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diff --git a/old/61106-0.txt b/old/61106-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 882e982..0000000 --- a/old/61106-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1915 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Mount Rushmore National Memorial, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Mount Rushmore National Memorial - A monument commemorating the conception, preservation, and - growth of the great American republic - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: January 5, 2020 [EBook #61106] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - _Mount Rushmore_ - NATIONAL MEMORIAL - - - A MONUMENT COMMEMORATING THE CONCEPTION, PRESERVATION, AND GROWTH OF - THE GREAT AMERICAN REPUBLIC - - [Illustration: Location practically in the Center of the North - American Continent] - - PUBLISHED BY THE - Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society of Black Hills - 1948 - - [Illustration: GUTZON BORGLUM] - - - - - CONTENTS - - - Foreword 1 - The Mighty Works of Borglum 5 - From the Beginning 9 - The Role of the National Park Service 16 - Wind Cave National Park 17 - Badlands National Monument 17 - Jewel Cave National Monument 17 - Devils Tower National Monument 17 - The Antiquity of Mount Rushmore 18 - The Hall of Records and Great Stairway 20 - George Washington 22 - Thomas Jefferson 24 - Abraham Lincoln 26 - Theodore Roosevelt 28 - As Great Men Saw It 30 - Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society of Black Hills 31 - - - - - _FOREWORD_ - - -_A monument’s dimensions should be determined by the importance to -civilization of the events commemorated. We are not here trying to carve -an epic, portray a moonlight scene, or write a sonnet; neither are we -dealing with mystery or tragedy, but rather the constructive and the -dramatic moments or crises in our amazing history. We are cool-headedly, -clear-mindedly setting down a few crucial, epochal facts regarding the -accomplishments of the Old World radicals who shook the shackles of -oppression from their light feet and fled despotism to people a -continent: who built an empire and rewrote the philosophy of freedom and -compelled the world to accept its wiser, happier forms of government._ - -_We believe the dimensions of national heartbeats are greater than -village impulses, greater than city demands, greater than state dreams -or ambitions. Therefore, we believe a nation’s memorial should, like -Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln and Roosevelt, have a serenity, a -nobility, a power that reflects the gods who inspired them and suggests -the gods they have become._ - -_As for sculptured mountains—_ - -_Civilization, even its fine arts, is, most of it, quantity-produced -stuff; education, law, government, wealth—each is enduring only as the -day. Too little of it lasts into tomorrow and tomorrow is strangely the -enemy of today, as today has already begun to forget buried yesterday. -Each succeeding civilization forgets its predecessor, and out of its -body builds its homes, its temples. Civilizations are ghouls. Egypt was -pulled apart by its successor; Greece was divided among the Romans; Rome -was pulled to pieces by bigotry and a bitterness much of which was -engendered in its own empire building._ - -_I want, somewhere in America on or near the Rockies, the backbone of -the Continent, so far removed from succeeding, selfish, coveting -civilizations, a few feet of stone that bears witness, carries the -likenesses, the dates, a word or two of the great things we accomplished -as a Nation, placed so high it won’t pay to pull down for lesser -purposes._ - -_Hence, let us place there, carved high, as close to heaven as we can, -the words of our leaders, their faces, to show posterity what manner of -men they were. Then breathe a prayer that these records will endure -until the wind and the rain alone shall wear them away._ - - [Illustration: _Gutzon Borglum_] - - - - - THE MIGHTY WORKS OF BORGLUM - _By_ RUPERT HUGHES - - -How big is great? How high is up? - -In the wide and numberless fields of creative art, size is a matter of -spirit rather than of material bulk. A sonnet may be a masterpiece, and -an epic rubbish; or an epic may be sublime, a sonnet petty. - -It is only affectation to confine one’s praise to small things. Because -a poet delights in a brook chuckling through a thicket of birches he -need not therefore despise Niagara. The word “colossal” should not be -surrendered entirely to the advertisers. - -The Shakespeare of the sonnets wrote also “Hamlet” and “King Lear.” The -Beethoven who wrote the giggling _Scherzos_ wrote also the titanic Ninth -and added its mighty chorus. Michelangelo did statuettes and sonnets, -but also his “Day of Judgment” and his prodigious horned Moses. - -To the sincere artist it is the idea that is vital. Once that has -inflamed him, he seeks only to give it the shape and the size that its -nature dictates. - -So Gutzon Borglum, being sensitive to all the moods of life, a born -poet, with an innate love of form for its own sake, quick to glow with -inspirations of every kind and determined to give each its unique and -eloquent shape, has painted and carved without fear or favor the -exquisite and the tremendous with equal fidelity. - -His genius shines in the little bas-relief of a nymph; in sardonic -gargoyles; in the tiny yet epic statuette of the dying Nero, a bloated -coward tangled in his toga and drooping to his ignoble death; in the -suave portrait of the seated Ruskin; the pathos of the old Boer warrior; -in the billowy rush of the stampeding “Mares of Diomedes”; in his -colossal head of Lincoln; in his war memorial for Newark, New Jersey, -with its marvellously composed forty-two figures and two horses; his -magnificent plan for the Stone Mountain, whose thwarting is one of the -great tragedies of art; and finally in his supreme achievement, the -Mount Rushmore Memorial, where he brought his art to the mountains and -left there the four great faces for all eternity. - -This unparalleled accomplishment seems to have been not so much the -carving of those vast heads upon the peaks as the beating away of the -veiling, smothering stone and the releasing of the imprisoned statesmen -so that they might look out upon the world and utter their lofty -messages in a silence more pervasive and sonorous than any trumpet-tone. - -The heads stand up there against the clouds like cloud-gods. Yet they -are not offered as gods, but as plain men who glorified the plain man. -Each of them is greater in magnitude than the so-called Egyptian Sphinx. -The Sphinx represented an unanswerable riddle and she cruelly destroyed -all who could not answer it. But these presidents of ours represent -brave, clear thinking towards safety and dignity and happiness for all -mankind. - -The Sphinx was really a portrait, the largest portrait ever made till -Borglum came along. It is the head of King Khafre set on the body of a -crouching lion guarding the king’s tomb, with his pyramid back of it. -Khafre had it built during a reign that ended over four thousand, seven -hundred and fifty years ago. - -Near the Sphinx and Khafre’s pyramid is the greater pyramid of King -Khufu, better known to us as Cheops. He lived from 2898 to 2875 BC. and -his pyramid contains over two million blocks of stone, of an average -weight of two and a half tons. Herodotus was told that it took a hundred -thousand men twenty years to build it. - -Near Karnak there are still standing—or sitting—two portrait statues of -Amenhotep III, who ruled fourteen hundred years B.C.