indet., 8, 9, 380 - - Appalachian Mountains, 351 - - Appomattox formation, 14 - - Arcadia, Florida, 39, 124, 160, 163, 198, 208, 233, 264, 380, 381 - - Arcadia marls, Florida, 15 - - Archer, Florida, 37, 195, 206, 211, 224, 232, 375 - - Arctodus pristinus, 363 - - Arctomys monax, 310, 311 - - Arctotherium, 315; - A. haplodon, 312, 313, 321 - - Ardea herodias, 382; - A. sellardsi, 382; - A. sp. indet., 382 - - Arden, New York, 50 - - Ardley, E., 18 - - Arkona Lake, 88 - - Armadillos, 5 - - Artediellus atlanticus, 287 - - Arvicola riparius, 310 - - Ashland, Illinois, 141 - - Ashley, F. W., 167 - - Ashley, Indiana, 95 - - Ashley River, South Carolina, 11, 15, 35, 118, 192, 242, 363 - - Asia, connection with, 3 - - Asphalt beds, California, 15, 33 - - Ashtabula Co., Ohio, 137, 150 - - Atractosteus lapidosus, 375 - - Attica, Indiana, 92; - Michigan, 276, 331; - New York, 61 - - Atwater, C., 72, 75 - - Atwood, Illinois, 177 - - Atwood, W. W., 7 - - Auchenia, 9, 195; - A. major, 224; - A. minima, 38, 158, 224; - A. minor, 224 - - Auglaize Co., Ohio, 227 - - Augusta Co., Virginia, 190, 221 - - Aurora, Illinois, 109; - Indiana, 91 - - - Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, 46 - - Bagg, R. M., 106, 107, 110, 268 - - Bailey, T. L., 42, 394 - - Baird, S. F., 320, 321 - - Baker, F. C., 103, 104, 176, 230, 303, 333, 334 - - Baker, P. L., 154 - - Balænoptera, sp. indet., 19, 159 - - Balmville, New York, 52 - - Baltimore Co., Maryland, 112 - - Bancroft, Michigan, 86 - - Bannister, H. M., 109, 279 - - Barada, Michigan, 83 - - Barbour, E. H., 152 - - Bartholomew Co., Indiana, 172, 251 - - Barton, B. S., 63, 69, 114, 119, 128, 155, 168, 223 - - Bartow, Florida, 180 - - Bertram, J., 128 - - Bartsch, P., 383 - - Bassariscus astutus, 314 - - Batavia, Illinois, 110, 240, 269; - New York, 61 - - Bath Co., Virginia, 114 - - Bay Co., Michigan, 84 - - Bear, 209, 268, 395 - - Beaucoup, Illinois, 101 - - Beaufort, South Carolina, 15, 35, 118, 155, 191, 363, 366 - - Beaufort Co., South Carolina, 35, 118, 155, 191 - - Beaver, 43, 56, 268, 280, 285, 334, 337 - - Beaverdam, Pennsylvania, 133, 323 - - Beaver Lake, Indiana, 96, 252, 334 - - Beaver River, Pennsylvania, 355 - - Bechdolt, A. F., 112 - - Bedford, Pennsylvania, 69 - - Bedford Co., Pennsylvania, 69 - - Beecher, C. E., 60 - - Beecher, Illinois, 107, 241 - - Beede, J. W., 217 - - Beetles in Port Kennedy Cave, 317 - - Belding, Michigan, 215, 331 - - Bell, R., 130, 166, 235 - - Bellevue, Michigan, 81 - - Beluga catodon, 18; - B. vermontana, 19, 20 - - Belvidere, New York, 60 - - Benedict, Maryland, 220, 347 - - Bensley, B. A., 256 - - Berea, New York, 53 - - Bering Sea, 3 - - Berkeley Co., South Carolina, 119, 162, 367 - - Berkeley River, South Carolina, 156 - - Berks Co., Pennsylvania, 69 - - Berrien Co., Michigan, 82, 137, 171, 275 - - Berry, E. W., 188, 383, 385 - - Berwick, Pennsylvania, 69, 324 - - Beverly, Ohio, 169, 327 - - Bexar Co., Texas, 14 - - Bic, Quebec, 21 - - Bigbone Cave, Tennessee, 41 - - Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, 43, 128, 146, 160, 181, 202, 209, 234, 243, - 255, 265, 270, 401 - - Biggin Swamp, South Carolina, 119, 156, 162, 367 - - Big Twin Creek, Kentucky, 161 - - Biloxi formation, 384, 385 - - Bison, 24, 109, 175, 188, 237, 337; - B. alleni, 256; - B. americanus, 256, 257, 310; - B. antiquus, 14, 34, 257, 258, 260, 265, 403; - B. appalachicolus, 249; - B. bison, 249, 257, 266, 267, 268, 270, 292, 295, 298, 304,310, 403, - 404; - B., extinct species in North America, 256; - B. latifrons, 14, 68, 159, 160, 184, 197, 199, 233, 248, 256, 257, - 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 328, 363, 364, 379, 384, - 391, 392, 393, 404; - B. occidentalis, 14, 259, 265; - B. regius, 15; - B. sp. indet., 32, 38, 41, 122, 157, 158, 160, 187, 200, 204, 228, - 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 312, 313, 321, 334, 339, 342, 343, - 347, 352, 353, 359, 363, 370, 371, 374, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, - 385, 398, 406; - B. sylvestris, 32, 257 - - Black spruce, 85 - - Black Warrior River, Alabama, 385 - - Blackwelder, W., 111 - - Bladen Co., North Carolina, 190 - - Blainville, H. M., 88, 90 - - Blair Co., Pennsylvania, 31, 69, 185, 203, 214, 227, 321 - - Blanchard, C. A., 177 - - Blanco fauna, 2 - - Blanco formation, 1, 15 - - Blarina, 316; - B. brevicauda, 350; - B. brevicauda peninsulæ, 382; - B. simplicidens, 312; - B. sp. indet., 322, 353 - - Blatchley, W. S., 99, 100, 107, 174, 239 - - Bloomfield, Illinois, 106 - - Bloomington moraine, Illinois, 107, 110, 138, 238, 335 - - Bluelick Springs, Kentucky, 44, 128, 182, 234, 243, 255, 271, 405 - - Bluemounds, Wisconsin, 111, 219, 270, 341 - - Bluff formation in Mississippi, 387 - - Bodine, D., 92, 99, 173 - - Bogue Chitto, Alabama, 124, 164, 200, 385 - - Bolivar Co., Mississippi, 124 - - Bond Co., Illinois, 187 - - Bondville, Illinois, 253 - - Bone Valley formation, 10, 378 - - Bone Valley phosphates, 15 - - Boone Co., Indiana, 277, 334; - Kentucky, 128, 146, 160, 181, 202, 209, 234, 243, 255, 265, 270, 400, - 401, 402 - - Boonville, New York, 236 - - Boötherium, 14, 96; - B. bombifrons, 255, 322, 403; - B. cavifrons, 254, 391; - B. sargenti, 83, 331; - B. sp. indet., 252 - - Borden, W. W., 89, 91 - - Borophagus, 2 - - Bos, 41, 175, 262; - B. bombifrons, 255; - B. pallasii, 255; - B. sp. indet., 312 - - Bovidæ, 312 - - Bovina, Mississippi, 125 - - Bowers, Indiana, 92 - - Bowling Township, Rock Island Co., Illinois, 104 - - Boyd, C. H., 23 - - Brachylagus browni, 9 - - Brachyprotoma putorius, 322 - - Bradley, F. H., 60, 96, 106, 108, 252 - - Brevard Co., Florida, 159, 196 - - Brevoort, J. C., 49 - - Brewster, Florida, 197, 211 - - Bridgeton formation, New Jersey, 15, 299, 301 - - Briggs, C., 78, 168 - - Briggs and Foster, 147, 168 - - Brighton, Ohio, 74 - - Brimley, H. H., 115, 116, 117, 145 - - Bringhurst, Indiana, 152 - - Bristol, Connecticut, 48; - Tennessee, 209, 394 - - Britton, N. L., 47 - - Broadhead, G. C., 268 - - Brooke Co., West Virginia, 254 - - Brookfield, Pennsylvania, 133 - - Brookville, Indiana, 90, 172; - Pennsylvania, 324 - - Brooklyn Institute, New York, 52 - - Brookton, New York, 57 - - Broome Co., New York, 57 - - Brown, B., 12, 38, 44, 97, 159 - - Brown, S., 223, 406 - - Brown Co., Ohio, 257 - - Brownhelm Township, Lorain County, Ohio, 79 - - Brunswick, Georgia, 11, 15, 20, 36, 120, 193, 243, 261, 280 - - Brunswick Canal, Georgia, 36, 157, 193, 370 - - Bryant, W. L., 131 - - Buchanan, Michigan, 82, 171, 331 - - Buckley, E. R., 343 - - Bucks Co., Pennsylvania, 237, 246, 267 - - Bucyrus, Ohio, 78 - - Buffalo, 102, 111, 219, 229, 240 - (See Bison bison) - - Buffalo, New York, 63, 131 - - Bullville, New York, 53 - - Bureau Co., Illinois, 105 - - Burlington Co., New Jersey, 64, 227, 245 - - Burlington Heights, Ontario, 166, 167, 235, 285 - - Bush, N. D., 80 - - Butler Co., Ohio, 71, 135 - - Byron, Illinois, 105 - - Bystra, H. G., 158 - - - Cairo, Illinois, 140 - - Calhoun Co., Illinois, 175 - - Caloosahatchee River, Florida, 15, 40, 163, 380, 384 - - Calvenia, Florida, 198, 380 - - Calvert Co., Maryland, 189, 220, 259 - - Calvin, S., 11 - - Cambridge City, Indiana, 238 - - Cambridge, Illinois, 104 - - Camden, Indiana, 238; - New Jersey, 184 - - Camden Co., New Jersey, 184, 301 - - Camelidæ, 5, 224, 312; - in Florida, 224; - in Pennsylvania, 224; - in Tennessee, 225 - - Camelops, 14, 15, 377; - C. sp. indet., 43, 225, 363, 364, 382, 395, 399 - - Camels, 7, 11 - - Camelus, 14, 15 - - Campbell, M. R., 322, 354 - - Campbell Co., Kentucky, 182 - - Canastota, New York, 272 - - Canidæ, 312 - - Canimartes, 2 - - Canis, 15; - C. armbrusteri, 350; - C. dirus, 204, 312, 314; - C. floridanus, 365; - C. indianensis, 312, 314; - C. latrans, 9, 334, 337, 342, 343; - C. lupus, 310; - C. lycaon, 310; - C. mississippiensis, 341, 342, 343; - C. nubilus, 9, 337, 342, 343; - C. occidentalis, 341, 343, 365; - C. primævus, 32; - C. priscolatrans, 312, 322; - C. riviveronis, 382; - C. sp. indet., 9, 321, 350, 363, 366, fig. 19, 382; - C. virginianus, 310 - - Cannon, G. H., 86 - - Cannonsburg, Michigan, 83 - - Canton, Ohio, 80, 170 - - Cape Breton Island, 289; - mastodons in, 46 - - Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 15, 266 - - Capelin, 23 - - Cape May, 304 - - Cape May formation, 66, 299, 301 - - Caranx, 383; - C. hippos, 382; - C. sp. indet., 382 - - Carcharodon sp. indet., 370 - - Caretta caretta, 382, 383 - - Carey, Ohio, 78 - - Cariacus virginianus, 231 - - Caribou, 112, 244, 344 - - Carleton Co., Ontario, 17 - - Carlisle, Pennsylvania, caves near, 320 - - Carmichaels formation, 322 - - Carroll Co., Indiana, 152, 277 - - Carteret Co., North Carolina, 117, 145, 179 - - Case, E. C., 87, 250 - - Caseilla, Mississippi, 124 - - Cass Co., Illinois, 141; - Indiana, 97, 278 - - Castor, 128; - C. canadensis, 295, 299, 310, 311, 312, 339, 348, 363, 395; - C. fiber, 310, 311, 312, 353; - C. sp. indet., 8, 350 - - Castoridæ, 312 - - Castoroides, 14, 81, 94, 128, 169, 327, 400; - in eastern North America, 272; - in Georgia, 280; - in Illinois, 278; - in Indiana, 276; - in Michigan, 275; - in Mississippi, 280; - in New York, 272; - in Ohio, 273; - in Pennsylvania, 272; - in South Carolina, 279; - in Tennessee, 280 - - Castoroides ohioensis, 43, 70, 72, 175, 227, 237, 238, 295, 299, 310, - 329, 337, 339, 363, 370, 392, 393, 395 - - Catawba, Ohio, 74 - - Cathartes aura, 382; - C. aura septentrionalis, 382 - - Caton, J. D., 229 - - Cattaraugus Co., New York, 62, 226 - - Cave deposits, 14 - - Cavetown, Maryland, 14, 189, 220, 231, 348 - - Caviidæ, 5 - - Cedar, red, 72 - - Celina moraine, 326 - - Center Lisle, New York, 57 - - Cervalces, 13, 14, 107, 241, 283, 284, 336; - C. borealis, 226; - C. roosevelti, 338, 339; - C. scotti, 207, 306, 403, 404; - C. sp. indet., 229, 321, 352 - - Cervidæ, 225, 234, 312 - - Cervus americanus, 207; - C. canadensis, 235; 247, 295, 299, 304, 310, 311, 337, 338, 342, 347, - 363, 364, 395, 403, 404; - in Florida, 243; - in Georgia, 243; - in Illinois, 239, 240; - in Maryland, 242; - in Michigan, 237; - in New Jersey, 237; - in North Carolina, 242; - in Ontario, 235, 284, 285; - in Pennsylvania, 237; - in South Carolina, 242; - in Vermont, 235; - in Wisconsin, 241; - C. sp. indet., 8, 370, 398; - C. tarandus, 247; - C. virginianus, 230, 233, 247, 310, 311, 391; - C. whitneyi, 343. - - Cetaceans in eastern North America, 17; - in Florida, 20; - in Georgia, 20; - in New Brunswick, 19; - in North Carolina, 20; - in Ontario, 17; - in South Carolina, 20; - in Vermont, 19; - Pleistocene, 17 - - Chadd’s Ford, Pennsylvania, 133 - - Chætodipterus faber, 381 - - Chalfants, Ohio, 215, 328 - - Chalmers, R., 289 - - Chamberlin and Salisbury, 7, 341, 389, 392 - - Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 69, 168, 324 - - Champaign Co., Illinois, 33, 106, 152, 253, 268; - Ohio, 74, 249 - - Champlain Lake, Vermont, 235 - - Champlain Sea, 22, 285, 291 - - Champlain stage, 286 - - Chapman, E. J., 45 - - Charles Co., Maryland, 188, 220 - - Charleston, South Carolina, 11, 20, 29, 35, 118, 155, 162, 192, 231, - 242, 260, 279, 363; - Illinois, 279; - Indiana, 91 - - Charleston Co., South Carolina, 118, 155, 162, 192, 205, 221, 231, 242, - 260, 279 - - Charleston Museum, South Carolina, 30, 35, 162, 192, 232, 260 - - Charlotte, Vermont, 20 - - Charlotte Co., Florida, 263; - New Brunswick, 19 - - Charlotte moraine, 81, 83, 137, 330 - - Chasmaporthetes, 15; - C. ossifragus, 9 - - Chatham Co., Georgia, 120, 157, 194, 262 - - Chattanooga, Tennessee, 43 - - Chautauqua, New York, 63 - - Chautauqua Co., New York, 236, 267 - - Chelonia couperi, 370; - C. mydas, 382, 383 - - Chelydra laticarinata, 382; - C. sculpta, 382; - C. serpentina, 310, 311, 347 - - Chemung Co., New York, 58, 