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text-indent:0; }</style> -</head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Introduction to Our Bird Friends, Volume 1, by -Lenwood Ballard Carson - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Introduction to Our Bird Friends, Volume 1 - -Author: Lenwood Ballard Carson - -Illustrator: Orville O. Rice - -Release Date: February 5, 2020 [EBook #61319] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRO TO OUR BIRD FRIENDS, VOL 1 *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Introduction to Our Bird Friends, Volume 1" width="500" height="775" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<h1 title=""><span class="ss">INTRODUCTION TO OUR BIRD FRIENDS</span></h1> -<p class="center"><span class="ss">Text by L. B. Carson -<br />Illustrations by Orville O. Rice</span></p> -<p class="center small">Copyright, 1954 -<br /><span class="large"><span class="ss">BY CAPPER PUBLICATIONS, INC.</span></span></p> -<p class="center small">Printed in the United States of America</p> -<p class="center smaller">Published August 1954 -<br />Second Printing (Revised), December 1954 -<br />Third Printing, April 1955 -<br />Fourth Printing, January 1956 -<br />Fifth Printing, May 1956 -<br />Sixth Printing, May 1957</p> -</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">FOREWORD</span></h2> -<p>More and more people are turning to the outdoors and the enjoyment -of nature. Many great Americans have been students of wild -birds. This is not accidental, for few forms of outdoor recreation -offer so much pleasure.</p> -<p>The <i>season</i> of the year will in some cases determine what birds -are in your area. <i>Color</i> is important in identifying species. Look carefully -at the <i>silhouette</i> or <i>shape</i>; is it slender or chunky, is the tail -short or long? Compare its <i>size</i> with a bird with which you are more -familiar. <i>Habitat</i> is important, too. One learns to look for Red-winged -Blackbirds in wet marshes; for a meadowlark in pastures and fields. -<i>Behavior</i> is a clue. Does it walk or hop; does it soar, does it walk -headfirst down a tree, as is the habit of the nuthatch, or scratch -among leaves like the towhee? Listen to the bird’s <i>song</i> and <i>call -note</i>. With a little experience, distinctive songs may be identified. -Each bird has its characteristic song.</p> -<p>Bird study can be pursued with as much effort as the watcher -cares to exert. Birds need food, water and protection from their -natural enemies. You can provide these in your own yard. Some -birds will be attracted and you can study them at your leisure. Other -species, those which live in swamps, for example, must be searched -for aggressively.</p> -<p>A bird guide is a splendid investment, considering the hours of -pleasure it will bring you. Binoculars are a help, too, in studying the -size, shape, beak, legs and color pattern.</p> -<p>Make written notes of what you see and hear, or a dated list of -species and numbers of each. Records will add to your own pleasure -and add to the sum of knowledge on birds in general.</p> -<p>This is the first of two booklets on common birds of the United -States published by Capper Publications, Inc. Each of the two volumes -illustrates and describes 50 different species. Additional copies -(specify whether volume I or II is desired) may be ordered for 25 -cents each as follows:</p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Bird Book Department 1-6</dt> -<dt>Capper Publications, Inc.</dt> -<dt>8th and Jackson Streets</dt> -<dt>Topeka, Kansas</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<h3 id="c2">Pied-billed Grebe -<br /><i>Podilymbus podiceps</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="375" height="382" /> -</div> -<p>It makes little difference to this bird whether -you call him “Water-witch, Hell-diver, Dabchick -or Pied-billed Grebe,” for these are only a few of -the names by which he is known. His only concern -is finding a pond, lake or other water, well -supplied with crayfish, minnows or insects on -which he feeds. Leeches are a favorite morsel.</p> -<p>The short, thick bill of this grebe is distinctive, -even in winter when the black encircling -band from which it gets its name, is missing. -General appearance is brown, being brownish-black -above, lighter brown and white below. On -water the short tail usually is carried high -enough to show the white under-tail coverts.</p> -<p>This grebe is perfectly adjusted to water and -can swim, dive or lower his body in water just -as far as desired with little effort, often showing -only bill and eyes above the surface. This -protects him from predators or hunters who -might mistake him for a duck. Even his nest -is a floating structure so placed that he can gain -the safety of his natural element.</p> -<p>Wet pavements are hazardous for they resemble -water and if the Pied-billed Grebe lands -there, he is helpless. His legs are placed too -far back on his body for walking and he finds it -difficult to regain the air except by skittering -over water.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He sinks or dives</p> -<p class="t0">Without a care,</p> -<p class="t0">For water hides</p> -<p class="t0">His daily fare.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c3">Great Blue Heron -<br /><i>Ardea herodias</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="456" height="524" /> -</div> -<p>Altho protected by the Federal Migratory -Bird Treaty, this heron often finds himself the -target for thoughtless hunters. Not that he -would make a tasty dish, but any bird which -stands 4 feet high with a wing spread of almost -70 inches is in constant danger. His favorite -feeding grounds are wet meadows or pastures, -ponds, lakes or streams. Most of his food consists -of rough fish which he catches expertly, -either standing patiently in shallow water until -a fish appears, or walking slowly along the edge -of some shallow pond until he discovers his -prey. Snakes, frogs, insects, mice, eels, or even -small birds are not safe from a hungry heron.</p> -<p>Unlike cranes, which fly with necks outstretched, -herons fold their necks back as if -resting their heads on their shoulders. Their -flight is a slow, measured beat which carries -them to their destination. These birds seem to -prefer tops of tall trees, such as sycamores or -cottonwoods, either in isolated locations or on -islands. Favorite sites are used year after year -and nests often cover as much as 3 feet in space -and are placed well out on limbs. A colony of -Great Blue Herons is frequently joined by herons -of other species. Such a colony of fish-eating -birds is both noisy and odorous.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">If, when he flies</p> -<p class="t0">He folds his neck,</p> -<p class="t0">The heron is</p> -<p class="t0">The bird to check.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h3 id="c4">Snow Goose -<br /><i>Chen hyperborea</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="472" height="510" /> -</div> -<p>This medium-size goose is the most abundant -member of the family and can be identified by -white plumage and black wing tips. He is often -called “wavy,” in the northern part of his range, -while southern hunters refer to him as a “white -brant.” His Latin name describes him as “a -goose beyond the north wind.” We see him only -as a migrant, either going to nesting grounds in -Northern Canada or returning to his winter -home on the coast of Louisiana and Texas. A -somewhat larger relative known as the Greater -Snow Goose, nests in Northern Greenland and -winters along our Atlantic coast.</p> -<p>This bird feeds on roots and bulbs of water -plants found in his wintering area. Grasses, -grains or other vegetation bring huge flocks -where they can be seen grazing like tame geese. -Feeding flocks are not welcome to the wheat -grower who has fields near lakes which are used -as resting places for migrating birds.</p> -<p>Snow Geese often travel with their near relatives, -the Blue Geese. The gray body and white -head of the latter give a color contrast which -is apparent in a mixed flock. These birds interbreed -frequently and their offspring are confusing -but usually show more white on the breast -than the Blue Goose parent.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Like mammoth flakes of drifting snow</p> -<p class="t0">We see you come, we watch you go</p> -<p class="t0">We hear your call like trumpet’s blare</p> -<p class="t0">Which guides the flock in upper air.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c5">Common Mallard -<br /><i>Anas platyrhynchos</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="460" height="499" /> -</div> -<p>The Mallard drake with green head, purple -chestnut breast, reddish feet, white collar, black -and white tail with a curled feather, combine -to make a colorful duck. The female, more in -keeping with her motherly duties, is content to -wear a trim suit of buffy gray, streaked with -brown. The orange to greenish-olive bill and -pale orange-red feet give perfect clues to her -identity.</p> -<p>Any pond, puddle, lake or stream is not overlooked -by this bird and he is especially fond of -shallow water where he can secure food by tipping -up and extending his neck to muddy bottoms. -These ducks are good divers but if not -closely pressed, seem to dive only for pleasure.</p> -<p>The Mallard is not a good father, but leaves -his mate soon after she has started to incubate -her eggs. Her nest is well hidden and often -found some distance from water. Her downy -young soon can travel and the proud mother -leads them to the nearest body of water as soon -as possible. These trips are hazardous, for predators -relish such dainty morsels. Turtles and -fish also take their toll.</p> -<p>Hunters look forward to the fall flight of -these ducks for they furnish a major portion -of the annual duck harvest. They soon learn -that guns are dangerous and often feed at night.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Oh, green-head, with your yellow bill,</p> -<p class="t0">Your rapid flight gives us a thrill</p> -<p class="t0">And when we hear your mate’s loud quack</p> -<p class="t0">We’re always glad that you are back.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<h3 id="c6">Turkey Vulture -<br /><i>Cathartes aura</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="426" height="588" /> -</div> -<p>Vultures play an unusual part in nature’s -drama. They, along with Sexton Beetles, other -insects and animals, form the sanitary unit. -When we consider the heavy toll of wildlife -along our highways, we can appreciate the usefulness -of such a unit. Lacking talons, vultures -are not equipped to catch their prey, but feed -on whatever nature provides.</p> -<p>This vulture is almost eagle size, with a wingspread -of 70 inches and can be identified by his -long tail, small head, 2-toned wings, and habit -of soaring, the wings forming a dihedral or open -V-shape. On close inspection, you will find the -head bare and a reddish color. The young have -blackish heads which is one of the marks of the -Black Vulture, but the latter is smaller with a -square tail and shows white spots under the -wing when flying. This is a southern cousin.</p> -<p>No other land bird soars so gracefully. Every -air current carries this bird with little effort on -his part. From high in the air, he scans vast -areas for food, not forgetting to check his neighbors -who are riding other currents in like manner. -When one bird descends, every vulture in -the air soon joins him.</p> -<p>Whether you call him “Turkey Buzzard, Carrion -Crow or Turkey Vulture,” you will admire -his flight.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Black omen floating far o’erhead,</p> -<p class="t0">Your mission, to remove the dead.</p> -<p class="t0">A useful bird, we must agree</p> -<p class="t0">Whate’er the cost, you’ve earned your fee.