—just about the time -of Moses. These statues are seventy feet high. - -One of the four colossal statues at Abu Simbel represents Rameses II, -who died about two thousand, six hundred years ago. Lying on its side is -a broken statue of Rameses II, once 90 feet high and carved from a -single thousand-ton block. This and another statue of him in granite -ninety feet high were, according to Breasted writing in 1905, “the -greatest monolithic statues ever executed.” - -But Borglum’s bust of Washington is larger than the whole figure of -Rameses, Lincoln’s nose is 21 feet long and the sparkle in his eye is -secured by a block of granite thirty inches long. - -Some of the Egyptian portraits were carved upon their cliffs somewhat as -Borglum’s statues are upon the peaks. At Abu Simbel there are four such -statues of enormous bulk. - -The Assyrians also built huge monuments, and inscribed the texts of -whole histories on the faces of cliffs. Their kings were usually -represented as enormous winged bulls with the heads of bearded men. -These were called, strangely enough, “cherubs.” - -The Greeks created for their greater gods statues of gold and -ivory—whence the epithet “chryselephantine.” Such was the colossal Zeus -that Pheidias made for Olympia. It was about fifty feet high. Pheidias -made also two colossal figures of Athena for Athens, one in bronze that -stood up like a lighthouse and was visible to sailors far out to sea. -The other had ivory flesh and robes of gold, and was seventy feet high. - -The famous bronze Colossus of Rhodes, erected about 274 B.C. by Chares -of Lindus, was 105 feet high. It did not straddle a stream, as tradition -has it. Half a century after it was set up, an earthquake overthrew it; -in 656 A.D. it was sold for junk and carried off by a caravan of 900 -camels. - -In China one still sees enormous Buddhas, and in our own world the Mayan -monstrosities are being brought back from the jungle that swallowed them -like a sea. - -The statue of Liberty—a gift to us from France—is 151 feet high; with -its pedestal it is 305 feet tall. - -But none of the giants ancient or modern has approached the size of the -greater works of Borglum. - -This carver of mountains was himself a mountainy man, born in the -mountainous state of Idaho on March 25, 1871. His full name was John -Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum. His parents had come over from Denmark. His -father, at first a woodcarver, became a physician and surgeon, also a -breeder of horses on a 6000-acre ranch. He had no money to give his -children, but he gave them a love of form and a knowledge of the horse -that not only inspired Gutzon Borglum to some of his most magnificent -work, but also made a splendid career for his younger brother, Solon. -Solon took fire from Gutzon’s fire, worked his way to Paris, won honors -there, and came home to his West where he turned out a stream of -important sculptures that perpetuate many poignant phases of Western -life. His life was suddenly ended in 1922 by an attack of acute -appendicitis. - -Gutzon’s indomitable will carried him from the Idaho ranch to an art -school in San Francisco, thence to Paris. He began as both painter and -sculptor and was accepted as both by the French salons. In England, -critics and royalty heaped honors on him. After painting a series of -murals for a big hotel at Leeds and another series for a concert hall at -Manchester, he began to abandon the brushes for the chisel, and to turn -out statuary in almost every field and almost every imaginable form. - -From the first, his works won the highest honors. The Metropolitan -Museum bought his “Mares of Diomedes” at once and the French Government -promptly purchased a partial replica of it for the Luxembourg Gallery. -Commissions rained on him and there was never any repetition in the -spirit or treatment of his responses. - -There is not space here for even a catalogue of his triumphs. He also -wrote much and well. He was an engineer and an inventor, overcoming by -his own skill supposedly unconquerable problems involved in the -construction of his larger works. He was an orator of eloquence with a -practical skill in politics. At times he was a statesman and the close -associate of Paderewski and Masaryk in their re-creation of their lost -republics. During the first World War he investigated and exposed the -causes for a mysterious and dangerous failure in American aircraft -manufacture. His career has a strange kinship in its versatility with -that of Leonardo da Vinci, and I believe that his name will live as -long. - -In 1909 he married Mary Montgomery, a distinguished scholar in ancient -Oriental languages, and a translator of cuneiform inscriptions. A son -and a daughter blessed this union of two great souls. - -It was in 1907 that I first met Gutzon Borglum while preparing an -article on his work, to which I paid complete homage. This was the -beginning of a lifelong friendship of which I wrote him while he was -glorifying the South Dakota mountains: - -“I have always had an awe and a reverence for you that fought with my -love for the simple, jovial, twinkling-eyed friend you always were.” - -He answered: “You have said your say about me and it is a wet eye that -reads through the letter. You know how vandalism in the name of -Civilization raids the tombs of our ancestors and destroys the records -of History. One of my motives in this work was to carve these records of -our great West-World adventure as high into the heavens as I could find -the stone.” - -As man and as sculptor he was passionately American and he has not only -given to his country monuments of art that equal the greatest of other -nations, but he has given artistic expression to the ideals that make -America America. - -The Sphinx and its temple have only recently been recovered from the -sand that submerged them for thousands of years. Yet even now the worst -tyrannies and cruelties of the Pharaohs have been revived and paralleled -in Europe, just as our gentlest, noblest ideals were to be found -co-existing with savagery in ancient Egypt. - -I hope, I believe that in 7000 A.D. there will be pilgrimages to Mount -Rushmore by Americans still keeping alive the flames of freedom kindled -and rekindled by the four heroes Borglum had immortalized, immortalizing -himself and his and their ideals along with them. - -His Mount Rushmore Memorial presents to posterity four great Americans -who upheld the rights and equalities of all mankind, and who were -themselves the very personifications of Americanism. - -Their noble heads are lofty enough to mingle with the clouds, and the -parading lights of sun and moon and stars, and the processionals of rain -and snow and mist give them a beauty that is always changing yet -everlastingly changeless. - -Only a great soul and a great artist could have conceived or achieved -such a monument to them and to himself. His gifts of spirit and -execution were, I feel, unsurpassed by anything of their kind in the -history of the world. - - [Illustration: The Memorial] - - [Illustration: _The Memorial in winter with a light fall of snow - softening the surrounding landscape._] - - - - - FROM THE BEGINNING - _By_ MRS. GUTZON BORGLUM - - -A nation’s memorials are a record of its civilization and the artist who -builds them is the instrument of his time. He is inspired by the same -forces that influence the nation’s destiny—the greater the period, the -greater the art. The artist cannot escape his destiny. Like the “Hound -of Heaven” it “pursues him down the years,” forces him to leave his -home, to go into exile, to combat mountains even, to accomplish what -must be. - -How else can we explain why a man should abandon a comfortable way of -life, among pleasant surroundings, to hurl himself against a gigantic -rock, to cling like a human fly to a perpendicular peak, to struggle -with hostile human nature, in order to carve against the sky a record of -the great experiment in democracy on this continent—a record which will -live on and be an inspiration to future generations, a shrine to be -visited, even after the thing it commemorated may have passed. - -This is the history of Rushmore told in a few words. The contributing -factors are of interest and should be related but two outstanding facts -are that a few kindred souls, giants in their day, fostered a form of -democratic government and established a great nation and that a hundred -and fifty years later another group of Americans realized the importance -of making a record in the granite for all time of what manner of men -they were and what they achieved. - -The initial step in this great enterprise was taken by Doane Robinson, -state historian of South Dakota, who had heard of the monument being -carved in Georgia by Gutzon Borglum to honor the heroes of the South in -the war between the states and thought it would be a fine idea to have a -similar patriotic shrine in South Dakota to bring that state to the -attention of the nation. - -Mr. Robinson invited Mr. Borglum in 1924 to visit the Black Hills to see -what could be done. The first thought was to carve the likeness of -Washington and perhaps of Lincoln in one of the granite upthrusts known -as the Needles. The stone, however, was not suitable and there was no -special reason for memorializing Washington and Lincoln as individual -presidents in South Dakota. Then Mr. Robinson told the sculptor of a -lead tablet discovered by children playing near old Fort Pierre, which -had been planted there in 1743 by Verendrye, an emissary of Louis of -France, sent to establish French territory behind the English. This -fired his imagination. Here was a subject for the great memorial he -wanted to carve in the Hills. - -South Dakota lies in the heart of the old Louisiana Territory, purchased -by Jefferson in 1803, in order to control the mouth of the Mississippi, -which marked the first step away from the Atlantic seaboard colonies in -the expansion of the little republic. That