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diff --git a/old/61370-8.txt b/old/61370-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a08e66d..0000000 --- a/old/61370-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1435 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's A Fortnight at the Front, by H. (Henry) Russell Wakefield - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: A Fortnight at the Front - -Author: H. (Henry) Russell Wakefield - -Release Date: February 11, 2020 [EBook #61370] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A FORTNIGHT AT THE FRONT *** - - - - -Produced by Al Haines - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: Cover art] - - - - -[Frontispiece: ALBERT--RUINS OF CHURCH, WITH LEANING-OVER FIGURES OF -VIRGIN AND CHILD (see page 15)] - - - - - A FORTNIGHT AT - THE FRONT - - - BY THE - - RT. REV. H. RUSSELL WAKEFIELD - - BISHOP OF BIRMINGHAM - - - _WITH ILLUSTRATIONS_ - - - - LONGMANS, GREEN AND CO. - 39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON - FOURTH AVENUE & 80TH STREET, NEW YORK - BOMBAY, CALCUTTA, AND MADRAS - - 1915 - - All rights reserved - - - - -A FORTNIGHT AT THE FRONT - - -A CURE FOR PESSIMISM - -Whether any one has the right to make any statement with regard to -something which has only been studied for a short time is -questionable, and, therefore, I do not pretend to any dogmatic -utterance, but I wish simply to state the effect produced upon me by -my time abroad. My experience goes from thirty-five yards from the -German trenches right back to the most southern and westerly of our -bases. Bearing in mind that through the courtesy of Headquarters I -have been able to see everything under the most comfortable and -time-saving circumstances, it must be admitted that though my view -may have been superficial, it certainly was comprehensive. I had the -satisfaction of being able to give a kind word and a blessing even -where one was asked not to speak too loud in case our enemies should -overhear; I held confirmations in several places, and addressed -troops, both wounded and strong and hearty, on many occasions. - -The first thing which struck me was the great courtesy and -consideration of everybody who was concerned with our visit. That -the authorities at Headquarters who were working, as I know, both -early and late, must have felt that one was a very unnecessary -addition to their troubles is, I should fancy, unquestionable; yet -not only did they never show it, on the contrary, they worked every -day to make our visit easy and delightful. I know that the Lord -Mayor of Birmingham, who spent nearly a week with me, feels this as -warmly as myself, and it shows the wonderful calm of an Englishman -that we were both so kindly treated, though we added in no way to the -happiness or usefulness of anybody. What I have said with regard to -the Staff at Headquarters applies also to all those who had to do -with us at all the various centres. - -The next thing which struck me was the way in which the British have, -as it were, taken possession of the whole of that area for which our -people are responsible. You go through village after village, and -the ubiquitous person is our soldier. He appears out of farm -buildings, he leans over gates, holding difficult conversation, not -only with the young maidens of the village, but with dear old ladies -who can be seen taking a motherly interest in him. In the towns he -pervades the whole place. Always bright and cheerful, and yet -conscious of his responsibility, our khaki-clad young fellow -maintains his good character and earns the respect of the people. I -asked a French Archbishop and also a French Bishop, the jurisdiction -of both of whom is within our area, if they were satisfied with the -behaviour of our men, and on each occasion the answer was that they -were beyond reproach. We do not seem to be visitors in France, but -we almost appear to have taken root there. The buildings we are -putting up, the railway extensions we are making, the way in which we -have turned bare spaces into towns, all these things make one feel as -if we were permanent institutions and not birds of passage. It is -not altogether wonderful that some of the more ignorant French people -should say that they do not believe we are ever going away; whilst on -the other hand, some French officers told me that their confidence in -our alliance had become immensely greater because we had done -everything in such a stable manner, one man going so far as to say to -me that he considered one of the surest signs of our determination to -see this war through was that so many of our officers had taken -houses for three years certain. It is only just to add in regard to -a large number of the buildings we have put up that they can be taken -down, carried away and be put up over here with practically no -difficulty. Another impression produced upon me was one of -increasing respect for the adaptability of the Englishman. It shows -itself in innumerable military ways which I hardly have the right to -mention, but one may be permitted the general observation that there -is no kind of obstacle which we do not seem to surmount and even -sometimes to turn to an advantage. What we have done in turning to -good use even some extraordinary effects of shell fire upon buildings -made me more than astonished; perhaps I may be allowed one instance. -Somewhere in France there was a railway station and near it an -estaminet; both, as far as one could judge, were destroyed, with the -exception of a portion of a chimney. By some miraculous means which -I cannot describe, one went along all kinds of underground places, -then up some steps and into what I believe was a portion of the -chimney, and from there through a crevice one was able to see a good -deal of the German lines quite close by. When one came out again, -one could not in the least tell where it was that one had been. To -take a less warlike instance of our power of getting over -difficulties: a certain officers' mess is established in a French -farm which a few months ago had a duck pond which gave forth an odour -which was both unpleasant and unsavoury. Consequent, I believe, upon -the enthusiasm of a particular major, within four months the pond was -empty, the ground was levelled, the seeds were sown, and when I was -there the pond had become quite a respectable lawn-tennis ground. It -is safe to say that one's gardener would have expected to have four -years instead of four months for such an operation. - -I may give, perhaps, another instance of this special quality of the -Britisher. The Artists' Corps went out to France for ordinary -duties; they have now become an Officers' Training Corps, and an -enormous percentage of them are holding commissions in every kind of -regiment. - -Not only so, but they are largely instrumental in carrying on a kind -of Sandhurst on French soil; they are, I believe, influential in the -management of a bomb school, and last, but not least, they have a -band in which the soldiers rejoice, and of which I wish there were -many more at the Front. - -I am personally greatly indebted to the