149, 167 - - Cheney, T. A., 63 - - Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, 189, 220, 259, 347, 348 - - Cheshire, Connecticut, 47 - - Chester, Illinois, 101, 175; - New York, 50; - Pennsylvania, 133 - - Chicago, Illinois, 337; - Ohio, 136 - - Chicago Heights, Illinois, 153 - - Chillicothe, Illinois, 153 - - Chittenden Co., Vermont, 20, 167 - - Chlamytherium, 15, 159; - C. septentrionale, 38,39, 40, 376, 379, 381, 382 - - Chowan formation, 29, 356 - - Christian Co., Illinois, 175 - - Christina, Florida, 380 - - Cristivomer namaycush, 112, 344 - - Church, Michigan, 80 - - Cincinnati, Ohio, 71, 169, 185 - - Circleville, Ohio, 75, 170 - - Cistudo clausa, 310, 311 - - Citellus tuitus, 9 - - Citra, Florida, 121, 158 - - Citrus Co., Florida, 158, 196, 225 - - City Point, Virginia, 113 - - Claiborne Co., Mississippi, 125 - - Clapp, F. G., 290, 322 - - Clark, W., 401 - - Clark, W. B., 345, 351, 355 - - Clark and Miller, 15, 29, 113 - - Clark Co., Indiana, 91; - Kentucky, 255; - Ohio 74, 136 - - Clarke, J. M., 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 107, - 226, 266 - - Claverack, New York, 55 - - Claypole, E. W., 32, 71 - - Clayton, Michigan, 81 - - Clear Spring, Maryland, 113, 349 - - Clemmys insculpta, 312, 322; - C. percrassa, 312 - - Cleveland, Ohio, 79, 136, 170 - - Climate of Don beds, Ontario, 282; - of Scarboro beds, Ontario, 283 - - Clinton Co., Ohio, 214, 273 - - Clubfoot and Harlowe Canal, 117, 179 - - Clyde, New York, 272 - - Coastal Plain, Atlantic, 13, 351; - in Alabama, 384; - in Florida, 372; - in Georgia, 368; - in North Carolina, 29, 355; - in South Carolina, 361 - - Coeymans, New York, 56 - - Cohansey sands, 300 - - Coharie formation, 356 - - Cohoes, New York, 56; - pot-holes, 296 - - Colbert Co., Alabama, 40 - - Coldenham, New York, 52 - - Coleman, A. P., 46, 147, 166, 167, 226, 244, 281, 283 - - Coleraine, Massachusetts, 47 - - Coles Co., Illinois, 279 - - Collett, J., 73, 92, 96, 106, 171, 172, 173, 17 228, 276, 277 - - Coluber acuminatus, 312, 314; - C. sp. indet., 314 - - Colubridæ, 312 - - Columbia, Tennessee, 181, 395, 399 - - Columbia Co., Florida, 121; - New York, 55; - Pennsylvania, 69 - - Columbiana Co., Ohio, 70, 135, 186, 203, 215, 325 - - Columbus, Ohio, 186, 214, 330 - - Columbus Grove, Ohio, 77 - - Conard fissure, Arkansas, 12, 14 - - Conewango, New York, 62 - - Connecticut, geology of, 292; - mastodons in, 47; - Rangifer in, 244 - - Connecticut River, 294 - - Connersville, Indiana, 173 - - Conrad, T. A., 64, 117, 190, 191, 359 - - Cook, C. C., 266 - - Cook, G. H., 65, 66, 67, 68 - - Cook Co., Illinois, 110, 153, 177, 230, 240 - - Coon Valley, Wisconsin, 259 - - Cooper River, South Carolina, 119, 156, 162, 363 - - Cooper, Smith, and DeKay, 202 - - Cooper, W., 36, 44, 146, 181, 243, 255. 270, 401, 402 - - Coosa River, Alabama, 385 - - Coosaw River, South Carolina, 35 - - Cope and Wortman, 218, 228, 258 - - Cope, E. D., 9, 11, 31, 43, 63, 64, 69, 154, 166 184, 185, 190, 203, - 213, 217, 218, 220, 221, 228, 237, 242, 256, 258, 267, 301, 312, - 316, 317, 318, 353, 354, 377 - - Copeland, M., 24 - - Copenhagen, New York, 56 - - Copley, O. N., 78 - - Coquina, Florida, 15 - - Core Creek, North Carolina, 358 - - Cornwall, Ontario, 18 - - Corriganville, Maryland, 14, 189, 204, 220, 349 - - Cortland Co., New York, 149 - - Cottle, T., 147, 148 - - Cottus uncinatus, 287 - - Couper, J. H., 36, 157, 261, 262, 369, 370 - - Covington, Indiana, 92; - Virginia, 114; - West Virginia, 354 - - Cox, E. T., 100, 172, 175 - - Crawford Co., Ohio, 78; - Pennsylvania, 150, 168; - Wisconsin, 111 - - Cricetidæ, 312 - - Crocodile, 207 - - Crocodylus sp. indet., 350, 352, 370 - - Croom, H. B., 117, 231, 359 - - Crotalus adamanteus, 382; - C. horridus, 348; - C. sp. indet., 314, 353 - - Crown Point, Indiana, 140 - - Cryptobranchus sp. indet., 322, 353 - - Cryptotis floridana, 382 - - Crystal Hill Cave, Pennsylvania, 213, 237 - - Cuba, New York, 226, 236 - - Cumberland Co., Maine, 24 - - Currituck Co., North Carolina, 29 - - Curry, J. C., 64 - - Cushing, H. P., 136 - - Cuvier, G., 69, 71, 119, 181 - - Cuyahoga, Ohio, 136 - - Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, 79, 170 - - Cyclopterus lumpus, 23, 287 - - Cystophora cristata, 26; - C. proboscidea, 26 - - - Dachnowski, A., 76 - - Dade Co., Florida, 384 - - Dall, W. H., 10, 38, 121, 195, 199, 224, 232, 360, 361, 380, 384 - - Dall and Harris, 361 - - Dallas Co., Alabama, 124, 164, 200 - - Dalton, Indiana, 94 - - Dana, J. D., 163, 244 - - Dandridge, Tennessee, 127, 209, 223, 395 - - Dane Co., Wisconsin, 111, 219 - - Danglade, E., 138 - - Danville, Indiana, 92 - - Darke Co., Ohio, 73, 136, 170, 274 - - Darlington, South Carolina, 193, 232, 366 - - Darlington Co., South Carolina, 119, 193, 232 - - Darton, N. H., 260 - - Dasyatis hastata, 363; - D. sp. indet., 370 - - Dasypodidæ, 5 - - Dasypus sp. indet., 38, 39, 378, 382 - - Dauphin Co., Pennsylvania, 185 - - Davenport Academy Sciences, 149 - - Davidson Co., Tennessee, 43, 127, 201, 225, 395, 396 - - Davis, C. A., 85, 111 - - Davis, J., 100 - - Dawson, J. W., 17, 18, 19, 22, 45, 46, 281, 288 - - Daxon, A., 104 - - Dayton, Ohio, 72, 135 - - Daytona, Florida, 20, 122, 158 - - Deal, New Jersey, 227, 237 - - Dearborn Co., Indiana, 91 - - Decatur Co., Indiana, 92 - - Decker mastodon, 81, 275 - - Defiance moraine, 88, 330 - - Deer, 43, 81, 103, 109, 117, 127, 187, 204, 225, 226, 237, 337, 358, - 393, 399 - - Deirochelys floridana, 379 - - DeKalb Co., Indiana, 95 - - DeKay, J. E., 29, 49, 59, 61, 62, 131, 235, 245 - - DeKay, Van Rensselaer, and Cooper, 65 - - De Land, Florida, 378 - - Delaware Co., Indiana, 174; - Pennsylvania, 133 - - Delphinapterus leucas, 17, 18, 19, 20, 284, 288; - D. sp. indet., 289; - D. vermontanus, 17, 18, 20, 284, 288 - - Delphinid sp. indet., 381 - - Denham, Indiana, 96 - - Dennis, D. W., 252 - - Dennison, Virginia, 190 - - De Soto Co., Florida, 39, 124, 160, 198, 208, 233, 264 - - Deussen, A., 15 - - Dickeson, M. W., 40, 125, 264, 389 - - Dicotyles fossilis, 221; - D. lenis, 219, 222, 341, 342; - D. nasutus, 213, 216, 221; - D. pennsylvanicus, 213, 214, 310; - D. torquatus, 220, 221, 341 - - Didelphis virginiana, 363, 382 - - Dinobastis, 14 - - Diodon sp. indet., 381 - - Dismal Swamp, North Carolina, 15; - mollusks, of, 351; - in Virginia, 360 - - Disputanta, Virginia, 352 - - District of Columbia, 16; - Equidæ in, 188; - geology of, 344, 348; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 178 - - Dixon, S., 318 - - Don formation, Ontario, 167, 226, 256, 281 - - Don River, Ontario, 167 - - Dorr, Michigan, 83 - - Dover, Wisconsin, 110, 340 - - Drayton, J., 119 - - Drennon Springs, Kentucky, 129 - - Driftless area, Wisconsin, 259, 341 - - Dryer, C. R., 95, 174 - - Drymarchon corais couperi, 382 - - Dubois Co., Indiana, 88 - - Dubuque, Iowa, 342 - - Duchouquet Township, Auglaize Co., Ohio, 76 - - Dudley, J., 55 - - Dufferin Co., Ontario, 130 - - Duke, A., 130 - - Dumbbell Harbor, Grinnell Land, 21, 244, 248 - - Duncan Falls, Ohio, 135, 327 - - Dunn Co., Wisconsin, 111, 230, 247 - - Dunnellon, Florida, 15, 38, 122, 158, 162, 196, 207, 211, 223, 225, - 263; - formation, 10 - - Dunnville, Ontario, 46 - - DuPage Co., Illinois, 109, 177, 279 - - Duplin Co., North Carolina, 115, 179, 357 - - Durham Cave, Pennsylvania, 237, 311 - - Dutchess Co., New York, 55 - - Duval Co. Florida, 122, 157, 232, 262, 374 - - Dwight, W. B., 55 - - - Eager, S. W., 52, 53, 54, 55 - - Earle, C. J., 159, 197, 233, 379 - - Earlham College, Indiana, 94, 139, 229, 238, 252, 277 - - East Coldenham, New York, 53 - - East Lynn, Illinois, 107 - - East Saginaw, Michigan, 171, 331 - - East St. Louis, Illinois, 101 - - Eaton Co., Michigan, 81, 137, 171 - - Eaton moraine, 326 - - Eaton Rapids, Michigan, 137, 331 - - Eau Claire, Michigan, 82 - - Eau Gallie, Florida, 159, 196, 380 - - Eddings Island, South Carolina, 35 - - Edgar Co., Illinois, 106 - - Edgecombe Co., North Carolina, 117 - - Edisto River, South Carolina, 363 - - Edom, Virginia, 114 - - Edwards, J. J., 172 - - Edwards, T., 167 - - Elephant, 374, 401 - - Elephantidæ, 5, 312 - - Elephants, 5, 7, 11, 16 - - Elephas, 14; - E. americanus, 69, 131, 144, 168, 178; - E. columbi, 11, 38, 122, 146, 163, 164, 166, 172, 174, 180, 181, 194, - 196, 197, 199, 200, 233, 235, 262, 263, 264, 293, 295, 299, 302, - 305, 322, 323, 329, 334, 347, 348, 357, 363, 366, 370, 371, 374, - 375, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 392, 393, 403; - in Florida, 157; - in Georgia, 157; - in Illinois, 152; - in Indiana, 151; - in Kentucky, 160; - in Maryland, 154; - in Michigan, 151, 331; - in New Jersey, 149; - in New York, 149; - in North Carolina, 155; - in Ohio, 150; - in Ontario, 147, 284; - in Pennsylvania, 150; - in South Carolina, 155; - in Vermont, 148; - in West Virginia, 155 - - Elephas jacksoni, 161, 168, 169, 327 - - Elephas imperator, 11, 14, 15, 124, 157, 162, 165, 180, 200, 283, 363, - 364, 367, 376, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 393; - in Alabama, 164; - in Florida, 145, 162; - in South Carolina, 162 - - Elephas primigenius, 36, 59, 98, 100, 135, 151, 154, 165, 166, 167, - 169, 172, 181, 182, 247, 251, 259, 261, 277, 283, 284, 295, 299, - 302, 304, 306, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 334, 340, 347, 348, 353, - 358, 379, 391, 395, 396, 403; - in Kentucky, 146; - in Illinois, 140; - in Indiana, 138; - in Maryland, 144; - in Michigan, 137, 331; - in New York, 131; - in New Jersey, 132; - in Not America, 130; - in North Carolina, 145; - in Ohio, 134, 329; - in Ontario, 130, 284, 285; - in Pennsylvania, 133; - in Tennessee, 146; - in Wisconsin, 143 - - Elephas sp. indet., 166, 354, 358, 384, 395, 399; - in District of Columbia, 178; - in Florida, 179; - in Illinois, 175; - in Indiana, 171; - in Kentucky, 181; - in Maryland, 178; - in Michigan, 171, 331; - in Mississippi, 180; - in New York, 167; - in North Carolina, 179; - in Ohio, 168; - in Ontario, 166; - in Pennsylvania, 168; - in Tennessee, 181; - in Ungava, 166; - in Vermont, 167; - in Virginia, 178; - in West Virginia, 179; - in Wisconsin, 178 - - Elgin Co., Ontario, 45 - - Elizabeth, Illinois, 269 - - Elizabethtown, North Carolina, 190, 357 - - Elk, 81, 102, 108, 109, 117, 226, 228, 229, 235, 237 - (See Cervus canadensis) - - Ellenton, Florida, 379 - - Ellenville, New York, 54 - - Ellis, H., 88 - - Ellis, R. W., 91 - - Elmira, New York, 58, 149 - - Elrod and Benedict, 98, 174, 229, 239 - - Elroy, Tennessee, 41, 395, 397 - - Elsie, Michigan, 84 - - Emerson, B. K., 290 - - Eminence, Kentucky, 182 - - Emmons, E., 116, 118, 149, 167, 190, 191, 226, 235, 360 - - Emydidæ, 312 - - Englewood moraine, 326 - - Englishtown, New Jersey, 65, 305 - - Eptesicus fuscus, 310 - - Equality, Illinois, 175 - - Equidæ, 5, 312; - in Alabama, 200; - in District of Columbia, 188; - in Eastern North America, 183; - in Florida, 194; - in Georgia, 193; - in Illinois, 187; - in Indiana, 186; - in Kentucky, 202; - in Maryland, 188; - in Massachusetts, 183; - in Mississippi, 200; - in New Jersey, 184; - in New York, 183; - in North Carolina, 190; - in Ohio, 185; - in Pennsylvania, 184; - in South Carolina, 191; - in Tennessee, 201; - in Virginia, 189; - in West Virginia, 190 - - Equus, 9, 14, 15, 372; - E. americanus, 186, 193, 200, 391; - E. caballus, 190; - E. complicatus, 32, 33, 43, 68, 159, 160, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, - 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, - 208, 217, 228, 233, 256, 257, 263, 265, 283, 302, 308, 312, 313, - 328, 330, 348, 352, 353, 359, 363, 366, 370, 379, 380, 382, 392, - 393, 395, 403, 404, 406; - E. curvidens, 193, 202; - E. excelsus, 8; - E. fraternus, 38, 158, 160, 184, 185, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, - 201, 264, 302, 312, 313, 