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c7">Red-tailed Hawk -<br /><i>Buteo jamaicensis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p02d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="420" height="636" /> -</div> -<p>Red-tails, like other hawks, show a great -variation in plumage. The dark phase of a -Western Red-tail compares favorably with the -plumage of an adult Golden Eagle, but the -smaller size and the reddish upper tail surface -which reflects the sun as the bird soars, furnishes -the clue. Typical plumage shows a dark -belly-band with bright, reddish upper tail, while -some birds show a light breast and belly.</p> -<p>This bird prefers open woodlands or a dead -tree with fields adjoining. There he may sit for -hours, but ever watchful for some movement -which might indicate the presence of a gopher, -field mouse, rat or even a snake. All add to his -varied menu. Rodents soon become pests when -these hawks are scarce. This bird often is killed -by farmers and poultry raisers when the real -culprit, the Cooper’s Hawk, lives on to enjoy -the flock.</p> -<p>The Red-tail’s size and habit of perching in -exposed places make him a ready target for -anyone who carries a gun. Slow flight combined -with his habit of soaring also add to his high -death rate.</p> -<p>He adds a few sprigs of green foliage to the -mass of sticks, which goes to make his nest, -usually placed in a tall tree near the edge of -timber.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Your great broad wings, red, fan-shaped tail,</p> -<p class="t0">The ease and power with which you sail,</p> -<p class="t0">We recognize a noble clan</p> -<p class="t0">Which spends its life in helping man.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<h3 id="c8">Sparrow Hawk -<br /><i>Falco sparverius</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="450" height="448" /> -</div> -<p>This little falcon, about the size of a Robin, -is also known as Kestrel. Calling him a Sparrow-hawk -is misleading, for insects and spiders, -along with a generous portion of mice, go to -make up his daily fare. Grasshoppers seem to -be a special delicacy. Like other birds, he feeds -on whatever is available. In cities, this includes -English Sparrows.</p> -<p>The smallest of the hawk family can be found -along highways where he uses telephone poles, -wires or dead trees, while scanning the fields -and fence rows for prey. Dressed in colorful -plumage with spotted breast, slate-blue wings, -red-brown back and tail, with head showing 2 -black lines and a dot, he easily is seen and -readily identified. The female is slightly larger, -shows more banding on the tail and lacks the -blue wings, hers being browner.</p> -<p>These birds nest in holes in trees or around -buildings and join the Kingbirds, Chimney -Swifts and Martins in chasing other predators -out of the neighborhood. Their rapid swallow-like -flight makes them a mean contender in -any aerial joust.</p> -<p>The Sparrow Hawk ranges as far north as -Southern Canada and winters from the central -states south into South America.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Your high-pitched call,</p> -<p class="t0">Your rapid flight,</p> -<p class="t0">A friend to man,</p> -<p class="t0">From dawn ’til night.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c9">Prairie Chicken -<br /><i>Tympanuchus cupido</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="468" height="452" /> -</div> -<p>Those who live near prairies and brushy -grasslands have a chance to become acquainted -with this brown hen-like bird which formerly -ranged over much of the middle west. Cultivation -and hunters have reduced the numbers until -they no longer are common. The large size, -the short, dark, rounded tail, the heavily barred -underparts, the rounded wings, all are descriptive -of this bird. In flight he reminds you of -king-size Meadow Larks, flapping then sailing, -as he journeys to and from favorite feeding -grounds.</p> -<p>In early spring these birds gather in a selected -location known as a “booming ground”; -there the males defend a certain area against -other males, yet welcome the hens by strutting, -inflating their yellow throat sacks and erecting -the feathers over their heads until they resemble -ears. These antics are accompanied by clucks -and a series of 3-noted hoots which make up -their love songs. The males often engage in -fighting to protect their area.</p> -<p>Their food includes insects such as crickets, -grasshoppers and beetles with plenty of roughage -such as leaves, seeds and berries. Waste -corn, wheat, rye or sorghums are relished in -season. Heavy snows drive the birds to sumacs -and elm buds.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">We hear your call in early morn</p> -<p class="t0">Like measured toots on mellow horn,</p> -<p class="t0">We watch your rhythmic flap ... then sail</p> -<p class="t0">As you descend from hill to vale.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<h3 id="c10">American Coot -<br /><i>Fulica americana</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="364" height="567" /> -</div> -<p>This slate-gray bird with white bill and white -patch under the tail, belongs to the rail family -but spends more time with ducks. He swims -with a jerky motion of the head, dives like a -grebe, walks out on the shore and eats grass like -a goose. Yes, the “mudhen,” for that is what he -is commonly called, is quite versatile. When taking -flight, he either runs into the breeze or skitters -across the water for a short distance until -he can gain sufficient speed to gain altitude, -then away to safety.</p> -<p>Coots feed largely on underwater vegetation -and prefer algae or musk grass. Small fish or -other aquatic animals are eaten on occasion -while grass, grain or weeds are not overlooked. -When diving for food, these birds often are -robbed by the American Widgeon, or Baldpate, -which relishes such juicy morsels but does not -dive. Coots take such invasions as a matter of -course.</p> -<p>They build nests of dried leaves of marsh -plants, usually on a floating structure, either -well hidden or rather open, depending on the -habitat available.</p> -<p>Coots have large, greenish feet, with long-lobed -toes, not webbed like ducks or geese, but -just as useful for walking or swimming.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He feels at home</p> -<p class="t0">Where’er he goes</p> -<p class="t0">But likes a pond</p> -<p class="t0">Where algae grows.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c11">Killdeer -<br /><i>Charadrius vociferus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p03d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="464" height="533" /> -</div> -<p>The killdeer is the common plover which we -see in pastures, meadows, fields or on shores of -ponds and lakes. Freshly mown alfalfa fields, -short grass or stubble, even newly plowed fields -attract them. They gather in loose flocks to feed -on exposed insects or worms. Their usual pace -consists of a short run, a quick stop to check for -some juicy morsel, then another short run. All -stops are accompanied by a jerky movement as -if undecided whether to spring into the air or -stay on the ground. Even the spindly legged -young have this bobbing habit.</p> -<p>This bird is only a little bigger than the Robin, -but longer legs and tail make him appear larger. -White collar with 2 black bands across the -lower neck and upper breast, chestnut back and -tail, white lines in the wings in flight, all make -this plover easily identified. If there is any doubt -you will soon hear his “kill-dee,” or “kill-deer” -notes, for he is a noisy bird, quick to resent any -intrusion in his territory. These calls alert other -birds, much to the disgust of duck hunters who -are trying to make a quiet approach to their -blinds.</p> -<p>Nests are placed in open spots on the ground -and lined with pebbles or grasses. Eggs are -protectively colored and not easily found.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Two black bands, on breast so white</p> -<p class="t0">Rusty tail, which shows in flight,</p> -<p class="t0">That you would kill a deer’s absurd</p> -<p class="t0">But that is what you say, I’ve heard.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<h3 id="c12">Spotted Sandpiper -<br /><i>Actitis macularia</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="401" height="418" /> -</div> -<p>Any pond, lake or stream will be visited -sooner or later by these little sandpipers. You -find them teetering along shores, picking up -insects and small crustacea which form the -diet. Mud banks, sandy shores, pebbly mountain -streams, half-sunken logs, all furnish happy -hunting grounds.</p> -<p>The teetering tail is distinctive and no other -sandpiper has the round black spots on his -breast and none has the fluttering flight. They -seem to tip-toe thru the air with very short -wingbeats. Young and adults in winter plumage -do not show the spots but continue to teeter. -They often show a white spot just above the -bend of the wing when in this plumage. Their -usual note is a 2-tone “peet-weet,” which it -utters when flushed from its feeding ground.</p> -<p>These birds nest in a variety of places, sometimes -well hidden but often in more open situations -but always in a slight depression in the -ground. Their 4 eggs are protectively colored -and are sometimes found some distance from -water. The young teeter to the closest stream, -led by the ever-watchful mother. There you will -find them busily engaged in gathering food. -They can swim or even dive, if necessary.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Wee wader with the spotted breast</p> -<p class="t0">We wonder if you ever rest,</p> -<p class="t0">“Peet-weet,” is what you seem to say</p> -<p class="t0">As you go bobbing on your way.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c13">Black Tern -<br /><i>Chlidonias niger</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="354" height="595" /> -</div> -<p>This tern is distinctive, especially in summer -plumage when the black head and body, short, -slightly notched tail, slate-gray wings, combined -with the erratic flight, tells us it has to -be a Black Tern. In winter plumage these birds -have white heads and bodies with backs and -wings darker than other terns. They show dark -spots around the eyes and back of neck. In fall -migration you find birds of this species in various -stages of dress, but there are usually a few -which carry enough black to give a clue to their -identity.</p> -<p>They nest in inland marshes and around lakes, -forming loose colonies on favorite nesting sites. -Floating vegetation, muskrat houses, in fact -most any structure strong enough to support a -nest is used.</p> -<p>Black Terns feed on larger insects such as -moths, grasshoppers, dragonflies and water insects -which they obtain from the air or by gliding -down and picking them from the water. -They can be seen flying over the fields like -swallows or nighthawks, feeding as they go. -When flying over lakes, they often hover then -glide to the surface for minnows or insects.</p> -<p>These terns spend the winter in South America -and migrate earlier than some species. They -also arrive later from their winter homes.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">What are those birds, we’d like to know,</p> -<p class="t0">Which fly like swallows, black as crow?</p> -<p class="t0">Twisting, turning, then a glide,</p> -<p class="t0">To pluck some morsel which they’ve spied.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<h3 id="c14">Mourning Dove -<br /><i>Zenaidura macroura</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="403" height="499" /> -</div> -<p>There is something about a dove which makes -you want to know him better. Could it be his -low mournful call? (And why do we call it -mournful? Someone described it in that manner, -and while it is not as colorful as other bird -notes, it has a restful and pleasing quality.) -Could it be the graceful flight which shows the -pointed tail with the white trimming? Could it -be dainty steps which seem to fit his personality? -Perhaps the way he drinks by inserting his -bill and swallowing water until he has his fill. -It might be the way he builds his nest: no time -wasted when this bird constructs a home. It -might even be the way he jerks his head, as if -trying to get a better focus on the sights of the -world.