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diff --git a/old/61391-0.txt b/old/61391-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index b645daf..0000000 --- a/old/61391-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1499 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Iowa Ornithologist, Volume 2, No. 2, -January 1896, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Iowa Ornithologist, Volume 2, No. 2, January 1896 - For the Student of Birds - -Author: Various - -Editor: David L. Savage - -Release Date: February 13, 2020 [EBook #61391] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IOWA ORNITHOLOGIST, JANUARY 1896 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - - [Illustration: PINTAIL. - _Dafila acuta._] - - - - - The Iowa Ornithologist - Vol. 2. Salem, Ia., January 1896. No. 2. - - - - - Sea Birds That Visit Iowa. - - - FRANK H. SHOEMAKER, HAMPTON, IA. - - Paper read before the First Congress of I. O. A. - -Under this heading I have considered the species of four -orders—Pygopodes, Longipennes, Steganopodes and Anseres. This is indeed -an inexact classification of “sea birds,” but will meet the requirements -of the subject in this case. The order Anseres is probably as a whole -the least entitled to a position under the general heading, but owing to -the maritime habits of many of the species the entire order is included. - -The following list is essentially a compilation, since my residence -within the state has been too far removed from watercourses or lakes to -furnish opportunity for personal observation. My chief authority -throughout is the Report on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley -during the years 1884 and 1885. Frequent reference is made also to a -list of the birds of Iowa, compiled by J. A. Allen, constituting -Appendix B in Vol. II of the State Geological Survey of 1870. No more -than a passing mention of species can be made at this time. - -The order Pygopodes has five representatives in this state—three grebes -and two loons. Holbœll’s Grebe is a species of northern regions, coming -south in winter occasionally to the upper portions of the Mississippi -Valley. The Horned Grebe is an allied species, more common than the -former, though not abundant; it is occasional in Iowa as a migrant, but -it is doubtful if it ever winters in any part of the state. The -Pied-billed Grebe, popularly known by a more forcible as well as a more -fittingly descriptive name, occurs in all parts of the state as a summer -resident, nesting quite commonly, though its eggs seldom appear in the -cabinets of those who do not know the peculiar nesting habits. - -The family Urinatoridæ is represented by two species: the Loon proper, -Urinator imber, and its ally, the Red-throated Loon. The former is the -more common variety, inasmuch as it nests in the north and appears -regularly during migrations, while the latter variety, the Red-throated -Loon, is a distinctively northern species, and appears only during the -winter, very irregularly. Three years ago I saw a flock of Red-throated -Loons on a small lake in Franklin county, and after a long detour and -much careful crawling in a layer of snow and mud, succeeded in -approaching near enough to secure two of the birds at one shot. This is -the only time I have found loons of either variety in a flock; the class -is not gregarious and I would not be convinced of the identity until I -had the birds where I could compare with description. - -The order Longipennes has ten representatives in Iowa, four of the -species being gulls and six terns. The Great Black-backed Gull is -mentioned by Allen as a rare migrant occurring within our borders. It is -probable that none have been seen within recent years. The Herring Gull -migrates over nearly all of the Mississippi Valley. Franklin’s Gull -breeds from southern Minnesota northward, passing through Iowa during -migration, but is not a common variety. Bonaparte’s Gull is strictly -northern in its nidification, wintering on the gulf coast and traversing -Iowa during migrations. The Gull-billed Tern is chiefly a coast bird -breeding on the Gulf of Mexico, but is occasionally reported from the -various portions of the Mississippi Valley. The Caspian Tern was taken -by J. W. Preston in central Iowa, but should probably be considered as a -straggler. It is an irregularly distributed species and is found chiefly -along the gulf coast. Forster’s Tern is a common variety in northern -Iowa, and is generally distributed over the state as a summer resident, -wintering on the coast. The Common Tern, according to Mr. Preston before -quoted, has been taken in Central Iowa. The Least Tern, while chiefly -coastwise in its habitat, is occasionally found in various parts of the -Mississippi Valley. I do not know at what place nor at what season -specimens have been taken in Iowa, but Mr. Allen names it in his list. -The Black Tern is the most common of the class with us as a summer -resident. - -Of the Steganopodes there are two species. The Double-crested Cormorant -winters south and is common during migrations. I have taken several -specimens in Franklin county. The American White Pelican winters in the -gulf states and passes through Iowa to its breeding place in the north. - -The order Anseres has thirty species which have been taken in Iowa. The -fish-eating ducks have three representatives, the American, -Red-breasted, and Hooded Mergansers, all of which I have seen in -Franklin county. The American Merganser winters south and nests north, -passing through Iowa as a migrant, one of the earliest. The Red-breasted -Merganser is said to be an occasional winter resident in favored -portions of the state, but is more common as a migrant. The Hooded -Merganser is a hardier species than the former, wintering further north, -though not frequently in Iowa, owing to the freezing of almost all the -water courses. - -The Mallard is an early and abundant migrant. The Black Duck is chiefly -an eastern species, seldom found west of the Mississippi River, but -according to the Report on Bird Migration it has been known to breed in -Iowa. The Gadwall migrates in great numbers to congregate on the gulf -coast, but is said to winter in some parts of Illinois and possibly in -Iowa. The Baldpate ranges all over North America, wintering far south. -The Green-winged Teal breeds chiefly above the United States border, but -is a common migrant. The Blue-winged Teal nests further south, sometimes -in this state. The Shoveller breeds from Minnesota northward, migrating -commonly through Iowa. - -The Pintail, the subject of our frontispiece, is an early migrant, but -unlike the greater number of the ducks which