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diff --git a/old/61370-h/61370-h.htm b/old/61370-h/61370-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 08dd763..0000000 --- a/old/61370-h/61370-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2136 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"> - -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"> - -<head> - -<link rel="coverpage" href="images/img-cover.jpg" /> - -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> - -<title> -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Fortnight at the Front, -by H. Russell Wakefield -</title> - -<style type="text/css"> -body { color: black; - background: white; - margin-right: 10%; - margin-left: 10%; - font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; - text-align: justify } - -p {text-indent: 4% } - -p.noindent {text-indent: 0% } - -p.t1 {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 200%; - text-align: center } - -p.t2 {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 150%; - text-align: center } - -p.t2b {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 150%; - font-weight: bold; - text-align: center } - -p.t3 {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 100%; - text-align: center } - -p.t3b {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 100%; - font-weight: bold; - text-align: center } - -p.t4 {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 80%; - text-align: center } - -p.t4b {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 80%; - font-weight: bold; - text-align: center } - -p.t5 {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 60%; - text-align: center } - -h1 { text-align: center } -h2 { text-align: center } -h3 { text-align: center } -h4 { text-align: center } -h5 { text-align: center } - -p.poem {text-indent: 0%; - margin-left: 10%; } - -p.thought {text-indent: 0% ; - letter-spacing: 4em ; - text-align: center } - -p.letter {text-indent: 0%; - margin-left: 10% ; - margin-right: 10% } - -p.footnote {text-indent: 0% ; - font-size: 80%; - margin-left: 10% ; - margin-right: 10% } - -.smcap { font-variant: small-caps } - -p.transnote {text-indent: 0% ; - margin-left: 10% ; - margin-right: 10% } - -p.intro {font-size: 90% ; - text-indent: -5% ; - margin-left: 5% ; - margin-right: 0% } - -p.quote {text-indent: 4% ; - margin-left: 0% ; - margin-right: 0% } - -p.finis { font-size: larger ; - text-align: center ; - text-indent: 0% ; - margin-left: 0% ; - margin-right: 0% } - -p.capcenter { margin-left: 0; - margin-right: 0 ; - margin-bottom: .5% ; - margin-top: 0; - font-weight: bold; - float: none ; - clear: both ; - text-indent: 0%; - text-align: center } - -img.imgcenter { margin-left: auto; - margin-bottom: 0; - margin-top: 1%; - margin-right: auto; } - -</style> - -</head> - -<body> - - -<pre> - -Project Gutenberg's A Fortnight at the Front, by H. (Henry) Russell Wakefield - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Fortnight at the Front - -Author: H. (Henry) Russell Wakefield - -Release Date: February 11, 2020 [EBook #61370] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FORTNIGHT AT THE FRONT *** - - - - -Produced by Al Haines - - - - - -</pre> - - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="capcenter"> -<a id="img-cover"></a> -<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-cover.jpg" alt="Cover art" /> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /></p> - -<p class="capcenter"> -<a id="img-front"></a> -<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-front.jpg" alt="ALBERT--RUINS OF CHURCH, WITH LEANING-OVER FIGURES OF VIRGIN AND CHILD (see page 15)" /> -<br /> -ALBERT—RUINS OF CHURCH, WITH LEANING-OVER FIGURES OF <br /> -VIRGIN AND CHILD (<a href="#p15">see page 15</a>) -</p> - -<h1> -<br /><br /> - A FORTNIGHT AT<br /> - THE FRONT<br /> -</h1> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - BY THE<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t2"> - RT. REV. H. RUSSELL WAKEFIELD<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t3"> - BISHOP OF BIRMINGHAM<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - <i>WITH ILLUSTRATIONS</i><br /> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO.<br /> - 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON<br /> - FOURTH AVENUE & 80TH STREET, NEW YORK<br /> - BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t3"> - 1915<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t4"> - All rights reserved<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<p><a id="chap01"></a></p> - -<p class="t2"> -A FORTNIGHT AT THE FRONT -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<h3> -A CURE FOR PESSIMISM -</h3> - -<p> -Whether any one has the right to make any -statement with regard to something which has -only been studied for a short time is questionable, -and, therefore, I do not pretend to any -dogmatic utterance, but I wish simply to state -the effect produced upon me by my time -abroad. My experience goes from thirty-five -yards from the German trenches right back to -the most southern and westerly of our bases. -Bearing in mind that through the courtesy of -Headquarters I have been able to see everything -under the most comfortable and time-saving -circumstances, it must be admitted that -though my view may have been superficial, it -certainly was comprehensive. I had the -satisfaction of being able to give a kind word and -a blessing even where one was asked not to -speak too loud in case our enemies should -overhear; I held confirmations in several places, -and addressed troops, both wounded and strong -and hearty, on many occasions. -</p> - -<p> -The first thing which struck me was the -great courtesy and consideration of everybody -who was concerned with our visit. That the -authorities at Headquarters who were working, -as I know, both early and late, must have felt -that one was a very unnecessary addition to -their troubles is, I should fancy, unquestionable; -yet not only did they never show it, on -the contrary, they worked every day to make -our visit easy and delightful. I know that the -Lord Mayor of Birmingham, who spent nearly a -week with me, feels this as warmly as myself, -and it shows the wonderful calm of an Englishman -that we were both so kindly treated, though -we added in no way to the happiness or usefulness -of anybody. What I have said with regard -to the Staff at Headquarters applies also to all -those who had to do with us at all the various -centres. -</p> - -<p> -The next thing which struck me was the way -in which the British have, as it were, taken -possession of the whole of that area for which -our people are responsible. You go through -village after village, and the ubiquitous person -is our soldier. He appears out of farm buildings, -he leans over gates, holding difficult conversation, -not only with the young maidens of the -village, but with dear old ladies who can be -seen taking a motherly interest in him. In the -towns he pervades the whole place. Always -bright and cheerful, and yet conscious of his -responsibility, our khaki-clad young fellow -maintains his good character and earns the respect -of the people. I asked a French Archbishop and -also a French Bishop, the jurisdiction of both -of whom is within our area, if they were satisfied -with the behaviour of our men, and on each -occasion the answer was that they were beyond -reproach. We do not seem to be visitors in -France, but we almost appear to have taken -root there. The buildings we are putting up, -the railway extensions we are making, the way -in which we have turned bare spaces into towns, -all these things make one feel as if we were -permanent institutions and not birds of passage. -It is not altogether wonderful that some of the -more ignorant French people should say that -they do not believe we are ever going away; -whilst on the other hand, some French officers -told me that their confidence in our alliance -had become immensely greater because we had -done everything in such a stable manner, one -man going so far as to say to me that he -considered one of the surest signs of our -determination to see this war through was that so many -of our officers had taken houses for three years -certain. It is only just to add in regard to a -large number of the buildings we have put up -that they can be taken down, carried away and -be put up over here with practically no difficulty. -Another impression produced upon me was -one of increasing respect for the adaptability -of the Englishman. It shows itself in -innumerable military ways which I hardly have the -right to mention, but one may be permitted -the general observation that there is no kind -of obstacle which we do not seem to surmount -and even sometimes to turn to an advantage. -What we have done in turning to good use even -some extraordinary effects of shell fire upon -buildings made me more than astonished; -perhaps I may be allowed one instance. -Somewhere in France there was a railway station -and near it an estaminet; both, as far as one -could judge, were destroyed, with the exception -of a portion of a chimney. By some miraculous -means which I cannot describe, one went along -all kinds of underground places, then up some -steps and into what I believe was a portion of -the chimney, and from there through a crevice -one was able to see a good deal of the German -lines quite close by. When one came out again, -one could not in the least tell where it was -that one had been. To take a less warlike -instance of our power of getting over difficulties: -a certain officers' mess is established in a French -farm which a few months ago had a duck pond -which gave forth an odour which was both -unpleasant and unsavoury. Consequent, I -believe, upon the enthusiasm of a particular major, -within four months the pond was empty, the -ground was levelled, the seeds were sown, and -when I was there the pond had become quite -a respectable lawn-tennis ground. It is safe to -say that one's gardener would have expected to -have four years instead of four months for such -an operation. -</p> - -<p> -I may give, perhaps, another instance of this -special quality of the Britisher. The Artists' -Corps went out to France for ordinary duties; -they have now become an Officers' Training -Corps, and an enormous percentage of them are -holding commissions in every kind of regiment. -</p> - -<p> -Not only so, but they are largely instrumental -in carrying on a kind of Sandhurst on French -soil; they are, I believe, influential in the -management of a bomb school, and last, but -not least, they have a band in which the soldiers -rejoice, and of which I wish there were many -more at the Front. -</p> - -<p> -I am personally greatly indebted to the -Artists; first, because a very charming officer -of their number was placed in charge of me for -a considerable time and bore with me in patience; -secondly, because I found such a hearty welcome -from them at their mess and so many friends -amongst their number; thirdly, because they -turned up so well at the Parade Service at which -I was the preacher! -</p> - -<p> -The next thing which struck me was the calm -in the trenches. Over here in England we seem -to live in a continual change of feeling. We get -the account of some engagement in which we -are successful, and immediately we conclude -the war is going to be over to-morrow, and -people who are wont to go abroad for a holiday -think it is time they went to Messrs. Cook's -office to see about their tickets. But on the -way they see the placard of an evening paper -which tells of some minor disaster to our Forces, -and then they return home, they call together -the family and they tell them that the future -means either the destruction of the country or -twenty years of misery and poverty; the bulk -of the misfortune, of course, being sure to rest -upon their own individual shoulders. It is -refreshing to get away from this atmosphere -and to go into the trenches where everybody is -doing his bit of work, content with somewhat -unpleasant circumstances so long as through -him England is served. Whenever, in future, -I am inclined towards a fit of pessimism, I shall -shut my eyes in order to see once again, with -the vision of the spirit, a stalwart Britisher of -the Worcester Regiment, not very far from the -German lines, on a certain afternoon, when a -most appalling thunderstorm was raging and -some German shells were falling. He was -munching the thickest slice of bread and jam -that I have ever seen, and looking with a mild -contempt at the intruding figure of an unknown -padre whom a considerable number of his -comrades were greeting because they recognised in -him their Bishop. He put down now and again -his refreshment in order to do some bit of work, -but he was just as calm and collected as if he -had been in his Worcestershire village and not -in the trenches. -</p> - -<p> -That which carries our men through so many -difficulties is another thing which impressed -me—namely, their unfailing sense of humour; -a humour which is never really hurtful even -when exercised upon some one deserving of -satire. When he christens a road along which -there are a couple of miles of Army Service -carts "Lorry Park," when he finds every kind -of strange anglicising for Flemish or French -words, we know that he is not only having -some fun for himself, but also providing -amusement for those who come after him. The same -humour shines out when he is in hard case. -A chaplain told me that he had been addressing -informally some wounded men who had just -arrived from the trenches. He was expatiating -upon the glories of the Victoria Cross because -he noticed some of the men came from a -regiment one of whose number had recently received -that coveted distinction. Suddenly his eloquence -was disturbed by a voice proceeding from a man, -both of whose feet were swathed in bandages, -who remarked, "Never mind the Victoria Cross, -give me the Victoria 'Bus!" Obviously the -soldier's sense of humour was conquering his -pain, and his remark made the rest of the party -forget their sufferings for a short time. The -only excuse that I can find for the fluctuating -feelings of the people at home is the remarkable -way in which they minister to Tommy's love -of fun. He has every kind of quaint name for -the people in "Blighty"—the name which, -though derived, I believe, from an Eastern -word denoting home, nevertheless expresses -something of the attitude noticeable at certain -periods, both in people and Press in England, and -which appeals through its appropriateness to the -humour of our soldiers. But at the same time -there is a wonderful thankfulness shown in -the face of officers and men when the time -arrives for the short spell of leave. The old -country and the friends left behind there are, -after all, the things closest to the hearts of our -men. -</p> - -<p> -The next thing upon which I would comment -is the great mutual respect between ourselves -and the French. Every time I asked any of -our people what they thought of our Allies the -answer was one of unhesitating commendation, -whilst in the same way when I spoke to French -officers or men, they expressed themselves in -terms of absolute trust in our nation and her -statesmen and soldiers. As one who saw the -French during the war of 1870, when—being a -boy—I was very susceptible to impressions, I -can hardly express the difference I notice -between the nation then and now. In the former -war there was excitement, impulsiveness, -over-confidence, want of ballast; to-day there is -quietude, earnestness, and withal, assurance of -eventual victory. More than once I journeyed -through a considerable part of the French lines, -and I assert with confidence that the Army of -France at the present time is incomparably -superior to that which she placed in the field -in 1870. As to her civilians, I only saw women, -children, and old men; I did not, in all my -thousand miles of travel, discover a single -able-bodied person of military age out of