Artists; first, because a -very charming officer of their number was placed in charge of me for -a considerable time and bore with me in patience; secondly, because I -found such a hearty welcome from them at their mess and so many -friends amongst their number; thirdly, because they turned up so well -at the Parade Service at which I was the preacher! - -The next thing which struck me was the calm in the trenches. Over -here in England we seem to live in a continual change of feeling. We -get the account of some engagement in which we are successful, and -immediately we conclude the war is going to be over to-morrow, and -people who are wont to go abroad for a holiday think it is time they -went to Messrs. Cook's office to see about their tickets. But on the -way they see the placard of an evening paper which tells of some -minor disaster to our Forces, and then they return home, they call -together the family and they tell them that the future means either -the destruction of the country or twenty years of misery and poverty; -the bulk of the misfortune, of course, being sure to rest upon their -own individual shoulders. It is refreshing to get away from this -atmosphere and to go into the trenches where everybody is doing his -bit of work, content with somewhat unpleasant circumstances so long -as through him England is served. Whenever, in future, I am inclined -towards a fit of pessimism, I shall shut my eyes in order to see once -again, with the vision of the spirit, a stalwart Britisher of the -Worcester Regiment, not very far from the German lines, on a certain -afternoon, when a most appalling thunderstorm was raging and some -German shells were falling. He was munching the thickest slice of -bread and jam that I have ever seen, and looking with a mild contempt -at the intruding figure of an unknown padre whom a considerable -number of his comrades were greeting because they recognised in him -their Bishop. He put down now and again his refreshment in order to -do some bit of work, but he was just as calm and collected as if he -had been in his Worcestershire village and not in the trenches. - -That which carries our men through so many difficulties is another -thing which impressed me--namely, their unfailing sense of humour; a -humour which is never really hurtful even when exercised upon some -one deserving of satire. When he christens a road along which there -are a couple of miles of Army Service carts "Lorry Park," when he -finds every kind of strange anglicising for Flemish or French words, -we know that he is not only having some fun for himself, but also -providing amusement for those who come after him. The same humour -shines out when he is in hard case. A chaplain told me that he had -been addressing informally some wounded men who had just arrived from -the trenches. He was expatiating upon the glories of the Victoria -Cross because he noticed some of the men came from a regiment one of -whose number had recently received that coveted distinction. -Suddenly his eloquence was disturbed by a voice proceeding from a -man, both of whose feet were swathed in bandages, who remarked, -"Never mind the Victoria Cross, give me the Victoria 'Bus!" -Obviously the soldier's sense of humour was conquering his pain, and -his remark made the rest of the party forget their sufferings for a -short time. The only excuse that I can find for the fluctuating -feelings of the people at home is the remarkable way in which they -minister to Tommy's love of fun. He has every kind of quaint name -for the people in "Blighty"--the name which, though derived, I -believe, from an Eastern word denoting home, nevertheless expresses -something of the attitude noticeable at certain periods, both in -people and Press in England, and which appeals through its -appropriateness to the humour of our soldiers. But at the same time -there is a wonderful thankfulness shown in the face of officers and -men when the time arrives for the short spell of leave. The old -country and the friends left behind there are, after all, the things -closest to the hearts of our men. - -The next thing upon which I would comment is the great mutual respect -between ourselves and the French. Every time I asked any of our -people what they thought of our Allies the answer was one of -unhesitating commendation, whilst in the same way when I spoke to -French officers or men, they expressed themselves in terms of -absolute trust in our nation and her statesmen and soldiers. As one -who saw the French during the war of 1870, when--being a boy--I was -very susceptible to impressions, I can hardly express the difference -I notice between the nation then and now. In the former war there -was excitement, impulsiveness, over-confidence, want of ballast; -to-day there is quietude, earnestness, and withal, assurance of -eventual victory. More than once I journeyed through a considerable -part of the French lines, and I assert with confidence that the Army -of France at the present time is incomparably superior to that which -she placed in the field in 1870. As to her civilians, I only saw -women, children, and old men; I did not, in all my thousand miles of -travel, discover a single able-bodied person of military age out of -uniform. - -The harvest, a very good one, was in full swing. Every family was -out in the fields, all doing something towards the in-gathering. I -have a picture now before my eyes of seven people, all undoubtedly -coming from the same house, working away hard, whilst at the tail end -of the procession appeared what might have been the great-grandpapa, -no longer capable of bending down for harvesting, but who, -nevertheless, had his piece of work in carrying about the baby, who, -of course, could not be left behind alone in the house. The whole -nation is doing its utmost; can we quite honestly say the same of -England? - -[Illustration: VERMELLES--THE CASTLE RUINS] - -Another subject which was constantly commented upon and appreciated -at the Front was the thoroughness with which the Germans had done and -were doing everything. It was a matter of genuine regret with our -people that they could not be as wholehearted as they would wish to -be in appreciation of our enemies, in consequence of the way in which -they had sullied the fair fame of noble warfare. If there is one -thing a soldier wishes to do more than another it is to be able to -speak with respect and admiration of his opponent, and, -unfortunately, what the German would have gained by his magnificent -methodical thoroughness, he has lost through his dishonourable and -brutal conduct of the war. At the same time, it should be fairly -stated that in the judgment of those to whom I spoke the destruction -of churches by our foes has not been so wanton as is sometimes put -before us. It was suggested to me that in all probability the church -was often destroyed for the same reason as a high chimney, because it -formed an excellent observation post. - -Before I leave the subject of the men at the Front, one of their -constant questions must be noted, which was whether they might expect -as much keenness on the part of our civilian population as