step led to the establishment -of Texas, the conquest of California, the acquisition of Oregon and -Alaska and the spanning of the continent from ocean to ocean by the -empire nation called the United States. This was a subject worthy of a -mountain—a monument to a nation, to its philosophy of government, its -ideals and aspirations, its great leaders. Here in this remote spot, -protected by its inaccessibility from the vandalism of succeeding -generations, would be carved a Shrine of Democracy, as an imperishable -record of a great people. - - [Illustration: _Here is Mt. Rushmore as it stood for countless ages - before the poetic and patriotic idea of the great national memorial - was born in the mind of Gutzon Borglum._] - -Mr. Borglum paid a second and third visit to the Hills and camped among -them for two weeks, exploring and examining every rock large enough to -suggest a monument, with the result that the huge granite upthrust -called Mount Rushmore was selected as the only stone sound enough to be -suitable for carving. Another reason for choosing Rushmore was the -important consideration of lighting. It was imperative that the cliff on -which the figures were to be carved should face the east in order to get -the maximum amount of sunlight all the day long. Washington’s face is so -placed that it catches the first rays of light in the morning and -reflects the last ruddy glow in the evening. Many beautiful works of art -are made insignificant by poor lighting. - -Senator Peter Norbeck, who had created the park system of South Dakota -and played an important part in the creation of the Rushmore Memorial, -also agreed that, in spite of its remote position with only riding -trails leading to it, there was no other location possible. - - [Illustration: _Ranging downward like spiders swinging on fine - threads, workmen made the strokes on the granite mountainside which - now bears the features of George Washington._] - - [Illustration: _Scaffolding suspended from cables enabled the - workmen to reach down from the brow of the mountain in order to - carry on their courageous and difficult labors._] - -That autumn a group of Rapid City women put on a pageant of flags, -designed by Mr. Borglum, on the top of the cliff to show the different -epochs through which the territory had passed. The French flag was first -hoisted, then the Spanish, then the flag of Napoleon, next the colonial -flag and finally the present flag of the United States. Thus was Mount -Rushmore officially dedicated to the Memorial. Mr Borglum then returned -to his temporary studio in San Antonio, Texas, to make the models and -decide what characters best illustrated the idea to which he was trying -to give form. - -George Washington’s presence in the group was inevitable. He was the -rock on which the republic was founded—the plumb line to establish its -direction. So on Mount Rushmore his head is exactly perpendicular, -facing the east, unaffected by the others in the group, the measuring -rod determining the position of the others. Equally important with -Washington was Thomas Jefferson, the author of the Declaration of -Independence. By the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, as stated -above, he had taken the first step westward in the course of the -nation’s growth. He is represented on the mountain as a young man. He -was only 33 when he wrote the Declaration of Independence. - -Abraham Lincoln, the saviour of the republic, was inevitable in any -record of the country’s history and finally Theodore Roosevelt was -selected because, by cutting the Panama Canal, he had accomplished the -dream of Columbus and opened a Sea-way from Europe to Asia and his name -was closely linked with the territorial expansion following the war with -Spain. He was also the first president to attempt the curbing of big -business interests and the only president who had been familiar with the -west. He had close associations with South Dakota. - - [Illustration: _Models in the studio at the foot of the mountain - which guided construction of the actual figures (seen through - window)._] - -The Mount Harney Memorial Association was authorized in 1925 by the -state legislature to undertake the project on Mount Rushmore. No funds -were voted for the purpose. Contributions were obtained from the three -railroads serving the state, from the Homestake Mine and from private -individuals, among them Mr. Charles Rushmore, a New York lawyer, after -whom, quite accidentally, the cliff had been named. The work went on -slowly, with considerable opposition, until President Coolidge’s visit -to the Black Hills in 1927. He made a splendid speech at a picturesque -ceremony held at Rushmore, immediately following which he took Mr. -Borglum aside, inquired about the financing and urged him to come to -Washington for help. It is doubtful whether, without this impetus given -by President Coolidge, the carving would ever have been accomplished. - -The Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission came into existence as -the result of a Congressional Bill, passed on Washington’s Birthday in -1929. The act carried an appropriation of $250,000 for the memorial, -which was to be matched on a fifty-fifty basis by private subscriptions; -it designated Gutzon Borglum as the sculptor and designer of the four -figures and provided also for an inscription on the mountain. - -The first ascent of the mountain was made up the canyon where the -present wooden stairway now is. After the initial survey was made, pine -trees with branches cut off and cleats nailed at right angles to the -trees were laid in the crevices to serve as ladders. Heavy ropes were -then carried by hand to the top and a small winch was carried as far as -possible by pack horse and then carried to the top by hand. After this -winch was fastened on the top of the mountain, it in turn was used to -pull up the heavy cable that became the tramway from the ground to the -mountain top. Building material was pulled up and shelters built for the -men. A small studio was also built to house the plaster reproductions of -the master models that were in the studio at the foot of the mountain. -These reproductions were used for measurements to save time required to -go to the studio 1500 feet away and 500 feet below. In some cases these -models were hung over the side of the mountain so that they could be -consulted and compared with the measurements as the actual stone work -progressed. By this method it was possible to save considerable time and -labor. - - [Illustration: _Roughing out the face of Theodore Roosevelt. The - strong chin and the mouth are already visible. The mass of stone at - the top will be carved away to form the mustache._] - -The work of fitting the figures into the cracked granite upthrust called -Mt. Rushmore has been a constant struggle between composition and -finding solid stone for each of the four heads. - - [Illustration: _Close-up of Lincoln. Note the shafts of granite in - the eyes of Lincoln. The light reflected by these shafts gives the - eyes their lifelike glint when seen from a distance._] - -In the first design Jefferson was placed at the right of Washington and -Lincoln on his left, and Theodore Roosevelt occupied the position now -occupied by Lincoln. However serious flaws developed in the stone on -this side of Washington; and it therefore became necessary to change our -design and place Jefferson to Washington’s left. This made it necessary -to place Theodore Roosevelt between Jefferson and Lincoln, and the stone -had to be removed to a depth of approximately 120 feet from the original -surface to get back far enough for the Roosevelt face. The heads were -finally relegated to their approximate position (being moved several -times as new conditions of the stone developed), that is they were -tilted or dropped or made to look more to the right or left as the case -might have been, to meet the composition or avoid flaws in the stone. -This movement being made simply by moving the respective heads on the -model and cutting the stone accordingly. It was not possible to fit the -heads so that they would be entirely free from fissures, but it was -possible to place them so that none of these fissures would be -unsupported from below and that removes the danger of some vital part -dropping off. As each head was started its center was located, and at -this center point on the top of the head a plate was located. This was -graduated in degrees 0 to 360 degrees, and at its center a horizontal -arm was located that traversed this horizontal are. This arm was about -30 feet long, in effect a giant protractor laid on top of the head. The -arm was graduated in feet and inches so that at any point we could drop -a plumb bob from this arm, and by measuring the vertical