uniform. -</p> - -<p> -The harvest, a very good one, was in full -swing. Every family was out in the fields, all -doing something towards the in-gathering. I -have a picture now before my eyes of seven -people, all undoubtedly coming from the same -house, working away hard, whilst at the tail -end of the procession appeared what might have -been the great-grandpapa, no longer capable of -bending down for harvesting, but who, nevertheless, -had his piece of work in carrying about -the baby, who, of course, could not be left behind -alone in the house. The whole nation is doing -its utmost; can we quite honestly say the same -of England? -</p> - -<p class="capcenter"> -<a id="img-010"></a> -<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-010.jpg" alt="VERMELLES--THE CASTLE RUINS" /> -<br /> -VERMELLES—THE CASTLE RUINS -</p> - -<p> -Another subject which was constantly -commented upon and appreciated at the Front was -the thoroughness with which the Germans had -done and were doing everything. It was a -matter of genuine regret with our people that -they could not be as wholehearted as they -would wish to be in appreciation of our enemies, -in consequence of the way in which they had -sullied the fair fame of noble warfare. If there -is one thing a soldier wishes to do more than -another it is to be able to speak with respect -and admiration of his opponent, and, -unfortunately, what the German would have gained -by his magnificent methodical thoroughness, he -has lost through his dishonourable and brutal -conduct of the war. At the same time, it should -be fairly stated that in the judgment of those -to whom I spoke the destruction of churches by -our foes has not been so wanton as is sometimes -put before us. It was suggested to me that in -all probability the church was often destroyed -for the same reason as a high chimney, because -it formed an excellent observation post. -</p> - -<p> -Before I leave the subject of the men at the -Front, one of their constant questions must be -noted, which was whether they might expect as -much keenness on the part of our civilian -population as was being shown by those under -arms. "We are doing our bit, but we shall -need increased, even greatly increased, assistance; -I suppose we can be sure of getting it." Those -words still ring in my ears. -</p> - -<p><br /><br /></p> - -<h3> -WITHIN RANGE OF FIRE -</h3> - -<p> -Perhaps it would be of interest to give a little -account, without, of course, mentioning names, -of the events of one or two days when a visit -was paid to the trenches. On one occasion after -motoring through towns that are a household -word, both at home and with our Allies, towns -which have seen the Germans in them and then -driven out of them, places where the buildings -are practically level with the ground, the limit -for vehicular traffic is reached and one goes -forward on foot. Soon you reach a cutting in -the ground and you begin to walk along a trench. -You turn now and again either to right or left, -seeing sign-posts telling sometimes in comic -language and sometimes only by number the -name, as it were, of the underground street; -you then rise a little and find yourself walking -in the inside of houses so shattered that you -cannot tell much about what they originally -were until you are told that they formed a -street in a little overgrown village of which -nothing is left, and the last inhabitant of which -was the station-master, who refused to leave -though there was neither train, station nor house -for himself left, because so long as he remained -on the spot he could claim his pay. Forcible -measures had at last to be used to secure his -departure. Where you are walking you are -yourself hidden from the enemy, but are within -the range of their fire. You are taken up to an -observation post, where one of your companions -incautiously takes out a white pocket-handkerchief -and is hurriedly told to put it back in his -pocket. You come down again and you -proceed cautiously along trenches. Now and again -shells pass over, and your careful guide looks -to see in what direction they are falling, as, -though he is quite unconcerned for himself, he -knows that he is responsible for the safety of -the troublesome visitor. You are told to keep -your head down and not to show, for the moment -at any rate, any desire to view the landscape. -Soldiers are dotted about here and there, all of -them ready to give a kindly greeting, and then -at last you reach a point where you are told not -to speak loudly because practically only a few -yards away is the enemy, who, were he to hear -conversation, might think it worth while to -throw over a hand grenade. What looks like -a tiny bit of glass at the end of a short stick is -there before you, and you are asked to look -into it; when you do the enemies' trenches are -visible to you. Beyond an occasional ping -against a sandbag, you have heard nothing to -note the existence of rifle fire, except that the -men you have passed have got these weapons -to hand. You tell the men at the advanced -posts how proud their country is of them, how -thankful you are to have seen them, how you -pray that God may bring them back safe to -their homes; you get rid of all cigars or cigarettes -you may have upon you, wishing that you had -thousands more, and then you return home, -varying perhaps the route through the -communication trenches. -</p> - -<p> -On another occasion our way took us through -a town which is absolutely razed to the ground -and is still under shell fire. There I saw two -soldiers busy with spades, and I asked what -kind of fortification they were putting up, to -which, with a broad grin, one replied that they -were looking for souvenirs. He was kind enough -to give me a complete German cartridge case, -for which he refused to take any remuneration. -Going on a little farther in this town, we went -down some steps and found ourselves in an -underground club full of soldiers, who were -having a hot meal, were reading papers and -playing games, everything being presided over -by perhaps the most magnetic person I met on -my travels, a young Chaplain to the Forces, who -would not wish his name to be mentioned, -though there is probably no one out at the -Front who will not know to whom I refer. -When we went from this place towards the more -advanced trenches, I was taken along a road -which looked perfectly harmless, when suddenly -a stalwart Scotchman told my companion and -myself that we must get off it at once as it -was a favourite target for German Maxims. -Never was General more obediently submitted -to than was this, I believe, private soldier. It -was on this occasion that we had tea in the -dug-out of the Colonel, who bears a name -distinguished in English naval, military and -sporting life. A characteristic of the German trenches -which I noticed on this and other occasions, was -that their sandbags seemed to be generally white -in colour, at any rate in those of the first line. -Leaving the trench on this particular day, we -had to go through an almost alarming thunderstorm, -which in the course of half an hour made -a sea of mud of the place which had been quite -dry before. It was curious to notice how petty -the sound of the guns appeared as compared -with the artillery of heaven. -</p> - -<p class="capcenter"> -<a id="img-014"></a> -<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-014.jpg" alt="THE INTERIOR OF RHEIMS CATHEDRAL" /> -<br /> -THE INTERIOR OF RHEIMS CATHEDRAL -</p> - -<p> -<a id="p15"></a> -Pathetic incidents occur and touching scenes -are visible on these journeys to the Front. One -looked in the trenches upon little mounds and -crosses, marking the resting-places of men who -had been hurriedly, but reverently, buried. -There they are side by side with their living -comrades, who are doing their work whilst their -brothers sleep. Dotted all about the country -are little cemeteries, which tell of devotion unto -death, and which remind one of all the sorrow -this war has caused. It