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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Armies of Europe, by Fedor von Köppen,
+Translated by Lord Edward Gleichen, Illustrated by Richard Knötel
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Armies of Europe
+
+
+Author: Fedor von Köppen
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 10, 2020  [eBook #61365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Brian Coe, David Tipple, and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
+available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the large number of original
+      illustrations, many of which are in color.
+      See 61365-h.htm or 61365-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h/61365-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/61365/61365-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836
+
+
+Transcriber’s note:
+
+      Underscores are used to enclose text in italics; the three
+      words that end this sentence _are in italics_.
+
+      Plus signs are used to enclose text in bold face; the four
+      words that end this sentence +are in bold face+.
+
+      The symbols ^{} are used to represent a superscript; for
+      example “3 squared” would be printed as “3^{2}”.
+
+      There are 23 footnotes in the source book marked by characters
+      such as * and †. The footnote markers have been changed to
+      numbers and each footnote has been moved to the end of the
+      chapter that contains its marker.
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: England. I.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+
+THE ARMIES OF EUROPE
+
+Illustrated.
+
+Translated and Revised by Count Gleichen,
+Grenadier Guards,
+
+From the German of FEDOR VON KÖPPEN.
+
+Illustrated by Richard Knötel.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+London:
+William Clowes & Sons, Limited,
+13, Charing Cross, S.W.
+1890.
+
+London:
+Printed by William Clowes and Sons, Limited,
+Stamford Street and Charing Cross.
+
+
+
+
+                               CONTENTS
+
+                                                         PAGE
+
+  CONTENTS                                                iii
+
+  PREFACE                                                   v
+
+  TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE                                    vii
+
+  ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE                                1
+
+  THE GERMAN ARMY                                          20
+
+  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY                                          36
+
+  ITALY                                                    42
+
+  FRANCE                                                   46
+
+  RUSSIA                                                   53
+
+  DENMARK                                                  59
+
+  SWEDEN AND NORWAY                                        61
+
+  SPAIN AND PORTUGAL                                       64
+
+  SWITZERLAND                                              67
+
+  HOLLAND AND BELGIUM                                      69
+
+  TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA            73
+
+  APPENDIX (NAVIES)                                        79
+
+
+
+
+                               PREFACE.
+
+                     “Si vis pacem, para bellum!”
+
+
+“Let him who is desirous of peace prepare himself for war.” Thus runs
+the proverb which sums up the experiences and history of the most
+powerful Empire of old. If this maxim held good in the old Roman days,
+how much more applicable is it to the present time, when war-clouds are
+darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in ruin and devastation on
+all nations who have not heeded the warning! There are, however, few
+who have not heeded it, and the governments of all nations have been
+for some time, and are still, reorganising their Armies and bringing
+them to a high state of efficiency in accordance with the experience
+taught them by the great wars of the last thirty years.
+
+It is therefore necessary for all who take an interest in military
+matters, or in foreign politics, to become acquainted with the strength
+and organisation of the armed forces of the different European Powers,
+for it is only by a study of these Armies that we get to know the
+relative value of our own.
+
+
+
+
+                         TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.
+
+
+The matter contained in the following pages has been corrected up
+to date. The _Corrigenda_ at the end of Germany, France, Italy, and
+Russia, refer to the alterations that have taken place during the
+progress of this work through the press.
+
+A few words of the original text, such as “Landwehr” and “Ersatz,” have
+been retained in the translation, although applied to other than German
+countries. For their meaning, _v._ “The German Army,” p. 21, etc. There
+are no corresponding English words.
+
+                                                                  G.
+  _November_, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: England. II.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+
+
+
+                    ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.[1]
+
+
+The British Army is constructed on a purely original system. It is like
+no other army in the world, and for this very good reason, that there
+is no empire in the world like the British Empire.
+
+[Sidenote: +The British Empire.+]
+
+Great Britain and Ireland alone do not constitute the Empire. India,
+Australia, Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other colonies in every
+quarter of the globe, all help to build it up, and for its defence we
+must have an Imperial Army constructed to fit it. Let us see what we
+have got.
+
+The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of
+a decent size, it is not by any means too large—in fact, some people
+say that it is nothing like large enough. That, however, is a question
+which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer and his pocket, and
+with which we have nothing to do at this moment, so we will confine
+ourselves to contemplating its actual size.
+
+[Sidenote: +Strength of Imperial Army.+]
+
+The Empire contains, roughly, over 9,000,000 of square miles, and over
+326,000,000 of inhabitants. To defend these we have an Army which
+numbers roughly as follows:—
+
+  Regular Forces                 202,000
+  1st and 2nd Class Reserves      57,000
+  Militia and Militia Reserve    134,000
+  Yeomanry                        11,000
+  Volunteers                     224,000
+  Colonial Forces                 84,000
+  Indian Native Army             152,000
+
+altogether, 864,000 men at the outside. This apparently large number,
+however, includes every single able-bodied man, British or Native,
+who has been trained to bear arms: the Regular Army forms not quite
+a quarter of it. Taken altogether, this gives an average of about 1
+combatant to 350 non-combatants—not a large proportion. Germany’s
+proportion is 1 to 99. This is a large proportion, it is true, but
+then she is threatened by powerful enemies on her eastern and western
+frontiers, whereas we are an island, and look to our Navy as the first
+line of defence. This being so, we can do with a moderately small Army,
+and need not (yet) have recourse to the system of all other European
+countries—namely, universal conscription.
+
+It is absolutely necessary, however, that we should follow the
+principle which underlies the military systems of all countries,
+whether their armies are composed of conscripts or not. This principle
+is that of keeping a small number of troops under arms in peace-time,
+with a large reserve of trained men ready to be called out in case
+of war. In our case, the small number under arms in peace-time is
+represented by the Active Army, both British, Indian, and Colonial,[2]
+and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the
+Militia, the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers.
+
+Before starting on the details of these different forces, it would be
+as well to give the mode of enlistment and terms of service of the
+British soldier, with a slight sketch of his history.
+
+[Illustration: Mounted Infantry.
+
+(Tropical Field Kit.)]
+
+[Sidenote: +Recruitment.+]
+
+The system of recruitment throughout the Army is that of voluntary
+enlistment. As mentioned above, we are the _only_ country in Europe
+whose soldiers are thus enlisted. The subjects of all other European
+countries are liable to be enrolled in the army whether they like it
+or not, and, as a rule, they do not like it. This voluntary enlistment
+is a great advantage for us in one way, in that only those need be
+soldiers who want to be; but, on the other hand, the strength of our
+Army is chiefly dependent on the number of men who happen to fancy
+soldiering, and this is hardly a matter for congratulation. Up till
+now, the system has sufficed: let us hope we shall never have to change
+it.
+
+It is not generally known that there exists an Act[3] which has to be
+suspended annually by Parliament (or else it would now be in force),
+by which the Crown is empowered to raise by ballot as many men as may
+be necessary for the Army. In other words, the country _is_ liable
+to conscription, as far as may be determined by the Crown’s advisers.
+This Act has, however, not been enforced since 1815. N.B.—This mode
+of raising troops must not be confounded with the “Embodiment of the
+Militia,” of which more hereafter.
+
+[Illustration: Cavalry.
+
+(Tropical Field Kit.)]
+
+Recruiting is carried out by paid recruiters (non-commissioned
+officers) in the different districts. Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant
+used to clinch the bargain with the would-be recruit by presenting him
+with a shilling, on which the recruit usually got drunk. The “Queen’s
+Shilling” has, however, been done away with, and the recruit has now to
+get drunk at his own expense.
+
+After going through certain formalities and answering certain questions
+before a magistrate, the recruit signs his “attestation-paper,” and is
+then considered as enlisted.
+
+[Illustration: Officers of Highland Light Infantry and Argyll and
+Sutherland Highlanders.]
+
+The terms of service are, as a rule, seven years with the colours and
+five years thereafter in the Reserve. There are a few exceptions to
+this; men joining the Household Cavalry, Colonial Corps,[4] and one
+or two other smaller branches of the Service, enlist for twelve years
+with the colours; men for the Royal Engineers or Foot Guards have the
+alternative of the usual term, or three years with the colours and nine
+years in the Reserve; whilst the Army Service Corps and Medical Staff
+Corps men and a few others serve for only three years with the colours
+and a varying term of years in the Reserve.
+
+[Illustration: Officer, 5th (Northumberland) Fusiliers.]
+
+Recruits, at the date of their enlistment, must have the physical
+equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least 5 ft. 4 in. high, and
+must have a minimum chest-measurement of 33 inches.[5]
+
+Re-engagements up to seven or twelve years with the colours are
+permitted in most, and up to twenty-one years in special, cases.
+
+[Sidenote: +Sketch of the History of Our Army.+]
+
+At a very early period of English history every able-bodied man was
+bound to take up arms in the event of a civil war or invasion. He was,
+however, only liable to serve in his own county. This force thus formed
+was called the General Levy.
+
+During the Middle Ages the feudal system was in force, _i.e._, the
+retainers, tenants, and vassals of every knight were required to
+attend their master if he went to fight abroad. The knights in their
+turn were bound to attend the king when _he_ went to fight abroad,
+and thus a very respectable army was formed for the time being. This
+army, _i.e._, the knights and their followers, was called the Feudal
+Levy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, members of the General
+Levy were told off for the service and defence of the Crown. They were
+trained and exercised in the profession of arms, and received the name
+of Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery Company, a similar force,
+was raised about this time. The Sovereign could, if necessary, hire
+additional mercenary soldiers to assist him in war, and these were paid
+by Parliament. The Civil War, however, in Charles I.’s reign, upset the
+general military system, and for some time there was no National Army.
+
+On the Restoration, in 1660, considerable changes and improvements
+took place. The Feudal Levy was abolished, the General Levy became the
+Militia, and the foundations were laid of the present Standing Army.
+
+It may be news to some people that the “raising or keeping a standing
+army within the kingdom in time of peace is against law,” but such is
+the fact. Parliament has every year to specially notify its consent to
+a standing army; otherwise the Army would cease to exist.
+
+Since Charles II.’s time, the Standing Army has gradually been
+increasing and improving. Voluntary enlistment dates from his reign,
+but it apparently has not always been sufficiently productive of men,
+for we find in the last century that debtors and criminals were obliged
+to serve in the ranks, in order to keep the Army up to strength. The
+pressgang was also in force till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then
+that some, nay, a great many, ill-educated people have been taught,
+by means of traditions handed down from their great-grandfathers, to
+look upon the Army as a sink of iniquity, and that they still hold
+extraordinary and utterly unreasonable views on the subject. They
+need be under no apprehension about letting their sons and relations
+enlist. The Army is now composed of a very good class of men, drawn
+chiefly from the labouring and _not_ from the criminal classes (as some
+people seem to imagine). The proportion of educated recruits is rapidly
+increasing, a better class of men is now enlisting, and the military
+crime of to-day is absurdly small as compared with that of twenty years
+ago, and is still decreasing.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Active Army is divided into—
+
+  1. The Regular Army;
+  2. The Native Indian Army; and
+  3. The Colonial Forces.
+
+1. The Regular Army consists of Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and
+Infantry; besides these are the non-combatant branches, consisting of
+the Army Service Corps, the Ordnance Store Corps, the Medical Staff
+Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains, and Veterinary Departments, and a
+few more.
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+The Cavalry consists of 31 regiments, including—
+
+   2 Regiments of Life Guards (Household Cavalry).
+   1 Regiment of Royal Horse Guards (Blues) (Household Cavalry).
+   7 Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st to 7th).
+   3 Regiments of Dragoons (1st, 2nd, and 6th).
+   5 Regiments of Lancers (5th, 9th, 12th, 16th, and 17th).
+  13 Regiments of Hussars (3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th,
+     13th to 15th, and 18th to 21st inclusive).
+
+The British Cavalry is the smartest in the world. In the Cavalry of
+nearly all foreign armies, Germany for instance, and France, the horses
+are trained to a degree that is unheard of in the English arm; thus
+their men require but little skill in riding, and may be described as
+good soldiers on horseback. Ours, on the contrary, are born horsemen,
+and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained. The
+consequence is that when our men find themselves in a predicament not
+provided for by the Regulations, their natural qualities stand them in
+good stead, and by their brilliant riding and dash they turn to good
+account a situation which might otherwise offer serious difficulties.
+The British Cavalry is divided into Heavy, Medium, and Light, according
+to the size and weight of the men. The Household Cavalry, 1st and 2nd
+Dragoons, are heavy, and are never quartered abroad, the Hussars are
+light, and all the rest are medium Cavalry.
+
+The Life Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th
+Lancers wear scarlet, the remainder of the Cavalry dark blue, tunics.
+
+The Life Guards and Blues are the only regiments who wear cuirasses,
+and these they would probably leave behind on active service. They, the
+Dragoon Guards and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots Greys, who wear
+bearskins), wear steel or brass helmets, with plumes varying in colour
+according to the regiment. The Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap,
+with the scarlet[6] “plastron” in front of their tunics. The Hussars
+wear the busby, with busby-bag and plume of different colours according
+to the regiment; and they have also six rows of yellow braid across the
+front of the tunic. All the Cavalry wear dark blue pantaloons[7] or
+overalls, with red, white, or yellow stripes, and the Household Cavalry
+has in addition white leather breeches and jackboots for full dress.
+The Cavalry forage-cap is a small round one, and always worn over the
+right ear.
+
+Their arms are sword and carbine throughout; the Lancer regiments in
+addition carry the lance of male bamboo, and with a red and white
+pennon. The Cavalry carbine is of the Martini-Henry pattern, with a
+bore of ·450 in.; it is sighted up to 1,000 yds., and is a first-rate
+little weapon.
+
+The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron (2 troops) in the field is:—
+
+    6 officers,
+   16 non-commissioned officers, and
+  122 rank and file, of whom 26 are dismounted, and
+  144 horses, including draught-horses.
+
+A Regiment (4 squadrons) is composed of:—
+
+    1 lieutenant-colonel,
+    3 majors,
+    6 captains,
+   16 subalterns, and 6 other officers, including adjutant,
+      quartermaster, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 “vets.”
+   75 N. C. O.’s,
+  666 rank and file, and
+  614 horses.
+
+A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and details altogether 114
+officers, 2,280 men, and 2,200 horses.
+
+A Cavalry Division numbers 2 brigades (6 regiments), 2 batteries Horse
+Artillery, 1 battalion Mounted Infantry, and details altogether 325
+officers, 6,600 men, and 6,500 horses.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+The Artillery forms one “Royal Regiment,” consisting of:—
+
+  20 Batteries of Royal Horse Artillery,
+  80     ”      ” Field Artillery,
+  10 Mountain Batteries, and
+  96 Garrison Batteries,
+
+with several depôts and 3 depôt batteries for their maintenance and
+supply. The Horse and Field Batteries are formed into groups of 2 or 3
+batteries, chiefly for tactical reasons, called Brigade Divisions, each
+under a lieutenant-colonel.
+
+A Horse Artillery Battery consists of 1 major, 1 captain, 3
+subalterns, 21 N. C. O.’s, and 160 men (of which 73 are drivers), 193
+horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, and 7 other wagons.
+
+A Field Artillery Battery of much the same, but with 9 men and 52
+horses less.
+
+The guns in use are at present of four different patterns:—
+
+  ----+-----------+----------+------------+---------------------
+      | Weight of | Calibre. |   Sighted  | Are Armed with it.
+      |   Shell.  |          |    up to.  |
+  ----+-----------+----------+------------+---------------------
+  _a_ | 12 lbs.   | 3 in.    | 5,000 yds. | { 14 R. H. A. and 29
+      |           |          |            | {   F. A. batteries.
+  _b_ | 13  ”     | 3 in.    | 4,800  ”   | { 1 R. H. A. and 12
+      |           |          |            | {   F. A. batteries.
+  _c_ | 16  ”     | 3·6 in.  | 4,000  ”   |   2 F. A. batteries.
+  _d_ |  9  ”     | 3 in.    | 3,500  ”   | { 5 R. H. A. and 37
+      |           |          |            | {   F. A. batteries.
+  ----+-----------+----------+------------+---------------------
+
+Of these patterns, the 12-pounder alone is a breech-loader; the others
+are muzzle-loaders.
+
+The 12-pounder is being issued as fast as possible to all R. H. A.
+batteries. The F. A. will be divided into Light and Heavy Field
+Artillery, the former of which will receive the 12-pounder B.-L. gun,
+and the latter a new pattern 20-pounder B.-L. gun, with 8 horses to
+a team. When this is done, the R. H. A. will probably receive a new
+10-pounder B.-L. gun.
+
+2 guns and wagons together are called a Section; 1 gun and wagon, a
+Sub-division.
+
+A Garrison Battery is variously constituted, according to its locality.
+The men of the battery have to work guns of all sorts and sizes in the
+different forts where they are quartered, and, as a rule, have no guns
+of their own.
+
+Of the 96 Garrison Batteries, 4 are Siege-train batteries, quartered in
+the United Kingdom, and armed with heavy guns for battering purposes,
+and 4 more are “Heavy” batteries, quartered in India, the guns of
+which are drawn by elephants and the wagons by bullocks.
+
+[Illustration: Sergeant-Drummer, Coldstream Guards.]
+
+The Garrison Artillery is grouped in 3 divisions: the Eastern (29
+batteries), Southern (42), and Western (25). Although these divisions
+are by way of corresponding with the different points of the compass
+in Great Britain, the batteries composing them are scattered in every
+quarter of the globe, and the Militia Brigades attached are not
+necessarily Eastern, Southern, and Western ones.
+
+The Mountain Artillery is armed with 2½-inch 7-pounder jointed guns,
+each gun and gun-carriage being carried in pieces on 5 mules. One
+battery is in England (Newport), one in South Africa, and the rest in
+India.
+
+The Royal Malta Artillery is for the defence of that island, and is
+composed of Maltese officers and men.
+
+Men of the Horse Artillery are dressed in dark-blue Hussar-like
+jackets, and busbies with a white plume and scarlet busby-bag; the
+remainder of the Artillery in dark-blue tunics with red facings, and
+black felt helmets with a brass ball instead of a spike. They are
+armed with Martini-Henry carbines, and either sword or sword-bayonet,
+according to their branch of the arm. The forage-cap is a small, round,
+brimless one, with a band of orange braid.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+The corps of Royal Engineers is divided into a number of battalions,
+depôts, and other units, which are given below as far as possible. As
+will be seen, their duties, and especially those of the officers, are
+extremely various.
+
+[Illustration: Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards (Carbineers).]
+
+The officers are employed sometimes with their men and sometimes apart
+from them. A large number of R. E. officers (between 350 and 400)
+serve in India, in connection with Native Engineer troops; others
+are employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public
+works, Military Schools, the Ordnance Survey, military telegraphy and
+railways, Engineer Militia and Volunteers, and a host of other duties
+too numerous to mention. In fact, the Engineers form the Scientific
+Corps of the Army. The officers are trained in the R. M. Academy at
+Woolwich, and the rank and file are nearly all well-educated men,
+skilled mechanics and trained workmen forming the bulk of them. That
+their work does not interfere with their worth as soldiers has been
+shown on many a field, and individual instances of their gallantry are
+numerous.
+
+Formerly the Corps was composed of a large number (about 40) of
+independent companies, split up and quartered throughout the Empire.
+Now they have been collated together and formed into different
+battalions and other units, according to their work.
+
+The Corps is now composed as follows:—
+
+(a.) A Bridging Battalion, consisting of 2 pontoon troops, each troop
+numbering 5 officers, 28 N. C. O.’s, and 183 men, with 20 pontoon- and
+8 other wagons, and 190 horses. Each troop carries the material for 120
+yards of pontoon-bridge.
+
+(b.) 2 Field Battalions, each of 4 companies. The companies however
+still preserve their independence to a great extent, being quartered in
+widely divergent localities, according to requirements.
+
+The 1st Battalion consists of the former Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23
+independent companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 12, 26, 37, and 38.
+
+A Field Company consists of 7 officers, 26 N. C. O.’s, 184 sappers,
+etc., 70 horses, and 13 vehicles.
+
+A proportion of the company, from one-fifth to one-third, is mounted.
+
+These companies, as their name implies, are employed in digging,
+sapping, making field-works, and blowing up places, on active service.
+
+(c.) A Telegraph Battalion of 2 divisions (in war, of 4 sections), the
+whole consisting of 6 officers, 15 N. C. O.’s, 224 men, 171 horses, and
+22 vehicles. Their duties consist in laying lines of field telegraphs,
+and making themselves generally useful in their branch of science
+wherever they may happen to be.
+
+(d.) A Submarine Mining Battalion, consisting of one depôt and 11
+service companies (the old Nos. 4, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35,
+39, and 40), numbering about 760 of all ranks. Their strength varies
+according to the locality in which they are employed.
+
+(e.) A Coast Battalion of 3 divisions, altogether about 240 of all
+ranks, employed in defensive works on the sea-coast.
+
+(f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14, 16, and 19), 330 men in all,
+engaged in the Ordnance and other official Surveys.
+
+(g.) 17 Fortress Companies, of varying strengths (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6,
+9, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 41, and 42), which are employed
+in the repair and keeping up of fortresses. In war-time they would
+design and execute siege-batteries, parallels, and all work connected
+with either the attack or defence of fortresses. In peace-time they
+number altogether about 1600 men.
+
+(h.) 8 Depôt Companies, which are employed in the training and drilling
+of recruits, and in work relating to the Corps. They number 820 men.
+
+(i.) 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and 10), which number 140 men
+together, and would be employed in the laying and repairing of railway
+lines on service.
+
+(k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly 400 men, which is employed in a
+great variety of duties too numerous to mention.
+
+420 more men are distributed in different parts of the world and in
+military schools of different sorts.
+
+The grand total of Royal Engineers in peace-time is therefore about
+7,300 men.
+
+Officers and men are dressed, armed, and equipped very similarly
+to the Infantry of the Line (q. v.). They may, however, be readily
+distinguished by the broad red stripe on their trousers, and by the
+Royal Arms in front of the helmet. The forage-caps of the rank-and-file
+are small round ones with a broad yellow band and no brim, worn on the
+top of the head. Officers wear a black and gold pouch belt instead of a
+sash. The facings are of dark-blue velvet, with yellow edging.
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+The British Infantry is composed of—
+
+  The Brigade of Guards (3 regiments).
+  69 Regiments of Infantry of the Line.
+  1 West India Regiment.
+
+Napoleon the Great said of the British Infantry: “It is the best
+infantry in the world; luckily, there is not much of it.” It has
+certainly not deteriorated since his day; but, unfortunately, it is not
+much more numerous now than it was then.
+
+Two years ago a distinguished Russian general said to an English
+Guardsman: “Are your men as fine a lot as they were in ’54?” and on
+receiving an answer in the affirmative, said: “I am sorry for it, if we
+ever have to fight you again. I had more than enough of them in the
+Crimea.” And Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in 1885: “No one
+but English soldiers could have done what they did.”
+
+Such remarks speak for themselves.
+
+The Brigade of Guards consists of three regiments—
+
+  The Grenadier Guards, of which there are 3 battalions.
+  The Coldstream Guards, of which there are 2 battalions.
+  The Scots Guards, of which there are 2 battalions.
+
+These three regiments form the Sovereign’s Body-Guard, and do not
+usually serve out of Europe. The late campaigns in Egypt, however (1882
+and 1885), and the prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, in all of
+which two or more battalions of Guards took part, go to prove that
+every rule has its exceptions.
+
+At home, usually five battalions are quartered in London, and the other
+two in Windsor and Dublin respectively.
+
+The uniform of the Guards differs from that of the Infantry of the Line
+chiefly in the shape of the facings and in the head-gear, the latter
+being the well-known bearskin, with white or red plumes for Grenadiers
+or Coldstream respectively. The forage-cap is round, with bands of red,
+white, and dice for the three regiments respectively. The armament and
+equipment is precisely that of the Infantry of the Line.
+
+Of the 69 Regiments of the Line, one (Cameron Highlanders) consists
+of 1 battalion; two (60th King’s Royal Rifle Corps and Rifle Brigade)
+of 4 battalions; and the remainder of 2 battalions each. Total 141
+battalions.
+
+The regiments are now called after their “Territorial Districts,” which
+are the districts whence their recruits are drawn, and in which their
+depôt is situated. Up to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted of
+109 regiments, mostly of 1 battalion each, and numbered up to 109. In
+that year, however, the system was changed, and a regiment is now known
+by the county or part of the country it recruits in, with occasionally
+the addition of a few other titles, such as “Borderers,” “King’s Own,”
+“Loyal,” etc., etc.
+
+Of the 69 regiments we have—
+
+   9 Regiments of Fusiliers.
+   4     ”     ”  Rifles.
+   5     ”     ”  Highlanders.
+   7     ”     ”  Light Infantry.
+  44     ”     ”  Infantry (pure and simple).
+
+The Infantry, with the exception of the four Rifle regiments, is, of
+course, clothed in scarlet tunics, with facings of dark blue, white,
+yellow, or green, according as whether the regiment is a “Royal,”
+English, Scottish, or Irish one.
+
+The head-dress of the Fusiliers is a busby of rough sealskin, shaped
+similarly to the Guards’ bearskin, but much smaller. The (5th)
+Northumberland Fusiliers wear a red and white plume, the remainder none.
+
+The Rifle regiments are clothed in a very dark green, almost black,
+uniform. The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those of the 60th K. R.
+R. red, and those of the other two, Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark
+and light green respectively. The first two mentioned are historically
+connected with Hussar regiments,[8] and consequently the officers
+wear round forage-caps, trailing swords, and a few other Cavalry-like
+details; and the late head-gear used to be a Hussar-like black busby.
+The helmet of all Rifle regiments is at present black, but it will
+shortly be exchanged for a black Astrakhan fatigue-cap, with plume for
+full dress.
+
+The five Highland regiments are the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders),
+the Seaforth, the Gordon, the Cameron, and the Argyll-and-Sutherland
+Highlanders. They wear the feather-bonnet and well-known Highland
+dress—plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan, sporran,
+hose, and a few other details differ in the various regiments.
+
+The remainder of the Infantry, whether Light Infantry or not, wear[9]
+black felt helmets with brass spike and fixings, the scarlet tunic
+aforesaid, and blue-black trousers. Their forage-cap is the “Glengarry.”
+
+The West India Regiment consists of two battalions of negroes,
+officered by Englishmen. The battalions are quartered, turn and turn
+about, in the West Indies and in our possessions on the West Coast
+of Africa. The men are dressed in white jackets, with a red vest
+over them, loose blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow gaiters. The
+head-dress is a turban.
+
+The Infantry, whose weapon for the last seventeen years has been the
+Martini-Henry rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the new
+magazine rifle, which has already been issued to a considerable
+number. The action is on the breech-loading bolt system; by it
+cartridges may be fired either singly or by means of the magazine,
+which is a black tin box, holding eight cartridges, and suspended
+immediately in front of the trigger-guard. The bore is extremely
+small, being only ·303 inches. The bullet is coated with a hard metal
+composition, for if it were of lead, it would “strip” in the grooves
+of the barrel, and by degrees choke it up. The powder is as yet not
+definitely fixed on, though numerous varieties have been tried with
+great success. It shoots point blank up to 300 yards, and is sighted on
+the back sight up to 2,000 yards. By a hanging foresight arrangement,
+it can be sighted up to 3,500 yards—nearly two miles! The cartridges
+are so small and light that more than twice the amount of ammunition
+can now be carried than was possible in the case of the late weapon.
+
+The new bayonet is a much shorter implement than the late one, looking
+more like a large knife than a bayonet. The name of the new rifle is
+the Burton-Lee.
+
+The equipment consists of a valise and canteen, suspended by leather
+braces to the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle, and bayonet-frog.
+Inside the valise is carried the great-coat (under the valise flap),
+and such articles as are necessary for the time being, such as boots,
+shirt, socks, hold-all, etc.
+
+A new equipment, slightly different from the above, is now being issued.
+
+Two pouches are attached to the belt in front, holding twenty rounds
+Martini-Henry ammunition each. Thirty more rounds are carried in the
+valise and havresack, making seventy in all. With the new rifle
+cartridges, however, and new pouches, it is expected that each man will
+be able to carry 150 rounds.
+
+A battalion of Infantry is composed of 8 companies, each company
+numbering 3 officers, 10 N. C. O.’s, and 111 men on a field
+establishment. In peace-time, the company rarely numbers above 90 men
+all told, except in India. The battalion consists therefore of—
+
+   30 officers (1 lieut.-colonel, 4 majors, 5 captains,
+     16 subalterns, etc., etc.),
+   91 N. C. O.’s,
+  975 men,
+   70 horses,
+   16 carts.
+
+These horses and carts belong for the most part to the Regimental
+Transport, which has been issued to each battalion forming part of the
+1st Army Corps (of which more hereafter).
+
+An Infantry Brigade consists of four battalions and details, and
+numbers in war-time 130 officers, 4,350 men, and 530 horses.
+
+An Infantry Division consists of 2 brigades, 3 batteries Field
+Artillery, 1 squadron of Cavalry and details—total, 327 officers,
+10,060 men, and 2000 horses.
+
+An Army Corps is to consist of 3 Divisions of Infantry, 3 Horse
+Artillery, and 2 Field Artillery batteries, Royal Engineers, Cavalry
+squadron and details—total, 1,158 officers, 35,000 men, and 10,000
+horses.
+
+[Sidenote: +Medical Staff Corps.+]
+
+The Medical Staff Corps consists of 17 Divisions, distributed
+throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering altogether about
+400 medical officers and 2,000 N. C. O.’s and men. The depôt and
+training-school is at Aldershot, and the Army Medical School at
+Netley. This Corps does not include the Indian Medical Staff Corps.
+
+[Sidenote: +Army Service Corps.+]
+
+The Army Service Corps corresponds to the former Commissariat and
+Transport Corps, and deals with the issue of rations and general
+transport duty. It is divided into 37 companies, distributed throughout
+Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering 230 officers, 3,363 N. C. O.’s
+and men, and 1,300 horses and mules.
+
+[Sidenote: +Chaplains’ Department.+]
+
+The Chaplains’ Department consists of about 80 chaplains, divided into
+four classes. There are four official denominations allowed, Church of
+England, Roman Catholic, Presbyterians, and Wesleyans. Men belonging to
+any other of the numerous sects of religion prevalent in England are
+officially entered as “Church of England.”
+
+The organisation of the remaining departments, _i.e._, Ordnance Store,
+Veterinary, and Pay, is uninteresting, and need not be detailed here.
+
+[Sidenote: +Military Districts.+]
+
+Of the Regular Forces, 21 regiments of Cavalry, 91 batteries of
+Artillery, most of the Engineers, and 73 battalions of Infantry are
+quartered in Great Britain and Ireland. Great Britain is divided into
+11, Ireland into 3, and the Channel Islands into 2, Districts, each
+under the command of a major-general. These districts are sub-divided
+into Regimental Districts, each of these latter comprising the
+recruiting ground, depôt, and Volunteer battalions of a Territorial
+(_i.e._, Line Infantry) Regiment of two Regular and two or more Militia
+battalions. The Artillery and Engineers, both Regular, Militia, and
+Volunteer, are also apportioned to each district. The Regular Corps
+of all arms rarely remain more than two years in the same quarters,
+changing from station to station in accordance with different rosters
+and requirements.
+
+[Sidenote: +Foreign Service.+]
+
+The whole of the Regular Forces, with the exception of the five Heavy
+Cavalry regiments and Brigade of Guards, take their turn at foreign
+service in India and the Colonies. As a rule, one battalion of each
+regiment of the Line is abroad for sixteen years, and is “fed” with men
+from the other battalion at home. This system, by which all the best
+and soundest men of a regiment are sent abroad, can hardly be called a
+good one, but it is difficult to suggest another. For foreign service
+it is no use having the youngest and unmatured soldiers—they would
+probably only fall sick in a hot climate. It is, therefore, necessary
+to keep and train the men till they know their duty thoroughly, and
+then send them out as full-grown men. It is for this reason that
+complaints are so often seen in the newspapers that certain regiments
+are apparently composed of “beardless boys.” This may be so with the
+home battalion, but if the complaint-makers were to journey to the
+Colonies and see the other battalion, they would soon alter their
+opinion.
+
+It sometimes occurs that both battalions are abroad together, in which
+case the depôt of the regiment is largely increased; in order to feed
+the two.
+
+Cavalry regiments stay abroad from twelve to fifteen years, and are fed
+by their depôt.
+
+This foreign service is one of the main impediments in the way of
+recruiting by conscription.
+
+Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry regiments, 88 batteries of
+Artillery, 3 companies R. E., and 53 battalions of Infantry are in
+India; and 1 Cavalry regiment, 27 batteries Artillery, 13 companies R.
+E., and 20 battalions of Infantry are in the Colonies.
+
+[Sidenote: +Marines.+]
+
+The Royal Marines, although not coming strictly under the head of the
+Army, are yet soldiers in the widest sense of the word, for they have
+been engaged by land and sea in every single campaign since their
+formation in 1755. They consist of two divisions, _i.e._ Artillery
+(16 companies) and Light Infantry (48 companies), in all nearly
+14,000 men. They enlist for twelve years’ service, and may re-engage
+for nine years more. In garrison they perform the same duties as the
+Regular army, and on board ship work of a military character, such as
+guard mounting, working big guns, forming part of armed force on boat
+service, or fighting on shore under all sorts of conditions and in all
+climates. The latest development of the Marine is not a Horse-, but a
+Camel-Marine, a force of Marines having served up the Nile with the
+Camel Corps.
+
+The Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form,
+chiefly no doubt owing to their long service, some of our steadiest
+troops on service.
+
+Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the
+corresponding branches of the Regular Army. A Marine may always be told
+from a Linesman by the badge on his helmet and shoulder-straps—a globe
+with the thoroughly apposite motto of “Per Mare, per Terram.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +Native Indian Army.+]
+
+The Native Indian Army is composed of Native Cavalry, Artillery,
+Engineers, Infantry, Medical Corps, etc., etc., partly officered by
+Englishmen, and numbering altogether about 152,000 men, including
+13,000 Volunteers.
+
+It is divided into the Armies of the Bengal, Madras, and Bombay
+Presidencies. The English officers are drawn from the three Staff
+Corps of those Presidencies, which they have entered after serving for
+at least one year with their English regiments.
+
+The Army of Bengal numbers—
+
+  19 Regiments of Bengal Cavalry, including 7 Lancer regiments.
+  4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry.
+  Central India Horse.
+  2 Bengal Mountain Batteries.
+  5 Punjab Mountain Batteries.
+  Corps of Bengal Sappers.
+  Corps of Guides, Cavalry (6 troops), and Infantry (8 companies).
+  45 Regiments Bengal Infantry.
+  5 Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry.
+  4 Regiments Sikh Infantry.
+  6 Regiments Punjab Infantry.
+  Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F. Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry,
+    and 6 regiments Infantry.
+  Several Irregular Corps, and a Medical Department,
+    chiefly Englishmen.
+
+The Army of Madras numbers—
+
+  4 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments.
+  Corps of Madras Sappers.
+  33 Regiments Madras Infantry, and a Madras Medical Department, etc.
+
+The Army of Bombay numbers—
+
+  7 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are Lancer regiments.
+  2 Mountain Batteries.
+  Corps of Bombay Sappers.
+  30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a Bombay Medical Department, etc.
+
+Natives enlist for any period of service, from three years to thirty.
+Most of the troops enlist for nine or fifteen years. They must be
+physically fit and physically equivalent to a full-grown man. They are
+for the most part very keen soldiers, especially those that come from
+the North-West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the men have to
+find everything except firearms—even horses, accoutrements, and food,
+on their pay of about eighteenpence a day; and yet in some popular
+regiments there are several hundred candidates waiting for admission.
+
+The Infantry is armed and equipped similarly to the British Infantry.
+Their rifle is of the Snider pattern, and is being exchanged for
+the Martini-Henry rifle. The uniforms of the Indian Army are very
+variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow, and drab to green. The
+usual head-dress is the turban, but the other details of costume vary
+too much for description. The English officers wear in some regiments
+the native uniform, in others an English one.
+
+A Native Cavalry regiment consists of 4 squadrons of 2 troops each,
+with an establishment of 10 English officers, Native officers, N. C.
+O.’s, and about 540 privates.
+
+A Native Infantry Regiment consists of 1 battalion of 8 companies,
+with an establishment of 9 English officers, Native officers, N. C.
+O.’s, and about 820 privates. Each Infantry regiment is linked with two
+others, one of them supplying the other two with men, etc., in time of
+war.
+
+The establishment of the Mountain Batteries varies according to
+locality.
+
+A Native Reserve is being formed, but is not yet completely organised.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +Colonial Forces.+]
+
+The Colonial Forces consist of those raised by each Colony of the
+British Empire for its own protection. With the exception of a few of
+the smaller islands in the West Indies and Pacific, it may be said that
+every one of our Colonies has trained a certain number of men for home
+defence.
+
+The system of enlistment and service varies in almost every colony,
+according to requirements. In very few of them are there permanent
+forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are
+called out for an annual training only.
+
+The native forces of _Canada_ are—
+
+  Cavalry, 4 regiments of Dragoons.
+           5     ”     of Hussars.
+           4 Independent troops.
+  Artillery, 19 batteries Field Artillery.
+              5 Brigades and 13 batteries Garrison Artillery.
+              ½ battery Mountain Artillery.
+  Engineers, 2 companies.
+  Infantry, 74 battalions of Infantry.
+            21     ”      of Rifles.
+  5 Independent companies.
+  Medical Staff Corps.
+  Total strength 38,500.
+
+Of the above troops, a very small number are permanent troops; the
+remainder consist of Militia, called out for about twelve days’
+training in the year. There is universal liability to service in the
+Militia Reserve for all men between 18 and 60, so that in case of war
+the armed levy of the country would amount to over 600,000 men! Not
+more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country is
+divided into twelve Military Districts, and these again into Brigade
+and Regimental Divisions.
+
+Besides this force, there is a Royal Military College, and Royal
+Schools of Instruction for Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery.
+
+_Cape Colony_ has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of Corps of—
+
+  Cape Mounted Riflemen (practically a Police Force),
+  Volunteer Artillery,
+      ”     Engineers,
+      ”     Mounted Infantry,
+      ”     Infantry, and a
+      ”     Corps of Cadets.
+
+_Ceylon_ possesses a force of about 900 Volunteer Light Infantry.
+
+_Hong Kong_ possesses a force of Volunteer Artillery and Military
+Police (370).
+
+_Jamaica_ possesses a force of Volunteer Militia, Mounted Rifles, and
+Garrison Artillery (1,300).
+
+_Natal_ possesses a paid Volunteer Cavalry, Field Artillery, and
+Rifles, 1,500 altogether.
+
+_Singapore_ possesses a paid Volunteer Artillery and Military Police
+(1,000).
+
+_New Zealand_ possesses a Corps of paid Light Horse Volunteers, 13
+batteries Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force of Militia
+Infantry, and 7 or more Rifle battalions. A total of 7,400 men.
+
+_New South Wales_ has a force of 6,350 men, consisting of—
+
+  Regular Artillery}
+                   } 940 of all ranks.
+  Volunteer   ”    }
+  Engineers, 200 of all ranks.
+  Mounted Infantry 160 of all ranks.
+  4 Regiments Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks.
+
+Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, 2,700 of all ranks;
+besides a Naval Brigade and Naval Artillery Volunteers numbering nearly
+500 men.
+
+_Queensland_ has a Defence Force of three classes, numbering
+altogether over 4,500 men.
+
+  1st Class—“Permanent Defence”—135 men.
+  2nd Class—“Defence”—2,600 men.
+  3rd Class—“Volunteers”—about 1,800 men; besides 4 Lines of Reserves
+    in case of national danger, composed of every male between
+    18 and 60.
+
+_South Australia_ has 2 troops of Lancers, 1 Field and 2 Garrison
+Batteries, 2 battalions Rifles, and numerous Mounted Rifle Corps,
+numbering altogether 2,700 men, including Volunteers.
+
+_Victoria_ has a force of several Cavalry and Artillery Corps, 4
+battalions Rifles, Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Volunteer
+Corps, besides a Reserve. Total 8,300 men.
+
+_Tasmania_ has a small force of Artillery and 2 regiments of Rifles,
+total 930 of all ranks.
+
+_Western Australia_ has a small force of Volunteer, Infantry, and
+Artillery—640 altogether.
+
+_Trinidad_ and other islands in the West Indies have raised small
+forces for their defence, about 1,000 altogether.
+
+Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at home, composed of the two
+classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve, Yeomanry, and
+Volunteers. We will not take into account either the Native Indian
+Reserves, as they are not yet fully formed, or the Colonial Militia or
+Reserves, as they are inextricably mixed up with the Colonial Forces
+already described.
+
+[Sidenote: +Army Reserve.+]
+
+The 1st Class Army Reserve, created in 1877, consists of men who have
+served their three, seven, or eight years with the Colours, and who
+then pass to this Reserve to complete their service to twelve years.
+They are liable to service at home and abroad when called out; this
+would happen only in case of war or national danger. The men would then
+either join their own regiments or be formed into separate corps, or,
+with their consent, be attached to a regiment or corps other than their
+old one. This class numbers over 54,000 men.
+
+The 2nd Class Army Reserve, in which there are not quite 3,000 men, is
+composed of those men who have served twelve years with the Colours and
+then choose to enter this Reserve, and of a few other special classes
+of men. They do not serve out of Great Britain. Both classes are liable
+to be called out for an annual training, but have never yet been so
+called out.
+
+[Sidenote: +Militia.+]
+
+The Militia consists of men voluntarily enlisted for six years, with
+power to re-engage for periods of four years up to forty-five years of
+age. The recruits are trained for six months or less at the depôt of the
+regimental district, and have subsequently to undergo only twenty-eight
+days’[10] training a year with their corps when called out. During these
+twenty-eight days the men receive regular pay, with a “bounty” of 10_s._
+or upward at the end of the training. They are then dismissed till next
+year.
+
+In cases of national emergency, the Militia may be called out, _i.e._
+“embodied,” for active service. This has occurred four times already in
+this century; during the Crimean War, for instance, ten battalions of
+Militia were garrisoning our possessions in the Mediterranean, and no
+fewer than 32,000 entered the Regulars and fought before Sebastopol.
+
+The Militia comprises Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry.
+
+The Artillery consists of 34 brigades of Garrison Artillery, attached
+to the regular Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows:—4 to the
+Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to the Western Division. The
+Engineer Militia numbers 7 companies.
+
+The Infantry consists of 131 battalions, attached to the different
+regiments of Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or other
+battalions, and belonging to the same regimental districts. Some
+regiments have only one Militia battalion attached, others as many as
+five.
+
+The Militia is clothed, equipped, and armed identically with the
+Regular Army, the only distinction being that a Militia private wears
+the number of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter M in
+addition on his shoulder-straps.
+
+The Channel Islands have 4 regiments of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry
+Militia. Malta has 1 regiment of the latter.
+
+The Militia numbers altogether 103,500 men.
+
+[Sidenote: +Militia Reserve.+]
+
+The Militia Reserve consists of men enlisted from the Militia for six
+years or for the remainder of their Militia engagements. These are
+liable to an annual training, or to embodiment in case of national
+danger. The body was created in 1867 as a temporary expedient for an
+Army Reserve, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 having caused extreme
+uneasiness to our authorities; for they discovered then that we had
+absolutely no reserves whatever, in case we went to war. The inducement
+to join is a pecuniary one, _i.e._ £1 bounty, paid in advance, for
+every year service in the Militia. It numbers altogether 30,160 men.
+
+[Illustration: England. III.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Sidenote: +Yeomanry.+]
+
+The Yeomanry is composed of 39 county regiments of Cavalry, and forms
+a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. They are called out
+annually for only one week’s training. They are liable to be called
+out, in addition, for service in any part of Great Britain in case of
+threatened invasion, or to suppress a riot. They receive allowances and
+pay during their training, an allowance for clothing, and their arms,
+from the Government; but have to find their own horses. There is no
+Yeomanry in Ireland.
+
+The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men.
+
+[Sidenote: +Volunteers.+]
+
+The Volunteers consist of a large number of Corps, both Artillery,
+Engineers, Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2 Corps of Light
+Horse and 1 of Mounted Rifles. The Honourable Artillery Company
+(composed of 1 battery Field Artillery, 6 troops Light Cavalry, and
+8 companies Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers, may be
+considered as coming under this head.
+
+The Artillery Volunteers are divided into 9 Divisions according to
+their locality, forming 62 Corps.
+
+The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps of Engineers, 9 Divisions
+Submarine Miners, and 1 Railway Staff-Corps.
+
+The Infantry comprises no less than 211 battalions, distributed
+throughout Great Britain, and attached to the different regular
+regimental districts. 31 Infantry Volunteer Brigades have now been
+formed, each consisting of five or more battalions, and each commanded
+by a colonel of Auxiliary Forces.
+
+The number of Volunteers is unlimited, and has gone on steadily
+increasing, since their formation in 1859. The Corps were originally
+intended to be self-supporting, finding themselves in everything except
+arms. Now, however, the Government, having awoke to their importance
+as a great national reserve for home defence, gives a Capitation Grant
+of 35_s._ a year to the different Corps for every efficient Volunteer
+on their lists, and £2 10_s._ more for every officer and sergeant who
+obtains a certificate of proficiency.
+
+Volunteers are liable to be called out for active military service in
+Great Britain, in case of a threatened invasion.
+
+It is, however, a fact that, if they chose, the Volunteers might, on
+the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen days by simply
+giving notice of their wish to retire! A little legislation on this
+point might not be out of place, though of course such a catastrophe is
+not to be dreamt of.
+
+Volunteers are exempt from service in the Militia, and cannot be
+employed as a military body in aid of the Civil Power. They receive no
+pay, and have to attend a certain number of drills of different sorts
+every year, otherwise they are not considered efficient.
+
+The Volunteers are not yet thoroughly equipped for service, but
+strenuous efforts are being made in this direction by private and
+public enterprise.
+
+Their uniforms vary greatly in colour, from green or scarlet to drab
+or grey, and in appearance. It is, however, expected that all Corps
+will in time present a similar appearance to the Regular Forces, with
+the main distinction of silver or white-metal embroidery and buttons
+instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars.
+
+The rifle of the Volunteers is either the Martini-Henry or the Snider.
+
+The organisation of the Volunteer Corps is identical with that of the
+corresponding Regular Forces.
+
+There were on the 1st January, 1890, 216,999 efficient Volunteers,
+besides 7,022 non-efficients—total 224,021.
+
+[Sidenote: +Entrance Of Officers.+]
+
+The mode of entrance of officers to the Regular Army is as follows:—The
+candidate, if wishing to enter the Cavalry or Infantry has two routes
+open to him. He may either pass a competitive “preliminary” and
+“further” examination for the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, remain
+there one year, and then enter his regiment direct (if successful
+in passing the “final” examination), or else he may be appointed as
+2nd lieutenant to a Militia battalion, undergo two annual trainings,
+and then pass an examination equivalent to the Sandhurst “final.”
+Formerly this latter mode of entrance, _i.e._ through the Militia,
+was considered much the easiest, but now there is not much to choose
+between the two.
+
+A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has to pass two examinations
+in the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, and then spend two years there. The
+order of merit in which the cadets pass the “final” determines which
+branch they are to join. As a rule, those passing out high up join the
+Engineers, and the others the Artillery.
+
+[Sidenote: +Military Establishments.+]
+
+Other Military establishments are:—
+
+(a.) The Staff College near Sandhurst, which an officer may enter by
+means of a competitive examination, after he has served five years
+at least with his regiment. Here he remains for two years, and is
+instructed in the various acquirements necessary for a good Staff
+officer, and in the higher branches of his profession. Having passed
+the final examination, the officer is attached for two months each to
+the two branches of the service other than that which he belongs to,
+and then rejoins his own regiment; he is then entitled to put p.s.c.
+after his name in the Army List.
+
+(b.) School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, where experiments are carried
+out and new inventions in gunnery tried, etc., etc.
+
+(c.) Artillery College at Woolwich.—Instruction, etc., in the higher
+branches of gunnery.
+
+(d.) School of Military Engineering at Chatham, where officers and N.
+C. O.’s of different Corps are put through a course, experiments in
+engineering tried, etc., etc.
+
+(e.) School of Musketry at Hythe, for instruction of officers and N. C.
+O.’s in the use of, and in details and experiments concerning, small
+arms.
+
+(f.) Schools of Gymnasium and Signalling at Aldershot, the Army Medical
+School at Netley, the Veterinary School at Aldershot, and the School
+of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain their _raison
+d’être_.
+
+[Sidenote: +Mounted Infantry, &c.+]
+
+A glance at the latest accessories to the Army in the shape of Mounted
+Infantry, Machine-guns, and Cyclists, may not be out of place here.
+
+The authorities consider that a force of Mounted Infantry (_i.e._,
+Infantry with rifles on horseback) will be of the greatest use to the
+Army in case of war. Accordingly, a force is being trained, little by
+little, which would be available to act as such on active service.
+
+For the past two or three years 2 companies at Aldershot, formed of
+volunteers from the different Infantry battalions quartered there,
+and 1 company at the Curragh, consisting of 150 men each, have been
+trained during the winter months to act as Mounted Infantry. On the
+conclusion of the course, the men are sent back to their regiments, and
+a fresh lot come on the following winter. These companies are intended
+to be formed into battalions when required. The duty of this force on
+service will be to act as Infantry, but with a rapidity of transport
+from one place to another unattainable by ordinary Infantry. Thus they
+may be pushed forward to attack a village, to hold a defensive position
+till supported by other Infantry, to assist the Cavalry, or to perform
+a hundred other duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry.
+
+It is proposed that every battalion of Infantry and regiment of Cavalry
+should in future wars have a Machine-gun Detachment of 2 machine-guns,
+worked by 1 officer and 12 men, attached to it. A large number of men
+have been trained in this work, but there are at this moment but few
+complete detachments in existence.
+
+Corps of Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer, have also lately been started,
+but it seems very questionable whether they would ever be of any use in
+a hostile country except to carry messages to and fro along good roads.
+
+[Sidenote: +Army Corps.+]
+
+Finally, mention must be made of the recent apportioning of the British
+Regular Army into Army Corps. Serious difficulties have arisen in
+organising this matter, for, since regiments are always on the move
+from point to point at home, or between home, India, and the Colonies,
+it is a very difficult task indeed to arrange so that even one Army
+Corps should be ready to take the field at the shortest possible
+notice. It has, however, been done, and the 1st Army Corps is an
+accomplished fact. The 2nd is on the high road to completion, though as
+yet it is badly off for horses.
+
+The above gives a tolerably fair idea of the strength and constitution
+of the Army of the British Empire. The Navy, it is true, is still
+our first line of defence, as it has been for hundreds of years; but
+although the best in the world, it is not yet large enough for our
+needs. Our Regular Army has also been shown to be barely large enough.
+It is, therefore, doubly necessary to keep the Army at a high pitch of
+efficiency, and fully supplied with everything needful, in order that
+if we ever come into collision with one of the colossal European powers
+detailed in the following pages, we shall not be found wanting.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 1: This article has been entirely re-written by the
+Translator.]
+
+[Footnote 2: The Colonial forces really form a class between the two,
+but may be taken here with the Active Army.]
+
+[Footnote 3: The Militia Ballot Act.]
+
+[Footnote 4: _I.e._, West India Regiment, Malta Artillery, etc.]
+
+[Footnote 5: More than 40 per cent. of would-be recruits are annually
+rejected by the doctors.]
+
+[Footnote 6: Blue in the 16th and white in the 17th Lancers.]
+
+[Footnote 7: Crimson in the 11th Hussars and brick-red in the lévée
+dress of the officers of the 10th Hussars.]
+
+[Footnote 8: The Black Brunswick Hussars came over to England after
+Waterloo, and their uniform was so greatly admired that the 60th and
+95th, who were in process of being changed from Light Infantry to Rifle
+regiments, adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern.]
+
+[Footnote 9: With one or two exceptions.]
+
+[Footnote 10: Though liable to fifty-six days.]
+
+
+
+
+                           THE GERMAN ARMY.
+
+
+[Sidenote: +The German Empire.+]
+
+[Illustration: Prussian Hussar of the Guard.]
+
+It was in the autumn of 1870, during the Franco-German War, that the
+preliminary arrangements were made for the forthcoming consolidation of
+the German Empire. Up to that time, Germany consisted of a multitude of
+States, each with its own Government and its own Army. The interests
+of these States, ranging as they did from kingdoms down to small
+principalities, were extremely conflicting, and internal hostility was
+frequently the result. The one great aim of King William of Prussia
+was to see them all united into one Empire, and defended by one Army.
+Aided by the genius of Bismarck, the negotiations were brought to
+a successful conclusion, and on the 18th January, 1871, William of
+Prussia was declared Emperor of Germany with the title of William I. At
+the same time the forces of the different States were combined, and the
+present German Army is the result.
+
+[Illustration: Prussian Garde du Corps. Court full-dress.]
+
+In peace and war this United Army is under the command of the Emperor,
+and each man is bound by oath to render him faithful and loyal service.
+
+Several of the States, whilst keeping their own troops, have, by
+means of special military conventions, attached themselves and their
+forces still closer to the chief military power of the Empire, namely,
+Prussia. On the other hand, a few of the larger States have reserved
+for themselves a certain independence in the management of their
+armies. The chief outward and visible sign thereof is seen in the
+variations of uniform from the strict Prussian pattern. Thus, the
+Bavarian Infantry has kept its light-blue tunic, the Saxons still
+have red piping round their skirts, and the Württembergers wear
+double-breasted tunics and grey greatcoats.
+
+[Illustration: German Empire. I.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Army may be roughly divided into
+four groups:
+
+1. The combined forces of Prussia and the following States, which
+have concluded conventions with her: Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen,
+Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the two
+principalities of Reuss, Oldenburg, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Lippe,
+Schaumburg-Lippe, Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Waldeck, Brunswick, Grand
+Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy
+of Baden, and Grand Duchy of Hesse.
+
+2. The Saxon Army Corps—(one).
+
+3. The Bavarian Army Corps—(two).
+
+4. The Württemberg Army Corps—(one).
+
+Universal Conscription is the keystone of the Army. Introduced on
+September 3rd, 1814, first of all, it was amended by the law of the
+16th April, 1871, and perfected by subsequent laws passed in 1874
+and 1881. The recent edict of the 11th February, 1888, has put the
+finishing touches to it, so that it now holds sway throughout the whole
+Empire. According to this law, every German who is physically capable
+and who is in the enjoyment of civil rights, is bound to serve as a
+soldier.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+A man is bound to commence his service, as a rule, with his 21st year.
+
+The period of service is as follows:—
+
+  3 years with the Colours.[11]
+  4 years in the Reserve of the Active Army.[11]
+  5 years in the 1st Class Landwehr.
+  7 years in the 2nd Class Landwehr.
+  6 years in the 2nd Class Landsturm.
+
+By this time the soldier is in his 45th year.
+
+The 1st Class Landwehr is divided into complete units, and these are
+formed into Reserve Divisions for the Active Army. The 2nd Class
+Landwehr garrisons the interior and fortresses, and acts, if called
+out, as a reserve for the above-mentioned Landwehr Reserve divisions.
+
+All men between the ages of 17 and 45 who are fit to bear arms and
+who are not serving in either the Active Army (including the Ersatz
+Reserve) or in the Landwehr, are enrolled in the 1st Class Landsturm.
+This body can only be called out in case of national invasion, or for
+garrison duty at home.
+
+The Ersatz (_i.e._ Supply) Reserve consists of those men who are
+physically fit, but have, owing to surplus numbers or other causes,
+escaped being sent to serve in the Regular Army. Part of this Reserve
+undergoes a training of ten weeks in the first, six weeks in the
+second, and four weeks in the third year. These are considered as
+belonging to the so-called “Furlough Men”[12] class, and serve when
+required to complete the Army in the field. On the completion of
+their thirty-first year, the men are sent to the Landwehr and 2nd
+Class Landsturm, and there they remain till the termination of their
+liability to service, _i.e._, their forty-fifth year. The men of the
+untrained portion of the Ersatz Reserve remain available for service
+up to their thirty-second year, and then pass over to the 1st and 2nd
+Classes of the Landsturm in due order.
+
+If every single able-bodied young man were to be taken for the Regular
+Army, two disadvantages would accrue to the State; on the one hand an
+immense amount of industrial labour would be lost to the country, and
+on the other, it would be impossible for the State to support such a
+huge Army. For this reason the law of the constitution has laid down
+that the peace Army is not to exceed one per cent. of the population.
+This gives the Army the respectable peace-strength of 468,409 men (not
+including officers and one-year volunteers). Of these numbers about
+156,000 annually enter the ranks as recruits.