</p> -<p>Some call him brown; if so, where did we get -the description, “dove colored”? In good light, -the head and neck have a rich sheen which -blends with the rest of the body. All in all, he -is a beautiful bird.</p> -<p>He nests in almost any spot which suits -his fancy, on the ground, in evergreens, around -buildings, well out on a limb or in the crotch of -a tree, but always in a loosely constructed home, -unless he takes over some well constructed -nest, made by others.</p> -<p>His food consists mostly of weed seeds.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Altho you make a mournful sound</p> -<p class="t0">We’re glad to know that you’re around.</p> -<p class="t0">We like your shy confiding way</p> -<p class="t0">And only hope you’re here to stay.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c15">Yellow-billed Cuckoo -<br /><i>Coccyzus americanus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p04d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="418" height="577" /> -</div> -<p>This slim, long-tailed bird is far more common -than people suspect for he seldom is seen. -He prefers to move slowly thru the heavy foliage, -peering under each branch and leaf for -the leaf-eating worms which form his diet. -Wooly worms, which other birds seem to shun, -are relished by him. His long bill is a perfect -tool for breaking into webs where he creates -havoc with the wiggly inhabitants.</p> -<p>Cuckoos are larger than Robins and their long -tails make them look even longer than the 12¼ -inches which they measure. They fly directly -from the center of one tree to the next, thus -giving us a chance to check the rufous coloring -of the wings and the large white spots on the -ends of their black tails. The back is dark gray -while the breast and belly are white. The yellow -lower bill, the rufous wings and larger white -spots on the tail are the main difference between -this and the slightly smaller Black-billed -Cuckoo. Both have a series of clucking notes -but the Yellow-billed Cuckoo song gets slower, -then runs down the scale, different from his -relative’s long efforts.</p> -<p>Unlike the Old-World cuckoos which depend -on other birds to rear their young, the Yellow-billed -builds a nest, altho it is flimsy. There, the -3 or 4 young get their start in life.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Slow moving, with a watchful eye,</p> -<p class="t0">Straight as an arrow, when you fly,</p> -<p class="t0">You’re seldom seen, but often heard,</p> -<p class="t0">Elusive for so large a bird.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div> -<h3 id="c16">Screech Owl -<br /><i>Otus asio</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="312" height="608" /> -</div> -<p>The Screech Owl is the smallest of the eared -owls, about robin size. In fact he often nests -in holes built by larger woodpeckers such as -flickers. Like other owls, he hunts at night when -his quavering call blends with the murmur of -the night breeze. Mice, shrews, beetles, moths, -crayfish, frogs and small birds seem to furnish -a well-rounded diet.</p> -<p>These small owls have 2 distinct color phases, -one a rich brown, the other a soft gray. Both -blend with the bark of trees thus giving them -protection. This is one of the mysteries of the -bird world. Just why do these owls wear different -colors? Both colors are often found in the -same brood.</p> -<p>Even tho small, they give a good account of -themselves and soon let you know when they -have young in the vicinity. The parents defend -their young against all comers and often surprise -innocent persons who may stroll too close -to the young only to be attacked by the irate -parents.</p> -<p>This bird prefers open woodlands, orchards -and clearings and often spends the day in the -same cavities which are used for nesting. Some -even spend the day in evergreens, but soon -attract the attention of other birds which hate -all owls and soon make their feelings known.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Mysterious birds</p> -<p class="t0">In every way,</p> -<p class="t0">Sometimes they’re brown,</p> -<p class="t0">Sometimes they’re gray.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c17">Nighthawk -<br /><i>Chordeiles minor</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="466" height="522" /> -</div> -<p>He’s not a hawk, but like other members of -the Goatsucker family, often feeds at night. This -gray-brown, robin size bird with white bars -across the wings, often is called a “bull-bat.” -Early morning and late evenings seem to be -favorite feeding times for then insects on which -he feeds, are on the wing. During the day you -will find him sitting horizontally on some sheltered -limb, his colors blending perfectly. He -looks more like a knot or broken stub than a -bird. He leaves his resting place with a glide -and then goes into his distinctive flight.</p> -<p>The Nighthawk often ascends high in the sky -with a series of quick wing beats, each accompanied -by his call of a nasal “peent.” When the -desired height is attained, he folds his wings -slightly and dives with a booming sound. This -is a part of the breeding display.</p> -<p>Nests are no problem, for this bird prefers -a graveled flat roof or some similar open space -where a slight depression furnishes ample protection -for the eggs. The mother shelters her -eggs and young from the blistering sun which -beats down.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">We watch your flight on white-barred wing</p> -<p class="t0">And hear the notes, you try to sing,</p> -<p class="t0">But there’s one thing, we’d hate to try</p> -<p class="t0">Your way of diving from the sky.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h3 id="c18">Chimney Swift -<br /><i>Chaetura pelagica</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="421" height="577" /> -</div> -<p>Unlike swallows which bend their wings, this -bird holds his wings straight, but the natural -curve gives the appearance of a bow. The long -wings make him appear larger than the small -sparrow size which he attains. This sooty-black -swift is the only member of his family which -visits the eastern part of America and since he -has adopted chimneys as his favorite nesting -and roosting sites, he is not hard to find.</p> -<p>Few birds seem so perfectly fitted for living -in the air and except when nesting or roosting, -there is where he will be found. When flying, -he looks almost like a bird without head or tail -but if you will examine him closely you will find -a short tail with spines which combined with -his sharp claws, help anchor him to the flat inner -surface of chimneys. Nests consist of small -twigs which he snaps off the end of some dead -limb while flying by, then glues to the chimney -with saliva. This does not make an imposing -structure, but is ample for safety of eggs and -young.</p> -<p>The swift is a fast flier and combines long -circular glides with quick wing beats and sharp -turns, this erratic flight accompanied by a series -of sharp, clicking notes which aids in identification. -While drinking or bathing each bird glides -down, each hitting the water in turn.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">“Cigar with wings,”</p> -<p class="t0">You hear folks say,</p> -<p class="t0">As he darts past</p> -<p class="t0">On summer’s day.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c19">Ruby-throated Hummingbird -<br /><i>Archilochus colubris</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p05d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="449" height="394" /> -</div> -<p>This, the smallest bird found in the area, can -be confused only with large moths such as the -sphinx or hawk moths. Both the moths and -hummingbirds like to feed on deep-throated -flowers such as honeysuckles, petunias and -trumpet-vines but the moths prefer late evening -or early morning while the hummer never -passes up a chance to explore such flowers with -his long brush-like tongue with which he gathers -nectar. This combined with small insects -and spiders goes to make up his diet. Brightly -colored phials filled with sugar water will attract -him to your yard.</p> -<p>Hummingbirds are among the best fliers of -the bird world and can hover, fly backward or -forward or straight away, whatever meets their -fancy. The male has a green back and in some -lights the throat patch looks black only to flash -ruby red when the bird changes position so the -light is reflected. The female is duller and has -white feather tips on the tail.</p> -<p>The female builds one of the daintiest of nests -on top of some sloping branch, using lichens and -spider web to attach the cup to the limb. This -little nest which is only 1½ inches in diameter -is not often found for it has the appearance of -being only a part of the branch. Two young constitute -the usual family.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A little jewel</p> -<p class="t0">With buzzy wings,</p> -<p class="t0">He only squeaks</p> -<p class="t0">Whene’er he sings.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div> -<h3 id="c20">Belted Kingfisher -<br /><i>Megaceryle alcyon</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="434" height="438" /> -</div> -<p>Rarely in the bird world, is the female more -colorful than the male. The Belted Kingfisher -is one example, for the female sports brown -flanks and breastband in addition to the blue-gray -belt worn by her mate. These birds, larger -than Robins, can be confused only with the Blue -Jay; however, their plumage is blue-gray. Near -creeks, ponds, lakes or other bodies of water -they may be seen flying low over the water or -hovering momentarily before plunging after -some minnow, crayfish or other food which has -attracted their attention. They have choice -perches over the water and fly from one spot to -another, always on the lookout for unwary prey. -They are rather solitary in habits, each pair -defending its territory against all comers.</p> -<p>The large head and beak, uneven crest, habit -of flapping and sailing, the series of call notes -often referred to as a rattle, are distinctly kingfisher. -Nesting holes are dug in steep banks and -extend several feet before ending in an enlarged -space which holds the eggs and young. Both -birds help with the digging using their strong -bills to loosen the dirt and their flatly constructed -feet to kick it out.</p> -<p>Kingfishers eat small fry which abound in -such numbers that a natural check is desirable.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Up and down</p> -<p class="t0">The creek he goes.</p> -<p class="t0">With rattled call</p> -<p class="t0">To warn his foes.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c21">Downy Woodpecker -<br /><i>Dendrocopos pubescens</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="299" height="488" /> -</div> -<p>The sparrow-size Downy Woodpecker resembles -his robin-size cousin, the Hairy Woodpecker, -but his notes are a little softer and his -tapping a little faster for his short bill can produce -no such wallop as the heavy-billed Hairy. -The outer tail feathers are barred, instead of -the black and white pattern of the latter. Both -males show a red spot on the nape which is lacking -on the females. General coloring is black -and white.</p> -<p>While this friendly little woodpecker relishes -suet, he does not let his visits to your feeder -interfere with his constant search for the larvae -which he finds in galls, cornstalks, weed stems -or the bark of trees. He makes a small opening -into the tunnel where the larvae are hiding, -then inserts his long tongue and spears the -worm. Nature has provided him with a barbed -spear on his long tongue and he uses it constantly -in protecting our trees.