is strange to see how -religious emblems appear to have been strong -against shell. Constantly you would see a -church almost totally destroyed and yet the -crucifix untouched, and who will ever forget -that sight which can be seen for miles around, -of the tower which has been almost shattered -to pieces and yet the statue of the Virgin and -Child, which was near the top of it, though -bent over completely at right angles, still -remains, as it were blessing and protecting the -whole neighbourhood. -</p> - -<p> -This leads to the consideration of the religious -condition of our troops as affected, first, by -the churches and worshippers of France, and, -secondly, by their own experience in this war. -More than one mentioned the pleasure felt at -the sight of the little wayside shrines which -they passed on their march. Others commented -upon the large numbers of people they saw -flocking to their early communion, and many -expressed a hope that permission might be -secured for parade services to be held in the -naves of the various parish churches during the -winter time, when the cold is great and when -it is almost impossible to secure any suitable -building other than the churches for worship. -Negotiations have been going on upon this -matter, and some of the French ecclesiastics -are not unfavourable, but a difficulty which is -prominent to the minds of some of the French -Bishops arises out of the recent separation of -Church and State. There is a considerable -party in France anxious to secure the ecclesiastical -buildings for different sects, and even in -some cases for secular purposes. It is felt, -therefore, that a precedent might be made of a -dangerous character were permission to be given -to our troops to have services in these sacred -buildings. We may, however, be quite confident -that those responsible for the spiritual -care of our soldiers in France will deal with this -whole question wisely and tactfully. It does -seem strange that men who are fighting for the -liberties and rights of France, and whose religion -is, after all, not antagonistic to the faith of the -people of that country, may not have the shelter -of the less sacred part of a parish church in -order to offer up their prayers to Almighty God. -It is when one gets face to face with such -circumstances as these that the pettiness of religious -strife strikes one with force. Is it just possible -that out of this great conflict there may arise -a stronger desire for religious unity than the -world has ever yet known? -</p> - -<p> -What his experience of war is doing for the -soldier in regard to religion is remarkable. It -would have been possible that the sight of -humanity striving to the death and inflicting -horrible suffering might have made our young -fellows despair of Christianity. They might -have argued that it was of no avail to teach -the religion of Jesus when no effect was -produced upon international conduct; but they -have been able to look more deeply into matters -and to realise that not Divine intention was at -fault, but human refusal to follow true teaching. -They have been able to see God through the -cloud of smoke raised by shot and shell, and the -Presence of the Divine has not been obscured -by the horrors of war. Conscious of the -seriousness of the work in which they are engaged, -feeling every moment the nearness of eternity, -our soldiers have in no craven spirit, but with -a due remembrance of their relationship to God -and to eternity, turned to religion as a stay in -the hour of conflict. What struck one very -much was the desire for the understanding of a -few central truths, and the evident keenness for -big dogmatic statements as to great matters. -There was some impatience shown when small -details were pressed too strongly, and when -terms were used familiar to the theologian, but -absolutely incomprehensible to a plain, simple, -God-fearing officer or private. It sounds almost -an impertinence to speak of the devotion of the -chaplains at the Front, but I am bound, after -having mixed with a large number of them, to -express the deep thankfulness one feels to the -padre for all that he is doing. The young men -who are now for the first time seeing service as -clergy associated with troops, are exceptionally -fortunate in the leadership they get from the -Army chaplains of long standing. There is -something about work with the soldier which -intensifies the humanity of any one working for -his spiritual welfare. -</p> - -<p><br /><br /></p> - -<h3> -HOPES FOR THE FUTURE -</h3> - -<p> -It would neither be right nor in good taste to -mention any names of chaplains, but one may -instance the kind of work which one saw them -doing. I have already referred to the dug-out -club in a destroyed town. I may go on to tell -of one who on his bicycle, sometimes late at -night, would go away from the centre where he -was stationed to outlying districts for the -purpose of giving lantern lectures to our troops. -When last I saw him he was arranging to give -this particular entertainment to a number of -our Indian wounded. This chaplain was the -life and soul of a great parade service held in a -square in one of the French towns, where, by -his voice and his enthusiasm, he made the whole -service go with fervour and effect. I remember -how, on this occasion, numbers of French people -came up to me and told me that they were -certain that this outward acknowledgment by -our soldiers of their devotion to God would be -helpful to the spirituality of the whole town. -The chaplains abroad have to be business men -as well as clergy. The arrangements for services -and other matters take up a considerable amount -of time. At one base there are about thirty -places to arrange for every Sunday, and in these -thirty places over sixty services are held. It is -no light matter for the Senior Chaplain to see -that week by week everything is in order. This -particular instance is not an isolated one, and -is taken simply at random. Now that there -is a Bishop as Deputy Chaplain of the Forces in -France, everything should go on in a perfectly -satisfactory manner and with great advantage -to the chaplains themselves. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - SPECIMEN OF SERVICE LIST OF ONE OF<br /> - OUR BASES AT THE FRONT<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t3"> - DIVINE SERVICES—SUNDAY, AUGUST 22, 1915.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t4"> - H.C.=Holy Communion, P.S.=Parade Service, E.S.=Evening Service.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t3"> - CHURCH OF ENGLAND.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>B. Details.</i><br /> - 8 a.m., H.C. in Orderly Room.<br /> - 10.46 a.m., P.S. in Y.M.C.A. Hut No. 1.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Reinforcement Camps.</i><br /> - 6.30 and 7.30 a.m., H.C. in C.A. Hut.<br /> - 11.30 a.m., P.S. (open air, weather permitting) at Y.M.C.A.<br /> - Hut No. 2 for all Divisions.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>If Wet.</i><br /> - 10 a.m., P.S. (9, 12, 14 Divisions), C.A. Hut.<br /> - 11 a.m., P.S. (16, 17, 18 Divisions), C.A. Hut.<br /> - 11.30 a.m., P.S. (19, 20, 37, 61 Divisions) in Y.M.C.A. Hut<br /> - No. 2.<br /> - 7 p.m., E.S., C.A. Hut.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>No. 18 General Hospital.</i><br /> - 6.30, 8.16, and 11.30 a.m., H.C., Church Tent.<br /> - 11 a.m., P.S., Church Tent.<br /> - 6 p.m., E.S., Church Tent.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>No. 1 Canadian Hospital.</i><br /> - 6 a.m., H.C., Recreation Tent.<br /> - 8 a.m., H.C., Nurses Tent.<br /> - 9.16 a.m., P.S., Recreation Tent.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Liverpool Merchants, St. Johns and Allied Forces Hospital.</i><br /> - 7 a.m., H.C., Officers Recreation Tent, L.M.M. Hospital.<br /> - 6.30 p.m., E.S., Officers Recreation Tent, L.M.M. Hospital.<br /> - 10.30 a.m., P.S., Ward B. 25 in 23 General Hospital.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>No. 3 Canadian Hospital.