was being -shown by those under arms. "We are doing our bit, but we shall need -increased, even greatly increased, assistance; I suppose we can be -sure of getting it." Those words still ring in my ears. - - - -WITHIN RANGE OF FIRE - -Perhaps it would be of interest to give a little account, without, of -course, mentioning names, of the events of one or two days when a -visit was paid to the trenches. On one occasion after motoring -through towns that are a household word, both at home and with our -Allies, towns which have seen the Germans in them and then driven out -of them, places where the buildings are practically level with the -ground, the limit for vehicular traffic is reached and one goes -forward on foot. Soon you reach a cutting in the ground and you -begin to walk along a trench. You turn now and again either to right -or left, seeing sign-posts telling sometimes in comic language and -sometimes only by number the name, as it were, of the underground -street; you then rise a little and find yourself walking in the -inside of houses so shattered that you cannot tell much about what -they originally were until you are told that they formed a street in -a little overgrown village of which nothing is left, and the last -inhabitant of which was the station-master, who refused to leave -though there was neither train, station nor house for himself left, -because so long as he remained on the spot he could claim his pay. -Forcible measures had at last to be used to secure his departure. -Where you are walking you are yourself hidden from the enemy, but are -within the range of their fire. You are taken up to an observation -post, where one of your companions incautiously takes out a white -pocket-handkerchief and is hurriedly told to put it back in his -pocket. You come down again and you proceed cautiously along -trenches. Now and again shells pass over, and your careful guide -looks to see in what direction they are falling, as, though he is -quite unconcerned for himself, he knows that he is responsible for -the safety of the troublesome visitor. You are told to keep your -head down and not to show, for the moment at any rate, any desire to -view the landscape. Soldiers are dotted about here and there, all of -them ready to give a kindly greeting, and then at last you reach a -point where you are told not to speak loudly because practically only -a few yards away is the enemy, who, were he to hear conversation, -might think it worth while to throw over a hand grenade. What looks -like a tiny bit of glass at the end of a short stick is there before -you, and you are asked to look into it; when you do the enemies' -trenches are visible to you. Beyond an occasional ping against a -sandbag, you have heard nothing to note the existence of rifle fire, -except that the men you have passed have got these weapons to hand. -You tell the men at the advanced posts how proud their country is of -them, how thankful you are to have seen them, how you pray that God -may bring them back safe to their homes; you get rid of all cigars or -cigarettes you may have upon you, wishing that you had thousands -more, and then you return home, varying perhaps the route through the -communication trenches. - -On another occasion our way took us through a town which is -absolutely razed to the ground and is still under shell fire. There -I saw two soldiers busy with spades, and I asked what kind of -fortification they were putting up, to which, with a broad grin, one -replied that they were looking for souvenirs. He was kind enough to -give me a complete German cartridge case, for which he refused to -take any remuneration. Going on a little farther in this town, we -went down some steps and found ourselves in an underground club full -of soldiers, who were having a hot meal, were reading papers and -playing games, everything being presided over by perhaps the most -magnetic person I met on my travels, a young Chaplain to the Forces, -who would not wish his name to be mentioned, though there is probably -no one out at the Front who will not know to whom I refer. When we -went from this place towards the more advanced trenches, I was taken -along a road which looked perfectly harmless, when suddenly a -stalwart Scotchman told my companion and myself that we must get off -it at once as it was a favourite target for German Maxims. Never was -General more obediently submitted to than was this, I believe, -private soldier. It was on this occasion that we had tea in the -dug-out of the Colonel, who bears a name distinguished in English -naval, military and sporting life. A characteristic of the German -trenches which I noticed on this and other occasions, was that their -sandbags seemed to be generally white in colour, at any rate in those -of the first line. Leaving the trench on this particular day, we had -to go through an almost alarming thunderstorm, which in the course of -half an hour made a sea of mud of the place which had been quite dry -before. It was curious to notice how petty the sound of the guns -appeared as compared with the artillery of heaven. - -[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF RHEIMS CATHEDRAL] - -Pathetic incidents occur and touching scenes are visible on these -journeys to the Front. One looked in the trenches upon little mounds -and crosses, marking the resting-places of men who had been -hurriedly, but reverently, buried. There they are side by side with -their living comrades, who are doing their work whilst their brothers -sleep. Dotted all about the country are little cemeteries, which -tell of devotion unto death, and which remind one of all the sorrow -this war has caused. It is strange to see how religious emblems -appear to have been strong against shell. Constantly you would see a -church almost totally destroyed and yet the crucifix untouched, and -who will ever forget that sight which can be seen for miles around, -of the tower which has been almost shattered to pieces and yet the -statue of the Virgin and Child, which was near the top of it, though -bent over completely at right angles, still remains, as it were -blessing and protecting the whole neighbourhood. - -This leads to the consideration of the religious condition of our -troops as affected, first, by the churches and worshippers of France, -and, secondly, by their own experience in this war. More than one -mentioned the pleasure felt at the sight of the little wayside -shrines which they passed on their march. Others commented upon the -large numbers of people they saw flocking to their early communion, -and many expressed a hope that permission might be secured for parade -services to be held in the naves of the various parish churches -during the winter time, when the cold is great and when it is almost -impossible to secure any suitable building other than the churches -for worship. Negotiations have been going on upon this matter, and -some of the French ecclesiastics are not unfavourable, but a -difficulty which is prominent to the minds of some of the French -Bishops arises out of the recent separation of Church and State. -There is a considerable party in France anxious to