distance on -this plumb line determine exactly the amount of stone to be removed. -After determining this master center point on the mountain, we set a -smaller arc and arm on our model in the same relative position. With -this small device we would make all our measurements on our model and -then enlarge them twelve times and transfer them to the large measuring -device on the mountain. Thru this system every face had a measurement -made every six inches both vertically and horizontally. These -measurements were then painted on the stone and it was thru this means -that men totally unfamiliar with sculptural form were able to do this -undertaking. In fact all the men employed on the work were local men -trained by the sculptor. - -Pneumatic drills are used for drilling and the compressed air is -provided by large compressors located on the ground and driven by -electricity. The air is forced or conveyed to the top of the mountain by -a 3″ pipe and then by the use of smaller pipes and rubber hoses is -conveyed to the drills. - -Over 400,000 tons of granite have been removed from the mountain in -carving the figures, at a total expense of slightly more than $900,000. -This includes all building, stairways and machinery. - - [Illustration: _Workmen putting the finishing touches on the strong - face of the Rough-rider President._] - -The men are let down over the face of the stone in leather swings -similar to bos’n chairs used on ships. These swings are fastened on to -⅜″ steel cables which are in turn fastened on to winches located on the -top of the heads. These winches are operated by hand. There are about -seven winches on the top of each head. The men are lowered to their -place of work by these winches, taking with them their jackhammers or -pneumatic tools and other necessary equipment. One man is located in a -position where he can see all the men at work, and is “The Callboy,” and -has a microphone with a loud speaker at each of the winches and when any -of the men working in the swings wants to be raised or lowered they -signal this call-boy and he relays the message thru the loud speakers to -the winchman. He also keeps the workmen supplied with new drills as they -need them, by relaying their requests to the steelman who carries the -steel to the men in the swings as it is needed. This steel is used over -and over again; as it is dulled it is taken to the blacksmith shop on -the ground via the cable car, heated, sharpened, re-heated and tempered -and sent back to the mountain again. About 400 of these drills are -dulled each day. They drill on an average about four feet before being -sharpened. In some places the stone is so hard they will only last or -drill about six inches and in other places they will last seven or eight -feet before being re-sharpened. - - [Illustration: _The work in process as it appeared from an odd angle - ... from the road running along the side of the mountain. Not many - have seen the Memorial from this point of view._] - -The problem of finance has always been acute in connection with the work -of the Rushmore Memorial. The economic hardships of the country made it -increasingly difficult to match the Federal appropriation, without which -the carving could not go on. The sculptor made repeated trips through -the state and beyond its borders to arouse interest in the undertaking. -He succeeded in raising some money by publishing a small book about -Rushmore. There were never enough funds for as much power or as many men -as he would have liked to use. There were long months when the work was -stopped altogether. Finally the government took over the whole burden of -financing and the work continued regularly, after 1938, being halted -only by weather conditions. The sculptor was at last able to employ one -or two trained stone carvers to do the finer work of finishing. - -The Washington head was unveiled in 1930, with Mr. Cullinan, first -chairman of the Rushmore Commission presiding. President Franklin D. -Roosevelt came for the unveiling of the Jefferson head in 1936. His -unfailing interest and support have insured the finishing of the -Memorial. At the unveiling of the face of Abraham Lincoln in 1937, a -nation wide radio hookup carried the speeches to all parts of the -country and again in 1939, when Governor Bushfield of South Dakota -conducted ceremonies celebrating the Golden Jubilee of the State of -South Dakota at Mount Rushmore, the radio carried the speeches and music -all over the United States. The upper part of the face of Theodore -Roosevelt was uncovered at that time. - - [Illustration: _The face of Jefferson begins to take form. The nose - and the forehead are already plainly visible, but many tons of stone - must be removed before the picture is complete._] - -Mr. Borglum was always scrupulously careful to protect his men from harm -and it was his boast that in all his years of hazardous mountain carving -no worker was seriously injured. He took no care of himself, however, -and physicians said that undoubtedly the strenuous work of carving at -that altitude weakened his heart and in March, 1941, it stopped beating. -The carving was practically finished; there remained only the finishing -of the hands and hair of the four figures and the Rushmore National -Memorial Commission entrusted that work to the sculptor’s son, Lincoln -Borglum, who had been with his father from the beginning of the work. - - [Illustration: _A blast is set off. The handling of powder and - dynamite was an especially delicate problem, since a single badly - placed charge might easily spoil the work of many months._] - -The faces of the four presidents, as carved on Mount Rushmore, are -approximately 60 feet from chin to forehead; if completed from head to -foot the figures would be 465 feet high. The entire head of the sphinx -in Egypt is not quite as long as Washington’s nose. The entire cost of -the Memorial, including all expenses of carving, buildings and salaries, -is $900,000. This is at the rate of less than two dollars for every ton -of stone removed, which is a cost incredibly low considering the -hardness of the granite and that every piece must be removed in such a -way as not to injure the surface behind. On this investment the Federal -Government has received from tourists from the one cent gas tax on the -increased sale of gas during the years since the work started over two -million dollars and the income to South Dakota is over twenty million -dollars annually. - - [Illustration: _From these beginnings today shine forth the faces of - four of the greatest men of American history, to light the path of - freedom for countless generations yet to come._] - - - - - THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE - - - [Illustration: {uncaptioned}] - -Millions of Americans and liberty-loving people from all over the world -have come to the Black Hills of South Dakota to look upon Gutzon -Borglum’s _Shrine of Democracy_. - -The exact number of visitors to the great granite carvings is not known -but each travel season the pilgrimage increases in size. - -During the period of construction from 1927 to 1941, when work was under -supervision of the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission, no -accurate records of visitors were kept. Hundreds came each day, however, -to keep a fascinated watch over the emergence of the likenesses of the -four great presidents from the great stone uplift. - -Consecration ceremonies attended by President Coolidge and the -unveilings of Washington, Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Lincoln -were attended by thousands of people. Distinguished guests participating -in these ceremonies included the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt. - -Then in 1939, the Memorial was placed under the supervision of the -National Park Service of the Department of Interior. World War II -intervened, but in the peace years since the transfer, the flow of -visitors has been measured at close to a half million persons each -travel season, 419,817 being reported for the 1947 travel year. - -Among the nine great memorials in the National Park Service system, -Mount Rushmore, by 1947, had risen from seventh to fourth place in -attendance. So far as these memorials are concerned, those reporting -larger visitations were the Lincoln Memorial, the Jefferson Memorial, -and the Washington Monument, all in the District of Columbia. - -As with other national parks, monuments, and memorials, Mount Rushmore -was designated for inclusion in the National Park system because it had -become a most inspiring site of historic significance. - -Its present administration is designed to promote and regulate the use -of the memorial area to conserve the scenery and the natural and -historical objects and to provide for the enjoyment