</i><br /> - 6.46 a.m., H.C.<br /> - 10.30 a.m., P.S.<br /> - 6 p.m., E.S.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>22 General Hospital.</i><br /> - 6.16 and 7 a.m., H.C.<br /> - 11.16 a.m., P.S.<br /> - 6.30 p.m., E.S.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Convalescent Camp and Isolation Hospital.</i><br /> - 6.30 and 8.15 a.m., H.C. in Church Tent, 18 General Hospital.<br /> - 10 a.m., P.S., Tipperary Hut.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Detention Camp.</i><br /> - 10.30 a.m., P.S.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Army Service Corps.</i><br /> - 6 p.m., Open Air Service.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>23 General Hospital.</i><br /> - 6.30 a.m., H.C.<br /> - 10.30 a.m., P.S. in Ward B. 25.<br /> - 6.30 p.m., E.S. in Ward B. 25.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>24 General Hospital.</i><br /> - 6.30 and 8 a.m., H.C.<br /> - 10.45 a.m., P.S. in Y.M.C.A. Hut 1.<br /> - 5.30 p.m., E.S. in A 35.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>26 General Hospital.</i><br /> - 7.30 a.m., H.C., in Ward 15.<br /> - 10.46 a.m., P.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut.<br /> - 6.30 p.m., E.S. in 23 General Hospital, Ward 25.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Reserve Parks.</i><br /> - No. 32, P.S., 12.16 p.m.<br /> - Nos. 10 and 11, E.S., 6.30 p.m.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>20 and 25 General Hospital.</i><br /> - 6 and 7 a.m., H.C. in Church Hut of No. 20.<br /> - 12.15 p.m., P.S. in Y.M.C.A. Hut.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Westminster Hospital.</i><br /> - 7 a.m., H.C., English Church.<br /> - 7.30 a.m. and 12 noon, H.C.<br /> - 11 a.m., P.S.<br /> - 6.15 p.m., E.S.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>No. 2 Canadian Hospital.</i><br /> - 7.30 a.m., H.C.<br /> - 10 a.m., P.S.<br /> - 7.30 p.m., Ward Service.<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - PRESBYTERIAN.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Reinforcement Camps.</i><br /> - 9.30 a.m., P.S. (15 and 51 Divisions), Y.M.C.A. Hut 2.<br /> - 10.30 a.m., P.S. (other Divisions), Y.M.C.A. Hut 2.<br /> - 6.30 p.m., E.S., all Units, Y.M.C.A. Hut 2.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>No. 1 Canadian Hospital.</i><br /> - 10 a.m., P.S. in Recreation Tent for all Hospitals except<br /> - 18 General.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>Presbyterian and Nonconformists.</i><br /> - 11 a.m., P.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut.<br /> - 6 p.m., E.S., Church Tent, 25 General Hospital.<br /> - 7.46 p.m., E.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut.<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - ROMAN CATHOLIC.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>For all Reinforcements, Camps and Base Details, etc.</i><br /> - 9.30 a.m., P.S. in Parish Church.<br /> - 6 p.m., E.S. in Parish Church.<br /> - 9 a.m., P.S. in Ward 25, 23 General Hospital<br /> - 7.15 a.m., Holy Mass with Communion in Ward B. 25, 23<br /> - General Hospital, for all Hospitals except 18 General<br /> - and No. 1 Canadian.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - No. 1 Canadian Hospital.<br /> - 10 a.m., P.S. in Officers MOM Tent.<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p class="t3"> - WESLEYAN AND OTHER NONCONFORMISTS.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="noindent"> - <i>All Hospitals, Convalescent Camp and Details.</i><br /> - 9.30 a.m., P.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut 1, for all Divisions.<br /> - 11 a.m., P.S. in S.C.A. Hut.<br /> - See Presbyterian Notices.<br /> - Evening Services in C.A., Y.M.C.A. and S.C.A. Huts.<br /> -</p> - -<p class="t3"> - WILL UNITS PLEASE COPY ORDERS REFERRING TO THEMSELVES?<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p> -I come now to say a word as to the care given -to the bodies of our men. The hospitals from -the trenches up to the base are admirable, and -the appliances are of the most modern description. -I shall not soon forget how in one place -I saw for the first time the travelling X-ray -caravan. It seemed very strange to be in the -hospital whilst the photograph was taken and -then to go out in the road and see the machine -which did the work. What a convenience this -must be in these clearing hospitals can well be -imagined. One cannot mention all the splendid -stationary and other hospitals over which one -was shown by officials with untiring patience -and courtesy. The pride which our fellow-citizens -from the Dominions beyond the seas -take in the fitting up and working of their -hospitals is quite extraordinary, and the same -spirit animates the private individuals who have -their own large institutions in hotels, casinos, -and such-like places that they have taken over. -I am not sure that I was not more struck with -the splendid arrangements made by the Liverpool -merchants for our wounded than by anything -else of this kind. There is also what one -may call a Convalescent Home for the tired -soldier, weary in body, in mind and nerve, which, -thanks to the man at the head, seems to be very -effective. We all know how the strain of the -Front tells upon our soldiers, and especially -upon the younger men. They come back to -this excellent Home by the thousand; they are -kept until really restored, and then they go -back cheerful and ready for duty. The last -thing before they return is a little service in the -chapel, which I had the honour on one occasion -to take. It was interesting when paying a -visit to another hospital to find that it had -been formerly a school, and that as the whole -building had not been taken over some of the -classes were still being held. I intruded into -the schoolroom and gave a talk to the young -people about the Alliance. -</p> - -<p> -Although I must refrain most reluctantly -from saying anything about the great military -personages whom I met in France, and with -whom I was so greatly impressed, I may perhaps -refer to two French persons of distinction, in -no way connected with the war, whom I was -privileged to meet. First there is that -outstanding personality the Mayor of Hazebrouck, -Abbé Lemire. He and I were brought together -because he is a clerical municipal dignitary and -I was the first clergyman who was ever a mayor -in this country. He, however, does more than -I have ever been able to do, because he is a -member of the Chamber of Deputies, and here -in England the doors of the House of Commons -are still shut against the clergy. Abbé Lemire -was formerly a professor of theology in a -seminary and was a man of distinction in his Church. -However, since the present influence at Rome -he has got out with the authorities and is now -excommunicated. The ostensible reason given -was that he did not ask Rome's permission -to sit as a Deputy. As it was only during the -last few years that such a request was made, -and as he had been in Parliament for several -years before that fresh demand, the Abbé -declined to submit. The probability is that he -was fairly certain that no permission would -be granted, because of the liberality of his -opinions. One thing certainly was in the eyes -of Rome a grave offence on his part. When -the Bill dealing with the separation of Church -and State was under discussion, he spoke and -voted against it, but when it was passed he did -not therefore give up his seat and refuse to -serve the Republic any longer. He suggested, -when the Bill was in Committee, many -amendments which would have greatly eased the -financial position of the Church, but these were -rejected, mainly because Rome would have no -compromise. The short-sighted policy which -now prevails at the Vatican, and which has been -the cause of the vacillation of the Pope on the -subject of the war, has in regard to Abbé Lemire -turned him into the hero of all the Liberal -Church people of France. He is an