migrate first it does not -nest exclusively in the far northwest. It is a common breeder at Heron -Lake, Minn., and at Spirit Lake, Iowa, and has been known to nest in -portions of Illinois. The Wood Duck is a summer resident throughout the -Mississippi Valley. The Red-head is a common migrant, its range being -almost identical with that of the Pintail. The Canvass-back is known to -breed at Heron Lake, but I have seen no Iowa record. The Blue-bill and -Lesser Blue-bill, or Scaup, ducks occur chiefly as migrants, but are -summer residents in the northern part of Iowa, there being several -records of nesting at Clear Lake, in Cerro Gordo county. The Ring-neck -also has been found breeding there, this being the most southern record -of its nesting. It is, of course, chiefly a migrant. The Golden-eye -breeds north of Iowa, our only notes on the species classing it a -migrant and rare. The Bufflehead is chiefly a migrant, but is a summer -resident in the northern part of the state. The nesting has been noted -at Clear and Spirit Lakes. The Harlequin Duck is one concerning which I -find no definite Iowa notes, but on the strength of Mr. Allen’s list it -may be named as a winter visitor. The Black Scoter is another species -concerning which specific notes are wanting, but it is mentioned by the -same authority. There is a record of the Surf Scoter at LaPorte, -accredited to G. D. Peck in the Report on Bird Migration. The Ruddy Duck -is a migrant, according to Allen. - -Among the geese, we have the Blue Goose, a regular migrant, which breeds -on Hudson’s Bay; the Lesser Snow Goose, a regular migrant, chiefly -following the rivers; the White-fronted Goose, which is known as a -migrant in all parts of the Mississippi Valley north of southern -Illinois, where it has been known to winter; the Canada Goose, the best -known of the Anseres; and the Brant, which occurs as a migrant. The last -named is so uniformly confounded with the Lesser Snow Goose that reports -on the species are very likely to be inaccurate. - -The two varieties of Swans, the Whistling and Trumpeter Swans, occur in -Iowa. According to the Report on Bird Migration, the Trumpeter Swan has -been found nesting near Newton, Iowa. The Whistling Swan is named on the -authority of Mr. Allen’s list. - - -Note—During the discussion which followed the reading of the paper, Mr. -Morton E. Peck reported the occurrence of the Ring-billed Gull and the -Man-’o-War Bird at LaPorte, his home place. Mention was made also of the -Least Tern, the species having been seen in Winnebago county. - - - - - The Protection of Our Birds. - - - WILLIAM W. LOOMIS, CLERMONT, IOWA. - - Paper read before the First Congress of I. O. A. - -The question how to prevent the depopulation of our feathered friends is -beginning to be agitated by many ornithologists and it might be well for -us to spend a few moments in discussing the problem. For convenience -sake let us consider the subject under three heads: Are birds useful? Is -there an unnecessary destruction of them? And if so, how can they be -protected? - -I am sure that nearly everyone enjoys listening to the song birds, but -here in America we often do not consider the beauty of anything or the -pleasure it furnishes, as much as the dollars and cents it produces or -saves. So the first thing to be decided is, are birds, financially -speaking, beneficial? A recent number of the Youth’s Companion had an -article on the protection of birds. It says “We have thirty species of -insects which subsist on our common garden vegetables and our apple -orchards have fifty kinds of insect enemies.” It then names the birds -that are making steady warfare against the pests, and adds, “The -estimated annual destruction of crops by insects in the United States is -more than four hundred millions of dollars.” Now the more birds that are -killed, the greater becomes the damage done by vermin, and it is plain -to be seen that if the birds were allowed to multiply it would not be -long before they would save to the United States this four hundred -million dollars. Would not this be a benefit? - -Concerning the usefulness of birds many persons, especially culturists, -seem to have erroneous ideas. Every farmer keeps one or more cats to rid -his buildings of rats and mice, and he willingly compensates them for -their services by giving them a liberal supply of food; but many of -these estimable men fairly get beside themselves if a hawk robs them of -a chicken. Now I claim that the hawks kill enough noxious animals to -more than recompense them for the loss of their chickens. To sustain -this statement let me refer you to the time when the legislature of -Pennsylvania passed the “Scalp Act.” This act placed a bounty of fifty -cents on every hawk and owl that was killed. What was the result? Well, -in eighteen months the state paid out no less than ninety thousand -dollars in cash and saved to the farmers one thousand, eight hundred and -seventy-one dollars in chickens. - -This made eighteen dollars apiece for every chicken that was saved. -Rather expensive poultry. But this was not the worst, for as fast as the -hawks and owls decreased, the rodents and other pernicious animals -increased, and that year the loss of crops which the department of -agriculture attributed to the excessive number of injurious animals was -estimated to be about two million dollars. Does this not prove that the -raptores as a class are beneficial? - -The robin is a bird that has incurred the enmity of gardeners. The -horticulturists near Boston sent a petition to the legislature -requesting that the robin be taken from the list of protected birds. An -investigating committee was appointed who found by examining robins’ -stomachs that nine-tenths of its food consists of an injurious larvæ, -proving beyond all doubt that the bird was a great benefactor. - -A gentleman from Michigan who signs himself “Amicus Avium” has given -special attention to the phœbe and has estimated the amount that this -bird annually saves the state. One pair of birds from March 15th to -October 1st, rears two broods or ten birds. Each bird eats thirty -insects an hour eight hours a day. The gentleman then finds the entire -number of insects destroyed and estimates that if they were permitted to -live, each one would do one-thousandth of a cent damage to fruit, grain -or lumber. Allowing one and a half pair of birds for every square mile -in the state, would make a saving of over three and one-fourth million -dollars. - -I have dealt with only a few species, but have tried to select those -that deal with the entire feathered tribe. - -Now if we grant that birds are useful, let us turn to the second head of -our