362; - E. giganteus, 9, 183, 189, 348; - E. idahoensis, 8; - E. leidyi, 43, 124, 127, 158, 159, 165, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 195, - 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 222, 224, 225, 233, 263, 283, 313, - 348, 357, 360, 362, 363, 370, 371, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, - 384, 385, 392, 393, 394, 395, 399; - E. littoralis, 159, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 232, 233, 263, 364, 370, - 376, 379, 380, 381, 382, 395, 396; - E. major, 68, 183, 187, 192, 198; - E. niobrarensis, 190, 354; - E. occidentalis, 9; - E. pectinatus, 185, 187, 312, 313; - E. princeps, 199; - E. scotti, 194; - E. sp. indet., 9, 41, 158, 196, 202, 292, 295, 298, 301, 305, 310, - 322, 339, 350, 352, 354, 375, 376, 399; - E. tau, 193, 199 - - Equus beds, 378 - - Equus zone, 11 - - Ereptodon priscus, 41, 392, 393 - - Erethizon dorsatum, 310, 311, 312, 313, 316, 348, 398; - E. sp. indet., 321 - - Erethizontidæ, 312 - - Erie basin, 296 - - Erie, New York, 63; - Pennsylvania, 70, 324 - - Erie Co., New York, 131; - Ohio, 78; - Pennsylvania, 70, 133, 168 - - Eschatius, 14 - - Essex Co., New Jersey, 66; - Ontario, 45 - - Etchegoin-Tulare, 15 - - Euelephas jacksoni, 147 - - Euchœrus macrops, 223 - - Eutænia sirtalis, 311 - - Evanston, Illinois, 177, 230 - - Evansville, Indiana, 32, 186, 203, 228, 257, 334, 405 - - Everglades, Florida, 163 - - Evolution of Pleistocene vertebrates, 5 - - Extinct bisons in Alabama, 264; - in Florida, 262; - in Georgia, 261; - in Illinois, 259; - in Indiana, 257; - in Kentucky, 265; - in Maryland, 259; - in Mississippi, 264; - in Ohio, 257; - in Ontario, 256; - in Pennsylvania, 256; - in South Carolina, 260; - in Virginia, 259; - in Wisconsin, 259 - - Extinction of Pleistocene vertebrates, 6 - - - Fairchild, H. L., 47, 49, 56, 58, 131, 147, 281, 285, 290, 291, 294, - 297, 298 - - Fairmount, Illinois, 106; - Indiana, 139, 277 - - Fairmount Township, Grant Co., Indiana, 93 - - Falconer, H., 165 - - Farancia abacura, 382 - - Farmington, Connecticut, 48; - New York, 236 - - Farr, M. S., 132 - - Fauquier Co., Virginia, 178 - - Fayette Co., Illinois, 187; - Indiana, 173; - Kentucky, 129, 210; - Ohio, 74 - - Fayetteville, Tennessee, 128 - - Felidæ, 5, 312 - - Felis, 2, 14; - F. atrox, 265, 391; - F. canadensis, 310; - F. couguar, 337, 348; - F. eyra, 312, 314; - F. inexpectata, 312, 316; - F. veronis, 382; - F. sp. indet., 321, 376 - - Fellsmere, Florida, 122, 159, 381 - - Fenneman, N. M., 71, 135, 169, 328 - - Fenton, Michigan, 86 - - Ferguson, W. L., 126 - - Fiber zibethicus, 311 - - Fielden, H. W., 244, 248 - - Fielden and De Rance, 21, 244, 248 - - Field Natural History Museum, 118 - - Fincastle, Ohio, 257, 328 - - Fisher, G. J., 245 - - Fisher, R. L., 126 - - Fish House, New Jersey, 15, 184 - - Fish House beds, New Jersey, 301, 302 - - Fite, C. F., 98, 278 - - Flora in Alabama, 385; - Don beds, Ontario, 282; - Port Kennedy cave, Pennsylvania, 317; - Scarboro beds, Ontario, 283; - Vero, Florida, 383 - - Florida, 37; - Camelidæ in, 224; - Cervus canadensis in, 243; - cetaceans in, 20; - Elephas columbi in, 157; - Elephas imperator in, 145, 162; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 179; - Equidæ in, 194; - extinct bisons in, 262; - geology of, 372; - mastodons in, 121; - Odocoileus in, 232; - rhinoceroses in, 211; - Tagassuidæ in, 222; - Tapiridæ in, 206; - Xenarthra in, 37 - - Floyd Co., Indiana, 89 - - Foote, E. A., 81 - - Foresman, Indiana, 239 - - Fort Jefferson, Ohio, 73, 170 - - Fort McArthur, Ohio, 76 - - Fort Wayne, Indiana, 95 - - Fort Wayne moraine, 250, 276 - - Fort White, Florida, 121, 374 - - Forshey, C. G., 41, 391 - - Foshay, P. M., 290 - - Fossil Lake, Oregon, 1, 10, 11, 15 - - Fossil plants, 56 - - Foster, J. W., 78, 101, 102, 106, 117, 119, 135, 168, 169, 179, 273, - 391 - - Fountain City, Indiana, 238 - - Fountain Co., Indiana, 92 - - Fowlerville, New York, 60 - - Francisville, Indiana, 140 - - Franklin Co., Indiana, 90, 172; - Massachusetts, 47; - Ohio, 75, 186, 214; - Pennsylvania, 69, 168 - - Frankstown, Pennsylvania, 31, 69, 185, 203, 214, 227, 321 - - Freehold, New Jersey, 65, 304; New York, 55 - - Frontenac Co., Ontario, 235 - - Fry, A., 97 - - Fuller, M. L., 25, 290, 292, 295 - - Fuller and Clapp, 71, 258 - - Fulton, Indiana, 97 - - Fulton Co., Illinois, 176; - Indiana, 97, 140 - - - Gadsden Co., Florida, 121, 374 - - Gainesville, New York, 212 - - Galena, Illinois, 34, 178, 218, 269, 336, 337 - - Galeocerdo sp. indet., 370, 381 - - Galera macrodon, 220 - - Galesburg, Illinois, 176 - - Galien, Michigan, 83 - - Gallatin Co., Illinois, 100, 175, 278 - - Gallinago sp. indet., 314 - - Galva, Illinois, 142 - - Galveston Bay, Texas, 15 - - Gardiner clays, Long Island, New York, 14, 290 - - Gardiner, Maine, 23, 24, 25 - - Gasterosteus aculeatus, 287 - - Gay Head, Massachusetts, 14, 25, 26, 183 - - Geauga Co., Ohio, 170 - - Genesee Co., Michigan, 86; - New York, 61 - - Geneseo, New York, 60 - - Geology of Pleistocene epoch, 281 - - Geomys bursarius, 339, 343 - - Georgetown, District of Columbia, 188 - - Georgia, 15, 36; - Castoroides in, 280; - Cervus canadensis in, 243; - cetaceans in, 20; - Elephas columbi in, 157; - Equidæ in, 193; - extinct bisons in, 261; - geology of, 368; - mastodons in, 120; - Tapiridæ in, 206; - Xenarthra in, 36 - - Germantown, Ohio, 71, 274 - - Germantown moraine, 326 - - Giant beaver, 7, 13, 334 - - Gibbes, R. W., 120, 179, 193, 194 - - Gibson Co., Indiana, 89, 90, 216, 334 - - Gidley, J. W., 20, 97, 120, 178, 189, 192, 193, 204, 206, 219, 220, - 221, 250, 262, 280, 349, 350, 370 - - Gilbert, G. K., 11, 56, 76, 77 - - Gillmor, J. A., 78 - - Gilmore, C. W., 80, 81 - - Gilpin, J. B., 19 - - Girard, Pennsylvania, 168 - - Glencoe, Illinois, 110 - - Glengarry Co., Ontario, 18 - - Glenn, L. C., 394 - - Globicephala bæreckeii, 20, 378 - - Gloucester, New Jersey, 184 - - Gloucester Co., New Jersey, 63 - - Glynn Co., Georgia, 36, 120, 193, 243, 261, 280 - - Glyptodon, 14, 15, 39; - G. petaliferus, 39, 381; - G. rivipacis, 40, 381; - G. sp. indet., 364 - - Glyptodons, 5 - - Glyptotherium, 2, 4, 15 - - Goat Island, New York, 62 - - Goldsboro, North Carolina, 115, 359 - - Goldthwait, J. W., 288, 290 - - Godman, J. D., 50, 53, 66, 155 - - Gomphotherium, 2, 14, 15, 376, 393; - G. floridanum, 15, 37, 120, 121, 122, 123, 195, 196, 375, 376, 380; - G. rugosidens, 118, 120, 370; - G. sp. indet., 380 - - Goose Creek, South Carolina, 363 - - Gopherus polyphemus, 382; - G. præcedens, 383 - - Gordon, R., 52, 53 - - Gosport, Indiana, 172 - - Graculus idahoensis, 8 - - Graham, J. G., 52, 53 - - Grand Isle, Vermont, 235 - - Grand Ledge, Michigan, 171, 331 - - Grand Rapids, Michigan, 250 - - Grand River, Michigan, 137 - - Grand River moraine, 137 - - Grant and Burchard, 341 - - Grant Co., Indiana, 93, 139, 277; - Wisconsin, 111 - - Grant, U. S., Prof., 177 - - Granville, Ohio, 75 - - Gratiot, Michigan, 85 - - Grasses, 72 - - Gray, A., 67 - - Grayson, Nebraska, 1, 11, 15 - - Graysville, Pennsylvania, 133, 322 - - Green, H. A., 60 - - Greenbrier Co., West Virginia, 34, 221 - - Greencastle, Indiana, 91 - - Green Co., Pennsylvania, 133, 150 - - Greendell, New Jersey, 68, 306 - - Greene, G. K., 129 - - Greene Co., Illinois, 187; - New York, 55, 56, 168, 226; - Pennsylvania, 322 - - Greenfield, Indiana, 277 - - Greenland, 244, 248 - - Green Oak, Michigan, 81 - - Greensburg, Indiana, 92 - - Green Township, Summit Co., Ohio, 80 - - Greenville, New York, 56, 168, 191, 226, 359; - Ohio, 73, 274 - - Grinnell Land, musk-oxen in, 248; - Pinnipedia in, 21; - Rangifer in, 244 - - Grison macrodon, 220, 347 - - Ground hog, 337 - - Grove City, Florida, 263 - - Grovertown, Indiana, 278 - - Grundy Co., Illinois, 108 - - Guernsey, J. A., 59 - - Guilford, Indiana, 91 - - Gulo luscus, 312, 316, 350 - - - Habersham, J. E., 36, 120, 194, 262 - - Hackettstown, New Jersey, 67, 306 - - Hager, A. D., 19 - - Haldimand Co., Ontario, 46 - - Hale Co., Alabama, 200, 264 - - Halifax Co., Virginia, 190 - - Hall, J., 56, 59, 60, 62, 66, 168, 226, 236, 272, 280, 297 - - Hamblen Co., Tennessee, 201, 209, 223 - - Hamilton, Ontario, 147, 166, 235, 285 - - Hamilton Co., Indiana, 173; - Ohio, 71, 135, 169, 185; - Tennessee, 43, 201, 209 - - Hammond formation, Alabama, 385 - - Hamptonburg, New York, 53 - - Hancock Co., Illinois, 103, 335; - Indiana, 277 - - Hardee Co., Florida, 38, 160, 198 - - Hardin Co., Ohio, 76 - - Harlan, R., 36, 41, 43, 44, 117, 120, 129, 156, 162, 178, 179, 188, - 191, 255, 358 - - Harlanus, 261 - - Harlowe, North Carolina, 117, 179 - - Harper, Illinois, 105; - Ohio, 75 - - Harris, G. D., 386, 389 - - Harrison Co., Indiana, 258; - Kentucky, 129 - - Harrisville, Indiana, 228, 238, 334 - - Harrisonville, Kentucky, 128; - New Jersey, 63 - - Hartford, Indiana, 91 - - Hartford Co., Connecticut, 48 - - Hartman’s Cave, Pennsylvania, 185, 213, 227, 237, 246, 272, 308 - - Hartnagel, C. A., 132, 212 - - Hartsdale, New York, 50 - - Hartt, C. F., 57 - - Hartwell moraine, 90, 274 - - Harvard University, 60 - - Harvey’s, Pennsylvania, 133, 322 - - Hatcher, J. B., 37, 254 - - Hawkins Co., Tennessee, 127, 201, 222, 394 - - Hay, O. P., 32, 88, 90, 156 - - Hayden, F. V., 101 - - Hayden, H. H., 154 - - Hayes, S., 71, 185 - - Haymond, R., 90, 172 - - Hays, I., 54, 209 - - Hebron, Indiana, 99, 252, 334 - - Hidden, W. S., 28 - - Heidelberg University, Ohio, 123 - - Heilprin, A., 317, 384 - - Henderson, Kentucky, 44, 234, 405 - - Henderson Co., Illinois, 152; - Kentucky, 234 - - Hendricks Co., Indiana, 92 - - Hendry, F. H., 40 - - Hennessy, J. C., 164 - - Henry Co., Illinois, 104, 142, 154; - Indiana, 94; - Kentucky, 129 - - Herkimer Co., New York, 236 - - Hernando, Florida, 196, 225 - - Herodias egretta, 382 - - Hesperomys leucopus, 310, 312 - - Heyner’s Bridge, Georgia, 120 - - Hickory, Pennsylvania, 70, 323 - - Hicks, L. E., 75 - - Highgate, Ontario, 45 - - Higley, W. K., 110, 230 - - Hildreth, S. P., 70, 75, 80, 170, 231, 273 - - Hilgard, E. W., 125, 254, 387, 391 - - Hill, C. C., 70 - - Hillsboro Co., Florida, 38, 123, 159, 197, 208, 379 - - Hillsboro River, Florida, 38, 379 - - Hillsdale Co., Michigan, 80 - - Hindostan, Indiana, 89 - - Hinds Co., Mississippi, 124 - - Hinsdale, New York, 62, 226 - - Hipparion, 2, 9, 15, 191, 376, 377, 393; - H. ingenuum, 196, 199, 375, 381; - H. minus, 197, 380; - H. plicatile, 37, 121, 196, 375, 376; - H. sp. indet., 121, 195, 196, 376, 380; - H. venustum, 363 - - Hippopotamus, 261 - - Hippotherium ingenuum, 195, 196; - H. plicatile, 196; - H. princeps, 198, 199; - H. relictum, 9 - - Hitchcock, Edward, 19, 47, 148, 167 - - Hitchcock, Edward jr., 19, 58 - - Hodgson, W. B., 36, 120, 194 - - Holder, Florida, 158 - - Holland, W. J., 31, 69, 95, 203, 214, 227, 321 - - Holley, New York, 62 - - Hollick, A., 48, 345 - - Holmes, F. S., 35, 118, 155, 192, 231, 232, 242, 361, 363, 364 - - Holmes, J. A., 361 - - Holmes Co., Ohio, 32 - - Holomeniscus, 9 - - Homer, Illinois, 268; - New York, 149 - - Homo sapiens, 379 - - Honeyman, D., 19 - - Hooded seal, 26, 293 - - Hoopeston, Illinois, 106 - - Hope, New Jersey, 68, 306 - - Hoplophoridæ, 5 - - Horr, Ella, 47 - - Horse, 117, 122, 127, 261, 295, 324, 327, 333, 334, 358, 367, 374, 378, - 385, 405 - (See Equus) - - Horses, 7, 11, 13, 16, 66, 93, 159, 263, 336, 362 - (See Equidæ) - - Hot Springs, Virginia, 114 - - Howell, Michigan, 81 - - Huard, V. A., 21 - - Hubbard, Bela, 82 - - Hubbard, O. P., 48 - - Hudson River, 294, 296 - - Human remains, 381, 390 - - Hunt, C. A., 135 - - Hunt, J. G., 59 - - Hunter, T. W., 44, 128, 182, 243, 271, 405 - - Hurd, A., 104, 176 - - Huron Co., Ohio, 31, 136, 257 - - Hyænidæ, 5 - - Hyænognathus, 15 - - Hydrochœrus, 14, 15; - H. æsopi, 363; - H. pinckneyi, 363, 364, 365, fig. 18; - H. robustus, 