extraordinarily -winning personality, and as we walked -through the streets of his city every woman and -child and old man had something to say to -him. With one he would discuss the imprisonment -of a soldier son in Germany; with another -the fact that a married daughter had had a -bouncing boy who would be, so prophesied the -Abbé, a soldier of France in years to come. To -another in deep mourning he had a word of -comfort to give; until at last I said to him that -he appeared to be not only <i>le maire</i> but also -<i>le pčre</i> of Hazebrouck. He took me round to -his house, which is situated close to the church -from the altar of which he is repelled by the -vicar, and there he introduced me to the only -priest in the neighbourhood who is brave enough -to be publicly his friend. Such is the man that -Rome ostracises and the people idolise. -</p> - -<p class="capcenter"> -<a id="img-026"></a> -<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-026.jpg" alt="ABBÉ LEMIRE" /> -<br /> -ABBÉ LEMIRE -</p> - -<p> -One little matter which should endear Abbé -Lemire to the English people is the care which -he takes himself, and makes his people take, -of the graves of our British soldiers. When -flowers are placed upon the French dead the -Allies from the other side of the Straits of Dover -are not neglected. The religion of Christ will -never suffer loss so long as such men as the saint -just sketched out exist to prove by sacrifice -their devotion to their Master. -</p> - -<p> -Another beautiful character is the present -Archbishop of Rouen. Carrying well his seventy-six -years, thanks in no small measure to the -loving care of his secretary, the great dignitary -has passed through the recent critical time for -his Church, retaining throughout his breadth -of view and his sweetness of nature. Turned -out of his official residence, he has built himself -another, beautifully situated, in the grounds of -which may to-day be seen English doctors and -nurses, and even wounded, resting and gaining -health. The morning upon which I saw him -I had been celebrating the Holy Communion in -the chapel of what once was his palace. When -I asked him whether he felt any objection to -this being done by our English clergy, he -answered, "Certainly not." And then, after -a moment's thought, he went on: "After all, -what does it matter whether one celebrates in -one vestment and another in a different one, if -at the root of things we are the same? Of -course, at the root there must be union of belief." I -do not claim that every Archbishop in France -would go so far as he does of Rouen, but when -sometimes we accuse others of narrowness we -must bear in mind, first, that we are guilty very -often ourselves, and, secondly, that there are -great instances of breadth to be found within -the ranks of Rome. I feel, honestly, that out -of this war should come a possibility of a better -understanding between the various religious -bodies, whose men are fighting for the Allies. -</p> - -<p> -Out at the Front all are living for duty. In -five hours from London one can be at the very -heart of affairs, and yet you are in a different -world. One thing, and one only, animates -those brothers of ours, so close to us and yet -whose spiritual atmosphere seems so different. -All the little things are relegated to their proper -place; the really important question absorbs -every one from the Commander-in-Chief through -the whole of the Army. The drop, as it were, -from the high standard of headquarters in -France to the capital of the Empire depresses -a good deal. If only one could make people -understand that the whole position is intensely -serious, and that the possibility of our Empire -in the days to come being influential for the -benefit of the world, nay, the possibility of our -being a free nation; that these things rest -upon our being at home instinct with the same -devotion as our people at the Front, we should -find that it would be unnecessary to issue almost -despairing recruiting bills, and that all would -be rushing to service in the cause of God and -country, crying, "Here am I, send me." -</p> - -<p> -I am tempted after setting down my impressions -of my visit to the Front to take a general -survey of the countries engaged in the war, two -of which I lived in for a considerable time, and -all of which, with the exception of Japan, I have -visited during my life. -</p> - -<p> -It is natural to turn one's attention first of -all to the instigator of the war, Germany. -Those of us who know that country are capable -of understanding the readiness with which it -plunged into the ocean of blood, and the -determination with which it has carried on operations. -Ever since 1870 Prussia has regarded itself as the -Dictator of the Continent of Europe. Although -for some ten years after the Franco-German -War it was a poor country, it was nevertheless -laying the foundations of that preparedness -for eventual attack upon others, which it felt -would be necessary in order to consolidate -its position of prominence. After 1880 the -great growth in material prosperity facilitated -the extension of armed power, whilst national -pride, which before had been reasonable, now -grew into an extraordinary conception of the -Divine right of Teutonic aspirations. The -Prussian was not blind to the fact that his -claims would meet with the inevitable opposition -of other Continental Powers, but having cowed -the minor German States he felt sure of victory, -with those States by his side. -</p> - -<p> -I suppose no people really dislike each other -more than the Bavarian dislikes the Prussian -neighbour, and probably no characters are more -antagonistic than those of the Saxon and the -Prussian, but under the iron hand of the military -despotism of Berlin, Munich and Dresden came -to heel. As to Austria, bearing in mind all the -probable disputes between its various component -parts, so soon as the present Empire passes -away, she feels that safety for her lies only with -association with Prussia, though here again -there is no love lost between the peoples. -</p> - -<p> -Germanic patriotism is aggressive, and there -is certainly some excuse, when we bear in mind -that there is a constantly growing population -and there is not very much room still left -uninhabited. Colonial expansion is the special -desire of the heart of Germany, and it is here -where she comes into conflict with Great Britain, -though it must never be forgotten that there is -nowhere a German feels happier than in one of -our English dominions. Conscious that her -colonising power has proved to be very slight, -there have been moments when she has been -anxious to meet Great Britain for the purpose -of securing some dominions beyond the seas in -association with ourselves, and I should not be -surprised if, when the question of peace is -before us, she should suggest a bargain whereby -it is made easy for her to expand on other -continents, she agreeing to surrender that which -she so far holds by temporary conquest in Europe. -It is when one reads the Old Testament that one -can best understand Germanic patriotism of -to-day. Just as the Jews of old got an inflated -idea of the meaning of being the people of God, -so is it with Prussia to-day. She believes -herself to be appointed for the management of -much of the world, and she thinks that she can -be allowed to attain this goal by a most -uncivilised war. The German does not love -cruelty, but the civilisation of the Prussian is -something which is a thin coating over a rather -brutal nature. The constant mention of Kultur -in German writings has in itself almost proved -that it is something only lately put on, and that -it fits badly. The Prussian is easily made -coarse. He is learned, he is what he calls -"gemuethlich," which can be described as -kindly disposed. He has an over-elaborated -polish which is a clumsy imitation of French -politeness. His table manners are slightly -improving, but the vice of his capital city is -disgusting in