subject. - -No one wishes to leave the forests and prairies in their primitive -condition for the sake of the birds, even when he knows the progress of -civilization has caused and will continue to cause a decrease in -American bird population. We know that there were the same avicular -cannibals before the advent of the white man, as there are to-day, but -it will take a long time before the hawks or blue jays or cow birds can -exterminate a single species. It is of greater evil-workers that I wish -to speak. - -First is the English Sparrow. These disreputable Britons were brought -here to destroy the span-worm, and they must be credited with having -done their work well. A limited number might be a good thing, but surely -their introduction has proved a case where “remedy is worse than -disease.” A few years ago these birds were sold for four dollars a pair, -and now I do not know but what one could be supplied with them at four -cents a pair, so rapidly have they increased. These foreigners are of -such a quarrelsome and pugnacious nature that the native songsters have -had to retreat from place to place before them. And now our feathered -friends are far from their favorite haunts, and greatly reduced in -numbers; unless a helping hand is given they will be compelled to follow -in the footsteps of the Great Auk. Of course we have no statistics to -show the number of birds that the sparrow destroys, but it is evident to -the observer that unless war is declared against him, we must say -good-bye to many of our native songsters. - -Many birds are used every year to supply the demand of fashion. Mr. A. -J. Allen claims that there are ten million American women of a “bird -wearing age and proclivity,” and that it takes five million perfect -birds to supply them. The greater number of these are killed during the -breeding season and someone, I do not know who, will have to answer for -the hundreds of little birds that are left in the nest and allowed to -starve to death. Let us count one little bird for each pair of old ones, -this will make two and a half million. (Now some will say that this is -too many. Certainly! Not near all are breeding, but all that are, have -from one to six to a dozen offspring.) This makes in all seven million, -five hundred thousand birds that are annually used to decorate hats and -bonnets. Wholesale dealers count one hundred birds to the bushel. This -would make seventy-five thousand bushels, or more than enough to fill -ninety-three box cars. It is difficult for the mind to conceive of such -vast numbers of birds, and to think that they are used for what seems to -us, a worse than useless purpose. But what arouses the greatest -indignation in the lover of birds, is to see these same feather-bedecked -women go to Sunday School, get up before a class of boys or girls and -say, “You mustn’t rob birds’ nests, because it is wicked and only bad -boys do that.” It is to be hoped that the “New Woman” will bring with -her new and better ideas for decorating her head-gear. - -Other destroyers of birds are the Great American Egg Hogs—the imitation -naturalists who cover up their crimes with a veil they call science. -These might be divided into two classes; those who collect for mercenary -purposes and those who collect simply to amass a great variety of birds -and eggs. Then we find a sub-class, those who are always collecting and -have not time to study just then, but expect to do that after awhile. -Why it is that these persons collect so many birds and eggs of the same -species is a mystery. One complains about his hard luck, saying he got -only one hundred eggs all day, one brags about taking one hundred and -seventy-five eggs of a rare bird; another boasts about “scooping” as he -called it, one hundred and twenty dozen in one day. What is the object -of this wholesale destruction? - -If it were permissible for me to criticize so eminent a naturalist as -Dr. Coues, I would say I do not agree with him. He says in his “Key,” -“How many birds of the same kind do you want? All you can get. At least -from fifty to one hundred, and more of the commoner varieties.” That is -all right for colleges and museums, where there are many persons to -examine the specimens, but not for the private collector. I am afraid -that the worthy gentleman himself would soon object if each of the -several thousand collectors in the United States would follow his -advice. It is difficult to see how he expects to advance science so much -more by his one hundred stuffed birds than by the student who goes out -and takes notes from life. I will quote from Emerson, “The bird is not -in its ounces and inches, but in its relation to nature, and the skin or -skeleton you show me is no more a heron, than a heap of ashes or a -bottle of gases into which his body has been reduced, is Dante or -Washington.” We cannot tell about the character or habits of a person by -examining his body after he is dead and embalmed, yet it is by preserved -specimens of birds that the worthy gentleman attempts to work. What is -needed is more students and less collectors. - -We all know of the great damage done by the pot hunters and the small -boy who robs nests and kills birds “just for fun,” but this can be -remedied by proper laws. It is the question of how to protect the birds -against other enemies, that we are to discuss. - -What is to be done with the English Sparrow? One man suggests that if -every collector would invest in an air-rifle and use it on them it would -reduce their numbers. This might help, but I am afraid that it would -take more air and patience than could be found. Out of the many ways -which have been suggested, the only feasible one—at least in my mind—it -now employed by a few of the states, paying a bounty on the pests. - -To prevent or rather change the fashion for wearing birds, some advocate -legislative action against hats trimmed with feathers. It is a question -in my mind whether such a course would prove feasible, for the ladies -have as much right to use the birds that way as some of our collectors -have to hoard them away in their cabinets. It is quite generally agreed -that the only way is to appeal to the better nature of the ladies and -trust them to put away the fashion and take up something more in keeping -with the close of the nineteenth century. Many ways are suggested for -bringing the subject before the public. One is by placing placards in -street cars, another is by distributing slips in churches, on which are -printed a few statistics showing the number of birds that it takes to -supply the demand, etc. - -The next and most difficult question to solve is how to convince the -farmer that he is injuring