382 - - - Idaho, 15 - - Idaho formation, 8, 15, 377, 378 - - Ilingoceros, 15 - - Illinoian drift, 12, 328, 339, 340; - in Illinois, 335; - in Indiana, 333; - on Long Island, 295; - in New England, 290; - in Ohio, 324, 325, 326 - - Illinoian ice-sheet, 332 - - Illinoian stage, 2, 7, 12, 14, 393; - in Illinois, 335; - in Indiana, 333; - in New England, 290; - in Ohio, 324, 325, 326; - on Long Island, 295; - in Kentucky, 400, 402 - - Illinois, 14, 33; - Bison bison in, 268; - Castoroides in, 278; - Cervus canadensis in, 239; - Elephas columbi in, 152; - Elephas primigenius in, 140; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 175; - Equidæ in, 187; - extinct bisons in, 259; - geology of, 334; - mastodons in, 100; - musk-oxen in, 253; - Odocoileus in, 229; - Rangifer in, 246; - Tagassuidæ in, 218; - Xenarthra in, 33 - - Illiopolis, Illinois, 102 - - Indian Creek Township, Pulaski Co., Indiana, 97 - - Indiana, 14, 32; - Bison bison in, 268; - Castoroides in, 276; - Cervus canadensis in, 238; - Elephas columbi in, 151; - Elephas primigenius in, 138; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 171; - Equidæ in, 186; - extinct bisons in, 257; - geology of, 331; - mastodons in, 88; - musk-oxen in, 251; - Odocoileus in, 228; - Tagassuidæ in, 216; - Tapiridæ in, 203; - Xenarthra in, 32 - - Indianapolis, Indiana, 92 - - Inland Waterway Canal, Florida, 37, 122, 157, 158; - North Carolina, 117, 145 - - Insects in Scarboro beds, Ontario, 283; - in Port Kennedy Cave, Pennsylvania, 317 - - Interglacial deposits, 283 - - Inwood, New York, 49 - - Ionia Co., Michigan, 215 - - Iowa, 2, 15 - - Iowan drift, 343 - - Iowan loess, 336 - - Iowan stage, 14, 283 - - Irondequoit River, 131 - - Iroquois beach, 285 - - Iroquois Co., Illinois, 106 - - Ischyrhiza mira, 363 - - Ischyrosmilus sp. indet., 8 - - Istiophorus robustus, 363 - - Isobases in glaciated region, 291 - - Isurus sp. indet., 381 - - Ithaca, New York, 57 - - Ivanhoe, Virginia, 14, 34, 190, 204, 221, 231, 260 - - - Jabiru weillsi, 382 - - Jackson, J. B. S., 67 - - Jackson, Mississippi, 124 - - Jackson Co., Florida, 121, 374; - Indiana, 89; - Michigan, 151; - Ohio, 147, 168 - - Jackson Township, Miami Co., Indiana, 98; - Wood Co., Ohio, 78; - York Co., Pennsylvania, 69, 324 - - Jacksonburg, Indiana, 94 - - Jacksonville, North Carolina, 116, 358 - - Jaquet River, New Brunswick, 289 - - Jamaica, New York, 49 - - Jameco gravels, 14 - - James Bay, Canada, 166 - - Jamestown, New York, 63, 236, 267; - Indiana, 277 - - Jasper County, Indiana, 96, 174, 239, 268 - - Jay County, Indiana, 95, 238 - - Jefferson Co., Indiana, 138; - Kentucky, 129; - Mississippi, 125; - Tennessee, 127, 209, 223 - - Jefferson, T., 34, 161, 255 - - Jeffries Reef, New Hampshire, 25 - - Jelly, S., 130 - - Jersey, Ohio, 136 - - Jerseyan drift, 14 - - Jo Daviess Co., Illinois, 34, 178, 218, 269 - - Johns Island, South Carolina, 192, 363 - - Johnson, F., 86 - - Johnston, W. A., 22, 287, 288 - - Jones, A. C., 114 - - Jones, L., 79 - - Jones and Orahood, 92 - - Jones Co., North Carolina, 116 - - Juliette, Florida, 121 - - - Kalamazoo moraine, 330 - - Kamms, Ohio, 136 - - Kane Co., Illinois, 109, 110, 240, 269 - - Kankakee Lake, Indiana, 278; - Kankakee Marsh, Indiana, 96, 97, 100 - - Kansan drift, 12, 339, 340, 344; - in Illinois, 335; - in New England, 290; - in New Jersey, 300; - in Ohio, 324 - - Kansan stage, 2, 7, 8, 14, 302, 307, 323, 355 - - Katz, F. J., 290 - - Keenes Station, New York, 183 - - Kemp, J. E., 142 - - Kendall Co., Illinois, 109, 143, 229, 240, 269 - - Kennebec Co., Maine, 23 - - Kent Co., Michigan, 83 - - Kenton Co., Kentucky, 128 - - Kent Scientific Museum, Michigan, 83, 250 - - Kentucky, 43; - Bison bison in, 270; - Cervus canadensis in, 243; - Elephas columbi in, 160; - Elephas primigenius in, 146; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 181; - Equidæ in, 202; - extinct bisons in, 265; - geology of, 400; - mastodons in, 128; - musk-oxen in, 255; - Odocoileus in, 234; - Rangifer in, 247; - Tapiridæ in, 209; - Xenarthra in, 43 - - Kewanee, Illinois, 142 - - Kimmswick, Missouri, 12, 14 - - Kings Co., New York, 49 - - Kingsford, Florida, 159, 196, 379 - - Kingsport, Tennessee, 394 - - Kingston, Ontario, 235 - - Kirsch, A. M., 100 - - Kishacoquillas Station, Pennsylvania, 69 - - Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 27, 29, 360 - - Klippart, J. H., 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 79, 186, 214 - - Klipstein, L. F., 119 - - Knapp, G. N., 300 - - Knopf, A., 7 - - Knowlton, S. D., 124 - - Knox Co., Illinois, 104; - Indiana, 90, 258; - Maine, 23 - - Knoxville, Ohio, 227; - Tennessee, 127, 395 - - Kosciusko Co., Indiana, 278 - - Kost, J., 275 - - Kouts, Indiana, 100, 239 - - Kümmel, H. B., 28, 300 - - - Labelle, Florida, 40, 163, 199, 264 - - La Brea, California, 15 - - Lafayette formation, 14, 16, 345, 347, 356, 386, 391 - - Lagomys palatina, 312 - - Lagrange, Indiana, 99 - - Lagrange Co., Indiana, 99 - - Lagrange moraine, 99 - - Lake Algonquin, 87, 171 - - Lake Bonneville, 11 - - Lake-border moraines in Michigan, 83, 330 - - Lake Champlain, 20, 22, 291 - - Lake Chicago, 333 - - Lake Co., Indiana, 99, 140, 174, 239 - - Lake George, New York, 132 - - Lake Iroquois, 131 - - Lake Lahontan, Nevada, 15 - - Lake Lundy, 87 - - Lake Maumee, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 171, 276, 326, 333 - - Lake Rouge, 87 - - Lake Saginaw, 276 - - Lake Warren, 79, 84, 87, 326, 329 - - Lake Wayne, 87 - - Lake Whittlesey, 136 - - Laketon, Indiana, 98, 218 - - Lambe, L. M., 17, 22, 147 - - Lamna sp. indet., 370 - - Lanark Co., Ontario, 17 - - Lane, A. C., 81, 82, 83, 86, 137, 171 - - Lane’s Creek, Maryland, 112, 349 - - Langford, G., 107, 108, 109, 229, 240, 241, 269, 337 - - Lansing moraine, 171 - - Lapeer Co., Michigan, 276 - - Lapham, I. A., 83 - - Larix laricina, 85 - - Larus vero, 382; - L. sp. indet., 382 - - LaSalle Co., Illinois, 229 - - Lathrop, S. P., 105 - - Lavaca Bay, Texas, 15 - - Lawrence Co., Indiana, 217 - - Lawrenceburg, Indiana, 91 - - Lawson, P. V., 340 - - Lea, I., 303 - - Lead region, Illinois, 240; - Wisconsin, 230, 342 - - Le Baron, J. F., 163 - - Le Conte, J. L., 218, 278 - - Leda clays, 14, 287, 288, 289 - - Ledoux, A. R., 28, 31 - - Lee, C. A., 52 - - Leech, A. F., 86 - - Lee Co., Florida, 40, 163, 199, 383; - Illinois, 153; - South Carolina, 119, 367 - - Leidy, J., 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 68, 116, 117, 118, - 119, 125, 133, 144, 155, 157, 160, 164, 168, 184, 185, 186, 187, - 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, - 216, 221, 223, 224, 227, 228, 232, 233, 237, 242, 245, 246, 249, - 254, 256, 257, 260, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 278, 279, - 309, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 375, 380, 391 - - Leidy and Lucas, 375 - - Leighton, M. M., 142, 339 - - Lemont, Illinois, 230 - - Lenawee Co., Michigan, 80, 227, 237, 275 - - Lepisosteus osseus, 363, 366; - L. platystomus, 382 - - Lepomis sp. indet., 336 - - Leporidæ, 312 - - Leptochœrus, 14 - - Lepus americanus, 350, 395; - L. benjamini, 9; - L. sp. indet., 321, 350; - L. sylvaticus, 310, 311, 312, 343 - - Leroy, New York, 61 - - Leverett, F., 12, 13, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 110, - 134, 139, 140, 142, 143, 152, 169, 174, 175, 177, 230, 249, 250, - 251, 253, 258, 274, 278, 283, 292, 307, 324, 327, 330, 331, 333, - 334, 335, 355, 400, 402 - - Leverett and Taylor, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 171, 278, 284 - - Levy Co., Florida, 37, 121, 195, 211, 224, 375 - - Lewis Co., New York, 56 - - Lewis and Kümmel, 67, 300 - - Lewis and Wright, 307 - - Lewiston, New York, 132 - - Liberty Township, Putnam Co., Ohio, 77 - - Licking Co., Ohio, 75, 136 - - Lima moraine, 326 - - Lincke, F. A., 32 - - Lincoln Co., Ontario, 46, 147, 166; - Tennessee, 128 - - Lindemuth, A. C., 136, 170 - - Lindgren, 7 - - Line, I. E., 60 - - Linton, E., 70, 133, 135 - - Lisbon, Ohio, 70, 215, 328 - - Litchfield, Connecticut, 48 - - Little Charles Apopka Creek, Florida, 163 - - Little River, Florida, 121 - - Little Salt Creek, Ohio, 168 - - Livingston Co., Kentucky, 129; - Michigan, 81; - New York, 60, 236 - - Lockwood, S., 65, 66 - - Lodi, New York, 58 - - Loess, 14; - in Mississippi, 389, 390; - in Tennessee, 394; - in Wisconsin, 341 - - Logan Co., Ohio, 75 - - Logan, W. E., 22, 62, 147, 167, 284, 288 - - Logansport, Indiana, 278 - - London, Ontario, 45 - - Lone Pine, Pennsylvania, 133, 323 - - Lone Rock, Wisconsin, 111 - - Long Branch, New Jersey, 12, 15, 26, 28, 31, 65, 304, 306 - - Long Island, New York, 14, 295, 296, 298; - Ungava, 166 - - Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 43, 201, 209, 395, 396 - - Loomis, F. B., 58, 118, 119 - - Loramie moraine, 326 - - Los Angeles, California, 15 - - Losantville, Indiana, 94 - - Louisiana, 386 - - Louisville, Kentucky, 129 - - Lowell, Indiana, 99 - - Lucas, F. A., 52, 112, 144, 154, 166, 212, 345 - - Lucas Co., Ohio, 77, 78 - - Ludlow, Kentucky, 128 - - Lull, R. S., 48, 54, 74 - - Lump-sucker, 23 - - Lutra canadensis, 382; - L. rhoadsii, 312, 314 - - Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, 68, 184, 248, 256, 308 - - Lyell, C., 24, 25, 26, 36, 56, 60, 62, 67, 71, 120, 125, 169, 193, 270, - 328, 370, 371, 390, 401 - - Lynx calcaratus, 312, 316; - L. canadensis, 310; - L. ruffus, 314, 363, 364; - L. ruffus floridanus, 382; - L. sp. indet., 350 - - - Macedon, New York, 58 - - Mace’s Bay, New Brunswick, 19 - - Machairodontinæ, 5 - - Machairodus floridanus, 38, 224; - M. gracilis, 312 - - Mackinaw trout, 112 - - Macomb Co., Michigan, 86, 171 - - Macon Co., Illinois, 102, 229, 239, 269 - - Macrochelys floridana, 381 - - MacCurdy, H. M., 85 - - Macy, Indiana, 97, 278 - - Madison, J., 113, 114 - - Madison, Indiana, 138; - Wisconsin, 111 - - Madison Co., Illinois, 33, 102, 187, 219, 254, 259, 270, 279; - Indiana, 93, 277; - New York, 272 - - Mahan, West Virginia, 254 - - Mahoning Co., Ohio, 249 - - Maine, 14; - Pinnipedia in, 23 - - Mallotus villosus, 23, 287, 288 - - Mammoth Ravine, Natchez, Mississippi, 390 - - Mammut, 14, 15, 45, 327 - - Mammut americanum, 11, 43, 60, 68, 75, 112, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, - 123, 126, 128, 156, 160, 162, 165, 189, 193, 200, 232, 253, 256, - 260, 262, 265, 283, 295, 298, 304, 312, 321, 327, 328, 337, 338, - 339, 342, 343, 347, 350, 352, 353, 354, 357, 358, 360, 363, 366, - 370, 371, 374, 375, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385, 392, 393, - 395, 396, 401, 403 - - Mammut americanum in Alabama, 124; - Cape Breton Island, 46; - Connecticut, 47; - Florida, 121; - Georgia, 120; - Illinois, 100; - Indiana, 88, 334; - Kentucky, 128; - Maryland, 112; - Massachusetts, 47; - Michigan, 80; - Mississippi, 124; - New Jersey, 63, 301, 304; - New York, 48, 296; - North Carolina, 115; - Ohio, 45, 73, 329; - Ontario, 45, 284; - Pennsylvania, 68, 323, 324; - South Carolina, 118; - Tennessee, 127; - Virginia, 113; - West Virginia, 115; - Wisconsin, 110 - - Mammut progenium, 45, 71, 107, 116, 118, 123, 126, 359, 360, 363, 364, - 380 - - Manasquan, New Jersey, 304 - - Manatee, Florida, 379 - - Manatee Co., Florida, 145, 159, 164, 197, 222, 233, 263, 379 - - Manatee River, Florida, 164 - - Manatus antiquus, 375 - - Manchester, Michigan, 250, 331 - - Manigault, G. E., 35 - - Manito, Illinois, 103, 253 - - Mannetto gravels, 15 - - Mannington Township, Salem Co., New Jersey, 63 - - Manse, G. C., 184 - - Mansfield, W. C., 383 - - Mantanzas, Florida, 158 - - Maple, H. B., 77 - - Maple Park, Illinois, 110 - - Marburg, Ontario, 45 - - Marcy, Ohio, 230 - - Marianna, Florida, 121, 374 - - Marine fossils in Ontario, 286, 291 - - Marine mollusks, 16, 357; - in North Carolina, 358, 360; - Portland, Maine, 