+
+There is a supplementary clause to the law of universal conscription,
+and that is the one which allows of _One-year Volunteers_. It stands
+to reason that with a three-years’ bout of compulsory service, a large
+portion of the youth of the country are interrupted in the studies
+which are to prepare them for their particular professions, and that at
+a period when they can least afford to lose the time. For the labourer,
+who needs but little knowledge for his daily task, and for those
+handicraftsmen whose work demands but little brain capacity or culture
+of any sort, this interruption of business is of small moment. It is
+far otherwise, however, with the young man who requires to spend some
+time in the higher schools in order to fit himself for the profession
+he has chosen, be it industrial or scientific. This disadvantage of
+the conscription law makes itself felt in proportion to the progress
+in education and general culture made in the country. At the same time
+it is obvious that a man who has the assistance of a well-educated
+and well-trained mind does not require so long a period to master the
+intricacies of soldiering as one who is less intelligent.
+
+For this reason the Government allows young men who have either
+received a certificate of educational efficiency from one of the higher
+schools or else passed an examination before a commission appointed
+for the purpose, to enter the service as volunteers on completing
+their seventeenth year. After one year with the Colours they are sent
+“on furlough” to the Active Reserve, and for this privilege they have
+to find themselves in uniform, equipment, and food during the period
+of their service. They may become officers in the following manner:
+If they have behaved well and have subsequently, during two trainings
+of several weeks each, whilst attached to a Corps, shown themselves
+professionally and socially qualified to become officers, they are
+balloted for by the officers of their district. If the ballot is
+favourable, they are commissioned by his Majesty and become full-blown
+officers of the Reserve. These have, in case of war, to complete the
+active establishment of officers to war-strength, or have to fill
+vacancies as officers in the Landwehr.
+
+[Sidenote: +Officers.+]
+
+The German Army represents the people under arms, and their officers
+represent the cream of the Army. The road to the higher, and even
+to the highest ranks, lies open to every educated man, without
+reference to social standing or birth, if he only have the necessary
+qualifications thereto.
+
+Every candidate for an officer commission must possess—
+
+1. A good general education, of which the candidate must give
+satisfactory proof, either by the possession of an “Abiturient”
+certificate,[13] or by passing an examination before a commission held
+in Berlin.
+
+2. Physical qualifications for military service, including good eyes.
+
+3. An honourable character.
+
+Having satisfied the authorities on these subjects, the candidate now
+serves as a private for five months, generally with the regiment he
+intends to enter. At the end of this time, during which he is called an
+“avantageur,” he undergoes an examination in military duties, etc., and
+on receiving a certificate of satisfactory service from his superior
+officers, he becomes an ensign (“Porte-épée Fähnrich”) and is sent to
+a military college for a year. There he passes a final examination in
+military knowledge, and, if balloted for successfully by the officers
+of the regiment of his choice, he joins as second lieutenant.
+
+As much as 40 to 45 per cent. of the officers are drawn from the Cadet
+Corps, which is distributed amongst establishments at Lichterfelde
+(near Berlin, head college), Kulm, Potsdam, Wahlstatt, Bensberg, Plön
+and Oranienstein, in Prussia; Dresden in Saxony, and Munich in Bavaria.
+A new college will shortly open in Karlsruhe. This Corps is chiefly
+composed of the sons of officers, who receive a cheap and excellent
+training and education. The proverb that “the apple falls close to the
+stem” is well exemplified here, for amongst the cadets are many who
+bear celebrated soldiers’ names, such as Roon, Steinmetz, Canstein,
+etc., etc.
+
+Although the training in the Cadet Corps is chiefly a military one,
+yet on the whole the cadets receive an education equal to that of a
+first-class civilian college. Thus they are enabled in after-life, when
+they have left the Service, to pursue a civilian calling with greater
+ease than if their education had been purely military.
+
+Mention may also be made here of the establishments in which the
+“Porte-épée Fähnrichs” (ensigns) are instructed: they are the military
+colleges of Potsdam, Engers, Neisse, Glogau, Hanover, Cassel, Anklam,
+Metz, and Munich. The higher branches of military science are pursued
+in the United Artillery and Engineer School, and the Staff College
+(Kriegsakademie), both in Berlin. The entire military education and
+training of the country are managed by an Inspection-General.
+
+As in all large armies, the three great branches of the German service
+are Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, besides the Engineers and
+Transport Corps, the latter of which is called the “Train.”
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+As everybody knows, Infantry is intended to go anywhere and fight
+anywhere. It is, therefore, equipped for all contingencies that may
+arise, and is armed with a weapon for use either at a long range or in
+close hand-to-hand fighting.
+
+The German Infantry is[14] armed with a capital magazine-rifle, with a
+bore of ·315 inches, which, with a point-blank range of over 300 yards,
+will carry up to 2,400 yards. The magazine is detachable, and holds 8
+cartridges. The bayonet is a short sword-bayonet, very similar to the
+new English bayonet.
+
+[Illustration: Württemberg, Sergeant of the Train.]
+
+As a rule, the German foot-soldier has to carry his own equipment,
+both on the march and in action. The equipment consists of a knapsack
+with large mess-tin attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to
+which latter is fastened a small spade), havresack, and water-bottle,
+and three pouches, two in front and one behind. These pouches hold,
+altogether, 150 rounds. The whole thing can be put on or taken off
+at a moment notice, by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt
+and slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. This new
+arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused
+by the older pattern of equipment, which compressed the man chest
+considerably.
+
+The old division of the Infantry into Grenadiers, Musketeers, and
+Fusiliers has now no significance, except from a historical point of
+view. Nowadays, the whole of the Infantry being identically equipped,
+they all receive exactly the same amount of instruction and training,
+with the sole exception that the Rifle battalions (Jäger) spend
+somewhat more time and pains on their musketry than the other troops.
+
+[Illustration: Prussian Engineer.]
+
+“Grenadiers” first sprang into existence in the seventeenth century;
+as their name indicates, they were originally intended to throw
+hand-grenades amongst the enemy ranks. For this object, particularly
+powerful men were selected, and in France, under Louis XIV., four
+Grenadiers were at first attached to each company; subsequently, each
+battalion received a Grenadier company. Grenadiers were now introduced
+into every civilised army, but as there was seldom an opportunity for
+the employment of their special weapon, they were given muskets, and
+remained Grenadiers only in name, and thus the name came to be applied
+to particularly fine bodies of troops only. The Prussian Grenadier
+battalions of Frederick the Great were the flower of his Army, and in
+memory of these troops the 1st Prussian Foot-Guard Regiment still
+wears the old sugar-loaf brass helmet on big review days and other
+special occasions. The title of “Grenadier Regiments,” which the first
+twelve Prussian Infantry regiments received in 1861, was only bestowed
+in order to keep green the memory of the old Grenadiers.
+
+The names of “Musketeers” and “Fusiliers” come from the different
+firearms their predecessors bore, _i.e._, the musket and the rifle
+(fusil), first introduced into France in the seventeenth century. The
+Musketeers were at first the Heavy Infantry, in contradistinction to
+the Fusiliers, who represented the Light Infantry. Later, however, on
+each branch receiving the same firearm, the distinction ceased, and it
+is now only remembered through the old Fusilier songs, of which there
+exist several, and whose burden is the chaffing of the heavy Musketeer.
+
+The peculiar qualities necessary for good Light Infantry have been
+developed _par excellence_ in the Prussian Rifle battalions. These draw
+a very large proportion of their recruits from the gamekeepers and
+forester class of the country. Such men have of necessity been already
+trained in the attainments required for that branch of the Infantry.
+They are well acquainted with firearms and can shoot; they can put up
+with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange
+country, and they have studied in the school of nature—in short, they
+are the very men to make into skirmishers and marksmen, and are in
+their element on outpost or patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the
+first to train the Jäger as Light Infantry, and his influence is seen
+to this day. “Vive le roi et ses chasseurs” was the motto engraved on
+their “hirschfänger” (lit. “stag-sticker,” a large knife still worn by
+keepers for the purpose of giving the stag his _coup de grâce_) in his
+day, and it is still the watchword of the Prussian Riflemen of to-day.
+Frederick recognised that the true method of employing Riflemen was to
+extend them as skirmishers, and there is a story which tells how, when
+one day, in Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past him in close order,
+the old king shook his crutch-stick at them and shouted: “Get out of
+that, get out of that, you scoundrels!” and made them march past in
+extended order.
+
+On the 1st of April, 1890, the German Infantry numbered 171 regiments
+of 3 battalions each, and 21 Rifle battalions—total 534 battalions.
+
+The Guard and Grenadier Regiments are:—
+
+   4 Regiments of Foot-Guards,
+   4 Regiments of Guard Grenadiers,
+  12 Prussian Grenadier regiments (Nos. 1–12),
+   1 Mecklenburg Grenadier regiment (No. 89),
+   2 Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109 and 110),
+   2 Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101),
+   2 Württemberg Grenadier regiments (Nos. 119 and 123),
+   1 Bavarian Body-Guard regiment,
+   1 Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No. 115).
+
+The Fusilier and Rifle (Schützen) Regiments are:—
+
+  12 Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed of 1 Guard Fusilier
+     regiment, and Nos. 33–40, 73, 80, and 86 of the Line).
+   1 Mecklenburg Fusilier regiment (No. 90), and
+   1 Saxon Rifle (Schützen) regiment (No. 108).
+
+Of the remaining Line regiments, 81 are Prussian, _i.e._, Nos. 13–32,
+41–72, 74–79, 81–85, 87–88, 97–99, 128–132, 135–138, and 140–143;
+
+  No. 91 is Oldenburg,
+  No. 92  ” Brunswick,
+  No. 93  ” Anhalt,
+  No. 94  ” Saxe-Weimar,
+  No. 95  ” Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,
+  No. 96 is Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, and the two
+    principalities of Reuss,
+  Nos. 111–114, and 144, are Baden, and
+  Nos. 116–118 are Hessian.
+  Total, 95 regiments of the first group.
+
+Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony, _i.e._, Nos. 102–107, 133, 134,
+and 139.
+
+Six belong to the 3rd group, Württemberg, _i.e._, Nos. 120–122 and
+124–126.
+
+The 4th group, Bavaria, has 18 regiments of the Line, which are
+numbered apart from the rest of the Army.
+
+The Rifle (Jäger) battalions are thus divided:—
+
+  Prussia: 1 battalion Rifles of the Guard; 1 battalion Schützen of the
+    Guard; 11 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 1–11); 1 battalion
+    Mecklenburg Rifles. Total, 14 battalions.
+  Saxony: 3 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 12, 13, and 15).
+  Bavaria: 4 battalions Rifles (numbered apart).
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+The Cavalry is intended for fighting chiefly at close quarters and on
+open ground. Their use on the battle-field is generally confined to
+the attack in close order.
+
+Although both branches of the Cavalry, the Heavy and the Light, receive
+an identical training, yet the distinction between them has not yet
+entirely lost its old significance. The Cavalry of the German Army
+is divided into four groups, distinguished by different equipment
+and arms; they are the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers, and
+the Hussars. The chief weapon throughout is the sword, though the
+Cuirassiers differ from the others in being armed with a long straight
+sword, whilst that of the latter is slightly curved. Besides this
+weapon, the whole of the Cavalry is being armed with lances. As it may
+happen that the men may have to dismount and use firearms on foot,
+at present they are all armed with a useful carbine (Mauser, 1871
+pattern); the non-commissioned officers and trumpeters wear a revolver
+instead.
+
+The main point in a Cavalry fight is the shock, _i.e._, the moment
+when they come into contact with the enemy. This must be the result
+of gradually quickening the pace till at the supreme moment an
+irresistible mass is hurled with crushing force on the ranks of the
+enemy. The best powers of man and horse must therefore be reserved for
+this moment, and it is a fact that the turning-point of an action has
+often been decided by the mere impetus of the charge, and without any
+use whatever of cold steel.
+
+[Illustration: German Empire. II.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+Of the whole German Cavalry the Prussian arm has the best record. This
+dates from the time of Frederick the Great and his celebrated Cavalry
+leaders Zieten, Seydlitz, and others, who made use of bold and clever
+offensive tactics which led to grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen,
+Zorndorf, and other actions. Prussian horses are powerful, fast, and
+capable of considerable endurance, so that they are particularly suited
+to military service. In addition, the Prussian soldier is a capital
+groom. These qualities, in conjunction with thorough discipline and
+tactical training, have brought the German Cavalry to a height of
+excellence that is surpassed by few.
+
+The Cuirassiers are the troops who from their outward appearance
+most resemble the knights of the Middle Ages. Although the cuirass,
+from which they take their name, has lately been abolished for field
+service in consequence of its weight and inability to keep off the
+enemy bullets, yet with the lance, just introduced, a genuine knightly
+weapon has been brought in to take its place.
+
+The Prussian Regiment of Gardes-du-Corps, whose chief is _ex-officio_
+the King of Prussia, is equipped and armed in the same way as the
+Cuirassiers. Although it forms a Royal body-guard, still the regiment
+has seen a considerable amount of service. History tells of a memorable
+saying of the Commander of the regiment, Colonel von Wacknitz, at the
+battle of Zorndorf (25th August, 1758), where the enemy, the Russians,
+were getting the best of the day; Frederick the Great was with his
+regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and said anxiously to Colonel von
+Wacknitz: “What do you think of it? My idea is that we shall get the
+worst of the action.” Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said: “Your
+Majesty, no battle is lost, in my opinion, where the Gardes-du-Corps
+have not charged.” “Very good,” said the king, “then charge.” And the
+fortune of the day was decided by the brilliant and successful attack
+made by this regiment. The battle was won, and the country saved.
+
+[Illustration: Württemberg. Dragoon.]
+
+In Bavaria the two regiments of Heavy Cavalry, and in Saxony the
+regiments of Horse Guards and Carbineers, correspond to the Prussian
+Cuirassiers.
+
+The Dragoons were originally intended to combine the fire-action of
+Infantry with the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and were therefore
+armed, on horseback, with a light musket and bayonet. The Brandenburg
+Dragoons of the great Elector Frederick William came greatly to the
+fore in this double capacity at the battles of Warsaw and Fehrbellin.
+The uncertainty, however, of the results of shooting when mounted, and
+the inconvenience of dismounting or mounting according as to whether
+the fight raged on foot or on horseback, showed plainly as time went on
+that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of mounted infantry, could
+not yet be brought to perfection. The Dragoons were therefore, during
+the eighteenth century, gradually formed into Cavalry pure and simple,
+and at the present time they are horse-soldiers, and horse-soldiers
+only. One of the most celebrated Cavalry attacks was that of the
+regiment of Anspach-Bayreuth Dragoons in the battle of Hohenfriedberg
+(4th June, 1745). In this action, the regiment rode down no fewer than
+20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500 prisoners and 66 standards,
+besides a large number of guns: as Frederick the Great said, “It is a
+feat unparalleled in history.” This regiment was, at a later period,
+turned into a Cuirassier regiment, and is now known as the Queen’s 2nd
+Cuirassiers (Pomeranians).
+
+The Bavarian Chevau-légers correspond to the Prussian Dragoons, and
+many a record testifies to their gallantry in action.
+
+The spirit of Zieten, the “Hussar-father,” and of old Blücher, “Field
+Marshal Forwards,” still lives in the Hussars of the German Empire.
+Activity, boldness, and cheeriness are the attributes which make a good
+Hussar, and many are the songs which record their successes in camp and
+field.
+
+The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such terror amongst the enemy in the
+war of 1870–71, hail, as far as their name goes, from Tartary.[15] For
+this reason, the French took them for a wild tribe, such as the Kirghiz
+of the Steppes, or the African Turcos. The name is, however, the only
+foreign element about them, for their mode of fighting is essentially
+German.
+
+The chief weapon of the Uhlan, the lance, with which they caused such
+consternation among the French, although it had been the most popular
+weapon of the Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely from European
+armies on the introduction of firearms; the Russian and Polish Cavalry
+alone retaining it. After the second Silesian war in 1745, Frederick
+the Great armed a body of Light Horse with lances, and gave them the
+name of “Bosniaks.” Consisting at first of only 1 “company,” their
+strength was increased afterwards to 10 companies, and in the year
+1800 they were founded into a regiment under the name of “Towarczys,”
+_i.e._, experienced in war. In 1808, the name was changed to “Uhlans,”
+and the corps was divided into several regiments, whose number was
+increased at a later period. In 1870 the French peasantry called the
+whole of the German Cavalry “ulans,” and the sudden appearance of a few
+of their horsemen in a district at a time when the Frenchmen flattered
+themselves that the enemy was still far distant, caused shouts of “les
+ulans! les ulans!” universal consternation, and immediate flight. The
+German Uhlans were everywhere at once. More than one populous town,
+_e.g._, Nancy on the 11th August, 1870, opened their gates at their
+approach, and the small fortress of Vitry le françois surrendered to a
+mere handful of Uhlans.
+
+[Illustration: Bavarian Halberdier.
+
+(Full-dress.)]
+
+The Cavalry of the German Empire consists altogether of 93
+regiments of 5 squadrons each—total, 465 squadrons. On the regiment
+being ordered on active service, one of the squadrons remains
+behind as supply-squadron for the rest. Its duty is to replace the
+partially-trained or unserviceable horses by good ones, and also to
+fill up the ranks of the other squadrons with good men when required.
+By this means, the active part of the regiment is brought to a high
+state of readiness for action, and gains greatly in efficiency. There
+are:—
+
+14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including:
+
+   The Garde-du-Corps regiment,
+   The Guard Cuirassier regiment,
+   8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments,
+   2 Bavarian Heavy Cavalry regiments,
+   1 Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and
+   1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers.
+
+34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely:
+
+   2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards,
+  16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1–16),
+   2 Mecklenberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 17 and 18),
+   1 Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No. 19).
+   3 Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20–22),
+   2 Hessian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 23 and 24),
+   2 Württemberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 25 and 26), and
+   6 Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiments.
+
+20 Regiments of Hussars, namely:
+
+   1 Body-Guard Hussar regiment,
+  16 Prussian     ”   regiments,
+   1 Brunswick     ”   regiment, and
+   2 Saxon         ”   regiments (Nos. 18 and 19).
+
+25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely:
+
+   3 Guard-Uhlan regiments,
+  16 Prussian Uhlan regiments (Nos. 1–16),
+   2 Saxon Uhlan regiments (Nos. 17 and 18),
+   2 Württemberg Uhlan regiments (Nos. 19 and 20), and
+   2 Bavarian Uhlan regiments.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Of late years there has been a good deal of talk about reorganising
+the present force into a so-called “General” Cavalry, and this would
+be distinctly a move in the right direction. The term implies that all
+branches of the Cavalry arm should be equally and thoroughly equipped,
+armed, and trained for any service in which Cavalry could be called
+on to take part. An important step has been made in this direction by
+the recent arming of the _whole_ of the Cavalry with lances. There
+is, however, no intention whatever on the part of the authorities to
+carry out the idea to extremities. Such measures as taking away their
+particular mode of action from the different branches of the Cavalry,
+or giving them all exactly the same uniform, would never be entertained
+for a moment. It is obvious that such measures would be the deathblow
+of all _esprit de corps_ which, as we know, has led to such brilliant
+results in the past. The shock of Cuirassiers on their big horses, the
+charge of Uhlans with their fluttering lance-pennons, the sabre-work
+of Hussars, and the mobility of Dragoons and Chevau-légers, each has
+its particular effect on the enemy, and each distinctive attribute
+must be taken into serious account. There can be no doubt that a
+total amalgamation of the four branches, and the abolition of their
+distinctive uniforms, would produce much more harm in the end than good.
+
+Before closing the subject of Cavalry, mention ought to be made of
+the lately-formed Empress’s Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two
+sergeants, and 24 men. They were first put on duty in August, 1889,
+during the visit of the Emperor of Austria. Their uniform is the usual
+dark-blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs, besides a full-dress
+white Cuirassier tunic. The skirts are lined with cerise cloth and
+fastened back with hooks. Both collar and cuffs have white braid-lace
+on them, like the rest of the Guard Corps. The breeches are of white
+leather, and big knee-boots like those of the Cuirassiers complete the
+costume.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+Artillery has but one rôle to play on the battle-field, and that is to
+come into action and do as much harm as possible to the enemy from a
+long distance off.
+
+The German arm is divided into Field Artillery and Garrison Artillery.
+
+The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on the
+field of battle. One particular branch of it forms the Horse Artillery,
+in which all the men are mounted. The whole of the Field Artillery is
+armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (C. 73), the Horse Artillery guns
+having a bore of 2·95, and the others a bore of 3·43 inches. They carry
+“double-ring shells” (a form of segment shell which fly into about 180
+pieces), Shrapnel shells (each containing 240 bullets), and case-shot.
+The guns themselves are handy to work, and carry with great accuracy up
+to about four miles.
+
+A Battery is formed of six guns, though as a rule not more than four in
+peace-time have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw them.
+
+There are altogether 318 batteries of Field-and 46 batteries of Horse
+Artillery, the whole forming 37 regiments.
+
+To the Prussian group belong 29 regiments, forming 245 Field-and 38
+Horse Artillery batteries—total 283 batteries.
+
+Saxony has 2 regiments (Nos. 12 and 28) forming 21 Field-and 2 Horse
+Artillery batteries.
+
+Württemberg has 2 regiments (Nos. 13 and 29), forming 18 Field
+batteries.
+
+Bavaria has 4 regiments, forming 34 Field-and 6 Horse Artillery
+batteries.
+
+Grand Total, 364 batteries.
+
+Of the 29 “Prussian” regiments, 2 are Guard Artillery, 24 (Nos. 1–11,
+15–24, 26, 27, and 31) are Prussian, 2 belong to Baden (Nos. 14 and
+30), and 1 (No. 25) is Hessian.
+
+In the course of the next few years the Field Artillery will undergo
+considerable changes in matériel as well as in organisation. It is
+intended to give each Army Corps 3 F. A. regiments, each of 2 divisions
+of 3 batteries each. Thus each of the two divisions of the Army Corps
+would have one F. A. regiment of 6 batteries, and the 3rd regiment
+would be available as Corps Artillery. It is also proposed to introduce
+a common calibre of gun for the whole, both Field and Horse Artillery,
+and also a common projectile which would combine the advantages of
+common shell and shrapnel. The introduction of this latter would tend
+greatly to simplify both the action and the supply of the gun.
+
+The men of the Garrison Artillery are employed in the attack and
+defence of fortresses. They have no guns of their own, but simply
+work the big guns of the Siege-train or the fortresses, according to
+circumstances. These gunners go by the name of “cannoniers.” They are
+armed with the Mauser carbine of the 1871 pattern.
+
+The Garrison Artillery consists of 14 regiments of 2 battalions each,
+of 4 companies each, besides 3 independent battalions, altogether 31
+battalions.
+
+Of this force, Prussia has 11 regiments (1 Guard regiment and Nos. 1
+to 8, 10 and 11) and 2 independent battalions (No. 9 and No. 14), the
+latter belonging to Baden.
+
+Saxony has 1 regiment (No. 12).
+
+Württemberg has 1 battalion (No. 13), and
+
+Bavaria has 2 regiments.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+There remain yet the Engineers and the Train.
+
+[Illustration: Bavarian Officer of Lancers.
+
+(Aide-de-Camp.)]
+
+The officers of the corps of Engineers are divided into the
+Engineer Staff Corps (_i.e._, generals and field officers) and 4
+“Engineer-Inspections” (captains and lieutenants).
+
+This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, Württemberg, and Bavarian
+officers are not so divided. Engineer officers are employed either with
+the “fortification branch,” _i.e._, that branch which superintends the
+construction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with the “Pioneers,”
+_i.e._, Field Engineers.
+
+There are in the German Army nineteen Pioneer battalions, distributed
+thus:
+
+  1 Guard battalion and 14 others (Nos. 1–11, 14–16), including
+    1 Baden battalion (No. 13), to Prussia.
+  1 battalion to Saxony (No. 12),
+  1 battalion to Württemberg (No. 18), and
+  2 battalions to Bavaria.
+
+Each battalion numbers 4 companies; of these the 1st is a Pontoon
+company, the 2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies: _i.e._, for sap-work,
+construction of siege-batteries, and field-works, etc.; and the 4th
+is a Mining company, for laying mines and subterranean galleries in
+siege-work.
+
+Besides these, there is a Railway Regiment of 4 battalions (including
+1 Saxon and 1 Württemberg company), and 1 Bavarian Railway
+battalion of 2 companies, for the construction of military railways
+and railway-bridges. Included in the Railway Regiment are the
+Field-Telegraph and Balloon sections.
+
+[Sidenote: +Train.+]
+
+The “Train” (corresponding to our Army Service Corps) is for the
+transport of supplies, ammunition, and war-material of all sorts. The
+drivers and men of the corps are trained in peace-time in the Train
+battalions, and the wagons are stored in Train depôts.
+
+There are 19 Train battalions and 1 company, thus divided:
+
+14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies, and a depôt (the Guard
+battalion, and Nos. 1–11, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one (No. 14), in
+Baden, and 1 Train company in Hesse; one (No. 12) in Saxony, one in
+Württemberg (No. 13), and 2 in Bavaria.
+
+To the depôt of each battalion belong: 5 provision sections, 3 medical
+detachments with field hospitals and bearers, 1 remount-depôt, 1 field
+bakery section, and 5 sections of transport.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +Tactical Organisation.+]
+
+The above account gives a general résumé of the fighting force of
+Germany. It now remains to give the tactical organisation of the
+different branches of the Army.
+
+In the Infantry, the smallest independent body of troops, or “tactical
+unit,” is a battalion (except in the case of the independent Rifle
+battalions, where the unit is represented by the company). In the
+Cavalry it is a squadron, and in the Artillery a battery. The war
+strength of a battalion is, at the outside, 1,000 men; that of a
+squadron is about 150 mounted men; and that of a battery is 6 guns,
+with 12 wagons and men in proportion. The peace-strength of each unit
+is dependent, on the one hand, on the numbers required for its full
+strength in time of war; and, on the other hand, on the amount of
+training requisite for its efficiency. In a less degree also, it is
+dependent on the state of the Treasury.
+
+The peace-strength of a Prussian Line battalion (4 companies) is:—
+
+    1 major (commanding the battalion),
+    4 captains,
+   12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants,
+    1 adjutant (usually a lieutenant),
+  559 N. C. O.’s and men, and
+    7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster, 4 privates trained
+      as medical assistants, and 1 armourer-sergeant).
+
+[Illustration: German Empire. III.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+N.B.—A Regiment of Infantry consists of three battalions, so that in
+calculating the strength of a regiment, the regimental staff (colonel,
+lieutenant-colonel, regimental-adjutant, surgeons, etc.), should be
+taken into account.
+
+That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of five squadrons is:—
+
+   25 officers,
+    2 or 3 surgeons,
+  686 N. C. O.’s and men,
+   14 others (paymasters, veterinary surgeons, medical assistants,
+     armourers, etc., etc.), and
+  667 horses.
+
+The peace-strength of the corresponding troops in Bavaria, Württemberg,
+and Saxony is much the same. The Guard regiments and those in
+Alsace-Lorraine are somewhat stronger.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +Formation of Brigades, Divisions, and Army Corps.+]
+
+As a rule, two regiments of Infantry (6 battalions), or two of Cavalry
+(8 to 10 squadrons), form a Brigade, under a Major-general as brigadier.
+
+The first unit composed of all three arms is the Infantry division.
+It consists of usually two brigades of Infantry and one regiment
+of Cavalry; and, in the field, has in addition 6 batteries of
+Artillery and 1 company of Engineers, the whole under the command of
+a lieutenant-general. A Cavalry Division varies in strength, but has
+always, if possible, one or two batteries of Horse Artillery attached.
+
+[Illustration: Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.]
+
+Two, or three, Infantry Divisions, with a brigade (2 regiments) of
+Field Artillery, Engineers and Train, constitute an Army Corps, under
+the command of a full general. The Army Corps therefore comprises all
+branches of the service, and is thoroughly independent.
+
+The 12th (Saxon) and 13th (Württemberg) Corps have a slightly different
+composition. They each number 4 Infantry, 2 Cavalry and 1 Field
+Artillery Brigades (each brigade consisting of 2 regiments), besides
+one battalion of Field Engineers and one of the Train. The Guard Corps
+also is constituted rather differently from any other.
+
+[Sidenote: +Size of Army.+]
+
+On the 1st April, 1890, the entire German Army consisted of 20 Army
+Corps, quartered as follows:—
+
+The Guard Corps, in Berlin, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, and Spandau (with
+the exception of the 4th Guard Grenadier Regiment, which is quartered
+at Coblenz).
+
+  ---------------+-------------------------+------------
+      Corps.     |        District.        |    Head
+                 |                         |  Quarters.
+  ---------------+-------------------------+------------
+  I.             | East Prussia            | Königsberg
+  II.            | Pomerania               | Stettin
+  III.           | Brandenburg             | Berlin
+  IV.            | Province of Saxony      | Magdeburg
+  V.             | Posen                   | Posen
+  VI.            | Silesia                 | Breslau
+  VII.           | Westphalia              | Münster
+  VIII.          | Rhine Provinces         | Coblenz
+  IX.            | Schleswig-Holstein      | Altona
+  X.             | Hanover                 | Hanover
+  XI.            | Hesse-Nassau[16]        | Cassel
+  XII.           | Kingdom of Saxony       | Dresden
+  XIII.          | Kingdom of Württemberg  | Stuttgart
+  XIV.           | Grand Duchy of Baden    | Carlsruhe
+  XV.            | Alsace                  | Strasburg
+  XVI.           | Lorraine                | Metz
+  XVII.          | West Prussia            | Danzig
+  1st Bavarian } |                         |
+    Corps.     } | Bavaria                 | Munich
+  2nd Bavarian } |                         |
+    Corps.     } |    ”                    | Würzburg
+  ---------------+-------------------------+------------
+
+The nineteen Territorial Districts of the Army correspond to the
+nineteen Army Corps Districts. The recruits, however, of the XVth
+and XVIth Corps districts are not allowed to serve there, but are
+distributed amongst other corps. The Guard Corps draws its recruits
+from the different districts of Prussia, and from Alsace-Lorraine.
+
+The main idea which directed the above recent apportioning of troops
+was to distribute them so as to be immediately available in case of war
+in any quarter. Formerly, the tendency was to group the forces where
+they could be most conveniently trained and worked, without reference
+to the possibilities of war.
+
+Now that the new distribution of Army Corps has placed three Corps
+(XIVth, XVth, and XVIth) on the western, and four Corps (Ist, IInd,
+Vth, XVIIth) on the eastern frontier, it will be possible at the first
+declaration of war with either France or Russia to combine large masses
+of Cavalry and throw them at once into the enemy’s territory. One or two
+battalions of Jäger are also to be sent shortly into Alsace, in order
+to watch the passes over the Vosges.
+
+The peace-strength of the German Army is reckoned at—
+
+  534 Battalions of Infantry,
+  465 Squadrons of Cavalry,
+  364 Batteries of Artillery with 1,500 fully-horsed guns.
+  Total, 19,457 officers and 468,400 men.
+
+In consequence of the extension of the Landwehr and Landsturm,
+it is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the German
+war-strength.[17] In the event of war, different Army Corps and
+Cavalry Divisions will be combined into Armies, but their number and
+strength will necessarily depend on the theatre in which they are to be
+utilised, on the plan of campaign, and on the strength of the enemy.
+The resources of the Empire will not, however, come to an end with the
+20 Army Corps whose strength we have just been describing. Behind the
+men doing their seven years of service, who compose the Active Army,
+come those of the 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr, and behind these again
+come the Ersatz Reserve and the Landsturm.
+
+Although this tremendous Army of close on two million of well-trained
+and well-armed men may at first sight appear a menace to the peace of
+the world, still we must remember that Germany is absolutely obliged,
+for the preservation of her very existence, to keep up these huge
+forces, and that she has no intention of using them except for that
+purpose. As an old national proverb has it: “He who wants to come to
+grief in war had better try a fall with Germany.”
+
+
+                         ADDENDUM TO GERMANY.
+
+P. 25. The German Infantry now numbers 173 regiments and 19 Rifle
+battalions—total 538 battalions.
+
+P. 31. The Artillery has lately been increased to 387 batteries of
+Field, and 47 batteries of Horse Artillery, the whole forming 43
+regiments.
+
+P. 32. The Engineers number 20 battalions.
+
+P. 34. The peace strength of the German Army now numbers
+
+  538 battalions of Infantry,
+  465 squadrons of Cavalry,
+  434 batteries of Artillery, with over 1700 guns.
+
+The latest estimate of the German Army at war-strength, _i.e._ Active
+Army, Active Reserve, and 1st class Landwehr, is as follows—
+
+     48,635 officers,
+  2,253,841 men,
+    445,104 horses,
+      3,982 guns.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 11: Or in the Navy and Naval Reserve respectively as
+required.]
+
+[Footnote 12: “Beurlaubtenstand.”]
+
+[Footnote 13: Corresponding somewhat to our University Degree.]
+
+[Footnote 14: Or rather, will be in the near future.—_Tr._]
+
+[Footnote 15: The word Uhlan means “belonging to the hoof,” in the
+language of that region.]
+
+[Footnote 16: Including the independent (25th) Hesse-Darmstadt
+Division.]
+
+[Footnote 17: It may be taken as 36,582 officers, 1,493,690 combatants,
+27,000 non-combatants, 331,904 horses, 2,952 guns.—_Tr._]
+
+
+
+
+                           AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
+
+
+The next on the list is Germany’s powerful neighbour, friend, and ally
+on her southern frontier, Austria-Hungary.
+
+There is in the Austro-Hungarian Army a varied assemblage of different
+races: the honest Austrian, the proud and fiery Hungarian, the smart
+Czech, the true-hearted Tyrolese, the thin onion-eating Wallachian, the
+hot-blooded Croat, the nomad Slowak, the homeless gipsy, etc., etc.,
+are all represented in its ranks. All these have been welded together
+by the iron bands of discipline into the “Imperial and Royal” Army.
+The Emperor is Commander-in-Chief, and with him rests the decision for
+peace or war.
+
+After the disastrous campaign of 1866 the Austrian Army was entirely
+reorganised. The reorganisation is now almost completed, and the
+Army now takes its place as one of the foremost in the world. The
+division of the Empire into Cis- and Trans-Leithania—_i.e._ this side,
+the Austrian, and that side, _i.e._ the Hungarian, of the Leitha, a
+tributary of the Danube, is only partially carried out in the military
+system.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+According to the conscription law of December, 1868, universal
+conscription is now the rule; in the whole Austro-Hungarian Empire, and
+exemption by purchase, formerly allowed, is now abolished. The forces
+are divided into the Standing Army, the Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr,
+and the Landsturm.
+
+About 103,000 recruits are yearly admitted into the Standing Army,
+of which Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000. Those able-bodied young
+men who are not taken into the Standing or Active Army are sent for
+ten years to the Ersatz Reserve, which is intended, as in Germany, to
+provide reinforcements for the Active Army. Service in the latter is
+for three years with the Colours and seven years in the Active Reserve.
+Service in the Landwehr is for two years for those who have served ten
+years in the Active Army and Reserve or in the Ersatz Reserve, and for
+twelve years for those who have been sent straight thither, for various
+reasons, on conscription. After the Landwehr service, the soldier is
+sent for five years to the 1st Class Landsturm, and for five years more
+to the 2nd Class Landsturm. By this time he is forty-two years of age.
+The one-year Volunteers are enlisted in the same manner as in Germany
+(q. v.).
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The whole Empire is, for military purposes, divided into fifteen
+Territorial Districts; these are of various sizes, so that the Austrian
+Army Corps are not all of the same strength. In case of war, the whole
+“Imperial and Royal” Army would be grouped into three armies, under one
+supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army Corps. The
+Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades. The
+division is commanded by a “field-marshal-lieutenant,” corresponding to
+our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a major-general.
+
+Each Infantry brigade has as a rule 2 regiments, and 1 battalion of
+Rifles. Besides the 2 Infantry brigades, each Division has in addition
+2 to 4 squadrons of Cavalry, 1 battery division (2 to 3 batteries of
+Field Artillery), and 1 company of Engineers.
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+[Illustration: Officer of Infantry (Marching Order).]
+
+The Infantry of the Active Army comprises 102 regiments, each of 4
+Field and 1 Ersatz battalions; the latter is in peace-time represented
+by a cadre only. The 4th Field battalions, so-called “Mobile”
+battalions, have mostly a stronger peace-establishment than the others,
+and are used to garrison Bosnia, Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of
+Novi-Bazar; _i.e._ they are completely separated from their regiments.
+
+[Illustration: Cavalry Officer (Undress).]
+
+The Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle Regiment of 10 Active and 2
+Ersatz battalions, and 32 independent battalions of Rifles, each of 4
+Field and 1 Ersatz companies.
+
+The Infantry has (since 1868) laid aside its historical white uniform,
+and is now clothed in dark blue tunics or loose jackets, and light
+blue trousers, the latter in the Hungarian regiments being ornamented
+with embroidery and fitting like tights. The Hungarian regiments wear
+lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons. The usual head-dress is the
+fatigue-cap, and, on great occasions, the shako. The Rifles are dressed
+in blue-grey.
+
+After 1866 the Austrian Infantry was armed with an excellent
+breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry have
+attained a certain moral superiority by being armed with a
+magazine-rifle, the authorities have introduced a magazine-rifle for
+the Infantry and Rifles.
+
+So quickly has the work of manufacturing and issuing them proceeded,
+that by the autumn of this year (1890) it is expected that they will
+all be thus armed, and will have overtaken the German Infantry. The new
+Austrian magazine-rifle, called after its inventor, Colonel Männlicher,
+is of ·315-inch bore, and can fire 30 to 40 shots in the minute.
+
+Austria possesses an excellent Rifle Regiment in the Tyrolese, the
+so-called Emperor Rifles, mentioned above, which is composed of men
+accustomed from their youth up to the use of the rifle. They are
+recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg.
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+The Cavalry of the Active Army consists
+of—
+
+  14 Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians and Bohemians),
+  16 Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians), and
+  11 Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Reserve).
+
+Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons and a depôt-cadre. In case of
+mobilisation the latter develops into one Ersatz squadron (in which
+are trained the Ersatz men and the extra horses required), one Reserve
+squadron for supply purposes, and two sections of Staff Cavalry for
+service at the headquarters of Corps and at Field-Supply stores. The
+peace establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Cavalry accordingly comes
+to 246 squadrons, and the war-establishment to 246 Field, 41 Reserve,
+and 41 Ersatz squadrons, besides the Staff Cavalry.
+
+The Cavalry Regiments are clothed according to their nationality. The
+Dragoons wear a light-blue tunic, the Uhlans their tunic of peculiar
+cut, and the Hussars the jacket and attila, the latter as a rule
+suspended by yellow cords from the shoulder. The whole Cavalry wear red
+breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and loose in the others.
+
+The Hungarian Hussars, on their small but swift horses, are a
+peculiarly national institution. These Hussars (from a Magyar word
+“husz,” meaning “twenty,” from the fact that every twenty houses in
+Hungary had to provide one horseman in days gone by) have always been
+particularly prominent in the Austrian Army and were long held to be
+pre-eminent in their mode of fighting, until Frederick II. formed some
+regiments after their pattern. These were afterwards increased to ten
+in number, and, under celebrated leaders like Zieten, soon won for
+themselves renown equal to that of their Hungarian cousins.
+
+The whole of the Cavalry is armed alike, with sword and Werndl carbine.
+The Uhlans’ lances have been done away with since 1884, but there is a
+question of the re-introduction of this old Polish weapon. After the
+Infantry has been fully armed with the magazine-rifle, the Cavalry
+will, it is said, be armed with repeating-carbines, which will have
+been served out by next spring (1891). This is an example which, it is
+to be hoped, other armies will soon follow.[18]
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+The Artillery comprises Field and Garrison Artillery. The Field
+Artillery consists of 14 regiments of Corps Artillery, numbered
+according to their Army Corps and each of 5 batteries; and of 28
+independent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of 3 batteries. Several
+Corps Artillery Regiments have in addition a couple of Horse Artillery
+Batteries, or a Mountain Battery.
+
+The batteries have each in peace-time 4, and in war-time 8,
+fully-horsed guns. An exception to this are the Horse Artillery
+batteries, which always have 6 guns in the battery.
+
+The Mountain Batteries, which have been found most useful in campaigns
+in Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature of the
+Austrian Artillery. Their guns can be dismounted and packed on the
+backs of mules, and in this way they can be transported along narrow
+mountain-paths.
+
+The Corps Artillery Regiments are to have their number of batteries
+increased by one each, but this will barely be completed before 1892.
+
+The Austrian Field Artillery has an excellent weapon in the shape of
+the 2·95-inch Uchatius steel bronze gun, and also that of the 3·43-inch
+bronze gun for the heavy batteries, both equal in worth to the Krupp
+gun. The shells are of the German pattern, but the shrapnel have fewer
+bullets than the German ones. Besides these projectiles, case-shot,
+fire-shells, and so-called high-angle shells, for bursting among troops
+behind cover, are carried with the battery.
+
+The Garrison Artillery numbers 12 battalions, each of 5 Field and 1
+Depôt-cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions have been projected,
+and will be formed in the course of the next few years according to the
+amount of money in hand.
+
+The uniform of the Artillery is dark-brown. The men are armed with
+sword and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery carrying the
+Werndl rifle instead.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+The Corps of Engineers is composed of the Engineer Staff and Engineer
+troops. The former is exclusively composed of officers; the latter of 2
+regiments of 5 battalions each. Each battalion has 4 Field, 1 Reserve,
+and 1 Depôt-cadre companies. The Pioneer Regiment, not considered as
+Engineers, consists of 5 battalions, similarly constituted to the
+Engineer battalions.
+
+The Railway and Telegraph Regiment, which has but recently been
+formed, after the German model, consists of 2 Field and 1 Depôt-cadre
+battalions.
+
+The Train consists of 3 regiments of 5 squadrons each and a Depôt-cadre.
+
+There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian Army, so several bodies of
+troops have been formed for the honour of protecting the Emperor
+person and guarding his palaces. These are the Arcieren squadron of
+Life-Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the Trabanten Body-Guard, the
+squadron of Horse-Guards, and the Infantry Company of the Guard. These
+troops are richly dressed in peculiar uniforms.
+
+[Sidenote: +Reserve Troops.+]
+
+The Landwehr is formed into two distinct bodies, which are also quite
+distinct from the Active Army; each Landwehr is under its own ministry
+of defence. In peace-time only the cadres exist; that is to say, that
+of 92 Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry regiments (24 squadrons) of
+Cis-Leithanian Landwehr, only 1 strong company per battalion and 1
+strong squadron per Cavalry Regiment are kept up.
+
+The Native Rifles (Landesschützen) of the Tyrol and Vorarlberg consist
+of 10 battalions in time of peace, which are in war-time increased by
+ten Reserve battalions.
+
+[Illustration: Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.]
+
+[Illustration: Hungarian Palace Guard.]
+
+[Sidenote: +The Honvéd.+]
+
+In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms a peculiar national Hungarian
+Army, the so-called Honvéd Army, which is subject in war-time only to
+the commander-in-chief, and in peace-time only to the Royal Hungarian
+jurisdiction, _i.e._ the Ministry of Defence and the Landwehr Ministry.
+It forms in peace-time the Cadres for 92 battalions of Infantry and
+15 regiments of Honvéd Hussars (60 squadrons). The officers of this
+force are trained in the Honvéd Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It
+is on this Army, whose standards and badges are of the Hungarian
+colours, and which in time of war reaches nearly 200,000 men, that the
+pride of Hungary rests. It is this Army whose predecessors saved the
+Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from destruction a century and a half ago. On
+the 21st of September, 1741, the Empress Queen, Maria Theresa, came to
+her Parliament at Presburg in dire distress. Dressed in the national
+Hungarian dress, with her newly born son (destined to become Joseph
+II.) in her arms, pain and courage depicted on her noble countenance,
+she advanced towards the Hungarian nobles, and in a powerful Latin
+speech asked for the National Army to be called out, to protect her and
+her country from her many foes. Then the Hungarian magnates tore their
+crooked swords from their scabbards, clashed them wildly together, and
+shouted: “Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa!” With the help of her
+brave Hungarians, Maria Theresa, after making peace with Frederick II.
+of Prussia, succeeded in beating off her numerous enemies.
+
+[Illustration: Austria-Hungary. I.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Illustration: Austria-Hungary. II.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+]
+
+If we consider that the total strength (on a war establishment) of
+the Austro-Hungarian Army, Line and Landwehr included, exceeds one
+million of trained men, of which 778,889 belong to the 1st Line, and
+we remember that the Cis-Leithanians are in no way inferior in warlike
+spirit, that inheritance of their forefathers, to their brethren on
+the far side of the Leitha, we shall come to the conclusion that in
+the Austrian Army, with its excellent Corps of officers and excellent
+material in the shape of men and horses, any State in Europe would find
+either a powerful adversary or a most desirable ally.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 18: Turkey set this example long ago.—_Tr._]
+
+
+
+
+                                ITALY.
+
+
+In Italy we have the third of the Powers who have formed the Triple
+Alliance in order to maintain the peace of Europe and to make common
+cause against any disturber thereof. The history of this country has
+been very similar to that of Germany. In this instance also, an
+energetic Prince, King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia (died 1878),
+supported by an active statesman, Count Cavour, placed himself at the
+head of the national movement in favour of unity, and formed the various
+States of the Peninsula into one kingdom under his rule.
+
+The kingdom of Italy appears thenceforth as the last formed among the
+European Powers, and it has raised an excellent Army in order to
+maintain its position as such. The development of the latter has since
+that time progressed considerably, and especially so during the last
+decade, when a distinct advance has been apparent.
+
+Constituted on the principle of Universal Conscription, the land forces
+of Italy are formed, similarly to those of the German Empire, into a
+Standing Army, a Landwehr (Milizia mobile), and a Landsturm (Milizia
+territoriale).
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+The liability to serve commences with the twentieth year, and continues
+till the thirty-ninth. It consists of eight years in the Standing
+Army (three with the Colours and five in the Reserve); four years in
+the Landwehr, and seven years in the Landsturm. Those who have been
+exempted from service by ballot are sent straight to the Landsturm for
+nineteen years.
+
+When the young men attain the age rendering them liable to serve, those
+physically unfit are “cast,” and some are put back who are ill or
+excused for domestic reasons. The remainder of the men draw lots and
+are placed according to their lottery number in the 1st or 2nd class,
+those excused being placed in the 3rd class. The 1st class conscripts
+are distributed throughout the Standing Army. The 2nd class go through
+three months’ training, to form an Ersatz (or reinforcing) Reserve, and
+the 3rd class men are called out every four years for a few days at a
+time for instruction in the use and manipulation of their arms.
+
+The Standing Army consists accordingly of eight yearly batches of the
+1st class and eight of the 2nd class; the Landwehr of four yearly
+batches of men who have served their time in the Standing Army, and
+four batches of the 2nd class; and the Landsturm comprises seven
+batches of the 1st, seven of the 2nd, and nineteen of the 3rd class.
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+The Infantry of the Standing Army consists of 96 regiments (including
+2 Grenadier regiments), each of 3 battalions and 1 Ersatz company.
+Besides these, there are the special Corps d’Élite, the Bersaglieri
+(“marksmen”—from bersaglia = a target), and the Alpini (Alpine Rifles).
+
+The Bersaglieri, in 12 regiments, each of
+3 battalions and 1 Ersatz company, are Light Infantry, trained to
+execute all movements at the “double,” exceedingly good shots, and
+looking very smart in their neat uniforms, the large hats of which are
+ornamented with a waving bunch of cock feathers.
+
+The Alpine Troops consist of 7 regiments (forming 75 companies), to
+which are attached 9 mountain batteries. These are also considered
+Corps d’Élite.
+
+Composed of herdsmen and gamekeepers, familiar with every footpath in
+the Alps, never fatigued, quick of sight and hearing, and excellent
+shots, they are equally valuable in reconnoitring work or on the field
+of battle, although their original rôle is that of acting in defence
+of their mountain passes. The Alpine companies are placed in summer as
+near as possible to the particular mountain passes whose defence is
+assigned to them, and are stationed for only half the year in the towns
+as winter quarters.
+
+Their duty is carried out with a particular object in view, and
+consists mostly in shooting, skirmishing, constant marches over
+mountain paths, reconnaissance duty and patrolling, and in minor
+tactics.
+
+The whole of the Italian Infantry is at this moment armed (until the
+alteration of their former weapon, the single-loader Vetterli, is
+completed) with an excellent repeating rifle, the Vitali. Particular
+attention is paid to musketry instruction, and facilities for shooting
+are given and encouraged by the holding of National Rifle Meetings at
+stated times. At these meetings, any soldier on furlough is allowed to
+compete, with his Service rifle.
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+The Cavalry of the Italian Army, on account of the scarcity of
+useful horses, and the mountainous character of the land, is weak in
+comparison with the Cavalry of other European armies.
+
+It consists of 24 regiments, each of 6 squadrons and an Ersatz-cadre;
+_i.e._, 10 Lancer regiments and 14 regiments of Light Cavalry
+(Cavalleggieri).
+
+The Light Cavalry are armed with a long curved sword, and the Lancers
+with a lance. In addition to these weapons, the whole of the Cavalry is
+armed with a rifled breech-loading carbine.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+The Field Artillery consists of 24 regiments, each of 8 batteries;
+there are also 6 Horse Artillery and 9 Mountain batteries. It can put
+in the field in war-time 1,196 guns. The heavy batteries are armed with
+3·54-inch breech-loaders; the Light and Horse Artillery batteries with
+2·76-inch breech-loaders. The mountain guns, for the transport of each
+of which three horses or mules are provided, are of 2·95-inch calibre,
+of steel-bronze, and mounted on wooden carriages.
+
+The Garrison Artillery consists of 5 regiments; the Siege-train of 2
+parts—each of 200 guns.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+The Engineers consist of 4 regiments, including a Railway and Telegraph
+Company, a Pontoon and a Bridging Troop.
+
+The Artillery and Engineers provide their own Train.
+
+12 Commissariat companies are told off for service in the depôts.
+
+The men of the Field Artillery and Engineers carry a revolver besides a
+sword; Garrison Artillerymen are armed with a breech-loading carbine.
+
+[Sidenote: +Gendarmerie.+]
+
+[Illustration: Carbineer.]
+
+There is also a Corps closely connected with the Army which deserves
+mention, namely, the Gendarmes, or “Carabinieri Reali,” whose strength
+amounts to 543 officers, 22,487 Foot Gendarmes, and 11 legions of
+Mounted Gendarmes.
+
+Formerly many a story was told of the fights between the Carabinieri
+and the banditti. Nowadays, both the robbers and the old Carabinieri
+have disappeared, and the present Carabinieri Reali form an excellent
+Corps, whose duty it is to maintain peace and good order in the country.
+
+In war-time a battalion of them is sent with each Army Corps. They have
+then to provide orderlies for the Staff, as well as to act as Military
+Police.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The whole kingdom is divided into twelve Army Corps Districts.
+
+[Illustration: Bersagliere of the African Contingent.]
+
+In peace-time the Army Corps vary in strength. In war, each Army Corps
+consists of 2 Divisions, the Division numbering 2 Brigades (each
+brigade consisting of 2 regiments of Infantry), and an Artillery
+Division of 3 batteries. Besides these, each Army Corps has 1 regiment
+of Bersaglieri, 1 or 2 Artillery Divisions, each of 4 batteries, 1
+regiment of Cavalry, 2 companies of Engineers, with bridging-train,
+and 1 battalion of Carabinieri, forming altogether 27 battalions of
+Infantry, 5 or 6 squadrons of Cavalry, 12 to 16 batteries of Artillery,
+and 2 companies of Engineers, etc.—total, about 29,000 men and 112 guns.
+
+The Alpini are not included in the Corps organisation.
+
+[Sidenote: +Milizie.+]
+
+The Landwehr consists of 48 regiments of Infantry, 18 battalions of
+Bersaglieri, 22 Alpine Companies, 61 batteries of Artillery, and 35
+companies of Engineers. It is formed into twelve divisions in time of
+war.
+
+Besides the above, there are 342 battalions, 30 Engineer companies, and
+100 companies of Foot Artillery of the Landsturm, for garrison purpose.
+In peace-time depôts for the Landwehr and Landsturm are not organised:
+preparations are however being made for instituting them.
+
+[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+]
+
+In this manner is organised the Army which has now for about ten years
+proudly taken its place alongside the proved and war-tried armies of
+the senior Powers. Anyone accustomed to English or German troops, such
+as the Brigade of Guards in Hyde Park, or the German Foot-Guards at
+Potsdam, will find much that is strange on seeing the Italian Army,
+resulting from the peculiarity of race. He will miss the upright
+bearing, the regular movements and the steady drill of the Infantry,
+and the well-groomed and glossy horses of the Cavalry; but he will be
+pleased with the picturesque uniforms of the Army, the extremely smart
+appearance and active movements of the Bersaglieri, with their waving
+green plumes, and with the martial and powerful bearing of the Alpini,
+with their upright plumes in their head-dress; and he will find that
+the cry of “Evviva il Re Umberto” sounds just as loud and strong here
+as our own English “God save the Queen.” The impression that he will
+take away with him will be that the like spirit of the ancient Romans
+has not been lost in their descendants, and that the young kingdom of
+Italy is well prepared to throw her Army as a decisive weight on to the
+side of victory in some future European war.
+
+
+                           ADDENDUM TO ITALY
+
+P. 43. Additional troops have lately been raised for service in Africa.
+They consist of—
+
+  1 Regiment African Rifles (4 battalions),
+  1 Regiment Native African Infantry (4 battalions),
+  1 Battalion African Bersaglieri,
+  1 Squadron Native Cavalry,
+  3 Batteries African Mountain Artillery.
+
+These are all for service at Massowah.
+
+[Illustration: Italy.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+
+
+
+                                FRANCE.
+
+
+[Illustration: Officer of Mountain Artillery.]
+
+The next on the list is France, our nearest continental neighbour, who
+for a long time was the foremost of European Military Powers. In the
+disastrous war of 1870 she lost this position entirely, and has ever
+since then been making the most strenuous exertions to regain something
+of her old strength by thorough revision and reorganisation of her
+Army.
+
+The laws of 1872 and 1873 were passed with a view to this object,
+and by them Universal Conscription was introduced, as in Germany. On
+economical grounds, all able-bodied conscripts were divided into two
+classes, the first of which serves five years with the Colours, and the
+second only one year.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+After his five years’ active service (or one year, as the case may
+be) the soldier goes for four (or eight) years to the Active Reserve.
+Thereafter he enters the Territorial Army for five years, and the
+Territorial Army Reserve for a subsequent six years, making twenty
+years in all. The Active Army and its Reserve form the Army of the 1st
+Line, and the Territorial Army and its Reserve the Army of the 2nd Line.
+
+The institution of one-year Volunteers covers a much larger area than
+in the German Army. The main point looked to in a would-be one-year
+Volunteer is whether he can pay his 1,500 francs; the scientific and
+educational certificates required from such candidates in Germany are
+quite a secondary consideration in France.
+
+[Illustration: France. I.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+France was not content with following the German model when she
+re-constituted her Army, but endeavoured to organise a system
+whereby an enormous number of trained soldiers should be turned out in
+the shortest possible time—something like the “levée en masse” which
+took place at the time of the French Revolution in 1793. This has been
+the aim of successive war ministers since 1871. It seems to have been
+brought to a conclusive issue by the law of the 15th July, 1889, which
+for severity and harshness appears to surpass any military sacrifices
+and duties ever demanded of any people.
+
+[Sidenote: +New Law.+]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Hospital Orderly.    Surgeon.]
+
+The main points of this law are as follows:—
+
+1. Extension of liability to service from twenty to twenty-five years.
+
+2. Change from five years’ to three years’ service with the Colours.
+
+3. Abolition of all exemptions from service; even the only sons of
+widows, the eldest sons of orphans, and those whose brothers are
+already serving, must serve one year, and may be sent away at its
+conclusion; if, however, they have not given satisfaction in the ranks,
+they may be kept on for another two years. Candidates for the higher
+professions and theological students will have to serve for one year,
+the latter to serve as bearers during active service.
+
+4. One-year Volunteers to be drawn exclusively from students of
+science, and from a few moderately high schools.
+
+5. Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who are
+unfit for service, and by any who are conscribed for less than three
+years.
+
+[Illustration: Officer of Mountain Rifles.]
+
+A final point is given to this law by stating that no one is to accept
+a governmental or departmental office without having previously served
+for five years in either Army or Navy, and during two of these years
+to have served in the capacity of either officer or non-commissioned
+officer.
+
+[Sidenote: +War-Strength.+]
+
+The war-strength of France was, before the passing of this law, and
+according to French sources:—
+
+  Army of the 1st Line  2,051,458 men.