himself every time he kills an owl or robin -or the other birds that he probably believes to be his enemies. Now we -all know that there are some “black sheep” among the birds. It seems to -me that one of the objects of our association is to point out to the -farmer just which these “black sheep” are. It is perfectly natural and -right for a man to protect his property, and even if he knows that many -of the raptores are beneficial, he does not like to have them take his -poultry. I do not know how to prevent the hawks from taking toll for -their work, but if the farmers would build respectable chicken-coops, -they would not be troubled with owls, for they being nocturnal are not -out until the chickens have gone to roost and it is only the farmer who -allows his poultry to sleep in trees that suffers, and we might say in -the words of the small boy, “It’s just good enough for him.” - -Finally, I would say that the only way to preserve our birds is to -present facts to the people showing them the true character of each -bird. They can then distinguish how the {} should be treated, protecting -their friends and destroying their enemies. - -Thus by awakening the farmer to his own interests, securing needful -laws, and with a never-ceasing warfare against the pseudo-naturalists -and English Sparrow, we may in time hope to recall to their own homes, -our favorite friends, the pursued and persecuted birds. As they return -to our door yards and take up life as in the days of yore, we will -become better acquainted and realize more fully their great mission in -this world. - -This return will serve as a death warrant to the avaricious collector -and as an impetus to the student who devotes his life to the exploration -of the characters and habits of these, the favorites of nature. - - - - - Notes on the Birds of Iowa. - - - JOHN V. CRONE, MARATHON, IOWA, COMPILER. - -The Vireonidæ, our family for special study this quarter, is quite well -represented in Iowa, the reports embracing definite notes from sixteen -counties, and upon seven different species. No doubt the notes would -have been more profuse were it not for the fact that ornithologists are -somewhat tardy in becoming acquainted with the different varieties of -our smaller birds. - - - _624. Vireo olivaceus. (Linn.)_ - RED-EYED VIREO. - -The Red-eyed Greenlet is of wide distribution, not being confined to the -U. S. - -In Iowa it appears to be quite generally found. However, the notes show -a dearth of either the birds or enthusiastic ornithologists in the west -and northwest portions of the state, since it is reported from only one -county,—Pottawattamie—in that region, while there are profuse notes on -the species from fifteen in the eastern and central parts. - -It arrives in the state in late April and early May, breeds during late -May and all of June and leaves during the latter part of August or -September. - -It is a more numerous migrant than summer resident; but is not rare by -any means during the breeding season, being reported as “common” or -“abundant” by nearly all who mention the numbers found through the -period of nidification. Assuming all those who reported on the species -to be equally versed in our favorite science, the numbers vary -considerably with locality. Most likely this is due to the topography of -the country in question. - -The nest is pensile—a trite statement to most lovers of birds, yet new -to some of our readers perhaps—and is a beautiful and interesting -structure. The site varies considerably in elevation as will be seen -from the following quotations: “under thirty feet in elm and ash trees;” -“swung from the low branch of some bush or tree, between five and ten -feet from the ground;” “low branches of large trees or near the tops of -saplings;” “near ground between five and twenty feet up;” “lowest limb -of maple tree, seven feet up;” “suspended from the fork of a slender -limb, usually a few feet up; sometimes quite high;” “almost any height -from the ground.” - -The “little basket” is “deeper and narrower than that of V. gilvus.” It -is “built of interwoven vegetable materials, hempen fibers and the soft -inner bark of trees,” a preference being noticed by Mr. Shoemaker for -the inner bark of the dead elm and ash. Mr. Giddings reports a nest -“composed of grass, pieces of hornet’s nests and spider webs. The -hornet’s nest had furnished fully one-half of all the nest. It was lined -with hair and fine grass.” Another nest described by Mr. D. L. Savage, -was “composed of fibers from the milkweed. Grass and cobwebs were -profusely used on the outside.” It was “pensile and cup-shaped and lined -with reddish fibers.” - -The worst that can be gleaned from the reports on our little Greenlet -is, that it, innocently and unwittingly no doubt, helps to sustain that -despicable pest, the Cowbird. - -Mr. D. L. Savage and Mr. Law each report sets of ¼ V. olivaceous and 1-1 -Molothrus ater. In the nest before mentioned Mr. Giddings found on June -12, 1895, two eggs of the Vireo, and one of the Cowbird. The next day -there were three eggs of the Vireo, and two of the Cowbird. He finds the -Vireo much imposed upon by the Cowbird. Mr. C. C. Smith says, “With the -exception of the Chipping Sparrow, perhaps no bird is so much imposed -upon as this Vireo. I think that the Vireo will desert the nest if the -egg of the Cowbird is deposited first because one will often find one or -two eggs of the Cowbird in a deserted nest of the Vireo. Two or three -eggs of the Vireo with from one, two or three of the Cowbird is the -usual number. I have seen the following combinations, 624 1-4 and 495 -1-1; 624 1-3 and 495 1-1; 624 1-3 and 495 1-2; 624 1-3 and 495 1-3.” - -Evidently the Red-eye is not much in fear of man, since Mr. Heaton finds -it a regular resident in his door yard where it is under observation at -all times; and Mr. Barstch has found it nesting in the cities of -Burlington, Decorah and Iowa City. - -The species has a “loud, clear song that can be heard in any woodland.” -It is “one of our best and most persistent songsters continuing during -its entire stay.” It “may,” says Mr. Smith, “be heard at all hours of -the day. Its song is rather monotonous and is uttered as the bird flits -about among the foliage. It has also a characteristic alarm note which -is uttered when the person gets too near its home; and the note is -nearly always a sign of the near proximity of the nest.” - - - _626. V. philadelphicus. (Cass.)