24; - South Carolina, 362; - in Talbot, 351; - at Vero, Florida, 383 - - Marion Co., Florida, 38, 121, 122, 158, 162, 196, 207, 224, 225, 233, - 262, 263, 378; - Illinois, 102; - Indiana, 92 - - Marlboro, New Jersey, 65 - - Marmota, 397, 398; - M. arizonæ, 9; - M. monax, 310, 311, 339, 343, 348, 350, 353, 395 - - Marsh, O. C., 11, 34, 54, 56, 214, 259, 338 - - Marshall Hall, Maryland, 188, 348 - - Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, 15, 26, 183 - - Martin, C. C., 143 - - Martin, D. S., 49 - - Martin Co., Indiana, 89, 172 - - Maryland, 16; - Cervus canadensis in, 242; - Elephas columbi in, 154; - Elephas primigenius in, 144; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 178; - Equidæ in, 188; - extinct bisons in, 259; - geology of, 344; - mastodons in, 112; - Odocoileus in, 230; - Tapiridæ in, 204; - Tagassuidæ in, 260 - - Mason Co., Illinois, 103, 253; - West Virginia, 190 - - Massillon, Ohio, 80 - - Massachusetts, 14, 25; - Bison bison in, 266; - Equidæ in, 183; - mastodons in, 47; - Pinnipedia in, 25 - - Mastodon, 36, 43, 111, 184, 208, 219, 225, 226, 233, 240, 265, 269, - 274, 289, 308, 312, 323, 344, 349, 354, 355, 362, 399 - (See Mammut) - - Mastodon floridanus, 121, 195; - M. giganteus, 48, 118, 120, 261, 390, 391; - M. maximus, 54, 119; - M. mirificus, 8; - M. obscurus, 118 - - Mastodons, 16, 45, 48, 294, 306, 331, 390; - in Alabama, 124; - in Cape Breton Island, 46; - in Connecticut, 47; - in Florida, 121; - in Georgia, 120; - in Illinois, 100; - in Indiana, 88; - in Kentucky, 128; - in Michigan, 80; - in North Carolina, 115; - in New Jersey, 63; - in New York, 48, 296; - in Maryland, 112; - in Massachusetts, 47; - in Mississippi, 124; - in Ohio, 70; - in Ontario, 45; - in Pennsylvania, 68; - in South Carolina, 118; - in Tennessee, 127; - in Virginia, 113; - in West Virginia, 115; - in Wisconsin, 110 - (see Mammut) - - Mather, C., 53, 55, 66 - - Mather, K. F., 7 - - Mather, W. W., 147, 168 - - Mathers, M. F., 172 - - Matson, G. C., 372, 384, 385 - - Matson and Clapp, 15 - - Matthew, G. F., 21 - - Matthew, G. W., 289 - - Matthew, W. D., 92, 97, 224, 377 - - Maury Co., Tennessee, 181 - - Maxwell, J. B., 67 - - Maysville, North Carolina, 116, 358 - - McAdams, W., 12, 34, 102, 175, 187, 246, 254, 259, 270, 279, 338 - - McCallie, S. W., 127, 394, 396 - - McCaslin, D. S., 95, 238 - - McGee, W. J., 14, 16, 125, 180, 356, 368, 389, 391 - - McKay, C. L., 83 - - McKinney, C. B., 92 - - McQuiston, R., 84 - - Meadville, Pennsylvania, 168 - - Medina Co., Ohio, 79 - - Megalonyx, 2, 4, 11, 14, 15, 31, 32, 33, 42, 128, 175, 187, 217, 233, - 265, 280, 313, 333, 334, 391, 398, 400, 405; - M. dissimilis, 34, 41, 352, 353, 391, 392, 393; - M. jeffersonii, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 125, - 204, 228, 234, 257, 269, 336, 339, 343, 353, 354, 363, 366, 367, - 381, 382, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 395, 399, 403, 405; - M. laqueatus, 42, 44; - M. loxodon, 31, 312, 313; - M. scalper, 31, 312; - M. sp. indet., 38, 40, 321; - M. tortulus, 31, 312; - M. wheatleyi, 31, 312 - - Megalonyx zone, 11 - - Megaptera, boöps, 17, 19, 284, 288; - M. longimana, 17 - - Megatheriidæ, 5, 312 - - Megatherium, 9, 12, 14, 15, 35, 36, 37, 66, 150, 157, 172, 232, 243, - 261, 304, 367, 372, 380, 392; - M. mirabile, 28, 31, 37, 38, 362, 363, 369, 370, 371, 375; - M. sp. indet., 121 - - Meleagridæ, 312 - - Meleagris altus, 312; - M. gallopavo, 310, 311; - M. superbus, 312; - M. sylvestris, 310, 311; - M. sp. indet., 321 - - Memphis, Tennessee, 43, 128, 280, 395, 400 - - Menomonie, Wisconsin, 111, 230, 247, 343 - - Menomonie formation, Wisconsin, 344 - - Mephitis fossidens, 312; - M. leptops, 312; - M. mephitica, 310, 311; - M. obtusa, 312; - M. orthostica, 312; - M. putida, 310, 311, 312, 314; - M. sp. indet., 321 - - Mercer, H. C., 42, 43, 209, 223, 256, 309, 316, 317, 318, 319, 396, - 397, 398, 399 - - Mercer Co., Kentucky, 202; - New Jersey, 64, 132, 246, 267, 304 - - Mergus serrator, 336 - - Merriam, C. H., 56, 183, 184, 236 - - Merriam, J. C., 15 - - Metaxytherium floridanum, 379 - - Metis, Quebec, 19 - - Miami Co., Indiana, 97, 98, 278; - Ohio, 74 - - Miami River, Florida, 384 - - Michigan, Castoroides in, 275; - Cervus canadensis in, 237; - Elephas columbi in, 151; - Elephas primigenius in, 137; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 171; - geology of, 330; - mastodons in, 80; - musk-oxen in, 250; - Odocoileus in, 227; - Tagassuidæ in, 215 - - Mickleborough, J., 52 - - Microtus chrotorrhinus, 350; - M. dideltus, 312; - M. diluvianus, 312; - M. involutus, 312; - M. pennsylvanicus, 310, 348, 395; - M. sp. indet., 343; - M. speothen, 312 - - Middle River, Cape Breton Island, 46 - - Middlesex Co., Ontario, 45, 235 - - Middleton, W. G., 258 - - Middletown, New Jersey, 149 - - Mifflin Co., Pennsylvania, 69, 213 - - Milan, Illinois, 104 - - Miller, A. M., 210, 223, 405 - - Miller, B. L., 178, 351, 355, 356 - - Miller, G. S., 5, 314 - - Miller, J. W., 115 - - Millersburg, Ohio, 32 - - Millport, Ohio, 135 - - Mills, W. C., 70, 74, 80, 135, 215, 273 - - Milroy, Pennsylvania, 213, 324 - - Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 143, 340 - - Milwaukee Co., Wisconsin, 241 - - Milwaukee Public Museum, 110, 111, 241 - - Minoa, New York, 131 - - Miocene, 10 - - Missinaibi River, Ontario, 46 - - Mississinawa moraine, 95, 96, 330 - - Mississippi, 40; - Castoroides in, 280; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 180; - Equidæ in, 200; - extinct bisons in, 264; - geology of, 385; - mastodons in, 124; - musk-oxen in, 254; - Odocoileus in, 233; - Tapiridæ in, 208; - Xenarthra in, 40 - - Mississippi River, 386 - - Missouri, 14 - - Mitchell, E., 117, 179, 358 - - Mitchell, Illinois, 270 - - Mitchellville, Maryland, 188, 348 - - Mitchill, S. L., 36, 50, 66, 69, 89, 113, 125, 149, 154, 184, 245, 401 - - Mitchill, Smith, and Cooper, 28 - - Mixon’s bone-bed, 121, 195, 224 - - Mock, M. G., 91, 93, 173, 174 - - Mohawk River, 296, 298 - - Mollusca in Hartman’s Cave, 310; - in loess at Natchez, 390, 392 - - Mollusks, Pleistocene, 52, 82, 94, 106, 107 - - Monday’s Landing, Kentucky, 202, 405 - - Monmouth Co., New Jersey, 28, 31, 65, 149, 184, 213, 227, 237, 304 - - Monodon monoceros, 19, 289 - - Monongalia Co., West Virginia, 115 - - Monrovia, Indiana, 152 - - Monroe, New York, 50 - - Monroe Co., Michigan, 87; - Mississippi, 234; - New York, 59, 131, 212; - Pennsylvania, 185, 213, 227, 237, 246, 272 - - Montauk drift, 290 - - Montcalm, Michigan, 82 - - Montgomery, New York, 52, 53 - - Montgomery Co., Indiana, 92, 173; - Ohio, 71, 72, 135, 274; - Pennsylvania, 31, 69, 185, 203, 213, 256 - - Montreal, Quebec, 17, 18, 22; - geology of, 288 - - Montville, Ohio, 170 - - Moore, J., 72, 94, 258, 274, 276, 277 - - Moorland, Michigan, 83, 250, 331 - - Moose, 229 - (See Alces) - - Moose River, Ontario, 46 - - Moose River, interglacial beds, 283 - - Moraines in Illinois, 332 - - Morgan Co., Indiana, 152 - - Morgantown, West Virginia, 115 - - Morotherium leptonyx, 8 - - Morpeth, Ontario, 45 - - Morrisania, New York, 49 - - Morris, Illinois, 108 - - Morrow Co., Ohio, 75 - - Mosses, 72 - - Mossy Creek, Tennessee, 127, 395, 396 - - Mott’s Corners, New York, 57 - - Moultrie Co., Illinois, 268 - - Mount, H. D., 113 - - Mount Gilead, Ohio, 75 - - Mount Healthy, Ohio, 135 - - Mount Hermon, New Jersey, 306 - - Mount Holly, Vermont, 148 - - Mulberry, Florida, 211, 380 - - Mullica Hill, New Jersey, 64, 301 - - Muncie, Indiana, 93, 174 - - Muskegon Co., Michigan, 83, 250 - - Muskingum Co., Ohio, 70, 134, 169, 273 - - Musk-ox, 308, 355 - - Musk-oxen, 13, 248; - in Grinnell Land, 248; - in Illinois, 253; - in Indiana, 251; - in Kentucky, 255; - in Michigan, 250; - in Mississippi, 254; - in New Jersey, 248; - in Ohio, 249; - in West Virginia, 254 - - Musk-rat, 337 - - Mustela diluviana, 312, 314; - M. noveboracensis, 310; - M. vison, 350 - - Mustelidæ, 312 - - Mycteria americana, 382 - - Myer, W. E., 225, 399 - - Myliobatis sp. indet., 381 - - Mylodon, 2, 4, 11, 14, 15, 36, 38, 122, 157, 209, 217, 264, 265, 333, - 372; - M. harlani, 31, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 158, 225, 312, 313, 363, 370, - 371, 375, 382, 384, 391, 392, 393, 395, 399, 403; - M. renidens, 43; - M. sp. indet., 43, 395, 397; - M. sulcidens, 43 - - Mylohyus, 14; - M. exortivus, 220, 348, 350; - M. nasutus, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 306, 312, 313, 328, - 348, 353, 395; - M. obtusidens, 220, 348; - M. pennsylvanicus, 213, 214, 215, 220, 310, 312, 321, 350; - M. setiger, 201, 223, 394, 395; - M. tetragonus, 213, 312, 313; - M. sp. indet., 9, 382 - - Myotis sp. indet., 312, 313, 350; - M. subulatus, 310, 398 - - Myxophagus spelæus, 353 - - - Napæozapus sp. indet., 350 - - Naperville, Illinois, 109, 279 - - Nash Co., North Carolina, 117 - - Nashport, Ohio, 70, 169, 273, 327 - - Nashville, Tennessee, 43, 127, 201, 225, 395, 399 - - Nassau Co., Florida, 180, 194; - New York, 49 - - Natchez, Mississippi, 14, 40, 125, 180, 200, 208, 233, 254 264, 280, - 386, 389 - - Natchez formation, 385, 392 - - National Institute, Washington, 36 - - Natrix sp. indet., 314 - - Navesink Hills, New Jersey, 66, 184, 305 - - Neals, Florida, 121, 195, 206, 232 - - Neave Township, Darke Co., Ohio, 73 - - Nebraska, 15 - - Nebraskan drift, 2, 7, 8, 10; - on Long Island, New York, 295; - in New England, 290 - - Nebraskan stage, 15, 368, 378, 380; - in Florida, 374; - in North Carolina, 359, 361; - in Pennsylvania, 323 - - Needham, J. G., 110 - - Neelytown, New York, 53 - - Nelson, W. A., 127, 128 - - Neofiber alleni, 382 - - Neotoma, 397, 398; - N. cinerea, 9; - N. floridana, 310, 311, 353, 382; - N. magister, 310, 348, 398; - N. pennsylvanica, 311, 395; - N. sp. indet., 350 - - Nepean Township, Carleton Co., Ontario, 17 - - Neuberts Springs, Tennessee, 127 - - Neuse River, North Carolina, 12, 16, 117, 179, 191, 231, 242, 358 - - New Albany, Indiana, 89 - - New Antrim, New York, 50 - - New Berlin, Ohio, 136 - - New Bern, Alabama, 200, 264, 385 - - Newbern, North Carolina, 12, 20, 116, 179, 191, 231, 242, 358 - - Newberry, J. S., 79, 170 - - Newberry, Florida, 195; - formation, 372 - - Newberry Lake, 298 - - Newberry Terrace, Florida, 375 - - New Britain, Connecticut, 48 - - New Brunswick, cetaceans in, 19; - geology of, 289; - Pinnipedia in, 21 - - Newburgh, New York, 51 - - New Dorp, New York, 48 - - New England, geology of, 290; - post-Wisconsin uplift, 290 - - New Hampshire, 25; - glaciation of, 290; - Pinnipedia in, 25 - - New Hanover Co., North Carolina, 155 - - New Harmony, Indiana, 88 - - New Haven, Connecticut, 244 - - New Haven Co., Connecticut, 47, 244 - - New Holland, Ohio, 74 - - New Hudson, New York, 236 - - New Jersey, 13, 14, 15, 26, 31 - - New Jerseyan drift, 15 - - New Jersey, Bison bison in, 267; - Cervus canadensis in, 237; - Elephas columbi in, 149; - Elephas primigenius in, 132; - Equidæ in, 184; - geology of, 299; - mastodons in, 63; - musk-oxen in, 248; - Odocoileus in, 226; - Rangifer in, 245; - Tagassuidæ in, 213; - Xenarthra in, 31 - - New Knoxville, Ohio, 274 - - New Madison, Ohio, 73 - - New Milford, Illinois, 105 - - New Paris, Ohio, 72 - - New River, Virginia, 353 - - New Salisbury, Ohio, 203, 328 - - Newport, Kentucky, 182 - - Newton Co., Indiana, 96, 239, 252 - - New Windsor, New York, 51 - - New York, 14; - Bison bison in, 266, 267; - Cervus canadensis in, 235; - Castoroides in, 272; - Elephas columbi in, 149; - Elephas primigenius in, 131; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 167; - Equidæ in, 183; - geology of, 294; - mastodons in, 48; - Odocoileus in, 226; - Rangifer in, 245; - Tagassuidæ in, 212 - - New York City, 50 - - New York Co., New York, 183 - - New York State Museum, 50 - - Niagara, New York, 62 - - Niagara Co., New York, 62, 132 - - Niagara Falls, interglacial beds, 283, 285 - - Niantic, Illinois, 102, 229, 239, 269 - - Nicholas Co., Kentucky, 44, 128, 182, 234, 243, 271 - - Nipissing Co., Ontario, 266 - - Niver, Roe, 31 - - Noble Co., Indiana, 95 - - Noblesville, Indiana, 173 - - Norfolk Co., Ontario, 45 - - North Bay, Ontario, 266 - - North Carolina, 15, 29; - Cervus canadensis in, 242; - cetaceans in, 20; - Elephas columbi in, 155; - Elephas primigenius in, 145; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 179; - Equidæ in 190; - geology of, 355; - mastodons in, 115; - Odocoileus in, 231; - Pinnipedia in, 29 - - North Fairfield, Ohio, 31, 257 - - North Liberty, Indiana, 139 - - North Manchester, Indiana, 98 - - North Plainfield, New Jersey, 133, 306 - - Norton, A. H., 23, 24 - - Norton, S., 23 - - Notre Dame, Indiana, 100 - - Notre Dame University, Indiana, 100 - - Nova Scotia, geology of, 289; - Pinnipedia in, 21 - - Nunda, New York, 60 - - - Oak Park, Illinois, 177 - - Oberlin College, Ohio, 79, 123 - - Ocala, Florida, 15, 38, 158, 196, 207, 224, 233, 262, 378 - - Ocean Grove, New Jersey, 28 - - Ochotona, 316; - O. palatina, 312; - O. princeps, 350 - - Ochotonidæ, 312 - - Odobenus virginianus, 26; - O. rosmarus, 25, 26, 28, 30, 363 - - Odocoileus, 9, 226, 265; - O. dolichopsis, 228, 258, 334; - O. lævicornis, 312, 316; - O. osceola, 233, 375, 376, 381, 382; - O. sellardsiæ, 232, 233, 382; - O. sp. indet., 38, 41, 122, 158, 195, 196, 232, 233, 252, 262, 263, - 350, 374, 378, 379, 395, 398; - O. virginianus, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 238, 295, - 299, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 313, 321, 338, 342, 347, 348, 353, - 354, 363, 392, 395, 396, 403, 404; - O. whitneyi, 230 - - Odocoileus in Florida, 232; - in Illinois, 229; - in Indiana, 228; - in Kentucky, 234; - in Maryland, 230; - in Michigan, 227; - in Mississippi, 233; - in New Jersey, 226; - in New York, 226; - in North Carolina, 231; - in Ohio, 227; - in Ontario, 226; - in Pennsylvania, 227; - in Virginia, 231; - in West Virginia, 231; - in Wisconsin, 230 - - Ogden, H. B., 161 - - Ogle Co., Illinois, 105, 177 - - Ohio, 14, 31; - Ohio City, 77; - Ohio Co., West Virginia, 179; - Ohio River, 333, 355, 400 - - Ohio, Castoroides in, 273; - Elephas columbi in, 150; - Elephas primigenius in, 134; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 168; - Equidæ in, 185; - extinct bisons in, 257; - geology of, 324; - mastodons in, 70; - musk-oxen in, 249; - Odocoileus in, 227; - Tagassuidæ in, 214; - Tapiridæ in, 203; - Xenarthra in, 31 - - Okefenokee formation, 15, 368, 369 - - Old Fort, Ohio, 78 - - Old Fort Fisher, North Carolina, 359 - - Olive Township, St. Joseph Co., Indiana, 100 - - Olivet, Michigan, 82 - - Olor paloregonus, 8 - - Ondatra sp. indet., 321; - O. zibethica, 311, 348, 363 - - Oneida Co., New York, 236 - - Onondaga Co., New York, 131, 266 - - Onslow Co., North Carolina, 116 - - Ontario, 14, 22; - Bison bison in, 266; - Cervus canadensis in, 235; - cetaceans in, 17; - Elephas columbi in, 147; - Elephas primigenius in, 130; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 166; - extinct bisons in, 256; - geology of, 281; - mastodons in, 45; - Odocoileus in, 226; - Pinnipedia in, 23; - Rangifer in, 244; - vertebrate fossils in, 284 - - Ontario Co., New York, 58, 236 - - Orange Co., Florida, 196, 378; - Indiana, 89; - New York, 50, 226, 298 - - Orange sand in Mississippi, 387, 388, 389 - - “Oregon Desert,” Oregon, 15 - - Orizaba, Mississippi, 200, 393 - - Orleans, Indiana, 89; - Massachusetts, 266 - - Orleans Co., New York, 62 - - Ortmann, A. E., 303 - - Orton, E., 72, 274 - - Orycterocetus quadratidens, 370 - - Oryzomys palustris, 382 - - Osborn, H. F., 11, 52, 183 - - Oshkosh, Wisconsin, 270 - - Osmerus mordax, 287 - - Osmotherium spelæum, 312 - - Ossining, New York, 245 - - Otisville, New York, 54 - - Ottawa, Canada, fossil vertebrates at, 287 - - Ottawa, Illinois, 229 - - Ottawa East, Ontario, 17 - - Ottawa Co., Quebec, 22 - - Ottawa River, 291 - - Ottawa Township, Putnam Co., Ohio, 77 - - Otter Creek, Indiana, 138 - - Overpeck, Ohio, 329 - - Ovis mamillaris, 70, 273 - - Ovibos moschatus, 21, 244, 248, 249, 252, 304, 334 - - Ovis sp. indet., 337, 338, fig. 13 - - Owen, D. D., 182, 216, 234 - - Owen, R., 24, 25, 120 - - Owen Co., Indiana, 172; - Kentucky, 161 - - Owosso, Michigan, 276, 331 - - Owosso moraine, 85 - - Oxford Neck, Maryland, 144, 154, 230, 242 - - - Paarmann, J. A., 104 - - Pablo Beach, Florida, 232, 262, 374 - - Packard, A. S., 23, 24 - - Pains Creek, Florida, 123 - - Pakenham, Ontario, 17 - - Palestine, Ohio, 136 - - Palm Beach, Florida, 123, 160, 200, 264 - - Palm Beach Co., Florida, 123, 200, 264, 384 - - Palma Sola, Florida, 145, 159, 197, 222, 233, 263 - - Palmer, W., 189, 220, 259 - - Palmetto, Florida, 164, 197, 233, 263, 379 - - Palos Park, Illinois, 240 - - Pamlico Co., North Carolina, 179, 231, 242 - - Pamlico formation, 356, 360 - - Panton, J. H., 45, 130 - - Parahippus, 9, 15; - P. sp. indet., 195, 196, 376 - - Parke Co., Indiana, 90, 173 - - Parkersburg, West Virginia, 115 - - Parker’s Landing, West Virginia, 349 - - Paterson, H. T., 145 - - Patriot, Indiana, 91 - - Pattison, W. D., 96 - - Pawpaw, Illinois, 153 - - Peabody, C., 189 - - Peace Creek, Florida, 11, 15, 124, 163, 199, 264, 380 - - Peace River, Florida, 164 - - Peale, C. W., 51, 54 - - Peale, R., 51, 53, 54 - - Peccaries, 5, 7, 13, 212, 330, 334 - (See Tagassuidæ) - - Peccary, 111, 209, 223, 354, 395, 401 - - Peet, C. E., 291, 300 - - Pekin, Illinois, 176 - - Pelycictis lobulatus, 312 - - Pemberton, New Jersey, 64, 227 - - Pender Co., North Carolina, 115, 357 - - Penhallow, D. P., 282, 283 - - Pennsylvania, 31; - Bison bison in, 267; - Camelidæ in, 224; - Castoroides in, 272; - Cervus canadensis in, 237; - Elephas columbi in, 150; - Elephas primigenius in, 133; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 168; - Equidæ in, 184; - extinct bisons in, 256; - geology of, 306; - mastodons in, 68; - musk-oxen in, 248; - Odocoileus in, 227; - Rangifer in, 246; - Tapiridæ in, 203; - Xenarthra in, 31 - - Penn Township, Jay Co., Indiana, 95 - - Pennville, Indiana, 238 - - Penny’s Slough, Illinois, 142 - - Penobscot Bay, 23 - - Pensacola formation, Alabama, 385; - Florida, 372, 373 - - Pensacola terrace, Florida, 375 - - Pensauken, New Jersey, 65 - - Pensauken formation, 14, 299, 301, 302, 304 - - Peoria, Illinois, 13, 176 - - Peoria Co., Illinois, 153, 176 - - Peorian deposits in Ohio, 325, 326 - - Peorian loess, 340 - - Peorian soil in Indiana, 93 - - Peorian stage, 2, 13, 283, 335 - - Pepin Co., Wisconsin, 178 - - Perinton, New York, 59, 131 - - Perkins, G. H., 17, 19, 20, 244, 289 - - Perkinsville, New York, 59 - - Peromyscus leucopus, 310, 312, 350, 353 - - Perry Co., Ohio, 215 - - Perthshire, Mississippi, 124 - - Peru, Indiana, 98 - - Pesotum, Illinois, 106 - - Petersburg, Michigan, 87 - - Peterson, O. A., 34, 113, 185, 190, 231, 353 - - Petite Anse, Louisiana, 14, 389 - - Pewaukee, Wisconsin, 241 - - Phinney, A. J., 93, 94, 238 - - Phoca barbata, 21, 244, 248; - P. grœnlandica, 18, 21, 22, 23, 287, 288, 289; - P. hispida, 21, 244, 248; - P. vitulina, 22, 287, 289 - - Phosphate, 10 - - Physeter antiquus, 20; - P. vetus, 20, 363, 370 - - Piatt Co., Illinois, 177 - - Picea canadensis, 49; - P. mariana, 85 - - Pickaway Co., Ohio, 75, 170 - - Pickaway Plains, Ohio, 75 - - Pickering, C. E., 72 - - Piedmont Plateau, 351 - - Piers, H., 46 - - Pigeon Creek, Indiana, 32, 33 - - Pike, New York, 61 - - Pike Co., Ohio, 70, 134 - - Pinckney, C. C., 205, 365 - - Pinckneyville, Mississippi, 126 - - Pinellas Co., Florida, 159, 378 - - Pinnipedia, 21; - in Grinnell Land, 21; - in Maine, 23; - in Massachusetts, 25; - in New Brunswick, 21; - in New Hampshire, 25; - in New Jersey, 26; - in North Carolina, 29; - in Nova Scotia, 21; - in Ontario, 23; - in Quebec, 21; - in South Carolina, 29; - in Virginia, 28 - - Pitt Co., North Carolina, 117, 191 - - Pittbridge, Texas, 15 - - Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 69, 150, 168, 323 - - Pittsfield Township, Lorain Co., Ohio, 79 - - Pittsford, New York, 59, 131, 212 - - Pittston, Pennsylvania, 68, 184, 248, 256, 308 - - Platygonus, 2, 14, 15; - P. compressus, 34, 59, 212, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221, 295, 298, 328, - 331, 342, 343, 406; - P. cumberlandensis, 219, 220, 339, 348, 350; - P. intermedius, 220, 221, 350; - P. sp. indet., 354; - P. tetragonus, 221, 348; - P. vetus, 213, 217, 220, 324, 348, 350 - - Platypeltis ferox, 379 - - Pleas, E., 94 - - Pleasant Township, Wabash Co., Indiana, 174 - - Pleistocene, divisions of, 4; - earliest, 7; - limits, 1, 7; - extinction of species, 6; - submergence, 16; - terraces, 13; - uplifts, 3; - evolution of vertebrates, 5 - - Pleistocene geology, 281, 406; - of Alabama, 384; - Cape Breton Island, 289; - of District of Columbia, 344; - of Florida, 372; - of Georgia, 368; - of Illinois, 334; - of Indiana, 331; - of Kentucky, 400; - of Maryland, 344; - of Michigan, 330; - of Mississippi, 385; - of New Brunswick, 289; - of New England, 290; - of New Jersey, 299; - of New York, 294; - of North Carolina, 355; - of Nova Scotia, 289; - of Ohio, 324; - of Ontario, 281; - of Pennsylvania, 306; - of Quebec, 288; - of South Carolina, 361; - of Tennessee, 393; - of Virginia, 351; - of West Virginia, 354; - of Wisconsin, 340 - - Pliauchenia, 2, 15 - - Pliocene, 1, 10, 15, 37 - - Pliohippus, 2, 9, 15 - - Plummer, J. T., 80, 94, 173 - - Plymouth, Michigan, 87; - North Carolina, 191, 360 - - Pohlig, H., 99 - - Point Pleasant, West Virginia, 190 - - Polk Co., Florida, 123, 159, 180, 196, 197, 211, 379 - - Ponto, M. W., 99 - - Pony Hollow, New York, 57 - - Porpoises, 16 - - Porter Co., Indiana, 99, 100, 239, 252 - - Port Hickey formation, Alabama, 385 - - Port Hudson clays, 126, 180; - formation, 384, 385; - group, 387, 388, 389 - - Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, 12, 15, 31, 69, 185, 203, 213, 256, 311 - - Port Kennedy Cave, plants and insects of, 317 - - Portland, Maine, 24, 25 - - Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 25 - - Portway, New York, 59 - - Posey Co., Indiana, 88 - - Potholes at Cohoes, New York, 296 - - Poughkeepsie, New York, 55 - - Preble Co., Ohio, 72, 274 - - Pre-Wisconsin drift in New England, 292 - - Prince George Co., Maryland, 178, 188; - Virginia, 113 - - Princeton, Indiana, 89 - - Princeton University, New Jersey, 64, 132 - - Procamelus, 8, 9, 15, 121, 376, 377, 378; - P. coconinensis, 9; - P. longurio, 9; - P. major, 9, 121, 224, 375; - P. medius, 224, 225; - P. minimus, 9, 158, 196, 225, 375, 378; - P. minor, 224, 225, 375, 376, 380; - P. sp. indet., 8, 37, 225, 376 - - Procyon lotor, 310, 311, 353, 363, 382, 395; - P. priscus, 34, 218, 219, 337, 343 - - Protohippus, 2, 8, 15; - P. sp. indet., 8 - - Provincial Museum, Halifax, 46 - - Pseudemys cælata, 375, 379; - P. extincta, 379; - P. floridanus persimilis, 382; - P. sp. indet., 363 - - Public Museum, Milwaukee, 97, 143 - - Pugh, G. T., 361, 363, 367 - - Pulaski, Indiana, 96, 140 - - Pusheta Township, Auglaize Co., Ohio, 76 - - Putnam, F. W., 47, 246, 248 - - Putnam Co., Indiana, 91, 173; - Ohio, 77 - - Putorius ermineus, 310 - - - Quebec, 14, 18; - cetaceans in, 18; - geology of, 288; - Pinnipedia in, 21 - - Queen Anne Co., Maryland, 154, 347 - - Queensbury, New York, 132 - - Queens Co., New York, 49 - - Querquedula floridana, 382 - - - Rabbit, 14 - - Racine Co., Wisconsin, 110 - - Racket River, New York, 235, 245 - - Rafinesque, C. S., 129 - - Raisin River, Michigan, 250 - - Rana catesbiana, 322; - R. sp. indet., 312 - - Randolph Co., Illinois, 101, 175; - Indiana, 94, 139, 228, 238, 252, 277, 334 - - Rangifer, 227, 283, 337; - in