+  Army of the 2nd Line  2,057,196  ”
+                        ---------
+               Total    4,108,654  ”
+
+It is almost impossible to calculate, from the new law, what her
+strength will be exactly, but it appears to be nearly equal to that of
+the three Powers together who form the Triple Alliance!
+
+Whether this law has been promulgated in view of an approaching war, or
+whether it will be carried out in all its Spartan severity throughout
+the present peace—and long may it last!—is a question only to be
+determined by the future. In either case the spirit of self-sacrifice
+which has prompted the French to lay the heavy burden on themselves is
+much to be admired. The mainspring of this spirit appears, however, to
+be more the frantic effort to get back the country’s former military
+prestige than pure patriotism.
+
+The peace-strength of France is no criterion by which to measure the
+forces that she could put in the field in case of war.
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+The Infantry consists of—
+
+  162 Line Regiments, each of 3 battalions—486 battalions.
+  4 Zouave Regiments, each of 4 battalions—16 battalions.
+  4 Algerian Rifle Regiments (Turcos) 4 battalions—16 battalions.
+  2 Regiments of the Foreign Legion, 4 battalions—8 battalions.
+  30 Battalions of Rifles (Chasseurs)—30 battalions.
+  5 Battalions of African Light Infantry (Zéphyrs)—5 battalions.
+  Grand total, 561 battalions.
+
+The magazine rifle of the French Infantry, introduced in 1887, and
+called after its inventor, Colonel Lebel, director of the Normal
+School of Musketry at Chalons, is certainly equal to both the German
+and Austrian magazine rifles in shooting and general value. As regards
+the powder for its cartridges, the composition of which[19] remains
+a secret up till now, the inventor has claimed that its use will
+revolutionise Infantry tactics. According to French accounts, the
+powder is both noiseless and smokeless. If this were the case, no doubt
+it would produce changes in the mode of fighting, and surprises would
+be greatly facilitated thereby. Last year, however, experiments were
+made at the German Artillery School and at the Manœuvres with an almost
+identical powder, the results of which proved that the advantages of
+the French powder were greatly exaggerated. The report of the rifle
+is distinctly heard, and is little, if at all, less loud than that of
+the old powder. The smoke, it is true, is very much less, but is still
+quite visible on a still day, its colour being a transparent dull blue.
+The new powder, therefore, certainly possesses advantages, but these
+will be of little account when all armies—as seems very probable in the
+near future—come to use the same powder.
+
+The Lebel rifle is apparently being superseded by a new rifle, that
+invented by Captain Pralon, and it is said that the Rifle battalions
+will shortly be armed with it. The uniform of the French Infantry is
+the same as it has been for the last forty years, the main features in
+field-order being the long blue-grey great-coat, red képi and loose red
+trousers. The full dress is shako and double-breasted dark-blue
+tunic. The Rifle battalions wear blue-grey trousers.
+
+[Illustration: France. II.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Sidenote: +African Troops.+]
+
+The foreign troops, chiefly African, form a remarkable feature in the
+French Army; they consist of Zouaves, Turcos, Foreign Legion, and
+Spahis, and take the field with the French troops against any Power,
+civilised or otherwise.
+
+The Zouaves were originally an Arab tribe, whom the French conquered
+and forced to pay tribute. Their dress is picturesque, consisting of
+an open blue jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers, and white
+gaiters, their head-gear being a red fez with or without a white
+turban. At the present time, there are but few Africans amongst them,
+the greater portion being Frenchmen, pure and simple.
+
+The Turcos are natives of Algeria and Tunis, induced to enlist by a
+bounty of £16. Their dress is similar to that of the Zouaves, excepting
+that their knickerbockers are blue, or white, instead of red.
+
+Both Zouaves and Turcos have many attributes of good Light Infantry.
+The former are renowned for their energy and activity in the attack,
+and the latter for their stalking and crawling powers. As long as there
+is a prospect of victory, these troops are full of _élan_ and courage,
+but a defeat takes much of their spirit out of them.
+
+Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions of Zéphyrs
+Light African Infantry. They consist of very bad characters who are
+sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison
+different districts in Algeria, as a rule the most unpleasant ones, and
+though formerly never employed in Europe, will now be allowed to do so
+in future wars.
+
+The Foreign Legion, numbering 5,000 men, consists of foreigners
+voluntarily enlisted for five years. They do not have a happy time of
+it.
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+The Cavalry, with the latest additions to it, is composed of 79
+regiments of 5 squadrons each (including a depôt-squadron), and 4
+regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons each—total, 419 squadrons. They
+consist of—
+
+  12 Regiments of Cuirassiers,
+  28     ”     ”  Dragoons,
+  21     ”     ”  Chasseurs à Cheval,
+  12     ”     ”  Hussars,
+   6     ”     ”  Chasseurs d’Afrique,
+   4     ”     ”  Spahis.
+  Total, 83 regiments.
+
+The whole of the Cavalry is armed with the cut-and-thrust sword. Lances
+there are none. The Cuirassiers carry a revolver, the other regiments a
+carbine. The cuirass is still worn in Cuirassier regiments.
+
+The French horse is not by a long way as lasting or as fit for service
+as the German (_i.e._, Lithuanian and Hanoverian) horse. Nor is the
+French Cavalry soldier a good groom. The Chasseurs d’Afrique and the
+Spahis, mounted on Arabian stallions, form exceptions to this rule. The
+Spahis are for the most part natives of Africa, officered by Frenchmen.
+Their whole appearance produces a novel impression, dressed as they
+are in their Oriental attire of blue jacket and baggy breeches, long
+red-leather riding-boots, with the white burnous slung over their
+shoulders, and mounted on their sinewy little horses, which they guide
+at will with a mere turn of the wrist. It is a strange sight to see
+these children of the desert at their games, tearing along with wild
+war-shrieks and waving their long guns frantically over their heads,
+each man and horse straining every muscle to be first in the race.
+
+[Illustration: Railway Troop.]
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+The Field Artillery consists of 19 brigades (one to each Army Corps),
+each of 2 regiments. One of these regiments has 12, the other 11
+batteries, including between them 3 batteries of Horse Artillery,
+so that each Army Corps has 23 batteries. Each battery has 6 guns,
+fully-horsed even in peace-time. Besides these, some mountain batteries
+are going to be formed, but only in case of need.
+
+The Artillery is armed with an excellent (3·53-in.) gun, on the De
+Bange system. It was entirely re-armed with these after the 1870–71
+campaign, and at an enormous cost.
+
+The Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of 6 batteries each, is also
+armed with first-rate new guns.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+Of Engineers there are 4 regiments, each of 5 battalions. An
+independent Railway Regiment has lately been formed.
+
+The Corps of Gendarmerie, numbering as many as 25,000 men, is more or
+less connected with the Army, for though in peace-time it is employed
+on police-duty, in war-time it would be formed into as many Field
+Divisions of military police as would be required for keeping order
+in rear of the Army. The Garde-Républicaine of Paris (Cavalry and
+Infantry), is a branch of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army, and
+the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers, though militarily organised, is in
+reality only the Fire Brigade.
+
+[Illustration: Trumpeter of the Paris Mounted Garde Républicaine.]
+
+The Train consists of 19 squadrons of 5 companies each.
+
+Besides the above troops, there are military corps organised for
+Postal and Telegraph service in the field; also a Balloon Corps, a
+Carrier-pigeon Corps, a Cyclist Corps, and a Dog-training Corps.
+
+[Sidenote: +Military Schools.+]
+
+There are numerous schools in France intended either for military
+education or further military instruction. Chief amongst them is the
+Military School of St. Cyr, into which 400 candidates are admitted
+every year as cadets, after a competitive examination. The course lasts
+for two years, and the cadets are then sent as 2nd lieutenants to the
+Infantry and Cavalry. The Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250 cadets
+annually under like conditions to the Artillery and Engineers. In the
+time of Napoleon I., a great many of the officers, including some of
+his most famous marshals, rose from the ranks; and even now a very
+large proportion of them come from the same source.
+
+[Sidenote: +Total Forces.+]
+
+The whole of France is divided for administrative and organising
+purposes into 18 Regions, in each of which an Army Corps is quartered.
+The 19th Corps is in Algeria.
+
+Each Army Corps comprises 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades of 2
+regiments each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade of Cavalry (2
+regiments), and a brigade of Artillery.
+
+On reviewing the size and organisation of the French Army, we cannot
+help being struck by the fact that, besides being exceedingly
+numerous, it is well organised, well armed, and endowed with a proper
+warlike spirit. Although not “the best in the world,” as every
+Frenchman will tell you, the French soldier is possessed of many
+excellent and soldier-like qualities. One cannot form one’s judgment
+by the extremely slack and unsmart appearance of the men, both as
+regards physique and uniform. The “Piou-piou,” as the Infantry
+soldier is called by his fellow-countrymen, who lounges about with
+his képi well on the back of his head and his hands deep in his baggy
+trouser-pockets, does certainly not present a soldier-like appearance,
+but all the same he is an active and handy man on service, and on the
+field of battle advances pluckily through a murderous fire, with little
+thought of danger or alarm.
+
+[Illustration: Chasseur d’Afrique.]
+
+If we now come to the question why, with an Army which has given such
+numerous proofs in many campaigns of its valour and excellence, France
+has not kept up her prestige, the answer is to be found, not in the
+morale of the Army, but in that of France herself, a country in which
+the spirit of order and subjection, and that stern devotion to duty
+which is the foundation of all discipline, have never taken root.
+Ambition and desire of conquest form the motive-power of many great and
+glorious deeds, and are certainly not wanting in the French character.
+Higher than these, however, stands the feeling of duty which keeps a
+man at his post through all hardships and perils, without a thought for
+his own gain or loss, simply because he has learned to subject his will
+to a higher one. On this foundation can be raised a discipline which
+permits of no loosening of the bonds of training and order even in
+times of disaster, and which keeps up the spirit of the Army and faith
+in its final success even under the heaviest blows of misfortune. This
+feeling cannot be learnt in a three years’, nor five years’, nor even
+twenty-five years’ service, if it is not ingrained and actually born
+in the national character and national system of education. Without
+these main features even universal conscription itself will not be
+successful, and the recent Draconian law in France, although it may
+bring forth vast masses of armed men, will not produce that feeling of
+combined action and willingness to follow their leaders to the death
+which is so characteristic of nations in whom the military spirit is
+thoroughly implanted.
+
+France is well-armed for attack as well as defence; for attack, by
+means of the great armed masses which she can throw into the enemy
+country at the first declaration of war, in conjunction with the
+troops she has had stationed on her frontier during peace-time; and
+for defence by means of a defensive system on a vast scale, the outer
+line of which consists of frontier-fortresses and stop-gap forts from
+the Swiss to the Belgian frontier, from Belfort, over the Vosges ridge
+to Epinal, now a strong fortress, Toul and Verdun, on the right bank
+of the Meuse. Behind this first line of defence a second one has been
+built, consisting of entrenched camps between forty and fifty miles
+apart, and reaching from Langres to Rheims. There are, in fact, but few
+roads into France which are not covered by the fire of some fortress or
+other. The central point of the whole of this vast defensive system is
+the huge fortress of Paris, which, with her circle of protecting forts
+surrounding her on a fifteen-mile radius, is more like a fortified
+province than a fortress.
+
+The secret of victory, however, does not lie in vast armaments like
+these. “It is the spirit which forms the body” and brings into
+subjection the material powers for its own objects. War is not only a
+combat of material forces; it is in a higher sense a combat of cultured
+forces. Let us, therefore, remember that the best preparation for trial
+by combat does not lie in continual striving to over-reach another in
+material and brute force, but in the striving after a more complete
+development of warlike skill.
+
+
+                          ADDENDUM TO FRANCE.
+
+Pp. 46, 47. Now that the new law has come into force, July 1890, the
+terms of service have been entirely changed. As the law now stands,
+seven-tenths of the annual contingent of recruits have to serve for 3
+years, and three-tenths for 1 year. After his colour-service, a man
+joins the Active Reserve for 7 (or 9) years, then the Territorial
+Army for 6 years, and after that the Territorial Reserve for 9 years
+more—total 25 years.
+
+312,000 youths reach the military age (20) every year. Of these only
+174,000 are required for colour-service. The effect of the new law will
+be that by 1915 A.D. there will be no fewer than 3,500,000 of Frenchmen
+properly trained as soldiers and ready to take the field, and 60,000
+trained men per annum will have been added to the army!
+
+N.B.—The war-strength of over 4,000,000 given on page 47 includes all
+men, old and young, who have ever received any military training, and
+is therefore hardly a just estimate of the French fighting-strength.
+The latest trustworthy estimates put it at 2,790,000 men.
+
+P. 49. The Cavalry is now, or will be very shortly, composed of 92
+regiments of 5 squadrons, and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons
+each—total, 484 squadrons.
+
+They consist of
+
+  14 Regiments of Cuirassiers,
+  34     ”     ”  Dragoons,
+  22     ”     ”  Chasseurs à Cheval,
+  14     ”     ”  Hussars,
+   8     ”     ”  Chasseurs d’Afrique,
+   4     ”     ”  Spahis.
+  Total, 96 regiments.
+
+P. 49. 12 Mountain Batteries are being formed. There are, in addition
+to the numbers given, 12 batteries in Corsica, Algeria, and Tunis.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 19: Invented by Colonel Bruyère.]
+
+
+
+
+                                RUSSIA.
+
+
+Russia is situated, from a military point of view, quite differently
+to any other European country, for of the whole Russian Empire only
+about a quarter lies in Europe. This quarter, it is true, is larger
+than the rest of all Europe put together, but it contains only a third
+of the population. Although by far the greater part of her dominions
+lies in another continent, Russia has had a pretty large finger in the
+European pie, and will in the future, no doubt, often mix herself up
+in European politics. Her policy, if it can be called so, is to try to
+influence Western questions in such a manner as eventually to bring all
+Slav races under her rule.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+Russia has therefore organised her Army on an European footing,
+and chiefly on the German model. In 1874 she brought in Universal
+Conscription, from which, however, the upper classes, _i.e._, the
+nobility, the clergy, and officials, are exempt. The actual Colour
+service lasts six years; after that the soldier is sent for nine years
+more to the Reserve, which can be called out to reinforce the Standing
+Army. During the rest of his time, _i.e._, up to his twentieth year of
+service he belongs to the Opoltschenie—a body of men similar to the
+German Landsturm.
+
+The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the requisite
+age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these only 225,000 are
+conscribed, and the requisite number for the Army are selected from
+these by lot; the remainder are sent to the Opoltschenie. The latter
+body, therefore, consists of a huge mass of men, but mostly untrained.
+There is no middle body of men, like the German Landwehr, in the
+Russian Army.
+
+The Regular Army is divided into four bodies, according to the
+respective duties required from them. They are the Field Forces,
+Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and Local Forces.
+
+The Field Forces are intended to be the first to take the field in case
+of war.
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments of 4 battalions each, and
+58½ Rifle battalions, as follows:—
+
+   12 Regiments of the Guard.
+   16    ”         Grenadiers.
+  164    ”         Infantry of the Line.
+    4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard.
+   54½ ”      ”      ”     Line.
+
+The Guard Regiments enjoy many privileges denied to the rest, and their
+officers rank one step higher in the Army.
+
+Many alterations in the uniform have been made by the present Czar.
+The dark green colour has been preserved, but the cut of the tunic has
+been altered from that of the Prussian tunic to a loose double-breasted
+jacket fastened with hook and eye, and with no buttons. The head-gear
+is a round fur-cap, white in the case of Generals and Staff-officers,
+and black in all others. The soldier has little to do in the way of
+metal-polishing, it is true, but still the eye misses the accustomed
+glint which one usually associates with a military uniform. The
+Regiments of the Guard and Grenadiers have special distinguishing marks
+on their uniform.
+
+[Illustration: Infantry (heavy marching order).]
+
+The Infantry rifle is a useful breech-loader with bayonet, on the
+system of the American General Berdan. Regarding the question of
+magazine-rifles, the Government has not yet made up its mind; so
+that, for the present at all events, Russia is rather behindhand in the
+matter.
+
+[Illustration: Cossack of the Guard.]
+
+[Illustration: Cossack of the Caucasus.]
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+The Cavalry of the Field Forces consists of:—
+
+Guard Cavalry:—
+
+  4 Regiments of Cuirassiers,
+  2     ”     ”  Dragoons,
+  2     ”     ”  Hussars,
+  2     ”     ”  Lancers,
+
+and 46 regiments of Dragoons of the Line.
+
+The Cuirassier regiments have 4, the remainder 6 squadrons each.
+Besides the above, there is a Division (2 squadrons) of Crimean Tartar
+Cavalry, which would be expanded in case of war to a regiment.
+
+The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as can be seen by our plates, is
+very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of the Line. The
+whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved sabre, called
+a “Shashka,” which is worn on a narrow band over the right shoulder.
+The front-ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry lances on
+garrison-duty and on full-dress occasions, but these would not be taken
+on service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, somewhat shorter than that of
+the Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on the “Shashka”-scabbard;
+other Cavalry regiments carry the Berdan carbine.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+The Field Artillery consists of:—
+
+   3 Brigades of Guard Field Artillery,
+   4 Brigades of Grenadier Field Artillery,
+  44 Brigades of Field Artillery of the Line.
+
+Each brigade numbering 6 batteries.
+
+The Horse Artillery consists of 1 Brigade of Guard Artillery, and 23
+batteries of Horse Artillery of the Line; besides the above, there are
+two Mounted Mountain Batteries.
+
+The Field Batteries have 8 guns, only 4 of which are horsed in
+peace-time. A Horse Artillery Battery always has 6 fully-horsed guns.
+
+The matériel consists of excellent steel-guns, mostly from Krupp works
+in Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns being 4·16 inches, and that
+of the light ones 3·39 inches.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+The Engineers consist of 17 battalions of Sappers (including 1 Guard
+and 1 Grenadier Battalion), and a few independent companies, 8
+battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6 Field-parks, 16
+Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 Siege-parks.
+
+There is no Train; it is formed in war-time by taking men from
+the Cavalry Reserves. Hence it would appear that the mobility and
+manœuvring power of the Army in the field would not be very great.
+
+During peace-time the Reserve forces, which would have to complete the
+Army to war strength on its taking the field, and the Ersatz forces,
+whose duty it would be to fill up gaps caused by death, wounds,
+disease, etc., during the war, are only represented by depôt-cadres.
+
+To the Local forces belong 50½ battalions of Garrison Artillery,
+distributed amongst the fortresses of the country, besides 32 Line
+battalions, quartered in Asiatic Russia for garrison duties; they may,
+however, if necessary, be employed on Active Service. To these forces
+also belong the “Instruction troops,” which practise new regulations,
+tactical and otherwise, as they are brought out, and experimentalise
+with new arms and equipment when necessary. The Corps of Gendarmes and
+the Frontier Guards may also be said to form part of the Local forces.
+
+[Sidenote: +Total Forces.+]
+
+The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19 Army Corps
+(including the Guard Corps and the Grenadier Corps); 2 to 3 Infantry
+Divisions, and 1 Cavalry Division, with their Artillery, form an Army
+Corps. The Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry Brigades, each of 2
+regiments and 1 brigade of Field Artillery. A Cavalry Division numbers
+in the same way 2 brigades of 2 regiments each; besides 2 batteries of
+Horse Artillery.
+
+The peace-strength of the Regular Army comes to something like 700,000
+men and 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to 1,800,000 men and
+3,260 guns.
+
+In addition to this enormous number there are the Irregular troops—a
+force quite peculiar to Russia—namely, the Cossacks.[20]
+
+[Sidenote: +Cossacks.+]
+
+The Cossacks are tribes of mixed Russian, Turkish, and Tatar blood.
+They are descended from tribes of horsemen, who after the Mongol
+invasion in the thirteenth century settled on the Don and Dnieper and
+established their own forms of government. Every three years they used
+to elect a “Hetman” as chief, with a council of elders, “Narschines,”
+to assist him. The Don Cossacks of Great Russia have their
+head-quarters north of the Sea of Azov and in the mountainous districts
+of that region. Branches of these Cossacks have settled on the Volga,
+on the shores of the Sea of Azov, along the Ural, in the Kuban
+North-Western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever since they became subject
+to Russia they have assisted in carrying the Russian dominion further
+into Asia. The history of the settlement of these tribes in Siberia,
+led by the Cossack chief Jermac, is exceedingly interesting. This bold
+leader crossed the Ural mountains in 1758 with a following of only 840
+Cossacks. His conquering progress equalled that of the Spaniards under
+Cortez in Mexico for adventure and for the great results that flowed
+from his successes.
+
+Although attached to Russia, the Cossacks are Russian in neither
+their language, religion, nor customs. Gifted with extraordinarily
+sharp senses, good-humoured, and hospitable, born warriors, excellent
+horsemen, and good shots, they are yet difficult to govern, and
+inclined somewhat to insubordination. Now that they have been bound
+down to stay in settled districts, instead of wandering all over the
+country, their wildness has been somewhat toned down, and they are of
+inestimable value to Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, in
+the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the Crimea, and on the Seas of
+Azov or of Aral. In return for lands granted by the government on the
+different frontiers, every Cossack is bound to serve as a soldier. They
+have a military organisation and are divided into Cavalry regiments, or
+“polks.”
+
+[Illustration: Russia. I.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Illustration: Russia. II.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+They are gradually being more and more definitely organised,
+disciplined, and trained. Each man has to provide himself with clothing
+and equipment according to regulation, and with a horse, and keep
+them up during his time of service. The uniform consists in a short
+coat, “kasakin,” or a long one, “tcherkesska,” with a woollen shirt,
+“beshmet,” loose trousers, long boots, no spurs, and a fur-cap,
+“papasha.” Their chief weapon is a long pennonless lance, with
+sabre (“shashka”), pistol, or in the case of Cossacks of the Caucasus,
+long knives, “kinzhal,” and finally, a rifle of some sort.
+
+[Illustration: Officer of the Field Police (full dress).]
+
+[Illustration: Field Gendarme (service kit).]
+
+Their small insignificant-looking horses are not to be beaten for speed
+and endurance. A day journey of twenty hours is not too much for them;
+their hardiness is extraordinary, and the worst forage possible does
+not come amiss to them.
+
+[Sidenote: +Cossack Characteristics.+]
+
+A Cossack rides in the Oriental manner, _i.e._ with a loose rein, high
+saddle, short stirrup, and toes down; he is very fond of his horse and
+treats him kindly.
+
+[Illustration: Cossack of the Amour.]
+
+Their extraordinary mobility, endurance, and cleverness in getting
+over all obstacles of ground, particularly fit the Cossack troops for
+outpost and reconnaissance duty, for rapid raids and bold surprises, as
+well as for the pursuit of the enemy. What is also by no means their
+least advantage is that this mode of employing them in war would leave
+the regular Russian Cavalry free for actual combat in the field.
+
+The Cossack Army which best shows the Cossack peculiarities of
+character and organisation is that of the Don Cossacks, which numbers
+in peace-time, besides the Bodyguard Regiment of Cossacks, 15 regiments
+of Cavalry, 1 battery of Guard-Cossacks, and 7 batteries of the Line.
+In war-time these numbers can be considerably increased, and the whole
+Cossack Army would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, 136 regiments
+Cavalry, and 40 Horse Batteries (236 guns).
+
+This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who eat, drink, sleep, live and die
+in their saddles, and, eager for plunder, either precede the Regular
+Army or attach themselves to it, is well known in Germany, where it
+appeared during the Wars of the Liberation (1806–1815). One might say
+with Schiller: “The rider and his swift horse are fearsome guests.” On
+the whole, it seems to be the fate of the Cossacks to be regarded with
+feelings of greater respect as enemies than as friends.
+
+Still less amenable to discipline than the Cossacks are some of the
+other foreign tribes found amongst the Russian Irregulars, such
+as the Tatars of the Crimea, the inhabitants of the Caucasus, the
+Tcherkesses, the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although these people
+render Russia most valuable service in her Asiatic possessions, still
+she can hardly count on their services in an European war, so that an
+invasion by these Asiatic races, like what happened in the times of
+Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need not be taken into account by the Europe
+of to-day.
+
+[Sidenote: +Conclusions.+]
+
+Laying aside the question of these Irregular troops, we cannot deny
+that Russia possesses a well-disciplined Army, and one which is
+prepared for war. It is a mistaken idea to imagine the Russian soldier
+to be half a barbarian and a foe to higher culture. Frederick the Great
+learnt to respect Russia as a powerful adversary, and in the beginning
+of this century she brought a heavy weight to bear in favour of Austria
+and Prussia, and fought valiantly as their ally against the power of
+Napoleon I. Since that period Russia has made important progress,
+not only in her culture, but in the organisation and arming of her
+Army; universal conscription has also acted as a powerful assistant
+to universal education. Whether Russia will fight Germany in the near
+or in the distant future is a matter that does not concern us here;
+we will leave the discussion of the probabilities pro and con to the
+newspapers. The time may come, but all we need know about the matter
+is that Germany is fully prepared and, though respecting her possible
+adversary, is not afraid of her.
+
+
+                          ADDENDUM TO RUSSIA.
+
+P. 53. The Russian Infantry now numbers—
+
+   10 Regiments of the Guard,
+   18     ”     ”  Grenadiers,
+  164     ”     ”  the Line,
+   20     ”     ”  Rifles (2 battalions each),
+    4 Rifle Battalions of the Guard,
+   38 Rifle Battalions of the Line.
+
+Pp. 56–58. The Cossacks form altogether—
+
+   32 Regiments Regular Cavalry,
+  136 Squadrons Irregular  ”
+    7 Battalions of Infantry,
+   12 Batteries of Artillery.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 20: From the Turco-Tataric word Kasak, which means in Turkish
+a robber, and in Tatar a free lightly-armed warrior.]
+
+
+
+
+                               DENMARK.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Switzerland.      Denmark.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+The military organisations of the Great Powers of Europe have served
+as patterns to the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must
+have an Army of its own wherewith to defend its independence and secure
+the vindication of its rights, actual or imaginary. Its strength would
+depend on the size, geographical situation, and historical associations
+of the State.
+
+[Sidenote: +Historical.+]
+
+In recent times the small State of Denmark has once or twice been
+obliged to have recourse to arms, in order to keep possession of
+the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, to the right of attaching which
+to the Danish crown, or rather to their absorption into the Danish
+commonwealth, Prussia objected. In the year 1848–49 the small Danish
+Army succeeded in making such a gallant stand against the might of
+Prussia, that time was gained for other great Powers, namely, Russia
+and England, to step in in her favour. The result was that Prussia was
+obliged to stay her hand from taking under her protection the German
+inhabitants of the two Duchies.
+
+In 1863–64, when Prussia and Austria took in hand the German rights
+in the Duchies, circumstances were considerably altered, and the war,
+which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close by the Treaty
+of Vienna, which once and for all separated the Duchies from Denmark
+and gave them to Prussia. The resolution and courage, however, with
+which the men of the tiny Danish Army withstood the vastly superior
+forces of the other two Powers, and the determined opposition which
+they offered, more especially in their fortifications at Danewirke,
+Duppel, and the Island of Alsen, until their last hope of foreign
+intervention had gone, bear most honourable testimony to the excellence
+and courage of the Danish troops.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+After this war Denmark made use of her bitter experience in
+reorganising her Army on new lines, a proof that she had, in spite of
+the loss of her lands, by no means given up the idea of being a Power
+in the North of Europe. She has now made an important step in the
+military line by introducing universal conscription, the terms of which
+are four years with the Colours, four in the Reserve, and eight in the
+“Reinforcement” Reserve.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Danish Army is now constituted as follows:—
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+Infantry—
+
+   1 Battalion of Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve.
+
+  10 Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and 1 battalion
+    Reinforcement Reserve, forming 5 brigades (2 Jutland, 2 Seeland and
+    1 Fünen) of 2 regiments each.
+
+[Illustration: Foot Guardsman.]
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+Cavalry—
+
+  1 Regiment Hussars of the Guard and 4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4
+    squadrons.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+Artillery—
+
+  Field Artillery—2 Regiments of 2 divisions each—total, 12 Line and 4
+    Reinforcement Reserve Batteries.
+
+  Garrison Artillery—2 Battalions—total, 6 Line and 4 Reinforcement
+    Reserve Companies.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+  Engineers—1 Regiment of 5 Line and 3 Reserve Companies. Train—4
+    Sections.
+
+The total strength of the Danish Army is reckoned at about 50,000 men,
+with 128 guns. The Reinforcement Reserve battalions and batteries only
+exist as depôt-cadres.
+
+The Infantry is still armed with a single-loading rifle, the Remington,
+but it is intended to shortly arm them with a magazine-rifle, which is
+now in course of preparation.
+
+The Cavalry is armed with the sabre and Remington carbine. Their
+Jutland horses are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large
+purchases of horses have been made in Germany to improve the breed.
+
+The Danish character is better adapted for stout resistance and
+endurance than for daring courage, and the Army accordingly is better
+fitted for a defensive rôle, such as holding a fortified position to
+the last extremity, than for offensive action and bold attack.
+
+The general plan of national defence is based on this characteristic,
+for the capital, Copenhagen, is going to be turned into a great
+entrenched camp, which would be garrisoned by the larger portion of the
+Danish Army in case of war.
+
+[Illustration: Surgeon.]
+
+
+
+
+                          SWEDEN AND NORWAY.
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Sweden.      Norway.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+Sweden, which once, in the time of the Thirty Years’ War, represented
+the first Military Power in Europe, keeps up now only a small Army,
+just large enough for the needs of the country. The military system of
+Sweden is a peculiar one, and entirely different from that of other
+States.
+
+[Sidenote: +Military System.+]
+
+The whole land is divided into a great many small “Rote” or Divisions,
+each of which has to supply one able-bodied man of the right age for
+the Army. This man serves for as long as his physical powers last. He
+receives a small property, consisting of house, farm, and ploughland,
+and definite pay as long as he is actually with the Colours.
+
+Men for the Cavalry are provided in a very similar manner with their
+horses by the larger landowners or “Rusthalters,” in return for their
+exemption from certain taxes.
+
+These troops are called “Indelta” men.
+
+The second portion of the Swedish Army consists of the “Värfvade,”
+the men of which body enlist voluntarily for from two to six years’
+service, and may re-engage for further service.
+
+The Värfvade men can be trained much more thoroughly than those of the
+Indelta, for the former are continually with their Corps, whilst the
+latter are, during the greater part of the year, on furlough, looking
+after their farms.
+
+The third portion is the “Bewäring,” which consists of all men between
+their twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age. In case of war they
+would have to reinforce the other two portions.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Swedish Army consists of—
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+Infantry—
+
+   2 Regiments of the Body-Guard,
+   2     ”       ”    Body-Grenadiers,
+  17     ”       ”    Infantry,
+   2 Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and
+   4 Rifle battalions.
+
+Each regiment consists of 2 battalions in peace-and 3 in war-time: this
+would give 48 and 69 battalions respectively.
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+Cavalry—
+
+  1 Regiment of Life-Guards of 4 squadrons,
+  4 Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons,
+  2 Regiments of Dragoons with altogether 15 squadrons,
+  1 Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons.
+  Total, 47 squadrons.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+  Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery, of 5 divisions
+    of 2 batteries each, the regiment consisting of 10
+    (2 “Driving,” 6 Horse-Artillery, and 2 “Foot”) batteries,
+    besides the Reserve Artillery of 3 Foot and 6 Driving-batteries.
+    Each battery has about 6 guns, which gives a total number
+    of 234 field-guns.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+  Engineers—1 Pontoon battalion, including a Field-Telegraph
+    Company, and 1 battalion of Sappers.
+
+  Train—1 battalion of 2 companies.
+
+The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat out of date. The quiet and
+leisurely way in which a battalion drills is something astonishing. The
+skirmishers have to keep exactly in line and are directed by a sergeant
+in the centre with uplifted rifle. Every time a man in the firing-line
+snaps his rifle, he shouts out “Piff-paff!” The introduction of a new
+magazine-rifle will, therefore, probably cause some fatigue to the
+throats of the Swedish Infantry.
+
+
+                                NORWAY.
+
+Although Norway is united under the same Crown with Sweden, still her
+military system differs entirely from that of the latter.
+
+[Sidenote: +Military System.+]
+
+Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years old is sent to the so-called
+“Land-armament,” to serve five years in the Line, four in the
+“Landwehr” and four in the “Landsturm.” The conscripts remain but very
+few weeks with the Colours. The main portion of the Army consists of
+men voluntarily enlisted, who are bound to stay for six years.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Rifle Corps, of five companies, of which one forms a Guard-Company,
+consisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted men, constitutes the only
+Corps under arms in time of peace; of the remaining troops there are
+only cadres in existence. In the event of war, the Line Infantry would
+consist of 5 brigades of 4 battalions each—total, 20 battalions. The
+Cavalry of 1 brigade of 3 Corps of Light Dragoons—total, 11 squadrons;
+the Artillery of 5 battalions = 11 batteries with 66 guns; the
+Engineers of a small division. Grand total, about 18,000 men.
+
+[Illustration: Officer (Standard-bearer) of the Life Guards (Andra
+Lifgardet).]
+
+The rifle of the Swedish and Norwegian Infantry is the Remington,
+which, however, will shortly be replaced by a magazine-rifle invented
+by Colonel Jarman of their Army.
+
+[Illustration: Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands hästjägarecorps.)]
+
+The Cavalry carries the Remington carbine in addition to the sabre. The
+Artillery is being re-armed with new guns, made partly in the Krupp
+works at Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel works.
+
+It is strange to find here, in the north of Europe, a head-dress
+similar to that south of the Alps. The Norwegian Rifleman wears an
+almost identical hat with the Italian Bersagliere.
+
+The idea of having their Army organised for a foreign campaign does not
+appear to have been entertained by the Norwegian-Swedish government.
+The men, however, are tough fighters and good campaigners, sturdy and
+enduring, abstemious and unassuming, and there is every reason to
+believe that the Scandinavian Army would be in any case fully equal to
+its true and destined use—_i.e._, the defence of the country.
+
+
+
+
+                          SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
+
+
+In most European States the Army is worked by the Sovereign or
+Government of the country for the defence of the Crown and the nation,
+and for the upholding of the Law. This, however, was for a long time
+not the case in the south-western portion of Europe, _i.e._ the
+Iberian Peninsula. It could not be the case, for during even this
+century revolution has succeeded revolution, and the different forms
+of government introduced at rapidly-recurring intervals have made it
+impossible for the Army to be always at the beck and call of the head
+of the State for the time being. The energetic young king, Alfonso
+XII., who ascended the Spanish throne in 1874 (and died in 1885),
+experienced the necessity of making himself chief of the Army, and
+instituted a military system by which he hoped to put an end to the
+earlier irregularities.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Army of Spain is therefore now divided into the Peninsular Army,
+which serves in Spain itself, and the Colonial Army, which serves in
+Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+The Peninsular Army is founded on the system of universal conscription,
+to which every Spaniard becomes liable on attaining his twentieth year.
+Those who are exempted by law from the Army are only called out in time
+of war, and those who belong to certain named professions are allowed
+to buy exemptions from service for £60. Of the remaining able-bodied
+men it is the ballot which decides which are to enter the Active Army.
+
+Service is for twelve years on the whole, of which six years, as
+a rule, or three, or even less, are passed with the Colours. The
+remainder of a man’s service is passed in the Active Reserve. All those
+who are not taken by lot to serve with the Colours, including those
+exempted by law and purchase, are classed as “Disponible Recruits;”
+these receive only a very short training and are called out to
+reinforce the Army in case of necessity only. After six years’ service
+as such, the “Disponible” recruits enter the 2nd Reserve.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+[Sidenote: +Infantry.+]
+
+The kingdom of Spain is divided up into 14 Military Districts, each
+under a Captain-general. These are again divided into 140 Military
+Zones, each under a colonel, who is responsible for mobilisation and
+supply details. Each Zone comprises 1 Active, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt
+battalions. These latter two battalions are in peace-time represented
+only by cadres, which would be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line
+battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the 140 active battalions 20 are
+Rifles; the remainder form 60 Line regiments of 2 battalions each.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Spain.      Spain. Portugal.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Illustration: Halberdier of the Palace.]
+
+There are in peace-time no higher units than battalions; brigades,
+divisions, and army corps would be formed only in case of war.
+
+The remainder of the Spanish Army consists of:—
+
+[Sidenote: +Cavalry.+]
+
+  Cavalry— 8 Regiments of Lancers, 14 Regiments of Cazaderos (Light
+    Horse), 2 Regiments of Hussars, 4 Regiments of Dragoons, each of 4
+    squadrons. Besides these there are 28 Reserve regiments, of which
+    only cadres exist in peace-time, and 1 squadron of Life-Guards.
+
+[Sidenote: +Artillery.+]
+
+  Artillery—5 Regiments of Divisional Artillery of 6 batteries each,
+    altogether 30 batteries with 180 guns; 5 regiments of Corps
+    Artillery of 4 batteries each, altogether 20 batteries with 120
+    guns; 2 regiments of Mountain Artillery, each of 6 batteries,
+    altogether 72 guns, and 1 regiment of Siege and Position Artillery,
+    4 batteries of 4 guns each, altogether 16 guns. Total therefore, 388
+    guns, and 9 battalions Fortress Artillery.
+
+[Sidenote: +Engineers.+]
+
+  Engineers—5 Pioneer regiments, 1 Railway battalion,
+    1 Telegraph battalion, and 5 Reserve regiments.
+
+There is no Train in time of peace.
+
+The peace-strength of the Peninsular Army amounts to 116,000 men.
+
+[Illustration: General (full dress).]
+
+Besides these there are 16 regiments of Gendarmes (Guardia Civil),
+numbering 15,000 men, and 11,000 men of the Carabineros, or Frontier
+Force.
+
+The Colonial Army, about 33,000 men in all, is formed by voluntary
+enlistment.
+
+[Sidenote: +Armament.+]
+
+The Infantry is armed with the Remington rifle, the Cavalry with sword
+and Remington carbine. Three sections[21] of each squadron of Lancers
+carry the lance. The Artillery is armed with cast-steel Krupp guns of
+3·15 inches calibre; the Mountain Artillery with those of 2·95 inches.
+The guns have, however, been altered to Colonel Placentia’s system.
+
+The two Royal Household Companies, Halberdiers, are the only ones who
+wear the old Spanish dress.
+
+The Spaniard combines the liveliness and hot blood of the southerner
+with the determination and endurance of the northerner, and would now
+count as one of the best soldiers in Europe if it were not that, in
+consequence of the long civil wars and disturbances in the country, he
+had become somewhat less amenable to discipline than formerly. If an
+instance is required of what Spaniards can do when fighting for their
+land and freedom, we have only to look at the guerilla and mountain
+warfare waged by this plucky nation against the old campaigners of
+Napoleon at the beginning of this century, before the English troops
+came to their assistance.
+
+
+                               PORTUGAL.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+Universal Conscription is the rule in Portugal as well as in most other
+countries, but there are numerous exemptions and sendings on “unlimited
+furlough with the Colours” (in order to save the national exchequer),
+so that the Army does not by any means comprise as many men as would
+appear from the strength as laid down on paper. With a nominal peace
+strength of 37,000, the actual strength is only about 18,000.
+
+The terms of service are three years with the Colours, five years in
+the 1st Class, and four in the 2nd Class Reserves.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Infantry consists of 24 Line and 12 Rifle regiments, each of 2
+Active and 1 Depôt battalions, altogether 72 battalions, the Depôt
+battalions being skeleton ones.
+
+Cavalry—10 regiments, of which the first two are Lancers, and the
+remainder Light Dragoons (Caçadores a Cavallo). Each regiment consists
+of 3 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons.
+
+Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery of 12 batteries each, 2
+Regiments of Garrison Artillery of 12 companies each, 1 Mountain
+Brigade of 6 batteries.—Total, 32 Active and 10 Reserve batteries with
+132 guns.
+
+Engineers—2 Active and 1 Reserve battalions, and 1 Torpedo Company.
+
+Portugal has, besides this Army, a Colonial Force of 9,600 men, chiefly
+natives.
+
+The Infantry is now armed with the Kropatschek repeating-rifle; till
+quite recently, they had the Enfield rifle. The Field Artillery is
+chiefly armed with 3·54-inch steel Krupp guns.
+
+More attention appears to be paid in Portugal to the Navy than to the
+Army, and it seems unlikely that the latter will be engaged in war, at
+all events for some time to come.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 21: Out of four.]
+
+
+
+
+                             SWITZERLAND.
+
+
+The Swiss Republic, or rather the Free Confederation of twenty-two
+small Republics (Cantons), had its beginning in the four “Forest”
+towns of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Glarus. It was by the treaties
+of 1815, upon which, after the downfall of Napoleon I., the present
+distribution of Powers was founded and still to a great extent remains,
+that the neutrality of Switzerland was recognised, so that she is now,
+to all intents and purposes, excluded from taking part in an European
+war. Being, however, surrounded by three Great Powers, whose Armies
+may at any time traverse her territories from any quarter, she is
+obliged to guard her neutrality very strictly. This object she seeks
+to accomplish by universal conscription and by a military system which
+is adapted to the exigencies of the country and rests on the so-called
+“Militia System.”
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+According to this system the conscript has to pass only a few weeks
+or months in being trained, and is subsequently called out for only
+a few weeks annually during peace-time. This system certainly allows
+of universal service in the widest sense of the word, and also gives
+a small State the power of calling out a proportionally large Army
+in time of war. At the same time, however, this system, in order to
+be of any use, would require the people to be naturally of a warlike
+tendency, and every man to be thoroughly accustomed to the use of a
+rifle; in fine, it would require that there should always be a nucleus
+of thoroughly-trained troops, even in peace-time.
+
+Every Swiss is liable to service from the 20th to the 44th year of his
+age. Of these twenty-five years of service, thirteen are spent in the
+“Auszug” (Active Army) and twelve in the “Landwehr.” All able-bodied
+men between the ages of 17 to 50 who are not employed in either of the
+above branches belong to the “Landsturm.” Anyone who is not fit to
+serve has to pay a small fine as a sort of compensation.
+
+In case of war the “Auszug” would provide the Army as follows:—
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+  Infantry—98 Fusilier and 8 Rifle Battalions.
+
+  Cavalry—8 Regiments (24 squadrons) of Dragoons and
+    12 Companies of Guides.
+
+  Artillery—24 Regiments of Field Artillery, and 1 of
+    Mountain Artillery, each of 2 batteries of 6 guns each—
+    total, 300 guns, besides 10 batteries of Position Artillery.
+
+  Engineers—9 Battalions.
+
+  Train—8 Battalions.
+
+[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+]
+
+The strength of the Field Army comes to about 100,000 men. It consists
+of the Army Staff and 8 Divisions, each comprising 2 Infantry
+Brigades, each Brigade comprising 2 Regiments of Infantry, 1 Rifle
+Battalion, 1 Regiment of Dragoons, 1 Company of Guides, 1 Brigade of
+Artillery, 1 Battalion of Engineers, 1 of Train, 1 Field Hospital and 1
+Administration Company.
+
+The Landwehr consists of nearly as many men as the Auszug, but the
+former are only called on to serve on garrison duty at home. As for
+arms, the Swiss troops are not behindhand with other nations. The
+Infantry is armed with the repeating Vetterli rifle, the Rifles
+with a similar short repeating-rifle, and the Dragoons with a
+repeating-carbine. The Field Artillery has three patterns of guns:
+the light 3·28-in., the heavy 3·93-in., and the mountain 2·92-inch
+guns. The Swiss soldier is more of a Light Infantry man than anything
+else; as for the Swiss Cavalry, it is not to be considered on the same
+footing as the Cavalry of other nations, being feeble.
+
+The Swiss Militiaman is trained for a short time and then sent home
+with his uniform and rifle. Thereafter he appears yearly for a short
+training, in order to “keep his eye in.” This sketchy military
+education is, however, greatly helped by the numerous Cadet divisions
+in the schools, and by Volunteer Rifle and Gymnastic clubs.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Holland.      Belgium.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+
+
+
+                         HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.
+
+
+The “Kingdom of the Netherlands,” instituted by the Vienna Congress in
+1815, was, after the revolt of the southern provinces, divided into two
+kingdoms, Holland and Belgium, the former extending from the mouth of
+the Ems to those of the Rhine, Maas, and Scheldt, and the latter from
+these mouths to the north-eastern frontier of France. The neutrality of
+these two States, recognised by the other Great Powers of Europe, have
+so far exempted them from keeping up large standing armies, that their
+organisation remains very much as it was in 1830.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+The Dutch military system is a combination of the old Voluntary
+Enlistment and the Militia systems. Every able-bodied young man between
+20 and 25 years of age is bound to enter the Militia; the number of
+these not to exceed 11,000 annually. The length of service of these
+men, nominally one year, is as a matter of fact shortened to nine or
+even six months.
+
+The Army consists partly of voluntarily-enlisted men, who bind
+themselves to six years’ service, and partly of Militiamen. Gaps are
+often caused by the impossibility of filling Volunteer vacancies by
+Militiamen, and this leads to the disadvantage that the training of
+the Militiamen is not so thorough as it might be, and also that the
+troops are not always kept up to their full establishment.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Standing Dutch Army consists of—
+
+  Infantry—1 Grenadier and Rifle Regiment (comprising 3 battalions of
+    Grenadiers and 2 of Rifles), and 8 Line Regiments of 5 battalions
+    each—Grand total, 45 battalions.
+
+  Cavalry—3 Regiments of Hussars, each of 5 Field and one Depôt
+    squadrons.
+
+  Artillery—1 Corps of Horse Artillery, 3 regiments Field Artillery,
+    altogether 42 batteries with 252 guns: and 4 regiments of Garrison
+    Artillery.
+
+  Engineers—3 Field Companies, 3 Fortress, 1 Railway and Telegraph
+    Company, and 1 Instruction and Depôt Company.
+
+Besides the above there is a Colonial Army Depôt of three companies, and
+the Corps of Maréchaussée, which corresponds to the Gendarmerie in other
+States, 373 men.
+
+[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+]
+
+The total strength of the Active Army approaches 64,000 men and 270
+guns. The Colonial Army, recruited entirely by voluntary enlistment,
+comes to about 30,000 men.
+
+[Illustration: Infantry of the Schutterij.]
+
+In case a necessity should arise for reinforcing the Dutch Army,
+another body of men has been formed, called the “Schutterij,” of all
+Dutchmen between their 20th and 30th years not included in the Active
+Army or Militia. No great expectations can be formed of this body, for
+the members are only trained for forty to fifty hours annually.
+
+The Landsturm and Rifle Clubs are also destined to increase the
+strength of the Army in case of emergency.
+
+Since Holland has been declared a neutral State, and her energy is
+chiefly devoted to the furthering of her commercial and colonial
+interests, the chief duty of the Army will probably be confined to that
+of national defence. The numerous sluices and canals, which would offer
+numerous obstacles to an invading army, would be of great assistance
+in case of war. It has, in fact, already happened that the country has
+been saved by letting in the sea through the sluices and forming a
+general inundation.
+
+[Illustration: Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)]
+
+
+                               BELGIUM.
+
+Belgium also is not one of the warlike States. She has, however, often
+served as a theatre of war for other nations, and her neutrality has
+not been always duly respected. She must therefore possess an Army, if
+only to watch her frontiers, and to prevent her total dependence on
+the will of other Powers. Her Army is, however, not numerous, and is
+considerably behindhand both in organisation and training.
+
+[Illustration: Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)]
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+Conscripts are chosen by ballot at the yearly so-called “Appels,” but
+this is easily evaded by either paying a substitute, or by paying an
+exemption of £64, in consideration of which the Government provides a
+substitute of its own finding.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The Belgian Army is formed as follows:
+
+The Infantry numbers 4 Divisions, or 9 Brigades of 2 or 3 regiments
+each, _i.e.:_
+
+   1 Regiment of Carbineers.
+   1 Regiment of Grenadiers.
+   3 Regiments of Rifles.
+  14 Regiments of Infantry of the Line.
+
+The Carbineer Regiment consists of 4 Active and 2 Depôt battalions; the
+remainder of 3 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, the latter being only
+skeleton battalions. This makes altogether 58 Active and 20 Depôt
+battalions.
+
+The Cavalry numbers 2 Divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each,
+_i.e._:—
+
+  2 Regiments of Light Dragoons.
+  2 Regiments of Guides (similar to Hussars), and
+  4 Regiments of Lancers,
+
+each regiment numbering 4 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons—Grand total, 8
+regiments, forming 32 Active and 8 Depôt squadrons.
+
+[Illustration: Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)]
+
+  Artillery—4 Regiments Field Artillery, consisting of 30 Field, 4 Horse
+    and 6 Reserve batteries. The Reserve batteries are skeleton ones
+    and have no guns. The remainder have 6 guns each—total, 34 batteries
+    with 204 guns, besides 3 regiments of Siege Artillery, each of
+    16 Siege, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt batteries.
+
+  Engineers—1 Regiment of 3 battalions, and 5 companies for special work,
+    _i.e._, pontooning, railway, telegraph, pyrotechnic and
+    general trades.
+
+  Train—1 Battalion of 6 companies.
+
+[Sidenote: +Strength of Army.+]
+
+The whole peace-strength numbers about 45,000 men, with 204 guns. Both
+Dutch and Belgian Infantry are armed with single breech-loaders, the
+Beaumont and Albini rifles respectively, and there seems no present
+intention of introducing magazine-rifles.
+
+The Belgian Army is clothed chiefly according to the French model; the
+tall bearskins of the Grenadiers and Guides are peculiar and striking.
+
+Both Holland and Belgium will have to follow the example of other
+nations in adopting strict universal conscription. It will be only
+when this is accomplished that their Armies will represent the armed
+strength of the nation and satisfy the demands made on a National Army.
+
+
+
+
+                     TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE
+                           BALKAN PENINSULA.
+
+
+[Sidenote: +Historical.+]
+
+[Illustration: Officer of the Dorobanze (full dress).]
+
+[Illustration: Officer of the Roșiori (undress).]
+
+In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the inhabitants of Europe
+were several times alarmed by a common danger, that of invasion of
+their territories by a foreign race, Asiatic by extraction, and
+connected primarily with the Mongols. This race, known as Turks or
+Osmanli, had made itself master of Constantinople, the capital of the
+Eastern Roman Empire, in 1453, and set up its government there under a
+Padishah or Sultan. From this point they extended their empire further
+and further to the north-west, over Hungary and the intervening lands,
+and took possession of the Hungarian capital, Buda, or Ofen. In 1683
+they actually besieged Vienna, and this city would undoubtedly have
+fallen if it had not been for its heroic defence by Field-Marshal
+Rüdiger von Starhemberg, who held out till he was succoured by Duke
+Charles of Lorraine with the Army of the Austrian Empire, and John
+Sobieski, King of Poland.
+
+The Turkish power now began to wane, and its forces gradually declined
+in strength during the wars with Russia in the eighteenth and
+nineteenth centuries. One by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire
+became detached from Turkish rule and proclaimed their independence
+under their own sovereigns. In this way arose the independent
+kingdoms of Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and the principality of
+Bulgaria (under Turkish suzerainty), all of them during the present
+century. Eastern Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but
+she has her own administration. The Turkish Empire—once the terror
+of Christendom—is now fighting for very existence, and to retain her
+hold over the small remnants of her European possessions. Russia, who
+considers herself the champion of the Greek-Catholic Church in the
+East, would by this time have undoubtedly seized the lands of the
+“Sick Man” on the Bosphorus, if it were not that the ambition of other
+Powers has secured a frail but fleeting life for him. Since, however,
+Turkey is determined not to let go of her European possessions without
+a stiff fight for them, and since no one can foretell what far-reaching
+consequences such a war would entail, we must not skip her over, but
+must give a short account of her Army as well as of the others.
+
+Turkey has now, since the disbanding of the Janissaries (who formed
+the Sultan body-guard, of 12,000 men at first, and later of 100,000),
+organised her Army on a purely European footing. The officer who is
+chiefly responsible for this organisation, and who was sent for that
+purpose to Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Mahmoud II., from
+1835 to 1839, is no less a personage than Field-Marshal Count Moltke.
+
+Since his time, the Turkish Army has improved after every war. Though
+it is yet by no means equal to that of any of the great Powers, still
+that is the fault of neither the military system nor yet of the Turkish
+soldier. The responsibility lies with the confused system of military
+administration, which deals in the most hopeless and in the worst
+possible way with the clothing and equipment, and even with the feeding
+and pay of the Army.
+
+[Sidenote: +Terms of Service.+]
+
+According to the Law, every able-bodied Mahomedan inhabitant of Turkey
+is bound to serve in the Army. Christians are exempted on payment of a
+fine.
+
+Service in the “Nizam,” or Active Army, lasts six years, of which
+the Infantry soldier spends three and the Cavalry and Artilleryman
+four years with the Colours and the remaining time in the Active
+Reserve or “Ikhtiat.” After this the soldier joins the Landwehr or
+“Redif” for eight years, and subsequently six years in the Landsturm
+or “Muhstafiz.” As a matter of fact, the period of service with the
+Colours is usually reduced to two years, or three at the outside.
+
+[Sidenote: +Organisation.+]
+
+The whole Turkish Empire is divided into 7 military districts or
+“Ordu,” of which the seventh, Arabia, is exceptionally constituted.
+“Ordus” 1 to 6 have each in peace-time to supply 1 Army Corps of Nizam
+troops, and, besides this, 1 to 2 Army Corps of the Redif in case of
+necessity. The seventh Ordu only possesses 1 Army Corps altogether.
+
+Each Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions, 1
+Regiment of Field Artillery, 1 battalion of Pioneers and 1 of the
+Train.
+
+A Division consists of 2 brigades; an Infantry brigade numbers 2, and a
+Cavalry 3, regiments. A regiment of Infantry numbers 5 battalions, of
+which 1 is a Depôt battalion; a regiment of Cavalry, 5 squadrons, of
+which 1 is a Depôt squadron.
+
+The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 batteries, of which 3 are Horse
+Artillery and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns.
+
+The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish Field Army, (including Redif) comprise
+a strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512 guns,[22] and these could be
+heavily reinforced by drawing on the “Muhstafiz.”
+
+[Sidenote: +Armament.+]
+
+The Infantry is armed with three different patterns of rifles at this
+moment, but will shortly be armed altogether with a magazine-rifle.
+Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are armed with a repeating carbine.
+The guns are good cast-steel breech-loaders from the Krupp works. The
+mountain batteries have steel guns.
+
+As regards discipline and training, the Turkish soldier cannot be
+compared on the same grounds with his European comrade. As for a
+discipline founded on feelings of honour, respect, and love of country,
+the Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, however, compensated for
+to some extent by a religious fanaticism and a warlike spirit.
+
+The Turkish soldier is easily satisfied, quiet in his demeanour,
+unruffled, sparing of words, dignified, obedient, and true to
+the death. The romantic halo which formerly endowed the Turks
+with unequalled fighting powers in the assault and unconquerable
+stubbornness in the defence of strong positions, has faded. In vain
+does one now look for the Spahis and Delhis on their fiery horses,
+with crooked swords, flashing turbans and waving garments. With the
+exception of the red fez, the uniform of the Turkish troops has a
+distinctly European cut. The “Nizam” wear a dark-blue coat, usually
+wide in the body, to allow of the growth and alterations of the body,
+which take place during their six years’ service, and the “Redif” wear
+jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most adventurous-looking are the
+Bashi-Bazouks (_i.e._ “lost heads”), a wild body of Irregular troops
+who carry on war in their own fashion, and who are little amenable to
+discipline. These wear bizarre and wild-looking dresses, and are armed
+with long rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in war, but is sadly
+deficient in good officers and non-commissioned officers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The armies of the smaller States of the Balkan Peninsula, organised on
+the lines of great European Powers, will in future wars probably only
+act as allies to either Russia or Turkey. We need therefore cast but a
+hasty glance at them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +GREECE.+]
+
+_Greece_ has, in consequence of her universal conscription—
+
+  Infantry—27 battalions of the Line and 9 battalions of Rifles.
+
+  Cavalry—12 squadrons.
+
+  Artillery—2 Field, and 2 Mountain battalions, and 1 Garrison Artillery
+    battalion, altogether 10 batteries with 64 guns.
+
+The Army (including Engineers and Train, as well as Gendarmerie)
+consists of about 30,000 in peace-time, which could be reinforced in
+war-time to 80,000 men.
+
+[Illustration: Turkish Infantry of the Redif.]
+
+[Sidenote: +ROUMANIA.+]
+
+_Roumania_ can bring into the 1st Line 4 Army Corps, well-drilled and
+well-armed (with repeating rifles and Krupp guns), and into the 2nd
+Line 4 more Divisions. Her peace strength consists of—
+
+  Infantry—16 battalions of the Line, 4 battalions of Rifles and
+    65 battalions of the Dorobanze (a Territorial Militia)—total, 85
+    battalions.
+
+  Cavalry—16 squadrons of Roșiori, (Hussars) and 54 squadrons of
+    Kalaraschi (a species of Gendarmerie)—total, 70 squadrons.