_ - PHILADELPHIA VIREO. - -This species is reported from only two counties—Scott and Jackson. Mr. -Giddings thinks it may breed in Jackson county, since he has noted it -there during the breeding season. He finds it very rare, having seen the -bird only a few times. He first saw the species for the season of 1895, -on June 1st. - -Mr. J. H. Brown finds it not uncommon in Scott county. In some seasons -he finds it a quite common migrant. He agrees with Mr. Davie that it is -very like V. gilvus, but finds it much more quiet during migrations, -“seeming to prefer tree-tops and rural districts.” He finds it rather -erratic, being common one year and perhaps rare the next. - -Mr. Davie says, in his Nests and Eggs of N. A. Birds, that the species -is “not common wherever found;” but that “in portions of the Mississippi -valley it is more common than in the eastern states occurring regularly -and in considerable numbers during the spring and fall migrations.” The -I. O. A. needs to take this species especially in hand and develop -information concerning it. - - - _627. V. gilvus. (Vieill.)_ - WARBLING VIREO. - -This species does not seem to be so widely and generally distributed as -the Red-eye, or else it is not so well known. It is reported from twelve -of the sixteen counties heard from. “Common is the word most often used -in connection with its numbers. The compiler judges that next to the -Red-eye, it is the most numerous species in Iowa. The dates of its -occurrence are from April to September. June seems to be almost -exclusively its nesting season. Davie reports it as nesting in May and -June, but it must nest in May farther south, since none of the notes -report it earlier than June 12th. The compiler finds its commonest date -of nidification to be about June 20th. - -The nesting site is higher than that of the Red-eye, or any other -reported. “Frequently nests in tops of maples in door yards as high as -forty feet;” “usually thirty or forty feet;” “generally higher than that -of the Red-eyed Vireo;” “usually placed at a considerable height;” “high -among trees;” “usually in horizontal crotch at greatest possible -distance from crotch of tree.” - -All that can be gleaned from the reports about the nest itself, is that -it is pensile, cup-shaped and lined with fine grass. The nest in the -prairie groves of Buena Vista county is generally composed of coarse -grass and bark strips, very neat though rather rough on outside, and is -lined with down from the seed of the cottonwood tree. - -Mr. Brown finds that the species seems to prefer the vicinity of towns -in migrations, but of groves and open woods for breeding. Mr. Peck notes -that it “nests about houses and along the edges of woods.” With Mr. -Smith it “inhabits the shade trees along the street.” Mr. D. L. Savage -finds it nesting “near the abode of man.” - -Those who are acquainted with the Bronzed Grackle will call to mind how, -when one of these is aroused, it will utter its loud and excited cries, -soon calling around it others who join in throwing imprecations upon the -intruder, and follow him from tree to tree. The compiler has often found -the nest of gilvus by thus disturbing the Grackles, who in turn are -scolded by the Vireos, if the domain of the latter is intruded upon. The -note of the Vireo in such cases when it fears the safety of its nest, -somewhat resembles the cry of a cat. - -Mr. R. M. Anderson found a nest in much the same way, by climbing to a -Robin’s nest which chanced to be near that of the Greenlet. - -Reports upon the habits of the species are somewhat meager. Mr. Bartsch -refers us to the beautiful lines appended to the description of the -species by Coues, but I fear that these same beautiful lines are not -accessible unless one is near a college library, or so fortunate as to -own a copy of Mr. Coues’ valuable work. - -The following from the pen of our honorary member, Mr. William Savage, -will be interesting to all. “He seems to be always cheerful if we may -judge by his song; but he is not safe from marauders. Snakes, cats, -weasels and minks often lay waste his possessions. June 15, 1895, I -found a nest containing three eggs. In a few days three little scrawny -young birds were wriggling in the nest making fruitless efforts to raise -their heads as I approached. The next day one was gone and the day -following, the other two had shared the fate of the first. I cut the -sprig of hazel off that held the nest and made it a point to pass that -way frequently. Soon I discovered the murderer, a beautiful snake, about -sixteen inches long—what we term the house snake—suspended in the hazel -bush, with his head and neck protruding over the very place where the -nest had been. (It is needless to say I slew him.)” The nest which Mr. -Savage mentions was four feet up. - -Mr. Anderson found a nest five feet up. The bird was a close sitter and -allowed herself to be caught in his hand. - -It is reported as a lively and pleasant singer almost as much so as the -Red-eye but with a sweeter song. Mr. Smith writes that it sings during -May and June, then is silent to August 15, when it again sings till its -departure. Mr. Bryan notes it as a beautiful singer and interesting -species. - - - _628. V. flavifrons. (Vieill.)_ - YELLOW-THROATED VIREO. - -Flavifrons is reported as being not so common as the Warbling and -Red-eyed species. Probably there would be a contest between it and -bellii for third rank in numbers. It is perhaps more evenly distributed -than the latter and not quite so plentiful where found. - -Like most others of its tribe it reaches the state in late April and -early May, but the reports indicate that it is somewhat early in its -arrival. Its stay seems to be briefer also, since it is reported as -being last seen as early as August 10. - -The nesting site is chosen at a considerable elevation, usually, though -Mr. Law reports one from Dallas county in a hazel bush one foot up. -Others mentioned are “in hickory tree fourteen and one-half feet up;” -“an oak, twenty-five feet up;” “near the top of a high tree;” “in -burr-oak tree twenty feet from the ground;” “ten to fifteen feet up.” -“The nest,” says Mr. Peck, “is a beautiful structure. It is covered with -lichens much like a Blue-gray Gnatcatcher’s, and is very hard to find.” - -Mr. Anderson mentions a nest composed of dry grass, cottony substances, -thin pieces of bark and moss, and almost covered with bits of newspaper -in two languages; which latter item leads the analytical mind of our -correspondent to inquire whether the bird may not possibly be a -linguist. The nest was lined with reddish strips of grape-vine bark. -This nest was located in the same tree as those of a Robin and Mourning -Dove, and contained four eggs of the Vireo and one of the Cowbird. - -A nest reported by Mr. D. L. Savage was outwardly composed of spiders’ -webs and fibers of wild grape-vine bark, then a coating of newspaper