of it in such a -manner as to leave it unimpaired for the enjoyment of future -generations. - -A total of nearly 1,800 acres of the Federal Game Sanctuary in the -Harney National Forest now comprises the memorial area. It is under the -administration of Superintendent Harry J. Liek with headquarters at Wind -Cave National Park. The memorial is directly under Acting Custodian J. -Estes Suter. - -A brief description follows for Wind Cave National Park and the three -national monuments—the Badlands, Jewel Cave, and Devils Tower—that are -embraced in the Black Hills and Badlands area of southwestern South -Dakota and northeastern Wyoming. - - - WIND CAVE NATIONAL PARK - -Wind Cave is the most widely known of the many limestone caverns found -near the margin of the Black Hills. Discovered in 1881, it was created a -national park in 1903. The strong currents of wind that blow alternately -in and out of the mouth of the cave suggested its name. - -Boundaries of the park were extended twice and now embrace a total of -28,000 acres of federally-owned land, supporting a large buffalo herd in -its natural habitat and other wildlife, such as elk, antelope, and deer. - -Chief feature of the park is the exceptional limestone cavern, noted for -its unique boxwork rarely found in other sections of the world. Other -crystalline formations in various color shadings line a series of -subterranean passages, known to be at least 10 miles in extent. - - - BADLANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT - -In sharp contrast to the verdant Black Hills country, the White River -Badlands, a barren, treeless region, lies about 50 miles east of the -western foothills. - -Here nature has beautified the earth with all shades of buff, cream, -pale green, gold, and rose. Fantastically carved erosion forms rise -above the valleys, some of them 150 to 300 feet high. - -The constantly shifting color and the weird formations make this a -region of strong imaginative appeal. - - - JEWEL CAVE NATIONAL MONUMENT - -A unique coating of dogtooth calcite crystals which sparkle like jewels -in the light distinguish Jewel Cave from other crystal caverns in the -Black Hills and provided its name. - -One of the finest stands of virgin ponderosa pine remaining in the Black -Hills is found within the monument which was established in 1908. It was -originally part of the present Harney National Forest but was -transferred to the National Park Service, by Executive Order, in 1934. - - - DEVILS TOWER NATIONAL MONUMENT - -Another unusual natural phenomenon of the Black Hills country is the -Devils Tower across the South Dakota state line in Wyoming. This is a -great column of igneous rock towering 1,280 feet above the Belle Fourche -river, whose course is near the base. Devils Tower has the distinction -of being the first national monument created under the Antiquities Act -of 1906. It was established by proclamation of September 24 of that -year, by President Theodore Roosevelt. - - [Illustration: _Devils Tower in Wyoming’s western border of the - Black Hills National Forest._] - - - - - THE ANTIQUITY OF MOUNT RUSHMORE - _By the late_ JOSEPH P. CONNOLLY - _President, South Dakota School of Mines_ - - -At the Battle of the Pyramids, Napoleon is reported to have exhorted his -men by saying, “Soldiers, from these pyramids forty centuries look down -upon you.” From the standpoint of human history four thousand years -represent great antiquity indeed. But as one gazes upon the rugged -slopes of Mount Rushmore, he is face to face with antiquity beside which -the age of the Egyptian pyramids seems but a moment. - -How old is the granite of Rushmore? We have a yardstick by which we can -measure that quite accurately. Not far from the mountain, in a -subsidiary mass of granite, there was found a few years ago a small -piece of coal-black, lustrous mineral known as pitchblende or uraninite, -of which the chief constituent is the heaviest known element, uranium. -We know that uranium continually undergoes atomic disintegration, -changing at a slow, but uniform and measurable rate into lighter -elements. The end product of this change is the metal lead. If we submit -the specimen of pitchblende to chemical analysis, determine how much -lead it contains, how much uranium is still left, it is a comparatively -simple calculation to determine from the known rate of change, the -number of years that have elapsed since the pitchblende came into -existence. That experiment has been performed and the result is one -billion four hundred and sixty-five million (1,465,000,000) years. Bear -in mind that this enormous figure represents the time that has elapsed -since the molten rock came to rest at some depth under the surface of -the earth, and cooled sufficiently to crystallize into granite. It -represents the age of the solid granite. - -But, although the granite of which the mountain is composed dates back -to a period almost inconceivably remote, Mount Rushmore itself is much -younger. We know that all of the granite mountains of the southern Black -Hills were carved out of the rocks by the process of erosion. Field -evidence indicates that fairly early in the Tertiary period, -approximately thirty million years ago, erosion had carved out the -topography of the Black Hills into much the same stage as we see it -today. Perhaps Mount Rushmore was not fully born in that period; its -form may not yet have been completely sculptured under the chisel of -time, but we know that its age must be measured in millions of years and -not in centuries. - -Mount Rushmore is a child of weathering and erosion. They brought the -mountain into being and gave it form. But those relentless parents will -not be content to leave their child as they fashioned it. They will -continue their work of disintegration on the surface of the rock and -along the cracks, until eventually they will completely destroy the -mountain they formed, and long before the mountain will have been -destroyed, the magnificent carvings of man will disappear. “How long,” -we anxiously ask, “will the carvings endure?” Two processes will tend -eventually to destroy the memorial, chemical weathering and physical -disintegration. - - [Illustration: _A typical view from the Needles highway with the - Cathedral Spires in the background._] - - [Illustration: _Fantastic formations in the Badlands. The variegated - coloring is at its best in the early morning or the late evening._] - -Chemical weathering will take place very slowly, so slowly that if it -were the only destructive process we had to consider, we could with some -confidence say that the memorial would endure for hundreds of thousands -of years. And the progress of chemical weathering will probably be -impeded by the sculpturing of the memorial, for on the figures the rock -will be smoother, water will drain off more rapidly instead of -penetrating, lichens and other vegetation will not have as secure a -foothold as on the natural face of the rock, and thus will not -contribute to so great an extent their destructive acids to such waters -as do penetrate. - -Physical disintegration is somewhat more to be feared. This operates in -two ways, by exfoliation due to changes in temperature, and by frost -action. Differential stresses set up by unequal expansion and -contraction, owing to the poor heat conductivity of granite, tend to -spall off or _exfoliate_ the surface layers of rock. - -When water gets into the cracks and pores of the rocks and freezes, it -exerts an enormous pressure, a pressure that will spall off flakes and -blocks of rock. The artist and his associates, fully aware of this -hazard, have guarded against it. All cracks and fissures have been -carefully avoided in the sculpturing so far as is possible. Such as have -been impossible to avoid are being sealed to prevent the ingress of -water, thus inhibiting to a very large extent both frost action and -chemical weathering. - -We have traced in part the geological history of the Mount Rushmore -region, hoping that by learning something of its past we may predict -something of its future. We see the hazards to which the memorial is -exposed. We must frankly recognize them and guard against them so far as -possible, as it would be folly to ignore them. If the science of geology -can do no more in a practical way for mankind than to point out dangers -and sound warnings, it does a worth while service. “How long will the -memorial last?” Geology cannot answer specifically. An eminent geologist -has already given as definite an answer as it is possible to give, and I -can do no better than to close by quoting from the address given by the -late Dr. C. C. O’Harra at the unveiling of the head of Washington. - -“How long will Mount Rushmore last? Many millions of years. The number -nobody knows. How long