secure the -ecclesiastical buildings for different sects, and even in some cases -for secular purposes. It is felt, therefore, that a precedent might -be made of a dangerous character were permission to be given to our -troops to have services in these sacred buildings. We may, however, -be quite confident that those responsible for the spiritual care of -our soldiers in France will deal with this whole question wisely and -tactfully. It does seem strange that men who are fighting for the -liberties and rights of France, and whose religion is, after all, not -antagonistic to the faith of the people of that country, may not have -the shelter of the less sacred part of a parish church in order to -offer up their prayers to Almighty God. It is when one gets face to -face with such circumstances as these that the pettiness of religious -strife strikes one with force. Is it just possible that out of this -great conflict there may arise a stronger desire for religious unity -than the world has ever yet known? - -What his experience of war is doing for the soldier in regard to -religion is remarkable. It would have been possible that the sight -of humanity striving to the death and inflicting horrible suffering -might have made our young fellows despair of Christianity. They -might have argued that it was of no avail to teach the religion of -Jesus when no effect was produced upon international conduct; but -they have been able to look more deeply into matters and to realise -that not Divine intention was at fault, but human refusal to follow -true teaching. They have been able to see God through the cloud of -smoke raised by shot and shell, and the Presence of the Divine has -not been obscured by the horrors of war. Conscious of the -seriousness of the work in which they are engaged, feeling every -moment the nearness of eternity, our soldiers have in no craven -spirit, but with a due remembrance of their relationship to God and -to eternity, turned to religion as a stay in the hour of conflict. -What struck one very much was the desire for the understanding of a -few central truths, and the evident keenness for big dogmatic -statements as to great matters. There was some impatience shown when -small details were pressed too strongly, and when terms were used -familiar to the theologian, but absolutely incomprehensible to a -plain, simple, God-fearing officer or private. It sounds almost an -impertinence to speak of the devotion of the chaplains at the Front, -but I am bound, after having mixed with a large number of them, to -express the deep thankfulness one feels to the padre for all that he -is doing. The young men who are now for the first time seeing -service as clergy associated with troops, are exceptionally fortunate -in the leadership they get from the Army chaplains of long standing. -There is something about work with the soldier which intensifies the -humanity of any one working for his spiritual welfare. - - - -HOPES FOR THE FUTURE - -It would neither be right nor in good taste to mention any names of -chaplains, but one may instance the kind of work which one saw them -doing. I have already referred to the dug-out club in a destroyed -town. I may go on to tell of one who on his bicycle, sometimes late -at night, would go away from the centre where he was stationed to -outlying districts for the purpose of giving lantern lectures to our -troops. When last I saw him he was arranging to give this particular -entertainment to a number of our Indian wounded. This chaplain was -the life and soul of a great parade service held in a square in one -of the French towns, where, by his voice and his enthusiasm, he made -the whole service go with fervour and effect. I remember how, on -this occasion, numbers of French people came up to me and told me -that they were certain that this outward acknowledgment by our -soldiers of their devotion to God would be helpful to the -spirituality of the whole town. The chaplains abroad have to be -business men as well as clergy. The arrangements for services and -other matters take up a considerable amount of time. At one base -there are about thirty places to arrange for every Sunday, and in -these thirty places over sixty services are held. It is no light -matter for the Senior Chaplain to see that week by week everything is -in order. This particular instance is not an isolated one, and is -taken simply at random. Now that there is a Bishop as Deputy -Chaplain of the Forces in France, everything should go on in a -perfectly satisfactory manner and with great advantage to the -chaplains themselves. - - - SPECIMEN OF SERVICE LIST OF ONE OF - OUR BASES AT THE FRONT - - DIVINE SERVICES--SUNDAY, AUGUST 22, 1915. - - H.C.=Holy Communion, P.S.=Parade Service, E.S.=Evening Service. - - CHURCH OF ENGLAND. - - _B. Details._ - 8 a.m., H.C. in Orderly Room. - 10.46 a.m., P.S. in Y.M.C.A. Hut No. 1. - - _Reinforcement Camps._ - 6.30 and 7.30 a.m., H.C. in C.A. Hut. - 11.30 a.m., P.S. (open air, weather permitting) at Y.M.C.A. - Hut No. 2 for all Divisions. - - _If Wet._ - 10 a.m., P.S. (9, 12, 14 Divisions), C.A. Hut. - 11 a.m., P.S. (16, 17, 18 Divisions), C.A. Hut. - 11.30 a.m., P.S. (19, 20, 37, 61 Divisions) in Y.M.C.A. Hut - No. 2. - 7 p.m., E.S., C.A. Hut. - - _No. 18 General Hospital._ - 6.30, 8.16, and 11.30 a.m., H.C., Church Tent. - 11 a.m., P.S., Church Tent. - 6 p.m., E.S., Church Tent. - - _No. 1 Canadian Hospital._ - 6 a.m., H.C., Recreation Tent. - 8 a.m., H.C., Nurses Tent. - 9.16 a.m., P.S., Recreation Tent. - - _Liverpool Merchants, St. Johns and Allied Forces Hospital._ - 7 a.m., H.C., Officers Recreation Tent, L.M.M. Hospital. - 6.30 p.m., E.S., Officers Recreation Tent, L.M.M. Hospital. - 10.30 a.m., P.S., Ward B. 25 in 23 General Hospital. - - _No. 3 Canadian Hospital._ - 6.46 a.m., H.C. - 10.30 a.m., P.S. - 6 p.m., E.S. - - _22 General Hospital._ - 6.16 and 7 a.m., H.C. - 11.16 a.m., P.S. - 6.30 p.m., E.S. - - _Convalescent Camp and Isolation Hospital._ - 6.30 and 8.15 a.m., H.C. in Church Tent, 18 General Hospital. - 10 a.m., P.S., Tipperary Hut. - - _Detention Camp._ - 10.30 a.m., P.S. - - _Army Service Corps._ - 6 p.m., Open Air Service. - - _23 General Hospital._ - 6.30 a.m., H.C. - 10.30 a.m., P.S. in Ward B. 25. - 6.30 p.m., E.S. in Ward B. 25. - - _24 General Hospital._ - 6.30 and 8 a.m., H.C. - 10.45 a.m., P.S. in Y.M.C.A. Hut 1. - 5.30 p.m., E.S. in A 35. - - _26 General Hospital._ - 7.30 a.m., H.C., in Ward 15. - 10.46 a.m., P.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut. - 6.30 p.m., E.S. in 23 General Hospital, Ward 25. - - _Reserve Parks._ - No. 32, P.S., 12.16 p.m. - Nos. 10 and 11, E.S., 6.30 p.m. - - _20 and 25 General Hospital._ - 6 and 7 a.m., H.C. in Church Hut of No. 20. - 12.15 p.m., P.S. in Y.M.C.A. Hut. - - _Westminster Hospital._ - 7 a.m., H.C., English Church. - 7.30 a.m. and 12 noon, H.C. - 11 a.m., P.S. - 6.15 p.m., E.S. - - _No. 2 Canadian Hospital._ - 7.30 a.m., H.C. - 10 a.m., P.S. - 7.30 p.m., Ward Service. - - - PRESBYTERIAN. - - _Reinforcement Camps._ - 9.30 a.m., P.S. (15 and 51 Divisions), Y.M.C.A. Hut 2. - 10.30 a.m., P.S. (other Divisions), Y.M.C.A. Hut 2. - 6.30 p.m., E.S., all Units, Y.M.C.A. Hut 2. - - _No. 1 Canadian Hospital._ - 10 a.m., P.S. in Recreation Tent for all Hospitals except - 18 General. - - _Presbyterian and Nonconformists._ - 11 a.m., P.