</p> -<p>Spring brings much activity for a nesting -site must be found, then the labor of digging a -cavity from 8 to 12 inches deep in a post, dead -limb or tree trunk. The home may be near the -ground or high in some tree and often is found -with the entrance beneath a limb. There the -young are protected until they can join their -parents in their search for insects.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">It seems absurd for such a bird</p> -<p class="t0">To work so hard, we know</p> -<p class="t0">But every worm must learn to turn</p> -<p class="t0">If he expects to grow.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<h3 id="c22">Eastern Kingbird -<br /><i>Tyrannus tyrannus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="394" height="615" /> -</div> -<p>The Eastern Kingbird, altho slightly smaller -than a Robin, is “monarch of all he surveys,” -and is ready and willing to defend his territory -against all comers. His happiest moments seem -to be spent in chasing hawks, crows, herons or -vultures and he is the first to see their approach -and give the alarm. Then, like a fighter-plane, -he speeds high in the air and dives on the intruder. -Such aerial attacks are of short duration -for the larger bird soon escapes to a safer -location. He then drops back to his favorite -perch, often using such quick wing-beats that -he seems to be tip-toeing thru the air.</p> -<p>This flycatcher with his white breast, dark -head, back and wings, and black tail with white -terminal band, is identified easily. He likes to -nest around farm homes or other open country -but wants a few open spots where he can perch -while waiting for passing insects. People who -raise bees often refer to him as a “bee-martin,” -and accuse him of eating honeybees. There is -little ground for this accusation for only 22 -stomachs of 634 examined showed a total of 61 -bees eaten and 51 of the total were drones. On -the other hand, this bird eats robber flies which -catch and destroy bees. Eighty-five per cent -of his food consists of insects which includes -grasshoppers, crickets and cutworms.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He tiptoes thru the ozone</p> -<p class="t0">Demure in black and white,</p> -<p class="t0">Let other birds take warning</p> -<p class="t0">For he is dynamite.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c23">Eastern Phoebe -<br /><i>Sayornis phoebe</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p06d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="413" height="571" /> -</div> -<p>Unlike many of the flycatchers, this bird -which is only a little larger than the English -Sparrow, is easily identified. His black bill, lack -of wing bars or eye ring is distinctive but his -habit of jerking or waving his tail is conclusive. -The habit of repeating his name over and over -in a low but emphatic tone gives little doubt of -his presence. Some people might confuse this -call with the high notes of the Black-capped -Chickadee but when once learned there is little -resemblance.</p> -<p>The Phoebe is one of the hardiest of his clan, -often wintering in the southern portion of its -nesting range and returning in spring so early -that we often wonder how he can find sufficient -flying insects to sustain life.</p> -<p>The Phoebe likes to place his well-built nest -under some sort of a shelter. Any overhanging -cliff, under bridges, even rafters or window sills -are not overlooked as long as some projecting -surface furnishes a place to start the foundation. -Mud and moss are the main materials used -for building and this bird knows that such a -nest will not stand too much rough weather.</p> -<p>Two broods usually are raised during the -summer and it takes a lot of small flying insects -to keep these healthy youngsters happy, so you -are lucky if he decides to be your neighbor.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">’Neath bridges or on sheltered walls</p> -<p class="t0">They like to build their nests,</p> -<p class="t0">Then sally forth to catch the bugs</p> -<p class="t0">Which we consider pests.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<h3 id="c24">Horned Lark -<br /><i>Eremophila alpestris</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="437" height="457" /> -</div> -<p>A sparrow-size bird with black tail, which -flushes from the road while you travel along, -is the Horned Lark. When you travel slower -you will find that he walks when he moves -around, never hopping like birds which prefer -trees. Other marks to look for are a black -crown, black line extending from the beak, -curving back and down over the cheek and a -black patch below the white or yellow throat. -A white or yellow line, depending on the subspecies -of the bird you see, separates the crown -from the black facial pattern. The horns, from -which the bird gets his name, consist of 2 tufts -of feathers extending up from the crown, but -sometimes are hard to see. Body color is brownish -above with light belly.</p> -<p>Horned Larks prefer short-grass country with -barren hills or other open spots such as the -sandy shoulders of highways. There you will -find them walking or running in their search -for small seeds or insects. When snow covers -the ground they flock to the highways where -graders and snowplows have removed the icy -covering.</p> -<p>This, our only true lark, nests early in spring -when late snows make life hazardous. Then you -will hear his twittering call as it floats in on the -chilly breeze.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">On barren ground or highway</p> -<p class="t0">He walks with dainty step,</p> -<p class="t0">He dines on seeds and insects</p> -<p class="t0">That’s why he’s full of pep.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c25">Barn Swallow -<br /><i>Hirundo rustica</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="414" height="534" /> -</div> -<p>This friendly bird discovered long ago that -barns or sheds made excellent cover for its -adobe nest and now you often will find from one -to several of these mud structures neatly plastered -on the beams of buildings. This is a happy -arrangement for both the tenant and landlord, -for the swallow more than pays the rent on the -space used, not in cash but in the thousands of -insects which make up his food. The swallow -gets whatever protection is offered.</p> -<p>A Barn Swallow is identified easily. No other -swallow has the steel-blue back, the brown -spot above the bill with brown throat and belly -nor the deeply forked tail showing white beneath. -Another good field mark is the way he -flies with wings bent so the long pointed primaries -point back. He is a swift but erratic flier -and it is a pleasure to watch him as he darts -across a field, pond or pasture, searching for -flying insects.</p> -<p>His song is a series of twittering notes, rather -musical and when once learned will be easily -remembered. Many of the notes have a liquid -or bubbling sound which is distinctive.</p> -<p>Two broods of 4 or 5 young usually are raised -during the summer. Fall brings huge but loose -flocks, headed south and feeding as they go, all -headed for South America for the winter.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">The tiny space</p> -<p class="t0">Required by you,</p> -<p class="t0">Seems little pay</p> -<p class="t0">For what you do.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div> -<h3 id="c26">Purple Martin -<br /><i>Progne subis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="426" height="517" /> -</div> -<p>This, the largest member of the swallow family, -has adopted the many-roomed apartments -which man is glad to furnish. For there are few -people who do not take pleasure in watching -the graceful flight of this bird as he flaps and -sails above your trees. His low-pitched, gurgling -notes help to identify him.</p> -<p>They arrive from their winter homes rather -early in spring and often are heard or seen by -the latter part of March. Heavy mortality can -result when late snows or icy rains cut down -the quota of flying insects which are his food. -As soon as family cares are over, they gather -in huge flocks and soon leave for their winter -home in South America. They usually are gone -by the last of August.</p> -<p>The male is entirely blue-black which may -look purple in some lights, while the female and -young birds show lighter breasts with duller -head and back.</p> -<p>A Purple Martin is a social bird and likes to -nest in colonies. A series of gourds, boxes or -a fancy many-roomed martin house all seem -to offer an equal appeal to this bird; however, -he prefers they be placed on a pole well above -the ground and in an open space where he can -come and go without dodging limbs. A pond or -lake in the neighborhood is desirable.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He flaps and sails,</p> -<p class="t0">Goes here and there</p> -<p class="t0">To catch the bugs....</p> -<p class="t0">His daily fare.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c27">Blue Jay -<br /><i>Cyanocitta cristata</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p07d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="444" height="368" /> -</div> -<p>You may admire him greatly or hate him intensely. -It depends on what he is doing when -you form your opinion. A flock of these blue -and white birds with large crests and black -chin-straps, add color and cheer as they pass -thru the timber. They often are conversing in -a series of soft musical tones which are pleasing -to the ear when all is serene. Moments later -they discover a sleeping owl, cat or snake and -the flock changes into a group of loud-mouthed -bullies. Such is the way of a Blue Jay.</p> -<p>During the nesting season, this bird which is -larger than a Robin, shows the darker side of -his character, for then he destroys the homes -of many nesting birds, eating both eggs and -young of the smaller species. You can hate him -and all of his kin for such habits, but this is -nature and nature is never mild. Later you will -find him hiding pecans, acorns or sunflower -seeds under leaves, sticks or moss. Then you -will learn that he does a lot of good, for many -of these seeds are never eaten but grow into -new trees or bushes. It is just as natural for -Blue Jays to hide these acorns as it is for squirrels -to do the same thing. His alarm notes often -save animals and birds for they have learned -to heed his warning call.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He dresses like a dandy</p> -<p class="t0">With chin-strap from his crest....</p> -<p class="t0">Sometimes you must admire him,</p> -<p class="t0">At times he is a pest.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div> -<h3 id="c28">Common Crow -<br /><i>Corvus brachyrhynchos</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="480" height="448" /> -</div> -<p>In many areas there is no other with which -this 19-inch all-black bird could be confused. -His steady wing beat, his characteristic call of -“caw” or “ca-ah,” his flocking habits in fall and -winter help to identify him. Along the Atlantic -and Gulf shores, the smaller Fish Crow is found, -while on the western prairies the White-necked -Raven which is slightly larger, may be confused -with the Crow. Mountainous areas and seacoasts -also have the Common Raven, which is -much larger, but all show the color pattern of -the Common Crow. The last 3 birds have different -calls and all are more inclined to mix a lot -of sailing in their flight.</p> -<p>But what about the crow? We know he robs -nests of eggs and young, we know that he eats -corn, peanuts, pecans, in fact anything he can -lay his beak on, and he is cunning enough to -get his share. But do we give him credit for the -huge crop of grasshoppers, crickets, moths and -weed seeds he consumes? We may be blaming -him unduly, for many of his food habits are -beneficial.</p> -<p>In winter they gather in huge roosting flocks -and can be seen going to and from these roosts. -They co-operate with each other both in finding -food and seeking protection. Their system must -be admired for they are doing all right.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">We feel quite sure</p> -<p class="t0">That you all know</p> -<p class="t0">If he says “Caw”</p> -<p class="t0">He is a crow.