will endure this monumental, sculptured figure of -the Father of our Country which today we unveil? One hundred years? Yes. -One thousand years? Yes. A hundred thousand years? In all likelihood, -yes. A half million years? Possibly so, nobody knows. The time at any -rate will be long, far longer than we can readily comprehend. And this -doubtless will abundantly suffice.” - - - - - THE HALL OF RECORDS AND GREAT STAIRWAY - _By_ LINCOLN BORGLUM - - -The Hall of Records and Stairway have been part of the Memorial plan -from the beginning and are provided for in the so-called “Rushmore Bill” -of 1938. A good start has been made in the carving of the Hall, which -already has been excavated to the extent of seventy feet. Great care has -to be exercised in the use of dynamite in carving this hall, as in -carving the faces on the mountain, not to injure the stone which is to -remain. Careless explosions of large amounts of powder might crumble the -walls. - -The Hall is located about two thirds of the way up to the mountain: the -entrance to it is in a small gorge or canyon, cut by the ice aeons ago, -to the right of the carved faces as one looks at them from below. The -Hall is on the opposite side of the gorge from the heads and is not -under them. The following is quoted from Mr. Borglum’s plan. - -“The façade to the Hall’s entrance is the mountain wall 140 feet high; -supporting pylons, cut into the mountain, flank the entrance. The -entrance door itself is 12 feet wide and 20 feet high; the walls are -plain, dressed granite and of a fine color. I want to finish the inner -entrance wall in mosaic of blue and gold lapis. The depth to the door -entrance from the outer façade is 20 feet. The door, swung on a six inch -offset of the wall, will be of bronze and glass. Small, carefully -modeled bronze figures of historic importance from Columbus and Raleigh -to the present day will ornament the doors or be modeled into the -supporting frame. The walls of the entrance will carry in gilded bronze -immediately within the entrance ancient Indian symbols; British, French, -Spanish and American seals. - -“The floor of the Hall will be 100 by 80 by 32 feet to an arched -ceiling. At the height of fifteen feet an historic frieze, four feet -wide, will encircle the entire room. Recesses will be cut into these -walls to be filled with bronze and glass cabinets, which will hold the -records stamped on aluminum sheets, rolled separately and placed in -tubes. Busts of our leaders in all human activities will occupy the -recesses between the cabinets. The original thought of a hall of human -records I developed at Stone Mountain in Georgia and my drawings and -full plans are extant; that was never completed. - -“The records of electricity, beginning with Franklin, which has given us -light, heat, music, the radio, the telegraph, the telephone and controls -in power the extent of which we can hardly imagine, must be here, -together with the records of literature, the records of travel, -immigration, religious development and also the record of perhaps the -largest contribution that we have made to humanity, which has been free -controlled peace, a government of the people, by and for the people. -Struggle as we will that great contribution is today the cause for the -real unrest of Europe. Despotism, tyranny of every form is fighting us -wherever it can, to take away from humanity the power freedom gives -it—the power that freedom has given America. - - [Illustration: _Opening of a gorge reached by the Great Stairway is - the massive twenty-foot-high entrance to the Hall of Records._] - -“The Hall will be reached by a monumental flight of steps varying from -15 to 20 feet in width, which will ascend the mountain in front, a -little to one side of the sculpture, rising from a great granite disk or -platform in the canyon below, which may be used as a rostrum from which -speakers may address the public occupying the amphitheater facing the -great group. - - [Illustration: _This picture shows the workmen busy in the early - stages of the work of carving the Hall of Records from the - granite._] - -“These steps of granite and cement will be provided with seats at -intervals of every fifty feet; they will have a five inch rise and an -eighteen inch tread. The ascension from the foot of the steps to the -floor of the great entrance is four hundred feet; the entrance way from -the steps’ landing to the great Hall is 190 feet; the floor of this -Hall, reached by three steps, is two feet above the floor of the -entrance way in the canyon; this to provide for proper drainage.” - -Owing to repeated requests from important organizations of women, the -urging of some senators and congressmen and Mr. Borglum’s own -realization of the part women have played in the development of our -country, plans had been under way for some years to include women in the -great Shrine of Democracy. There was no room in the rock which contains -the heads of the four presidents and the only other place seemed to be -the west wall of the granite cliff, or in the hall of records. To quote -again from Mr. Borglum, from a letter written in January 1940: “If we -decide that the west side of the mountain is suitable, I am for it. We -must work out a design that is fitting and in no sense harmful in the -matter of lighting or location to subjects determined upon and I am -entirely in favor of carving the faces of two or three women. If that is -determined upon, these figures will be near what has been known in the -Rushmore Law as the Inscription and there will be a special paragraph -given to the work and services of women. The original inscription -referred to the framing of the Declaration of Independence; that was -Jefferson’s work and the second was the Constitution. That was -Washington’s greatest service. The third dealt with the purchase of the -Louisiana Territory and the fourth, fifth, and sixth, the progress -towards the south and southwest, involving Florida, Texas and -California, which included Arizona, a portion of Nevada, Utah and a -portion of Idaho. The seventh paragraph brought in the Oregon cession -from England and the purchase of Alaska. There was one paragraph for -Lincoln and one for the finishing of the Panama Canal, which was -achieved by Theodore Roosevelt. - - [Illustration: _The corridor leading from the doorway into the Hall - of Records, showing the marks of the stonecutters’ tools._] - -“So by these suggestions you will see that a splendid paragraph can be -developed for the part women have played in the development of the -nation.” In another part of the letter Mr. Borglum made a place for -women in the Hall of records and even suggested that a special hall -might be carved for them, as there is ample rock for many rooms. - -Calvin Coolidge had been asked to collaborate on the inscription and -wrote the first two paragraphs. Mr. Borglum stood strongly for “Justice” -in the wording, whereas Mr. Coolidge insisted upon “Justice under the -Law.” Newspaper accounts exaggerated the discussion, which unfortunately -was terminated by Mr. Coolidge’s death. - - - - - GEORGE WASHINGTON - - -_In carving the head of George Washington, Mr. Borglum studied all the -known portraits of him and drew heavily on certain famous likenesses -which he preferred because he believed them most faithful to the -character of the man. Borglum was confronted by an extraordinary -problem. He had undertaken to place his sculpture on a mountain peak -over 6000 feet above sea level. His face of Washington, tall as a -five-story building, was to be far up in the sky “where the clouds fold -about it like a great scarf, where the stars blink about its head, and -the moon hides behind a lock of hair.” As Borglum himself pointed out, -it has been the practice of the sculptors of history, immediately they -departed from the normal dimensions of men, to conventionalize and -simplify their faces and to generalize the portraiture, and, in so -doing, lose those qualities which gave distinction. Such methods had no -appeal to Borglum. Vehemently, he brushed aside “the claptrap standards -of Good Enough.” The faces he placed upon the mountain to gaze down upon -hundreds of generations of mankind must be true, great, and noble faces, -and that of Washington would be the gauge of all the rest. Borglum spent -thirteen years digging into every corner of Washington’s life in order -that his portrait might say the last word about the man who is called -the Father of his Country. He made an extensive study of his character -and was deeply impressed by the picture presented by Thomas Jefferson in -the following letter to Dr. Walter Jones, dated at Monticello, January -2, 1814_: - - -I think I knew Gen. Washington intimately and thoroly; and were I called -on to delineate his character, it should