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut. - 6 p.m., E.S., Church Tent, 25 General Hospital. - 7.46 p.m., E.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut. - - - ROMAN CATHOLIC. - - _For all Reinforcements, Camps and Base Details, etc._ - 9.30 a.m., P.S. in Parish Church. - 6 p.m., E.S. in Parish Church. - 9 a.m., P.S. in Ward 25, 23 General Hospital - 7.15 a.m., Holy Mass with Communion in Ward B. 25, 23 - General Hospital, for all Hospitals except 18 General - and No. 1 Canadian. - - No. 1 Canadian Hospital. - 10 a.m., P.S. in Officers MOM Tent. - - - WESLEYAN AND OTHER NONCONFORMISTS. - - _All Hospitals, Convalescent Camp and Details._ - 9.30 a.m., P.S., Y.M.C.A. Hut 1, for all Divisions. - 11 a.m., P.S. in S.C.A. Hut. - See Presbyterian Notices. - Evening Services in C.A., Y.M.C.A. and S.C.A. Huts. - - WILL UNITS PLEASE COPY ORDERS REFERRING TO THEMSELVES? - - -I come now to say a word as to the care given to the bodies of our -men. The hospitals from the trenches up to the base are admirable, -and the appliances are of the most modern description. I shall not -soon forget how in one place I saw for the first time the travelling -X-ray caravan. It seemed very strange to be in the hospital whilst -the photograph was taken and then to go out in the road and see the -machine which did the work. What a convenience this must be in these -clearing hospitals can well be imagined. One cannot mention all the -splendid stationary and other hospitals over which one was shown by -officials with untiring patience and courtesy. The pride which our -fellow-citizens from the Dominions beyond the seas take in the -fitting up and working of their hospitals is quite extraordinary, and -the same spirit animates the private individuals who have their own -large institutions in hotels, casinos, and such-like places that they -have taken over. I am not sure that I was not more struck with the -splendid arrangements made by the Liverpool merchants for our wounded -than by anything else of this kind. There is also what one may call -a Convalescent Home for the tired soldier, weary in body, in mind and -nerve, which, thanks to the man at the head, seems to be very -effective. We all know how the strain of the Front tells upon our -soldiers, and especially upon the younger men. They come back to -this excellent Home by the thousand; they are kept until really -restored, and then they go back cheerful and ready for duty. The -last thing before they return is a little service in the chapel, -which I had the honour on one occasion to take. It was interesting -when paying a visit to another hospital to find that it had been -formerly a school, and that as the whole building had not been taken -over some of the classes were still being held. I intruded into the -schoolroom and gave a talk to the young people about the Alliance. - -Although I must refrain most reluctantly from saying anything about -the great military personages whom I met in France, and with whom I -was so greatly impressed, I may perhaps refer to two French persons -of distinction, in no way connected with the war, whom I was -privileged to meet. First there is that outstanding personality the -Mayor of Hazebrouck, Abbé Lemire. He and I were brought together -because he is a clerical municipal dignitary and I was the first -clergyman who was ever a mayor in this country. He, however, does -more than I have ever been able to do, because he is a member of the -Chamber of Deputies, and here in England the doors of the House of -Commons are still shut against the clergy. Abbé Lemire was formerly -a professor of theology in a seminary and was a man of distinction in -his Church. However, since the present influence at Rome he has got -out with the authorities and is now excommunicated. The ostensible -reason given was that he did not ask Rome's permission to sit as a -Deputy. As it was only during the last few years that such a request -was made, and as he had been in Parliament for several years before -that fresh demand, the Abbé declined to submit. The probability is -that he was fairly certain that no permission would be granted, -because of the liberality of his opinions. One thing certainly was -in the eyes of Rome a grave offence on his part. When the Bill -dealing with the separation of Church and State was under discussion, -he spoke and voted against it, but when it was passed he did not -therefore give up his seat and refuse to serve the Republic any -longer. He suggested, when the Bill was in Committee, many -amendments which would have greatly eased the financial position of -the Church, but these were rejected, mainly because Rome would have -no compromise. The short-sighted policy which now prevails at the -Vatican, and which has been the cause of the vacillation of the Pope -on the subject of the war, has in regard to Abbé Lemire turned him -into the hero of all the Liberal Church people of France. He is an -extraordinarily winning personality, and as we walked through the -streets of his city every woman and child and old man had something -to say to him. With one he would discuss the imprisonment of a -soldier son in Germany; with another the fact that a married daughter -had had a bouncing boy who would be, so prophesied the Abbé, a -soldier of France in years to come. To another in deep mourning he -had a word of comfort to give; until at last I said to him that he -appeared to be not only _le maire_ but also _le père_ of Hazebrouck. -He took me round to his house, which is situated close to the church -from the altar of which he is repelled by the vicar, and there he -introduced me to the only priest in the neighbourhood who is brave -enough to be publicly his friend. Such is the man that Rome -ostracises and the people idolise. - -[Illustration: ABBÉ LEMIRE] - -One little matter which should endear Abbé Lemire to the English -people is the care which he takes himself, and makes his people take, -of the graves of our British soldiers. When flowers are placed upon -the French dead the Allies from the other side of the Straits of -Dover are not neglected. The religion of Christ will never suffer -loss so long as such men as the saint just sketched out exist to -prove by sacrifice their devotion to their Master. - -Another beautiful character is the present Archbishop of Rouen. -Carrying well his seventy-six years, thanks in no small measure to -the loving care of his secretary, the great dignitary has passed -through the recent critical time for his Church, retaining throughout -his breadth of view and his sweetness of nature. Turned out of his -official residence, he has built himself another, beautifully -situated, in the grounds of which may to-day be seen English doctors -and nurses, and even wounded, resting and gaining health. The -morning upon which I saw him I had been celebrating the Holy -Communion in the chapel of what once was his palace. When I asked -him whether he felt any objection to this being done by