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c29">Black-capped Chickadee -<br /><i>Parus atricapillus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="337" height="622" /> -</div> -<p>Altho smaller than a sparrow, this little bird -is hardy. He does not leave his summer home -and move to a warmer climate just to dodge -the snow and sleet. You will find him feeding -just as happily in a snowstorm as on a warm -spring day, always consuming small insects, -their eggs or larvae. Exploring the trunks of -trees, hanging upside down on the end of a -limb, or hunting larvae on tender leaves, it -makes no difference to this sharp-eyed bird. -Those of you who feed birds will find the chickadee -one of your friendliest customers, for he -relishes peanut butter, suet, sunflower seeds or -doughnuts and often gets tame enough to eat -from your hand.</p> -<p>He shows a whitish line on the edge of his -wing which is lacking on the slightly smaller -Carolina Chickadee which has a southern range. -The latter bird uses a 4-note call “fe-be-fe-bay,” -while the black-capped uses only “phe-be.” The -normal chick-a-de-de-de call of the black-capped -seems a little lower and slower than that of his -southern cousin.</p> -<p>Both birds nest in cavities in stumps or trees, -some being old nesting sites of the Downy -Woodpecker, while others are prepared by the -chickadees themselves. This seems quite a task -for so small a bird.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A friendly little urchin</p> -<p class="t0">With black on cap and chin.</p> -<p class="t0">He will become quite chummy</p> -<p class="t0">If you are kind to him.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<h3 id="c30">Tufted Titmouse -<br /><i>Parus bicolor</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="388" height="470" /> -</div> -<p>This sparrow-size cousin of the chickadee has -a tuft of feathers which gives him a striking -appearance. The tuft, nape, back, wings and -tail are slate gray, while the cheek, throat, -breast and belly are white with a pinkish-brown -patch just below the wing. Habits are similar -to chickadees and he often can be found feeding -in loose flocks with these and other small birds -such as Downy Woodpeckers, nuthatches and -Brown Creepers. Together they form a useful -team for what one species misses by his method -of feeding, one of the others will find by a -slightly different method.</p> -<p>They nest in holes in trees or even a bird box -to their liking. They are noisy birds and their -song is much louder and clearer than you would -expect to hear from such small singers. The -song consists of a series of whistled notes which -sound like “pet-er” or “pet-o,” the first note usually -slightly higher. Other notes remind you of -a Carolina Wren or a Kentucky Warbler but the -phrasing and tempo soon lead you to proper -identification.</p> -<p>A titmouse enjoys a well-stocked feeder and -is a nice neighbor for he enjoys singing and the -clear whistled notes add a touch of nature to a -cold winter day.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">How can a bird</p> -<p class="t0">As small as he</p> -<p class="t0">Sing half so loud?</p> -<p class="t0">We cannot see.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c31">Brown Creeper -<br /><i>Certhia familiaris</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p08d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="433" height="532" /> -</div> -<p>There is no other bird quite like the Brown -Creeper. He is well named for his brown plumage -with lighter stripes gives him perfect protection -as he climbs spirally up some rough-barked -tree. His curved bill, sharp claws and -long tail, all serve a distinct purpose in helping -him find his food. Hackberries or other rough-barked -trees serve as his hunting grounds and -there you will find him checking the cracks and -crevices as he starts from the base and works -upward, sometimes checking the larger limbs, -but often dropping down to the base of the next -tree after reaching the lower limbs. Insects, -their eggs and larvae form the major portion of -his diet but he will not spurn suet on your feeder.</p> -<p>Brown Creepers are found in this area only in -winter, when they can be found in loose flocks -along with kinglets, chickadees, nuthatches, -Downy Woodpeckers and titmice, all working -together to rid the trees of the insects which are -wintering there.</p> -<p>His note is a weak lisp which can be confused -only with the series of similar notes uttered by -the Golden-crowned Kinglet. He nests under a -strip of loose bark or occasionally in knotholes -or well-hidden spots around larger trees.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">His brown-striped coat</p> -<p class="t0">Is hard to see,</p> -<p class="t0">As he climbs spirally</p> -<p class="t0">Up your tree.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<h3 id="c32">House Wren -<br /><i>Troglodytes aëdon</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="292" height="524" /> -</div> -<p>Most Americans seem to have fallen in love -with the House Wren. It could not be his beauty -for he lacks the distinctive markings found on -other birds, even other wrens. Even in good light -you see only a small grayish-brown bird with -lighter underparts. It is surely not his size for -he is smaller than a sparrow. His song is a sort -of spontaneous outburst of notes which give -you more quantity than quality, with a liberal -helping of scolding notes, so it is not his vocal -efforts. He is not a good bird neighbor for he -often punctures the eggs of other nesting birds -in his area. It must be his independence that has -won him favor.</p> -<p>No other bird finds such an assortment of -nesting boxes, all sizes, shapes and colors, some -homemade, others purchased. Some he will use, -while others offer no attraction. He may pass up -a well-placed wren house to build in the pocket -of an old coat hung in a shed. He likes boxes 8 to -10 feet above ground, not hidden by limbs.</p> -<p>He prefers low shrubs, piles of brush or wood, -or even open spots in heavy timber, for there he -finds the insects and small spiders which form -the major part of his food. Most of his hunting -is either on or near the ground while nesting -sites are seldom above 12 feet. He runs to large -families and more than one brood is reared.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">His brownish hue, his bubbling song,</p> -<p class="t0">His impish little ways,</p> -<p class="t0">You like to have him ’round your home</p> -<p class="t0">To gladden summer days.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c33">Mockingbird -<br /><i>Mimus polyglottos</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="375" height="564" /> -</div> -<p>A trim, robin-size pale gray bird which shows -extensive white patches on the wings and outer -tail when in flight. These markings will identify -this bird in winter when you find him feeding on -whatever fruits or berries he can locate. He does -not choose to migrate when a good supply of red -cedar, bush honeysuckle, multiflora rose, persimmon, -bittersweet or other such seeds are -available. Raisins or currants will entice him to -your feeder but he is too big a bully to make a -good guest for he chases other birds away.</p> -<p>In summer he adds other little habits which -soon bring him to your attention. First, his -song, a medley of rich notes which include not -only his own song, but a mimicked version -of other songs and sounds which he has heard. -These are usually repeated 2 or 3 times and then -he goes to a new series, which may be harsh or -pleasing. His song has more variety of notes -than the Brown Thrasher or Catbird. He prefers -high perches when singing, such as aerials, -chimneys, windmills, trees, buildings or water -towers. He always is doing unusual things like -leaping into the air or going thru other antics -which show his well-marked plumage.</p> -<p>He likes to nest in arbors, shrubs or trees -which offer protection to his bulky home which -is often only a few feet above the ground.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">With clearest tone or rasping call,</p> -<p class="t0">With notes unheard in music hall</p> -<p class="t0">They form the mocker’s roundelay</p> -<p class="t0">On moonlight night or sunny day.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h3 id="c34">Catbird -<br /><i>Dumetella carolinensis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="268" height="511" /> -</div> -<p>This trim member of the mocker family leaves -no doubt as to his identity. No other bird has a -uniform slate-gray plumage with a black cap -and rusty brown under-tail coverts. It makes -little difference if you miss the rusty marking -under the tail, or even see the bird, for he soon -discloses his identity by his song. The normal -song consists of a series of musical phrases, well -seasoned with catlike mews, often heard coming -from some concealed perch in shrubs or low -bushes, for there is the favorite home of the -catbird.</p> -<p>Altho slightly smaller than a Robin, he consumes -many insects while waiting for the small -fruit and berries to ripen. Mulberries and wild -cherries are relished in season, while strawberries, -blackberries or grapes are not overlooked.</p> -<p>He prefers low shrubbery or vines for nesting -and builds rather a bulky structure of sticks, -twigs, paper, rags or leaves, lined with finer material. -Two broods during the summer keep the -parents busily engaged.</p> -<p>When trying to impress his mate, he often -fluffs his feathers out until he looks much larger, -sticks his head up with mouth open and struts -around like a clown. It is just a part of nature.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">In brushy thickets or some low tree</p> -<p class="t0">A slate-gray bird is what we see.</p> -<p class="t0">And oft we listen, wondering how</p> -<p class="t0">He can repeat the cat’s me-ow.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c35">Robin -<br /><i>Turdus migratorius</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p09d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="432" height="459" /> -</div> -<p>There is no reason to tell you this bird is robin-size -except that we would like you to remember -he is 10 inches long. This helps when making a -comparison with other birds. This medium-size -member of the thrush family makes himself at -home on your lawn, in your garden, pastures or -fields. There you will see his reddish breast, -dark head and back, all distinctive in sunlight -or shadow. Yes, you can spot a Robin anywhere. -The young have spotted breasts which is typical -of the thrush family.</p> -<p>Robins are early risers and start singing as -soon as the first faint glow shows the approach -of a new day. Robins do most of their feeding -on the ground. There you will see them making -a short run, then stop, look and listen. They -seem to be able to hear their prey, for you will -notice them digging worms and insects from -depths which would make them impossible to -see. These birds sometimes add small snakes, -minnows or frogs to their diet of worms, insects -and fruit. Hackberries, persimmons and -red cedar seeds help carry them thru the winter.</p> -<p>Robins often winter rather far north and are -one of the first migrants to make an appearance -in spring.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Your travels bring you wide acclaim</p> -<p class="t0">For everyone can call your name.</p> -<p class="t0">They count the days ’til you appear</p> -<p class="t0">For then they feel that spring is near.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div> -<h3 id="c36">Eastern Bluebird -<br /><i>Sialia sialis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="394" height="480" /> -</div> -<p>This small thrush, only slightly larger than an -English Sparrow, is held in high esteem by those -who have made his acquaintance. Unlike the -Hermit and Wood Thrushes which sing in the -seclusion of deep forests, the Bluebird prefers -open country with scattered trees. Old apple orchards -make choice locations for usually they -have a number of old woodpecker holes for -nests.