its coarseness, and some of the jests -he attempts are Rabelaisian, except that they -have no humour. His religion is that of the -Old Testament, and his preachers are powerful -to stir him to warfare, but incapable of instilling -into him high principles. His jealousy of -England was not unnatural. With a strenuous -determination Germany was working earnestly -for pre-eminence, and we seemed over here to -be comparatively careless and to be lacking in -force and in the deepening of character. -</p> - -<p> -It was in the less useful things in our social -life that Germany imitated us, because in regard -to the greater things the Prussian felt himself -to be a more earnest striver than we here -were. He was ready to copy our clothes, some -of our sports, certain peculiarities of our manner, -but he could not, and to-day he cannot, understand -the real centre, as it were, of the English -disposition. The Crown Prince is a typical -case of a man who anglicises himself in regard -to the excrescences upon our national character, -but who cannot by any possibility, though he -had an English grandmother, ever understand -what a Britisher is. He may wear collars and -riding breeches which are copied from -productions of a Bond Street hosier or tailor, but -he will still go on looting, and he will still show -by his utter want of nobility of ideal that he is -a somewhat decadent specimen of the lower -type of Prussian character. -</p> - -<p> -Although Germany meant war on the Continent, -it was not until after the Agadir incident -and the diplomatic defeat inflicted by England -that there was any real dislike of ourselves. -After that time there was undoubtedly a belief -that sooner or later there would have to be -war with Great Britain, or a great general -settlement which should prevent the two nations -from engaging in strife. Before that time there -were always possibilities of disagreement, but -there were also means by which the difficulties -could be reconciled. It seemed good to bring -the various elements in the two nations together. -Some tried to associate the merchants, the -legal administrators, the journalists of the two -countries; I myself took some part in bringing -together the clergy and ministers of England -and Germany. I suppose we all felt the -possibility of disturbance between our two lands, -and it was when I became practically certain -that the efforts we were making were vain that -I became merely a nominal adherent of the -excellent associations which were striving to -promote union. -</p> - -<p> -The war came and found Germany ready, -united, patriotic, with the feeling of -"Deutschland ueber Alles," running through the whole -of the central Empires and being a very real -inspiration. I may take a very low view of -some parts of the German character, but as to -the determination, the thoroughness and the -unyielding devotion to what is believed to be -the goal, I cannot but bend my head in the -deepest respect. Let no one believe in the -suggested breakdown of Germany. There must -be an absolute crushing of the despotic ideals -which instigated and at the present day carry -on the war. The Brandenburg Gate at Berlin -will have to be battered down, or at least the -Niederwald Monument of the victory of 1870 -hurled into the Rhine, before peace will be -secured. -</p> - -<p> -Just now the German is a brave, disciplined, -determined, brutal foe, led by a Sovereign who -knows that this campaign will either place him -first of all Earth's monarchs, or disgrace him -and his country for all time. He knows also -that he must do the work himself, for from his -eldest born nothing stable or wholesome is to -be expected. -</p> - -<p> -Germany will offer Britain a bargain before -this war is over, probably disgraceful to us but -tempting in its clauses. It might be summed -up, "the land for Germany and the sea for -Britain." It is not surprising that up to the -present, neutral nations on the Continent -believe, or profess to believe, in the victory of -Germany. All that they can see is that on the -whole success has so far, on the Continent, -rested with the central Powers. Sir Edward -Grey was absolutely right when he said that the -Balkan States, and it probably would be true -of Turkey also, would be at the disposal of the -Powers towards which victory seemed to incline. -Self-interest has to be, unfortunately, the -motive inspiring petty States. If it be true -that M. Delcassé, the French Foreign Minister, -resigned because of his distrust of Greece, no -one need be surprised. Greece is in a very -difficult position, not only because her Queen -is a German Princess, but also because if by -any chance Germany were victorious and Greece -had taken up arms against her, the German -demands upon that small country would be -such as would mean practical destruction. -</p> - -<p> -Turning now to France, we realise that her -impelling force in this war is a sacred devotion -to country. The pathetic mistake made at the -beginning of operations of attempting an -incursion into Alsace sprang out of the longing -to give back to the beloved land the portion -which had been torn from her in 1870. To a -Frenchman his earth has a deep meaning, his -country has an absolute right to his life, a right -never disputed and which is acknowledged with -the greatest fervour in the hour of gravest -danger. There is no doubt that in the early -months of the war the oppression of the last -campaign was upon the people; they could still, -some of them, remember, and all the others had -been told of, the terrible experiences undergone -five and forty years ago. When once more -Germany was overrunning the land there was -for a little time a belief in the inevitable victory -of the enemy, but very soon France pulled -herself together, and she was enabled to do so -because the men leading her, and she herself, -had developed a greatness which did not show -itself in 1870. I look back to the time when I -saw French prisoners spit as they passed their -own principal leaders, also in the hands of the -enemy. I remember in one German town how -subaltern prisoners would cross a road in order to -avoid saluting men of superior rank in their own -army. I can also call to mind a great moral -degradation on the part of many French officers. -How different it all is to-day. It seems to me as -if Joffre were typical of the new patience which -has entered into the French character. At all -times the Frenchman has been the best attacker -in the world; to-day he has learnt the duty of -patient warfare. When the French Commander-in-Chief -says that he is nibbling at the Germans, -he is making a statement which would have been -impatiently received in the days gone by, but -which is, after all, under present conditions not -only necessary but the most difficult of warlike -methods. To-day France is earnest, whilst in -1870 she was only eager. Her moral position -has also changed. Behind the armies to-day -woman is present, not to minister to passion -but to minister to suffering, and to ennoble in -thought. -</p> - -<p> -The salvation of France has been, under God, -its motherhood. The relationship between, not -only the boy, but the grown man and his mother, -has remained upon me as the most beautiful -thing in the way of relationship that I have -ever known. When I hear that almost invariably -the dying soldier in France, of all ranks, -speaks as his last word upon earth the one that -he first spoke—"Maman," I know that I am -being told an absolute truth. It may be that -in the past the French character has suffered -through passion, but if woman has sometimes -been an evil influence, assuredly she has oftener -certainly proved herself a blessing to the men of -the land. -</p> - -<p> -It is a delight to one who loves France, but -who was never quite sure that she was to be -trusted in difficult moments, to feel now that she -has all the stability which will make her carry -on to the end this awful war. -</p> - -<p> -There is another class to which France owes -much of her reformation: the religious, the -Clergy and the Sisters. It is a pity that at the -present time, through harsh dealing, she is -deprived of the perfect nursing and caring for, of -some of the religious Orders, as one hears rather -painful accounts of the conditions in some of the -French War Hospitals, but she has her clergy, her -priests, who fight and pray and bear no grudge for -injustice done to the Church they serve. -Whatever we may feel sometimes about the great -Roman Catholic religion, we know this, at any -rate, that the power of its members is always at -its highest in the hour of greatest sacrifice. I -have seen some of its priests ministering, -themselves wounded and suffering, and I have -thanked God that there were such examples of -Christlike devotion at this great hour of the -world's history. The sacredness of <i>la patrie</i> -for Frenchmen is a beautiful thing to dwell -upon. We are just learning here in England -the first lesson of that which is a finished, -perfected knowledge to the meanest of French -subjects. -</p> - -<p> -Russia.