our English -clergy, he answered, "Certainly not." And then, after a moment's -thought, he went on: "After all, what does it matter whether one -celebrates in one vestment and another in a different one, if at the -root of things we are the same? Of course, at the root there must be -union of belief." I do not claim that every Archbishop in France -would go so far as he does of Rouen, but when sometimes we accuse -others of narrowness we must bear in mind, first, that we are guilty -very often ourselves, and, secondly, that there are great instances -of breadth to be found within the ranks of Rome. I feel, honestly, -that out of this war should come a possibility of a better -understanding between the various religious bodies, whose men are -fighting for the Allies. - -Out at the Front all are living for duty. In five hours from London -one can be at the very heart of affairs, and yet you are in a -different world. One thing, and one only, animates those brothers of -ours, so close to us and yet whose spiritual atmosphere seems so -different. All the little things are relegated to their proper -place; the really important question absorbs every one from the -Commander-in-Chief through the whole of the Army. The drop, as it -were, from the high standard of headquarters in France to the capital -of the Empire depresses a good deal. If only one could make people -understand that the whole position is intensely serious, and that the -possibility of our Empire in the days to come being influential for -the benefit of the world, nay, the possibility of our being a free -nation; that these things rest upon our being at home instinct with -the same devotion as our people at the Front, we should find that it -would be unnecessary to issue almost despairing recruiting bills, and -that all would be rushing to service in the cause of God and country, -crying, "Here am I, send me." - -I am tempted after setting down my impressions of my visit to the -Front to take a general survey of the countries engaged in the war, -two of which I lived in for a considerable time, and all of which, -with the exception of Japan, I have visited during my life. - -It is natural to turn one's attention first of all to the instigator -of the war, Germany. Those of us who know that country are capable -of understanding the readiness with which it plunged into the ocean -of blood, and the determination with which it has carried on -operations. Ever since 1870 Prussia has regarded itself as the -Dictator of the Continent of Europe. Although for some ten years -after the Franco-German War it was a poor country, it was -nevertheless laying the foundations of that preparedness for eventual -attack upon others, which it felt would be necessary in order to -consolidate its position of prominence. After 1880 the great growth -in material prosperity facilitated the extension of armed power, -whilst national pride, which before had been reasonable, now grew -into an extraordinary conception of the Divine right of Teutonic -aspirations. The Prussian was not blind to the fact that his claims -would meet with the inevitable opposition of other Continental -Powers, but having cowed the minor German States he felt sure of -victory, with those States by his side. - -I suppose no people really dislike each other more than the Bavarian -dislikes the Prussian neighbour, and probably no characters are more -antagonistic than those of the Saxon and the Prussian, but under the -iron hand of the military despotism of Berlin, Munich and Dresden -came to heel. As to Austria, bearing in mind all the probable -disputes between its various component parts, so soon as the present -Empire passes away, she feels that safety for her lies only with -association with Prussia, though here again there is no love lost -between the peoples. - -Germanic patriotism is aggressive, and there is certainly some -excuse, when we bear in mind that there is a constantly growing -population and there is not very much room still left uninhabited. -Colonial expansion is the special desire of the heart of Germany, and -it is here where she comes into conflict with Great Britain, though -it must never be forgotten that there is nowhere a German feels -happier than in one of our English dominions. Conscious that her -colonising power has proved to be very slight, there have been -moments when she has been anxious to meet Great Britain for the -purpose of securing some dominions beyond the seas in association -with ourselves, and I should not be surprised if, when the question -of peace is before us, she should suggest a bargain whereby it is -made easy for her to expand on other continents, she agreeing to -surrender that which she so far holds by temporary conquest in -Europe. It is when one reads the Old Testament that one can best -understand Germanic patriotism of to-day. Just as the Jews of old -got an inflated idea of the meaning of being the people of God, so is -it with Prussia to-day. She believes herself to be appointed for the -management of much of the world, and she thinks that she can be -allowed to attain this goal by a most uncivilised war. The German -does not love cruelty, but the civilisation of the Prussian is -something which is a thin coating over a rather brutal nature. The -constant mention of Kultur in German writings has in itself almost -proved that it is something only lately put on, and that it fits -badly. The Prussian is easily made coarse. He is learned, he is -what he calls "gemuethlich," which can be described as kindly -disposed. He has an over-elaborated polish which is a clumsy -imitation of French politeness. His table manners are slightly -improving, but the vice of his capital city is disgusting in its -coarseness, and some of the jests he attempts are Rabelaisian, except -that they have no humour. His religion is that of the Old Testament, -and his preachers are powerful to stir him to warfare, but incapable -of instilling into him high principles. His jealousy of England was -not unnatural. With a strenuous determination Germany was working -earnestly for pre-eminence, and we seemed over here to be -comparatively careless and to be lacking in force and in the -deepening of character. - -It was in the less useful things in our social life that Germany -imitated us, because in regard to the greater things the Prussian -felt himself to be a more earnest striver than we here were. He was -ready to copy our clothes, some of our sports, certain peculiarities -of our manner, but he could not, and to-day he cannot, understand the -real centre, as it were, of the English disposition. The Crown -Prince is a typical case of a man who anglicises himself in regard to -the excrescences upon our national character, but who cannot by any -possibility, though he had an English grandmother, ever understand -what a Britisher is. He may wear collars and riding breeches which -are copied from productions of a Bond Street hosier or tailor, but he -will still go on looting, and he will still show by his utter want of -nobility of ideal that he is a somewhat decadent specimen of the -lower type of Prussian character. - -Although Germany