</p> -<p>Unlike most thrushes, he is not noted for his -song, however his frequently heard “tur-wee,” -gives a restful assurance that all is well. The -male has bright blue upper parts with reddish-brown -breast. The female is duller with only the -wings and tail showing blue with duller brown -breast. The young have spotted breasts like -others of the thrush family.</p> -<p>Bluebird houses will help bring this bird to -your community but remember that the opening -should be smaller than 1½ inches which will -admit Starlings, while low sites such as fence -posts discourage the English Sparrow. These -birds cover a large area in their search for food -so houses should be spaced accordingly.</p> -<p>Grasshoppers, crickets, cutworms and other -insects form a major portion of the food while -small fruits and berries also are relished. Like -the Robin, he often spends his winters with us.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A little bit of heaven</p> -<p class="t0">Seems a part of your array,</p> -<p class="t0">So blue above with brownish breast</p> -<p class="t0">How can you dress so gay?</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c37">Golden-crowned Kinglet -<br /><i>Regulus satrapa</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="379" height="418" /> -</div> -<p>Energetic little birds, smaller than House -Wrens, the Golden-crowned Kinglets spend the -winter busily engaged in searching the twigs -and branches for insect eggs or larvae. There -they join mixed flocks of chickadees, Brown -Creepers, nuthatches and Downy Woodpeckers, -all working together to protect our trees. He is -easily identified for he has the habit of flicking -his wings as he moves thru the branches. His -short, slightly forked tail, white line over the -eye, distinct wing bars, all seem dull when compared -to the golden crown, edged with black. -This gives an artistic touch to his olive-gray -plumage. The female shows a yellowish crown. -The only bird with which he can be confused is -the Ruby-crowned Kinglet which shows a distinct -eye ring. He flashes his ruby crown only -when excited.</p> -<p>Like the Brown Creeper, this bird has a faint -lisping call which usually is given in a series of -from one to 3 notes, not the single note of the -creeper.</p> -<p>They often feed in low bushes or shrubs, -sometimes on the ground and seem to have little -fear of man and will permit a close inspection. -When feeding high in the trees, their small -size gives you a clue to their identity.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Oh, little king with crown of gold</p> -<p class="t0">How do you stand the winter’s cold?</p> -<p class="t0">If I were small as you, I know</p> -<p class="t0">I’d travel south and miss the snow.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<h3 id="c38">Loggerhead Shrike -<br /><i>Lanius ludovicianus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="420" height="428" /> -</div> -<p>A gray bird with a black mask over the eyes, -black wings which show a white patch when -flying, and a black tail with white margins, all -help identify this shrike. His head seems large -when compared to his trim body, he has a -hooked beak, the under plumage is white. If -there is any doubt, watch him fly from one perch -to another. He drops down near the ground, -flies rapidly and then zooms up to his next location. -Another habit is flicking his tail like a -Phoebe when he alights.</p> -<p>This bird likes open fields, pastures, grassy or -weedy grounds with handy perches where he -can get a good view of his surroundings. He has -good eyes and any small snake, mouse or grasshopper -will cause him to investigate. He often -hovers before striking and catches his prey with -his strong beak, for his feet are not equipped -with heavy claws like most predators. This also -makes it necessary for him to impale his prey -on thorns, barbed wire or some other pointed -object where he can cut it with his sharp bill.</p> -<p>Shrikes seem to prefer thorny trees for nesting, -but will use whatever is available. Most -nests are rather low and are bulky structures.</p> -<p>These birds kill more food than they consume -and would be held in better repute except for -the habit of killing other birds.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A “butcher-bird,” you hear folks say</p> -<p class="t0">For you use thorns to hang your prey.</p> -<p class="t0">Now we don’t mind, your catching mice,</p> -<p class="t0">But killing songbirds isn’t nice.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c39">Starling -<br /><i>Sturnus vulgaris</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p10d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="456" height="473" /> -</div> -<p>Previous to 1890, this bird was unknown in -America. Then a few pairs were released in New -York City and now look at them! Starlings are -everywhere. When walking around your yard -or field he appears to be black with a short tail, -pointed wings and a sharp pointed beak which -is yellow in summer and brownish-black in winter. -On closer inspection you will find that he -is a little smaller than a Robin, greenish with -speckled plumage in fall and winter, which develops -into greenish-purple in spring. In flight -he flaps and sails much like a Meadowlark but -his short tail and wing pattern are distinctive. -The young are brownish with lighter throats.</p> -<p>Many of the Starling’s feeding habits are -beneficial for he eats many worms and insects -which he finds by turning over leaves or probing -with his sharp bill. The fact that he likes fruit -on occasion is not in his favor for he likes to -travel in flocks and it takes a lot of fruit to feed -a flock of Starlings.</p> -<p>Starlings have not learned to migrate and -large flocks often gather about buildings to -roost, and what noisy, dirty lodgers they are. -Perhaps the worst habit is that of taking over -all the available nesting sites before our native -birds arrive in spring. Every hole, crack or -cranny is occupied, so where are they to go?</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">When foreigners invade our land</p> -<p class="t0">They sometimes get clear out of hand.</p> -<p class="t0">So leave them all where they belong</p> -<p class="t0">And then you’ll know they’ll do no wrong.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<h3 id="c40">Red-eyed Vireo -<br /><i>Vireo olivaceus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="406" height="440" /> -</div> -<p>Unlike some of his relatives which prefer low -bushes and shrubs, the Red-eyed Vireo prefers -heavily-wooded areas. Where forests occur, he -is the commonest bird. Clearing of timber reduced -much of his habitat, but any grove of -trees will furnish a home for this species. His -numbers are limited only by the area of the -wooded section.</p> -<p>Vireos are more often heard than seen for -they feed slowly thru the tops of high trees, but -have an endless series of notes and sing during -the hot summer days when other birds seek -shelter. The song consists of a series of short -phrases sometimes rising, sometimes falling, as -if the bird were talking to himself, even answering -his own questions, with a distinct pause between. -Some of these notes have a robin or -tanager-like quality, but the repeated song soon -places the bird.</p> -<p>When you see this sparrow-size bird, you will -find that he has a clear white line over the eye, -bordered with black. This is his only outstanding -mark for he has no wing bars. His general -appearance is greenish-gray above, white below -with a greenish-yellow tinge on the sides -and flanks. His red eye is not distinct enough -to make a good field mark. His main diet consists -of leaf-eating worms.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">With others hushed</p> -<p class="t0">By summer’s sun</p> -<p class="t0">He still sings on</p> -<p class="t0">As tho ’twere fun.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c41">Myrtle Warbler -<br /><i>Dendroica coronata</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="429" height="449" /> -</div> -<p>The Myrtle Warbler is a member of a colorful -family of American birds most of which are -smaller than sparrows, have thin pointed bills, -are more active than vireos. They are often referred -to as the butterflies of the bird world. -The Myrtle Warbler is presented because he is -the first to arrive in spring, often before the -leaves arrive to hide him from view. This 5½-inch -bird has 4 yellow marks which will identify -him: the crown, rump and each side of the -breast. He appears darker than most warblers, -being blue-gray above, white below with black -marks across the breast and back beneath the -wings. The white throat and 2 white wing bars -offer contrast. Females and young lack the brilliant -markings of the male, but the yellow rump -patch will identify the birds. The white throat -distinguishes this from other warblers which -show a yellow rump.</p> -<p>This bird is a migrant since he prefers to nest -in the evergreens of Northern United States -and Canada. He feeds on insects and larvae -which infest our trees but captures many flying -insects when available. Often he winters farther -north than you would expect to find warblers -and then feeds on small berries. Myrtle or bayberries -are a favorite food and the name of the -bird indicates its fondness for these berries.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">The first to greet us in the spring,</p> -<p class="t0">The last to leave in the fall,</p> -<p class="t0">Four yellow spots before your eyes</p> -<p class="t0">Is proof he’s paid a call.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<h3 id="c42">Yellowthroat -<br /><i>Geothlypis trichas</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="343" height="485" /> -</div> -<p>The adult male of this species wears a black -mask over his eyes and is only 5¼ inches long. -The female lacks the mask but has a yellow -throat, white belly and olive-brown head, back, -wings and tail which identify the birds.</p> -<p>They nest over a wide area, favorite habitat -being bushy thickets near water. He is quick to -resent any invasion of his privacy and uses a -variety of scolding notes to let you know how -unhappy he is. His movements are wren-like -and hurried and his black eyes fairly sparkle to -show his excitement. He soon vanishes into the -undergrowth but you will have a chance to -learn his call which sounds like “witchity, witchity, -witchity,” or “witcheree, witcheree, witcheree,” -usually repeated 3 times.</p> -<p>While all warblers are beneficial, the Yellowthroat -perhaps leads the list for he feeds over -a large area and in a variety of places. Cankerworms -in your orchard will soon bring this bird -for they along with fall webworms, are his favorites. -Other caterpillars, plant lice, leaf-hoppers, -grasshoppers, flies and beetles add variety -to his menu and protection to the farmer.</p> -<p>They nest on or near the ground, the female -builds the nest and hatches the young, but he -is a devoted father and helps gather juicy worms -to feed the offspring.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A singing bandit he might be</p> -<p class="t0">Who seems to say just “witchity.”</p> -<p class="t0">Near wooded draws he likes to stay</p> -<p class="t0">And there he spends the summer’s day.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c43">House Sparrow -<br /><i>Passer domesticus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p11d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="394" height="465" /> -</div> -<p>Whether you call him an English Sparrow or -a House Sparrow, makes little difference. He is -not a sparrow, nor can we blame the English -for the vast population of these birds found -within our borders. The fact that it is a weaver-finch -would indicate that Africa was the original -home of this species. This bird has been introduced -into many countries and he soon adapts -himself to any surroundings. The record shows -that 8 pairs were introduced in Brooklyn in 1850 -but did not survive. Two years later, more were -imported and now they are at home over a wide -range.