be in terms like these. - -His mind was great and powerful, without being of the very first order; -his penetration strong, tho not so acute as that of a Newton, Bacon, or -Locke; and as far as he saw, no judgment was ever sounder. It was slow -in operation, being little aided by invention or imagination, but sure -in conclusion. Hence the common remark of his officers, of the advantage -he derived from councils of war, where hearing all suggestions, he -selected whatever was best; and certainly no general ever planned his -battles more judiciously. But if deranged during the course of the -action, if any member of his plan was dislocated by sudden -circumstances, he was slow in readjustment. The consequence was that he -often failed in the field, and rarely against an enemy in station, as at -Boston and York. - -He was incapable of fear, meeting personal dangers with the calmest -unconcern. Perhaps the strongest feature in his character was prudence, -never acting until every circumstance, every consideration, was maturely -weighed; refraining if he saw a doubt, but when once decided, going thru -with his purpose, whatever obstacles opposed. - -His integrity was most pure, his justice the most inflexible I have ever -known, no motives of interest or consanguinity, of friendship, or -hatred, being able to bias his decision. He was, indeed, in every sense -of the words a wise, a good, and a great man. His temper was naturally -high toned; but reflection and resolution had obtained a firm and -habitual ascendancy over it. If ever, however, it broke its bonds, he -was most tremendous in his wrath. - -In his expenses he was honorable, but exact; liberal in contribution to -whatever promised utility; but frowning and unyielding on all visionary -projects and all unworthy calls on his charity. His heart was not warm -in its affections; but he exactly calculated every man’s value, and gave -him a solid esteem proportioned to it. - -His person, you know, was fine, his stature exactly what one would wish, -his deportment easy, erect and noble; the best horseman of his age, and -the most graceful figure that could be seen on horseback. Altho in the -circle of his friends, where he might be unreserved with safety, he took -a free share in conversation, his colloquial talents were not above -mediocrity, possessing neither copiousness of ideas nor fluency of -words. In public, when called on for a sudden opinion, he was unready, -short, and embarrassed. - -Yet he wrote readily, rather diffusely, in an easy and correct style. -This he had acquired by conversation with the world, for his education -was merely reading, writing, and common arithmetic, to which he added -surveying at a later day. - -His time was employed in action chiefly, reading little, and that only -in agriculture and English history. His correspondence became -necessarily extensive, and, with journalizing his agricultural -proceedings, occupied most of his leisure hours within doors. - -On the whole, his character was, in its mass, perfect, in nothing bad, -in few points indifferent; and it may truly be said that never did -nature and fortune combine more perfectly to make a man great, and to -place him in the same constellation with whatever worthies have merited -from man an everlasting remembrance. For his was the singular destiny -and merit of leading the armies of his country successfully thru an -arduous war, for the establishment of its independence; of conducting -its councils thru the birth of a government, new in its forms and -principles, until it had settled down into a quiet and orderly train; -and of scrupulously obeying the laws thru the whole of his career, civil -and military, of which the history of the world furnishes no other -example.... - - [Illustration: {George Washington}] - - - - - THOMAS JEFFERSON - - -Writing just a century ago, and a few years after Jefferson’s death, one -of his earliest biographers said that it had been that statesman’s fate -“to be at once loved and praised by his friends, and more hated and -reviled by his adversaries than any of his compatriots.” The fact that -much the same could be said of the writing about him today merely shows -that the man is still alive in so far as his influence is both felt and -feared. So is his great antagonist Hamilton. These two exponents of -contrasted philosophies of government, though dead, yet live and are in -the thick of the fight today. The issues for which they fought with all -their strength are not yet settled. Indeed these issues have broadened -and deepened until one in especial has become perhaps the most burning -of all in a bewildered and angry world, the question whether the people -can govern themselves or must be governed. - -Although a political philosopher, Jefferson never set forth his views in -any formal treatise, as did John Adams in his voluminous works or -Hamilton in _The Federalist_. Probably the most widely read man of his -time in America, Jefferson had a broader range of interests—political, -religious, economic, agricultural, aesthetic and scientific—than did any -other of the leaders. His curiosity was insatiable, but in spite of what -has so frequently been asserted, usually by his enemies, although -sometimes by his friends, he was not a mere theorist. He kept his feet -on the ground. It was the practical application of ideas and their -practical effects which appealed most to him and not the ideas in -themselves as viewed by a philosopher. Even when he could not use the -touchstone of experiment in such matters as his belief in the common man -or religious freedom, he was never a doctrinaire. He not only believed -but said over and over that government and institutions had to be suited -to a people of any given time and place and could not be true or good -everywhere and always. - -We do not look to Jefferson for a theory of government or of the state. -To a great extent the things he had to say about government, and the -things for which he strove in his active political life, were based on -the America of his day and the slowly developing agricultural one which -he envisaged in the future, writing as he did, before the machine age. -What gave Jefferson his profound importance in his own day, as it does -now, was his view of human life. He was, and still is, the greatest and -most influential American exponent of both Liberalism and Americanism. - -Liberalism is rather an attitude than a program. It is less a solution -of governmental problems than it is a way of looking at them. It is -based on the doctrine of live and let live. The Liberal is willing to -take risks feared by both Conservatives and Socialists. Not being a -fool, he realizes, as do the others, that society must have a structure; -but he is more concerned with the freedom and fullness of the life of -the citizen within that structure than with the structure itself. - -It may also be noted that even in his native Virginia, Jefferson -antagonized many of the most important interests and families by what -was considered his undermining of a social order. His struggle to break -down entail and primogeniture, to free religion from the fetters of a -State church, and his well-known opposition to slavery, have not even -yet been forgiven by many Virginians who feel that the downfall of the, -in many ways, charming and delightful society of the eighteenth century -was due to one whom they consider a renegade from his own order. As we -shall see later, when Jefferson was involved in financial difficulties -in his old age, the citizens of his own State, unlike many elsewhere, -did not offer him the slightest aid. - -Europe, in the early days of our country, was filled with restraints and -barriers. Jefferson felt that the America of his day offered a unique -opportunity in the annals of mankind to try out the great experiment of -self-government on an unprecedented scale. His Americanism, written in -part into the Declaration of Independence, which he preached throughout -life by word and act, grew out of his personal experience of America -itself. In so far as those qualities of the American people which we -group under the word “Americanism” have been fostered by any one man, in -addition to the natural forces of the American environment, Jefferson is -beyond question that man. - -The struggle going on almost everywhere today, in our own country no -less than in some of those others which have already lost their -liberties, is the struggle between the conception of a strong -centralized state controlling the lives of the citizens for the sake of -economics and national power, and the conception of personal liberty -affording the greatest possible scope for the individual to live his -life as he wills. The old questions which Jefferson and Hamilton fought -over were who is to rule, why