+
+  Artillery—54 batteries with 312 guns.
+
+The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men.
+
+The war-strength consists of 120 battalions of Infantry, 80 squadrons
+of Cavalry, 72 batteries of Artillery, 20 companies of Engineers, and
+details; altogether 150,000 men and 448 guns.
+
+Besides these there are 32 Local Militia battalions and a body of men
+corresponding to the German Landsturm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +SERVIA.+]
+
+_Servia_ can put into the field 5 Divisions, namely:—
+
+  Field Army—45 battalions, 25 squadrons, 25 batteries, besides Engineers
+    and Train—total, 65,000 men and 100 guns.
+
+  Reserve Army—65,000 men, formed similarly to the above.
+
+  Landsturm—60 battalions, comprising 30,000 men.
+    Total war-strength 130,000 men and 200 guns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +BULGARIA.+]
+
+[Illustration: Bashi-Bazouks]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Turkey.—Greece.    Servia.—Bulgaria.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+[Illustration: Roumania.
+
+  _Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria_
+        _Published by William Clowes & Sons, L^{d}, London._]
+
+_Bulgaria_, although her constitution is as yet not definitely
+settled, is not at all behindhand in the organisation of her Army.
+The principality would be able to put into the field an Army of over
+30,000 well-trained men, besides 24,000 Landwehr and 7,000
+Landsturm.
+
+[Illustration: Montenegro: Soldier.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +EASTERN ROUMELIA.+]
+
+The Army of _Eastern Roumelia_ is a species of Militia, which would in
+war-time amount to 64,000 men. The Standing Army numbers only 3,400
+men, and their efficiency is not very great.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Sidenote: +MONTENEGRO.+]
+
+_Montenegro._ In the western portion of the Balkan Peninsula, between
+the Dinaric Mountains and the Adriatic, though not touching the latter,
+lies a wild and craggy mountain land. According to the inhabitants,
+“When the Creator was walking over the earth, distributing rocks and
+plains, the bag in which the rocks were split, and those which remained
+fell on to Montenegro.”
+
+There can certainly not have been many rocks in the bag, for the land
+of the Black Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora) is a tiny country
+of only about 2,300 square miles. The inhabitants are as wild as their
+country. They are a small, liberty-loving nation, of great physical
+beauty, and born warriors. When the Czar, the other day, called the
+Prince of Montenegro the best friend he had on earth, his speech
+probably referred less to the Prince himself than to the people whose
+merit and determined bravery he so much admired.
+
+[Illustration: Montenegro: Officer.]
+
+This nation has for centuries known how to preserve its independence.
+Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the people, came to
+grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862 the inhabitants
+of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the Crescent,
+and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The Turkish
+Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar Pasha, from
+exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent against
+Herzegovina and her ally.
+
+Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful
+Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that
+the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but
+the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible
+to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed
+themselves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro,
+therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against
+the advance of the Crescent.
+
+Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every
+able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from
+his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for
+the Prince, composed of 300 men,[23] of whom 50 are mounted. It is,
+however, stated that at least 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could
+be put in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country
+against an invader from any quarter.
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[Footnote 22: Numbering 468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry,
+252 batteries Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers.—_Tr._]
+
+[Footnote 23: “Peganicis.”]
+
+
+
+
+                               APPENDIX.
+
+                    SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE.
+
+
+We have now finished with our bird-eye view of the Armies of Europe. A
+country armed strength does not, however, consist exclusively of her
+Army; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well. We will, therefore,
+glance at the naval forces of the chief of the European States.
+
+[Sidenote: +ENGLAND.+]
+
+The first place amongst Naval Powers is undoubtedly still held by
+Great Britain as queen of the seas, however much other nations may
+try to overhaul her in ships and material. There have certainly been
+voices heard lately in Parliament anent the alleged standstill—_i.e._,
+backsliding, when the race with foreign nations is taken into
+account—in the naval development of England. The late great Naval
+Review, however, last August, appeared to disarm all hostile criticism
+as to the strength and efficiency of the British Fleet. There were at
+that time, off Portsmouth, several square miles of vessels, altogether
+112 fighting-ships. Yet this was but a small portion of England Navy,
+for the total English Fleet amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as
+follows:—
+
+  Turreted and belted men-of-war           37
+  Ironclad corvettes and cruisers          80
+  Sloops and gun-vessels                   40
+  Gunboats                                102
+  Torpedo-boats                           120
+  Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc.         43
+  Despatch-vessels and survey-ships        33
+  Transports, sailing-vessels,
+                   and turret-ships        29
+  Various, for coast and harbour service  195
+  Auxiliary ocean steamers                 23
+                                          ---
+                Total                     702
+      India                                28
+      South Africa                          2
+      Australia                            31
+                                          ---
+                Grand total               763
+                                          ---
+
+[Sidenote: +FRANCE.+]
+
+France possesses now—
+
+  Men-of-war                               25
+  Other ironclads                          29
+  Cruisers                                 58
+  Gunboats and avisos                      82
+  Gun-sloops (small)                       54
+  Torpedo-vessels, etc.                    16
+  Torpedo-boats                           136
+  Transports and sailing-ships             72
+  Coast and harbour service, etc.         107
+  Auxiliary ocean steamers                 14
+                                          ---
+                Total                     593
+                                          ---
+
+Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks.
+
+[Sidenote: +RUSSIA.+]
+
+Russia has of late years considerably increased her fleet, spending her
+substance chiefly on large ironclads, which appear to be the fashion
+nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in the Black Sea. The Russian
+Navy should not be, all the same, considered as a very powerful one,
+for a great many of her ironclads and torpedo-boats are out of date,
+and not up to the requirements of modern naval warfare.
+
+The Russian fleet numbers altogether—
+
+  Men-of-war                               21
+  Monitors and cruisers                    44
+  Torpedo-vessels and gunboats             21
+  Torpedo-boats (old and new)             140
+  Sailing-vessels, etc.                    50
+  Transports, etc.                        123
+  Coast and harbour service                50
+  Boat-flotilla                            33
+                                          ---
+                Total                     482
+                                          ---
+
+[Sidenote: +ITALY.+]
+
+The naval forces of Italy have increased
+very rapidly during the last twelve years.
+At present they number—
+
+  Men-of-war                               19
+  Corvettes                                19
+  Torpedo-vessels and avisos               26
+  Gunboats                                 10
+  Torpedo-boats                           122
+  Transports and survey-ships              19
+  Harbour and coast service                92
+  Auxiliary ocean steamers                  7
+                                          ---
+                Total                     314
+                                          ---
+
+[Sidenote: +AUSTRIA.+]
+
+Austria also has considerably increased
+her fleet. It now consists of—
+
+  Men-of-war and cruisers                  15
+  Torpedo-vessels and gunboats             15
+  Corvettes, Transports, and avisos        21
+  Torpedo-boats                            56
+  Harbour and coast service                19
+                                          ---
+               Total                      126
+                                          ---
+
+[Sidenote: +GERMANY.+]
+
+The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is Germany, “last not least,” of
+whose naval organisation we will give a few details.
+
+The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 “Station-Chiefs” at
+Kiel and Wilhelmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-admirals, 17
+post-captains, 33 corvette-captains, 64 “captain-lieutenants,” 120
+lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants. Besides these, there are 100
+naval cadets, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in proportion.
+
+The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2
+Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven. Besides these,
+there is a Division of “ship-boys,” a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions
+of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of Marine
+Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval Medical
+Department.
+
+The Marine Reserve and “Seewehr” are formed similarly to the Army
+Reserve and Landwehr.
+
+The matériel consists of—
+
+  Men-of-war and other ironclads           26
+  Cruisers                                 26
+  Torpedo-vessels, gunboats, and avisos    18
+  Torpedo-boats                            93
+  Various for harbour service              42
+                                          ---
+                 Total                    205
+                                          ---
+
+The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872–73, has been
+departed from in several details, gained from the experience of other
+nations and from the knowledge of German requirements; economy had
+also something to do with the matter. The building of huge ironclads
+was not persevered in, and more attention was paid to increasing the
+torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the coasts and ports.
+
+Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete
+successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea,
+still one great object has been gained, _i.e._, the protection of
+trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter
+into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and
+to make the German flag respected in all parts of the world in a way
+which would not otherwise have been possible. The Navy will also be
+able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the foreign
+invasion of her coasts an impossibility. It is difficult to forecast
+the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies which the
+country has recently founded and is still founding will increase its
+task and may lead to the formation of a much larger fleet.
+
+The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides,
+especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will soon
+be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army. One thing
+is certain, and that is, that its successes, whether in the hoisting
+of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the more
+peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers, are
+followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole of
+the German Empire.
+
+                                LONDON:
+             PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
+                  STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.
+
+
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+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: Hunting Appointment Frame, in Red Morocco or Pigskin
+with Silver Mounts Price +25s.+ post free.]
+
+[Illustration: New combined Solid Silver Cigarette Box, Lamp, Match
+Stands, and Ash Tray.
+
+_An assortment or other Patterns in stock._]
+
+
+                       NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE
+                                  OF
+                          Travelling Bags and
+                            Dressing Cases,
+                             _POST FREE._
+
+[Illustration: Thornhill New Triple Pencil, for Black, Red and Blue
+Lead. (_Registered_).
+
+  With enamelled Bands to indicate which part of the Pencil must be
+    turned to bring out the corresponding coloured Lead. In Silver
+                      +25s.+, In Gold +73s. 6d.+]
+
+                           WEDDING PRESENTS.
+
+                       New Illustrated Catalogue
+                                  OF
+                          _LATEST NOVELTIES_,
+                              POST FREE.
+
+  THORNHILL & CO., To H.M. THE QUEEN and ROYAL FAMILY.
+    144, New Bond Street, London.
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+
+
+                         By Royal Appointment.
+
+                       GOLD MEDAL AWARDED 1889.
+
+                          LITSICA, MARX & CO.
+
+         TURKISH TOBACCO IMPORTERS & CIGARETTE MANUFACTURERS.
+
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+
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+Manufacturers of the “+VASSO+,” “+ROSE+,” “+LADIES+,” “+RUSSIANS+,”
+“+KALINIKI+,” and other leading brands of high-class Cigarettes, all of
+which are made from the purest and choicest Oriental Tobaccos.
+
+  These brands were specially selected, and were the only ones sold at
+             the Royal Military Exhibition, Chelsea, 1890.
+
+              _TURKISH TOBACCOS OF THE FINEST QUALITIES._
+
+Our new cigarette, “+The KHÂTIBEH+,” is pronounced by those who have
+smoked it to be the acme of perfection. The Press say: “For mildness,
+sweetness, aroma, and delicacy of taste there is no cigarette to equal
+‘+The KHÂTIBEH+’.... It is without doubt the cigarette of the future.”
+
+  Our Cigarettes and Tobaccos are to be obtained from all respectable
+                             Tobacconists.
+
+   SPECIAL TERMS TO CLUBS AND MESSES.    PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION.
+                Telegraphic Address, “LITSICA, LONDON.”
+
+
+
+
+                       WM. CLOWES & SONS’ LIST.
+
+                        THE WATERLOO ROLL CALL,
+
+         WITH NOTES AND PORTRAITS. BY CHARLES DALTON, F.R.G.S.
+
+       Author of “Life and Times of Gen. Sir Edward Cecil,” &c.
+
+       Price, 2s. 6d. paper covers, or in cloth, boards, 3s. 6d.
+
+
+  +Fixed Bayonets+: A Complete System of Fence for the British Magazine
+     Rifle, both in offence and defence; comprising also a Glossary of
+     English, French, and Italian terms common to the art of fencing,
+     with a bibliographical list of works affecting the bayonet. By
+     ALFRED HUTTON, late Captain King Dragoon Guards. Illustrated by J.
+     E. BREUN. 8vo., cloth, price 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+                            BY SAME AUTHOR.
+
+  +Cold Steel+: A Practical Treatise on the Sabre. Based on the Old
+     English Backsword Play of the Eighteenth Century combined with the
+     method of the Modern Italian School; also on various other Weapons
+     of the Present Day, including the Short Sword-Bayonet and the
+     Constable’s Truncheon. Illustrated with numerous Figures. 8vo.,
+     cloth, 10_s._ 6_d._
+
+              New Edition, Entirely Revised and Enlarged.
+
+  +London Water Supply.+ Including a History and Description of the
+     London Waterworks, Statistical Tables, and Maps. By the late
+     Colonel Sir FRANCIS BOLTON, C.E. With a Short Exposition of the Law
+     Relating to Water Companies generally, and an Alphabetical Digest
+     of the leading Decisions of the Courts; the Statutes; and a copious
+     Index. By PHILIP A. SCRATCHLEY, M.A. Demy 8vo., cloth, 14_s._
+
+  +Fires and Fire Brigades.+ By Captain EYRE SHAW, C.B., London Fire
+     Brigade. With Frontispiece by GUSTAVE DORÉ and other Illustrations.
+     Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Cloth boards, price 2_s._
+     6_d._
+
+  +Exercises for Light Dumb-bells.+ Arranged for Schools and Athletic
+     Clubs, by RICHARD PLUNKETT, Sergeant-Instructor of Fencing and
+     Gymnastics, Royal Scots Greys. Third Edition. Price 6_d._ Post
+     free 6½_d._, cloth 9_d._
+
+  +Physical Drill+, with and without Arms, and the NEW BAYONET EXERCISE,
+     with Illustrations. By Lieut-Colonel G. M. FOX, late First
+     Battalion “The Black Watch.” Eighth Edition. Cloth, price 1_s._
+
+  +Guide to Stretcher and Bearer Company Drill.+ Containing Key to the
+     New Medical Staff Corps Drill, 1889. Consisting of Duties in the
+     Field, Stretcher Drill, Waggon Drill, Litter and Cacolet Drill,
+     Hand-seats, the Triangular Bandage, &c., &c. Illustrated by
+     Staff-Sergeant W. N. WATERSON. Cloth, price 2_s._
+
+  +Accidental Injuries+: their Relief and Immediate Treatment. Including
+     the Stretcher Exercises in Use by the St. John Ambulance
+     Association. Illustrated with upwards of 70 Woodcuts. By JAMES
+     CANTLIE, M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon to Charing Cross
+     Hospital. Twelfth Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Price 1_s._ 6_d._;
+     cloth, 2_s._
+
+
+              CONVENIENT MANUALS BY CAPTAIN W. D. MALTON.
+
+            Limp cloth, uniform with INFANTRY DRILL, 1889.
+
+  +A Key to Infantry Drill: 1889.+ Inscribed, by permission, to General
+     Viscount WOLESLEY, K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. Post free, 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+  +Skirmishing, Attack, and Defence+: as laid down in Infantry Drill,
+     1889. With Words of Command. Post free, 1_s._
+
+  +A Manual for Majors and Adjutants+ in Drill and Manœuvre. With
+     Appendix on Miscellaneous Subjects. With Plates, post free, 1_s._
+
+  +Brigade Drill and Attack Formations.+ With Plates, post free, 2_s._
+
+  +Duties of Markers+ in Company, Battalion, and Brigade Drill. Price
+     6_d._; post free, 6½_d._
+
+  +Sinnott’s Catechism on Infantry Drill+: adapted to the present
+     Regulations. With the addition of Questions on MANŒUVRE and
+     Miscellaneous Subjects. _Thirtieth Edition_, 1889. Cloth, fcap.
+     8vo., post free 3_s._
+
+
+                       CAPT. CHAS. SLACK’S WORKS
+
+  +Handbook of Company Drill.+ Also of Skirmishing, Attack, Advancing by
+     Rushes, Advance and Rear Guards; Guard and Sentry Duties, Infantry
+     Sword Exercises, &c. Illustrated by 50 Plates, which show every
+     movement in Company Drill. Thirty-second Edition. Post free, 1_s._
+
+      (Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post
+                          free, 1_s._ 6_d._)
+
+  +Handbook of Battalion Drill.+ Skirmishing, Battalion Attack,
+     Inspections, Encampments, Field Firing and Army Signalling. Sixty
+     Plates. Eighteenth Edition. Post free, 2_s._
+
+      (Bound with “Handbook of Company Drill,” in one vol., post
+                          free, 2_s._ 6_d._)
+
+  +Handbook of Brigade Drill+. Inspections, Reviews, and Attack
+     Formations. Thirty Plates with Formation of Grand Divisions for
+     Marching Past. Map of Aldershot. Post free, 2_s._
+
+     (Bound with “Handbook of Company and Battalion Drill,” in one
+                             vol., 4_s._)
+
+  +Catechism of Company Drill+, Squad Drill, Musketry Instruction,
+     Regimental Duties, Cipher Messages, Officer Field Kit, &c. Syllabus
+     for Examination of Lieutenants in the Army, Militia, and
+     Volunteers. Twentieth Edition. Post free, 1_s._
+
+  +Catechism of Battalion Drill+, Brigade Drill, Reviews, Outposts,
+     Queen Regulations, Military Law, Tactics, &c. Syllabus for Captains
+     and Majors. Ninth Edition. Post free, 2_s._ 6_d._
+
+      (Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post
+                             free, 3_s._)
+
+  +Handbook of Infantry Drill.+ Handbooks and Catechisms. One vol.,
+     6_s._ 6_d._
+
+           List of Military Books Post Free on application.
+
+
+      LONDON: WM. CLOWES & SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross. S.W.
+
+
+
+
+                             EGIDIO VITALI
+
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+
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+
+
+                         EYRE & SPOTTISWOODE,
+
+                  Government and General Publishers,
+
+              _And AGENTS TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT_,
+
+                   EAST HARDING STREET, LONDON, E.C.
+
+                       Demy 8vo., cloth, 15_s._
+
+  +SOUDAN CAMPAIGN, HISTORY of the.+ By Col. H. E. COLVILLE, C.B.,
+      Grenadier Guards. Compiled in the Intelligence Division of the War
+      Office. In two parts, with case of Maps. Part I. contains the
+      Events leading up to the Nile Expedition, and its History to the
+      Departure of the Desert Column from Korti. Part II., from the
+      Departure of the Desert Column to the conclusion of the Campaign.
+
+  “Whatever may be thought of general history, there is no doubt that
+  military history is written with a definite object. The soldier
+  studies a past campaign in order the better to be able to conduct a
+  future one.... For the soldier Colonel Colville’s book is a mine of
+  valuable information. Its military lessons are summoned up in one
+  word—transport. From Cairo to Khartoum is 1000 miles in a straight
+  line, and 1400 miles by the Nile. The country affords no supplies. The
+  problem, therefore, was to move a small army to within a practicable
+  distance of Khartoum in such a way that it may be fed during its
+  advance, and when at its destination may still have stores to last for
+  some time. The official history shows how this problem was solved, and
+  how infinitely difficult it was. The British army never came out more
+  brilliantly from any trial than from this contest with the
+  wilderness.”—_Manchester Guardian._
+
+                       Crown 8vo., cloth, 8_s._
+
+  +MANUAL FOR ARMY MEDICAL SERVICES.+ By W. E. RIORDAN, Surgeon-Major,
+      Medical Staff.
+
+  “Although it is primarily no doubt intended for medical officers, yet
+  it embraces such a range of important information as must render it of
+  use to every branch of the service, and even to civilians who want a
+  book of the kind for handy reference. While he takes the official War
+  Office regulations and manuals to build upon, and freely lays under
+  tribute the regulations of every branch of the service, yet the result
+  is no mere dry compilation of Army Acts and Orders, but a book full of
+  original and collected matter of a most useful and interesting
+  character.... The modern army medical officer has no longer, like his
+  predecessor, to grope about for want of definite instructions; with
+  his new medical regulations in one pocket, and this volume in the
+  other, he can safely take up any duty. We heartily congratulate
+  Surgeon-Major Riordan on his really admirable book; and as his best
+  reward may he find it, where it deserves to be, in the hands of every
+  medical officer, whether of the regular or the auxiliary forces.”—_The
+  British Medical Journal._
+
+  “This useful volume is in the nature of a supplement to the War Office
+  Regulations upon which it is based. It fills in the details which they
+  necessarily lack, and elucidates and explains them; and it is,
+  moreover, a comprehensive handbook to all matters which affect the
+  physical well-being of the soldier.”—_Army and Navy Gazette._
+
+  +INFANTRY DRILL, 1889+ (corrected to JULY, 1890). 12mo. Forty-seven
+      Plates, 1_s._; by post, 1_s._ 2_d._
+
+  +FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.+ Drawings of the Flags in use at the present
+      time by various Nations. Issued by the Admiralty. £2 10_s._
+
+  +RUSSIAN ARMY IN ASIA, HANDBOOK of the.+ Prepared in the Intelligence
+      Division of the War Office. By Major J. WOLFE MURRAY. 6_d._; by
+      post, 7_d._
+
+  +NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, A TEXT-BOOK of.+ For the use of Officers of the
+      Royal Navy. By J. J. WELCH, R. N. College, Greenwich. 4_s._
+
+  +REGULATIONS FOR ARMY MEDICAL SERVICES.+ PART I., 2_s._ 6_d._ Part II.
+      Manual for the Medical Staff Corps. (Reprinted from the Edition of
+      1889, with alterations subsequently made by Army Order 99 of
+      1890.) 1_s._ 6_d._
+
+  +NAVAL AND MILITARY DEPARTMENTS.+ Preliminary and further Reports of
+      the Royal Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Civil and
+      Professional Administrations of the Naval and Military
+      Departments, and the Relation of those Departments to each other
+      and to the Treasury, with Appendix. 1_s._ 3_d._
+
+  +ARMY LISTS+ (Monthly and Quarterly), Army Circulars and Orders,
+      Infantry Drill, Musketry Instruction, Gunnery Text Book, Queen
+      Regulations, Historical Records of various Regiments, Rifle
+      Exercises, War Game, and all Official Military Books.
+
+  +ACTS OF PARLIAMENT.+ Parliamentary Papers, Bills _under discussion_
+      in both Houses of Parliament, and all Government Publications,
+      except Maps, Patent Specifications, Mercantile Marine Forms, and
+      Hydrographical Notices, or any information relating thereto.
+
+  _DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS opened for Large or Small Sums, and Books and Papers
+                   of any Series sent on day of issue._
+
+
+
+
+           “+FIGITUR IN JUSSO NOSTRA SAGITTA LOCO.+”—_Ovid._
+
+[Illustration]
+
+                                  The
+                                 Broad
+                                 Arrow
+                                  and
+                       Naval & Military Gazette.
+
+   _EVERY SATURDAY._       Established 1833.       _PRICE SIXPENCE._
+
+
++The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military Gazette+ has by far the largest
+circulation of all the Military Papers. This results from the
+reputation it has acquired for early and exclusive intelligence, from
+the high character of its articles, the independent course of its staff
+of writers, and from its earnest support of all measures for the good
+of the Services. Articles on specially interesting subjects appear
+from week to week written for the most part by officers of rank and
+experience, or by men of note in literature who have made the Naval and
+Military affairs of the country their special study.
+
+The ordinary weekly issue of +The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military
+Gazette+ contains fully one-fourth more matter than the other Service
+Journals, even with their frequent supplements.
+
++The Broad Arrow and Naval & Military Gazette+ circulates largely
+throughout India and the Colonies. It is supplied direct to the Army
+and Marine bureaux of the French, Russian, and other Governments, and
+it is read extensively by Officers of Foreign Services, especially of
+the German, French, and American Armies, who desire to acquire a true
+impression of facts and public opinion in England regarding Military
+affairs.
+
+
+             Offices:—No. 6 LANCASTER PLACE, STRAND, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+              Crown 8vo. cloth, with Illustrations, 5_s._
+
+                          WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,
+
+                             FIRST SERIES.
+
+                            BY ERNEST SPON.
+
+                         SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.
+
+Bookbinding—Bronzes and Bronzing—Candles—Cement—Cleaning—
+Colour-washing—Concretes—Dipping Acids—Drawing Office Details—
+Drying Oils—Dynamite—Electro-Metallurgy—Enamels—Engraving on Wood,
+Copper, Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone—Etching and Aqua Tint—Firework
+Making—Fluxes—Foundry Mixtures—Freezing—Fulminates—Furniture Creams,
+Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes—Gilding—Glass Cutting, Cleansing,
+Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, Staining, and Painting—Glass
+Making—Glues—Gold—Graining—Gums—Gun Cotton—Gunpowder—Horn Working—
+Indiarubber—Japans, Japanning, and kindred processes—Lacquers—Lathing—
+Lubricants—Marble Working—Matches—Mortars—Nitro-Glycerine—Oils—Paper—
+Paper Hanging—Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco,
+House, Transparency, Sign, and Carriage Painting—Photography—Plastering—
+Polishes—Scouring—Silvering—Soap—Solders—Tanning—Taxidermy—Tempering
+Metals—Treating Horn, Mother-o’-Pearl, and like substances—Varnishes,
+Manufacture and Use of—Veneering—Washing—Waterproofing—Welding.
+
+Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and
+processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking,
+Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware,
+Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others
+too numerous to mention.
+
+
+
+
+     In Demy 8vo. cloth, 600 pages, and 1420 Illustrations, 6_s._
+
+                                SPONS’
+
+                         MECHANICS’ OWN BOOK;
+
+               A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS.
+
+                          PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.
+
+Mechanical Drawing—Casting and Founding—Forging and Finishing
+Iron—Sheetmetal Working—Soldering, Brazing, and Burning—Carpentry
+and Joinery—Details of Construction of Workshop appliances, Rough
+Furniture, Garden and Yard Erections, and House Building—Cabinet-Making
+and Veneering—Carving and Fretcutting—Upholstery—Painting, Graining,
+and Marbling—Staining Furniture, Woods, Floors, and Fittings—Gilding—
+Polishing Marble, Metals, and Wood—Varnishing—Mechanical Movements—
+Turning in Wood and Metals—Masonry—Roofing—Glazing—Plastering—
+Whitewashing—Paperhanging—Gas-fitting—Bell-hanging, Ordinary,
+and Electric Systems, &c. &c.
+
+                 London: E. & F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.
+
+
+
+
+           Mr. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.
+
+         _WITH A TEACHING STAFF OF TWENTY-THREE INSTRUCTORS_,
+
+            PREPARES CANDIDATES FOR ALL ARMY EXAMINATIONS.
+
+             SANDHURST, WOOLWICH, AND DIRECT COMMISSIONS.
+
++402+ Candidates have +passed+ the competitive Examinations direct
+from +Mr. Wolffram Establishment+ into the +Royal Military College,
+Sandhurst+, and the +Royal Military Academy, Woolwich+, and for +Direct
+Commissions+. This sum total has +never been equalled+ by any tutor in
+or out of London.
+
+
+              MILITIA MILITARY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS.
+
++257+ Militia Officers have passed from Mr. Wolffram
+Establishment, and during the last three years the first place has been
+taken three times:—
+
+  1888 {1st place    Lieut. A. Martyn            1760 marks.
+  1889 {1st place    Lieut. C. H. Turner         1929 marks.
+  1890 {1st place    Lieut. S. Fitzgerald Cox    2034 marks.
+
+The Militia Military Competitive Classes are under the direction
+of Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Needham, R.M.A., P.S.C., late Professor of
+Fortification and Instructor of Tactics and Military Topography at the
+R.N. College, Greenwich, and formerly Garrison Instructor.
+
+
+                     PRELIMINARY ARMY EXAMINATION.
+
+In addition to the above numbers, +364+ Candidates have passed the
+Preliminary Army Examinations in all subjects.
+
++BIENNIAL TOTALS from 1872 to 1889 of SUCCESSFUL ARMY CANDIDATES+,
+Who have passed from Mr. Wolffram for Woolwich, Sandhurst, Direct
+Commissions, and Commissions through the Militia:—
+
+  1872 and 1873                         Eight   8
+  1874  ”  1875                  Thirty-eight  38
+  1876  ”  1877                     Fifty-six  56
+  1878  ”  1879                   Sixty-seven  67
+  1880  ”  1881                     Sixty-two  62
+  1882  ”  1883                    Eighty-one  81
+  1884  ”  1885         One hundred and seven 107
+  1886  ”  1887    One hundred and twenty-one 121
+  1888  ”  1889    One hundred and twenty-two 122
+                                             ----
+           Total    Six hundred and sixty-two 662
+
+N.B.—The above Lists include only pupils who were reading in Mr.
+Wolffram Establishment up to the date of the Examination in question.
+
+
+                                NOTICE.
+
+In compliance with the wishes of several clients, Mr. Wolffram will
+open in London in January, 1891, for Non-Resident Students only, a
+Branch Establishment of Classes for the Militia Military Competitive
+Examinations.
+
+  _All applications to be addressed to_
+      +H. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.+
+
+
+
+
+                        ARMY SCRIPTURE READERS’
+
+                                  AND
+
+                       SOLDIERS’ FRIEND SOCIETY.
+
+               4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, W.C.
+
+                       Patron—REV. DR. EDGHILL.
+
+             President—GENERAL SIR A. J. LAWRENCE, K.C.B.
+
+                      SOLE OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY—
+
+     TO SPREAD THE SAVING KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST AMONG OUR SOLDIERS.
+
+
+The Committee make an EARNEST APPEAL FOR FUNDS to all who have the
+religious and moral elevation of our Army at heart, and who would
+wish to see the hands of the Military Chaplains strengthened by the
+assistance of a body of men of the Soldiers’ own station in life, who,
+without the restraint unavoidable in the intercourse of different
+classes of Society, may commend to them the love of Christ, read to
+them the Word of Life, and strive to lead them from the deceitful
+pleasures of sin to that peace which the world can neither give nor
+take away.
+
+There are now 90 Scripture Readers on the lists of the Society at home
+and abroad.
+
+Contributions in aid of the Society will be thankfully received by
+the Treasurer, G. M. HOLT, Esq., 17, Whitehall Place; and at
+the National Provincial Bank of England, Piccadilly, W.; and by the
+Secretary, Rev. WILLIAM A. BLAKE, at the Offices, 4, Trafalgar
+Square, Charing Cross, W.C.
+
+
+
+
+                              CARRIAGES.
+
+                             HOOPER & CO..
+
+                  107, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W.
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+                           ESTABLISHED 1807.
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+        Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife.
+        Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany.
+        His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G.
+
+      Also to the Embassies of GERMANY, RUSSIA, ITALY, and SPAIN.
+
+[Illustration]
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+latest improvements.
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+springs with perch, large, high, and stylish, for a pair of horses.
+
++MAIL PHAETONS+, on perch and mail springs, mail axles. On elliptic
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+
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+
+CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S ILLUSTRATED PRICE LIST, WITH EASY SELF-MEASUREMENT
+                           FORMS, POST-FREE.
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+
+  OVERCOATS, WATERPROOFS, HOSIERY, SHIRTS,
+  HATS, BOOTS, etc., AND COMPLETE SCHOOL OUTFITS.
+
+
+[Illustration: ETON JACKETS AND VESTS.
+
+In super Black and Diagonal Cloths, ready for immediate wear,
+thoroughly well cut and made. For Boys from 9 years of age.
+
+  Quality 1     17/9 to 25/9
+     ”    2     22/6 to 31/6
+     ”    3     27/6 to 41/6
+  Trousers, 8/11, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11]
+
+[Illustration: BOYS’ NORFOLK SUITS.
+
+A Two-garment Suit for School and general wear; for Boys from 7 to 11
+years of age.
+
+In durable Tweeds and Cheviots. 8/11, 12/11
+
+In Scotch Cheviots, &c. 14/11, 19/11]
+
+[Illustration: GIRLS’ TAILOR-MADE REEFERS.
+
+In Serges— 8/11, 12/9, 14/12
+
+In Nap— 8/12, 11/9, 14/11, 19/11
+
+SAILOR COSTUMES.
+
+8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 14/11]
+
+[Illustration: BOYS’ ROYAL NAVY SUITS.
+
+This favourite Suit, consisting of Blue Serge Blouse (with Badge on
+arm) and Knickerbockers, Singlet, Lanyard and Whistle complete.
+
+4/11, 6/11, 8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 16/11, 19/11.
+
+In Tweeds, 4/11, 5/11, 6/11, 9/11, 11/9, 18/9.
+
+In Fine Worsted Cloths, 19/11]
+
+[Illustration: YOUTHS’ CAMBRIDGE SUITS.]
+
+This style of Suit is kept in a very large variety of materials;
+thoroughly well made and cut.
+
+In Tweeds, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11, 18/11, 19/11, 22/6.
+
+In Real West of England Cloths, Scotch Cheviots, &c. 27/6, 33/9, 37/6,
+41/6, 45/6.
+
+In Black Diagonals, 18/11 to 41/6.
+
+
++BESPOKE TAILORING DEPARTMENTS+ are open at each of CHAS. BAKER &
+CO.’S DEPOTS. Purchasers are asked to inspect the extensive stocks of
++REAL WEST OF ENGLAND CLOTHS, OVERCOATINGS, SERGES, VICUNA CLOTHS,
+TROUSERINGS+, etc, showing in these Departments.
+
+_PATTERNS POST-FREE._ CHEQUES, POSTAL ORDERS, etc., to be crossed
+“BARCLAY, BEVAN, TRITTON & CO.”
+
+  HIGH-CLASS CUTTERS BEING EMPLOYED,
+        A GOOD STYLE AND FIT CAN BE GUARANTEED.
+
+
+                 CHAS. BAKER & CO.’S STORES, LIMITED,
+
++HEAD DEPOT & LETTER ORDER DEPT.: 271 & 272, HIGH HOLBORN+ (City side
+of the Inns of Court Hotel.)
+
++City Branch: 82, FLEET S^{T}.+ (Close to Ludgate Circus) +West End
+Branch: 192 & 194, OXFORD S^{T}.+ (A few doors from Peter Robinson.)
+
++TOTTENHAM CT. RD.: 137, 138, 139 & 140, TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD+ (The
+extensive premises at the corner of Euston Road.)
+
++EXPORT DEPT.+
+CHAS. BAKER & CO., Limited, forward consignments of their goods to any
+part of the World on receipt of order and remittance. Price Lists,
+Patterns, and Easy Self-Measure Forms, Post-free to any part of the
+Globe.
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s note:
+
+A small number of obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+The spelling and punctuation of the source book have not been changed
+even though some of the punctuation would not be accepted today; for
+example, the plural of NCO (non-commissioned officer) is printed as
+N. C. O.’s.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 61365-0.txt or 61365-0.zip *******
+
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+<body>
+<h1 class="pgx" title="header title">The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Armies of Europe, by Fedor von Köppen,
+Translated by Lord Edward Gleichen, Illustrated by Richard Knötel</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
+and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
+under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
+eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not
+located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
+country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
+<p>Title: The Armies of Europe</p>
+<p>Author: Fedor von Köppen</p>
+<p>Release Date: February 10, 2020  [eBook #61365]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4 class="pgx" title="credit">E-text prepared by Brian Coe, David Tipple,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836">
+      https://archive.org/details/cu31924030725836</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="pgx" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate01L">
+<p class="caption2">England.&emsp;I.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+<img class="colours" alt=""
+src="images/plate01left.jpg" />
+<img class="colours" alt=""
+src="images/legend01left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate01R">
+<p class="caption2">England.&emsp;I.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+<img class="colours" alt=""
+src="images/plate01right.jpg" />
+<img class="colours" alt=""
+src="images/legend01right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<h1><span class="titlesmall">THE</span><br /> ARMIES OF EUROPE</h1>
+
+<p class="illd">ILLUSTRATED.</p>
+
+<p class="center vsmall skip1">TRANSLATED AND REVISED BY</p>
+
+<p class="center">COUNT GLEICHEN,</p>
+
+<p class="center vsmall"><i>Grenadier Guards</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="german">FROM THE GERMAN OF FEDOR VON KÖPPEN.</p>
+
+<p class="knotel">ILLUSTRATED BY RICHARD KNÖTEL.</p>
+
+<p class="published">LONDON:<br />
+<span class="clowes">WILLIAM CLOWES &amp; SONS,
+<span class="smcap">Limited</span>,</span><br />
+  13, CHARING CROSS, S.W.<br />
+  1890.
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full"  />
+
+<p class="printed">LONDON:<br />
+         PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,<br />
+       <span class="smaller">STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="full"  />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="contents">CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<table class="contents" summary="Table of contents">
+  <tr>
+    <td></td><td class="tdr"><span class="vsmall">PAGE</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#contents">
+       <span class="smcap">Contents</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">iii</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#preface">
+       <span class="smcap">Preface</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">v</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#transpreface">
+      <span class="smcap">Translator’s
+        Preface</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">vii</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#british">
+      <span class="smcap">Army of the
+        British Empire</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#german">
+      <span class="smcap">The German Army</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#austria">
+      <span class="smcap">Austria-Hungary</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">36</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#italy">
+       <span class="smcap">Italy</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">42</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#france">
+       <span class="smcap">France</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">46</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#russia">
+       <span class="smcap">Russia</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">53</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#denmark">
+       <span class="smcap">Denmark</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">59</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#sweden">
+      <span class="smcap">Sweden and Norway</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">61</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#spain">
+      <span class="smcap">Spain and Portugal</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">64</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#switzerland">
+       <span class="smcap">Switzerland</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#holland">
+      <span class="smcap">Holland and Belgium</span></a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">69</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#turkey">
+      <span class="smcap">Turkey and the
+        States of the Balkan Peninsula</span></a></td>
+        <td class="tdr">73</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"><a href="#navies">
+      <span class="smcap">Appendix (Navies</span>)</a></td>
+    <td class="tdr">79</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="transnotes">
+<p class="center skip4">
+A list of all the illustrations has been added to this ebook.<br /> Here
+is a link to it: <a href="#illns">Illustrations</a>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="preface">PREFACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center italic skip2">“Si vis pacem, para bellum!”</p>
+
+<p class="preface">“Let him who is desirous of peace prepare himself
+for war.” Thus runs the proverb which sums up the experiences and
+history of the most powerful Empire of old. If this maxim held good in
+the old Roman days, how much more applicable is it to the present time,
+when war-clouds are darkening the horizon, and threaten to burst in
+ruin and devastation on all nations who have not heeded the warning!
+There are, however, few who have not heeded it, and the governments of
+all nations have been for some time, and are still, reorganising their
+Armies and bringing them to a high state of efficiency in accordance
+with the experience taught them by the great wars of the last thirty
+years.</p>
+
+<p class="preface">It is therefore necessary for all who take an
+interest in military matters, or in foreign politics, to become
+acquainted with the strength and organisation of the armed forces of
+the different European Powers, for it is only by a study of these
+Armies that we get to know the relative value of our own.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="transpreface">TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="preface">The matter contained in the following pages has been
+corrected up to date. The <i>Corrigenda</i> at the end of Germany,
+France, Italy, and Russia, refer to the alterations that have taken
+place during the progress of this work through the press.</p>
+
+<p class="preface">A few words of the original text, such as “Landwehr”
+and “Ersatz,” have been retained in the translation, although applied
+to other than German countries. For their meaning,
+<i>v.</i>&nbsp;“<a href="#german">The German Army</a>,” p.&nbsp;21, etc.
+There are no corresponding English words.</p>
+
+<p class="right">G.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent smaller"><i>November</i>, 1890.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate02L">
+  <p class="caption2">England.&emsp;II.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate02left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend02left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate02R">
+  <p class="caption2">England.&emsp;II.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate02right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend02right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="british">ARMY OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE.<a id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnh2anchor">[1]</a></h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> British Army is constructed on a
+purely original system. It is like no other army in the world, and for
+this very good reason, that there is no empire in the world like the
+British Empire.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The British Empire.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Great Britain and Ireland alone do not constitute
+the Empire. India, Australia, Canada, the Cape, and shoals of other
+colonies in every quarter of the globe, all help to build it up, and
+for its defence we must have an Imperial Army constructed to fit it.
+Let us see what we have got.</p>
+
+<p>The first thing that strikes us about the Army is that, although of
+a decent size, it is not by any means too large—in fact, some people
+say that it is nothing like large enough. That, however, is a question
+which chiefly concerns the British taxpayer and his pocket, and with
+which we have nothing to do at this moment, so we will confine
+ourselves to contemplating its actual size.</p>
+
+<p>The Empire contains, roughly, over 9,000,000 of
+square miles, and over 326,000,000 of inhabitants. To defend these we
+have an Army which numbers roughly as follows:—</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Strength of Imperial Army.</div>
+
+<table class="strength" summary="Strength of Imperial Army">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Regular Forces</td>
+    <td class="tdr">202,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1st and 2nd Class Reserves</td>
+    <td class="tdr">57,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Militia and Militia Reserve</td>
+    <td class="tdr">134,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Yeomanry</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Volunteers</td>
+    <td class="tdr">224,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Colonial Forces</td>
+    <td class="tdr">84,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Indian Native Army</td>
+    <td class="tdr">152,000</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="noindent">altogether, 864,000 men at the outside. This
+apparently large number, however, includes every single able-bodied
+man, British or Native, who has been trained to bear arms: the Regular
+Army forms not quite a quarter of it. Taken altogether, this gives an
+average of about 1 combatant to 350 non-combatants—not a large
+proportion. Germany’s proportion is 1 to 99. This is a large
+proportion, it is true, but then she is threatened by powerful enemies
+on her eastern and western frontiers, whereas we are an island, and
+look to our Navy as the first line of defence. This being so, we can do
+with a moderately small Army, and need not (yet) have recourse to the
+system of all other European countries—namely, universal
+conscription.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig001">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig001.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Mounted Infantry.<br />
+       (Tropical Field Kit.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is absolutely necessary, however, that we should follow the
+principle which underlies the military systems of all countries,
+whether their armies are composed of conscripts or not. This principle
+is that of keeping a small number of troops under arms in peace-time,
+with a large reserve of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span>
+trained men ready to be called out in case of war. In our case, the
+small number under arms in peace-time is represented by the Active
+Army, both British, Indian, and Colonial,<a id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+and the large reserve by the 1st and 2nd Class Army Reserves, the
+Militia, the Militia Reserve, the Yeomanry, and the Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p>Before starting on the details of these different forces, it would
+be as well to give the mode of enlistment and terms of service of the
+British soldier, with a slight sketch of his history.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Recruit&shy;ment.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The system of recruitment throughout the Army is
+that of voluntary enlistment. As mentioned above, we are the
+<i>only</i> country in Europe whose soldiers are thus enlisted. The
+subjects of all other European countries are liable to be enrolled in
+the army whether they like it or not, and, as a rule, they do not like
+it. This voluntary enlistment is a great advantage for us in one way,
+in that only those need be soldiers who want to be; but, on the other
+hand, the strength of our Army is chiefly dependent on the number of
+men who happen to fancy soldiering, and this is hardly a matter for
+congratulation. Up till now, the system has sufficed: let us hope we
+shall never have to change it.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig002">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig002.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Cavalry.<br />
+       (Tropical Field Kit.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It is not generally known that there exists
+an Act<a id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3"
+class="fnanchor">[3]</a> which has to be suspended annually
+by Parliament (or else it would now be in force), by which the Crown is
+empowered to raise by ballot as many men as may be necessary for the
+Army. In other words, the country <i>is</i> liable to conscription, as
+far as may be determined by the Crown’s advisers. This Act has, however,
+not been enforced since 1815. N.B.—This mode of raising troops must not
+be confounded with the “Embodiment of the Militia,” of which more
+hereafter.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig003">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig003.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officers of Highland Light<br />Infantry and
+Argyll and<br />Sutherland Highlanders.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Recruiting<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span>
+is carried out by paid recruiters (non-commissioned officers) in the
+different districts. Formerly, the recruiting-sergeant used to clinch
+the bargain with the would-be recruit by presenting him with a
+shilling, on which the recruit usually got drunk. The “Queen’s
+Shilling” has, however, been done away with, and the recruit has now to
+get drunk at his own expense.</p>
+
+<p>After going through certain formalities and answering certain
+questions before a magistrate, the recruit signs his
+“attestation-paper,” and is then considered as enlisted.</p>
+
+<p>The terms of service are, as a rule, seven years with the colours
+and five years thereafter in the Reserve. There are a few exceptions to
+this; men joining the Household Cavalry, Colonial Corps,<a
+id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4"
+class="fnanchor">[4]</a> and one or two other smaller branches of the
+Service, enlist for twelve years with the colours; men for the Royal
+Engineers or Foot Guards have the alternative of the usual term, or
+three years with the colours and nine years in the Reserve; whilst the
+Army Service Corps and Medical Staff Corps men and a few others serve
+for only three years with the colours and a varying term of years in
+the Reserve.</p>
+
+<p>Recruits, at the date of their enlistment, must have the physical
+equivalent of 19 years of age, must be at least
+5&nbsp;ft.&nbsp;4&nbsp;in. high, and must have a minimum
+chest-measurement of 33 inches.<a id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>Re-engagements up to seven or twelve years with the colours are
+permitted in most, and up to twenty-one years in special, cases.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Sketch of the History of Our Army.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">At a very early period of English history every able-bodied man was
+bound to take up arms in the event of a civil war or invasion. He was,
+however, only liable to serve in his own county. This force thus formed
+was called the General Levy.</p>
+
+<p>During the Middle Ages the feudal system was in force, <i>i.e.</i>,
+the retainers, tenants, and vassals of every knight were required to
+attend their master if he went to fight abroad. The knights in their
+turn were bound to attend the king when <i>he</i> went to fight abroad,
+and thus a very respectable army was formed for the time being. This
+army, <i>i.e.</i>, the knights and their followers, was called the
+Feudal Levy. Towards the end of the sixteenth century, members of the
+General Levy were told off for the service and defence of the Crown.
+They were trained and exercised in the profession of arms, and received
+the name of Trained Bands. The Honourable Artillery Company, a similar
+force, was raised about this time. The Sovereign could, if necessary,
+hire additional mercenary soldiers to assist him in war, and these were
+paid by Parliament. The Civil War, however, in Charles I.’s reign,
+upset the general military system, and for some time there was no
+National Army.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig004">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig004.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer, 5th (Northumberland)<br />Fusiliers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the Restoration, in 1660, considerable changes and improvements
+took place. The Feudal Levy was abolished, the General Levy became the
+Militia, and the foundations were laid of the present Standing
+Army.</p>
+
+<p>It may be news to some people that the “raising or keeping a
+standing army within the kingdom in time of peace is against law,” but
+such is the fact. Parliament has every year to specially notify its
+consent to a standing army; otherwise the Army would cease to
+exist.</p>
+
+<p>Since Charles II.’s time, the Standing Army has gradually been
+increasing and improving. Voluntary enlistment dates from his reign,
+but it apparently has not always been sufficiently productive of men,
+for we find in the last century that debtors and criminals were obliged
+to serve in the ranks, in order to keep the Army up to strength. The
+pressgang was also in force till 1780. It is hardly astonishing then
+that some, nay, a great many, ill-educated people have been taught, by
+means of traditions handed down from their great-grandfathers, to look
+upon the Army as a sink of iniquity, and that they still hold
+extraordinary and utterly unreasonable views on the subject. They need
+be under no apprehension about letting their sons and relations enlist.
+The Army is now composed of a very good class of men, drawn chiefly
+from the labouring and <i>not</i> from the criminal classes (as some
+people seem to imagine). The proportion of educated recruits is rapidly
+increasing, a better class of men is now enlisting, and the military
+crime of to-day is absurdly small as compared with that of twenty years
+ago, and is still decreasing.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Active Army is divided into—</p>
+<ol class="army">
+  <li>The Regular Army;</li>
+  <li>The Native Indian Army; and</li>
+  <li>The Colonial Forces.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p class="skip1">1. The Regular Army consists of Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, and
+Infantry; besides these are the non-combatant branches,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>
+consisting of the Army Service Corps, the Ordnance Store Corps, the
+Medical Staff Corps, the Pay, Medical, Chaplains, and Veterinary
+Departments, and a few more.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cavalry consists of 31 regiments, including—</p>
+
+<table class="strength" summary="British cavalry regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Life Guards (Household Cavalry).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiment of Royal Horse Guards (Blues)
+           (Household Cavalry).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Dragoon Guards (1st to 7th).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Dragoons (1st, 2nd, and 6th).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Lancers
+                      (5th, 9th, 12th, 16th, and 17th).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">13</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Hussars (3rd, 4th, 7th, 8th, 10th, 11th,
+  13th to 15th, and 18th to 21st inclusive).</td>
+
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The British Cavalry is the smartest in the world. In the Cavalry of
+nearly all foreign armies, Germany for instance, and France, the horses
+are trained to a degree that is unheard of in the English arm; thus
+their men require but little skill in riding, and may be described as
+good soldiers on horseback. Ours, on the contrary, are born horsemen,
+and do not need to have their horses so thoroughly trained. The
+consequence is that when our men find themselves in a predicament not
+provided for by the Regulations, their natural qualities stand them in
+good stead, and by their brilliant riding and dash they turn to good
+account a situation which might otherwise offer serious difficulties.
+The British Cavalry is divided into Heavy, Medium, and Light, according
+to the size and weight of the men. The Household Cavalry, 1st and 2nd
+Dragoons, are heavy, and are never quartered abroad, the Hussars are
+light, and all the rest are medium Cavalry.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig005">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig005.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Sergeant-Drummer,<br />Coldstream Guards.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Life Guards, Dragoon Guards (except the 6th), Dragoons, and 16th
+Lancers wear scarlet, the remainder of the Cavalry dark blue,
+tunics.</p>
+
+<p>The Life Guards and Blues are the only regiments who wear cuirasses,
+and these they would probably leave behind on active service. They, the
+Dragoon Guards and the Dragoons (except the 2nd Scots Greys, who wear
+bearskins), wear steel or brass helmets, with plumes varying in colour
+according to the regiment. The Lancers wear the well-known Lancer cap,
+with the scarlet<a id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a>
+“plastron” in front of their tunics. The Hussars wear the busby, with
+busby-bag and plume of different colours according to the regiment; and
+they have also six rows of yellow braid across the front of the tunic.
+All the Cavalry wear dark blue pantaloons<a id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
+or overalls, with red, white, or yellow stripes, and the Household
+Cavalry has in addition white leather breeches and jackboots for full
+dress. The Cavalry forage-cap is a small round one, and always worn over
+the right ear.</p>
+
+<p>Their arms are sword and carbine throughout; the Lancer regiments in
+addition carry the lance of male bamboo, and with a red and white
+pennon. The Cavalry carbine is of the Martini-Henry pattern, with a
+bore of ·450 in.; it is sighted up to 1,000 yds., and is a first-rate
+little weapon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The establishment of a Cavalry Squadron
+(2 troops) in the field is:—</p>
+<table class="strength" summary="Cavalry squadron">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdl">officers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">16</td>
+    <td class="tdl">non-commissioned officers, and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">122</td>
+    <td class="tdl">rank and file, of whom 26 are dismounted, and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">144</td>
+    <td class="tdl">horses, including draught-horses.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A Regiment (4 squadrons) is composed of:—</p>
+
+<table class="strength" summary="Cavalry regiment">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">lieutenant-colonel,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdl">majors,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdl">captains,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">16</td>
+    <td class="tdl"> subalterns, and 6 other officers, including adjutant,
+                    quartermaster, surgeon, paymaster, and 2 “vets.”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">75</td>
+    <td class="tdl">N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">666</td>
+    <td class="tdl">rank and file, and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">614</td>
+    <td class="tdl">horses.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>A Cavalry Brigade numbers 3 regiments, and details altogether 114
+officers, 2,280 men, and 2,200 horses.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">A Cavalry Division numbers 2 brigades (6 regiments), 2
+batteries Horse Artillery, 1 battalion Mounted Infantry, and details
+altogether 325 officers, 6,600 men, and 6,500 horses.</p>
+
+<div class="sind">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">The Artillery forms one “Royal Regiment,”
+consisting of:—</p>
+
+<table class="strength" summary="Artillery batteries">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Batteries of Royal Horse Artillery,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">80</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Batteries of Field Artillery,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Mountain Batteries, and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">96</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Garrison Batteries,</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="noindent">with several depôts and 3 depôt batteries for their
+maintenance and supply. The Horse and Field Batteries are formed into
+groups of 2 or 3 batteries, chiefly for tactical reasons, called
+Brigade Divisions, each under a lieutenant-colonel.</p>
+
+<p>A Horse Artillery Battery consists of 1 major, 1 captain, 3
+subalterns, 21 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s, and 160 men (of which 73 are drivers), 193
+horses, 6 guns, 6 ammunition wagons, and 7 other wagons.</p>
+
+<p>A Field Artillery Battery of much the same, but with 9 men and 52
+horses less.</p>
+
+<p>The guns in use are at present of four different patterns:—</p>
+
+<table class="guns" summary="British guns">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="tdbr"></th>
+    <th class="tdbr">Weight of Shell.</th>
+    <th class="tdbr">Calibre.</th>
+    <th class="tdbr">Sighted up to.</th>
+    <th>Are Armed with it.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr"><i>a</i></td>
+    <td class="tdbr">12 lbs.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">3 in.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">5,000 yds.</td>
+    <td>14 R. H. A. and 29<br /> F. A. batteries.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr"><i>b</i></td>
+    <td class="tdbr">13 lbs.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">3 in.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">4,800 yds.</td>
+    <td>1 R. H. A. and 12<br /> F. A. batteries.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr"><i>c</i></td>
+    <td class="tdbr">16 lbs.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">3.6 in.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">4,800 yds.</td>
+    <td>2 F. A. batteries.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbbr"><i>d</i></td>
+    <td class="tdbbr">9 lbs.</td>
+    <td class="tdbbr">3 in.</td>
+    <td class="tdbbr">3,500 yds.</td>
+    <td class="tdbb">5 R. H. A. and 37<br /> F. A. batteries.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Of these patterns, the 12-pounder alone is a breech-loader; the
+others are muzzle-loaders.</p>
+
+<p>The 12-pounder is being issued as fast as possible to all R. H. A.
+batteries. The F. A. will be divided into Light and Heavy Field
+Artillery, the former of which will receive the 12-pounder B.-L. gun,
+and the latter a new pattern 20-pounder B.-L. gun, with 8 horses to a
+team. When this is done, the R. H. A. will probably receive a new
+10-pounder B.-L. gun.</p>
+
+<p>2 guns and wagons together are called a Section; 1 gun and wagon, a
+Sub-division.</p>
+
+<p>A Garrison Battery is variously constituted, according to its
+locality. The men of the battery have to work guns of all sorts and
+sizes in the different forts where they are quartered, and, as a rule,
+have no guns of their own.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 96 Garrison Batteries, 4 are Siege-train batteries, quartered
+in the United Kingdom, and armed with heavy guns for battering
+purposes, and 4 more are “Heavy” batteries, quartered in India, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span>
+guns of which are drawn by elephants and the wagons by bullocks.</p>
+
+<p>The Garrison Artillery is grouped in 3 divisions: the Eastern (29
+batteries), Southern (42), and Western (25). Although these divisions
+are by way of corresponding with the different points of the compass in
+Great Britain, the batteries composing them are scattered in every
+quarter of the globe, and the Militia Brigades attached are not
+necessarily Eastern, Southern, and Western ones.</p>
+
+<p>The Mountain Artillery is armed with 2&frac12;-inch 7-pounder jointed
+guns, each gun and gun-carriage being carried in pieces on 5 mules. One
+battery is in England (Newport), one in South Africa, and the rest in
+India.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Malta Artillery is for the defence of that island, and is
+composed of Maltese officers and men.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Men of the Horse Artillery are dressed in dark-blue Hussar-like
+jackets, and busbies with a white plume and scarlet busby-bag; the
+remainder of the Artillery in dark-blue tunics with red facings, and
+black felt helmets with a brass ball instead of a spike. They are armed
+with Martini-Henry carbines, and either sword or sword-bayonet,
+according to their branch of the arm. The forage-cap is a small, round,
+brimless one, with a band of orange braid.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The corps of Royal Engineers is divided into a
+number of battalions, depôts, and other units, which are given below as
+far as possible. As will be seen, their duties, and especially those of
+the officers, are extremely various.</p>
+
+<p>The officers are employed sometimes with their men and sometimes
+apart from them. A large number of R. E. officers (between 350 and 400)
+serve in India, in connection with Native Engineer troops; others are
+employed either at home or in a colony on staff work, public works,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>
+Military Schools, the Ordnance Survey, military telegraphy and
+railways, Engineer Militia and Volunteers, and a host of other duties
+too numerous to mention. In fact, the Engineers form the Scientific
+Corps of the Army. The officers are trained in the R. M. Academy at
+Woolwich, and the rank and file are nearly all well-educated men,
+skilled mechanics and trained workmen forming the bulk of them. That
+their work does not interfere with their worth as soldiers has been
+shown on many a field, and individual instances of their gallantry are
+numerous.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly the Corps was composed of a large number (about 40) of
+independent companies, split up and quartered throughout the Empire.