</p> -<p>Since we have referred to this bird for comparative -size, it is well that we keep him in -mind. His length runs from 5½ to 6¼ inches -with a wingspread of 9½ to 10 inches. The male -is rather colorful with his gray crown, chestnut -nape, white cheeks, black throat and chest, -brown back and gray-white belly. The thick -finch-like bill, the slightly notched tail which -they flick often, the habit of hopping when feeding -on the ground—all help in identification. -The young and winter males resemble the female -which is a dull-brown above with gray-white -below and a pale stripe over the eye.</p> -<p>They consume quantities of insects but will -eat almost anything available.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He sits and chirps all day long</p> -<p class="t0">With what to him must be a song,</p> -<p class="t0">He thinks your home a place to nest,</p> -<p class="t0">Which wins for him, the name of pest.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<h3 id="c44">Eastern Meadowlark -<br /><i>Sturnella magna</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="454" height="620" /> -</div> -<p>This chunky robin-size bird is perfectly at -home in fields and pastures. There he is easily -recognized as a plump brown-streaked bird with -yellow underparts and a black crescent on the -breast like a black V. The short tail shows -white on each side and is flicked nervously. The -crown shows black and white stripes. They fly -low over the fields with a series of flaps and -sails and walk around short-grass meadows in -their search for insects.</p> -<p>They are not larks but are closely related to -Starlings, as shown by their scientific name and -their resemblance to the invading flocks of these -aliens. Unlike their relatives, Meadowlarks have -no bad habits and feed largely on cutworms, -grasshoppers and beetles which are found in -their chosen habitat.</p> -<p>The Eastern Meadowlark has a loud clear -song often referred to as “spring is here,” while -his western cousin, slightly smaller in size, produces -a series of whistled notes and warbles -which is quite pleasing to the ear. Both have a -series of chattering notes which is typical. Neither -is hesitant about singing and they add much -to their surroundings by the quality of song.</p> -<p>They not only should be protected but encouraged -to nest around farms for they more -than pay their way.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">With yellow breast and black cravat</p> -<p class="t0">Whoever asks, “What bird is that?”</p> -<p class="t0">For meadowlarks range far and near</p> -<p class="t0">And sweetly whistle, “spring is here.”</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c45">Red-winged Blackbird -<br /><i>Agelaius phoeniceus</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12b.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="423" height="410" /> -</div> -<p>A black bird with a bright red shoulder patch -identifies the adult male. Females and young are -a heavily streaked gray-brown while young -males are brown with an orange wing patch. In -fall and winter the brilliant red shoulder patch -is not so apparent, sometimes reduced to only a -line.</p> -<p>These numerous birds are slightly smaller -than Robins and are abundant along ditches, -ponds, lakes or other marshy areas where they -nest in rushes, cattails or small bushes surrounding -water. Irrigation has increased their -habitat until they are one of our common birds. -Vast flocks spend the winter in southern -marshes.</p> -<p>While nesting in swamps or other low areas, -they range widely in search of insects and larvae -and account for many which would be injurious -to crops. In fall they feed heavily on weed seeds -and waste grain. Huge flocks are not welcomed -in the unharvested rice fields of the south.</p> -<p>Feeding habits make him a good neighbor to -everyone in his northern range before he joins -the flocks of Starlings and other birds which -flock to the southern areas.</p> -<p>The male is a bigamist on occasion and often -entices more than one mate to share his chosen -marsh.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">A flash of red</p> -<p class="t0">You’re bound to see</p> -<p class="t0">And then you’ll hear</p> -<p class="t0">His “oka-l-e-e-e.”</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<h3 id="c46">Brown-headed Cowbird -<br /><i>Molothrus ater</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="354" height="501" /> -</div> -<p>The coffee-brown head and black body of the -male are distinctive, but in fall the brown head -shows more of a purplish tinge. The young, -while larger than sparrows, could be confusing -since they are olive-brown above with a buffy -scaled appearance. The underparts show brown -streaking. The female is dusky gray.</p> -<p>They feed near grazing animals and consume -quantities of insects which are disturbed by the -herds. In winter they join other flocking birds -for migration. Then they feed on small seeds.</p> -<p>They build no nest but lay eggs in the nests of -vireos, warblers, sparrows or flycatchers and -depend on the foster parents to rear the young. -The white, evenly speckled-with-brown egg usually -hatches before the eggs of the rightful -owner and the young Cowbird immediately tries -to push the other eggs or young out of the nest. -He wants all the food for himself. Some birds -destroy the unwanted eggs, others desert their -own nest or build a new structure which covers -the eggs, but most species raise the young Cowbird. -Such habits are not condoned in the best -bird circles.</p> -<p>Gurgling notes of the male offer a soothing -note to nature, when flocks of these birds join -other blackbirds in the treetops. The female has -a chattering note which is distinctive.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">“No moral standards”</p> -<p class="t0">Man would say,</p> -<p class="t0">But nature governs</p> -<p class="t0">And birds obey.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c47">Summer Tanager -<br /><i>Piranga rubra</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p12d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="451" height="375" /> -</div> -<p>The rosy red plumage of the male Summer -Tanager is helpful in identification for he is -smaller than the Cardinal and lacks the tuft -and black face patch of the latter. Females, -which resemble orioles, do not have the sharply -pointed bill of the oriole and are richer colored -than the female Scarlet Tanager, being almost -an orange-yellow below. She is olive-yellow -above with no wing bars. The wings are greener -than those of her near relative. Young males -often show a mottled pattern of reds and yellows -before attaining the rosy red hue of the -adult.</p> -<p>They prefer a rather open forest such as is -found on hillsides. A dead treetop makes an -ideal perch while singing or catching insects on -the wing. The song is a rather melodious series -of notes which reminds one of a Robin. Alarm -notes are a distinctive series of chippy-tuk-tuk -notes.</p> -<p>These birds feed rather deliberately thru the -trees and destroy many insects and leaf-eating -larvae which they encounter. Their nest is usually -far out on the limb and at least 10 feet -above the ground. They spend winters in South -and Central America. The breeding range does -not extend as far north as that of the Scarlet -Tanager.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">We like your color, rosy red</p> -<p class="t0">We like to hear you, overhead.</p> -<p class="t0">In open woods, we know you’ll rest</p> -<p class="t0">For there your mate conceals her nest.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<h3 id="c48">Cardinal -<br /><i>Richmondena cardinalis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="431" height="543" /> -</div> -<p>Most folks call him a “redbird,” which is only -natural. The male is entirely red except for the -black face. No other redbird shows a tuft or -has such a heavy, orange bill. The female is -dressed more in keeping with family duties for -yellowish-brown plumage offers more protection -to her and the secluded nest. She always -shows a reddish tinge especially on the crest, -wings and tail. These markings combined with -the conical reddish beak, leave little doubt as -to identity. The young resemble the female.</p> -<p>The Cardinal, slightly smaller than a Robin, -can be found in almost any area which includes -thickets or tangled vines for protected nesting -sites. Hedges, plum thickets, woodland borders, -city parks, swamps or around your home, any or -all are used on occasion. He likes to feed on small -seeds which means he must venture into the -open, but he wants cover handy, when predators -arrive.</p> -<p>In summer the Cardinal feeds heavily on insects -and larvae but seeds and small fruit form -the major portion of his diet. He is fond of sunflower, -melon or squash seeds and will be among -the first to visit your feeder when these seeds -are offered. If no regular feeder is available, he -will accept food when placed on the ground or -snow.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">With brilliant coat and whistled song,</p> -<p class="t0">A thing of beauty all day long.</p> -<p class="t0">A joy forever you will find,</p> -<p class="t0">If you will keep his wants in mind.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c49">Dickcissel -<br /><i>Spiza americana</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="414" height="545" /> -</div> -<p>This sparrow-size finch is not too easy to describe -for plumage varies. There is no doubt -about the singing male for he gets his name -from his song and reminds you every few seconds -that he is a Dickcissel. He shows a yellow -breast with a black spot and except for size resembles -a meadowlark. Telephone wires, fences -or weeds offer good perches and there you will -find him with head back and tail hanging down -as he repeats his song. A reddish-brown wing -patch is a good field mark in some seasons. The -female is much like the female English Sparrow -but is lighter with a tinge of yellow and a -lighter eye-line.</p> -<p>Dickcissels are common around fields or -meadows and seem to be especially fond of alfalfa -fields for they offer a good assortment of -beetles, bugs and hoppers on which the bird -thrives. Larvae and small seeds round out the -diet and make this bird a useful neighbor on -any farm.</p> -<p>They nest on or near the ground. This makes -them victims of various predators which range -thru such areas. Cowbirds seem to rely on these -birds to raise their young for they are often -found feeding the young imposters. They wander -widely in both nesting and winter range and -frequently appear where least expected.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">In summer when the days are long</p> -<p class="t0">You’re bound to hear his cheerful song.</p> -<p class="t0">In open fields, he likes to stay</p> -<p class="t0">And calls his name thruout the day.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<h3 id="c50">American Goldfinch -<br /><i>Spinus tristis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13c.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="370" height="641" /> -</div> -<p>The American or Common Goldfinch often is -called “wild canary.” Altho he is not a canary, -his small size, color and twittering notes remind -people of their pets. While smaller than -sparrows, these birds are rugged and winter -over much of their nesting range. Their habit -of flocking and tendency to feed on weed seeds -makes them easily found.</p> -<p>The male of this species is a rich lemon yellow -with a small black mark above the bill, -black wings and tail. The wings show distinct -white bars especially in winter when the yellow -has faded to the more somber hue of the female. -The tail is forked with white tips on the outer -feathers and coverts. The bill is yellow.