and -a lining of fine grass. - -The Yellow-throated is “a large, stout species,” robust built, and “the -brightest colored of our Vireos.” - -While the song is described as being “slow, almost slovenly,” and “with -a peculiar languid drawl,” and lacking the animated delivery of -olivaceus and gilvus, yet it is much admired by Mr. Heaton, and the bird -is considered a fine songster by Mr. Giddings. - -The female is a close sitter, leaving the nest reluctantly and even in -some cases requiring to be displaced by the hand. It is not averse to -making its home near the abode of man. Mr. Wm. Savage reports one pair, -who, when robbed of their treasures, presumably by the Blue Jays, tore -the old nest to pieces and rebuilt in a tree only six feet from the door -of his office and fifteen feet up. He finds one pair every year breeding -in a grove of about two acres near the house. He notes, though, that -even so close a proximity to the dwelling of man does not free the -species from the “piratical tyranny of the Kingbird.” - -Mr. Woods finds “four rosy eggs” to be the usual complement, and that -they average larger than those of the Red-eye and Warbling. Mr. Smith -reports a set which average 80x59, 82x60, 80x60 and 82x59. - -One case is reported where the bird left the nest which was found before -the eggs were laid, although it was not in any way disturbed. Mr. -Anderson says that “the birds scold with great vehemence when a person -comes near the nest and continue as long as he remains in the vicinity -even though some distance away.” - - - _629. V. solitarius. (Wils.)_ - BLUE-HEADED VIREO. - -Mr. Brown reports solitarius as a not uncommon migrant in Scott county. -He says that it is retiring and hurried, there seldom being more than a -few days between the first arrival and the departure of the bulk. He -finds it usually in large woods. - -In Black Hawk Co., Mr. Peck finds it a sometimes abundant, but usually -not very common migrant. It appears early in spring, in company with the -hardiest of the warblers while on its way to its breeding grounds, -chiefly north of the U. S. - -Mr. Bartsch has never observed the bird at Burlington but took two -specimens at Iowa City on the 6th of May, 1895. In actions he found them -quite similar to the Yellow-throated. - -Mr. Anderson has taken two females of this migrant species in Winnebago -Co.; one May 14, 1892, and one Sept. 18, 1894. - - - _631. V. noveboracensis. (Gmel.)_ - WHITE-EYED VIREO. - -Mr. Bryan has seen this variety of the Greenlets quite common in the -edge of the woods along Squaw Creek in Story Co. He also has specimens -taken in Mahaska Co. - -Mr. Wm. Savage reports it as a resident in VanBuren Co., but not very -common. - -Mr. Brown says that while not much seen in summer it is a not uncommon -summer resident and fairly plentiful in spring. - -Mr. Bartsch writes as follows: “Only two of these birds have come under -my observation; one at Burlington some years ago, and one at Iowa City -last spring. This bird prefers the low, dense willows and especially -small trees overgrown by a dense mass of grape-vines. Had it not been -for the lively and pleasing manner with which they delivered their -clear, ringing song, I should have overlooked them in a tangle of -green.” - -Mr. D. L. Savage sends the following valuable notes in this connection: -“{} common. Have never found a nest, although I have noted the birds in -migrations, and also quite late in the spring.” Mr. Walter G. Savage, -VanBuren Co., found a nest with two eggs, July 18, 1894. Nest was placed -in hazel bush eighteen inches up and composed of pieces of rotten -chips—such as the Chickadee pecks out of its hole—moss, small pieces of -leaves, cobwebs and lined with very fine grass and inner bark fibers of -wild grape-vine. - - - _633. V. bellii. (Aud.)_ - BELL’S VIREO. - -The notes on this Vireo are not voluminous enough for the compiler to -derive from them any general conclusions as to numbers, dates and -nesting site. - -Mr. Law finds it abundant in Dallas Co., but less so in Winnebago. He -has found the species breeding in the former, and Mr. Fred Hamlin took a -set of three incubated eggs on June 23, 1894. One of these was situated -in a hazel bush one foot up. - -Mr. Woods finds it of common occurrence in Fayette Co., but not -abundant. “The eggs average a trifle smaller than the other species.” - -Mr. Peck, writing from Black Hawk Co., reports it abundant everywhere -among thickets and underbrush in summer. The nest, which is small, he -finds situated two to six feet from the ground. Noted as a late migrant, -breeding far into August. It “is almost as quarrelsome,” he says, “as -the Yellow-throated. Its song is lively and shrill and distinguishable -at a great distance.” - -Mr. D. L. Savage says, “Not uncommon, favorable locations being in -bramble bushes and thickets of undergrowth. It has a rollicsome little -song which always brings gladness with it. I have never had the good -fortune to find a nest, although I have searched repeatedly for it, -while the old birds were making quite an ado. It must be well -concealed.” - -Mr. Bryan writes that he has seen it quite numerous in Mahaska Co., -along wood-roads; and has secured one nest in a hazel bush in a river -pasture. - -Mr. Irons says that the well known voice of this little bird is a -familiar sound in the woodlands of Pottawattamie Co. - -Mr. Brown finds it a quite common summer resident in Scott Co., nesting -in late May and early June, usually at the low elevation of from two and -one-half to ten feet. “A quiet, retiring species and much more common in -the small brush patches in prairie districts than in the vicinity of -water courses or heavy woods.” - -Mr. Giddings’ notes from his recent personal experience with the species -are in full as follows: “A common summer resident in this (Jackson) Co. -Not much known except to the ornithologist and collector. The home of -this species is in the thickets of brush and bramble, where it builds -its nest unknown to those who pass close by. The nest is suspended from -the fork of some small bush within a few feet of the ground, composed of -dead leaves, grass and strips of grape-vine bark. Generally somewhat -ragged on the outside. Four eggs seem to be the usual number and I never -found any other in complete sets. Nests mostly well concealed and hard -to find. I have found the best way is to get down and creep on the -ground, and by looking up, the nest can often be found quite easily. - -“This species is, to me, the most interesting of the Vireos, and I -hardly ever tire of listening to its lively song, or watch it flit from -bush to bush. Near my place is a thicket of hazel, black-berry, sumach, -and