+Now they have been collated together and formed into different
+battalions and other units, according to their work.</p>
+
+<p>The Corps is now composed as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>(a.) A Bridging Battalion, consisting of 2 pontoon troops, each
+troop numbering 5 officers, 28 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s, and 183 men, with 20
+pontoon- and 8 other wagons, and 190 horses. Each troop carries the
+material for 120 yards of pontoon-bridge.</p>
+
+<p>(b.) 2 Field Battalions, each of 4 companies. The companies however
+still preserve their independence to a great extent, being quartered in
+widely divergent localities, according to requirements.</p>
+
+<p>The 1st Battalion consists of the former Nos. 7, 11, 17, and 23
+independent companies, and the 2nd of Nos. 12, 26, 37, and 38.</p>
+
+<p>A Field Company consists of 7 officers, 26 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s, 184 sappers,
+etc., 70 horses, and 13 vehicles.</p>
+
+<p>A proportion of the company, from one-fifth to one-third, is
+mounted.</p>
+
+<p>These companies, as their name implies, are employed in digging,
+sapping, making field-works, and blowing up places, on active
+service.</p>
+
+<p>(c.) A Telegraph Battalion of 2 divisions (in war, of 4 sections),
+the whole consisting of 6 officers, 15 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s, 224 men, 171 horses,
+and 22 vehicles. Their duties consist in laying lines of field
+telegraphs, and making themselves generally useful in their branch of
+science wherever they may happen to be.</p>
+
+<p>(d.) A Submarine Mining Battalion, consisting of one depôt and 11
+service companies (the old Nos. 4, 21, 22, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 39,
+and 40), numbering about 760 of all ranks. Their strength varies
+according to the locality in which they are employed.</p>
+
+<p>(e.) A Coast Battalion of 3 divisions, altogether about 240 of all
+ranks, employed in defensive works on the sea-coast.</p>
+
+<p>(f.) 4 Survey Companies (Nos. 13, 14, 16, and 19), 330 men in all,
+engaged in the Ordnance and other official Surveys.</p>
+
+<p>(g.) 17 Fortress Companies, of varying strengths (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5,
+6, 9, 15, 18, 20, 24, 25, 29, 31, 32, 36, 41, and 42), which are
+employed in the repair and keeping up of fortresses. In war-time they
+would design and execute siege-batteries, parallels, and all work
+connected with either the attack or defence of fortresses. In
+peace-time they number altogether about 1600 men.</p>
+
+<p>(h.) 8 Depôt Companies, which are employed in the training and
+drilling of recruits, and in work relating to the Corps. They number
+820 men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>(i.) 2 Railway Companies (Nos. 8 and 10), which number 140 men
+together, and would be employed in the laying and repairing of railway
+lines on service.</p>
+
+<p>(k.) A Supernumerary Staff of nearly 400 men, which is employed in a
+great variety of duties too numerous to mention.</p>
+
+<p>420 more men are distributed in different parts of the world and in
+military schools of different sorts.</p>
+
+<p>The grand total of Royal Engineers in peace-time is therefore about
+7,300 men.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Officers and men are dressed, armed, and equipped
+very similarly to the Infantry of the Line (q. v.). They may, however,
+be readily distinguished by the broad red stripe on their trousers, and
+by the Royal Arms in front of the helmet. The forage-caps of the
+rank-and-file are small round ones with a broad yellow band and no
+brim, worn on the top of the head. Officers wear a black and gold pouch
+belt instead of a sash. The facings are of dark-blue velvet, with
+yellow edging.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The British Infantry is composed of—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>The Brigade of Guards (3 regiments).</li>
+  <li>69 Regiments of Infantry of the Line.</li>
+  <li>1 West India Regiment.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Napoleon the Great said of the British Infantry: “It is the best
+infantry in the world; luckily, there is not much of it.” It has
+certainly not deteriorated since his day; but, unfortunately, it is not
+much more numerous now than it was then.</p>
+
+<p>Two years ago a distinguished Russian general said to an English
+Guardsman: “Are your men as fine a lot as they were in ’54?” and on
+receiving an answer in the affirmative, said: “I am sorry for it, if we
+ever have to fight you again. I had more than enough of them in the
+Crimea.” And Moltke said of the late Nile Expedition in 1885: “No one
+but English soldiers could have done what they did.”</p>
+
+<p>Such remarks speak for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The Brigade of Guards consists of three
+regiments—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>The Grenadier Guards, of which there are 3 battalions.</li>
+  <li>The Coldstream Guards, of which there are 2 battalions.</li>
+  <li>The Scots Guards, of which there are 2 battalions.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>These three regiments form the Sovereign’s Body-Guard, and do not
+usually serve out of Europe. The late campaigns in Egypt, however (1882
+and 1885), and the prospective campaign in Canada in 1864, in all of
+which two or more battalions of Guards took part, go to prove that
+every rule has its exceptions.</p>
+
+<p>At home, usually five battalions are quartered in London, and the
+other two in Windsor and Dublin respectively.</p>
+
+<p>The uniform of the Guards differs from that of the Infantry of the
+Line chiefly in the shape of the facings and in the head-gear, the
+latter being the well-known bearskin, with white or red plumes for
+Grenadiers or Coldstream respectively. The forage-cap is round, with
+bands of red, white, and dice for the three regiments respectively. The
+armament and equipment is precisely that of the Infantry of the
+Line.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 69 Regiments of the Line, one
+(Cameron Highlanders) consists of 1
+battalion; two (60th King’s Royal Rifle
+Corps and Rifle Brigade) of 4 battalions;
+and the remainder of 2 battalions each.
+Total 141 battalions.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>The regiments are now called after their “Territorial Districts,”
+which are the districts whence their recruits are drawn, and in which
+their depôt is situated. Up to 1881, the Infantry of the Line consisted
+of 109 regiments, mostly of 1 battalion each, and numbered up to 109.
+In that year, however, the system was changed, and a regiment is now
+known by the county or part of the country it recruits in, with
+occasionally the addition of a few other titles, such as “Borderers,”
+“King’s Own,” “Loyal,” etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 69 regiments we have—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Infantry regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">Regiments</td>
+      <td class="tdc">of</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Fusiliers.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Rifles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Highlanders.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Regiments of Light Infantry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Regiments of Infantry (pure and simple).</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Infantry, with the exception of the four Rifle regiments, is, of
+course, clothed in scarlet tunics, with facings of dark blue, white,
+yellow, or green, according as whether the regiment is a “Royal,”
+English, Scottish, or Irish one.</p>
+
+<p>The head-dress of the Fusiliers is a busby of rough sealskin, shaped
+similarly to the Guards’ bearskin, but much smaller. The (5th)
+Northumberland Fusiliers wear a red and white plume, the remainder
+none.</p>
+
+<p>The Rifle regiments are clothed in a very dark green, almost black,
+uniform. The Rifle Brigade facings are black, those of the 60th K. R.
+R. red, and those of the other two, Scottish and Irish Rifles, dark and
+light green respectively. The first two mentioned are historically
+connected with Hussar regiments,<a id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
+and consequently the officers wear round forage-caps, trailing swords,
+and a few other Cavalry-like details; and the late head-gear used to be
+a Hussar-like black busby. The helmet of all Rifle regiments is at
+present black, but it will shortly be exchanged for a black Astrakhan
+fatigue-cap, with plume for full dress.</p>
+
+<p>The five Highland regiments are the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders),
+the Seaforth, the Gordon, the Cameron, and the Argyll-and-Sutherland
+Highlanders. They wear the feather-bonnet and well-known Highland
+dress—plaid, kilt, hose, white gaiters, and shoes. The tartan, sporran,
+hose, and a few other details differ in the various regiments.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig006">
+<img class="noborder" alt=""
+     src="images/fig006.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards<br />(Carbineers).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The remainder of the Infantry, whether Light Infantry or not, wear<a
+id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9"
+class="fnanchor">[9]</a> black felt helmets with brass spike and
+fixings, the scarlet tunic aforesaid, and blue-black trousers. Their
+forage-cap is the “Glengarry.”</p>
+
+<p>The West India Regiment consists of two battalions of negroes,
+officered by Englishmen. The battalions are quartered, turn and turn
+about, in the West Indies and in our possessions on the West Coast of
+Africa. The men are dressed in white jackets, with a red vest over
+them, loose blue Zouave knickerbockers, and yellow gaiters. The
+head-dress is a turban.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry, whose weapon for the last seventeen years has been the
+Martini-Henry rifle, will very shortly be all armed with the new
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>
+magazine rifle, which has already been issued to a considerable number.
+The action is on the breech-loading bolt system; by it cartridges may
+be fired either singly or by means of the magazine, which is a black
+tin box, holding eight cartridges, and suspended immediately in front
+of the trigger-guard. The bore is extremely small, being only ·303
+inches. The bullet is coated with a hard metal composition, for if it
+were of lead, it would “strip” in the grooves of the barrel, and by
+degrees choke it up. The powder is as yet not definitely fixed on,
+though numerous varieties have been tried with great success. It shoots
+point blank up to 300 yards, and is sighted on the back sight up to
+2,000 yards. By a hanging foresight arrangement, it can be sighted up
+to 3,500 yards—nearly two miles! The cartridges are so small and light
+that more than twice the amount of ammunition can now be carried than
+was possible in the case of the late weapon.</p>
+
+<p>The new bayonet is a much shorter implement than the late one,
+looking more like a large knife than a bayonet. The name of the new
+rifle is the Burton-Lee.</p>
+
+<p>The equipment consists of a valise and canteen, suspended by leather
+braces to the belt, a havresack, wooden water-bottle, and bayonet-frog.
+Inside the valise is carried the great-coat (under the valise flap),
+and such articles as are necessary for the time being, such as boots,
+shirt, socks, hold-all, etc.</p>
+
+<p>A new equipment, slightly different from the above, is now being
+issued.</p>
+
+<p>Two pouches are attached to the belt in front, holding twenty rounds
+Martini-Henry ammunition each. Thirty more rounds are carried in the
+valise and havresack, making seventy in all. With the
+new rifle cartridges, however, and new pouches, it is expected that
+each man will be able to carry 150 rounds.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">A battalion of Infantry is composed of 8 companies, each company
+numbering 3 officers, 10 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s, and 111 men on a field
+establishment. In peace-time, the company rarely numbers above 90 men
+all told, except in India. The battalion consists therefore of—</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;30 officers (1 lieut.-colonel, 4
+majors, 5 captains, 16 subalterns, etc., etc.),</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;91 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s,</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">975 men,</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;70 horses,</p>
+
+<p class="hang1 skip1">&ensp;16 carts.</p>
+
+<p>These horses and carts belong for the most part to the Regimental
+Transport, which has been issued to each battalion forming part of the
+1st Army Corps (of which more hereafter).</p>
+
+<p>An Infantry Brigade consists of four battalions and details, and
+numbers in war-time 130 officers, 4,350 men, and 530 horses.</p>
+
+<p>An Infantry Division consists of 2 brigades, 3 batteries Field
+Artillery, 1 squadron of Cavalry and details—total, 327 officers,
+10,060 men, and 2000 horses.</p>
+
+<p>An Army Corps is to consist of 3 Divisions of Infantry, 3 Horse
+Artillery, and 2 Field Artillery batteries, Royal Engineers, Cavalry
+squadron and details—total, 1,158 officers, 35,000 men, and 10,000
+horses.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Medical Staff Corps.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Medical Staff Corps consists of 17
+Divisions, distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and
+numbering altogether about 400 medical officers and 2,000 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s
+and men. The depôt and training-school is at Aldershot, and the Army
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>
+Medical School at Netley. This Corps does not include the Indian
+Medical Staff Corps.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Army Service Corps.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Army Service Corps corresponds to the
+former Commissariat and Transport Corps, and deals with the issue of
+rations and general transport duty. It is divided into 37 companies,
+distributed throughout Great Britain and Ireland, and numbering 230
+officers, 3,363 N.C.O.’s and men, and 1,300 horses and mules.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Chaplains’ Depart&shy;ment.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Chaplains’ Department consists of about 80
+chaplains, divided into four classes. There are four official
+denominations allowed, Church of England, Roman Catholic,
+Presbyterians, and Wesleyans. Men belonging to any other of the
+numerous sects of religion prevalent in England are officially entered
+as “Church of England.”</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The organisation of the remaining departments,
+<i>i.e.</i>, Ordnance Store, Veterinary, and Pay, is uninteresting, and
+need not be detailed here.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Military Districts.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Of the Regular Forces, 21 regiments of
+Cavalry, 91 batteries of Artillery, most of the Engineers, and 73
+battalions of Infantry are quartered in Great Britain and Ireland.
+Great Britain is divided into 11, Ireland into 3, and the Channel
+Islands into 2, Districts, each under the command of a major-general.
+These districts are sub-divided into Regimental Districts, each of
+these latter comprising the recruiting ground, depôt, and Volunteer
+battalions of a Territorial (<i>i.e.</i>, Line Infantry) Regiment of
+two Regular and two or more Militia battalions. The Artillery and
+Engineers, both Regular, Militia, and Volunteer, are also apportioned
+to each district. The Regular Corps of all arms rarely remain more than
+two years in the same quarters, changing from station to station in
+accordance with different rosters and requirements.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Foreign Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole of the Regular Forces, with the exception
+of the five Heavy Cavalry regiments and Brigade of Guards, take their
+turn at foreign service in India and the Colonies. As a rule, one
+battalion of each regiment of the Line is abroad for sixteen years, and
+is “fed” with men from the other battalion at home. This system, by
+which all the best and soundest men of a regiment are sent abroad, can
+hardly be called a good one, but it is difficult to suggest another.
+For foreign service it is no use having the youngest and unmatured
+soldiers—they would probably only fall sick in a hot climate. It is,
+therefore, necessary to keep and train the men till they know their
+duty thoroughly, and then send them out as full-grown men. It is for
+this reason that complaints are so often seen in the newspapers that
+certain regiments are apparently composed of “beardless boys.” This may
+be so with the home battalion, but if the complaint-makers were to
+journey to the Colonies and see the other battalion, they would soon
+alter their opinion.</p>
+
+<p>It sometimes occurs that both battalions are abroad together, in
+which case the depôt of the regiment is largely increased; in order to
+feed the two.</p>
+
+<p>Cavalry regiments stay abroad from twelve to fifteen years, and are
+fed by their depôt.</p>
+
+<p>This foreign service is one of the main impediments in the way of
+recruiting by conscription.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Of the Regular Forces abroad, 9 Cavalry regiments, 88
+batteries of Artillery, 3 companies R. E., and 53 battalions of
+Infantry are in India; and 1 Cavalry regiment, 27 batteries Artillery,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>
+13 companies R.  E., and 20 battalions of Infantry are in the
+Colonies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Marines.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Royal Marines, although not coming strictly
+under the head of the Army, are yet soldiers in the widest sense of the
+word, for they have been engaged by land and sea in every single
+campaign since their formation in 1755. They consist of two divisions,
+<i>i.e.</i> Artillery (16 companies) and Light Infantry (48 companies),
+in all nearly 14,000 men. They enlist for twelve years’ service, and
+may re-engage for nine years more. In garrison they perform the same
+duties as the Regular army, and on board ship work of a military
+character, such as guard mounting, working big guns, forming part of
+armed force on boat service, or fighting on shore under all sorts of
+conditions and in all climates. The latest development of the Marine is
+not a Horse-, but a Camel-Marine, a force of Marines having served up
+the Nile with the Camel Corps.</p>
+
+<p>The Marines have done well wherever they have been, and still form,
+chiefly no doubt owing to their long service, some of our steadiest
+troops on service.</p>
+
+<p>Their uniform and equipment is very similar to those of the
+corresponding branches of the Regular Army. A Marine may always be told
+from a Linesman by the badge on his helmet and shoulder-straps—a globe
+with the thoroughly apposite motto of “Per Mare, per Terram.”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Native Indian Army.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Native Indian Army is composed of Native
+Cavalry, Artillery, Engineers, Infantry, Medical Corps, etc., etc.,
+partly officered by Englishmen, and numbering altogether about 152,000
+men, including 13,000 Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">It is divided into the Armies of the Bengal, Madras,
+and Bombay Presidencies.  The English officers are drawn from the
+three Staff Corps of those Presidencies, which they have entered after
+serving for at least one year with their English regiments.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Army of Bengal numbers—</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">19 Regiments of Bengal Cavalry, including
+7 Lancer regiments.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">4 Regiments Punjab Cavalry.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Central India Horse.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">2 Bengal Mountain Batteries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">5 Punjab Mountain Batteries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Corps of Bengal Sappers.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Corps of Guides, Cavalry (6 troops), and
+Infantry (8 companies).</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">45 Regiments Bengal Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">5 Regiments Goorkha Light Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">4 Regiments Sikh Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">6 Regiments Punjab Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Hyderabad Contingent, 4 batteries F.
+Artillery, 4 regiments Cavalry, and 6
+regiments Infantry.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1 skip1">Several Irregular Corps, and a Medical
+Department, chiefly Englishmen.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Army of Madras numbers—</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">4 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are
+Lancer regiments.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Corps of Madras Sappers.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1 skip1">33 Regiments Madras Infantry, and a
+Madras Medical Department, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Army of Bombay numbers—</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">7 Regiments Cavalry, 2 of which are
+Lancer regiments.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">2 Mountain Batteries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Corps of Bombay Sappers.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1 skip1">30 Regiments Bombay Infantry, and a
+Bombay Medical Department, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Natives enlist for any period of service, from three years to
+thirty. Most of the troops enlist for nine or fifteen years. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>
+must be physically fit and physically equivalent to a full-grown man.
+They are for the most part very keen soldiers, especially those that
+come from the North-West Provinces and Punjab. In many regiments the
+men have to find everything except firearms—even horses, accoutrements,
+and food, on their pay of about eighteenpence a day; and yet in some
+popular regiments there are several hundred candidates waiting for
+admission.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry is armed and equipped similarly to the British
+Infantry. Their rifle is of the Snider pattern, and is being exchanged
+for the Martini-Henry rifle. The uniforms of the Indian Army are very
+variegated, ranging from scarlet to yellow, and drab to green. The
+usual head-dress is the turban, but the other details of costume vary
+too much for description. The English officers wear in some regiments
+the native uniform, in others an English one.</p>
+
+<p>A Native Cavalry regiment consists of 4 squadrons of 2 troops each,
+with an establishment of 10 English officers, Native officers, N. C.
+O.’s, and about 540 privates.</p>
+
+<p>A Native Infantry Regiment consists of 1 battalion of 8 companies,
+with an establishment of 9 English officers, Native officers, N. C.
+O.’s, and about 820 privates. Each Infantry regiment is linked with two
+others, one of them supplying the other two with men, etc., in time of
+war.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of the Mountain Batteries varies according to
+locality.</p>
+
+<p>A Native Reserve is being formed, but is not yet completely
+organised.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Colonial Forces.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Colonial Forces consist of those raised by each
+Colony of the British Empire for its own protection. With the exception
+of a few of the smaller islands in the West Indies and Pacific, it may
+be said that every one of our Colonies has trained a certain number of
+men for home defence.</p>
+
+<p>The system of enlistment and service varies in almost every colony,
+according to requirements. In very few of them are there permanent
+forces under arms. They mostly correspond to our Militia, and are
+called out for an annual training only.</p>
+
+<p>The native forces of <i>Canada</i> are—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Canadian regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cavalry,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdl">regiments of Dragoons.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdl">regiments of Hussars.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Independent troops.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Artillery,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+    <td class="tdl">batteries Field Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Brigades and 13 batteries Garrison Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">&frac12;</td>
+    <td class="tdl">battery Mountain Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Engineers,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">companies.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Infantry,</td>
+    <td class="tdr">74</td>
+    <td class="tdl">battalions of Infantry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+    <td class="tdl">battalions of Rifles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="3">5 Independent companies.</td>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Medical Staff Corps.</td>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Total strength 38,500.</td>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Of the above troops, a very small number are permanent troops; the
+remainder consist of Militia, called out for about twelve days’
+training in the year. There is universal liability to service in the
+Militia Reserve for all men between 18 and 60, so that in case of war
+the armed levy of the country would amount to over 600,000 men! Not
+more than 45,000 of these however are regularly trained. The country is
+divided into twelve Military Districts, and these again into Brigade
+and Regimental Divisions.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Besides this force, there is a Royal Military College,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>
+and Royal Schools of Instruction for Infantry, Cavalry, and
+Artillery.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1"><i>Cape Colony</i> has a force of about 4,500 men, consisting of
+Corps of—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>Cape Mounted Riflemen (practically a Police Force),</li>
+  <li>Volunteer Artillery,</li>
+  <li>Volunteer Engineers,</li>
+  <li>Volunteer Mounted Infantry,</li>
+  <li>Volunteer Infantry, and a</li>
+  <li>Volunteer Corps of Cadets.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><i>Ceylon</i> possesses a force of about 900 Volunteer Light
+Infantry.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hong Kong</i> possesses a force of Volunteer Artillery and
+Military Police (370).</p>
+
+<p><i>Jamaica</i> possesses a force of Volunteer Militia, Mounted
+Rifles, and Garrison Artillery (1,300).</p>
+
+<p><i>Natal</i> possesses a paid Volunteer Cavalry, Field Artillery,
+and Rifles, 1,500 altogether.</p>
+
+<p><i>Singapore</i> possesses a paid Volunteer Artillery and Military
+Police (1,000).</p>
+
+<p><i>New Zealand</i> possesses a Corps of paid Light Horse Volunteers,
+13 batteries Volunteer Artillery, Engineer Corps, Force of Militia
+Infantry, and 7 or more Rifle battalions. A total of 7,400 men.</p>
+
+<p><i>New South Wales</i> has a force of 6,350 men, consisting of—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>Regular and Volunteer Artillery, 940 of all ranks.</li>
+  <li>Engineers, 200 of all ranks.</li>
+  <li>Mounted Infantry 160 of all ranks.</li>
+  <li>4 Regiments Infantry, 2,100 of all ranks.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Reserve Force of Cavalry, Artillery, and Infantry, 2,700 of all
+ranks; besides a Naval Brigade and Naval Artillery Volunteers numbering
+nearly 500 men.</p>
+
+<p><i>Queensland</i> has a Defence Force of three classes, numbering
+altogether over 4,500 men.</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>1st Class—“Permanent Defence”—135 men.</li>
+  <li>2nd Class—“Defence”—2,600 men.</li>
+  <li>3rd Class—“Volunteers”—about 1,800 men; besides 4 Lines of
+    Reserves in case of national danger, composed of
+    every male between 18 and 60.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><i>South Australia</i> has 2 troops of Lancers, 1 Field and 2
+Garrison Batteries, 2 battalions Rifles, and numerous Mounted Rifle
+Corps, numbering altogether 2,700 men, including Volunteers.</p>
+
+<p><i>Victoria</i> has a force of several Cavalry and Artillery Corps,
+4 battalions Rifles, Mounted Infantry, and numerous Rifle Volunteer
+Corps, besides a Reserve. Total 8,300 men.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tasmania</i> has a small force of Artillery and 2 regiments of
+Rifles, total 930 of all ranks.</p>
+
+<p><i>Western Australia</i> has a small force of Volunteer, Infantry,
+and Artillery—640 altogether.</p>
+
+<p><i>Trinidad</i> and other islands in the West Indies have raised
+small forces for their defence, about 1,000 altogether.</p>
+
+<p>Total Colonial Forces, about 84,100 men.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="skip1">Let us now turn to the Reserve Forces at home,
+composed of the two classes of Army Reserves, Militia, Militia Reserve,
+Yeomanry, and Volunteers. We will not take into account either the
+Native Indian Reserves, as they are not yet fully formed, or the
+Colonial Militia or Reserves, as they are inextricably mixed up with
+the Colonial Forces already described.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Army Reserve.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The 1st Class Army Reserve, created in 1877,
+consists of men who have served their three, seven, or eight years with
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>
+the Colours, and who then pass to this Reserve to complete their
+service to twelve years. They are liable to service at home and abroad
+when called out; this would happen only in case of war or national
+danger. The men would then either join their own regiments or be formed
+into separate corps, or, with their consent, be attached to a regiment
+or corps other than their old one. This class numbers over 54,000
+men.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The 2nd Class Army Reserve, in which there are not
+quite 3,000 men, is composed of those men who have served twelve years
+with the Colours and then choose to enter this Reserve, and of a few
+other special classes of men. They do not serve out of Great Britain.
+Both classes are liable to be called out for an annual training, but
+have never yet been so called out.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Militia.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Militia consists of men voluntarily enlisted
+for six years, with power to re-engage for periods of four years up to
+forty-five years of age. The recruits are trained for six months or
+less at the depôt of the regimental district, and have subsequently to
+undergo only twenty-eight days’<a id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10"
+class="fnanchor">[10]</a> training a year with their corps when called
+out. During these twenty-eight days the men receive regular pay, with
+a “bounty” of 10<i>s.</i> or upward at the end of the training. They
+are then dismissed till next year.</p>
+
+<p>In cases of national emergency, the Militia may be called out,
+<i>i.e.</i> “embodied,” for active service. This has occurred four
+times already in this century; during the Crimean War, for instance,
+ten battalions of Militia were garrisoning our possessions in the
+Mediterranean, and no fewer than 32,000 entered the Regulars and fought
+before Sebastopol.</p>
+
+<p>The Militia comprises Artillery, Engineers, and Infantry.</p>
+
+<p>The Artillery consists of 34 brigades of Garrison Artillery,
+attached to the regular Garrison Artillery Divisions as follows:—4 to
+the Eastern, 21 to the Southern, and 9 to the Western Division. The
+Engineer Militia numbers 7 companies.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry consists of 131 battalions, attached to the different
+regiments of Infantry of the Line as their 3rd and 4th or other
+battalions, and belonging to the same regimental districts. Some
+regiments have only one Militia battalion attached, others as many as
+five.</p>
+
+<p>The Militia is clothed, equipped, and armed identically with the
+Regular Army, the only distinction being that a Militia private wears
+the number of his battalion, and a Militia officer the letter M in
+addition on his shoulder-straps.</p>
+
+<p>The Channel Islands have 4 regiments of Artillery, and 6 of Infantry
+Militia. Malta has 1 regiment of the latter.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Militia numbers altogether 103,500 men.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Militia Reserve.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Militia Reserve consists of men enlisted from
+the Militia for six years or for the remainder of their Militia
+engagements. These are liable to an annual training, or to embodiment
+in case of national danger. The body was created in 1867 as a temporary
+expedient for an Army Reserve, the Austro-Prussian war of 1866 having
+caused extreme uneasiness to our authorities; for they discovered then
+that we had absolutely no reserves whatever, in case we went to war.
+The inducement to join is a pecuniary one, <i>i.e.</i> £1 bounty, paid
+in advance, for every year service in the Militia. It numbers
+altogether 30,160 men.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate03L">
+  <p class="caption2">England.&emsp;III.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate03left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend03left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate03R">
+  <p class="caption2">England.&emsp;III.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate03right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend03right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Yeomanry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Yeomanry is composed of 39 county regiments of Cavalry, and
+forms a species of Cavalry Militia or Volunteers. They are called out
+annually for only one week’s training. They are liable to be called out,
+in addition, for service in any part of Great Britain in case of
+threatened invasion, or to suppress a riot. They receive allowances and
+pay during their training, an allowance for clothing, and their arms,
+from the Government; but have to find their own horses. There is no
+Yeomanry in Ireland.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Yeomanry numbered, in 1889, 10,739 men.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Volunteers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Volunteers consist of a large number of Corps, both Artillery,
+Engineers, Infantry, and Medical Staff Corps, with 2 Corps of Light
+Horse and 1 of Mounted Rifles. The Honourable Artillery Company
+(composed of 1 battery Field Artillery, 6 troops Light Cavalry, and 8
+companies Infantry), although not strictly Volunteers, may be
+considered as coming under this head.</p>
+
+<p>The Artillery Volunteers are divided into 9 Divisions according to
+their locality, forming 62 Corps.</p>
+
+<p>The Engineer Volunteers form 16 Corps of Engineers, 9 Divisions
+Submarine Miners, and 1 Railway Staff-Corps.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry comprises no less than 211 battalions, distributed
+throughout Great Britain, and attached to the different regular
+regimental districts. 31 Infantry Volunteer Brigades have now been
+formed, each consisting of five or more battalions, and each commanded
+by a colonel of Auxiliary Forces.</p>
+
+<p>The number of Volunteers is unlimited, and has gone on steadily
+increasing, since their formation in 1859. The Corps were
+originally intended to be self-supporting, finding themselves in
+everything except arms. Now, however, the Government, having awoke to
+their importance as a great national reserve for home defence, gives a
+Capitation Grant of 35<i>s.</i> a year to the different Corps for every
+efficient Volunteer on their lists, and £2 10<i>s.</i> more for every
+officer and sergeant who obtains a certificate of proficiency.</p>
+
+<p>Volunteers are liable to be called out for active military service
+in Great Britain, in case of a threatened invasion.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, a fact that, if they chose, the Volunteers might, on
+the eve of the invasion, all disappear within fourteen days by simply
+giving notice of their wish to retire! A little legislation on this
+point might not be out of place, though of course such a catastrophe is
+not to be dreamt of.</p>
+
+<p>Volunteers are exempt from service in the Militia, and cannot be
+employed as a military body in aid of the Civil Power. They receive no
+pay, and have to attend a certain number of drills of different sorts
+every year, otherwise they are not considered efficient.</p>
+
+<p>The Volunteers are not yet thoroughly equipped for service, but
+strenuous efforts are being made in this direction by private and
+public enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>Their uniforms vary greatly in colour, from green or scarlet to drab
+or grey, and in appearance. It is, however, expected that all Corps
+will in time present a similar appearance to the Regular Forces, with
+the main distinction of silver or white-metal embroidery and buttons
+instead of the gold or brass of the Regulars.</p>
+
+<p>The rifle of the Volunteers is either the Martini-Henry or the
+Snider.</p>
+
+<p>The organisation of the Volunteer Corps
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>
+is identical with that of the corresponding Regular Forces.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">There were on the 1st January, 1890, 216,999 efficient
+Volunteers, besides 7,022 non-efficients—total 224,021.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Entrance Of Officers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The mode of entrance of officers to the Regular
+Army is as follows:—The candidate, if wishing to enter the Cavalry or
+Infantry has two routes open to him. He may either pass a competitive
+“preliminary” and “further” examination for the Royal Military College,
+Sandhurst, remain there one year, and then enter his regiment direct
+(if successful in passing the “final” examination), or else he may be
+appointed as 2nd lieutenant to a Militia battalion, undergo two annual
+trainings, and then pass an examination equivalent to the Sandhurst
+“final.” Formerly this latter mode of entrance, <i>i.e.</i> through the
+Militia, was considered much the easiest, but now there is not much to
+choose between the two.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">A candidate for the Artillery or Engineers has to pass two
+examinations in the R. M. Academy, Woolwich, and then spend two years
+there. The order of merit in which the cadets pass the “final”
+determines which branch they are to join. As a rule, those passing out
+high up join the Engineers, and the others the Artillery.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Military Establish&shy;ments.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Other Military establishments are:—</p>
+
+<p>(a.) The Staff College near Sandhurst, which an officer may enter by
+means of a competitive examination, after he has served five years at
+least with his regiment. Here he remains for two years, and is
+instructed in the various acquirements necessary for a good Staff
+officer, and in the higher branches of his profession. Having passed
+the final examination, the officer is attached for two months each to
+the two branches of the service other than that which he belongs to,
+and then rejoins his own regiment; he is then entitled to put p.s.c.
+after his name in the Army List.</p>
+
+<p>(b.) School of Gunnery at Shoeburyness, where experiments are
+carried out and new inventions in gunnery tried, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>(c.) Artillery College at Woolwich.—Instruction, etc., in the higher
+branches of gunnery.</p>
+
+<p>(d.) School of Military Engineering at Chatham, where officers and
+N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s of different Corps are put through a course, experiments in
+engineering tried, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>(e.) School of Musketry at Hythe, for instruction of officers and N.
+C. O.’s in the use of, and in details and experiments concerning, small
+arms.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">(f.) Schools of Gymnasium and Signalling at Aldershot, the Army
+Medical School at Netley, the Veterinary School at Aldershot, and the
+School of Music at Hounslow, whose titles sufficiently explain their
+<i>raison d’être</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Mounted Infantry, &amp;c.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">A glance at the latest accessories to the Army in
+the shape of Mounted Infantry, Machine-guns, and Cyclists, may not be
+out of place here.</p>
+
+<p>The authorities consider that a force of Mounted Infantry
+(<i>i.e.</i>, Infantry with rifles on horseback) will be of the
+greatest use to the Army in case of war. Accordingly, a force is being
+trained, little by little, which would be available to act as such on
+active service.</p>
+
+<p>For the past two or three years 2 companies at Aldershot, formed of
+volunteers from the different Infantry battalions quartered there, and
+1 company at the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>
+Curragh, consisting of 150 men each, have been trained during the
+winter months to act as Mounted Infantry. On the conclusion of the
+course, the men are sent back to their regiments, and a fresh lot come
+on the following winter. These companies are intended to be formed into
+battalions when required. The duty of this force on service will be to
+act as Infantry, but with a rapidity of transport from one place to
+another unattainable by ordinary Infantry. Thus they may be pushed
+forward to attack a village, to hold a defensive position till
+supported by other Infantry, to assist the Cavalry, or to perform a
+hundred other duties of Infantry far in front of the real Infantry.</p>
+
+<p>It is proposed that every battalion of Infantry and regiment of
+Cavalry should in future wars have a Machine-gun Detachment of 2
+machine-guns, worked by 1 officer and 12 men, attached to it. A large
+number of men have been trained in this work, but there are at this
+moment but few complete detachments in existence.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Corps of Cyclists, chiefly Volunteer, have also lately
+been started, but it seems very questionable whether they would ever be
+of any use in a hostile country except to carry messages to and fro
+along good roads.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Army Corps.</div>
+
+<p class="sind" >Finally, mention must be made of the recent
+apportioning of the British Regular Army into Army Corps. Serious
+difficulties have arisen in organising this matter, for, since
+regiments are always on the move from point to point at home, or
+between home, India, and the Colonies, it is a very difficult task
+indeed to arrange so that even one Army Corps should be ready to take
+the field at the shortest possible notice. It has, however, been done,
+and the 1st Army Corps is an accomplished fact. The 2nd is on the high
+road to completion, though as yet it is badly off for horses.</p>
+
+<p>The above gives a tolerably fair idea of the strength and
+constitution of the Army of the British Empire. The Navy, it is true,
+is still our first line of defence, as it has been for hundreds of
+years; but although the best in the world, it is not yet large enough
+for our needs. Our Regular Army has also been shown to be barely large
+enough. It is, therefore, doubly necessary to keep the Army at a high
+pitch of efficiency, and fully supplied with everything needful, in
+order that if we ever come into collision with one of the colossal
+European powers detailed in the following pages, we shall not be found
+wanting.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="german">THE GERMAN ARMY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The German Empire.</div>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig007">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig007.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Prussian Hussar<br /> of the Guard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">It</span> was in the autumn of
+1870, during the Franco-German War, that the preliminary arrangements
+were made for the forthcoming consolidation of the German Empire. Up to
+that time, Germany consisted of a multitude of States, each with its own
+Government and its own Army. The interests of these States, ranging as
+they did from kingdoms down to small principalities, were extremely
+conflicting, and internal hostility was frequently the result. The one
+great aim of King William of Prussia was to see them all united into one
+Empire, and defended by one Army. Aided by the genius of Bismarck, the
+negotiations were brought to a successful conclusion, and on the 18th
+January, 1871, William of Prussia was declared Emperor of Germany with
+the title of William I. At the same time the forces of the different
+States were combined, and the present German Army is the result.</p>
+
+<p>In peace and war this United Army is under the command of the
+Emperor, and each man is bound by oath to render him faithful and loyal
+service.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Several of the States, whilst keeping their own
+troops, have, by means of special military conventions, attached
+themselves and their forces still closer to the chief military power of
+the Empire, namely, <span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>
+Prussia. On the other hand, a few of
+the larger States have reserved for themselves a certain independence
+in the management of their armies. The chief outward and visible sign
+thereof is seen in the variations of uniform from the strict Prussian
+pattern. Thus, the Bavarian Infantry has kept its light-blue tunic, the
+Saxons still have red piping round their skirts, and the Württembergers
+wear double-breasted tunics and grey greatcoats.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate04L">
+  <p class="caption2">German Empire.&emsp;I.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate04left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend04left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate04R">
+  <p class="caption2">German Empire.&emsp;I.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate04right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend04right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Army may be roughly divided into four
+groups:</p>
+
+<p>1. The combined forces of Prussia and the following States, which
+have concluded conventions with her: Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Meiningen,
+Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, the two
+principalities of Reuss, Oldenburg, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Lippe,
+Schaumburg-Lippe, Lübeck, Bremen, Hamburg, Waldeck, Brunswick, Grand
+Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Grand Duchy
+of Baden, and Grand Duchy of Hesse.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Saxon Army Corps—(one).</p>
+
+<p>3. The Bavarian Army Corps—(two).</p>
+
+<p>4. The Württemberg Army Corps—(one).</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Universal Conscription is the keystone of the Army.
+Introduced on September 3rd, 1814, first of all, it was amended by the
+law of the 16th April, 1871, and perfected by subsequent laws passed in
+1874 and 1881. The recent edict of the 11th February, 1888, has put the
+finishing touches to it, so that it now holds sway throughout the whole
+Empire. According to this law, every German who is physically capable
+and who is in the enjoyment of civil rights, is bound to serve as a
+soldier.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">A man is bound to commence his service, as a rule,
+with his 21st year.</p>
+
+<p>The period of service is as follows:—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>3 years with the Colours.<a id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></li>
+  <li>4 years in the Reserve of the Active Army.<a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></li>
+  <li>5 years in the 1st Class Landwehr.</li>
+  <li>7 years in the 2nd Class Landwehr.</li>
+  <li>6 years in the 2nd Class Landsturm.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>By this time the soldier is in his 45th year.</p>
+
+<p>The 1st Class Landwehr is divided into complete units, and these are
+formed into Reserve Divisions for the Active Army. The 2nd Class
+Landwehr garrisons the interior and fortresses, and acts, if called
+out, as a reserve for the above-mentioned Landwehr Reserve
+divisions.</p>
+
+<p>All men between the ages of 17 and 45 who are fit to bear arms and
+who are not serving in either the Active Army (including the Ersatz
+Reserve) or in the Landwehr, are enrolled in the 1st Class Landsturm.
+This body can only be called out in case of national invasion, or for
+garrison duty at home.</p>
+
+<p>The Ersatz (<i>i.e.</i> Supply) Reserve consists of those men who
+are physically fit, but have, owing to surplus numbers or other
+causes, escaped being sent to serve in the Regular Army. Part of this
+Reserve undergoes a training of ten weeks in the first, six weeks in
+the second, and four weeks in the third year. These are considered as
+belonging to the so-called “Furlough Men”<a id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12"
+class="fnanchor">[12]</a> class, and serve when required to complete
+the Army in the field. On the completion of their thirty-first year,
+the men are sent to the Landwehr and 2nd Class Landsturm, and there
+they remain till the termination of their
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span>
+liability to service, <i>i.e.</i>, their forty-fifth year. The men of
+the untrained portion of the Ersatz Reserve remain available for
+service up to their thirty-second year, and then pass over to the 1st
+and 2nd Classes of the Landsturm in due order.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig008">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig008.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Prussian Garde du Corps.<br /> Court full-dress.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If every single able-bodied young man were to be taken for the
+Regular Army, two disadvantages would accrue to the State; on the one
+hand an immense amount of industrial labour would be lost to the
+country, and on the other, it would be impossible for the State to
+support such a huge Army. For this reason the law of the constitution
+has laid down that the peace Army is not to exceed one per cent. of the
+population. This gives the Army the respectable peace-strength of
+468,409 men (not including officers and one-year volunteers). Of these
+numbers about 156,000 annually enter the ranks as recruits.</p>
+
+<p>There is a supplementary clause to the law of universal
+conscription, and that is the one which allows of <i>One-year
+Volunteers</i>. It stands to reason that with a three-years’ bout of
+compulsory service, a large portion of the youth of the country are
+interrupted in the studies which are to prepare them for their
+particular professions, and that at a period when they can least afford
+to lose the time. For the labourer, who needs but little knowledge for
+his daily task, and for those handicraftsmen whose work demands but
+little brain capacity or culture of any sort, this interruption of
+business is of small moment. It is far otherwise, however, with the
+young man who requires to spend some time in the higher schools in
+order to fit himself for the profession he has chosen, be it industrial
+or scientific. This disadvantage of the conscription law makes itself
+felt in proportion to the progress in education and general culture
+made in the country. At the same time it is obvious that a man who has
+the assistance of a well-educated and well-trained mind does not
+require so long a period to master the intricacies of soldiering as one
+who is less intelligent.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">For this reason the Government allows young men who
+have either received a certificate of educational efficiency from one
+of the higher schools or else passed an examination before a commission
+appointed for the purpose, to enter the service as volunteers on
+completing their seventeenth year. After one year with the Colours they
+are sent “on furlough” to the Active Reserve, and for this privilege
+they have to find themselves in uniform, equipment, and food during the
+period of their service. They may become officers in the following
+manner: If they have behaved well and have subsequently, during two
+trainings of several weeks each, whilst attached to a Corps, shown
+themselves professionally and socially qualified to become officers,
+they are balloted for by the officers of their district. If the ballot
+is favourable, they are commissioned by his Majesty and become
+full-blown officers of the Reserve. These have, in case of war, to
+complete the active establishment of officers to war-strength, or have
+to fill vacancies as officers in the Landwehr.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Officers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The German Army represents the people under arms,
+and their officers represent the cream of the Army. The road to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>
+higher, and even to the highest ranks, lies open to every educated man,
+without reference to social standing or birth, if
+he only have the necessary qualifications thereto.</p>
+
+<p>Every candidate for an officer commission must possess—</p>
+
+<p>1. A good general education, of which the candidate must give
+satisfactory proof, either by the possession of an “Abiturient”
+certificate,<a id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> or by passing an
+examination before a commission held in Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>2. Physical qualifications for military service, including good
+eyes.</p>
+
+<p>3. An honourable character.</p>
+
+<p>Having satisfied the authorities on these subjects, the candidate
+now serves as a private for five months, generally with the regiment he
+intends to enter. At the end of this time, during which he is called an
+“avantageur,” he undergoes an examination in military duties, etc., and
+on receiving a certificate of satisfactory service from his superior
+officers, he becomes an ensign (“Porte-épée Fähnrich”) and is sent to a
+military college for a year. There he passes a final examination in
+military knowledge, and, if balloted for successfully by the officers
+of the regiment of his choice, he joins as second lieutenant.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig009">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig009.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Württemberg,<br />Sergeant of the Train.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As much as 40 to 45 per cent. of the officers are drawn from the
+Cadet Corps, which is distributed amongst establishments at
+Lichterfelde (near Berlin, head college), Kulm, Potsdam, Wahlstatt,
+Bensberg, Plön and Oranienstein, in Prussia; Dresden in Saxony, and
+Munich in Bavaria. A new college will shortly open in Karlsruhe. This
+Corps is chiefly composed of the sons of officers, who receive a cheap
+and excellent training and education. The proverb that “the apple falls
+close to the stem” is well exemplified here, for amongst the cadets are
+many who bear celebrated soldiers’ names, such as Roon, Steinmetz,
+Canstein, etc., etc.</p>
+
+<p>Although the training in the Cadet Corps is chiefly a military one,
+yet on the whole the cadets receive an education equal to that of a
+first-class civilian college. Thus they are enabled in after-life, when
+they have left the Service, to pursue a civilian calling with greater
+ease than if their education had been purely military.</p>
+
+<p>Mention may also be made here of the establishments in which the
+“Porte-épée Fähnrichs” (ensigns) are instructed: they are the military
+colleges of Potsdam, Engers, Neisse, Glogau, Hanover, Cassel, Anklam,
+Metz, and Munich. The higher branches of military science are pursued
+in the United Artillery and Engineer School, and the Staff College
+(Kriegsakademie), both in Berlin. The entire military education and
+training of the country are managed by an Inspection-General.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">As in all large armies, the three great branches of
+the German service are Infantry, Cavalry, and Artillery, besides the
+Engineers and Transport Corps, the latter of which is called the
+“Train.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">As everybody knows, Infantry is intended to go
+anywhere and fight anywhere. It is, therefore, equipped for all
+contingencies that may arise, and is armed with a weapon for use either
+at a long range or in close hand-to-hand fighting.</p>
+
+<p>The German Infantry is<a id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> armed with a capital magazine-rifle, with a
+bore of ·315 inches, which, with a point-blank range of over 300 yards,
+will carry up to 2,400 yards.
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>
+The magazine is detachable, and holds 8 cartridges. The bayonet is a
+short sword-bayonet, very similar to the new English bayonet.</p>
+
+<p>As a rule, the German foot-soldier has to carry his own equipment,
+both on the march and in action. The equipment consists of a knapsack
+with large mess-tin attached, great coat, bayonet and scabbard (to
+which latter is fastened a small spade), havresack, and water-bottle,
+and three pouches, two in front and one behind. These pouches hold,
+altogether, 150 rounds. The whole thing can be put on or taken off at a
+moment notice, by simply buckling or unbuckling the waist-belt and
+slipping the arms into, or out of, the knapsack braces. This new
+arrangement also obviates to a great extent the discomfort caused by
+the older pattern of equipment, which compressed the man chest
+considerably.</p>
+
+<p>The old division of the Infantry into Grenadiers, Musketeers, and
+Fusiliers has now no significance, except from a historical point of
+view. Nowadays, the whole of the Infantry being identically equipped,
+they all receive exactly the same amount of instruction and training,
+with the sole exception that the Rifle battalions (Jäger) spend
+somewhat more time and pains on their musketry than the other
+troops.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig010">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig010.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Prussian Engineer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>“Grenadiers” first sprang into existence in the seventeenth century;
+as their name indicates, they were originally intended to throw
+hand-grenades amongst the enemy ranks. For this object, particularly
+powerful men were selected, and in France, under Louis XIV., four
+Grenadiers were at first attached to each company; subsequently, each
+battalion received a Grenadier company. Grenadiers were now introduced
+into every civilised army, but as there was seldom an opportunity for
+the employment of their special weapon, they were given muskets, and
+remained Grenadiers only in name, and thus the name came to be applied
+to particularly fine bodies of troops only. The Prussian Grenadier
+battalions of Frederick the Great were the flower of his Army, and in
+memory of these troops
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span>
+the 1st Prussian Foot-Guard Regiment still wears the old sugar-loaf
+brass helmet on big review days and other special occasions. The title
+of “Grenadier Regiments,” which the first twelve Prussian Infantry
+regiments received in 1861, was only bestowed in order to keep green
+the memory of the old Grenadiers.</p>
+
+<p>The names of “Musketeers” and “Fusiliers” come from the different
+firearms their predecessors bore, <i>i.e.</i>, the musket and the rifle
+(fusil), first introduced into France in the seventeenth century. The
+Musketeers were at first the Heavy Infantry, in contradistinction to
+the Fusiliers, who represented the Light Infantry. Later, however, on
+each branch receiving the same firearm, the distinction ceased, and it
+is now only remembered through the old Fusilier songs, of which there
+exist several, and whose burden is the chaffing of the heavy
+Musketeer.</p>
+
+<p>The peculiar qualities necessary for good Light Infantry have been
+developed <i>par excellence</i> in the Prussian Rifle battalions. These
+draw a very large proportion of their recruits from the gamekeepers and
+forester class of the country. Such men have of necessity been already
+trained in the attainments required for that branch of the Infantry.
+They are well acquainted with firearms and can shoot; they can put up
+with considerable hardships, they can find their way about a strange
+country, and they have studied in the school of nature—in short, they
+are the very men to make into skirmishers and marksmen, and are in
+their element on outpost or patrol duty. Frederick the Great was the
+first to train the Jäger as Light Infantry, and his influence is seen
+to this day. “Vive le roi et ses chasseurs” was the motto engraved on
+their “hirschfänger” (lit. “stag-sticker,” a large knife still worn by
+keepers for the purpose of giving the stag his <i>coup de grâce</i>) in
+his day, and it is still the watchword of the Prussian Riflemen of
+to-day. Frederick recognised that the true method of employing Riflemen
+was to extend them as skirmishers, and there is a story which tells
+how, when one day, in Potsdam, the Rifles were marching past him in
+close order, the old king shook his crutch-stick at them and shouted:
+“Get out of that, get out of that, you scoundrels!” and made them march
+past in extended order.</p>
+
+<p>On the 1st of April, 1890, the German Infantry numbered 171
+regiments of 3 battalions each, and 21 Rifle battalions—total 534
+battalions.</p>
+
+<p>The Guard and Grenadier Regiments
+are:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="German guard and grenadier regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Foot-Guards,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Regiments of Guard Grenadiers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Prussian Grenadier regiments (Nos. 1–12),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Mecklenburg Grenadier regiment (No. 89),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Baden Grenadier regiments (Nos. 109 and 110),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Saxon Grenadier regiments (Nos. 100 and 101),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Württemberg Grenadier regiments (Nos. 119 and 123),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Bavarian Body-Guard regiment,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Hessian Body-Guard regiment (No. 115).</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Fusilier and Rifle (Schützen) Regiments are:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="German fusilier and rifle regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Prussian Fusilier regiments (composed of
+      1 Guard Fusilier regiment, and Nos. 33–40, 73, 80,
+      and 86 of the Line).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Mecklenburg Fusilier regiment (No. 90), and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Saxon Rifle (Schützen) regiment (No. 108).</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Of the remaining Line regiments, 81 are Prussian, <i>i.e.</i>, Nos.
+13–32, 41–72, 74–79, 81–85, 87–88, 97–99, 128–132, 135–138, and
+140–143;</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">No. 91 is Oldenburg,</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">No. 92 is Brunswick,</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">No. 93 is Anhalt,</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">No. 94 is Saxe-Weimar,</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">No. 95 is Saxe-Meiningen and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">No. 96 is Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt,
+             and the two principalities of Reuss,</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">Nos. 111–114, and 144, are Baden, and</p>
+
+<p class="hang2 skip1">Nos. 116–118 are Hessian.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Total, 95 regiments of the first group.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">Nine belong to the 2nd group, Saxony,
+<i>i.e.</i>, Nos. 102–107, 133, 134, and 139.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">Six belong to the 3rd group, Württemberg,
+<i>i.e.</i>, Nos. 120–122 and 124–126.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2 skip1">The 4th group, Bavaria, has 18 regiments of the Line,
+which are numbered apart from the rest of the Army.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Rifle (Jäger) battalions are thus
+divided:—</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">
+Prussia: 1 battalion Rifles of the Guard; 1 battalion Schützen of the
+Guard; 11 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 1–11); 1 battalion
+Mecklenburg Rifles.  Total, 14 battalions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">
+Saxony: 3 battalions Rifles of the Line (Nos. 12, 13, and 15).</p>
+
+<p class="hang2 skip1">Bavaria: 4 battalions Rifles (numbered&nbsp; apart).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig011">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig011.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Württemberg. Dragoon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cavalry is intended for fighting chiefly at
+close quarters and on open ground. Their use on the battle-field is
+generally confined to the attack in close order.</p>
+
+<p>Although both branches of the Cavalry, the Heavy and the Light,
+receive an identical training, yet the distinction between them has
+not yet entirely lost its old significance.  The Cavalry of the German
+Army is divided into four groups, distinguished by different equipment
+and arms; they are the Cuirassiers, the Dragoons, the Lancers, and the
+Hussars. The chief weapon throughout is the sword, though the
+Cuirassiers differ from the others in being armed with a long straight
+sword, whilst that of the latter is slightly curved.  Besides this
+weapon, the whole of the Cavalry is being armed with lances. As it may
+happen that the men may have to dismount and use firearms on foot, at
+present they are all armed with a useful carbine (Mauser, 1871
+pattern); the non-commissioned officers and trumpeters wear a revolver
+instead.</p>
+
+<p>The main point in a Cavalry fight is the shock, <i>i.e.</i>, the
+moment when they come into contact with the enemy. This must be the
+result of gradually quickening the pace till at the supreme moment an
+irresistible mass is hurled with crushing force on the ranks of the
+enemy. The best powers of man and horse must therefore be reserved for
+this moment, and it is a fact that the turning-point of an action has
+often been decided by the mere impetus of the charge, and without any
+use whatever of cold steel.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate05L">
+  <p class="caption2">German Empire.&emsp;II.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate05left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend05left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate05R">
+  <p class="caption2">German Empire.&emsp;II.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate05right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend05right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p>Of the whole German Cavalry the Prussian arm has the best
+record. This dates from the time of Frederick the Great and his
+celebrated Cavalry leaders Zieten, Seydlitz, and others, who made use
+of bold and clever offensive tactics which led to
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>
+grand results at Rossbach, Leuthen, Zorndorf, and other
+actions. Prussian horses are powerful, fast, and capable of
+considerable endurance, so that they are particularly suited to
+military service. In addition, the Prussian soldier is a capital
+groom. These qualities, in conjunction with thorough discipline and
+tactical training, have brought the German Cavalry to a height of
+excellence that is surpassed by few.</p>
+
+<p>The Cuirassiers are the troops who from their outward appearance
+most resemble the knights of the Middle Ages. Although the cuirass,
+from which they take their name, has lately been abolished for field
+service in consequence of its weight and inability to keep off the
+enemy bullets, yet with the lance, just introduced, a genuine knightly
+weapon has been brought in to take its place.</p>
+
+<p>The Prussian Regiment of Gardes-du-Corps, whose chief is
+<i>ex-officio</i> the King of Prussia, is equipped and armed in the
+same way as the Cuirassiers. Although it forms a Royal body-guard,
+still the regiment has seen a considerable amount of service. History
+tells of a memorable saying of the Commander of the regiment, Colonel
+von Wacknitz, at the battle of Zorndorf (25th August, 1758), where the
+enemy, the Russians, were getting the best of the day; Frederick the
+Great was with his regiment, the Gardes-du-Corps, and said anxiously
+to Colonel von Wacknitz: “What do you think of it? My idea is that we
+shall get the worst of the action.”
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span>
+Von Wacknitz lowered his sword and said: “Your Majesty, no battle is
+lost, in my opinion, where the Gardes-du-Corps have not charged.”
+“Very good,” said the king, “then charge.” And the fortune of the day
+was decided by the brilliant and successful attack made by this
+regiment.  The battle was won, and the country saved.</p>
+
+<p>In Bavaria the two regiments of Heavy Cavalry, and in Saxony the
+regiments of Horse Guards and Carbineers, correspond to the Prussian
+Cuirassiers.</p>
+
+<p>The Dragoons were originally intended to combine the fire-action of
+Infantry with the rapidity of movement of Cavalry, and were therefore
+armed, on horseback, with a light musket and bayonet. The Brandenburg
+Dragoons of the great Elector Frederick William came greatly to the
+fore in this double capacity at the battles of Warsaw and
+Fehrbellin. The uncertainty, however, of the results of shooting when
+mounted, and the inconvenience of dismounting or mounting according as
+to whether the fight raged on foot or on horseback, showed plainly as
+time went on that the idea of an intermediate arm, a sort of mounted
+infantry, could not yet be brought to perfection. The Dragoons were
+therefore, during the eighteenth century, gradually formed into
+Cavalry pure and simple, and at the present time they are
+horse-soldiers, and horse-soldiers only.  One of the most celebrated
+Cavalry attacks was that of the regiment of Anspach-Bayreuth Dragoons
+in the battle of Hohenfriedberg (4th June, 1745). In this action, the
+regiment rode down no fewer than 20 battalions of Infantry, took 2,500
+prisoners and 66 standards, besides a large number of guns: as
+Frederick the Great said, “It is a feat unparalleled in history.”