</p> -<p>Goldfinches are noted for their cheerful dispositions. -A feeding flock can be heard uttering -twittering conversational notes even in winter. -Spring brings the notes of their beautiful but -varied song which usually can be identified as -“tzee,” or “per-chic-o-ree,” which is the song -heard when the birds pass overhead.</p> -<p>Goldfinches nest late in the season and use -quantities of thistle down or similar fiber in -building their compact homes. Fondness for -thistles, both seeds and down, often gives him -the name “thistle-bird,” and many artists picture -him perched on this colorful weed.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">He’s never happy when alone</p> -<p class="t0">But with the flock is prone to roam.</p> -<p class="t0">You often hear his questioning “tzeee”</p> -<p class="t0">In flight he says, “per-chic-o-ree.”</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c51">Slate-colored Junco -<br /><i>Junco hyemalis</i></h3> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p13d.jpg" alt="{uncaptioned}" width="502" height="473" /> -</div> -<p>The sparrow-size Slate-colored Junco or the -“snowbird,” as he frequently is called, is only -a winter visitor in most areas. But what a welcome -guest he is! The white belly and outer tail -feathers add distinctive marks to his slate-gray -plumage. The bill is pinkish white. Females and -immature birds are duller and sometimes show -a pinkish-brown tinge on their backs and sides.</p> -<p>Juncos can be found around weed patches, -hedges or sheltered corners of fields, where they -spend much time in feeding on weed or grass -seeds which provide their winter diet. Even -fallen seeds are not overlooked for these birds -do much of their feeding on the ground. They -sleep in evergreens, sheds or other protected -areas which shelter them from the cold and -snow. They often visit feeders for small seeds -provided by bird lovers.</p> -<p>Their notes are hard to describe but have a -musical smacking or clinking note or series of -notes which once learned, are easily remembered. -Their song is a series of chipping notes -much like those of a Chipping Sparrow, but -with more variation and more of a musical quality. -This song is heard when the first warm days -of spring arrive. They nest in either mountainous -or northern regions for they enjoy cool -climates.</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Slate-gray above and white below,</p> -<p class="t0">Reminds us of a winter’s snow.</p> -<p class="t0">The leaden clouds we see o’erhead</p> -<p class="t0">Bring flaky snow, thru which we tread.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<table class="center"> -<tr class="th"><th>INDEX </th><th>PAGE </th><th colspan="12">WHEN THE BIRDS MAY BE SEEN</th></tr> -<tr class="th"><th> </th><th> </th><th>Jan. </th><th>Feb. </th><th>Mar. </th><th>Apr. </th><th>May. </th><th>Jun. </th><th>Jul. </th><th>Aug. </th><th>Sep. </th><th>Oct. </th><th>Nov. </th><th>Dec.</th></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Blackbird, Red-winged </td><td class="r">22 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">..oo </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">ooo. </td><td class="cm">.. </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Bluebird, Eastern </td><td class="r">18 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">..oo </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cardinal </td><td class="r">24 </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Catbird </td><td class="r">17 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Chickadee, Black-capped </td><td class="r">14 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Coot, American </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">oXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.. </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">ooxx </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cowbird, Brown-headed </td><td class="r">23 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">...o </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Creeper, Brown </td><td class="r">15 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">o.. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">..oo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Crow, Common </td><td class="r">14 </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Cuckoo, Yellow-billed </td><td class="r">7 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> . </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Dickcissel </td><td class="r">24 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">Xooo </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Dove, Mourning </td><td class="r">7 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Goldfinch, American </td><td class="r">25 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Goose, Snow </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .o </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> XXX </td><td class="cm">oo. </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Grebe, Pied-billed </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> ..o </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hawk, Red-tailed </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hawk, Sparrow </td><td class="r">4 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Heron, Great Blue </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> ... </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">. </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Hummingbird, Ruby-throated </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Jay, Blue </td><td class="r">13 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Junco, Slate-colored </td><td class="r">25 </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">oooX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Killdeer </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="cm"> . </td><td class="cm">...o </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oXXo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kingbird, Eastern </td><td class="r">11 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .oo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kingfisher, Belted </td><td class="r">10 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Kinglet, Golden-crowned </td><td class="r">18 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo.. </td><td class="cm">... </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> ... </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Lark, Horned </td><td class="r">12 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mallard, Common </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">... </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">...o </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Martin, Purple </td><td class="r">13 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> oo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">.. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Meadowlark, Eastern </td><td class="r">22 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Mockingbird </td><td class="r">16 </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">..oo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">....</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Nighthawk </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> o </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXo </td><td class="cm">o </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Owl, Screech </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Phoebe, Eastern </td><td class="r">11 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> oo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">o.. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Prairie Chicken </td><td class="r">4 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Robin </td><td class="r">17 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">ooXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Sandpiper, Spotted </td><td class="r">6 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .. </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">o. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Shrike, Loggerhead </td><td class="r">19 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Sparrow, House </td><td class="r">21 </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Starling </td><td class="r">19 </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Swallow, Barn </td><td class="r">12 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> ooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Swift, Chimney </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> ooX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Tanager, Summer </td><td class="r">23 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Tern, Black </td><td class="r">6 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">oXXX </td><td class="cm">XXoo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> ooX </td><td class="cm">XXXX </td><td class="cm">oo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Titmouse, Tufted </td><td class="r">15 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Vireo, Red-eyed </td><td class="r">20 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> .o </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Vulture, Turkey </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> . </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.... </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Warbler, Myrtle </td><td class="r">20 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">.ooo </td><td class="cm">Xoo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">. </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Woodpecker, Downy </td><td class="r">10 </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo</td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Wren, House </td><td class="r">16 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm">.ooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">.. </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -<tr><td class="l">Yellowthroat </td><td class="r">21 </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> oo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oooo </td><td class="cm">oo </td><td class="cm"> </td><td class="cm"> </td></tr> -</table> -<dl class="undent"><dt>. The dot or period indicates the bird is occasionally seen.</dt> -<dt>o The small o shows the bird is more frequently seen.</dt> -<dt>X The capital X shows the bird is commonly seen.</dt></dl> -<p>For example, during the first 2 weeks of February, the Red-winged Blackbird is rarely seen. -During the last 2 weeks of February, it is seen frequently, after which it is commonly seen -until the end of October. The table is based on bird census figures collected within a -radius of 50 miles of Topeka, Kansas. Your area may show different results.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<p class="tbcenter">Kansas Farmer -<br />Missouri Ruralist -<br />The Topeka Daily Capital -<br />WIBW -<br />WIBW-TV -<br /><span class="sc">The Kansas City Kansan</span> -<br />THE TOPEKA STATE JOURNAL -<br />CAPPER’S WEEKLY -<br />Michigan Farmer -<br /><i>The <span class="sc">Ohio Farmer</span></i> -<br />PENNSYLVANIA FARMER -<br />HOUSEHOLD -<br />Capper’s <i>Farmer</i></p> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">Capper Publications, Inc.</span> -<br /><span class="smaller"><span class="ssn">EIGHTH AND JACKSON STREET, TOPEKA, KANSAS</span></span></p> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in <i>italics</i> is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -</ul> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Introduction to Our Bird Friends, -Volume 1, by Lenwood Ballard Carson - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INTRO TO OUR BIRD FRIENDS, VOL 1 *** - -***** This file should be named 61319-h.htm or 61319-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/3/1/61319/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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