—Here the atmosphere is different. -We are in the presence of a nation naturally, -often superstitiously, religious and somewhat -uneducated. Russia does not make war in a -cool and calculating way. The peasant is -ignorant even of the causes of the war. His -"little father" orders and thenceforth the war -becomes a Crusade, a Holy War. The illiterate, -religious, patriotic man or woman in Russia -knows no such end to warfare except that which -comes from the Czar's command. When you -turn to the mercantile class you are conscious -that all of it which is not German is strongly, -almost vehemently anti-Prussian. The -language of commerce to-day is German. French -has been left to the aristocracy. In the -shops of Moscow, Petrograd and Nijni-Novgorod, -German is the universal language. It is idle -to dispute the Teutonic influence which exists, -but there is also an intensely antagonistic feeling -on the part of those who have experienced the -competition of the German. The aristocracy -of Russia has a loathing of German coarseness -and is French in speech and feeling. All the -classes in Russia are simple, the word Kultur -does not impress them. The art, the music -and the stage effects of Russia are very natural, -though often most perfectly expressed. -</p> - -<p> -One is tempted to sum up the present Russian -position as that of a simple, religious, almost -fatalistic people, ready for all things at the -order of the man who is their civil and spiritual -head. But Russia was not prepared for war -last year. Those of us who have seen in Moscow -the drilling of even some of the best known -regiments were conscious that we were not -looking at the finished article. The Cossack is a -natural horseman who in some ways has hardly -anything to learn, but the infantry need to -be modernised. The Russian will not turn his -back, and his preparedness will grow each day. -</p> - -<p> -Italy.—One or two words only in regard to this -country, as to which I fancy we at home are a -little disappointed. Let us not forget that it -was by no means easy for Italy to sever herself -from Germany, with whom she had been allied -for a long time. We must not leave out of -account that there had been no close sympathy -with France for some years, nor must the -impoverished condition of the country be forgotten. -It needed some courage and some faith to ignore -the continental impression of the power of -Germany and to take up arms at all against her. We -must be patient with her, because, though she -may not be "on fire" for this war, yet she is in -earnest, and her love for England is real. -</p> - -<p> -Belgium.—This little land faced the inevitable, -the never-dreamt-of, with an army not intended -for international warfare, and which had to be -strengthened by utterly untrained civilians. -Her action was magnificent. She could have -had terms, but she scorned them. Belgium did -not love England before this war. One may -doubt whether she even trusted her, but she -does now. Still even here there has always been -a pro-German class, well-to-do and influential, -which may be said to have dominated the -commerce of Antwerp and other leading centres. -There has also been some sympathy with -Germany on the part of the people living near -to the German border, and no doubt the Belgian -nation has suffered through this war from the -treachery of some of its own people. But the -tenacity of this little land is unquestionable, and -her King and Queen will go down to posterity -as perhaps the two most knightly characters -of this war, two people who seem more to fit in -with the days of the Round Table than with the -age of Zeppelins and Mines. -</p> - -<p> -On turning to our own Empire, we have to -confess that the level of earnestness at the -beginning of the war was lower than in the case -of France, Russia, or Belgium, and, indeed, in -some ways lower than that of Germany. We -were thrilled for a moment, as it were, by the -knowledge that we were taking up arms because -honour demanded that we should, but the -public heart was not greatly stirred. Gradually -we began to realise that we were engaged in a -struggle for our own existence, but even now -there are millions in Great Britain who are not -persuaded of this fact. Canada, Australia, New -Zealand seem to have understood, before the -Motherland, how serious the war was for the -Empire. It is not for me to declare to Britain -her duty; I do not suggest that I know more of -the mind of the nation or of the needs of the -nation than any other Briton. I think that I -may have had greater opportunity of feeling -the pulse of other lands than many people, but -all of us here at home can see now what our -own duty is, and that whilst the usual mistakes -have been made, there is now an awakened -Empire which dare not in the sight of God -refuse any sacrifice in order to crush for at least -the generation that is coming, the accursed -ideals which the military party in Germany -wishes to see dominating the world. Upon -this subject the Church must continue to speak -and to act; her words being stronger and her -actions firmer than up to the present they have -been. This war is in my judgment a fight -between right and wrong, between God and evil. -</p> - -<p> -Had I my way I would relegate to obscurity -for at any rate the whole period of the war -every religious division; I would on this -all-important matter fall gladly into line with all -sides of Christianity in order that men should -know that in our judgment the followers of -Jesus cannot understand their Leader without -being ready to give, if needs be, life, to prevent -the victory of wickedness. This is my reasoned -judgment, more than ever impressed upon me by -my visit to the Front. If we all face the future -with this conviction pessimism will die, not to -be superseded by a stupid, unreflecting optimism, -but by an unremitting devotion, which shall -spring out of that courage which belongs to the -man who knows his cause is that of God, and -that he himself can and must do something -towards hastening the triumph which is -inevitable if only we are worthy. The religious -England to which I look forward is one which has -been taught by the awakening of the spirit of -Christian patriotism, that in life the beginning -and the end of perfection, for nation as well as -individual, is the willing offering of body, mind, -and spirit in order that it shall be easy for -humanity to be free and for right to triumph -over evil. May it be our Empire's glory to have -the grandest share in this great offering. -</p> - -<p><br /><br /></p> - -<p class="t4"> - PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY<br /> - RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,<br /> - BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E.,<br /> - AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Fortnight at the Front, by -H. 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