meant war on the Continent, it was not until after -the Agadir incident and the diplomatic defeat inflicted by England -that there was any real dislike of ourselves. After that time there -was undoubtedly a belief that sooner or later there would have to be -war with Great Britain, or a great general settlement which should -prevent the two nations from engaging in strife. Before that time -there were always possibilities of disagreement, but there were also -means by which the difficulties could be reconciled. It seemed good -to bring the various elements in the two nations together. Some -tried to associate the merchants, the legal administrators, the -journalists of the two countries; I myself took some part in bringing -together the clergy and ministers of England and Germany. I suppose -we all felt the possibility of disturbance between our two lands, and -it was when I became practically certain that the efforts we were -making were vain that I became merely a nominal adherent of the -excellent associations which were striving to promote union. - -The war came and found Germany ready, united, patriotic, with the -feeling of "Deutschland ueber Alles," running through the whole of -the central Empires and being a very real inspiration. I may take a -very low view of some parts of the German character, but as to the -determination, the thoroughness and the unyielding devotion to what -is believed to be the goal, I cannot but bend my head in the deepest -respect. Let no one believe in the suggested breakdown of Germany. -There must be an absolute crushing of the despotic ideals which -instigated and at the present day carry on the war. The Brandenburg -Gate at Berlin will have to be battered down, or at least the -Niederwald Monument of the victory of 1870 hurled into the Rhine, -before peace will be secured. - -Just now the German is a brave, disciplined, determined, brutal foe, -led by a Sovereign who knows that this campaign will either place him -first of all Earth's monarchs, or disgrace him and his country for -all time. He knows also that he must do the work himself, for from -his eldest born nothing stable or wholesome is to be expected. - -Germany will offer Britain a bargain before this war is over, -probably disgraceful to us but tempting in its clauses. It might be -summed up, "the land for Germany and the sea for Britain." It is not -surprising that up to the present, neutral nations on the Continent -believe, or profess to believe, in the victory of Germany. All that -they can see is that on the whole success has so far, on the -Continent, rested with the central Powers. Sir Edward Grey was -absolutely right when he said that the Balkan States, and it probably -would be true of Turkey also, would be at the disposal of the Powers -towards which victory seemed to incline. Self-interest has to be, -unfortunately, the motive inspiring petty States. If it be true that -M. Delcassé, the French Foreign Minister, resigned because of his -distrust of Greece, no one need be surprised. Greece is in a very -difficult position, not only because her Queen is a German Princess, -but also because if by any chance Germany were victorious and Greece -had taken up arms against her, the German demands upon that small -country would be such as would mean practical destruction. - -Turning now to France, we realise that her impelling force in this -war is a sacred devotion to country. The pathetic mistake made at -the beginning of operations of attempting an incursion into Alsace -sprang out of the longing to give back to the beloved land the -portion which had been torn from her in 1870. To a Frenchman his -earth has a deep meaning, his country has an absolute right to his -life, a right never disputed and which is acknowledged with the -greatest fervour in the hour of gravest danger. There is no doubt -that in the early months of the war the oppression of the last -campaign was upon the people; they could still, some of them, -remember, and all the others had been told of, the terrible -experiences undergone five and forty years ago. When once more -Germany was overrunning the land there was for a little time a belief -in the inevitable victory of the enemy, but very soon France pulled -herself together, and she was enabled to do so because the men -leading her, and she herself, had developed a greatness which did not -show itself in 1870. I look back to the time when I saw French -prisoners spit as they passed their own principal leaders, also in -the hands of the enemy. I remember in one German town how subaltern -prisoners would cross a road in order to avoid saluting men of -superior rank in their own army. I can also call to mind a great -moral degradation on the part of many French officers. How different -it all is to-day. It seems to me as if Joffre were typical of the -new patience which has entered into the French character. At all -times the Frenchman has been the best attacker in the world; to-day -he has learnt the duty of patient warfare. When the French -Commander-in-Chief says that he is nibbling at the Germans, he is -making a statement which would have been impatiently received in the -days gone by, but which is, after all, under present conditions not -only necessary but the most difficult of warlike methods. To-day -France is earnest, whilst in 1870 she was only eager. Her moral -position has also changed. Behind the armies to-day woman is -present, not to minister to passion but to minister to suffering, and -to ennoble in thought. - -The salvation of France has been, under God, its motherhood. The -relationship between, not only the boy, but the grown man and his -mother, has remained upon me as the most beautiful thing in the way -of relationship that I have ever known. When I hear that almost -invariably the dying soldier in France, of all ranks, speaks as his -last word upon earth the one that he first spoke--"Maman," I know -that I am being told an absolute truth. It may be that in the past -the French character has suffered through passion, but if woman has -sometimes been an evil influence, assuredly she has oftener certainly -proved herself a blessing to the men of the land. - -It is a delight to one who loves France, but who was never quite sure -that she was to be trusted in difficult moments, to feel now that she -has all the stability which will make her carry on to the end this -awful war. - -There is another class to which France owes much of her reformation: -the religious, the Clergy and the Sisters. It is a pity that at the -present time, through harsh dealing, she is deprived of the perfect -nursing and caring for, of some of the religious Orders, as one hears -rather painful accounts of the conditions in some of the French War -Hospitals, but she has her clergy, her priests, who fight and pray -and bear no grudge for injustice done to the Church they serve. -Whatever we may feel sometimes about the great Roman Catholic -religion, we know this, at any rate, that the power of its members is -always at its highest in the hour of greatest sacrifice. I have seen -some of its priests ministering, themselves wounded and suffering, -and I have thanked God that there were such examples of Christlike -devotion at this great hour of the world's history. The sacredness -of _la patrie_ for Frenchmen is a beautiful thing to dwell upon. We -are just learning here in England the first lesson of that which is a -finished, perfected knowledge to the meanest of French subjects. - -Russia.