Connecticut, 244; - in eastern North America, 244; - in Illinois, 246; - in New Jersey, 245; - in New York, 245; - in Ontario, 244; - in Pennsylvania, 246; - in Vermont, 244; - in Wisconsin, 247 - - Rangifer caribou, 244, 245, 246, 292, 295, 299, 304, 310, 311, 403; - R. grœnlandica, 246; - R. muscatinensis, 247, 339; - R. tarandus, 21, 244, 245, 248 - - Ranidæ, 312 - - Read, M. C., 170 - - Reading, Pennsylvania, 69, 324 - - Recent formation, 345 - - Red Bridge, New York, 55 - - Redfield, W. C., 299 - - Reedsville, Pennsylvania, 69, 324 - - Reindeer, 285, 293 - (See Rangifer) - - Renicks, West Virginia, 221 - - Rensselaer, Indiana, 239 - - Rhinoceros, 8, 121, 211; - R. longipes, 211; - R. proterus, 195, 211 - - Rhinoceroses, 10, 211 - - Rhinocerotidæ, 5, 211 - - Rhoads, S. N., 21, 26, 63, 64, 65, 246, 249, 256 - - Rhode Island, Pleistocene of, 290 - - Rice, F. P., 47 - - Rich Grove Township, Pulaski Co., Indiana, 97 - - Richland Center, Wisconsin, 111 - - Richland Co., South Carolina, 193; - Wisconsin, 111 - - Richmond, Indiana, 94, 252, 276, 334; - Vermont, 167 - - Richmond Co., New York, 48 - - Ridge, H. L., 43 - - Ridgewood, New York, 49 - - Riegelsville, Pennsylvania, 237, 246, 249, 267 - - Riggs, E. S., 97, 109, 229, 240, 269, 337 - - Rimouski Co., Quebec, 19, 21 - - Ringgold, Washington, 15 - - Riverdale, Michigan, 85 - - Riverhead, New York, 49 - - Rivière du Loup, Quebec, 18 - - Roann, Indiana, 229, 334 - - Roberts, H., 150 - - Robertson, J. D., 122, 207 - - Robinson, M., 100 - - Rochelle, Illinois, 177 - - Rochester, Indiana, 140; - New York, 59, 212 - - Rockcastle Co., Kentucky, 223, 406 - - Rockingham Co., Virginia, 114 - - Rock Island, Illinois, 176 - - Rock Island Co., Illinois, 104, 176 - - Rockland Co., New York, 50 - - Rockport, New Jersey, 67 - - Rocky Mount, North Carolina, 117, 360 - - Rogers, H. E., 69 - - Rogersville, Pennsylvania, 150, 322; - Tennessee, 127, 201, 222, 394, 395 - - Ross Co., Ohio, 169 - - Rossville, Illinois, 107 - - Roundhead, Ohio, 75 - - Royal Center, Indiana, 97 - - Royerton, Indiana, 94 - - Rural Township, Rock Island Co., Illinois, 104 - - Russell, I. C., 386 - - Russell and Leverett, 88, 237 - - Rutgers College, 55, 63 - - Rutherford, Pennsylvania, 185 - - Rutland, Vermont, 148 - - - Saber-tooth tigers, 5, 13, 315 - - Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 21 - - Safely, R., 56 - - Saginaw Co., Michigan, 84, 171 - - St. Augustine, Florida, 15 - - St. Catharines, Ontario, 46, 147, 166 - - St. Clair, Tennessee, 127 - - St. Clair Co., Illinois, 101 - - St. Clements, Maryland, 112, 347 - - St. Elmo formation, Alabama, 385 - - St. Francisville, Illinois, 259 - - St. Helena Island, South Carolina, 118 - - St. John Co., Florida, 37, 122, 158, 194, 375 - - St. Johns, Indiana, 174; Ohio, 76 - - St. Joseph Co., Indiana, 100, 139 - - St. Lawrence Co., New York, 235, 245 - - St. Lawrence River, 288, 291 - - St. Lucie Co., Florida, 38, 122, 159, 163, 199, 208, 222, 225, 263, 381 - - St. Marks River, Florida, 157 - - St. Mary’s City, Maryland, 112, 347 - - St. Mary’s Co., Maryland, 112 - - St. Mary’s River, Florida, 180, 194 - - St. Petersburg, Florida, 159, 378 - - St. Thomas, Ontario, 45 - - Salamonie moraine, 95 - - Salem Co., New Jersey, 63, 226 - - Saline, Michigan, 88 - - Salisbury, R. D., 67, 300 - - Salisbury and Knapp, 66, 299, 303 - - Salisbury Mills, New York, 51 - - Saltar, J. C., 64 - - Salt Creek, Columbiana Co., Ohio, 186, 327 - - Salt Creek Township, Ohio, 75 - - Saltville, Maryland, 259 - - Saltville, Smyth Co., Virginia, 34, 113, 145, 190, 231, 352 - - Sandoval, Illinois, 102 - - Sandusky, Ohio, 78 - - Sanford, S., 372, 384 - - Sangamon Co., Illinois, 176 - - Sangamon River, 14 - - Sangamon stage, 2, 12, 14, 32, 93, 283, 328, 329, 330, 349, 351, 396, - 404; - deposits, 325, 326, 333, 340 - - Sangamona, 13, 14, 231, 348, 395, 396 - - San Pablo Beach, Florida, 122 - - Santee Canal, South Carolina, 162 - - Sarasota, Florida, 159, 379 - - Sarasota Bay, Florida, 38, 198 - - Sarasota Co., Florida, 38, 159, 198 - - Satilla formation, 15, 368, 369 - - Savage, T. E., 141 - - Savannah, Georgia, 11, 15, 36, 120, 157, 194, 262, 371 - - Savannah River, 368 - - Saxicava sands, 288 - - Sayles, Ira, 395 - - Scalops, 312; - S. aquaticus, 310; - S. sp. indet., 314 - - Scalopus aquaticus, 310; - S. aquaticus australis, 382; - S. sp. indet., 312, 313 - - Scanlan collection, 205 - - Scarboro beds, Ontario, 281, 283 - - Scarboro formation, 226 - - Scarboro Heights, Ontario, 283 - - Schooley’s Mountain, New Jersey, 67, 306 - - Schuchert, C., 48 - - Schultz, A., 220, 348 - - Sciuridæ, 312 - - Sciuropterus alpinus, 350 - - Sciurus calycinus, 312; - S. carolinensis, 310, 311, 348; - S. hudsonicus, 348, 350; - S. panolius, 353; - S. sp. indet., 321; - S. tenuidens, 348 - - Scolopax sp. indet., 314 - - Scotchtown, New York, 54 - - Scott Co., Kentucky, 210 - - Scottsburg, New York, 60 - - Scudder, S. H., 283 - - Sellards, E. H., 10, 20, 38, 39, 40, 121, 122, 123, 157, 158, 160, 162, - 163, 180, 194, 195, 196, 206, 207, 211, 222, 224, 225, 232, 233, - 263, 372, 374, 376, 381, 384 - - Selma, Ohio, 136 - - Seneca, Ohio, 78 - - Seneca Castle, New York, 58, 236 - - Seneca Co., New York, 58 - - Seneca Lake, New York, 58, 167 - - Shadeville, Ohio, 75 - - Shaler, N. S., 26, 182, 243, 270, 271, 290, 360, 361, 402 - - Shark River, New Jersey, 213, 306 - - Sharon, Connecticut, 48 - - Shattuck, G. B., 15, 29, 112, 344, 347 - - Shatzer, C. G., 74 - - Shawangunk mastodon, 54 - - Shawangunk, New York, 54 - - Shaw, E. W., 89, 188 - - Shaw, J., 105 - - Shaw and Munn, 307, 323, 354, 355 - - Shaw and Savage, 141 - - Shaw mastodon, 71 - - Shawneetown, Illinois, 100, 278 - - Sheep, 169, 273 - - Shelby Co., Tennessee, 43, 128, 280 - - Shelbyville moraine, 335 - - Sheldon, Pearl, 57, 58 - - Shelburne, Ontario, 130 - - Shepard, C. N., 119 - - Sheridan formation, 11 - - Shetrone, H. C., 74 - - Shiawassee Co., Michigan, 86, 276 - - Shimek, B., 11, 126, 392 - - Shoals, Indiana, 89, 172 - - Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, 47 - - Sidney moraine, 326 - - Sigmodon hispidus, 382; - S. sp. indet., 382 - - Sinsinawa, Wisconsin, 111, 342 - - Siren lacertina, 382 - - Skidaway Island, Georgia, 36, 120, 157, 194, 262, 370, 371 - - Skunk, 14 - (See Mephitis) - - Sloan, E., 30, 361, 368 - - Smilodon, 14; - S. floridanus, 158, 196; - S. mercerii, 312 - - Smilodontopsis, 14; - S. gracilis, 314; - S. mercerii, 312, 314; - S. mooreheadi, 348 - - Smith, B., 272 - - Smith, E. A., 384, 386 - - Smith, H. P., 257 - - Smith, L. H., 235 - - Smith, R. A., 87 - - Smith, W. H., 82, 171 - - Smithland, Kentucky, 129 - - Smith’s Falls, Ontario, 17, 289 - - Smyth Co., Virginia, 113, 145, 190, 231, 259 - - Sonora, Ohio, 73 - - Soricidæ, 312 - - Sources of Pleistocene vertebrates, 4 - - South America, connection with, 3 - - South Bloomfield, Ohio, 75, 170 - - South Carolina, 29, 35; - Alces in, 363, 364; - Castoroides in, 279; - Cervus canadensis in, 242; - cetaceans in, 20; - Elephas columbi in, 155; - Elephas imperator in, 162; - Equidæ in, 191; - extinct bisons in, 260; - geology of, 361; - Hydrochœrus in, 365; - mastodons in, 118; - Odocoileus in, 231; - Pinnipedia in, 29; - Tagassuidæ in, 221; - Tapiridæ in, 204; - Xenarthra in, 35 - - Southport, North Carolina, 15 - - Sparksville, Indiana, 89 - - Spencer, J. W., 283, 284, 285, 292, 368 - - Spencer Co., Indiana, 33 - - Spilogale putorius, 322, 353 - - Springfield Township, Lucas Co., Ohio, 77, 329 - - Stafford, New York, 61 - - Stahl, J. P., 137 - - Staley, Illinois, 152 - - Stamping Ground, Kentucky, 210 - - Stansfield, J., 17, 288 - - Stanton, Michigan, 82 - - Stark Co., Ohio, 80, 136, 150, 170 - - Starke Co., Indiana, 278 - - Staten Island, New York, 49 - - Stauffer, C. R., 186 - - Staunton, Virginia, 190 - - Steele’s Corners, New York, 236 - - Stegomastodon, 2, 14; - S. mirificus, 377 - - Stephenson, L. W., 15, 29, 180, 194, 207, 352, 355, 356, 359, 361, 368, - 369 - - Sterling, E., 78, 170 - - Sterling, Illinois, 105 - - Steuben Co., Indiana, 95; - New York, 59 - - Steubenville, Ohio, 254, 355 - - Stevenson, J. J., 69, 70 - - Stewartstown, West Virginia, 115, 355 - - Stockholm, Wisconsin, 178 - - Stokes Ferry, Florida, 180, 194, 374 - - Stone, G. N., 25 - - Stone River, South Carolina, 363 - - Stormont Co., Ontario, 18 - - Stose, G. W., 140, 349 - - Stose and Swartz, 346 - - Strathroy, Ontario, 235 - - Stronghurst, Illinois, 152 - - Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 185, 213, 227, 237, 246, 272 - - Suffolk Co., New York, 49 - - Sullivan, Illinois, 268 - - Sullivan Co., New York, 55; - Tennessee, 209 - - Sulphur Springs, Florida, 123 - - Summitville, Indiana, 277 - - Sumter Co., Florida, 158 - - Sumterville, Florida, 158 - - Sunderland formation, 116, 118, 299, 345, 346, 351, 356 - - Sus americanus, 261 - - Susquehanna River, 296 - - Sussex Co., New Jersey, 68 - - Swartzell, J., 214 - - Swartzell, M., 69, 214 - - Swedesboro, New Jersey, 184, 301 - - Switzerland Co., Indiana, 138 - - Sycium cloacinum, 312 - - Sylvilagus floridanus, 310, 311, 312, 313, 337, 343, 348, 353, 363; - S. palustris, 382; - S. sp. indet., 38, 378, 382 - - Symbos, 14; - S. cavifrons, 96, 104, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 331, - 334, 339, 354, 392, 393, 403, 404; - S. promptus, 254; - S. sp. indet., 68, 184, 248 - - Synaptomys borealis, 350; - S. sp. indet., 350 - - Syracuse, New York, 266 - - - Tagassu lenis, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 342, 343, 347, 348, 363, 379, - 382; - T. sp. indet., 222, 363; - T. tetragonus, 220, 221, 312; - T. torquatus, 220 - - Tagassuidæ, 5, 312; - in Florida, 222; - in Illinois, 218; - in Indiana, 216; - in Maryland, 220; - in Michigan, 215; - in New Jersey, 213; - in New York, 212; - in Ohio, 214; - in South Carolina, 221; - in Tennessee, 222; - in Virginia, 221; - in West Virginia, 221; - in Wisconsin, 219 - - Talbot Co., Maryland, 144, 230, 242 - - Talbot formation, 16, 29, 299, 345, 346, 351 - - Talbot stage, 188 - - Tallahatchie Co., Mississippi, 124 - - Talpidæ, 312 - - Tamarack, 85 - - Tamias lævidens, 353; - T. striatus, 287, 310, 395 - - Tampa Bay, Florida, 123, 159, 208, 263, 379 - - Tampico, Indiana, 89 - - Tapir, 187, 209, 223, 228, 232, 328, 395, 396 - - Tapiridæ, 5, 203, 312; - in Florida, 206; - in Georgia, 206; - in Indiana, 203; - in Kentucky, 209; - in Mississippi, 208; - in Ohio, 203; - in Pennsylvania, 203; - in South Carolina, 204; - in Tennessee, 209; - in Virginia, 204 - - Tapirs, 13, 333, 334 - - Tapirus, 9, 14, 15; - T. americanus, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 391; - T. haysii, 32, 43, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 217, 257, 312, - 313, 350, 353, 363, 370, 372, 375, 382, 391, 392, 393, 395, 397, - 403, 404, 405, 406; - T. sp. indet., 37, 204, 321, 363, 376, 378, 379, 395; - T. tennesseæ, 209, 395; - T. terrestris, 195, 203, 206, 376, 381, 392; - T. veroensis, 204, 205, 208, 382 - - Tarboro, North Carolina, 117, 360 - - Tarr, R. S., 57 - - Taurotragus, 14; - T. americanus, 12, 337, 339, 350 - - Taxidea americana, 312; - T. robusta, 9; - T. sp. indet., 350; - T. taxus, 312 - - Taylor, A. E., 90 - - Taylor, F. B., 130, 291, 330, 331 - - Tazewell Co., Illinois, 176 - - Teleoceras, 8, 9, 15, 211, 376; - T. fossiger, 8, 37, 211; - T. proterus, 121, 375, 377, 380; - T. sp. indet., 380 - - Teleopternus orientalis, 224, 312, 313 - - Tennessee, 41; - Camelidæ in, 225; - Castoroides in, 280; - Elephas primigenius in, 146; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 181; - Equidæ in, 201; - geology of, 393; - mastodons in, 127; - Tagassuidæ in, 222; - Tapiridæ in, 209; - Xenarthra in, 41 - - Tephrocyon, 15 - - Terraces, Allegheny River, 355; - Coastal Plain, Florida, 372; - Coastal