a few small oak trees interspersed; just the place for Bell’s Vireo, -and I can hear it singing at most any time during the summer from my -doorstep. - -“June 9, 1895, I started out to find some nests and soon succeeded in -finding two. The first was hung from a small hazel bush, four feet above -the ground and contained two eggs. Nest measured 3 in. deep; 3 in. in -diameter outside; cavity 1¾x1¼. June 11, 4 eggs; they averaged .68x.50, -pure white, quite well spotted with red. The second nest was in a place -where the bushes were quite low; was hung from fork of hazel bush three -feet from ground. The nest was composed of leaves, grass, bark of -grape-vine and plant down, lined with fine grass and hair. Measured four -inches deep; 2¾ in. in diameter on the outside; 1½ in. deep by 1¾ in. -inside. Contained four eggs above the average size and pure white with a -very few small red spots. Eggs measured .74x.52 average, with scarcely -any difference in them. - -“I have not found this bird imposed upon by the Cowbird.” - -Our readers will realize that to cultivate the acquaintance of the -little Greenlets is to gain health, pleasure and profit—health from -walks in the leafy woodlands and exercise in the fragrant air; pleasure -from the music of their voices and study of their ways; and profit from -health, pleasure and the priceless teachings of Nature. - - - - - The ... - Iowa Ornithologist. - - - A Quarterly Magazine Devoted to the Study of Ornithology and Oology. - - - DAVID L. SAVAGE, - EDITOR AND PUBLISHER. - - - SUBSCRIPTION - RATES. - - One year 40 cts. - Single copy, 10 cts. - - ADVERTISING - RATES. - - 1 inch $.50 - 2 inches .90 - ½ column 1.70 - 1 column 3.00 - 1 page 5.00 - - - Entered as second class mail matter at the Post Office, Salem, Iowa. - - -Address all communications to - David L. Savage, Salem, Iowa. - - - - - Notes and News. - - -We have received a very complete list of Iowa birds from J. L. DeVine of -Chicago, Ill., formerly from Iowa. Much to our regret, we cannot publish -the list in the I. O. for lack of space. - -Mr. D. S. Ebersold of Oceanus, Florida, collector of natural history -specimens—his ad is on another page of this magazine—was once an Iowa -boy. He followed the plow, hoed corn and did other rural work in Butler -Co., and has many relatives there now. - -The Naturalist and Collector of Abington, Ill., edited by P. Wilber -Shoup, has been discontinued as it did not receive sufficient patronage -to warrant its continuance. - -Mr. Paul Bartsch of Burlington, Iowa, reports the taking of a Barn Owl -at that place on Nov. 22, 1895. - -The American Ornithologists’ Union held their Thirteenth Congress at -Washington, D. C., on Nov. 12-15, 1895, with an average attendance of -fifty ornithologists. The officers elected by the Union for the year, -were as follows: President, William Brewster; Vice Presidents, Robert -Ridgway and C. Hart Merriam; Secretary, John H. Sage; Treasurer, William -Dutcher. - -Dr. A. E. Foote, the distinguished scientist of Philadelphia, died Oct. -11, 1895, in Atlanta, Ga., to which place he had gone to take charge of -the Pennsylvania mineral exhibit. - -Dr. Foote was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Feb. 6, 1846. Soon after -graduating at the State University of Michigan in 1867, he was appointed -assistant professor of chemistry and mineralogy in the Iowa State -College, which place he held for five years, being very successful as a -teacher. In 1875 he moved to Philadelphia, and began the building up of -his now world wide business in minerals and scientific books. He was -married in 1872, to Miss Augusta Matthews of Iowa, who, with two sons -and a daughter, survives him. His business will be continued by Warren -G. Foote, a son of the deceased, as manager. - -Mr. J. H. Brown, Iowa City, Ia., writes: “I shot three Greater Redpolls -on Jan. 11, and one the 13th inst. They were undoubtedly of the variety -Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). I have never seen mention of this -variety occurring in the state before.” - -Mr. John V. Crone has a live Snowy Owl which was wing-tipped and -captured near Marathon, Iowa, about Dec. 20. He is thriving on a diet of -meat of different kinds, including sparrow, turkey, grouse and pork; -diversified by occasional bites from his captor’s fingers. - -Prof. Gus. Walters, Cedar Falls, Iowa, writes: “We are taking some -interest in birds here. Have captured the Purple Finch and Rusty -Grackle. Secured a fine Meadow Lark, Dec. 27—rather late for him.” - -The Northwestern Ornithological Association held its second annual -meeting at Portland, Ore., Dec. 27, 1895. The forenoon was devoted to -business; the afternoon to reading of papers and election of officers. -The officers chosen were; Wm. L. Finly, Pres.; Ellis F. Hadley, 1st Vice -Pres.; Guy Striker, 2d Vice Pres.; Arthur L. Pope, Sec.; D. C. Bord, -Treas. - -The N. O. A. is a live association, as is shown by the fact that the -past year it has compiled a list of Oregon birds embracing over twice as -many as were ever before contained in a list of birds of Oregon. This -list is being published in the Association’s official organ, the Oregon -Naturalist and will number 254 species and sub-species. - -Hereafter the Association will admit associate members from any part of -America, and its members expect to have a phenomenal growth during the -next few months. For particulars address the secretary at McMinnville, -Ore. - -A. I. Johnson, DesMoines, Ia., while out collecting Nov. 25, saw two -Robins and Dec. 3, secured two Red-winged Blackbirds from a flock of 8. - - - - - Book Review - - - [Illustration: Book Review] - - New Books and other publications will be reviewed in this department. - Authors wishing publications reviewed should send them to the Editor, - who will examine them personally and give them due consideration. - -“A. O. U. Check-list of American Birds.” This book was prepared by a -committee appointed by the Union, namely, Elliott Coues, J. A. Allen, -Robert Ridgway, William Brewster, and H. W. Henshaw. This is the second -and revised edition, the original edition was published in 1885. The new -edition includes numerous additions and nomenclatural changes made since -the publication of the first, together with a revision of the “habitats” -of the species and sub-species, but omitting the Code of Nomenclature, -which was published separately in 1892. It is expected that the new -Check-list will remain without another edition for at least ten years. -It should be in the hands of every ornithologist. - -“The Popular Science News” for January is much improved and enlarged. -This magazine fills a special field; it seems that it is