+This regiment was, at a later period, turned into a Cuirassier
+regiment, and is now known as the Queen’s 2nd Cuirassiers
+(Pomeranians).</p>
+
+<p>The Bavarian Chevau-légers correspond to the Prussian Dragoons, and
+many a record testifies to their gallantry in action.</p>
+
+<p>The spirit of Zieten, the “Hussar-father,” and of old Blücher,
+“Field Marshal Forwards,” still lives in the Hussars of the German
+Empire. Activity, boldness, and cheeriness are the attributes which
+make a good Hussar, and many are the songs which record their
+successes in camp and field.</p>
+
+<p>The Uhlans (Lancers) who spread such terror amongst the enemy in
+the war of 1870–71, hail, as far as their name goes, from Tartary.<a
+id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> For this reason, the
+French took them for a wild tribe, such as the Kirghiz of the Steppes,
+or the African Turcos. The name is, however, the only foreign element
+about them, for their mode of fighting is essentially German.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig012">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig012.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Bavarian<br />Halberdier.<br />(Full-dress.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chief weapon of the Uhlan, the lance, with which they caused
+such consternation among the French, although it had been the most
+popular weapon of the Middle Ages, disappeared almost entirely from
+European armies on the introduction of firearms; the Russian and
+Polish Cavalry alone retaining it. After the second Silesian war in
+1745, Frederick the Great armed a body of Light Horse with lances, and
+gave them the name of “Bosniaks.”  Consisting at first of only 1
+“company,” their strength was increased afterwards to 10 companies,
+and in the year 1800 they
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>
+were founded into a regiment under the name of “Towarczys,”
+<i>i.e.</i>, experienced in war. In 1808, the name was changed to
+“Uhlans,” and the corps was divided into several regiments, whose
+number was increased at a later period. In 1870 the French peasantry
+called the whole of the German Cavalry “ulans,” and the sudden
+appearance of a few of their horsemen in a district at a time when the
+Frenchmen flattered themselves that the enemy was still far distant,
+caused shouts of “les ulans! les ulans!” universal consternation, and
+immediate flight.  The German Uhlans were everywhere at once. More
+than one populous town, <i>e.g.</i>, Nancy on the 11th August, 1870,
+opened their gates at their approach, and the small fortress of Vitry
+le françois surrendered to a mere handful of Uhlans.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Cavalry of the German Empire consists
+altogether of 93 regiments of 5 squadrons each—total, 465
+squadrons. On the regiment being ordered on active service, one of the
+squadrons remains behind as supply-squadron for the rest. Its duty is
+to replace the partially-trained or unserviceable horses by good ones,
+and also to fill up the ranks of the other squadrons with good men
+when required. By this means, the active part of the regiment is
+brought to a high state of readiness for action, and gains greatly in
+efficiency. There are:—</p>
+
+<p>14 regiments of Cuirassiers, including:</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;The Garde-du-Corps regiment,</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;The Guard Cuirassier regiment,</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;8 Prussian Cuirassier regiments,</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Bavarian Heavy Cavalry regiments,</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;1 Saxon Horse Guards regiment, and</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;1 Saxon regiment of Carbineers.</p>
+
+<p>34 Regiments of Dragoons, namely:</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Regiments of Dragoon Guards,</p>
+<p class="hang1">16 Prussian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 1–16),</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Mecklenberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 17 and 18),</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;1 Oldenburg Dragoon regiment (No. 19).</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;3 Baden Dragoon regiments (Nos. 20–22),</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Hessian Dragoon regiments (Nos. 23 and 24),</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Württemberg Dragoon regiments (Nos. 25 and 26), and</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;6 Bavarian Chevau-léger Regiments.</p>
+
+
+<p>20 Regiments of Hussars, namely:</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;1 Body-Guard Hussar regiment,</p>
+<p class="hang1">16 Prussian Hussar regiments,</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;1 Brunswick Hussar regiment, and</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Saxon Hussar regiments (Nos. 18 and 19).</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>25 Regiments of Uhlans, namely:</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;3 Guard-Uhlan regiments,</p>
+<p class="hang1">16 Prussian Uhlan regiments (Nos. 1–16),</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Saxon Uhlan regiments (Nos. 17 and 18),</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Württemberg Uhlan regiments (Nos. 19 and 20), and</p>
+<p class="hang1">&ensp;2 Bavarian Uhlan regiments.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>Of late years there has been a good deal of talk about reorganising
+the present force into a so-called “General” Cavalry, and this would
+be distinctly a move in the right direction. The term implies that all
+branches of the Cavalry arm should be equally and thoroughly equipped,
+armed, and trained for any service in which Cavalry could be called on
+to take part.  An important step has been made in this direction by
+the recent arming of the <i>whole</i> of the Cavalry with
+lances. There is, however, no intention whatever on the part of the
+authorities to carry out the idea to extremities. Such measures as
+taking away their particular mode of action from the different
+branches of the Cavalry, or giving them all exactly the same uniform,
+would never be entertained for a moment.  It is obvious that such
+measures would be the deathblow of all <i>esprit de corps</i> which,
+as we know, has led to such brilliant results in the past. The shock
+of Cuirassiers on their big horses, the charge of Uhlans with their
+fluttering lance-pennons, the sabre-work of Hussars, and the mobility
+of Dragoons and Chevau-légers, each has its particular effect on the
+enemy, and each distinctive attribute must be taken into serious
+account. There can be no doubt that a total amalgamation of the four
+branches, and the abolition of their distinctive uniforms, would
+produce much more harm in the end than good.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Before closing the subject of Cavalry, mention ought to be made of
+the lately-formed Empress’s Body-Guard, composed of one officer, two
+sergeants, and 24 men.  They were first put on duty in August, 1889,
+during the visit of the Emperor of Austria. Their uniform is the usual
+dark-blue tunic, with cerise collar and cuffs, besides a full-dress
+white Cuirassier tunic.  The skirts are lined with cerise cloth and
+fastened back with hooks. Both collar and cuffs have white braid-lace
+on them, like the rest of the Guard Corps. The breeches are of white
+leather, and big knee-boots like those of the Cuirassiers complete the
+costume.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Artillery has but one rôle to play on the
+battle-field, and that is to come into action and do as much harm as
+possible to the enemy from a long distance off.</p>
+
+<p>The German arm is divided into Field Artillery and Garrison
+Artillery.</p>
+
+<p>The Field Artillery is intended, as its name implies, for action on
+the field of battle. One particular branch of it forms the Horse
+Artillery, in which all the men are mounted. The whole of the Field
+Artillery is armed with Krupp cast-steel guns (C. 73), the Horse
+Artillery guns having a bore of 2·95, and the others a bore of 3·43
+inches.  They carry “double-ring shells” (a form of segment shell
+which fly into about 180 pieces), Shrapnel shells (each containing 240
+bullets), and case-shot. The guns themselves are handy to work, and
+carry with great accuracy up to about four miles.</p>
+
+<p>A Battery is formed of six guns, though as a rule not more than
+four in peace-time have teams (4 to 6 horses each) to draw them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There are altogether 318 batteries of Field-and 46 batteries of
+Horse Artillery, the whole forming 37 regiments.</p>
+
+<p>To the Prussian group belong 29 regiments, forming 245 Field-and 38
+Horse Artillery batteries—total 283 batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Saxony has 2 regiments (Nos. 12 and 28) forming 21 Field-and 2
+Horse Artillery batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Württemberg has 2 regiments (Nos. 13 and 29), forming 18 Field
+batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Bavaria has 4 regiments, forming 34 Field-and 6 Horse Artillery
+batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Grand Total, 364 batteries.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 29 “Prussian” regiments, 2 are Guard Artillery, 24
+(Nos. 1–11, 15–24, 26, 27, and 31) are Prussian, 2 belong to Baden
+(Nos. 14 and 30), and 1 (No. 25) is Hessian.</p>
+
+<p>In the course of the next few years the Field Artillery will
+undergo considerable changes in matériel as well as in
+organisation. It is intended to give each Army Corps 3 F. A.
+regiments, each of 2 divisions of 3 batteries each. Thus each of the
+two divisions of the Army Corps would have one F. A. regiment of 6
+batteries, and the 3rd regiment would be available as Corps
+Artillery. It is also proposed to introduce a common calibre of gun
+for the whole, both Field and Horse Artillery, and also a common
+projectile which would combine the advantages of common shell and
+shrapnel. The introduction of this latter would tend greatly to
+simplify both the action and the supply of the gun.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig013">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig013.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Bavarian Officer of Lancers.<br /> (Aide-de-Camp.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The men of the Garrison Artillery are employed in the attack and
+defence of fortresses. They have no guns of their own, but simply work
+the big guns of the Siege-train or the fortresses, according to
+circumstances.  These gunners go by the name of “cannoniers.”  They
+are armed with the Mauser carbine of the 1871 pattern.</p>
+
+<p>The Garrison Artillery consists of 14 regiments of 2 battalions
+each, of 4 companies each, besides 3 independent battalions,
+altogether 31 battalions.</p>
+
+<p>Of this force, Prussia has 11 regiments (1 Guard regiment and Nos. 1
+to 8, 10 and 11) and 2 independent battalions (No. 9 and No. 14), the
+latter belonging to Baden.</p>
+
+<p>Saxony has 1 regiment (No. 12).</p>
+
+<p>Württemberg has 1 battalion (No. 13), and</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Bavaria has 2 regiments.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">There remain yet the Engineers and the Train.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the corps of Engineers are
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span>
+divided into the Engineer Staff Corps (<i>i.e.</i>, generals and field
+officers) and 4 “Engineer-Inspections” (captains and lieutenants).</p>
+
+<p>This is in the Prussian group. The Saxon, Württemberg, and Bavarian
+officers are not so divided. Engineer officers are employed either
+with the “fortification branch,” <i>i.e.</i>, that branch which
+superintends the construction, repair, etc., of fortresses, or with
+the “Pioneers,” <i>i.e.</i>, Field Engineers.</p>
+
+<p>There are in the German Army nineteen Pioneer battalions,
+distributed thus:</p>
+
+<p>1 Guard battalion and 14 others (Nos.  1–11, 14–16), including 1
+Baden battalion (No. 13), to Prussia.</p>
+
+<p>1 battalion to Saxony (No. 12),</p>
+
+<p>1 battalion to Württemberg (No. 18), and</p>
+
+<p>2 battalions to Bavaria.</p>
+
+<p>Each battalion numbers 4 companies; of these the 1st is a Pontoon
+company, the 2nd and 3rd are Sapper companies: <i>i.e.</i>, for
+sap-work, construction of siege-batteries, and field-works, etc.; and
+the 4th is a Mining company, for laying mines and subterranean
+galleries in siege-work.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Besides these, there is a Railway Regiment of 4
+battalions (including 1 Saxon and 1 Württemberg company), and 1
+Bavarian Railway battalion of 2 companies, for the construction of
+military railways and railway-bridges. Included in the Railway
+Regiment are the Field-Telegraph and Balloon sections.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Train.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The “Train” (corresponding to our Army Service
+Corps) is for the transport of supplies, ammunition, and war-material
+of all sorts. The drivers and men of the corps are trained in
+peace-time in the Train battalions, and the wagons are stored in Train
+depôts.</p>
+
+<p>There are 19 Train battalions and 1 company, thus divided:</p>
+
+<p>14 battalions, each of 2 to 3 companies, and a depôt (the Guard
+battalion, and Nos. 1–11, 15 and 16), in Prussia; one (No. 14), in
+Baden, and 1 Train company in Hesse; one (No. 12) in Saxony, one in
+Württemberg (No. 13), and 2 in Bavaria.</p>
+
+<p>To the depôt of each battalion belong:
+5 provision sections, 3 medical detachments
+with field hospitals and bearers, 1 remount-depôt,
+1 field bakery section, and 5 sections
+of transport.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Tactical Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The above account gives a general résumé of the
+fighting force of Germany.  It now remains to give the tactical
+organisation of the different branches of the Army.</p>
+
+<p>In the Infantry, the smallest independent body of troops, or
+“tactical unit,” is a battalion (except in the case of the independent
+Rifle battalions, where the unit is represented by the company). In
+the Cavalry it is a squadron, and in the Artillery a battery. The war
+strength of a battalion is, at the outside, 1,000 men; that of a
+squadron is about 150 mounted men; and that of a battery is 6 guns,
+with 12 wagons and men in proportion. The peace-strength of each unit
+is dependent, on the one hand, on the numbers required for its full
+strength in time of war; and, on the other hand, on the amount of
+training requisite for its efficiency. In a less degree also, it is
+dependent on the state of the Treasury.</p>
+
+<p>The peace-strength of a Prussian Line battalion (4 companies)
+is<span class="nlbr">:—</span></p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>1 major (commanding the battalion),</li>
+  <li>4 captains,</li>
+  <li>12 lieutenants and 2nd lieutenants,</li>
+  <li>1 adjutant (usually a lieutenant),</li>
+  <li>559 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s and men, and</li>
+  <li><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>
+      7 others (paymaster, assistant-paymaster,
+      4 privates trained as medical assistants,
+      and 1 armourer-sergeant).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>N.B.—A Regiment of Infantry consists of three battalions, so that
+in calculating the strength of a regiment, the regimental staff
+(colonel, lieutenant-colonel, regimental-adjutant, surgeons, etc.),
+should be taken into account.</p>
+
+<p>That of a Prussian Cavalry Regiment of five squadrons is:—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>25 officers,</li>
+  <li>2 or 3 surgeons,</li>
+  <li>686 N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s and men,</li>
+  <li>14 others (paymasters, veterinary surgeons,
+      medical assistants, armourers, etc., etc.), and</li>
+  <li>667 horses.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="skip1">The peace-strength of the corresponding troops in
+Bavaria, Württemberg, and Saxony is much the same. The Guard regiments
+and those in Alsace-Lorraine are somewhat stronger.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate06L">
+  <p class="caption2">German Empire.&emsp;III.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate06left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend06left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate06R">
+  <p class="caption2">German Empire.&emsp;III.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate06right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend06right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">Formation of Brigades, Divisions, and Army Corps.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">As a rule, two regiments of Infantry (6
+battalions), or two of Cavalry (8 to 10 squadrons), form a Brigade,
+under a Major-general as brigadier.</p>
+
+<p>The first unit composed of all three arms is the Infantry
+division. It consists of usually two brigades of Infantry and one
+regiment of Cavalry; and, in the field, has in addition 6 batteries of
+Artillery and 1 company of Engineers, the whole under the command of a
+lieutenant-general. A Cavalry Division varies in strength, but has
+always, if possible, one or two batteries of Horse Artillery
+attached.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig014">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig014.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Two, or three, Infantry Divisions, with a brigade (2 regiments) of
+Field Artillery,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>
+Engineers and Train, constitute an Army Corps, under the command of a
+full general. The Army Corps therefore comprises all branches of the
+service, and is thoroughly independent.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The 12th (Saxon) and 13th (Württemberg) Corps have a
+slightly different composition. They each number 4 Infantry, 2 Cavalry
+and 1 Field Artillery Brigades (each brigade consisting of 2
+regiments), besides one battalion of Field Engineers and one of the
+Train. The Guard Corps also is constituted rather differently from any
+other.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Size of Army.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">On the 1st April, 1890, the entire German Army
+consisted of 20 Army Corps, quartered as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>The Guard Corps, in Berlin, Potsdam, Charlottenburg, and Spandau
+(with the exception of the 4th Guard Grenadier Regiment, which is
+quartered at Coblenz).</p>
+
+<table class="corps" summary="German army corps">
+  <tr>
+    <th class="tdbr">Corps.</th>
+    <th class="tdbr">District.</th>
+    <th>Head Quarters.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">I.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">East Prussia</td>
+    <td>Königsberg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">II.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Pomerania</td>
+    <td>Stettin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">III.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Brandenburg</td>
+    <td>Berlin</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">IV.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Province of Saxony</td>
+    <td>Magdeburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">V.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Posen</td>
+    <td>Posen</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">VI.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Silesia</td>
+    <td>Breslau</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">VII.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Westphalia</td>
+    <td>Münster</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">VIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Rhine Provinces</td>
+    <td>Coblenz</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">IX.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Schleswig-Holstein</td>
+    <td>Altona</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">X.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Hanover</td>
+    <td>Hanover</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XI.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Hesse-Nassau<a id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16"
+          class="fnanchor">[16]</a></td>
+    <td>Cassel</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XII.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Kingdom of Saxony</td>
+    <td>Dresden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XIII.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Kingdom of Württemberg</td>
+    <td>Stuttgart</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XIV.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Grand Duchy of Baden</td>
+    <td>Carlsruhe</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XV.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Alsace</td>
+    <td>Strasburg</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XVI.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Lorraine</td>
+    <td>Metz</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">XVII.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">West Prussia</td>
+    <td>Danzig</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbr">1st Bavarian Corps.</td>
+    <td class="tdbr">Bavaria</td>
+    <td>Munich</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdbbr">2nd Bavarian Corps.</td>
+    <td class="tdbbr">Bavaria</td>
+    <td class="tdbb">Würzburg</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The nineteen Territorial Districts of the Army correspond to the
+nineteen Army Corps Districts. The recruits, however, of the XVth and
+XVIth Corps districts are not allowed to serve there, but are
+distributed amongst other corps. The Guard Corps draws its recruits
+from the different districts of Prussia, and from Alsace-Lorraine.</p>
+
+<p>The main idea which directed the above recent apportioning of
+troops was to distribute them so as to be immediately available in
+case of war in any quarter.  Formerly, the tendency was to group the
+forces where they could be most conveniently trained and worked,
+without reference to the possibilities of war.</p>
+
+<p>Now that the new distribution of Army Corps has placed three Corps
+(XIVth, XVth, and XVIth) on the western, and four Corps (Ist, IInd,
+Vth, XVIIth) on the eastern frontier, it will be possible at the first
+declaration of war with either France or Russia to combine large masses
+of Cavalry and throw them at once into the enemy’s territory. One or
+two battalions of Jäger are also to be sent shortly into Alsace, in
+order to watch the passes over the Vosges.</p>
+
+<p>The peace-strength of the German Army is reckoned at—</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>534 Battalions of Infantry,</li>
+  <li>465 Squadrons of Cavalry,</li>
+  <li>364 Batteries of Artillery with 1,500 fully-horsed guns.</li>
+  <li>Total, 19,457 officers and 468,400 men.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>In consequence of the extension of the Landwehr and Landsturm, it
+is difficult to arrive at an exact estimate of the German
+war-strength.<a id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> In the event of war,
+different Army Corps and Cavalry Divisions will be combined into
+Armies, but their number
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>
+and strength will necessarily depend on the theatre in which they are
+to be utilised, on the plan of campaign, and on the strength of the
+enemy. The resources of the Empire will not, however, come to an end
+with the 20 Army Corps whose strength we have just been
+describing. Behind the men doing their seven years of service, who
+compose the Active Army, come those of the 1st and 2nd Class Landwehr,
+and behind these again come the Ersatz Reserve and the Landsturm.</p>
+
+<p>Although this tremendous Army of close on two million of
+well-trained and well-armed men may at first sight appear a menace to
+the peace of the world, still we must remember that Germany is
+absolutely obliged, for the preservation of her very existence, to
+keep up these huge forces, and that she has no intention of using them
+except for that purpose. As an old national proverb has it: “He who
+wants to come to grief in war had better try a fall with Germany.”</p>
+
+<h3>ADDENDUM TO GERMANY.</h3>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_25">P. 25</a>. The German Infantry now numbers
+173 regiments and 19 Rifle battalions—total
+538 battalions.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_31">P. 31</a>. The Artillery has lately been
+increased to 387 batteries of Field, and 47 batteries of Horse
+Artillery, the whole forming 43 regiments.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_32">P. 32</a>. The Engineers number 20 battalions.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_34">P. 34</a>. The peace strength of the German Army
+now numbers</p>
+
+<ul class="nobullet">
+  <li>538 battalions of Infantry,</li>
+  <li>465 squadrons of Cavalry,</li>
+  <li>434 batteries of Artillery, with over 1700 guns.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>The latest estimate of the German Army at war-strength, <i>i.e.</i>
+Active Army, Active Reserve, and 1st class Landwehr, is as
+follows—</p>
+
+<table class="garmy" summary="German Army: war-strength">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">48,635</td>
+       <td class="tdl">officers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2,253,841</td>
+       <td class="tdl">men,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">445,104</td>
+       <td class="tdl">horses,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">3,982</td>
+       <td class="tdl">guns.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="austria">AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> next on the list is
+Germany’s powerful neighbour, friend, and ally on her southern frontier,
+Austria-Hungary.</p>
+
+<p>There is in the Austro-Hungarian Army a varied assemblage of
+different races: the honest Austrian, the proud and fiery Hungarian,
+the smart Czech, the true-hearted Tyrolese, the thin onion-eating
+Wallachian, the hot-blooded Croat, the nomad Slowak, the homeless
+gipsy, etc., etc., are all represented in its ranks. All these have
+been welded together by the iron bands of discipline into the “Imperial
+and Royal” Army. The Emperor is Commander-in-Chief, and with him rests
+the decision for peace or war.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">After the disastrous campaign of 1866 the Austrian
+Army was entirely reorganised.  The reorganisation is now almost
+completed, and the Army now takes its place as one of the foremost in
+the world. The division of the Empire into Cis- and
+Trans-Leithania—<i>i.e.</i> this side, the Austrian, and that side,
+<i>i.e.</i> the Hungarian, of the Leitha, a tributary of the Danube,
+is only partially carried out in the military system.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">According to the conscription law of December,
+1868, universal conscription is now the rule; in the whole
+Austro-Hungarian Empire, and exemption by purchase, formerly allowed,
+is now abolished.  The forces are divided into the Standing Army, the
+Ersatz Reserve, the Landwehr, and the Landsturm.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">About 103,000 recruits are yearly admitted into the
+Standing Army, of which Cis-Leithania contributes 54,000. Those
+able-bodied young men who are not taken into the Standing or Active
+Army are sent for ten years to the Ersatz Reserve, which is intended,
+as in Germany, to provide reinforcements for the Active Army. Service
+in the latter is for three years with the Colours and seven years in
+the Active Reserve.  Service in the Landwehr is for two years for
+those who have served ten years in the Active Army and Reserve or in
+the Ersatz Reserve, and for twelve years for those who have been sent
+straight thither, for various reasons, on conscription. After the
+Landwehr service, the soldier is sent for five years to the 1st Class
+Landsturm, and for five years more to the 2nd Class Landsturm.  By
+this time he is forty-two years of age.  The one-year Volunteers are
+enlisted in the same manner as in Germany (q.&nbsp;v.).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole Empire is, for military purposes,
+divided into fifteen Territorial Districts; these are of various
+sizes, so that the Austrian Army Corps are not all of the same
+strength. In case of war, the whole “Imperial and Royal” Army would be
+grouped into three armies, under
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>
+one supreme command, each army consisting of three or more Army
+Corps. The Army Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2
+brigades. The division is commanded by a “field-marshal-lieutenant,”
+corresponding to our lieutenant-general, and the brigade by a
+major-general.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Each Infantry brigade has as a rule 2 regiments, and
+1 battalion of Rifles.  Besides the 2 Infantry brigades, each Division
+has in addition 2 to 4 squadrons of Cavalry, 1 battery division (2 to
+3 batteries of Field Artillery), and 1 company of Engineers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Infantry of the Active Army comprises 102
+regiments, each of 4 Field and 1 Ersatz battalions; the latter is in
+peace-time represented by a cadre only. The 4th Field battalions,
+so-called “Mobile” battalions, have mostly a stronger
+peace-establishment than the others, and are used to garrison Bosnia,
+Herzegovina, and the Sanjak of Novi-Bazar; <i>i.e.</i> they are
+completely separated from their regiments.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig015">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig015.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of Infantry<br />(Marching Order).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Rifles comprise the Tyrolese Rifle Regiment of 10 Active and 2
+Ersatz battalions, and 32 independent battalions of Rifles, each of 4
+Field and 1 Ersatz companies.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry has (since 1868) laid aside its historical white
+uniform, and is now clothed in dark blue tunics or loose jackets, and
+light blue trousers, the latter in the Hungarian regiments being
+ornamented with embroidery and fitting like tights. The Hungarian
+regiments wear lace-boots, the remainder Wellingtons.  The usual
+head-dress is the fatigue-cap, and, on great occasions, the shako. The
+Rifles are dressed in blue-grey.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>After 1866 the Austrian Infantry was armed with an excellent
+breech-loader, the Werndl rifle. Since the German Infantry have
+attained a certain moral superiority by being armed with a
+magazine-rifle, the authorities have introduced a magazine-rifle for
+the Infantry and Rifles.</p>
+
+<p>So quickly has the work of manufacturing and issuing them
+proceeded, that by the autumn of this year (1890) it is expected that
+they will all be thus armed, and will have overtaken the German
+Infantry. The new Austrian magazine-rifle, called after its inventor,
+Colonel Männlicher, is of ·315-inch bore, and can fire 30 to 40 shots
+in the minute.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Austria possesses an excellent Rifle Regiment in the
+Tyrolese, the so-called Emperor Rifles, mentioned above, which is
+composed of men accustomed from their youth up to the use of the
+rifle. They are recruited in the Tyrol and Vorarlberg.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cavalry of the Active Army consists of—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Austrian cavalry">
+  <tr>
+    <td>14</td><td>Regiments of Dragoons (Austrians and Bohemians),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>16</td><td>Regiments of Hussars (Hungarians), and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>11</td><td>Regiments of Lancers (with Polish Reserve).</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Each regiment consists of 6 squadrons and a depôt-cadre. In case of
+mobilisation the latter develops into one Ersatz squadron (in which
+are trained the Ersatz men and the extra horses required), one Reserve
+squadron for supply purposes, and two sections of Staff Cavalry for
+service at the headquarters of Corps and at Field-Supply stores. The
+peace establishment of the Austro-Hungarian Cavalry accordingly comes
+to 246 squadrons, and the war-establishment to 246 Field, 41 Reserve,
+and 41 Ersatz squadrons, besides the Staff Cavalry.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig016">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig016.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Cavalry Officer (Undress).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Cavalry Regiments are clothed according to their
+nationality. The Dragoons wear a light-blue tunic, the Uhlans their
+tunic of peculiar cut, and the Hussars the jacket and attila, the
+latter as a rule suspended by yellow cords from the shoulder. The
+whole Cavalry wear red breeches, tight in the Hussar regiments, and
+loose in the others.</p>
+
+<p>The Hungarian Hussars, on their small but swift horses, are a
+peculiarly national institution. These Hussars (from a Magyar word
+“husz,” meaning “twenty,” from the fact that every twenty houses in
+Hungary had to provide one horseman in days gone by) have always been
+particularly prominent in the Austrian Army and were long held to be
+pre-eminent in their mode of fighting, until Frederick II. formed some
+regiments after their pattern. These were afterwards increased to ten
+in number, and, under celebrated leaders like Zieten, soon won for
+themselves renown equal to that of their Hungarian cousins.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The whole of the Cavalry is armed alike, with sword
+and Werndl carbine. The Uhlans’ lances have been done away with since
+1884, but there is a question of the re-introduction of this old
+Polish weapon. After the Infantry has been fully armed with the
+magazine-rifle, the Cavalry will, it is said, be armed with
+repeating-carbines, which will have been served out by next spring
+(1891). This is an example which, it is to be hoped, other armies will
+soon follow.<a id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Artillery comprises Field and Garrison
+Artillery. The Field Artillery consists of 14 regiments of Corps
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span>
+Artillery, numbered according to their Army Corps and each of 5
+batteries; and of 28 independent Heavy Battery Divisions, each of 3
+batteries. Several Corps Artillery Regiments have in addition a couple
+of Horse Artillery Batteries, or a Mountain Battery.</p>
+
+<p>The batteries have each in peace-time 4, and in war-time 8,
+fully-horsed guns.  An exception to this are the Horse Artillery
+batteries, which always have 6 guns in the battery.</p>
+
+<p>The Mountain Batteries, which have been found most useful in
+campaigns in Dalmatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, are a peculiar feature
+of the Austrian Artillery. Their guns can be dismounted and packed on
+the backs of mules, and in this way they can be transported along
+narrow mountain-paths.</p>
+
+<p>The Corps Artillery Regiments are to have their number of batteries
+increased by one each, but this will barely be completed before
+1892.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig017">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig017.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Austrian Field Artillery has an excellent weapon in the shape
+of the 2·95-inch Uchatius steel bronze gun, and also that of the
+3·43-inch bronze gun for the heavy batteries, both equal in worth to
+the Krupp gun. The shells are of the German pattern, but the shrapnel
+have fewer bullets than the German ones. Besides these projectiles,
+case-shot, fire-shells, and so-called high-angle shells, for bursting
+among troops behind cover, are carried with the battery.</p>
+
+<p>The Garrison Artillery numbers 12 battalions, each of 5 Field and 1
+Depôt-cadre companies. Eighteen more battalions have been projected,
+and will be formed in the course of the next few years according to
+the amount of money in hand.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The uniform of the Artillery is dark-brown. The men
+are armed with sword and revolver, those of the Garrison Artillery
+carrying the Werndl rifle instead.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Corps of Engineers is composed of the Engineer
+Staff and Engineer troops.  The former is exclusively composed of
+officers; the latter of 2 regiments of 5 battalions each. Each
+battalion has 4 Field, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt-cadre companies.  The
+Pioneer Regiment, not considered as Engineers, consists of 5
+battalions, similarly constituted to the Engineer battalions.</p>
+
+<p>The Railway and Telegraph Regiment, which has but recently been
+formed, after the German model, consists of 2 Field and 1 Depôt-cadre
+battalions.</p>
+
+<p>The Train consists of 3 regiments of 5 squadrons each and a
+Depôt-cadre.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">There is no Guard Corps in the Austrian Army, so
+several bodies of troops have been formed for the honour of protecting
+the Emperor person and guarding his palaces.  These are the Arcieren
+squadron of Life-Guards, the Hungarian Body-Guard, the Trabanten
+Body-Guard, the squadron of Horse-Guards, and the Infantry Company of
+the Guard. These troops are richly dressed in peculiar uniforms.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Reserve Troops.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Landwehr is formed into two distinct bodies,
+which are also quite distinct from the Active Army; each Landwehr is
+under its own ministry of defence. In peace-time only the cadres
+exist; that is to say, that of 92 Infantry battalions and 6 Cavalry
+regiments (24 squadrons) of Cis-Leithanian Landwehr, only 1 strong
+company per battalion and 1 strong squadron per Cavalry Regiment are
+kept up.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Native Rifles (Landesschützen) of the Tyrol and
+Vorarlberg consist of 10 battalions in time of peace, which are in
+war-time increased by ten Reserve battalions.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig018">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig018.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Hungarian Palace<br />Guard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">The Honvéd.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">In Trans-Leithania the Landwehr forms <span
+class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> a
+peculiar national Hungarian Army, the so-called Honvéd Army, which is
+subject in war-time only to the commander-in-chief, and in peace-time
+only to the Royal Hungarian jurisdiction, <i>i.e.</i> the Ministry of
+Defence and the Landwehr Ministry. It forms in peace-time the Cadres
+for 92 battalions of Infantry and 15 regiments of Honvéd Hussars (60
+squadrons).  The officers of this force are trained in the Honvéd
+Ludovica Academy at Buda Pesth. It is on this Army, whose standards
+and badges are of the Hungarian colours, and which in time of war
+reaches nearly 200,000 men, that the pride of Hungary rests. It is
+this Army whose predecessors saved the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy from
+destruction a century and a half ago. On the 21st of September, 1741,
+the Empress Queen, Maria Theresa, came to her Parliament at Presburg
+in dire distress.  Dressed in the national Hungarian dress, with her
+newly born son (destined to become Joseph II.) in her arms, pain and
+courage depicted on her noble countenance,
+she advanced towards the Hungarian nobles, and in a powerful Latin
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>
+speech asked for the National Army to be called out, to protect her
+and her country from her many foes. Then the Hungarian magnates tore
+their crooked swords from their scabbards, clashed them wildly
+together, and shouted: “Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa!” With
+the help of her brave Hungarians, Maria Theresa, after making peace
+with Frederick II. of Prussia, succeeded in beating off her numerous
+enemies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Conclu&shy;sions.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">If we consider that the total strength (on a war
+establishment) of the Austro-Hungarian Army, Line and Landwehr
+included, exceeds one million of trained men, of which 778,889 belong
+to the 1st Line, and we remember that the Cis-Leithanians are in no
+way inferior in warlike spirit, that inheritance of their forefathers,
+to their brethren on the far side of the Leitha, we shall come to the
+conclusion that in the Austrian Army, with its excellent Corps of
+officers and excellent material in the shape of men and horses, any
+State in Europe would find either a powerful adversary or a most
+desirable ally.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate07L">
+  <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary.&emsp;I.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate07left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend07left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate07R">
+  <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary.&emsp;I.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate07right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend07right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate08L">
+  <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary.&emsp;II.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate08left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend08left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate08R">
+  <p class="caption2">Austria-Hungary.&emsp;II.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate08right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend08right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="italy">ITALY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> Italy we have the
+third of the Powers who have formed the Triple Alliance in order to
+maintain the peace of Europe and to make common cause against any
+disturber thereof. The history of this country has been very similar to
+that of Germany. In this instance also, an energetic Prince, King Victor
+Emmanuel of Sardinia (died 1878), supported by an active statesman,
+Count Cavour, placed himself at the head of the national movement in
+favour of unity, and formed the various States of the Peninsula into one
+kingdom under his rule.</p>
+
+<p>The kingdom of Italy appears thenceforth as the last formed among
+the European Powers, and it has raised an excellent Army in order to
+maintain its position as such.  The development of the latter has
+since that time progressed considerably, and especially so during the
+last decade, when a distinct advance has been apparent.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Constituted on the principle of Universal
+Conscription, the land forces of Italy are formed, similarly to those
+of the German Empire, into a Standing Army, a Landwehr (Milizia
+mobile), and a Landsturm (Milizia territoriale).</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The liability to serve commences with the
+twentieth year, and continues till the thirty-ninth.  It consists of
+eight years in the Standing Army (three with the Colours and five in
+the Reserve); four years in the Landwehr, and seven years in the
+Landsturm.  Those who have been exempted from service by ballot are
+sent straight to the Landsturm for nineteen years.</p>
+
+<p>When the young men attain the age rendering them liable to serve,
+those physically unfit are “cast,” and some are put back who are ill
+or excused for domestic reasons. The remainder of the men draw lots
+and are placed according to their lottery number in the 1st or 2nd
+class, those excused being placed in the 3rd class. The 1st class
+conscripts are distributed throughout the Standing Army. The 2nd class
+go through three months’ training, to form an Ersatz (or reinforcing)
+Reserve, and the 3rd class men are called out every four years for a
+few days at a time for instruction in the use and manipulation of
+their arms.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Standing Army consists accordingly of eight
+yearly batches of the 1st class and eight of the 2nd class; the
+Landwehr of four yearly batches of men who have served their time in
+the Standing Army, and four batches of the 2nd class; and the
+Landsturm comprises seven batches of the 1st, seven of the 2nd, and
+nineteen of the 3rd class.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="sind">The Infantry of the Standing Army consists of 96
+regiments (including 2 Grenadier regiments), each of 3 battalions and
+1 Ersatz company. Besides these, there are the special Corps d’Élite,
+the Bersaglieri (“marksmen”—from bersaglia = a target), and the Alpini
+(Alpine Rifles).</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig019">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig019.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Bersagliere of the African Contingent.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Bersaglieri, in 12 regiments, each of 3 battalions and 1 Ersatz
+company, are Light Infantry, trained to execute all movements at the
+“double,” exceedingly good shots, and looking very smart in their neat
+uniforms, the large hats of which are ornamented with a waving bunch
+of cock feathers.</p>
+
+<p>The Alpine Troops consist of 7 regiments (forming 75 companies), to
+which are attached 9 mountain batteries. These are also considered
+Corps d’Élite.</p>
+
+<p>Composed of herdsmen and gamekeepers, familiar with every footpath
+in the Alps, never fatigued, quick of sight and hearing, and excellent
+shots, they are equally valuable in reconnoitring work or on the field
+of battle, although their original rôle is that of acting in defence
+of their mountain passes. The Alpine companies are placed in summer as
+near as possible to the particular mountain passes whose defence is
+assigned to them, and are stationed for only half the year in the
+towns as winter quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Their duty is carried out with a particular object in view, and
+consists mostly in shooting, skirmishing, constant marches over
+mountain paths, reconnaissance duty and patrolling, and in minor
+tactics.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The whole of the Italian Infantry is at this moment
+armed (until the alteration of their former weapon, the single-loader
+Vetterli, is completed) with an excellent repeating rifle, the
+Vitali. Particular attention is paid to musketry instruction, and
+facilities for shooting are given and encouraged by the holding of
+National Rifle Meetings at stated times. At these meetings, any
+soldier on furlough is allowed to compete, with his Service rifle.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cavalry of the Italian Army, on account of the
+scarcity of useful horses, and the mountainous character of the land,
+is weak in comparison with the Cavalry of other European armies.</p>
+
+<p>It consists of 24 regiments, each of 6 squadrons and an
+Ersatz-cadre; <i>i.e.</i>, 10 Lancer regiments and 14 regiments of
+Light Cavalry (Cavalleggieri).</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Light Cavalry are armed with a long curved sword,
+and the Lancers with a lance. In addition to these weapons, the whole
+of the Cavalry is armed with a rifled breech-loading carbine.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Field Artillery consists of 24 regiments, each
+of 8 batteries; there are also 6 Horse Artillery and 9 Mountain
+batteries.  It can put in the field in war-time 1,196 guns. The heavy
+batteries are armed with 3·54-inch breech-loaders; the Light and Horse
+Artillery batteries with 2·76-inch breech-loaders. The mountain guns,
+for the transport of each of which three horses or mules are provided,
+are of 2·95-inch calibre, of steel-bronze, and mounted on wooden
+carriages.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Garrison Artillery consists of 5 regiments; the
+Siege-train of 2 parts—each of 200 guns.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Engineers consist of 4 regiments, including a
+Railway and Telegraph Company, a Pontoon and a Bridging Troop.</p>
+
+<p>The Artillery and Engineers provide their own Train.</p>
+
+<p>12 Commissariat companies are told off for service in the
+depôts.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The men of the Field Artillery and Engineers carry a revolver
+besides a sword; Garrison Artillerymen are armed with a breech-loading
+carbine.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Gendar&shy;merie.</div>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig020">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig020.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Carbineer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="sind">There is also a Corps closely connected with the
+Army which deserves mention, namely, the Gendarmes, or “Carabinieri
+Reali,” whose strength amounts to 543 officers, 22,487 Foot Gendarmes,
+and 11 legions of Mounted Gendarmes.</p>
+
+<p>Formerly many a story was told of the fights between the
+Carabinieri and the banditti. Nowadays, both the robbers and the old
+Carabinieri have disappeared, and the present Carabinieri Reali form
+an excellent Corps, whose duty it is to maintain peace and good order
+in the country.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">In war-time a battalion of them is sent with each
+Army Corps. They have then to provide orderlies for the Staff, as well
+as to act as Military Police.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organis&shy;ation.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole kingdom is divided into
+twelve Army Corps Districts.</p>
+
+<p>In peace-time the Army Corps vary in strength. In war, each Army
+Corps consists of 2 Divisions, the Division numbering 2 Brigades (each
+brigade consisting of 2 regiments of Infantry), and an Artillery
+Division of 3 batteries.  Besides these, each Army Corps has 1
+regiment of Bersaglieri, 1 or 2 Artillery Divisions, each of 4
+batteries, 1 regiment of Cavalry, 2 companies of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>
+Engineers, with bridging-train, and 1 battalion of Carabinieri,
+forming altogether 27 battalions of Infantry, 5 or 6 squadrons of
+Cavalry, 12 to 16 batteries of Artillery, and 2 companies of
+Engineers, etc.—total, about 29,000 men and 112 guns.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Alpini are not included in the Corps organisation.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Milizie.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Landwehr consists of 48 regiments of Infantry,
+18 battalions of Bersaglieri, 22 Alpine Companies, 61 batteries of
+Artillery, and 35 companies of Engineers. It is formed into twelve
+divisions in time of war.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Besides the above, there are 342 battalions, 30
+Engineer companies, and 100 companies of Foot Artillery of the
+Landsturm, for garrison purpose. In peace-time depôts for the Landwehr
+and Landsturm are not organised: preparations are however being made
+for instituting them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Conclu&shy;sions.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">In this manner is organised the Army which has now
+for about ten years proudly taken its place alongside the proved and
+war-tried armies of the senior Powers.  Anyone accustomed to English
+or German troops, such as the Brigade of Guards in Hyde Park, or the
+German Foot-Guards at Potsdam, will find much that is strange on
+seeing the Italian Army, resulting from the peculiarity of race. He
+will miss the upright bearing, the regular movements and the steady
+drill of the Infantry, and the well-groomed and glossy horses of the
+Cavalry; but he will be pleased with the picturesque uniforms of the
+Army, the extremely smart appearance and active movements of the
+Bersaglieri, with their waving green plumes, and with the martial and
+powerful bearing of the Alpini, with their upright plumes in their
+head-dress; and he will find that the cry of “Evviva il Re Umberto”
+sounds just as loud and strong here as our own English “God save the
+Queen.” The impression that he will take away with him will be that
+the like spirit of the ancient Romans has not been lost in their
+descendants, and that the young kingdom of Italy is well prepared to
+throw her Army as a decisive weight on to the side of victory in some
+future European war.</p>
+
+<h3>ADDENDUM TO ITALY</h3>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_43">P. 43</a>. Additional troops have lately been
+raised for service in Africa. They consist of—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Italian regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">Regiment African Rifles (4
+    battalions),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td><td>Regiment Native African Infantry (4 battalions),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td><td>Battalion African Bersaglieri,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td><td>Squadron Native Cavalry,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td><td>Batteries African Mountain Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>These are all for service at Massowah.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate09L">
+  <p class="caption2">Italy.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate09left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend09left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate09R">
+  <p class="caption2">Italy.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate09right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend09right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="france">FRANCE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> next on the list is
+France, our nearest continental neighbour, who for a long time was the
+foremost of European Military Powers. In the disastrous war of 1870 she
+lost this position entirely, and has ever since then been making the
+most strenuous exertions to regain something of her old strength by
+thorough revision and reorganisation of her Army.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig021">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig021.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of Mountain Artillery.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The laws of 1872 and 1873 were passed with a view to
+this object, and by them Universal Conscription was introduced, as in
+Germany. On economical grounds, all able-bodied conscripts were
+divided into two classes, the first of which serves five years with
+the Colours, and the second only one year.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">After his five years’ active service (or one year,
+as the case may be) the soldier goes for four (or eight) years to the
+Active Reserve. Thereafter he enters the Territorial Army for five
+years, and the Territorial Army Reserve for a subsequent six years,
+making twenty years in all. The Active Army and its Reserve form the
+Army of the 1st Line, and the Territorial Army and its Reserve the
+Army of the 2nd Line.</p>
+
+<p>The institution of one-year Volunteers covers a much larger area
+than in the German Army. The main point looked to in a would-be
+one-year Volunteer is whether he can pay his 1,500 francs; the
+scientific and educational certificates required from such candidates
+in Germany are quite a secondary consideration in France.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">New Law.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">France was not content with following the German
+model when she re-constituted her Army, but endeavoured to organise a
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>
+system whereby an enormous number of trained soldiers should be turned
+out in the shortest possible time—something like the “levée en masse”
+which took place at the time of the French Revolution in 1793.  This
+has been the aim of successive war ministers since 1871. It seems to
+have been brought to a conclusive issue by the law of the 15th July,
+1889, which for severity and harshness appears to surpass any military
+sacrifices and duties ever demanded of any people.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate10L">
+  <p class="caption2">France.&emsp;I.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate10left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend10left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate10R">
+  <p class="caption2">France.&emsp;I.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate10right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend10right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The main points of this law are as follows:—</p>
+
+<p>1. Extension of liability to service from
+twenty to twenty-five years.</p>
+
+<p>2. Change from five years’ to three years’
+service with the Colours.</p>
+
+<p>3. Abolition of all exemptions from service; even the only sons of
+widows, the eldest sons of orphans, and those whose brothers are
+already serving, must serve one year, and may be sent away at its
+conclusion; if, however, they have not given satisfaction in the
+ranks, they may be kept on for another two years. Candidates for the
+higher professions and theological students will have to serve for one
+year, the latter to serve as bearers during active service.</p>
+
+<p>4. One-year Volunteers to be drawn exclusively from students of
+science, and from a few moderately high schools.</p>
+
+<p>5. Payment of a military tax by all, and an extra one by those who
+are unfit for service, and by any who are conscribed for less than
+three years.</p>
+
+<p>A final point is given to this law by stating that no one is to
+accept a governmental or departmental office without having previously
+served for five years in either Army or Navy, and during two of these
+years to have served in the capacity of either officer or
+non-commissioned officer.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">War-Strength.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The war-strength of France was, before
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span>
+the passing of this law, and according to French sources:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="French war-strength">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Army of the 1st Line</td><td>&nbsp;</td>
+          <td class="tdl">2,051,458 men.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Army of the 2nd Line</td><td></td>
+             <td class="tdl">2,057,196 men.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td><td></td><td>&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">Total</td><td></td><td>4,108,654 men.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>It is almost impossible to calculate, from the new law, what her
+strength will be exactly, but it appears to be nearly equal to that of
+the three Powers together who form the Triple Alliance!</p>
+
+<p>Whether this law has been promulgated in view of an approaching
+war, or whether it will be carried out in all its Spartan severity
+throughout the present peace—and long may it last!—is a question only
+to be determined by the future. In either case the spirit of
+self-sacrifice which has prompted the French to lay the heavy burden
+on themselves is much to be admired. The mainspring of this spirit
+appears, however, to be more the frantic effort to get back the
+country’s former military prestige than pure patriotism.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The peace-strength of France is no criterion by which
+to measure the forces that she could put in the field in case of
+war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Infantry consists of—</p>
+
+<p class="hang2">162 Line Regiments, each of 3 battalions—486 battalions.</p>
+<p class="hang2">&ensp;&ensp;4 Zouave Regiments,
+              each of 4 battalions—16 battalions.</p>
+<p class="hang2">&ensp;&ensp;4 Algerian Rifle Regiments (Turcos)
+    4 battalions—16 battalions.</p>
+<p class="hang2">&ensp;&ensp;2 Regiments of the Foreign Legion,
+     4 battalions—8 battalions.</p>
+<p class="hang2">&ensp;30 Battalions of Rifles (Chasseurs)—30 battalions.</p>
+<p class="hang2">&ensp;&ensp;5 Battalions of African Light Infantry
+     (Zéphyrs)—5 battalions.</p>
+<p class="skip1">Grand total, 561 battalions.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig022">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig022.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Hospital Orderly.&emsp; Surgeon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The magazine rifle of the French Infantry, introduced in 1887, and
+called after its inventor, Colonel Lebel, director of the Normal
+School of Musketry at Chalons, is certainly equal to both the German
+and Austrian magazine rifles in shooting and general value. As regards
+the powder for its cartridges, the composition of which<a
+id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> remains a secret up
+till now, the inventor has claimed that its use will revolutionise
+Infantry tactics. According to French accounts, the powder is both
+noiseless and smokeless. If this were the case, no doubt it would
+produce changes in the mode of fighting, and surprises would be
+greatly facilitated thereby. Last year, however, experiments were made
+at the German Artillery School and at the Manœuvres with an almost
+identical powder, the results of which proved that the advantages of
+the French powder were greatly exaggerated.  The report of the rifle
+is distinctly heard, and is little, if at all, less loud than that of
+the old powder. The smoke, it is true, is very much less, but is still
+quite visible on a still day, its colour being a transparent dull
+blue. The new powder, therefore, certainly possesses advantages, but
+these will be of little account when all armies—as seems very probable
+in the near future—come to use the same powder.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Lebel rifle is apparently being superseded by a
+new rifle, that invented by Captain Pralon, and it is said that the
+Rifle battalions will shortly be armed with it. The uniform of the
+French Infantry is the same as it has been for the last forty years,
+the main features in field-order being the long blue-grey great-coat,
+red képi and loose red trousers. The full dress is
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>
+shako and double-breasted dark-blue tunic. The Rifle battalions wear
+blue-grey trousers.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">African Troops.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The foreign troops, chiefly African, form a
+remarkable feature in the French Army; they consist of Zouaves,
+Turcos, Foreign Legion, and Spahis, and take the field with the French
+troops against any Power, civilised or otherwise.</p>
+
+<p>The Zouaves were originally an Arab tribe, whom the French
+conquered and forced to pay tribute. Their dress is picturesque,
+consisting of an open blue jacket, red sash, loose red knickerbockers,
+and white gaiters, their head-gear being a red fez with or without a
+white turban.  At the present time, there are but few Africans amongst
+them, the greater portion being Frenchmen, pure and simple.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate11L">
+  <p class="caption2">France.&emsp;II.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate11left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend11left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate11R">
+  <p class="caption2">France.&emsp;II.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate11right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend11right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p>The Turcos are natives of Algeria and Tunis, induced to enlist by a
+bounty of £16. Their dress is similar to that of the Zouaves,
+excepting that their knickerbockers are blue, or white, instead of
+red.</p>
+
+<p>Both Zouaves and Turcos have many attributes of good Light
+Infantry. The former are renowned for their energy and activity in the
+attack, and the latter for their stalking and crawling powers. As long
+as there is a prospect of victory, these troops are full of
+<i>élan</i> and courage, but a defeat takes much of their spirit out
+of them.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig023">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig023.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of Mountain Rifles.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another peculiar body of troops are the five battalions of Zéphyrs
+Light African Infantry. They consist of very bad characters who are
+sent to the Corps as a punishment for their crimes. They garrison
+different districts in Algeria, as a rule the most unpleasant ones, and
+though formerly never employed in Europe, will now be allowed to do so
+in future wars.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Foreign Legion, numbering 5,000 men, consists of
+foreigners voluntarily enlisted for five years. They do not have a
+happy time of it.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cavalry, with the latest additions to it, is
+composed of 79 regiments of 5 squadrons each (including a
+depôt-squadron), and 4 regiments of Spahis of 6 squadrons
+<span class="nlbr">each—total,</span>
+419 squadrons.  They consist of—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Frenchmen cavalry regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdc">Regiments</td>
+    <td class="tdc">of</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Cuirassiers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">28</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Dragoons,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Chasseurs à Cheval,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Hussars,</td>
+
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">6</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Chasseurs d’Afrique,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Spahis.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Total, 83 regiments.</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the Cavalry is armed with the cut-and-thrust
+sword. Lances there are none. The Cuirassiers carry a revolver, the
+other regiments a carbine. The cuirass is still worn in Cuirassier
+regiments.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig024">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig024.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Railway Troop.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">The French horse is not by a long way as lasting or
+as fit for service as the German (<i>i.e.</i>, Lithuanian and
+Hanoverian) horse.  Nor is the French Cavalry soldier a good
+groom. The Chasseurs d’Afrique and the Spahis, mounted on Arabian
+stallions, form exceptions to this rule. The Spahis are for the most
+part natives of Africa, officered by Frenchmen. Their whole appearance
+produces a novel impression, dressed as they are in their Oriental
+attire of blue jacket and baggy breeches, long red-leather
+riding-boots, with the white burnous slung over their shoulders, and
+mounted on their sinewy little horses, which they guide at will with a
+mere turn of the wrist. It is a strange sight to see these children of
+the desert at their games, tearing along with wild war-shrieks and
+waving their long guns frantically over their heads, each man
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>
+and horse straining every muscle to be first in the race.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Field Artillery consists of 19 brigades (one
+to each Army Corps), each of 2 regiments. One of these regiments has
+12, the other 11 batteries, including between them 3 batteries of
+Horse Artillery, so that each Army Corps has 23 batteries.  Each
+battery has 6 guns, fully-horsed even in peace-time. Besides these,
+some mountain batteries are going to be formed, but only in case of
+need.</p>
+
+<p>The Artillery is armed with an excellent (3·53-in.) gun, on the De
+Bange system.  It was entirely re-armed with these after the 1870–71
+campaign, and at an enormous cost.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Garrison Artillery, 16 battalions of 6 batteries
+each, is also armed with first-rate new guns.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Of Engineers there are 4 regiments, each of 5
+battalions. An independent Railway Regiment has lately been
+formed.</p>
+
+<p>The Corps of Gendarmerie, numbering as many as 25,000 men, is more
+or less connected with the Army, for though in peace-time it is
+employed on police-duty, in war-time it would be formed into as many
+Field Divisions of military police as would be required for keeping
+order in rear of the Army. The Garde-Républicaine of Paris (Cavalry
+and Infantry), is a branch of the Gendarmerie, and not of the Army,
+and the Regiment of Sapeurs-Pompiers, though militarily organised, is
+in reality only the Fire Brigade.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig025">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig025.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Trumpeter of the Paris<br /> Mounted Garde
+Républicaine.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Train consists of 19 squadrons of 5 companies each.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Besides the above troops, there are military corps
+organised for Postal and Telegraph service in the field; also a
+Balloon Corps, a Carrier-pigeon Corps, a Cyclist Corps, and a
+Dog-training Corps.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Military Schools.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">There are numerous schools in France
+intended either for military education or further military
+instruction. Chief amongst them is the Military School of St. Cyr,
+into which 400 candidates are admitted every year as cadets, after a
+competitive examination.  The course lasts for two years, and the
+cadets are then sent as 2nd lieutenants to the Infantry and Cavalry.
+The Polytechnic School in Paris sends 250 cadets annually under like
+conditions to the Artillery and Engineers.  In the time of Napoleon
+I., a great many of the officers, including some of his most famous
+marshals, rose from the ranks; and even now a very large proportion of
+them come from the same source.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Total Forces.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole of France is divided for administrative
+and organising purposes into 18 Regions, in each of which an Army
+Corps is quartered. The 19th Corps is in Algeria.</p>
+
+<p>Each Army Corps comprises 2 Infantry Divisions, each of 2 brigades
+of 2 regiments each, besides a battalion of Rifles, a brigade of
+Cavalry (2 regiments), and a brigade of Artillery.</p>
+
+<p>On reviewing the size and organisation of the French Army, we cannot
+help being struck by the fact that, besides being exceedingly numerous,
+it is well organised, well armed, and endowed with a proper warlike
+spirit. Although not “the best in the world,” as every Frenchman will
+tell you, the French soldier is possessed of many excellent and
+soldier-like qualities. One cannot form one’s judgment by the extremely
+slack and unsmart appearance of the men, both as regards physique and
+uniform. The “Piou-piou,” as the Infantry soldier is called by his
+fellow-countrymen, who lounges about with his képi well on the back of
+his head and his hands deep in his baggy trouser-pockets, does
+certainly not present a soldier-like appearance, but all the same he is
+an active and handy man on service, and on the field of battle advances
+pluckily through a murderous fire, with little thought of danger or
+alarm.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig026">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig026.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Chasseur d’Afrique.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>If we now come to the question why, with an Army which has given
+such numerous proofs in many campaigns of its valour and excellence,
+France has not kept up her prestige, the answer is to be found, not in
+the morale of the Army, but in that of France herself, a country in
+which the spirit of order and subjection, and that stern devotion to
+duty which is the foundation
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>
+of all discipline, have never taken root. Ambition and desire of
+conquest form the motive-power of many great and glorious deeds, and
+are certainly not wanting in the French character. Higher than these,
+however, stands the feeling of duty which keeps a man at his post
+through all hardships and perils, without a thought for his own gain
+or loss, simply because he has learned to subject his will to a higher
+one. On this foundation can be raised a discipline which permits of no
+loosening of the bonds of training and order even in times of
+disaster, and which keeps up the spirit of the Army and faith in its
+final success even under the heaviest blows of misfortune. This
+feeling cannot be learnt in a three years’, nor five years’, nor even
+twenty-five years’ service, if it is not ingrained and actually born
+in the national character and national system of education.  Without
+these main features even universal conscription itself will not be
+successful, and the recent Draconian law in France, although it may
+bring forth vast masses of armed men, will not produce that feeling of
+combined action and willingness to follow their leaders to the death
+which is so characteristic of nations in whom the military spirit is
+thoroughly implanted.</p>
+
+<p>France is well-armed for attack as well as defence; for attack, by
+means of the great armed masses which she can throw into the enemy
+country at the first declaration of war, in conjunction with the
+troops she has had stationed on her frontier during peace-time; and
+for defence by means of a defensive system on a vast scale, the outer
+line of which consists of frontier-fortresses and stop-gap forts from
+the Swiss to the Belgian frontier, from Belfort, over the Vosges ridge
+to Epinal, now a strong fortress, Toul and Verdun, on the right bank
+of the Meuse. Behind this first line of defence a second one has been
+built, consisting of entrenched camps between forty and fifty miles
+apart, and reaching from Langres to Rheims. There are, in fact, but
+few roads into France which are not covered by the fire of some
+fortress or other. The central point of the whole of this vast
+defensive system is the huge fortress of Paris, which, with her circle
+of protecting forts surrounding her on a fifteen-mile radius, is more
+like a fortified province than a fortress.</p>
+
+<p>The secret of victory, however, does not lie in vast armaments like
+these. “It is the spirit which forms the body” and brings into
+subjection the material powers for its own objects. War is not only a
+combat of material forces; it is in a higher sense a combat of
+cultured forces. Let us, therefore, remember that the best preparation
+for trial by combat does not lie in continual striving to over-reach
+another in material and brute force, but in the striving after a more
+complete development of warlike skill.</p>
+
+<h3>ADDENDUM TO FRANCE.</h3>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_46">Pp. 46, 47</a>. Now that the new law has come
+into force, July 1890, the terms of service have been entirely
+changed. As the law now stands, seven-tenths of the annual contingent
+of recruits have to serve for 3 years, and three-tenths for 1 year.