Plain, North Carolina, 356; - Monongahela River, 354; - Pleistocene, 13 - - Terrapene antipex, 122, 158, 375, 382; - T. canaliculata, 371; - T. carolina, 310, 311; - T. eurypygia, 312, 347; - T. formosa, 378; - T. innoxia, 382; - T. putnami, 197, 379; - T. sp. indet., 353 - - Terre Coupée, Michigan, 83 - - Terre Haute, Indiana, 151 - - Testudo crassiscutata, 197, 363, 379, 381; - T. distans, 378; - T. hayi, 380; - T. incisa, 378; - T. luciæ, 383; - T. munda, 395; - T. obtusa, 381, 384; - T. ocalana, 378, 379; - T. sellardsi, 382; - T. sp. indet., 40 - - Tetracaulodon, 99 - - Tétreauville, Quebec, 22 - - Texas, 11, 13 - - Thamnophis sirtalis, 311 - - Thinobadistes segnis, 37, 375 - - Third Lake, New York, 236 - - Thompson, W. H., 173 - - Thompson, Z., 148 - - Thousand Creek fauna, 8 - - Thousand Creek, Nevada, 15 - - Three Oaks, Michigan, 137, 331 - - Throg’s Neck, New York, 183, 295, 296 - - Thuja occidentalis, 67 - - Tilton, J. L., 155 - - Tioga Co., Pennsylvania, 133 - - Tippah Co., Mississippi, 200 - - Tipton Co., Indiana, 152 - - Tomistoma americanum, 380 - - Tompkins Co., New York, 57 - - Toronto, Ontario, 14, 46, 130, 167, 226, 244, 256; - fossil vertebrates of, 284; - geology of, 281 - - Toronto formation, 281 - - Tourner’s, Florida, 160, 380 - - Townsend, G., 81 - - Towson, Maryland, 112, 348 - - Toxaspis anguillulatus, 312 - - Trachemys bisornata, 384; - T. euglypha, 379, 381; - T. jarmani, 379; - T. nuchocarinata, 374, 382; - T. sculpta, 379, 383, 384; - T. sp. indet., 197 - - Tragocerus, 8 - - Trees in Don beds, Toronto, Ontario, 282; - at Savannah, Georgia, 371 - - Trempealeau Co., Wisconsin, 241 - - Trenton, New Jersey, 64, 132, 237, 246; - fossil mammals at, 304; - geology of, 304; - gravels, 14, 65 - - Trichechus antiquus, 363, 381; - T. manatus, 376; - T. virginianus, 29 - - Trichiurus lepturus, 363, 366 - - Trim Creek, Illinois, 108 - - Troost, G., 125, 127, 389 - - Troy, New York, 183; - Ohio, 74 - - Trucifelis, 14; - T. floridanus, 15, 378, 382 - - Trumbull Co., Ohio, 80, 249 - - Tryonville, Pennsylvania, 150, 323 - - Tsala Apopka formation, Florida, 372, 373; - terrace, Florida, 375 - - Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania, 68, 324 - - Tuomey, M., 119, 120, 232, 361, 366 - - Turner, G., 119 - - Turner, G. B., 143 - - Turner’s, Florida, 380 - - Tuscumbia, Alabama, 40, 385 - - Twells, H., 64 - - Twin Creek, Ohio, 72, 274 - - Tyler, L. G., 113 - - - Udden, J. A., 104, 176, 187 - - Ulrich, E. O., 169 - - Ulster Co., New York, 54 - - Uncia inexpectata, 312 - - Underwood, L., 266 - - Ungava, Canada, Elephas sp. indet., in, 166 - - Unio, species, 303 - - Union City, Indiana, 277; - moraine, 139, 152, 229 - - Union Co., New Jersey, 133 - - Union Grove, Illinois, 240 - - Unionidæ in Don beds, Ontario, 282; - in Fish House beds, New Jersey, 303 - - United States National Museum, 80, 163, 164, 188, 264 - - University of Michigan, 87; - University of Rochester, 58, 60 - - Upper Marlboro, Maryland, 178 - - Urbana, Illinois, 33, 106, 336; - Ohio, 74, 249 - - Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 299, 310, 311, 312, 314, 337; - U. latidentatus, 312, 314 - - Ursidæ, 312 - - Ursus americanus, 78, 125, 226, 283, 311, 312, 321, 339, 348, 350, 363, - 364, 391, 392, 403; - U. amplidens, 217, 353, 391, 392, 393; - U. floridanus, 382, 395; - U. procerus, 329; - U. sp. indet., 41, 376, 398; - U. vitabilis, 350 - - Utica, Michigan, 86 - - - Valparaiso, Indiana, 100; - moraine, 82, 83, 107, 108, 177, 330 - - VanBuren Co., Tennessee, 41 - - Vanderburg Co., Indiana, 32, 171, 186, 203, 228, 257, 276, 334 - - Van Horn, F., 151 - - Van Rensselaer, J., 55, 60, 66, 133 - - Van Wert Co., Ohio, 77 - - Veatch, A. C., 15, 33, 368, 389 - - Venice, Michigan, 86 - - Vermillion Co., Illinois. 106; - Indiana, 173 - - Vermont, Cervus canadensis in, 235; - cetaceans in, 19; - Elephas columbi in, 148; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 167; - geology of, 291; - Rangifer in, 244 - - Vernon Co., Wisconsin, 259 - - Vero, Florida, 10, 11, 15, 38, 122, 163, 199, 208, 222, 225, 263, 373, - 381, 382; - marls, 15 - - Verona, New Jersey, 66 - - Versailles, Ohio, 136 - - Vertebrates, number of Pleistocene species, 4; - sources of Pleistocene, 4 - - Vespertilio fuscus, 310; - V. grandis, 350; - V. gryphus, 398; - V. sp. indet., 310, 312, 313, 350, 353; - V. subulatus, 310 - - Vespertilionidæ, 312 - - Vevay, Indiana, 91, 138 - - Vicksburg, Mississippi, 124 - - Victoria Co., Cape Breton Island, 46 - - Victoria Museum, Ottawa, 45 - - Vienna, New Jersey, 67 - - Vigo Co., Indiana, 138, 151, 172 - - Vincennes, Indiana, 88, 90, 258, 334 - - Vincentown, New Jersey, 227, 245 - - Virginia, 15, 28, 34; - Elephas primigenius in, 145; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 178; - Equidæ in, 189; - extinct bisons in, 259; - geology of, 351; - mastodons in, 113; - Odocoileus in, 231; - Pinnipedia in, 28; - Tagassuidæ in, 221; - Tapiridæ in, 204; - Xenarthra in, 34 - - Virginia deer, 32, 227, 229, 242, 257 - - Volk, E., 237, 248, 267 - - Volusia Co., Florida, 20, 122, 158, 378 - - Vulpes fulvus, 299; - V. palmaria, 282; - V. sp. indet., 350; - V. virginiana, 311 - - - Wabash College, Indiana, 99 - - Wabash Co., Indiana, 98, 218, 229, 239, 334 - - Wabash deposits, 13 - - Wade, Florida, 195, 262 - - Wagner, G., 111 - - Wailesboro, Indiana, 172, 251, 334 - - Wailles, B. C. L., 41, 125, 180, 391 - - Wakulla Co., Florida, 157, 179, 374 - - Wakulla Springs, Florida, 179, 374 - - Walker, J. E., 92 - - Walker, S. T., 233 - - Walker River, Nevada, 15 - - Wallkill, New York, 54 - - Walnut, Illinois, 105 - - Walrus, 7, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 289, 293, 306, 352, 360 - - Wando clays, South Carolina, 360 - - Wando River, South Carolina, 35, 192, 362, 363 - - Wapakoneta, Ohio, 76, 275 - - Ward, F. H., 149 - - Ward, H. A., 147, 166 - - Ward, H. L., 60, 97 - - Warder, R. B., 91 - - Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 121, 138, 149, 158, 212 - - Warren, C. K., 137 - - Warren, J. C., 48, 50, 54, 67, 68, 83, 109, 134, 148, 165 - - Warren Co. New Jersey, 67; - New York, 132; - Mississippi, 124 - - Warren mastodon, 51 - - Warrenton, Virginia, 178 - - Warsaw, Illinois, 103 - - Washington Co., Illinois, 101; - Maine, 23; - Maryland, 112, 189; - Ohio, 169; - Pennsylvania, 70, 133, 323; - Virginia, 113, 189; - Vermont, 244 - - Washington, D. C., 178, 348 - - Washington Township, Auglaize Co., Ohio, 76 - - Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 88, 227, 228, 237, 250, 275 - - Waterloo, Indiana, 95 - - Waukesha, Wisconsin, 110, 340 - - Waukesha Co., Wisconsin, 110, 241 - - Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 241 - - Wauzeka, Wisconsin, 111 - - Waverly, Ohio, 134, 327 - - Waychoff, A. J., 133, 150 - - Wayland, New York, 59 - - Wayne Co., Indiana, 94, 138, 173, 238, 252, 276; - Michigan, 87; - New York, 58, 131, 272; - North Carolina, 115 - - Webster, Indiana, 138 - - Weidman, S., 111, 230, 241, 247, 343 - - Wellsburg, New York, 167 - - Welland Port, Ontario, 46 - - Welsh, J., 78 - - Wentworth Co., Ontario, 147, 166, 234 - - Westchester Co., New York, 50, 245 - - Westfield, New York, 63 - - West Sonora, Ohio, 73, 274 - - West Virginia, 34; - Elephas columbi in, 155; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 179; - Equidæ in, 190; - geology of, 354; - mastodons in, 115; - musk-oxen in, 254; - Odocoileus in, 231; - Tagassuidæ in, 221; - Xenarthra in, 34 - - Whales, 16 - - Wheatley, C. M., 31, 69, 185, 203, 256, 312, 317, 318, 319 - - Wheaton, Illinois, 177 - - Wheeler, F., 153 - - Wheeling, West Virginia, 179 - - White, I. C., 68, 115 - - White Beach, Florida, 38, 379 - - Whiteaves, J. F., 17, 147 - - Whitehall, Wisconsin, 241 - - Whitesburg, Tennessee, 14, 201, 209, 223, 395 - - Whiteside Co., Illinois, 105, 240 - - Whitewillow, Illinois, 109, 229, 240, 269, 337 - - Whitfield, R. P., 49, 50, 303 - - Whitney, J. D., 111, 178, 219, 230, 240, 341, 342 - - Whittlesey, C., 77, 78, 79, 109, 169, 183, 186, 203 - - Wicomico formation, 16, 118, 299, 345, 346, 351, 356; - terrace, 112 - - Wiedmer, J., 103, 253 - - Wilbur, C. D., 109 - - Willcockson, Arkansas, 12 - - Wilder, B. G., 57 - - Wilkinson Co., Mississippi, 126 - - Will Co., Illinois, 107, 241 - - Willcox, J., 38, 198, 199, 263 - - Williams, E. D., 155 - - Williams, E. H., 307 - - Williams, Indiana, 217, 334 - - Williams Township, Bay Co., Michigan, 84 - - Williamsburg, Virginia, 113, 352 - - Williamson, C. W., 76, 227, 274 - - Williamson, New York, 131 - - Williamson Co., Tennessee, 127 - - Williamstown, Ontario, 18 - - Williston, S. W., 11 - - Williston, Florida, 37, 121, 195, 211, 224 - - Wills Creek, Allegany Co., Maryland, 349 - - Wilmington, North Carolina, 357; - Ohio, 214, 273 - - Wilson, R., 162 - - Wilson Co., North Carolina, 117, 359 - - Winchell, A., 80, 81, 86, 87, 130, 151, 171 - - Winchell, N. H., 77, 78, 178 - - Winchester, Indiana, 139; - Kentucky, 255 - - Windfall, Indiana, 152 - - Windsor, Indiana, 139 - - Winnebago Co., Illinois, 105; - Wisconsin, 270 - - Wirt Co., West Virginia, 155 - - Wisconsin, 2, 14; - Bison bison in, 270; - Cervus canadensis in, 241; - Elephas primigenius in, 143; - Elephas sp. indet. in, 178; - extinct bisons in, 259; - mastodons in, 110; - Odocoileus in, 230; - Rangifer in, 247; - Tagassuidæ in, 219; - depression, 291; - drift, 281, 292, 295, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 335, 340; - geology of, 340; - ice-sheet, 298; 307, 332, 355; - moraine, 300, 307, 326; - stage, 12, 14, 32, 33, 283, 286, 300, 316, 322, 334, 367, 403; - uplift, 291 - - Wissler, C., 304 - - Wistar, C., 35, 181, 401 - - Withlacoochee River, 122, 158 - - Wolbrandt, C. H., 100 - - Wolf, 111, 219, 270, 302 - - Wood, N. A., 81, 82, 83, 88, 275, 276 - - Wood Co., Ohio, 78; - West Virginia, 115, 231 - - Woodbury, New Jersey, 301; - Vermont, 244 - - Woodhull, Illinois, 154 - - Woodstock, Ohio, 74 - - Woodstown, New Jersey, 226 - - Woodville, Mississippi, 126; - Wisconsin, 344 - - Woodworth, J. B., 26, 183, 245, 290, 291, 292 - - Woolman, L., 351, 360 - - Woolman, S., 302 - - Woolper Creek, Kentucky, 265 - - Woolworth, S., 149 - - Worcester, Massachusetts, 47 - - Worthen, A. H., 101, 102, 103, 108, 175, 176, 229, 239, 269, 279 - - Worthington Co., Maryland, 220 - - Wright, G. F., 115, 274, 283, 307 - - Wyandotte, Michigan, 87 - - Wyandot, Ohio, 78 - - Wylie, T. A., 172 - - Wyman, Jeffries, 40, 43, 111, 219, 230, 270, 280, 400 - - Wyoming Co., New York, 61, 212; - Pennsylvania, 68 - - Wythe Co., Virginia, 34, 114, 190, 204, 221, 231, 260, 353 - - - Wurtsboro, New York, 55 - - Xenarthra, 31; - in Alabama, 40; - in Florida, 37; - in Georgia, 36; - in Illinois, 33; - in Indiana, 32; - in Kentucky, 43; - in Mississippi, 40; - in New Jersey, 31; - in Ohio, 31; - in Pennsylvania, 31; - in South Carolina, 35; - in Tennessee, 41; - in Virginia, 34; - in West Virginia, 34 - - - Yakima Co., Washington, 15 - - Yale University, 54, 60, 74, 279 - - Yarmouth deposits, 2; - in Illinois, 336; - in New England, 290; - in Ohio, 325 - - Yarmouth stage, 12, 14, 187, 290, 325, 336 - - Yarnallton, Kentucky, 210, 405 - - Yazoo Co., Mississippi, 126 - - Yonge’s Island, South Carolina, 363 - - York Co., Ontario, 46, 130, 167, 244, 256; - Pennsylvania, 69; - Virginia, 113 - - York River, Virginia, 352 - - Yorkville, Illinois, 109 - - Young, C., 73 - - Young Island, South Carolina, 366 - - Youngstown, Ohio, 249 - - Ypsilanti, Michigan, 88 - - - Zamenis acuminatus, 312, 314 - - Zanesville, Ohio, 134, 273, 327 - - Zapodidæ, 312 - - Zapus hudsonius, 312 - - Zirkel’s Cave, Tennessee, 209, 223, 395, 396 - - Zolfo, Florida, 38, 160, 380 - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. 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