intended more -for the general reader than the specialist, yet neither can afford to be -without it. Probably there is no paper in America that is doing more to -popularize science and to interest the general public in scientific -knowledge, than this journal. We do not hesitate to recommend it to any -one who desires to keep abreast with the discoveries and news in the -scientific world. - -The December, 1895, issue of the “Nidologist” shows a marked improvement -by way of illustrations. Among the features above par, the elegant -design on the cover presents itself. The view of Heligoland, “the -magnetic pole of the bird world,” is of consummate interest. Last, but -not of the least value, is the half-tone of the brethren at the A. O. U. -Congress at Washington; this illustration alone is worth a year’s -subscription. - -“The American Zoologist and Journal of Science” made its appearance with -the new year. The first issue of Vol. 1, contains thirty-six pages of -very interesting and instructive reading matter. It is edited by J. -Hobart Egbert of Holyoke, Mass. - - - - - Publications Received. - - -Barrows, Walter B., and E. A. Schwarz. “The Common Crow of the United -States.” Bull. No. 6, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1895, pp. 1-98, 1 pl. -2 figs. - -Beal, F. E. L. “The Crow Blackbirds and Their Food.” Reprinted from the -Yearbook of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for 1894. Pp. 233-248, figs. -1. - -Beal, F. E. L. “Preliminary Report on the Food of Woodpeckers.” Bull. -No. 7, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1895, pp. 1-33, 1 pl., 3 figs. - -Burns, Frank L. “The American Crow, (Corvus americanus) with special -reference to its nest and eggs.” Bull. No. 5, Wilson’s Orn. Chap, of -Agassiz Assn., 1895, pp. 1-41. - -Fisher, A. K. “Hawks and Owls from the Standpoint of the Farmer.” -Reprinted from the Yearbook of the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture for 1894. -Pp. 215-232, pl. 3, figs. 3. - -Jones, Lynds. “Minotiltidae.” Bull. No. 4, Wilson Orni. Chap. of Agassiz -Assn., 1895, pp. 1-22. - -Lucas, F. A. “The Tongues of Woodpeckers.” Bull. No. 7, U. S. Dept. of -Agriculture, 1895. Pp. 35-41, pl. 3. - -“The A. O. U. Check-list of North American Birds.” Second and revised -edition. Issued by the American Ornithologists’ Union, 1895. Pp. 1-372, -I-XII, 8vo, cloth. - -“The Nidologist.” Vol. 3, No. 4. Dec. 1895. - -“Popular Science News.” Vol. 30, No. 1. January, 1896. - -“The Oologist,” Vol. 12, No. 12. December, 1895. - -“Oregon Naturalist.” Vol. 3, No. 1. January, 1896. - -“Gameland.” Vol. 8, No. 1. December, 1895. - -“The American Zoologist and Home Journal of Science.” Vol. 1, No. 1. - -“Game and Shooting.” Vol. 1, No. 11. - -“The Linnean Fern Bulletin.” Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1896. - -For the lack of space, we cannot give further mention of publications -received. In our next issue we shall give more space to this department. - - - - - Iowa Ornithologist - - - SUPPLEMENT - -No. 1. Salem, Ia., January, 1896. - -We do not desire to expose the private affairs of the I. O. A. to the -general public, hence the necessity of the I. O. Supplement. Copies are -sent only to the members of the I. O. A. - - - - - Among Ourselves. - - -I desire to extend thanks to those members who have sent in new -subscribers. Continue the good work. The Chairman of the Finance -Committee says: “Wake up the boys, in your next issue, to secure -subscribers and members—we must have them to succeed.” - -Always when you write enclose some note on the birds. - -Each officer of the I. O. A., and chairman of each committee, is -requested at the close of every quarter to send a report of their work. -Remember this on April 1st. - -Some time ago I forwarded the names of Guy C. Rich, Sioux City, and M. -Earl Halvorsen, Forest City, for active membership and W. E. Mulligan, -Grand Rapids, Mich., for associate, to the executive council; have not -heard from them yet. Please be more prompt. - -According to Sec. 8 of the By-Laws, the annual dues of active members -are $1.00, payable January 1st of each year. If you have not paid your -dues for 1896, this paragraph is marked with a blue pencil. Please do -not delay remitting. - -Mr. E. B. Webster, Cresco, Ia., is doing the printing of Vol. II for -$80.00, same to be made in two payments: first, when second issue is -completed, and second, when the fourth issue is printed. We have 500 -copies printed of each issue. - - - - - Financial Report of the I. O. A. - - - From Oct. 1st to Dec. 31st, 1895. - - RECEIPTS. - - From members dues $9.50 - Subscriptions to I. O. 6.85 - Total ($16.35) - - EXPENDITURES. - - Postage on I. O. $ .28 - Postage on manuscript and electros to Cresco .80 - Freight on I. O. from Cresco .78 - Postage for Editor-Treasurer 2.24 - Total ($4.10) - - Amt. on hand for quarter $12.25 - Deficiency Oct. 1st $12.25 - Acc’ts balance Dec. 31st, 1895. - - DAVID L. SAVAGE, Treas. - - - - - Notice. - - -The compilation committee appointed at the First Annual Congress of the -I. O. A. has begun work and expects, by the time of the Second Congress, -to be held next summer, to make a good showing on a report which is to -be, if possible, a complete “Annotated List of the Birds of Iowa.” In -order to make this list as comprehensive as possible, it is earnestly -requested that every member send to the chairman of the compilation -committee a marked check list showing every species on which he can -furnish original, authentic Iowa notes. These lists will be examined and -whenever a species is noted on which the report of the committee is -lacking, incomplete or unsatisfactory, the notes on that species will be -sent for. The marked check lists should all be in the hands of the -undersigned before May 31, 1896. This early notice is given in order -that members may observe, with especial caution, during the spring of -’96, for fresh and valuable notes. These notes should bear particularly -on the food, breeding habits, abundance of individuals, economic value, -and migrations. - - Fraternally, - Chas. R. Keyes, - Chairman Com. - -Address until May 31st, Blairstown, Iowa. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Created a cover image based on elements in the printed exemplar. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Iowa Ornithologist, Volume 2, No. -2, January 1896, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK IOWA ORNITHOLOGIST, JANUARY 1896 *** - -***** This file should be named 61391-0.txt or 61391-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/3/9/61391/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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