+After his colour-service, a man joins the Active Reserve for 7 (or 9)
+years, then the Territorial Army for 6 years, and after that the
+Territorial Reserve for 9 years more—total 25 years.</p>
+
+<p>312,000 youths reach the military age (20) every year. Of these
+only 174,000 are required for colour-service. The effect of the new
+law will be that by 1915 <span class="smcap2">A.D.</span> there will
+be no fewer than 3,500,000 of Frenchmen properly trained as soldiers
+and ready to take the field, and 60,000 trained men per annum will
+have been added to the army!</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">N.B.—The war-strength of over 4,000,000 given on <a
+href="#Page_47">page 47</a> includes all men, old and young, who have
+ever received any military training, and is therefore hardly a just
+estimate of the French fighting-strength.  The latest trustworthy
+estimates put it at 2,790,000 men.</p>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_49">P. 49</a>. The Cavalry is now, or will be very
+shortly, composed of 92 regiments of 5 squadrons, and 4 regiments of
+Spahis of 6 squadrons each—total, 484 squadrons.</p>
+
+<p>They consist of</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Frenchmen cavalry regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">14</td><td class="tdc">Regiments</td>
+    <td class="tdc">of</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Cuirassiers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Dragoons,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Chasseurs à Cheval,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">14</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Hussars,</td>
+
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Chasseurs d’Afrique,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Spahis.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="skip7">Total, 96 regiments.</p>
+
+<p class="skip4"><a href="#Page_49">P. 49</a>. 12 Mountain Batteries are being
+formed. There are, in addition to the numbers given, 12 batteries in
+Corsica, Algeria, and Tunis.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="russia">RUSSIA.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Russia</span> is situated, from
+a military point of view, quite differently to any other European
+country, for of the whole Russian Empire only about a quarter lies in
+Europe. This quarter, it is true, is larger than the rest of all Europe
+put together, but it contains only a third of the population. Although
+by far the greater part of her dominions lies in another continent,
+Russia has had a pretty large finger in the European pie, and will in
+the future, no doubt, often mix herself up in European politics. Her
+policy, if it can be called so, is to try to influence Western questions
+in such a manner as eventually to bring all Slav races under her
+rule.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Russia has therefore organised her Army on an
+European footing, and chiefly on the German model. In 1874 she brought
+in Universal Conscription, from which, however, the upper classes,
+<i>i.e.</i>, the nobility, the clergy, and officials, are exempt. The
+actual Colour service lasts six years; after that the soldier is sent
+for nine years more to the Reserve, which can be called out to
+reinforce the Standing Army. During the rest of his time, <i>i.e.</i>,
+up to his twentieth year of service he belongs to the Opoltschenie—a
+body of men similar to the German Landsturm.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig027">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig027.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Infantry (heavy marching order).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The number of able-bodied young men who annually attain the
+requisite age, 21 years, comes to about 800,000. Of these only 225,000
+are conscribed, and the requisite number for the Army are selected
+from these by lot; the remainder are sent to the Opoltschenie. The
+latter body, therefore, consists of a huge mass of men, but mostly
+untrained. There is no middle body of men, like the German Landwehr,
+in the Russian Army.</p>
+
+<p>The Regular Army is divided into four bodies, according to the
+respective duties required from them. They are the Field Forces,
+Reserve Forces, Ersatz Forces, and Local Forces.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Field Forces are intended to be the first to take
+the field in case of war.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Their Infantry consists of 192 regiments of 4
+battalions each, and 58&frac12; Rifle battalions, as follows:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Russian infantry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Guard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">16</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Grenadiers.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">164</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Infantry of the Line.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Guard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">54&frac12;</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Line.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Guard Regiments enjoy many privileges denied to the rest, and
+their officers rank one step higher in the Army.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig028">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig028.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Cossack of the Guard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many alterations in the uniform have
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>
+been made by the present Czar. The dark green colour has been
+preserved, but the cut of the tunic has been altered from that of the
+Prussian tunic to a loose double-breasted jacket fastened with hook
+and eye, and with no buttons. The head-gear is a round fur-cap, white
+in the case of Generals and Staff-officers, and black in all
+others. The soldier has little to do in the way of metal-polishing, it
+is true, but still the eye misses the accustomed glint which one
+usually associates with a military uniform. The Regiments of the Guard
+and Grenadiers have special distinguishing marks on their uniform.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Infantry rifle is a useful breech-loader with bayonet, on the
+system of the American General Berdan. Regarding the question of
+magazine-rifles, the Government has not yet made up its
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>
+mind; so that, for the present at all events, Russia is rather
+behindhand in the matter.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cavalry of the Field Forces consists of:—</p>
+
+<p>Guard Cavalry:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Russian cavalry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdc">Regiments</td>
+       <td class="tdc">of</td>
+       <td class="tdl">Cuirassiers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdc">”</td>
+       <td class="tdc">”</td>
+       <td class="tdl">Dragoons,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdc">”</td>
+       <td class="tdc">”</td>
+       <td class="tdl">Hussars,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+       <td class="tdl">Lancers,</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>and 46 regiments of Dragoons of the Line.</p>
+
+<p>The Cuirassier regiments have 4, the remainder 6 squadrons each.
+Besides the above, there is a Division (2&nbsp;squadrons) of Crimean
+Tartar Cavalry, which would be expanded in case of war to a
+regiment.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The uniform of the Guard Cavalry, as can be seen by
+our plates, is very brilliant compared with that of the Dragoons of
+the Line. The whole Cavalry is armed with a light and slightly-curved
+sabre, called a “Shashka,” which is worn on a narrow band over the
+right shoulder. The front-ranks of the Cuirassiers and Lancers carry
+lances on garrison-duty and on full-dress occasions, but these would
+not be taken on service. The Dragoons carry a rifle, somewhat shorter
+than that of the Infantry, the bayonet of which is worn on the
+“Shashka”-scabbard; other Cavalry regiments carry the Berdan
+carbine.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Field Artillery consists of:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Russian artillery">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+		<td class="tdl">Brigades of Guard Field Artillery,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+		<td class="tdl">Brigades of Grenadier Field Artillery,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+		<td class="tdl">Brigades of Field Artillery of the Line.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Each brigade numbering 6 batteries.</p>
+
+<p>The Horse Artillery consists of 1 Brigade of Guard Artillery, and
+23 batteries of Horse Artillery of the Line; besides the above, there
+are two Mounted Mountain Batteries.</p>
+
+<p>The Field Batteries have 8 guns, only 4 of which are horsed in
+peace-time. A Horse Artillery Battery always has 6 fully-horsed
+guns.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The matériel consists of excellent steel-guns, mostly
+from Krupp works in Essen, the bore of the heavy field-guns being 4·16
+inches, and that of the light ones 3·39 inches.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Engineers consist of 17 battalions of Sappers
+(including 1 Guard and 1 Grenadier Battalion), and a few independent
+companies, 8 battalions of Pontonniers, 9 Railway battalions, 6
+Field-parks, 16 Military Telegraph-parks, and 2 Siege-parks.</p>
+
+<p>There is no Train; it is formed in war-time by taking men from the
+Cavalry Reserves. Hence it would appear that the mobility and
+manœuvring power of the Army in the field would not be very great.</p>
+
+<p>During peace-time the Reserve forces, which would have to complete
+the Army to war strength on its taking the field, and the Ersatz
+forces, whose duty it would be to fill up gaps caused by death,
+wounds, disease, etc., during the war, are only represented by
+depôt-cadres.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">To the Local forces belong 50&frac12; battalions of
+Garrison Artillery, distributed amongst the fortresses of the country,
+besides 32 Line battalions, quartered in Asiatic Russia for garrison
+duties; they may, however, if necessary, be employed on Active
+Service.  To these forces also belong the “Instruction troops,” which
+practise new regulations, tactical and otherwise, as they are brought
+out, and experimentalise with new arms
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>
+and equipment when necessary. The Corps of Gendarmes and the Frontier
+Guards may also be said to form part of the Local forces.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Total Forces.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Field Forces are in peace-time divided into 19
+Army Corps (including the Guard Corps and the Grenadier Corps); 2 to 3
+Infantry Divisions, and 1 Cavalry Division, with their Artillery, form
+an Army Corps.  The Infantry Division numbers 2 Infantry Brigades,
+each of 2 regiments and 1 brigade of Field Artillery. A Cavalry
+Division numbers in the same way 2 brigades of 2 regiments each;
+besides 2 batteries of Horse Artillery.</p>
+
+<p>The peace-strength of the Regular Army comes to something like
+700,000 men and 1,538 field-guns, and the war-strength to 1,800,000
+men and 3,260 guns.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate12L">
+  <p class="caption2">Russia.&emsp;I.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate12left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend12left.jpg" /></div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate12R">
+  <p class="caption2">Russia.&emsp;I.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/plate12right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend12right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate13L">
+  <p class="caption2">Russia.&emsp;II.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/plate13left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend13left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate13R">
+  <p class="caption2">Russia.&emsp;II.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate13right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend13right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">In addition to this enormous number there are the
+Irregular troops—a force quite peculiar to Russia—namely, the
+Cossacks.<a id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cossacks.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Cossacks are tribes of mixed Russian, Turkish,
+and Tatar blood. They are descended from tribes of horsemen, who after
+the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century settled on the Don and
+Dnieper and established their own forms of government.  Every three
+years they used to elect a “Hetman” as chief, with a council of
+elders, “Narschines,” to assist him. The Don Cossacks of Great Russia
+have their head-quarters north of the Sea of Azov and in the
+mountainous districts of that region.  Branches of these Cossacks have
+settled on the Volga, on the shores of the Sea of Azov, along the
+Ural, in the Kuban North-Western Caucasus and in Siberia. Ever since
+they became subject to Russia they have assisted in carrying the
+Russian dominion further into Asia. The history of the settlement of
+these tribes in Siberia, led by the Cossack chief Jermac, is
+exceedingly interesting. This bold leader crossed the Ural mountains
+in 1758 with a following of only 840 Cossacks. His conquering progress
+equalled that of the Spaniards under Cortez in Mexico for adventure
+and for the great results that flowed from his successes.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig029">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig029.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Cossack of the Caucasus.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although attached to Russia, the Cossacks are Russian in neither
+their language, religion, nor customs. Gifted with extraordinarily
+sharp senses, good-humoured, and hospitable, born warriors, excellent
+horsemen, and good shots, they are yet difficult to govern, and
+inclined somewhat to insubordination. Now that they have been bound
+down to stay in settled districts, instead of wandering all over the
+country, their wildness has been somewhat toned down, and they are of
+inestimable value to Russia in her service on the Chinese frontier, in
+the Ural, in the Kuban, in Siberia, in the Crimea, and on the Seas of
+Azov or of Aral. In return for lands granted by the government on the
+different frontiers, every Cossack is bound to serve as a
+soldier. They have a military organisation and are divided into
+Cavalry regiments, or “polks.”</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig030">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig030.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of the Field<br />Police (full dress).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>They are gradually being more and more definitely organised,
+disciplined, and trained.  Each man has to provide himself with
+clothing and equipment according to regulation, and with a horse, and
+keep them up during his time of service. The uniform consists in a
+short coat, “kasakin,” or a long one, “tcherkesska,” with a woollen
+shirt, “beshmet,” loose trousers, long boots, no spurs, and a fur-cap,
+“papasha.” Their
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>
+chief weapon is a long pennonless lance, with sabre (“shashka”),
+pistol, or in the case of Cossacks of the Caucasus, long knives,
+“kinzhal,” and finally, a rifle of some sort.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Their small insignificant-looking horses are not to
+be beaten for speed and endurance.  A day journey of twenty hours is
+not too much for them; their hardiness is extraordinary, and the worst
+forage possible does not come amiss to them.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cossack Charac&shy;teristics.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">A Cossack rides in the Oriental manner,
+<i>i.e.</i> with a loose rein, high saddle, short stirrup, and toes
+down; he is very fond of his horse and treats him kindly.</p>
+
+<p>Their extraordinary mobility, endurance, and cleverness in getting
+over all obstacles of ground, particularly fit the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>
+Cossack troops for outpost and reconnaissance duty, for rapid raids
+and bold surprises, as well as for the pursuit of the enemy. What is
+also by no means their least advantage is that this mode of employing
+them in war would leave the regular Russian Cavalry free for actual
+combat in the field.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig031">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig031.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Field Gendarme (service kit).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Cossack Army which best shows the Cossack peculiarities of
+character and organisation is that of the Don Cossacks, which numbers
+in peace-time, besides the Bodyguard Regiment of Cossacks, 15
+regiments of Cavalry, 1 battery of Guard-Cossacks, and 7 batteries of
+the Line. In war-time these numbers can be considerably increased, and
+the whole Cossack Army would amount to 14 battalions Infantry, 136
+regiments Cavalry, and 40 Horse Batteries (236 guns).</p>
+
+<p>This gipsy-like nation of horsemen, who eat, drink, sleep, live and
+die in their saddles, and, eager for plunder, either precede the
+Regular Army or attach themselves to it, is well known in Germany,
+where it appeared during the Wars of the Liberation (1806–1815). One
+might say with Schiller: “The rider and his swift horse are fearsome
+guests.” On the whole, it seems to be the fate of the Cossacks to be
+regarded with feelings of greater respect as enemies than as
+friends.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Still less amenable to discipline than the Cossacks
+are some of the other foreign tribes found amongst the Russian
+Irregulars, such as the Tatars of the Crimea, the inhabitants of the
+Caucasus, the Tcherkesses, the Bashkirs and the Tunguses. Although
+these people render Russia most valuable service in her Asiatic
+possessions, still she can hardly count on their services in an
+European war, so that an invasion by these Asiatic races, like what
+happened in the times of Tamerlane or Jengiz-Khan, need not be taken
+into account by the Europe of to-day.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig032">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig032.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Cossack of the Amour.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Conclu&shy;sions.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Laying aside the question of these Irregular
+troops, we cannot deny that Russia possesses a well-disciplined Army,
+and one which is prepared for war. It is a mistaken idea to imagine
+the Russian soldier to be half a barbarian and a foe to higher
+culture. Frederick the Great learnt to respect Russia as a powerful
+adversary, and in the beginning of this century she brought a heavy
+weight to bear in favour of Austria and Prussia, and fought valiantly
+as their ally against the power of Napoleon I. Since that period
+Russia has made important progress, not only in her culture, but in
+the organisation and arming of her Army; universal conscription has
+also acted as a powerful assistant to universal education. Whether
+Russia will fight Germany in the near or in the distant future is a
+matter that does not concern us here; we will leave the discussion of
+the probabilities pro and con to the newspapers.  The time may come,
+but all we need know about the matter is that Germany is fully
+prepared and, though respecting her possible adversary, is not afraid
+of her.</p>
+
+<h3>ADDENDUM TO RUSSIA.</h3>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_53">P. 53</a>. The Russian Infantry now numbers—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Current Russian infantry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Guard,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">18</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Grenadiers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">164</td>
+         <td class="tdl">Regiments of the Line,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+        <td class="tdl">Regiments of Rifles (2 battalions each),</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Guard,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td><td class="tdl">Rifle Battalions of the Line.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><a href="#Page_56">Pp. 56–58</a>. The Cossacks form altogether—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Cossack regiments">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">32</td>
+          <td class="tdl">Regiments Regular Cavalry,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">136</td>
+         <td class="tdl">Squadrons Irregular Cavalry,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td><td class="tdl">Battalions of Infantry,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td><td class="tdl">Batteries of Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="denmark">DENMARK.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The</span> military
+organisations of the Great Powers of Europe have served as patterns to
+the smaller Powers, for even the smallest State must have an Army of its
+own wherewith to defend its independence and secure the vindication of
+its rights, actual or imaginary. Its strength would depend on the size,
+geographical situation, and historical associations of the State.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Historical.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">In recent times the small State of Denmark has
+once or twice been obliged to have recourse to arms, in order to keep
+possession of the Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein, to the right of
+attaching which to the Danish crown, or rather to their absorption
+into the Danish commonwealth, Prussia objected. In the year 1848–49
+the small Danish Army succeeded in making such a gallant stand against
+the might of Prussia, that time was gained for other great Powers,
+namely, Russia and England, to step in in her favour. The result was
+that Prussia was obliged to stay her hand from taking under her
+protection the German inhabitants of the two Duchies.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig033">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig033.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Foot Guardsman.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">In 1863–64, when Prussia and Austria took in hand the
+German rights in the Duchies, circumstances were considerably altered,
+and the war, which lasted a whole year, was brought at last to a close
+by the Treaty of Vienna, which once and for all separated the Duchies
+from Denmark and gave them to Prussia. The resolution and courage,
+however, with which the men of the tiny Danish Army withstood the
+vastly superior forces of the other two Powers, and the determined
+opposition which they offered, more especially in their fortifications
+at Danewirke, Duppel, and the Island of Alsen, until their last hope
+of foreign intervention had gone, bear most honourable testimony to
+the excellence and courage of the Danish troops.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote skip1">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">After this war Denmark made use of her bitter
+experience in reorganising her Army on new lines, a proof that she
+had, in spite of the loss of her lands, by no means given up the idea
+of being a Power in the North of Europe. She has now made an important
+step in the military line by introducing universal conscription, the
+terms of which are four years with the Colours, four in the Reserve,
+and eight in the “Reinforcement” Reserve.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Danish Army is now constituted as
+follows:—</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Infantry—</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">
+&ensp;1 Battalion of Foot Guards, with 4 battalions Reinforcement Reserve.
+</p>
+
+<p class="hang1 skip1">
+10 Regiments of the Line, each of 3 battalions Active and
+1 battalion Reinforcement Reserve, forming 5 brigades
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>
+(2 Jutland, 2 Seeland and 1 Fünen) of 2 regiments each.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Cavalry—</p>
+<p class="hang1 skip1">1 Regiment Hussars of the Guard and
+4 regiments of Dragoons, each of 4 squadrons.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Artillery—</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Field Artillery—2 Regiments of 2 divisions each—total,
+12 Line and 4 Reinforcement Reserve Batteries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1 skip1">Garrison Artillery—2 Battalions—total, 6 Line and
+4 Reinforcement Reserve Companies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Engineers—1 Regiment of 5 Line and 3 Reserve Companies.</p>
+
+<p class="hang1">Train—4 Sections.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig034">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig034.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Surgeon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The total strength of the Danish Army is reckoned at about 50,000
+men, with 128 guns. The Reinforcement Reserve battalions and batteries
+only exist as depôt-cadres.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry is still armed with a single-loading rifle, the
+Remington, but it is intended to shortly arm them with a
+magazine-rifle, which is now in course of preparation.</p>
+
+<p>The Cavalry is armed with the sabre and Remington carbine. Their
+Jutland horses are clumsy, but enduring, animals. Recently large
+purchases of horses have been made in Germany to improve the
+breed.</p>
+
+<p>The Danish character is better adapted for stout resistance and
+endurance than for daring courage, and the Army accordingly is better
+fitted for a defensive rôle, such as holding a fortified position to
+the last extremity, than for offensive action and bold attack.</p>
+
+<p>The general plan of national defence is based on this
+characteristic, for the capital, Copenhagen, is going to be turned
+into a great entrenched camp, which would be garrisoned by the larger
+portion of the Danish Army in case of war.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate14R">
+  <p class="caption2">Denmark.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate14right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend14right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="sweden">SWEDEN AND NORWAY.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Sweden</span>, which once, in
+the time of the Thirty Years’ War, represented the first Military Power
+in Europe, keeps up now only a small Army, just large enough for the
+needs of the country. The military system of Sweden is a peculiar one,
+and entirely different from that of other States.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Military System.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole land is divided into a great many small
+“Rote” or Divisions, each of which has to supply one able-bodied man
+of the right age for the Army. This man serves for as long as his
+physical powers last. He receives a small property, consisting of
+house, farm, and ploughland, and definite pay as long as he is
+actually with the Colours.</p>
+
+<p>Men for the Cavalry are provided in a very similar manner with
+their horses by the larger landowners or “Rusthalters,” in return for
+their exemption from certain taxes.</p>
+
+<p>These troops are called “Indelta” men.</p>
+
+<p>The second portion of the Swedish Army consists of the “Värfvade,”
+the men of which body enlist voluntarily for from two to six years’
+service, and may re-engage for further service.</p>
+
+<p>The Värfvade men can be trained much more thoroughly than those of
+the Indelta, for the former are continually with their Corps, whilst
+the latter are, during the greater part of the year, on furlough,
+looking after their farms.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The third portion is the “Bewäring,” which consists
+of all men between their twenty-first and twenty-sixth years of age.
+In case of war they would have to reinforce the other two
+portions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind skip2">The Swedish Army consists of—</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Infantry—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Swedish infantry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Body-Guard,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of the Body-Grenadiers,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">17</td>
+         <td class="tdl">Regiments of the Infantry,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Battalions of Body-Grenadiers, and
+ </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Rifle battalions.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="skip1">Each regiment consists of 2 battalions in peace-and 3
+in war-time: this would give 48 and 69 battalions respectively.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Cavalry—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Swedish cavalry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+        <td class="tdl">Regiment of Life-Guards of 4 squadrons,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+        <td class="tdl">Regiments of Hussars with altogether 26 squadrons,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+         <td class="tdl">Regiments of Dragoons with altogether 15 squadrons,</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td>
+        <td class="tdl">Corps of Light Horse of 2 squadrons.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Total, 47 squadrons.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="hang4 skip1">
+Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery, of 5 divisions
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>
+of 2 batteries each, the regiment consisting of 10
+(2 “Driving,” 6 Horse-Artillery, and 2 “Foot”) batteries,
+besides the Reserve Artillery of 3 Foot and 6 Driving-batteries.
+Each battery has about 6 guns, which gives a total number
+of 234 field-guns.
+</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="hang4">
+Engineers—1 Pontoon battalion, including a Field-Telegraph Company,
+and 1 battalion of Sappers.
+</p>
+
+<p>Train—1 battalion of 2 companies.</p>
+
+<p>The Swedish Infantry drill is somewhat out of date. The quiet and
+leisurely way in which a battalion drills is something
+astonishing. The skirmishers have to keep exactly in line and are
+directed by a sergeant in the centre with uplifted rifle.  Every time
+a man in the firing-line snaps his rifle, he shouts out “Piff-paff!”
+The introduction of a new magazine-rifle will, therefore, probably
+cause some fatigue to the throats of the Swedish Infantry.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate15L">
+  <p class="caption2">Sweden.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate15left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend15left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<h3>NORWAY.</h3>
+
+<p class="skip1">Although Norway is united under the same Crown with
+Sweden, still her military system differs entirely from that of the
+latter.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Military System.</div>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig035">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig035.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer (Standard-bearer)<br />of the Life
+Guards<br />(Andra Lifgardet).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Every able-bodied man of twenty-two years
+old is sent to the so-called “Land-armament,” to serve five years in
+the Line, four in the “Landwehr” and four in the “Landsturm.” The
+conscripts remain but very few weeks with the Colours. The main
+portion of the Army consists of men voluntarily enlisted, who are
+bound to stay for six years.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Rifle Corps, of five companies, of which one
+forms a Guard-Company, consisting entirely of voluntarily-enlisted
+men, constitutes the only Corps under arms in time of peace; of the
+remaining troops there are only cadres in existence. In the event of
+war, the Line Infantry would consist of 5 brigades of 4 battalions
+each—total, 20 battalions. The Cavalry of 1 brigade of 3 Corps of
+Light Dragoons—total, 11 squadrons; the Artillery of 5 battalions = 11
+batteries with 66 guns; the Engineers of a small division. Grand
+total, about 18,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>The rifle of the Swedish and Norwegian Infantry is the Remington,
+which, however, will shortly be replaced by a magazine-rifle
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>
+invented by Colonel Jarman of their Army.</p>
+
+<p>The Cavalry carries the Remington carbine in addition to the
+sabre. The Artillery is being re-armed with new guns, made partly in
+the Krupp works at Essen, and partly in the Swedish cast-steel
+works.</p>
+
+<p>It is strange to find here, in the north of Europe, a head-dress
+similar to that south of the Alps. The Norwegian Rifleman wears an
+almost identical hat with the Italian Bersagliere.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of having their Army organised for a foreign campaign does
+not appear to have been entertained by the Norwegian-Swedish
+government. The men, however, are tough fighters and good campaigners,
+sturdy and enduring, abstemious and unassuming, and there is every
+reason to believe that the Scandinavian Army would be in any case
+fully equal to its true and destined use—<i>i.e.</i>, the defence of
+the country.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig036">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig036.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands<br />
+hästjägarecorps.)</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate15R">
+  <p class="caption2">Norway.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate15right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend15right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="spain">SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> most European States
+the Army is worked by the Sovereign or Government of the country for the
+defence of the Crown and the nation, and for the upholding of the Law.
+This, however, was for a long time not the case in the south-western
+portion of Europe, <i>i.e.</i> the Iberian Peninsula.  It could not be
+the case, for during even this century revolution has succeeded
+revolution, and the different forms of government introduced at
+rapidly-recurring intervals have made it impossible for the Army to be
+always at the beck and call of the head of the State for the time being.
+The energetic young king, Alfonso XII., who ascended the Spanish throne
+in 1874 (and died in 1885), experienced the necessity of making himself
+chief of the Army, and instituted a military system by which he hoped to
+put an end to the earlier irregularities.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Army of Spain is therefore now divided
+into the Peninsular Army, which serves in Spain itself, and the
+Colonial Army, which serves in Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine
+Islands.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Peninsular Army is founded on the system of
+universal conscription, to which every Spaniard becomes liable on
+attaining his twentieth year. Those who are exempted by law from the
+Army are only called out in time of war, and those who belong to
+certain named professions are allowed to buy exemptions from service
+for £60. Of the remaining able-bodied men it is the ballot which
+decides which are to enter the Active Army.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig037">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig037.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Halberdier of the Palace.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">Service is for twelve years on the whole, of which
+six years, as a rule, or three, or even less, are passed with the
+Colours. The remainder of a man’s service is passed in the Active
+Reserve. All those who are not taken by lot to serve with the Colours,
+including those exempted by law and purchase, are classed as
+“Disponible Recruits;” these receive only a very short training and
+are called out to reinforce the Army in case of necessity only. After
+six years’ service as such, the “Disponible” recruits enter the 2nd
+Reserve.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The kingdom of Spain is divided up into 14
+Military Districts, each under a Captain-general.  These are again
+divided into 140 Military Zones, each under a colonel, who is
+responsible for mobilisation and supply details.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Infantry.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Each Zone comprises 1 Active, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt
+battalions. These latter two battalions are in peace-time represented
+only by cadres, which would be expanded into either Field or 2nd Line
+battalions in case of mobilisation. Of the 140 active battalions 20 are
+Rifles; the remainder form 60 Line regiments of 2 battalions each.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p>
+
+<p>There are in peace-time no higher units than battalions; brigades,
+divisions, and army corps would be formed only in case of war.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The remainder of the Spanish Army consists of:—</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Cavalry.</div>
+
+<p class="hang4 skip1">Cavalry—8 Regiments of Lancers, 14 Regiments of
+Cazaderos (Light Horse), 2 Regiments of Hussars, 4 Regiments of
+Dragoons, each of 4 squadrons. Besides these there are 28 Reserve
+regiments, of which only cadres exist in peace-time, and 1 squadron of
+Life-Guards.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Artillery.</div>
+
+<p class="hang4 skip1">Artillery—5 Regiments of Divisional Artillery
+of 6 batteries each, altogether 30 batteries with 180 guns; 5
+regiments of Corps Artillery of 4 batteries each, altogether 20
+batteries with 120 guns; 2 regiments of Mountain Artillery, each of 6
+batteries, altogether 72 guns, and 1 regiment of Siege and Position
+Artillery, 4 batteries of 4 guns each, altogether 16 guns. Total
+therefore, 388 guns, and 9 battalions Fortress Artillery.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Engineers.</div>
+
+<p class="hang4 skip1">Engineers—5 Pioneer regiments, 1 Railway
+battalion, 1 Telegraph battalion, and 5 Reserve regiments.</p>
+
+<p>There is no Train in time of peace.</p>
+
+<p>The peace-strength of the Peninsular Army amounts to 116,000
+men.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig038">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig038.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">General (full dress).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Besides these there are 16 regiments of Gendarmes (Guardia Civil),
+numbering 15,000 men, and 11,000 men of the Carabineros, or Frontier
+Force.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Colonial Army, about 33,000 men in all, is formed
+by voluntary enlistment.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Armament.</div>
+
+<p>The Infantry is armed with the Remington rifle, the Cavalry with
+sword and Remington carbine. Three sections<a id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21"
+class="fnanchor">[21]</a> of each squadron of Lancers carry the
+lance. The Artillery is armed with cast-steel Krupp guns of 3·15
+inches calibre; the Mountain Artillery with those of 2·95 inches. The
+guns have, however, been altered to Colonel Placentia’s system.</p>
+
+<p>The two Royal Household Companies, Halberdiers, are the only ones
+who wear the old Spanish dress.</p>
+
+<p>The Spaniard combines the liveliness and hot blood of the
+southerner with the determination and endurance of the northerner, and
+would now count as one of the best soldiers in Europe if it were not
+that, in consequence of the long civil wars and disturbances in the
+country, he had become somewhat less amenable to discipline than
+formerly. If an instance is required of what Spaniards can do when
+fighting for their land and freedom, we have only to look at the
+guerilla and mountain warfare waged by this plucky nation against the
+old campaigners of Napoleon at the beginning of this century, before
+the English troops came to their assistance.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate16L">
+  <p class="caption2">Spain.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate16left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend16left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<h3>PORTUGAL.</h3>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Universal Conscription is the rule in Portugal as well as in most
+other countries, but there are numerous exemptions and sendings on
+“unlimited furlough with the Colours” (in order to save the national
+exchequer), so that the Army does not by any means comprise as many
+men as would appear from the strength as laid down on paper. With a
+nominal peace strength of 37,000, the actual strength is only about
+18,000.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The terms of service are three years with the
+Colours, five years in the 1st Class, and four in the 2nd Class
+Reserves.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Infantry consists of 24 Line and 12 Rifle
+regiments, each of 2 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, altogether 72
+battalions, the Depôt battalions being skeleton ones.</p>
+
+<p>Cavalry—10 regiments, of which the first two are Lancers, and the
+remainder Light Dragoons (Caçadores a Cavallo).  Each regiment
+consists of 3 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons.</p>
+
+<p>Artillery—3 Regiments of Field Artillery of 12 batteries each, 2
+Regiments of Garrison Artillery of 12 companies each, 1 Mountain
+Brigade of 6 batteries.—Total, 32 Active and 10 Reserve batteries with
+132 guns.</p>
+
+<p>Engineers—2 Active and 1 Reserve battalions, and 1 Torpedo
+Company.</p>
+
+<p>Portugal has, besides this Army, a Colonial Force of 9,600 men,
+chiefly natives.</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry is now armed with the Kropatschek repeating-rifle;
+till quite recently, they had the Enfield rifle. The Field Artillery
+is chiefly armed with 3·54-inch steel Krupp guns.</p>
+
+<p>More attention appears to be paid in Portugal to the Navy than to
+the Army, and it seems unlikely that the latter will be engaged in
+war, at all events for some time to come.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate16R">
+  <p class="caption2">Spain and Portugal.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate16right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend16right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="switzerland">SWITZERLAND.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Swiss Republic, or rather the Free Confederation
+of twenty-two small Republics (Cantons), had its beginning in the four
+“Forest” towns of Schwyz, Uri, Unterwalden, and Glarus. It was by the
+treaties of 1815, upon which, after the downfall of Napoleon I., the
+present distribution of Powers was founded and still to a great extent
+remains, that the neutrality of Switzerland was recognised, so that
+she is now, to all intents and purposes, excluded from taking part in
+an European war. Being, however, surrounded by three Great Powers,
+whose Armies may at any time traverse her territories from any
+quarter, she is obliged to guard her neutrality very strictly. This
+object she seeks to accomplish by universal conscription and by a
+military system which is adapted to the exigencies of the country and
+rests on the so-called “Militia System.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">According to this system the conscript has to pass
+only a few weeks or months in being trained, and is subsequently
+called out for only a few weeks annually during peace-time. This
+system certainly allows of universal service in the widest sense of
+the word, and also gives a small State the power of calling out a
+proportionally large Army in time of war. At the same time, however,
+this system, in order to be of any use, would require the people to be
+naturally of a warlike tendency, and every man to be thoroughly
+accustomed to the use of a rifle; in fine, it would require that there
+should always be a nucleus of thoroughly-trained troops, even in
+peace-time.</p>
+
+<p>Every Swiss is liable to service from the 20th to the 44th year of
+his age. Of these twenty-five years of service, thirteen are spent in
+the “Auszug” (Active Army) and twelve in the “Landwehr.” All
+able-bodied men between the ages of 17 to 50 who are not employed in
+either of the above branches belong to the “Landsturm.” Anyone who is
+not fit to serve has to pay a small fine as a sort of
+compensation.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">In case of war the “Auszug” would provide the Army as
+follows:—</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="noindent">Infantry—98 Fusilier and 8 Rifle Battalions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Cavalry—8 Regiments (24 squadrons) of Dragoons and 12
+Companies of Guides.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Artillery—24 Regiments of Field Artillery, and 1 of
+Mountain Artillery, each of 2 batteries of 6 guns
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>
+each—total, 300 guns, besides 10 batteries of Position Artillery.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Engineers—9 Battalions.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent skip1">Train—8 Battalions.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Strength of Army.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The strength of the Field Army comes to about 100,000 men. It
+consists of the Army Staff and 8 Divisions, each comprising 2 Infantry
+Brigades, each Brigade comprising 2 Regiments of Infantry, 1 Rifle
+Battalion, 1 Regiment of Dragoons, 1 Company of Guides, 1 Brigade of
+Artillery, 1 Battalion of Engineers, 1 of Train, 1 Field Hospital and
+1 Administration Company.</p>
+
+<p>The Landwehr consists of nearly as many men as the Auszug, but the
+former are only called on to serve on garrison duty at home. As for
+arms, the Swiss troops are not behindhand with other nations. The
+Infantry is armed with the repeating Vetterli rifle, the Rifles with a
+similar short repeating-rifle, and the Dragoons with a
+repeating-carbine. The Field Artillery has three patterns of guns: the
+light 3·28-in., the heavy 3·93-in., and the mountain 2·92-inch
+guns. The Swiss soldier is more of a Light Infantry man than anything
+else; as for the Swiss Cavalry, it is not to be considered on the same
+footing as the Cavalry of other nations, being feeble.</p>
+
+<p>The Swiss Militiaman is trained for a short time and then sent home
+with his uniform and rifle. Thereafter he appears yearly for a short
+training, in order to “keep his eye in.” This sketchy military
+education is, however, greatly helped by the numerous Cadet divisions
+in the schools, and by Volunteer Rifle and Gymnastic clubs.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate14L">
+  <p class="caption2">Switzerland.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate14left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend14left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="holland">HOLLAND AND BELGIUM.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">The “Kingdom of the Netherlands,” instituted by the
+Vienna Congress in 1815, was, after the revolt of the southern
+provinces, divided into two kingdoms, Holland and Belgium, the former
+extending from the mouth of the Ems to those of the Rhine, Maas, and
+Scheldt, and the latter from these mouths to the north-eastern
+frontier of France. The neutrality of these two States, recognised by
+the other Great Powers of Europe, have so far exempted them from
+keeping up large standing armies, that their organisation remains very
+much as it was in 1830.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Dutch military system is a combination of the
+old Voluntary Enlistment and the Militia systems. Every able-bodied
+young man between 20 and 25 years of age is bound to enter the
+Militia; the number of these not to exceed 11,000 annually. The length
+of service of these men, nominally one year, is as a matter of fact
+shortened to nine or even six months.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig039">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig039.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Infantry of the Schutterij.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="skip1">The Army consists partly of voluntarily-enlisted men,
+who bind themselves to six years’ service, and partly of Militiamen.
+Gaps are often caused by the impossibility of filling Volunteer
+vacancies by Militiamen, and this leads to the disadvantage that the
+training of the Militiamen is not so thorough as it might be, and also
+that the troops are not always kept up to their full
+establishment.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Standing Dutch Army consists of—</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Infantry—1 Grenadier and Rifle Regiment (comprising 3
+battalions of Grenadiers and 2 of Rifles), and 8 Line Regiments of 5
+battalions each—Grand total, 45 battalions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Cavalry—3 Regiments of Hussars, each of 5 Field and
+one Depôt squadrons.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Artillery—1 Corps of Horse Artillery, 3 regiments
+Field Artillery, altogether 42 batteries with 252 guns: and 4
+regiments of Garrison Artillery.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Engineers—3 Field Companies, 3 Fortress, 1 Railway
+and Telegraph Company, and 1 Instruction and Depôt Company.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Besides the above there is a Colonial Army Depôt of
+three companies, and the Corps of Maréchaussée, which corresponds to
+the Gendarmerie in other States, 373 men.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Strength of Army.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The total strength of the Active Army
+approaches 64,000 men and 270 guns. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>
+Colonial Army, recruited entirely by voluntary enlistment, comes to
+about 30,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>In case a necessity should arise for reinforcing the Dutch Army,
+another body of men has been formed, called the “Schutterij,” of all
+Dutchmen between their 20th and 30th years not included in the Active
+Army or Militia.  No great expectations can be formed of this body,
+for the members are only trained for forty to fifty hours
+annually.</p>
+
+<p>The Landsturm and Rifle Clubs are also destined to increase the
+strength of the Army in case of emergency.</p>
+
+<p>Since Holland has been declared a neutral State, and her energy is
+chiefly devoted to the furthering of her commercial and colonial
+interests, the chief duty of the Army will probably be confined to
+that of national defence. The numerous sluices and canals, which would
+offer numerous obstacles to an invading army, would be of great
+assistance in case of war. It has, in fact, already happened that the
+country has been saved by letting in the sea through the sluices and
+forming a general inundation.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig040">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig040.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate17L">
+  <p class="caption2">Holland.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate17left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend17left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<h3>BELGIUM.</h3>
+
+<p class="skip1">Belgium also is not one of the warlike States. She has, however,
+often served as a theatre of war for other nations, and her neutrality
+has not been always duly respected. She must therefore possess an
+Army, if only to watch her frontiers, and to prevent her total
+dependence on the will of other Powers. Her Army is, however, not
+numerous, and is considerably behindhand both in organisation and
+training.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="fig041">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig041.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Conscripts are chosen by ballot at the
+yearly so-called “Appels,” but this is easily evaded by either paying
+a substitute, or by paying an exemption of £64, in consideration of
+which the Government provides a substitute of its own finding.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Belgian Army is formed as follows:</p>
+
+<p>The Infantry numbers 4 Divisions, or 9
+Brigades of 2 or 3 regiments each, <i>i.e.:</i></p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Belgian infantry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">Regiment of Carbineers.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">1</td><td class="tdl">Regiment of Grenadiers.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Rifles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">14</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Infantry of the Line.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Carbineer Regiment consists of 4 Active and 2 Depôt battalions;
+the remainder of 3 Active and 1 Depôt battalions, the latter being
+only skeleton battalions.  This makes altogether 58 Active and 20
+Depôt battalions.</p>
+
+<p>The Cavalry numbers 2 Divisions of 2 brigades of 2 regiments each,
+<i>i.e.</i>:—</p>
+
+<table class="regiments" summary="Belgian cavalry">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Light Dragoons.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Guides
+              (similar to Hussars), and</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td><td class="tdl">Regiments of Lancers,</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>each regiment numbering 4 Active and 1 Depôt squadrons—Grand total,
+8 regiments, forming 32 Active and 8 Depôt squadrons.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig042">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig042.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="hang4">Artillery—4 Regiments Field Artillery, consisting of
+30 Field, 4 Horse and 6 Reserve batteries. The Reserve batteries are
+skeleton ones and have no guns. The remainder have 6 guns each—total,
+34 batteries with 204 guns, besides 3 regiments of
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>
+Siege Artillery, each of 16 Siege, 1 Reserve, and 1 Depôt
+batteries.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Engineers—1 Regiment of 3 battalions,
+and 5 companies for special work,
+<i>i.e.</i>, pontooning, railway, telegraph,
+pyrotechnic and general trades.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4 skip1">Train—1 Battalion of 6 companies.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Strength of Army.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole peace-strength numbers about 45,000 men,
+with 204 guns. Both Dutch and Belgian Infantry are armed with single
+breech-loaders, the Beaumont and Albini rifles respectively, and there
+seems no present intention of introducing magazine-rifles.</p>
+
+<p>The Belgian Army is clothed chiefly according to the French model;
+the tall bearskins of the Grenadiers and Guides are peculiar and
+striking.</p>
+
+<p>Both Holland and Belgium will have to follow the example of other
+nations in adopting strict universal conscription. It will be only
+when this is accomplished that their Armies will represent the armed
+strength of the nation and satisfy the demands made on a National
+Army.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate17R">
+  <p class="caption2">Belgium.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate17right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/legend17right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="turkey">TURKEY AND THE STATES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Historical.</div>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig043">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig043.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of the Dorobanze<br />(full dress).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">In</span> the sixteenth and
+seventeenth centuries the inhabitants of Europe were several times
+alarmed by a common danger, that of invasion of their territories by a
+foreign race, Asiatic by extraction, and connected primarily with the
+Mongols. This race, known as Turks or Osmanli, had made itself master of
+Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, in 1453, and
+set up its government there under a Padishah or Sultan. From this point
+they extended their empire further and further to the north-west, over
+Hungary and the intervening lands, and took possession of the Hungarian
+capital, Buda, or Ofen. In 1683 they actually besieged Vienna, and this
+city would undoubtedly have fallen if it had not been for its heroic
+defence by Field-Marshal Rüdiger von Starhemberg,
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>
+who held out till he was succoured by Duke Charles of Lorraine with the
+Army of the Austrian Empire, and John Sobieski, King of Poland.</p>
+
+<p>The Turkish power now began to wane, and its forces gradually
+declined in strength during the wars with Russia in the eighteenth and
+nineteenth centuries. One by one the provinces of the Turkish Empire
+became detached from Turkish rule and proclaimed their independence
+under their own sovereigns. In this way arose the independent kingdoms
+of Greece, Servia, and Roumania, and the principality of Bulgaria
+(under Turkish suzerainty), all of them during the present
+century. Eastern Roumelia is still in the hands of the Turks, but she
+has her own administration.  The Turkish Empire—once the terror of
+Christendom—is now fighting for very existence, and to retain her hold
+over the small remnants of her European possessions.  Russia, who
+considers herself the champion of the Greek-Catholic Church in the
+East, would by this time have undoubtedly seized the lands of the
+“Sick Man” on the Bosphorus, if it were not that the ambition of other
+Powers has secured a frail but fleeting life for him. Since, however,
+Turkey is determined not to let go of her European possessions without
+a stiff fight for them, and since no one can foretell what
+far-reaching consequences such a war would entail, we must not skip
+her over, but must give a short account of her Army as well as of the
+others.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig044">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig044.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Officer of the Roșiori (undress).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Turkey has now, since the disbanding of the Janissaries (who formed
+the Sultan body-guard, of 12,000 men at first, and later of 100,000),
+organised her Army on a purely European footing. The officer who is
+chiefly responsible for this organisation, and who was sent for that
+purpose to Turkey, at the request of the then Sultan Mahmoud II., from
+1835 to 1839, is no less a personage than Field-Marshal Count
+Moltke.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Since his time, the Turkish Army has improved after
+every war. Though it is yet by no means equal to that of any of the
+great Powers, still that is the fault of neither the military system
+nor yet of the Turkish soldier. The responsibility lies with the
+confused system of military administration, which deals in the most
+hopeless and in the worst possible way with the clothing and
+equipment, and even with the feeding and pay of the Army.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Terms of Service.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">According to the Law, every able-bodied Mahomedan
+inhabitant of Turkey is bound to serve in the Army. Christians are
+exempted on payment of a fine.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Service in the “Nizam,” or Active Army, lasts six
+years, of which the Infantry soldier spends three and the Cavalry and
+Artilleryman four years with the Colours and the remaining time in the
+Active Reserve or “Ikhtiat.” After this the soldier joins the Landwehr
+or “Redif” for eight years, and subsequently six years in the
+Landsturm or “Muhstafiz.” As a matter of fact, the period of service
+with the Colours is usually reduced to two years, or three at the
+outside.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Organisa&shy;tion.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The whole Turkish Empire is divided into 7
+military districts or “Ordu,” of which the seventh, Arabia, is
+exceptionally constituted.  “Ordus” 1 to 6 have each in peace-time to
+supply 1 Army Corps of Nizam troops, and, besides this, 1 to 2 Army
+Corps of the Redif in case of necessity.  The seventh Ordu only
+possesses 1 Army Corps altogether.</p>
+
+<p>Each Corps consists of 2 Infantry Divisions, 2 Cavalry Divisions, 1
+Regiment
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>
+of Field Artillery, 1 battalion of Pioneers and 1 of the Train.</p>
+
+<p>A Division consists of 2 brigades; an Infantry brigade numbers 2,
+and a Cavalry 3, regiments. A regiment of Infantry numbers 5
+battalions, of which 1 is a Depôt battalion; a regiment of Cavalry, 5
+squadrons, of which 1 is a Depôt squadron.</p>
+
+<p>The Artillery Regiment numbers 14 batteries, of which 3 are Horse
+Artillery and 2 mountain batteries, each of 6 guns.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The 18 Army Corps of the Turkish Field Army,
+(including Redif) comprise a strength of 612,000 men, with 1,512
+guns,<a id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a
+href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> and these could be
+heavily reinforced by drawing on the “Muhstafiz.”</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">Armament.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Infantry is armed with three different
+patterns of rifles at this moment, but will shortly be armed
+altogether with a magazine-rifle.  Cavalry and Field Artillerymen are
+armed with a repeating carbine. The guns are good cast-steel
+breech-loaders from the Krupp works. The mountain batteries have steel
+guns.</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig045">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig045.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Turkish Infantry of the Redif.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>As regards discipline and training, the Turkish soldier cannot be
+compared on the same grounds with his European comrade.  As for a
+discipline founded on feelings of honour, respect, and love of
+country, the Turks wots not of it. These feelings are, however,
+compensated for to some extent by a religious fanaticism and a warlike
+spirit.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig046">
+<img class="bigbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig046.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Bashi-Bazouks</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The Turkish soldier is easily satisfied, quiet in his demeanour,
+unruffled, sparing of words, dignified, obedient, and true to the
+death. The romantic halo which formerly endowed the Turks with
+unequalled fighting powers in the assault and unconquerable
+stubbornness in the defence of strong positions, has faded. In vain
+does one now look for the Spahis and Delhis on their fiery horses,
+with crooked swords, flashing turbans and waving garments.  With the
+exception of the red fez, the uniform of the Turkish troops has a
+distinctly European cut. The “Nizam” wear a dark-blue coat, usually
+wide in the body, to allow of the growth and alterations of the body,
+which take place during their six years’ service, and the “Redif” wear
+jackets or sleeved waistcoats. The most adventurous-looking are the
+Bashi-Bazouks (<i>i.e.</i> “lost heads”), a wild body of Irregular
+troops who carry on war in their own fashion, and who are little
+amenable to discipline.  These wear bizarre and wild-looking dresses,
+and are armed with long rifles. The Army is extremely plucky in war,
+but is sadly deficient in good officers and non-commissioned
+officers.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p>The armies of the smaller States of the Balkan Peninsula, organised
+on the lines of great European Powers, will in future wars probably
+only act as allies to either Russia or Turkey. We need therefore cast
+but a hasty glance at them.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">GREECE.</div>
+
+<p class="sind"><i>Greece</i> has, in consequence of her universal
+conscription—</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Infantry—27 battalions of the Line and 9 battalions
+of Rifles.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Cavalry—12 squadrons.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Artillery—2 Field, and 2 Mountain battalions, and 1
+Garrison Artillery battalion, altogether 10 batteries with 64
+guns.</p>
+
+<p>The Army (including Engineers and
+Train, as well as Gendarmerie) consists of
+about 30,000 in peace-time, which could be
+reinforced in war-time to 80,000 men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span></p>
+
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate18L">
+  <p class="caption2">Turkey.&mdash;Greece.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate18left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend18left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">ROUMA&shy;NIA.</div>
+
+<p class="sind"><i>Roumania</i> can bring into the 1st Line 4 Army
+Corps, well-drilled and well-armed (with repeating rifles and Krupp
+guns), and into the 2nd Line 4 more Divisions. Her peace strength
+consists <span class="nlbr">of—</span></p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Infantry—16 battalions of the Line, 4 battalions of
+Rifles and 65 battalions of the Dorobanze (a Territorial
+Militia)—total, 85 battalions.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Cavalry—16 squadrons of Roșiori, (Hussars) and 54
+squadrons of Kalaraschi (a species of Gendarmerie)—total, 70
+squadrons.</p>
+
+<p>Artillery—54 batteries with 312 guns.</p>
+
+<p>The peace-strength of Roumania numbers over 30,000 men.</p>
+
+<p>The war-strength consists of 120 battalions of Infantry, 80
+squadrons of Cavalry, 72 batteries of Artillery, 20 companies of
+Engineers, and details; altogether 150,000 men and 448 guns.</p>
+
+<p>Besides these there are 32 Local Militia battalions and a body of
+men corresponding to the German Landsturm.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate19L">
+  <p class="caption2">Roumania.&emsp;[LHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+     src="images/plate19left.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend19left.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate19R">
+  <p class="caption2">Roumania.&emsp;[RHS]</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/plate19right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend19right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">SERVIA.</div>
+
+<p class="sind"><i>Servia</i> can put into the field 5 Divisions,
+namely:—</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Field Army—45 battalions, 25 squadrons, 25 batteries,
+besides Engineers and Train—total, 65,000 men and 100 guns.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Reserve Army—65,000 men, formed similarly to the
+above.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">Landsturm—60 battalions, comprising 30,000 men. Total
+war-strength 130,000 men and 200 guns.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">BUL&shy;GARIA.</div>
+
+<p class="sind"><i>Bulgaria</i>, although her constitution is as
+yet not definitely settled, is not at all behindhand in the
+organisation of her Army. The principality would be able to put into
+the field an Army of over 30,000
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>
+well-trained men, besides 24,000 Landwehr and 7,000 Landsturm.</p>
+
+<div class="platecenter" id="plate18R">
+  <p class="caption2">Servia.&mdash;Bulgaria.</p>
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/plate18right.jpg" />
+  <img class="colours" alt=""
+       src="images/legend18right.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">EASTERN ROUME&shy;LIA.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The Army of <i>Eastern Roumelia</i> is a species
+of Militia, which would in war-time amount to 64,000 men. The Standing
+Army numbers only 3,400 men, and their efficiency is not very
+great.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">MONTE&shy;NEGRO.</div>
+
+<p class="sind"><i>Montenegro.</i> In the western portion of the
+Balkan Peninsula, between the Dinaric Mountains and the Adriatic,
+though not touching the latter, lies a wild and craggy mountain
+land. According to the inhabitants, “When the Creator was walking over
+the earth, distributing rocks and plains, the bag in which the rocks
+were split, and those which remained fell on to Montenegro.”</p>
+
+<div class="figleft" id="fig047">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig047.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Montenegro: Soldier.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>There can certainly not have been many rocks in the bag, for the
+land of the Black Mountains (Montenegro or Tzernagora) is a tiny
+country of only about 2,300 square miles. The inhabitants are as wild
+as their country. They are a small, liberty-loving nation, of great
+physical beauty, and born warriors. When the Czar, the other day,
+called the Prince of Montenegro the best friend he had on earth, his
+speech probably referred less to the Prince himself than to the people
+whose merit and determined bravery he so much admired.</p>
+
+<p>This nation has for centuries known how to preserve its
+independence. Turkey, who tried to exercise a sovereignty, over the
+people, came to grief when met by their determined opposition. In 1862
+the inhabitants of Herzegovina rebelled against the sovereignty of the
+Crescent, and were supported in their revolt by the Montenegrins. The
+Turkish Government thereupon recalled their best general, Omar
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>
+Pasha, from exile, and gave him the chief command of the forces sent
+against Herzegovina and her ally.</p>
+
+<div class="figright" id="fig048">
+<img class="smallbw" alt=""
+     src="images/fig048.jpg" />
+<p class="caption1">Montenegro: Officer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Omar Pasha forced his way into Montenegro at the head of a powerful
+Army. His forces were so superior to those of the Montenegrins that
+the latter could not keep up their brave opposition for very long, but
+the Turkish losses were so considerable, and their enemy so impossible
+to get at, that the former were glad when the Montenegrins showed
+themselves willing to treat for peace on easy conditions. Montenegro,
+therefore, stands to this day a rocky fortress and a bulwark against
+the advance of the Crescent.</p>
+
+<p>Montenegro requires no law of universal conscription, for every
+able-bodied man has, as a matter of course, been trained to arms from
+his youth up. It has also no Standing Army, only a Body-Guard for the
+Prince, composed of 300 men,<a id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23"
+class="fnanchor">[23]</a> of whom 50 are mounted. It is, however,
+stated that at least 35,000 men and a few mountain-guns could be put
+in the field in case of war, in order to defend the country against an
+invader from any quarter.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="navies">APPENDIX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="deccenter">
+<img class="decund" alt="Decorative underline"
+       src="images/decoration.jpg" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center skip1">SKETCH OF THE NAVIES OF EUROPE.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">We have now finished with our bird-eye view of the
+Armies of Europe.  A country armed strength does not, however, consist
+exclusively of her Army; her Navy has to be reckoned with as well.  We
+will, therefore, glance at the naval forces of the chief of the
+European States.</p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">ENG&shy;LAND.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The first place amongst Naval Powers is
+undoubtedly still held by Great Britain as queen of the seas, however
+much other nations may try to overhaul her in ships and
+material. There have certainly been voices heard lately in Parliament
+anent the alleged standstill—<i>i.e.</i>, backsliding, when the race
+with foreign nations is taken into account—in the naval development of
+England. The late great Naval Review, however, last August, appeared
+to disarm all hostile criticism as to the strength and efficiency of
+the British Fleet. There were at that time, off Portsmouth, several
+square miles of vessels, altogether 112 fighting-ships.  Yet this was
+but a small portion of England Navy, for the total English Fleet
+amounts to altogether 763 vessels, as follows:—</p>
+
+<table class="ships" summary="Royal Navy">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Turreted and belted men-of-war</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Ironclad corvettes and cruisers</td>
+    <td class="tdr">80</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Sloops and gun-vessels</td>
+    <td class="tdr">40</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Gunboats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">102</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">120</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-ships, mine-layers, etc.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Despatch-vessels and survey-ships</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Transports, sailing-vessels, and turret-ships</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Various, for coast and harbour service</td>
+    <td class="tdr">195</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Auxiliary ocean steamers</td>
+    <td class="tdu">23</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+  <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdr">702</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tde">India</td>
+    <td class="tdr">28</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tde">South Africa</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tde">Australia</td>
+    <td class="tdu">31</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdc"> Grand total</td>
+    <td class="tdu">763</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">FRANCE.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">France possesses now—</p>
+
+<table class="ships" summary="French Navy">
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Men-of-war</td>
+    <td class="tdr">25</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Other ironclads</td>
+    <td class="tdr">29</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cruisers</td>
+    <td class="tdr">58</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Gunboats and avisos</td>
+    <td class="tdr">82</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Gun-sloops (small)</td>
+    <td class="tdr">54</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels, etc.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">16</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">136</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Transports and sailing-ships</td>
+    <td class="tdr">72</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Coast and harbour service, etc.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">107</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Auxiliary ocean steamers</td>
+    <td class="tdu">14</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdu">593</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>Besides over 200 small sailing-vessels and hulks.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="sidenote">RUSSIA.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Russia has of late years considerably increased
+her fleet, spending her substance chiefly on large ironclads, which
+appear to be the fashion nowadays. Her biggest ironclads are those in
+the Black Sea. The Russian Navy should not be, all the same,
+considered as a very powerful one, for a great many of her ironclads
+and torpedo-boats are out of date, and not up to the requirements of
+modern naval warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The Russian fleet numbers altogether—</p>
+
+<table class="ships" summary="Russian Navy">
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Men-of-war</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Monitors and cruisers</td>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels and gunboats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats (old and new)</td>
+    <td class="tdr">140</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Sailing-vessels, etc.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Transports, etc.</td>
+    <td class="tdr">123</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Coast and harbour service</td>
+    <td class="tdr">50</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Boat-flotilla</td>
+    <td class="tdu">33</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdu">482</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">ITALY.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The naval forces of Italy have increased very
+rapidly during the last twelve years.  At present they number—</p>
+
+<table class="ships" summary="Italian Navy">
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Men-of-war</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Corvettes</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels and avisos</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Gunboats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">122</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Transports and survey-ships</td>
+    <td class="tdr">19</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Harbour and coast service</td>
+    <td class="tdr">92</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Auxiliary ocean steamers</td>
+    <td class="tdu">7</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdu">314</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">AUSTRIA.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">Austria also has considerably increased her
+fleet. It now consists of—</p>
+
+<table class="ships" summary="Austrian Navy">
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Men-of-war and cruisers</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels and gunboats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">15</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Corvettes, Transports, and avisos</td>
+    <td class="tdr">21</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Harbour and coast service</td>
+    <td class="tdu">19</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdu">126</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<div class="sidenote">GER&shy;MANY.</div>
+
+<p class="sind">The latest recruit to the Naval Powers is Germany,
+“last not least,” of whose naval organisation we will give a few
+details.</p>
+
+<p>The officers of the German Navy consist of 2 “Station-Chiefs” at
+Kiel and Wilhelmshaven with 2 flag-lieutenants, 3 vice-admirals, 17
+post-captains, 33 corvette-captains, 64 “captain-lieutenants,” 120
+lieutenants, and 114 sub-lieutenants.  Besides these, there are 100
+naval cadets, and engineers, paymasters, and surgeons in
+proportion.</p>
+
+<p>The men, when on shore, are formed into 2 Divisions of seamen and 2
+Divisions of dockyard men, at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven.  Besides these,
+there is a Division of “ship-boys,” a Naval Police Corps, 2 battalions
+of Marine Infantry at Kiel and Wilhelmshaven, and 2 companies of
+Marine Artillery at Friedrichsort and Wilhelmshaven, and the Naval
+Medical Department.</p>
+
+<p>The Marine Reserve and “Seewehr” are formed similarly to the Army
+Reserve and Landwehr.</p>
+
+<p>The matériel consists of—</p>
+
+<table class="ships" summary="German Navy">
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Men-of-war and other ironclads</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Cruisers</td>
+    <td class="tdr">26</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-vessels, gunboats, and avisos</td>
+    <td class="tdr">18</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Torpedo-boats</td>
+    <td class="tdr">93</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Various for harbour service</td>
+    <td class="tdu">42</td>
+  </tr>
+   <tr>
+    <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdu">205</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The original plan for forming a fleet, started in 1872–73, has been
+departed from in several details, gained from the
+<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>
+experience of other nations and from the knowledge of German
+requirements; economy had also something to do with the matter. The
+building of huge ironclads was not persevered in, and more attention
+was paid to increasing the torpedo-flotilla for the defence of the
+coasts and ports.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Imperial Navy is not yet strong enough to compete
+successfully with those of other great naval powers on the open sea,
+still one great object has been gained, <i>i.e.</i>, the protection of
+trade and the merchant service. Germany is also now enabled to enter
+into commercial and political relations with distant countries, and to
+make the German flag respected in all parts of the world in a way
+which would not otherwise have been possible.  The Navy will also be
+able in the future to defend the German coast-line and make the
+foreign invasion of her coasts an impossibility.  It is difficult to
+forecast the probable development of the German Navy, for the colonies
+which the country has recently founded and is still founding will
+increase its task and may lead to the formation of a much larger
+fleet.</p>
+
+<p>The recognition which the German Navy has lately won on all sides,
+especially on the part of England, allows of the hope that it will
+soon be considered as fit to go hand in hand with the German Army.