--Here the atmosphere is different. We are in the presence of -a nation naturally, often superstitiously, religious and somewhat -uneducated. Russia does not make war in a cool and calculating way. -The peasant is ignorant even of the causes of the war. His "little -father" orders and thenceforth the war becomes a Crusade, a Holy War. -The illiterate, religious, patriotic man or woman in Russia knows no -such end to warfare except that which comes from the Czar's command. -When you turn to the mercantile class you are conscious that all of -it which is not German is strongly, almost vehemently anti-Prussian. -The language of commerce to-day is German. French has been left to -the aristocracy. In the shops of Moscow, Petrograd and -Nijni-Novgorod, German is the universal language. It is idle to -dispute the Teutonic influence which exists, but there is also an -intensely antagonistic feeling on the part of those who have -experienced the competition of the German. The aristocracy of Russia -has a loathing of German coarseness and is French in speech and -feeling. All the classes in Russia are simple, the word Kultur does -not impress them. The art, the music and the stage effects of Russia -are very natural, though often most perfectly expressed. - -One is tempted to sum up the present Russian position as that of a -simple, religious, almost fatalistic people, ready for all things at -the order of the man who is their civil and spiritual head. But -Russia was not prepared for war last year. Those of us who have seen -in Moscow the drilling of even some of the best known regiments were -conscious that we were not looking at the finished article. The -Cossack is a natural horseman who in some ways has hardly anything to -learn, but the infantry need to be modernised. The Russian will not -turn his back, and his preparedness will grow each day. - -Italy.--One or two words only in regard to this country, as to which -I fancy we at home are a little disappointed. Let us not forget that -it was by no means easy for Italy to sever herself from Germany, with -whom she had been allied for a long time. We must not leave out of -account that there had been no close sympathy with France for some -years, nor must the impoverished condition of the country be -forgotten. It needed some courage and some faith to ignore the -continental impression of the power of Germany and to take up arms at -all against her. We must be patient with her, because, though she -may not be "on fire" for this war, yet she is in earnest, and her -love for England is real. - -Belgium.--This little land faced the inevitable, the never-dreamt-of, -with an army not intended for international warfare, and which had to -be strengthened by utterly untrained civilians. Her action was -magnificent. She could have had terms, but she scorned them. -Belgium did not love England before this war. One may doubt whether -she even trusted her, but she does now. Still even here there has -always been a pro-German class, well-to-do and influential, which may -be said to have dominated the commerce of Antwerp and other leading -centres. There has also been some sympathy with Germany on the part -of the people living near to the German border, and no doubt the -Belgian nation has suffered through this war from the treachery of -some of its own people. But the tenacity of this little land is -unquestionable, and her King and Queen will go down to posterity as -perhaps the two most knightly characters of this war, two people who -seem more to fit in with the days of the Round Table than with the -age of Zeppelins and Mines. - -On turning to our own Empire, we have to confess that the level of -earnestness at the beginning of the war was lower than in the case of -France, Russia, or Belgium, and, indeed, in some ways lower than that -of Germany. We were thrilled for a moment, as it were, by the -knowledge that we were taking up arms because honour demanded that we -should, but the public heart was not greatly stirred. Gradually we -began to realise that we were engaged in a struggle for our own -existence, but even now there are millions in Great Britain who are -not persuaded of this fact. Canada, Australia, New Zealand seem to -have understood, before the Motherland, how serious the war was for -the Empire. It is not for me to declare to Britain her duty; I do -not suggest that I know more of the mind of the nation or of the -needs of the nation than any other Briton. I think that I may have -had greater opportunity of feeling the pulse of other lands than many -people, but all of us here at home can see now what our own duty is, -and that whilst the usual mistakes have been made, there is now an -awakened Empire which dare not in the sight of God refuse any -sacrifice in order to crush for at least the generation that is -coming, the accursed ideals which the military party in Germany -wishes to see dominating the world. Upon this subject the Church -must continue to speak and to act; her words being stronger and her -actions firmer than up to the present they have been. This war is in -my judgment a fight between right and wrong, between God and evil. - -Had I my way I would relegate to obscurity for at any rate the whole -period of the war every religious division; I would on this -all-important matter fall gladly into line with all sides of -Christianity in order that men should know that in our judgment the -followers of Jesus cannot understand their Leader without being ready -to give, if needs be, life, to prevent the victory of wickedness. -This is my reasoned judgment, more than ever impressed upon me by my -visit to the Front. If we all face the future with this conviction -pessimism will die, not to be superseded by a stupid, unreflecting -optimism, but by an unremitting devotion, which shall spring out of -that courage which belongs to the man who knows his cause is that of -God, and that he himself can and must do something towards hastening -the triumph which is inevitable if only we are worthy. The religious -England to which I look forward is one which has been taught by the -awakening of the spirit of Christian patriotism, that in life the -beginning and the end of perfection, for nation as well as -individual, is the willing offering of body, mind, and spirit in -order that it shall be easy for humanity to be free and for right to -triumph over evil. May it be our Empire's glory to have the grandest -share in this great offering. - - - - PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY - RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED, - BRUNSWICK ST., STAMFORD ST., S.E., - AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK. - - - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Fortnight at the Front, by -H. 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