+One thing is certain, and that is, that its successes, whether in the
+hoisting of the national flag in distant parts of the world, or in the
+more peaceful task of cementing friendly relations with other Powers,
+are followed with the greatest interest and appreciation by the whole
+of the German Empire.</p>
+
+<!-- FOOTNOTES -->
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">FOOTNOTES</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div id="fn">
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_1_1">[1]</a> This article has been entirely re-written
+by the Translator.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_2_2">[2]</a> The Colonial
+forces really form a class between the two, but may be taken here with
+the Active Army.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_3_3">[3]</a> The Militia
+Ballot Act.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_4_4">[4]</a> <i>I.e.</i>,
+West India Regiment, Malta Artillery, etc.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_5_5">[5]</a> More than 40
+per cent. of would-be recruits are annually rejected by the
+doctors.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_6_6">[6]</a> Blue in the
+16th and white in the 17th Lancers.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_7_7">[7]</a> Crimson in the
+11th Hussars and brick-red in the lévée dress of the officers of the
+10th Hussars.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_8_8">[8]</a> The Black
+Brunswick Hussars came over to England after Waterloo, and their
+uniform was so greatly admired that the 60th and 95th, who were in
+process of being changed from Light Infantry to Rifle regiments,
+adapted their Hussar uniform to the Infantry pattern.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_9_9">[9]</a> With one or two
+exceptions.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_10_10">[10]</a> Though
+liable to fifty-six days.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_11_11">[11]</a> Or in the
+Navy and Naval Reserve respectively as required.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_12_12">[12]</a>
+“Beurlaubtenstand.”</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_13_13">[13]</a>
+Corresponding somewhat to our University Degree.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_14_14">[14]</a> Or rather,
+will be in the near future.—<i>Tr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_15_15">[15]</a> The word
+Uhlan means “belonging to the hoof,” in the language of that
+region.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_16_16">[16]</a> Including
+the independent (25th) Hesse-Darmstadt Division.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_17_17">[17]</a> It may be
+taken as 36,582 officers, 1,493,690 combatants, 27,000 non-combatants,
+331,904 horses, 2,952 guns.—<i>Tr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_18_18">[18]</a> Turkey set
+this example long ago.—<i>Tr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_19_19">[19]</a> Invented by
+Colonel Bruyère.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_20_20">[20]</a> From the
+Turco-Tataric word Kasak, which means in Turkish a robber, and in Tatar
+a free lightly-armed warrior.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_21_21">[21]</a> Out of
+four.</p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_22_22">[22]</a> Numbering
+468 battalions Infantry, 432 squadrons Cavalry, 252 batteries
+Artillery, and 72 companies Engineers.—<i>Tr.</i></p>
+
+<p class="fnote"><a id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a
+href="#FNanchor_23_23">[23]</a>
+“Peganicis.”</p></div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="illns">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tnotes">
+This list of illustrations is not in the source book.
+</div>
+
+<p class="tabtitle">List of Grayscale Illustrations</p>
+
+<table class="illns" summary="List of Monochrome Illustrations">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Army of the British Empire</td>
+  </tr>
+ <tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig001">fig001</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Mounted Infantry. (Tropical Field Kit)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig002">fig002</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Cavalry. (Tropical Field Kit)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig003">fig003</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Officers of Highland Light Infantry and
+         Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig004">fig004</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Officer, 5th (Northumberland) Fusiliers.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig005">fig005</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Sergeant-Drummer, Coldstream Guards.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig006">fig006</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Officer, 6th Dragoon Guards (Carbineers).</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">The German Army</td>
+  </tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig007">fig007</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Prussian Hussar of the Guard.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig008">fig008</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Prussian Garde du Corps, Court full-dress.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig009">fig009</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Württemberg. Sergeant of the Train.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig010">fig010</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Prussian Engineer.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig011">fig011</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Württemberg. Dragoon.</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig012">fig012</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Bavarian Halberdier. (Full-dress.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig013">fig013</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Bavarian Officer of Lancers. (Aide-de-Camp.)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="figno"><a href="#fig014">fig014</a></td>
+  <td class="figcap">Prussian Officer and Trumpeter of Artillery.</td>
+</tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Austria-Hungary</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig015">fig015</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Infantry. (Marching Order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig016">fig016</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Cavalry Officer (Undress)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig017">fig017</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Royal Hungarian Body-Guard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig018">fig018</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Hungarian Palace Guard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Italy</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig019">fig019</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Bersagliere of the African Contingent.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig020">fig020</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Carbineer.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">France</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig021">fig021</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Mountain Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig022">fig022</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Hospital Orderly.&emsp; Surgeon.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig023">fig023</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Mountain Rifles.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig024">fig024</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Railway Troop.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig025">fig025</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Trumpeter of the Paris Mounted Guarde Républicaine.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig026">fig026</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Chasseur d’Afrique.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig027">fig027</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Infantry (heavy marching order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig028">fig028</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Cossack of the Guard.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig029">fig029</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Cossack of the Caucasus.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig030">fig030</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of the Field Police (full dress).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig031">fig031</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Field Gendarme (service kit).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig032">fig032</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Cossack of the Amour.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Denmark</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig033">fig033</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Foot Guardsman.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig034">fig034</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Surgeon.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Sweden and Norway</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig035">fig035</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer (Standard-bearer) of the
+          Life Guards (Andra Leifgardet).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig036">fig036</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Light Cavalry. (Jemtlands hästjägarcorps.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Spain and Portugal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig037">fig037</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Halberdier of the Palace.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig038">fig038</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">General (full dress).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Holland and Belgium</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig039">fig039</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Infantry of the Schutterij.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig040">fig040</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Horse Artillery. (Holland.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig041">fig041</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Grenadiers. (Belgium.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig042">fig042</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Carbineers. (Belgium.)</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Turkey and the States of the
+             Balkan Peninsula</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig043">fig043</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of the Dorobanze (full dress).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig044">fig044</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of the Roşiori (undress).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig045">fig045</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Turkish Infantry of the Redif.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig046">fig046</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Bashi-Bazouks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig047">fig047</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Montenegro: Soldier.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#fig048">fig048</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Montenegro: Officer.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="tabtitle">List of Colour Plates.</p>
+
+<table class="illns" summary="List of Colour Plates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Army of the British Empire</td>
+  </tr>
+ <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate01L">plate01L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Infantry of the line. Grenadier Guards.
+                     4th Hussars. </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+   <td class="figno"><a href="#plate01R">plate01R</a></td>
+   <td class="figcap">Royal Horse Guards (Blues).
+     2nd Life Guards. Drummer of Gordan Highlanders.
+     2nd Dragoons (Scots Greys).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate02L">plate02L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">15th Lancers. Royal Engineers.
+       Officer of Royal Horse Artillery.
+       Staff Officer (Lévée Dress). Officer of Rifle brigade.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate02R">plate02R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Bluejackets. Naval Officers (undress).
+      Naval Officer (Full Dress). Royal Marine Light Infantry.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate03L">plate03L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Private, London Rifle Brigade.
+      Field Officer, Royal Bucks.&nbsp;Yeomanry.
+      Sergeant, London Scottish (5th Middlesex R.V.).
+     Private, 3rd London R. V.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate03R">plate03R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Private (full Marching Order) and Officer
+     Artists (20th Middlesex R.V.).
+     Major, the Kent Artillery E. D. Royal Artillery.
+     Infantry and Trooper, Hon. Artillery Company.
+     Private, London Irish (16th Middlesex R. V.).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+     <td class="chapter" colspan="2">The German Army</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate04L">plate04L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Prussian Infantry of the Line.
+      Prussian Staff Officer.
+      Drummer of Prussian Guards. Infantry (Marching Order).
+      Prussian Officer of Hussars (Field-day Order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate04R">plate04R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Prussian Riflemen (Marching Order).
+      Prussian Cuirassiers on the March.
+      Prussian Lancer and Dragoon (Marching Order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate05L">plate05L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Saxon Rifleman (Marching Order).
+      Oldenburg Dragoon and Brunswick Hussar (Review Order).
+      Saxon Life-Guardsman and Lancer (Review Order).
+      Saxon Horse-Artillery (Trumpeter).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate05R">plate05R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Baden Grenadier Guardsman &amp;
+      Officer of Dragoon Guards (Marching Order).
+      Hessian Dragoon (Dismounted).
+      Mecklenberg-Schwerin Guardsman (Full Dress).
+      Würtemburg Infantry in Bivouac.
+      Sergeant of Würtemburg Artillery (Marching Order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate06L">plate06L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Bavarian Light Horse (Patrolling).
+      Bavarian Artillery Officer (Review Order).
+      Bavarian Rifleman and Infantry of the Line. </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate06R">plate06R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Sailor and Naval Officer
+      (Tropical Shore Rig). Marine. Naval Cadet.
+      Naval Officers (Full Dress and Undress).
+      Bluejackets (Full Dress and Working Rig).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Austria-Hungary</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate07L">plate07L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Dragoon. Ensign of the German
+      (-speaking) Infantry (Full Dress). Engineers.
+      Pioneer (Pontoon Corps). Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate07R">plate07R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Landwehr Infantry.
+      Officer of Tyrolese Rifles. Rifleman.
+      Lancer. General in (so-called) German Uniform
+        (Full Dress).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate08L">plate08L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Hungarian Landwehr Infantry (Honvéd).
+      General in Hungarian Uniform (Review Order).
+      Hussar of the Honvéd. Hungarian Infantry
+        (New Equipment).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate08R">plate08R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Trumpeter of Hussars. Bluejacket.
+      Naval Cadet, 1st Class. Naval Officer.
+      Quartermaster.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Italy</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate09L">plate09L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Artillery. General.
+      Staff Officer. Infantry. Bersagliere.
+      Alpine Rifleman.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate09R">plate09R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Lancer (Light Cavalry).
+      Officer of Piedmont Regiment. Bluejacket. Naval
+      Surgeon. Naval Officer.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">France</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate10L">plate10L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Cuirassiers with Standard.
+      Aide-de-Camp. General. Infantry of the Line.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate10R">plate10R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Private and Officer of Rifles.
+      Chasseur à Cheval. Transport Corps. Engineers.
+      Horse Artillery. Dragoon.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate11L">plate11L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Hussar. St. Cyr Military College Cavalry.
+      Mounted Gendarme. Zouave. Officer and Privates of
+      Algerian Rifles (Turcos).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate11R">plate11R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Bluejackets. Marine Infantry
+      (Tropical Shore Rig). Marine Artillery (Tropical Shore
+      Rig). Naval Officers (Undress and Full Dress).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Russia</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate12L">plate12L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Privates of Infantry of the Line
+      and Paul Regiment of Guards (Review Order).
+      General. Staff Officer. Drummer of Line Infantry
+      (Marching Order). Grenadiers of the Palace.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate12R">plate12R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Hussars. Lancers. Officers of the
+      Dragoons and Mounted Grenadiers of the Guard.
+      Don Cossacks (Marching Order). Pioneer (in Great-coat).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate13L">plate13L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Horse Artillery (Review order).
+      Astrakhan Cossack (Marching Order). Frontier Force.
+      Officer of Cuban Cossacks. Kuban Cossacks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate13R">plate13R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Surgeon. Finland Rifleman. Horse
+      Guards (Marching Order). Orenburg Cossack
+      (Marching Order). Naval Officer. Marine.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Denmark</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate14R">plate14R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Infantry. Artillery. Hussar.
+      Engineers. General Staff Officer. Dragoons.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Sweden</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate15L">plate15L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Infantry of the Line. Life-Guards.
+      Officers of Wermland Rifles. Hussars. General.
+      Bluejacket. Naval Officer. Officer of the Body-Guard.
+      Dragoon-Guards. Engineers. Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Norway</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate15R">plate15R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Artillery. Cavalry. Infantry (Marching
+      Order). Guards. Officer of Engineers.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Spain</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate16L">plate16L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Rifleman, Line Infantry (Marching Order).
+    Officer of Gendarmerie. Officer of Mounted Rifles.
+    Lancer. Horse Artillery. Officer of Princess Hussars
+    (Marching Order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Spain and Portugal</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate16R">plate16R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Royal Spanish Body-guard. Spanish Naval Officers
+      in Undress and Full Dress. Spanish Bluejacket.<br />
+      Portugal: Infantry, Corporal of Rifles, Officer of Cavalry,
+      General.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Switzerland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate14L">plate14L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Trumpeter of Guide Cavalry. Rifleman.
+      Infantry. Dragoon. General. Officer of Infantry.
+      Officer of Artillery.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Holland</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate17L">plate17L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer of Grenadiers. General.
+      Rifleman. Infantry. Naval Officers. Bluejacket. Marine.
+      Standard-bearer of Hussars. Officer of Field Artillery.
+      Engineers.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Belgium</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate17R">plate17R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Grenadier. Infantry. Mounted Rifles.
+      Lancer. Guide. Artillery. Engineers. Carabinier.
+      Transport.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Turkey and Greece</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate18L">plate18L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Turkey: Cavalry, Infantry, Staff.
+      Admiral, Artillery Officer.<br />
+    Greece: Infantry, Rifles, Cavalry Officer, Admiral.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Servia and Bulgaria</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate18R">plate18R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Servia: Engineer Officer (Review order),
+      Artillery Officer (Cap and Great-coat), Cavalry,
+      Infantry (Review Order&mdash;with Fatigue-cap).<br />
+      Bulgaria: Infantry (Summer Kit and Full Equipment),
+      Cavalry, Artillery Officer</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="chapter" colspan="2">Roumania</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate19L">plate19L</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Officer and Private of Infantry Marching Order).
+      Yeomanry. Hussars. Territorial Army. General and King’s
+      Aide-de-Camp (Review Order).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="figno"><a href="#plate19R">plate19R</a></td>
+    <td class="figcap">Rifleman. Medical Corps. Military School
+      at Bucharest. Artillery. Mounted Gendarmerie (Review
+      Order). Engineer (Review Order). Transport (Marching
+      Order). Officer of Gendarmerie, Staff Officer (in
+      Great-coats).</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<p class="center">LONDON:</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
+     <span class="smcap">Limited</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.</p>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">ADVERTISEMENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/lamberttop.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="lambert1">
+TO H.M. THE QUEEN,<br />
+H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES,<br />
+THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH;
+</p>
+
+<p class="lambert2">
+THE UNIVERSITIES OF
+</p>
+
+<p class="lambert3">
+OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE,
+</p>
+
+<p class="lambert4">
+The Royal Artillery,
+</p>
+
+<p class="lambert5">
+THE NATIONAL RIFLE ASSOCIATION.
+</p>
+
+<div class="adcenterl">
+<img src="images/lambertbottom.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">A large Collection of every description of New and<br />
+Second-hand Plate always on Sale.</p>
+
+<p class="center italic">
+  Precious Stones, Clocks, Watches, Electro-Plate, &amp;c., &amp;c
+</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center bold spread3">PLATE and JEWELS Bought or Exchanged.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center vlarge">10, 11, &amp; 12, COVENTRY STREET, LONDON. W</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="soda">SODA WATER MACHINERY.</p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/niagara.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center skip4 vlarge">BOTTLES, BOXES, CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS,</p>
+
+<p class="center vsmall">AND ALL THE APPLIANCES FOR THE</p>
+
+<p class="center">AERATED WATER TRADE.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">Highest Awards at all important Exhibitions since 1851.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">The “NIAGARA” MACHINES</p>
+
+<p class="center">Are fast superseding all other kinds for the manufacture of first-class
+Aerated Waters,<br /> and are in use in most of the leading manufactories in
+the world.</p>
+
+<table class="niagra" summary="Table of Niagra Prices">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">A size single, as drawing, capacity</td>
+    <td class="tdr">600</td>
+    <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td>
+    <td class="tdr">£65</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">B size single, as drawing, capacity</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
+    <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td>
+    <td class="tdr">£70</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">C size Double Pumps &amp; Cylinder</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,400</td>
+    <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td>
+    <td class="tdr">£125</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">D size Double Pumps &amp; Cylinder</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,000</td>
+    <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td>
+    <td class="tdr">£180</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">E size Double Pumps &amp; Cylinder</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,000</td>
+    <td class="tdl">doz. large bot. per day</td>
+    <td class="tdr">£250</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">Thousands of Testimonials have been received by us from users of
+these Machines.</p>
+
+<p class="center italic">As the result of latest Improvements our Machinery
+effects a saving of 50 per cent. in cost of Labour and Material.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<div class="adcenterl2">
+<img src="images/excelsior.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center skip5 large">THE “EXCELSIOR” TURNOVER FILLING MACHINE.</p>
+
+<p class="center">This is the most serviceable, reliable, and economical
+in the market.<br />
+A boy can syrup and fill 60 to 80 dozen per hour.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">There is no waste of Syrup, Water, or Gas.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It has the only Syrup Pump where there is no strain upon the
+glass barrel, consequently this never breaks. The Pump Leather is
+self-tightening, and will wear, and it will last for years without
+touching.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It is the quickest in filling.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It is the quickest for altering and adjusting Syrup!
+Both are done with the thumb and finger.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It is by far the strongest!</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It is comparatively valveless!</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It is the simplest to work and most lasting!</p>
+
+<p class="hang4">It is not liable to go out of order, having but few
+working parts.</p>
+
+<p class="italic center"> Price, with Glass Barrel Syrup Pump, and all recent
+Improvements, including also an extra glass barrel, and set of spanners,
+<span class="norm bold">£9 9s.</span></p>
+
+<p class="skip1">Where power is used we recommend the “<b>Eclipse</b>”
+Filling Machine. By this a boy or girl places two bottles at a time in,
+and can syrup, fill, and deliver full-sized bottles at the rate of 120
+dozen per hour. Estimated cost of filling, ¼<i>d.</i> per gross of
+first-class waters.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<div class="adcenterl2">
+<img src="images/bottle.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center skip5">THE <span class="large">“NIAGARA”
+BOTTLE</span>,<br /> Or Improved CODD’S.</p>
+
+<p class="center">Is admitted to be the most perfect Bottle in the market.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center italic">SEND FOR SAMPLE AND COMPARE.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>PRICES ON APPLICATION.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="noindent">Name on Bottles free, for Orders of 30 Gross. Under
+that quantity Moulds are charged 10/- for each size or shape. Extra
+Rings, 1/6 per Gross, printed with name of owner 2<i>d.</i> per
+gross extra.</p>
+
+<p class= "center italic">Illustrated Catalogue <span
+class="norm">(A)</span> Forwarded Free on Application to</p>
+
+<p class="center">BARNETT &amp; FOSTER,<br />
+           “Niagara Works,” 25N, Eagle Wharf Rd., London, N.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<div class="adcenterl2">
+<img src="images/syphon.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center skip5">BUY THE<br />
+<span class="vlarge">“London Made” Syphon</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="center vsmall skip1">(TITLE REGISTERED)</p>
+
+<p class="center">AND SUPPORT BRITISH INDUSTRY.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center">It is the strongest, cheapest, handsomest and best in
+the world.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center italic">PURE BLOCK TIN TOPS.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center large">PRICE 1s. 6d. EACH.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<table class="niagra" summary="Marking and Plating">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Marking on Tops</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Free.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Marking on Vases</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Free for orders of 1000.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Nickel Plating Tops</td>
+    <td class="tdr">From 1½<i>d.</i> each.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">Silver Plating Tops</td>
+    <td class="tdr">From 3½<i>d.</i> each.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="thornhill">THORNHILL.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/thornhill01.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"> THORNHILL’S<br  />
+<span class="smaller">IMPROVED</span><br />
+<span  class="smcap">Fully Fitted</span><br />
+<span class="large">SUIT CASES.</span></p>
+
+<p class="center">In best Solid Leather,<br /> with Silver Mounted
+Toilet Fittings, Ivory Brushes, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center smaller">A VARIETY IN STOCK.</p>
+
+<p class="center italic smaller">Full Particulars Post free.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/thornhill02.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Hunting Appointment Frame</b>, in Red Morocco<br />or Pigskin
+with Silver Mounts&emsp;Price <b>25s.</b>
+post free.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">New combined Solid Silver Cigarette Box, Lamp,<br />Match
+Stands, and Ash Tray.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/thornhill03.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center italic">An assortment or other Patterns in stock.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">Thornhill New Triple Pencil, for Black, Red and Blue
+        Lead. <i>(Registered)</i>.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/thornhill04.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">With enamelled Bands to indicate which part of the Pencil must be
+    turned to bring out the corresponding coloured Lead. In Silver
+                      <b>25s.</b>, In Gold <b>73s. 6d.</b></p>
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">NEW ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE<br />
+  <span class="smaller">OF</span><br />
+  <span class="large">Travelling Bags and Dressing Cases,</span><br />
+  <i>POST FREE.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center">WEDDING PRESENTS.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center">New Illustrated Catalogue<br />
+   <span class="vsmall">OF</span><br />
+   <span class="italic large">LATEST NOVELTIES</span>,<br />
+   Post Free.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center large bold">THORNHILL &amp; CO.,</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">To H.M. THE QUEEN and ROYAL FAMILY.</p>
+
+ <p class="center large bold">144, New Bond Street, London.</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/litsica.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center large">TURKISH TOBACCO IMPORTERS &amp; CIGARETTE
+MANUFACTURERS.</p>
+
+<p class="center bold">82, STRAND, LONDON.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="noindent">Manufacturers of the “<b>VASSO</b>,” “<b>ROSE</b>,”
+“<b>LADIES</b>,” “<b>RUSSIANS</b>,” “<b>KALINIKI</b>,” and other leading
+brands of high-class Cigarettes, all of which are made from the purest
+and choicest Oriental Tobaccos.</p>
+
+<p class="center bold">
+These brands were specially selected, and were the only ones sold at the
+<br />the Royal Military Exhibition, Chelsea, 1890.</p>
+
+<p class="center italic large">TURKISH TOBACCOS OF THE FINEST
+QUALITIES.</p>
+
+<p>Our new cigarette, “<b>The KHÂTIBEH</b>,” is pronounced by those who
+have smoked it to be the acme of perfection. The Press say: “For
+mildness, sweetness, aroma, and delicacy of taste there is no cigarette
+to equal ‘<b>The KHÂTIBEH</b>’ &hellip; . It is without doubt the
+cigarette of the future.”</p>
+
+<p class="center bold">Our Cigarettes and Tobaccos are to be obtained from all respectable
+                             Tobacconists.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">SPECIAL TERMS TO CLUBS AND MESSES.&emsp;&emsp;PRICE
+LISTS ON APPLICATION.</p>
+
+<p class="center bold">Telegraphic Address, “LITSICA, LONDON.”</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="clowes1">WM. CLOWES &amp; SONS’ LIST.</p>
+
+<p class="clowes2">THE WATERLOO ROLL CALL,</p>
+
+<p class="center">WITH NOTES AND PORTRAITS. BY CHARLES DALTON, F.R.G.S.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">Author of “Life and Times of Gen. Sir Edward
+Cecil,” &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="clowesprice">Price, 2s. 6d. paper covers, or in cloth, boards, 3s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Fixed Bayonets</b>: A Complete System of Fence for
+the British Magazine Rifle, both in offence and defence; comprising
+also a Glossary of English, French, and Italian terms common to the
+art of fencing, with a bibliographical list of works affecting the
+bayonet. By <span class="smcap">Alfred Hutton</span>, late Captain King Dragoon
+Guards. Illustrated by <span class="smcap">J. E. Breun</span>. 8vo.,
+cloth, price 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center">BY SAME AUTHOR.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Cold Steel</b>: A Practical Treatise on the
+Sabre. Based on the Old English Backsword Play of the Eighteenth
+Century combined with the method of the Modern Italian School; also on
+various other Weapons of the Present Day, including the Short
+Sword-Bayonet and the Constable’s Truncheon. Illustrated with numerous
+Figures. 8vo., cloth, 10<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller skip3">New Edition, Entirely Revised and Enlarged.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>London Water Supply.</b> Including a History and
+Description of the London Waterworks, Statistical Tables, and Maps. By
+the late Colonel Sir <span class="smcap">Francis Bolton</span>, C.E.
+With a Short Exposition of the Law
+Relating to Water Companies generally, and an Alphabetical Digest of
+the leading Decisions of the Courts; the Statutes; and a copious
+Index.  By <span class="smcap">Philip A. Scratchley</span>, M.A. Demy 8vo., cloth,
+14<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Fires and Fire Brigades.</b> By Captain
+<span class="smcap">Eyre Shaw</span>, C.B.,
+London Fire Brigade. With Frontispiece by
+<span class="smcap">Gustave Doré</span> and
+other Illustrations. Fourth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Cloth
+boards, price 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Exercises for Light Dumb-bells.</b> Arranged for
+Schools and Athletic Clubs, by <span class="smcap">Richard
+Plunkett</span>, Sergeant-Instructor of Fencing
+and Gymnastics, Royal Scots Greys. Third Edition. Price 6<i>d.</i>
+Post free 6&frac12;<i>d.</i>, cloth 9<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Physical Drill</b>, with and without Arms, and the
+<span class="smcap">New Bayonet Exercise</span>, with Illustrations. By
+Lieut-Colonel <span class="smcap">G. M. Fox</span>, late First
+Battalion “The Black Watch.” Eighth Edition. Cloth, price
+1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Guide to Stretcher and Bearer Company Drill.</b>
+Containing Key to the New Medical Staff Corps Drill, 1889. Consisting
+of Duties in the Field, Stretcher Drill, Waggon Drill, Litter and
+Cacolet Drill, Hand-seats, the Triangular Bandage, &amp;c.,
+&amp;c. Illustrated by Staff-Sergeant <span class="smcap">W. N. Waterson</span>.
+Cloth, price&nbsp;2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Accidental Injuries</b>: their Relief and
+Immediate Treatment.  Including the Stretcher Exercises in Use by the
+St. John Ambulance Association. Illustrated with upwards of 70
+Woodcuts. By <span class="smcap">James Cantlie</span>,
+M.A., M.B., F.R.C.S., Assistant-Surgeon
+to Charing Cross Hospital. Twelfth Edition, Revised and
+Enlarged. Price 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>; cloth, 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="clowes3">CONVENIENT MANUALS BY CAPTAIN W. D. MALTON.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">Limp cloth, uniform with <span
+class="smcap">Infantry Drill</span>, 1889.</p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>A Key to Infantry Drill: 1889.</b> Inscribed, by
+permission, to General Viscount <span class="smcap">Wolesley</span>,
+K.P., G.C.B., G.C.M.G. Post free, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Skirmishing, Attack, and Defence</b>: as laid down
+in Infantry Drill, 1889. With Words of Command. Post free,
+1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>A Manual for Majors and Adjutants</b> in Drill and
+Manœuvre. With Appendix on Miscellaneous Subjects. With Plates, post
+free, 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Brigade Drill and Attack Formations.</b> With
+Plates, post free, 2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Duties of Markers</b> in Company, Battalion, and
+Brigade Drill.  Price 6<i>d.</i>; post free, 6&frac12;<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang4"><b>Sinnott’s Catechism on Infantry Drill</b>: adapted
+to the present Regulations. With the addition of Questions on <span
+class="smcap">Manœuvre</span> and Miscellaneous
+Subjects. <i>Thirtieth Edition</i>, 1889. Cloth, fcap. 8vo., post free
+3<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="clowes3 skip2">CAPT. CHAS. SLACK’S WORKS</p>
+
+<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Company Drill.</b> Also of
+Skirmishing, Attack, Advancing by Rushes, Advance and Rear Guards;
+Guard and Sentry Duties, Infantry Sword Exercises, &amp;c. Illustrated
+by 50 Plates, which show every movement in Company
+Drill. Thirty-second Edition. Post free, 1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in
+one vol., post free, 1<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Battalion Drill.</b> Skirmishing,
+Battalion Attack, Inspections, Encampments, Field Firing and Army
+Signalling. Sixty Plates. Eighteenth Edition. Post free,
+2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Handbook of Company Drill,” in
+one vol., post free, 2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Brigade Drill</b>. Inspections,
+Reviews, and Attack Formations. Thirty Plates with Formation of Grand
+Divisions for Marching Past. Map of Aldershot. Post free,
+2<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Handbook of Company and
+Battalion Drill,” in one vol., 4<i>s.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hang5"><b>Catechism of Company Drill</b>, Squad Drill,
+Musketry Instruction, Regimental Duties, Cipher Messages, Officer
+Field Kit, &amp;c. Syllabus for Examination of Lieutenants in the
+Army, Militia, and Volunteers.  Twentieth Edition.
+Post free,&nbsp;1<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang5"><b>Catechism of Battalion Drill</b>, Brigade Drill,
+Reviews, Outposts, Queen Regulations, Military Law, Tactics,
+&amp;c. Syllabus for Captains and Majors. Ninth Edition. Post free,
+2<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">(Bound with “Catechism of Company Drill,” in one vol., post
+free, 3<i>s.</i>)</p>
+
+<p class="hang5"><b>Handbook of Infantry Drill.</b> Handbooks and
+Catechisms. One vol., 6<i>s.</i> 6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="clowes4">List of Military Books Post Free on application.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">London</span>: WM. CLOWES
+&amp; SONS, Limited, 13, Charing Cross. S.W.</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/vitali.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="eyre1"><span class="smcap">Eyre &amp;
+    Spottiswoode</span>,</p>
+
+<p class="eyre2">Government and General Publishers,</p>
+
+<p class="eyre3">And AGENTS TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT,</p>
+
+<p class="center">EAST HARDING STREET, LONDON, E.C.</p>
+
+<hr class="erule" />
+
+<p class="center smaller">Demy 8vo., cloth, 15<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">SOUDAN CAMPAIGN, HISTORY of
+the.</span> By Col. H. E. <span class="smcap">Colville,</span>
+C.B., Grenadier Guards. Compiled in the Intelligence Division of the
+War Office. In two parts, with case of Maps. Part I.  contains the
+Events leading up to the Nile Expedition, and its History to the
+Departure of the Desert Column from Korti. Part II., from the
+Departure of the Desert Column to the conclusion of the Campaign.</p>
+
+<p>“Whatever may be thought of general history, there is no doubt that
+military history is written with a definite object. The soldier studies
+a past campaign in order the better to be able to conduct a future
+one.... For the soldier Colonel Colville’s book is a mine of valuable
+information. Its military lessons are summoned up in one word—transport.
+From Cairo to Khartoum is 1000 miles in a straight line, and 1400 miles
+by the Nile. The country affords no supplies. The problem, therefore,
+was to move a small army to within a practicable distance of Khartoum in
+such a way that it may be fed during its advance, and when at its
+destination may still have stores to last for some time. The official
+history shows how this problem was solved, and how infinitely difficult
+it was. The British army never came out more brilliantly from any trial
+than from this contest with the wilderness.”—<i>Manchester
+Guardian.</i></p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">Crown 8vo., cloth, 8<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">MANUAL FOR ARMY MEDICAL
+SERVICES.</span> By W. E. <span class="smcap">Riordan</span>,
+<br />Surgeon-Major, Medical Staff.</p>
+
+<p>“Although it is primarily no doubt intended for
+medical officers, yet it embraces such a range of important
+information as must render it of use to every branch of the service,
+and even to civilians who want a book of the kind for handy
+reference. While he takes the official War Office regulations and
+manuals to build upon, and freely lays under tribute the regulations
+of every branch of the service, yet the result is no mere dry
+compilation of Army Acts and Orders, but a book full of original and
+collected matter of a most useful and interesting character.... The
+modern army medical officer has no longer, like his predecessor, to
+grope about for want of definite instructions; with his new medical
+regulations in one pocket, and this volume in the other, he can safely
+take up any duty. We heartily congratulate Surgeon-Major Riordan on
+his really admirable book; and as his best reward may he find it,
+where it deserves to be, in the hands of every medical officer,
+whether of the regular or the auxiliary forces.”—<i>The British
+Medical Journal.</i></p>
+
+<p class="skip1">“This useful volume is in the nature of a
+supplement to the War Office Regulations upon which it is based. It
+fills in the details which they necessarily lack, and elucidates and
+explains them; and it is, moreover, a comprehensive handbook to all
+matters which affect the physical well-being of the soldier.”—<i>Army
+and Navy Gazette.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">INFANTRY DRILL, 1889</span>
+(corrected to July, 1890). 12mo.  Forty-seven Plates, 1<i>s.</i>; by
+post, 1<i>s.</i>&nbsp;2<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">FLAGS OF ALL NATIONS.</span>
+Drawings of the Flags in use at the present time by various
+Nations. Issued by the Admiralty. £2&nbsp;10<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">RUSSIAN ARMY IN ASIA, HANDBOOK
+of the.</span> Prepared in the Intelligence Division of the War
+Office. By Major J. <span class="smcap">Wolfe Murray</span>. 6<i>d.</i>; by post, 7<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">NAVAL ARCHITECTURE, A TEXT-BOOK
+of.</span> For the use of Officers of the Royal Navy.
+By J.&nbsp;J.&nbsp;<span class="smcap">Welch</span>,
+R. N. College, Greenwich. 4<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">REGULATIONS FOR ARMY MEDICAL
+SERVICES.</span> Part I., 2<i>s.</i>&nbsp;6<i>d.</i> Part II. Manual for
+the Medical Staff Corps. (Reprinted from the Edition of 1889, with
+alterations subsequently made by Army Order 99 of 1890.)
+1<i>s.</i>&nbsp;6<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">NAVAL AND MILITARY
+DEPARTMENTS.</span> Preliminary and further Reports of the Royal
+Commissioners appointed to inquire into the Civil and Professional
+Administrations of the Naval and Military Departments, and the
+Relation of those Departments to each other and to the Treasury, with
+Appendix. 1<i>s.</i>&nbsp;3<i>d.</i></p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">ARMY LISTS</span> (Monthly and
+Quarterly), Army Circulars and Orders, Infantry Drill, Musketry
+Instruction, Gunnery Text Book, Queen Regulations, Historical Records
+of various Regiments, Rifle Exercises, War Game, and all Official
+Military Books.</p>
+
+<p class="hang6"><span class="eyresf">ACTS OF PARLIAMENT.</span>
+Parliamentary Papers, Bills <i>under discussion</i> in both Houses of
+Parliament, and all Government Publications, except Maps, Patent
+Specifications, Mercantile Marine Forms, and Hydrographical Notices,
+or any information relating thereto.</p>
+
+<hr class="erule" />
+
+<p class="center"><i>DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS opened for Large or Small Sums,
+and Books and Papers of any Series sent on day of issue.</i></p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="arrow1">“FIGITUR IN JUSSO NOSTRA SAGITTA LOCO.”—<i>Ovid.</i></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" id="arrow1">
+<img class="noborder" src="images/arrow1.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="noindent skip1"><span class="gazette">The Broad Arrow and Naval
+&amp; Military Gazette</span> has by far the largest circulation of
+all the Military Papers. This results from the reputation it has
+acquired for early and exclusive intelligence, from the high character
+of its articles, the independent course of its staff of writers, and
+from its earnest support of all measures for the good of the
+Services. Articles on specially interesting subjects appear from week
+to week written for the most part by officers of rank and experience,
+or by men of note in literature who have made the Naval and Military
+affairs of the country their special study.</p>
+
+<p class="skip1">The ordinary weekly issue of <span
+class="gazette">The Broad Arrow and Naval &amp; Military
+Gazette</span> contains fully one-fourth more matter than the other
+Service Journals, even with their frequent supplements.</p>
+
+<p><span class="gazette">The Broad Arrow and Naval &amp; Military
+Gazette</span> circulates largely throughout India and the
+Colonies. It is supplied direct to the Army and Marine bureaux of the
+French, Russian, and other Governments, and it is read extensively by
+Officers of Foreign Services, especially of the German, French, and
+American Armies, who desire to acquire a true impression of facts and
+public opinion in England regarding Military affairs.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb" />
+
+<p class="arrow2"><b>Offices:—No. 6 LANCASTER PLACE, STRAND, W.C.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="center">Crown 8vo. cloth, with Illustrations, 5<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="spon1">WORKSHOP RECEIPTS,</p>
+
+<p class="spon2">FIRST SERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="spon3">BY ERNEST SPON.</p>
+
+<p class="spon4">SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS.</p>
+
+<p class="left">Bookbinding—Bronzes&nbsp;and
+Bronzing—Candles—Cement—Cleaning—Colour-washing—Concretes—Dipping
+Acids—Drawing Office Details—Drying
+Oils—Dynamite—Electro-Metallurgy—Enamels—Engraving on Wood, Copper,
+Gold, Silver, Steel, and Stone—Etching and Aqua Tint—Firework
+Making—Fluxes—Foundry Mixtures—Freezing—Fulminates—Furniture Creams,
+Oils, Polishes, Lacquers, and Pastes—Gilding—Glass Cutting, Cleansing,
+Frosting, Drilling, Darkening, Bending, Staining, and Painting—Glass
+Making—Glues—Gold—Graining—Gums—Gun Cotton—Gunpowder—Horn
+Working—Indiarubber—Japans, Japanning, and kindred
+processes—Lacquers—Lathing—Lubricants—Marble
+Working—Matches—Mortars—Nitro-Glycerine—Oils—Paper—Paper
+Hanging—Painting in Oils, in Water Colours, as well as Fresco, House,
+Transparency, Sign, and Carriage
+Painting—Photography—Plastering—Polishes—Scouring—Silvering—Soap—
+Solders—Tanning—Taxidermy—Tempering Metals—Treating Horn,
+Mother-o’-Pearl, and like substances—Varnishes, Manufacture and Use
+of—Veneering—Washing—Waterproofing—Welding.</p>
+
+<p>Besides Receipts relating to the lesser Technological matters and
+processes, such as the manufacture and use of Stencil Plates, Blacking,
+Crayons, Paste, Putty, Wax, Size, Alloys, Catgut, Tunbridge Ware,
+Picture Frame and Architectural Mouldings, Compos, Cameos, and others
+too numerous to mention.</p>
+
+<hr class="erule" />
+
+<p class="center">In Demy 8vo. cloth, 600 pages, and 1420
+Illustrations, 6<i>s.</i></p>
+
+<p class="spon5">S&nbsp;P&nbsp;O&nbsp;N&nbsp;S’</p>
+
+<p class="spon6">MECHANICS’ OWN BOOK;</p>
+
+<p class="spon4">A MANUAL FOR HANDICRAFTSMEN AND AMATEURS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">PRINCIPAL CONTENTS.</p>
+
+<p class="left">Mechanical Drawing—Casting and Founding—Forging and
+Finishing Iron—Sheetmetal Working—Soldering, Brazing, and
+Burning—Carpentry and Joinery—Details of Construction of
+Workshop appliances, Rough Furniture, Garden and Yard Erections,
+and House Building—Cabinet-Making and Veneering—Carving and
+Fretcutting—Upholstery—Painting, Graining, and Marbling—Staining
+Furniture, Woods, Floors, and Fittings—Gilding—Polishing Marble,
+Metals, and Wood—Varnishing—Mechanical Movements—Turning in Wood and
+Metals—Masonry—Roofing—Glazing—Plastering—Whitewashing—Paperhanging—Gas-fitting—Bell-hanging,
+Ordinary, and Electric Systems, &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="erule" />
+
+<p class="spon7">London: E. &amp; F. N. SPON, 125, Strand.</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="wolf1">Mr. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>WITH A TEACHING STAFF OF TWENTY-THREE INSTRUCTORS</i>,</p>
+
+<p class="wolf2">PREPARES CANDIDATES FOR ALL ARMY EXAMINATIONS.</p>
+
+<hr class="erule" />
+
+<p class="wolf3">SANDHURST, WOOLWICH, AND DIRECT COMMISSIONS.</p>
+
+<p><b>402</b> Candidates have <b>passed</b> the competitive Examinations
+direct from <b>Mr. Wolffram Establishment</b> into the <b>Royal
+Military College, Sandhurst</b>, and the <b>Royal Military Academy,
+Woolwich</b>, and for <b>Direct Commissions</b>. This sum total has
+<b>never been equalled</b> by any tutor in or out of London.</p>
+
+<p class="wolf3">MILITIA MILITARY COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS.</p>
+
+<p><b>257</b> Militia Officers have passed from Mr. Wolffram
+Establishment, and during the last three years the first place has been
+taken three times:—</p>
+
+<table class="wolf" summary="Examination successes">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1888{ 1st place</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Lieut. A. Martyn</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1760 marks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1889{ 1st place</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Lieut. C. H. Turner</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1929 marks.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1890{ 1st place</td>
+    <td class="tdl">Lieut. S. Fitzgerald Cox</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2034 marks.</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The Militia Military Competitive Classes are under the direction
+of Lieut.-Colonel J. L. Needham, R.M.A., P.S.C., late Professor of
+Fortification and Instructor of Tactics and Military Topography at the
+R.N. College, Greenwich, and formerly Garrison Instructor.</p>
+
+<p class="wolf3">PRELIMINARY ARMY EXAMINATION.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the above numbers, <b>364</b> Candidates have passed the
+Preliminary Army Examinations in all subjects.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>BIENNIAL TOTALS from 1872 to 1889
+of SUCCESSFUL ARMY CANDIDATES</b>,</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">Who have passed from Mr. Wolffram for Woolwich,
+Sandhurst, Direct Commissions, and Commissions through the
+Militia:—</p>
+
+<table class="wolf" summary="Successful candidates">
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1872 and 1873</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eight</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1874 and 1875</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">Thirty-eight</td>
+    <td class="tdr">38</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1876 and 1877</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">Fifty-six</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1878 and 1879</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sixty-seven</td>
+    <td class="tdr">67</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1880 and 1881</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">Sixty-two</td>
+    <td class="tdr">62</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1882 and 1883</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">Eighty-one</td>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1884 and 1885</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">One hundred and seven</td>
+    <td class="tdr">107</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1886 and 1887</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">One hundred and twenty-one</td>
+    <td class="tdr">121</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl">1888 and 1889</td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">One hundred and twenty-two</td>
+    <td class="tdr tdu">122</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdl"></td>
+    <td class="tdc">Total</td>
+    <td class="tdr">Six hundred and sixty-two</td>
+    <td class="tdr">662</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>N.B.—The above Lists include only pupils who were reading in Mr.
+Wolffram Establishment up to the date of the Examination in question.</p>
+
+<hr class="erule" />
+
+<p class="wolf4">NOTICE.</p>
+
+<p>In compliance with the wishes of several clients, Mr. Wolffram will
+open in London in January, 1891, for Non-Resident Students only, a
+Branch Establishment of Classes for the Militia Military Competitive
+Examinations.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>All applications to be addressed to</i>
+<b>H. WOLFFRAM, The Manor House, Lee, London, S.E.</b></p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img class="noborder" src="images/scripture.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="scripture1"><b>SOLE OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY—</b></p>
+
+<p class="scripture2">TO SPREAD THE SAVING KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST AMONG
+OUR SOLDIERS.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee make an EARNEST APPEAL FOR FUNDS to all who have the
+religious and moral elevation of our Army at heart, and who would
+wish to see the hands of the Military Chaplains strengthened by the
+assistance of a body of men of the Soldiers’ own station in life, who,
+without the restraint unavoidable in the intercourse of different
+classes of Society, may commend to them the love of Christ, read to
+them the Word of Life, and strive to lead them from the deceitful
+pleasures of sin to that peace which the world can neither give nor
+take away.</p>
+
+<p>There are now 90 Scripture Readers on the lists of the Society at home
+and abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Contributions in aid of the Society will be thankfully received by
+the Treasurer, G. M. <span class="smcap">Holt</span>, Esq., 17,
+Whitehall Place; and at the National Provincial Bank of England,
+Piccadilly, W.; and by the Secretary, Rev. <span
+class="smcap">William A. Blake</span>,
+at the Offices, 4, Trafalgar Square, Charing Cross, W.C.</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+<p class="center bold">CARRIAGES.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center bold huge">HOOPER &amp; CO..</p>
+
+<p class="center bold">107, VICTORIA STREET, LONDON, S.W.</p>
+
+<p class="center bold smaller">ESTABLISHED 1807.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv2" />
+
+<p class="center"><b>By Appointment to</b><br />HER MAJESTY THE
+QUEEN.</p>
+
+<ul class="adv2">
+  <li>His Imperial Majesty the German Emperor.</li>
+  <li>Her Majesty the Queen Regent of the Netherlands.</li>
+  <li>His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, K.G.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center">COACHBUILDERS TO</p>
+
+<ul class="adv2">
+  <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Clarence and Avondale.</li>
+  <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, K.G.</li>
+  <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught, K.G.</li>
+  <li>Her Royal Highness the Princess Louise.</li>
+  <li>Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Fife.</li>
+  <li>Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Albany.</li>
+  <li>His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge, K.G.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="center">Also to the Embassies of GERMANY, RUSSIA, ITALY, and
+SPAIN.</p>
+
+<div class="adcenterl">
+<img src="images/hooper.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center skip5">CARRIAGES OF BEST QUALITY ONLY.&emsp;HIGHEST
+WORKMANSHIP.<br />FINEST MATERIALS.&emsp;EXCLUSIVE DESIGNS.</p>
+
+<ul class="adv0">
+<li><b>LANDAUS</b> with own patent self acting balanced heads, light, strong,
+compact, and durable. For one horse or for a pair of horses.</li>
+
+<li><b>BROUGHAMS</b> on elliptic springs, for one horse. Rubber tyres, and all
+latest improvements.</li>
+
+<li><b>VICTORIAS</b> on elliptic springs, light, for one horse. On C and under
+springs with perch, large, high, and stylish, for a pair of horses.</li>
+
+<li><b>MAIL PHAETONS</b> on perch and mail springs, mail axles. On elliptic
+springs, for smaller horses. The most stylish carriage for gentlemen’s
+own driving.</li>
+
+<li><b>CHAR-A-BANCS</b> for a pair or a team, our speciality, in various sizes,
+a unique carriage for the country.</li>
+
+<li><b>SOCIABLES</b> as built by Hooper &amp; Co., for Royalty and the Nobility.</li>
+
+<li><b>OMNIBUSES</b> for private use, compact and comfortable.</li>
+
+<li><b>REPAIRS</b> at moderate prices; estimates free.</li>
+
+<li><b>CARRIAGES</b> of all kinds, new, and slightly used, to let on hire with
+option of purchase.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr class="adfull" />
+
+
+<p class="center">OPENED TO KEEP PACE WITH THE CIVIL SERVICE STORES.</p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/bakertop.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center italic reduced">The Cash Sales at these Stores now
+    exceed a Quarter of a Million Sterling per annum.</p>
+
+<p class="center bold">ALL GOODS 25 PER CENT. UNDER USUAL LONDON PRICES.</p>
+
+<p class="center smaller">CHAS. BAKER &amp; CO.’S ILLUSTRATED PRICE
+LIST, WITH EASY <br />SELF-MEASUREMENT FORMS, POST-FREE.</p>
+
+<p class="center bold smaller">All Goods Carriage Paid to any part of the
+United Kingdom.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent bold">GENTLEMEN’S SUPERIOR CLOTHING,</p>
+
+<p class="skip6">TO ORDER OR READY FOR IMMEDIATE WEAR.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent bold">UNIFORMS.&emsp;LIVERIES.</p>
+
+<p class="right bold">BOYS’ &amp; YOUTHS’ CLOTHING,</p>
+
+<p class="right bold reduced">OVERCOATS, WATERPROOFS,<br />HOSIERY, SHIRTS,
+HATS, BOOTS, etc.,</p>
+
+<p class="right reduced"><span class="smaller">AND COMPLETE</span><br />
+    <b>SCHOOL OUTFITS.</b></p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/eton.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">ETON JACKETS AND VESTS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">In super Black and Diagonal Cloths, ready for
+immediate wear,<br />
+thoroughly well cut and made. For Boys from 9 years of age.</p>
+
+<p class="center">
+Quality 1&emsp;..&emsp;..&emsp;17/9 to 25/9<br />
+Quality 2&emsp;..&emsp;..&emsp;22/6 to 31/6<br />
+Quality 3&emsp;..&emsp;..&emsp;27/6 to 41/6<br />
+  Trousers, 8/11, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11</p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/norfolk.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">BOYS’ NORFOLK SUITS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">A Two-garment Suit for School and general wear;<br />
+for Boys from 7 to 11 years of age.<br />
+In durable Tweeds and Cheviots. 8/11, 12/11<br />
+In Scotch Cheviots, &amp;c. 14/11, 19/11</p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/girls.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">GIRLS’ TAILOR-MADE REEFERS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">In Serges&mdash; 8/11, 12/9, 14/12<br />
+In Nap&mdash; 8/12, 11/9, 14/11, 19/11<br />
+<span class="smcap">Sailor Costumes</span>.<br />
+8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 14/11</p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/navy.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">BOYS’ ROYAL NAVY SUITS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">This favourite Suit, consisting of Blue Serge
+Blouse<br />(with Badge on arm) and Knickerbockers,<br />Singlet, Lanyard and
+Whistle complete.<br />
+4/11, 6/11, 8/11, 11/9, 13/9, 16/11, 19/11.<br />
+In Tweeds, 4/11, 5/11, 6/11, 9/11, 11/9, 18/9.<br />
+In Fine Worsted Cloths, 19/11</p>
+
+<div class="adcenteru">
+<img src="images/cambridge.jpg"
+   alt="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="center">YOUTHS’ CAMBRIDGE SUITS.</p>
+
+<p class="center">This style of Suit is kept in a very large variety of materials;
+<br />thoroughly well made and cut.<br />
+In Tweeds, 10/9, 12/11, 14/11, 18/11, 19/11, 22/6.<br />
+In Real West of England Cloths, Scotch Cheviots, &amp;c.<br /> 27/6, 33/9, 37/6,
+41/6, 45/6.<br />
+In Black Diagonals, 18/11 to 41/6.</p>
+
+<p class="noindent bold left"><span class="large">BESPOKE TAILORING DEPARTMENTS</span>
+are open at each of<br />CHAS. BAKER &amp;
+CO.’S DEPOTS. Purchasers are asked to inspect the extensive stocks of
+REAL WEST OF ENGLAND CLOTHS, OVERCOATINGS, SERGES, VICUNA CLOTHS,
+TROUSERINGS, etc, showing in these Departments.</p>
+
+<p class="center italic">PATTERNS POST-FREE.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Cheques, Postal Orders</span>,
+etc., to be crossed “<span class="smcap">Barclay, Bevan, Tritton &amp;
+Co.</span>”</p>
+
+<p class="center">HIGH-CLASS CUTTERS BEING EMPLOYED,
+        A GOOD STYLE AND FIT CAN BE GUARANTEED.</p>
+
+<hr class="adv" />
+
+<p class="center bold vlarge">CHAS. BAKER &amp; CO.’S STORES,
+<span class="smcap">Limited,</span></p>
+
+<p class="noindent bold">HEAD DEPOT &amp; LETTER ORDER DEPT.: 271 &amp;
+272, HIGH HOLBORN</p>
+<p class="right">(City side of the Inns of Court Hotel.)</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">City Branch:</span><b>
+82, FLEET S<span class="sup">T.</span></b>&emsp;(Close to Ludgate Circus)</p>
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">West End Branch:</span>
+<b>192 194, OXFORD S<span class="sup">T.</span></b>
+(A few doors from Peter Robinson.)</p>
+
+<p class="noindent bold">TOTTENHAM CT. RD.: 137, 138, 139 &amp; 140,
+TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD</p>
+<p class="right skip6">(The extensive premises at the corner of Euston Road.)</p>
+
+<hr class="adfull2" />
+
+<p class="noindent"><b><span class="large">EXPORT DEPT.</span></b>&emsp;
+CHAS. BAKER &amp; CO., Limited, forward consignments of their goods to any
+part of the World on receipt of order and remittance. Price Lists,
+Patterns, and Easy Self-Measure Forms, Post-free to any part of the
+Globe.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="adfull2" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+
+<div class="transnotes">
+<p class="center">Transcriber’s Note</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li class="lspace">A small number of obvious typographical errors
+have been corrected.
+</li>
+
+<li class="lspace">The spelling and punctuation of the source book have
+not been changed even though some of the punctuation would not be
+accepted today; for example, the plural of NCO (non-commissioned
+officer) is printed as N.&nbsp;C.&nbsp;O.’s.
+</li>
+
+<li class="lspace">There are 23 footnotes in the source book marked by
+characters such as * and †. The footnote markers have been changed to
+numbers and each footnote has been moved to the end of the main
+text.</li>
+
+<li class="lspace">The book contains 48 grayscale figures in the text
+and 19 double-page colour plates.</li>
+
+<li class="lspace">Each of the colour plates appears as two
+images in this ebook.</li>
+
+<li class="lspace">The following captions appear on each of the
+double-page colour plates:<br />
+&emsp;&emsp; <i>Printed by G. Löwensohn, Fuerth Bavaria</i><br />
+&emsp;&emsp; <i>Published by William Clowes &amp; Sons,
+L<span class="sup">d</span>, London.</i><br />
+They have not been added to the colour-plate images.
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="pgx" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ARMIES OF EUROPE***</p>
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-27 22:30:26 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-27 22:30:26 -0800
commit	e9a65071467bf7ef9a16d9abab032f4e416b13ab (patch)
tree	87d3a01ee689cb2ddcf4aa818d30ebce7db3c6fb