are they to rule, what is the object of -their rule? These are now being fought out again, as they always have -been, but with increasing bitterness among vast masses of populations. -That is why both men are living today and why it is worth while to -consider again the life particularly of the one who laid more stress -upon freedom and toleration for the individual than on the strength of -national power. - - JAMES TRUSLOW ADAMS - _from “The Living Jefferson,” 1936_ - - [Illustration: {Thomas Jefferson}] - - - - - ABRAHAM LINCOLN - - -Carlyle once said to Holman Hunt: “I’m only a poor man, but I would give -one third of what I possess for a veritable, contemporaneous -representation of Jesus Christ. Had those carvers of marble chiseled a -faithful statue of the Son of Man, as he called himself, and shown us -what manner of man he was like, what his height, what his build, and -what the features of his sorrow-marked face were, I for one would have -thanked the sculptor with all the gratitude of my heart for that -portrait as one of the most precious heirlooms of the ages.” - -Remarkable as it may seem, were it not for photography and one life -mask, this, with equal truth, might be said of a man who, as the ages -run, has hardly gone from among us. - -Lincoln, one of the greatest of observers, was himself the least truly -observed. God had built him in the backyard of the nation and there, -wrapped in homely guise, had preserved and matured his pure humanity. He -was heard, but seems rarely, if ever, to have been truly seen. The -reports we have of him do not satisfy, do not justify, are inconsistent. -The eastern, old-world eye could not read beyond the queer hat, bad -tailoring, and boots you could not now give away—and he was so long he -fairly had to stoop to look the little world in the face. Never has bad -tailoring, homely, deferential manner, so completely hidden seer, -jester, master of men, as did these simple accoutrements this first -great gift of the West. But it is surprising that professional -observers, artists and writers alike, have drawn and redrawn the untrue -picture. - -A great portrait is always full of compelling presence, more even than -is seen in the original at all times, for a great portrait depicts great -moments and carries the record of the whole man. It is, therefore, not -enough to draw a mask. - -Lincoln is a comfort and a reality, an example, a living inspiration to -every mother and every son in America. No mask will satisfy _us_; we -want to see what we care for; we want to feel the private conscience -that became public conduct. We love this man, because he was all in all -one of us and made all the world peers. Now we begin to see him truly. -Within his coming the West has steadily rolled back the East, and of his -ways the world has many. The silk hat, the tall figure, the swing, the -language and manner have become American, and we all understand. - -Official Washington was shocked by his address. Men, who could have -given us master pictures of a master man, remained unconvinced until he -had passed away. The great portrait was never drawn, and now it is too -late; we must wade through mountains of material and by some strange -divination find in fragments the real man, and, patiently, lovingly, yet -justly, piece them all together. - -It was speculation of this kind that gradually led me to a careful -analysis of Lincoln the man. The _accepted_ portraits of him do not -justify his record. His life, his labors, his writings, made me feel -some gross injustice had been done him in the blind, careless use of -such phrases as _ungainly_, _uncouth_, _vulgar_, _rude_, which were -commonly applied to him by his contemporaries. These popular -descriptions do not fit the master of polished Douglas—nor the man, -whose intellectual arrogance academic Sumner resented. - -I believed the healthy, powerful youth and frontiersman, the lover, -lawyer of spotless record, legislator, the thrice candidate for -President, had been falsely drawn. I believed if properly seen and truly -read, the compelling and enduring greatness of the man would be found -written in his actions, in his figure, in his deportment, in his face, -and that some of this compelling greatness might be gotten into the -stone. To do this, I read all or nearly all he had written, his own -description of himself, the few immediate records of his coming and -going. I then took the life mask, learned it by heart, measured it in -every possible way—for it is infallible—then returned to the habits of -his mind, which his writings gave me, and I recognized that _five_ or -_six_ of the photographs indicated the man. - -Whether Lincoln sat or stood, his was the ease of movement of a figure -controlled by direct and natural development, without a hint of -consciousness. Chairs were low for him and so Lincoln seemed when he sat -down to go farther than was quite easy or graceful. His walk was free -and he moved with a long but rather slow swinging stride. His arms hung -free, and he walked with an open hand. He was erect; he did not stoop at -the shoulders. He bent forward, but from the waistline. His face was -large in its simple masses. His head was normal in size; his forehead -high, regular and ideal in shape. His brow bushed and projected like a -cliff. His eyebrows were very strong. His mouth was not coarse or heavy. -His right side was determined, developed, ancient. The left side was -immature, plain—and physically not impressive. - -You will find written in his face literally all the complexness of his -nature. We see a dual nature struggling with a dual problem, delivering -a single result—to the whole. He was more deeply rooted in the home -principles that are keeping us together than any man who was ever asked -to make his heart-beat national—too great to become president, except by -some extraordinary combination of circumstances. - - GUTZON BORGLUM - - [Illustration: {Abraham Lincoln}] - - - - - THEODORE ROOSEVELT - - -Fromentin said of Peter Paul Rubens, one of the greatest masters who -ever used brush and paint to interpret human character: “He is -systematic, methodical and stern in the discipline of his private life, -in the ordering of his work, in the regulating of his intelligence, in a -kind of strong and sane wholesomeness of his genius. He is simple, -sincere, a model of loyalty to his friends, in sympathy with every one -of talent, (and) untiring and resourceful in his encouragement of -beginners * * *.” The same might have been said with equal truth and -propriety of Theodore Roosevelt. - -Of all the great leaders of this country, he was the most typically -American. The grief and melancholy that seized him following the death -of his first wife drove him into Dakota. Here upon the range he found -surcease from sorrow and sufficient time off from his duties as manager -of his ranch to write about the West. This work won instant recognition -and not only established his place among the literary men of his day but -made him the idol of the Great West. The cowboys with whom he rode the -night herd liked and admired him, and even the roughnecks soon learned -to respect his cool courage and resourcefulness. One encounter with him -did not give encouragement to a second. - -But he was more than a frontiersman and writer. He represented all that -was best in the home, in business and in government. He was energetic, -intelligent and purposeful. He had an aim in life and drove hard and -steadily toward his goal. His enemies seldom outmaneuvered him and he -knew how to strike when a bold stroke was required to accomplish a -desired end. His association with men of all types and his keen -observation gave him an insight into men that enabled him to distinguish -quickly and accurately the spurious from the real. Surface indications -or social position had for him little meaning. He would rather associate -with an uneducated but quick-witted cowpuncher than with the dull and -unimaginative. This accounts for his friendship with men and women in -all walks of life. Talent and ability, usefully employed, always had for -him a special appeal but he was bored and annoyed by the pretentious -commonplace. - -He was by instinct and inclination a reformer and sought to improve all -that was best in public morals, both spiritually and politically. No man -struggling as mightily as he could escape making mistakes, but he was -great enough to recognize them and fair enough to seek to rectify any -injustice that had resulted. His enthusiasm, zeal and sureness of -himself sometimes led him to pursue hopeless and occasionally -ill-considered causes that he later had reason to regret, but by the -large he was a most useful and inspiring personality. - -Two outstanding achievements stand to his credit. One of these was the -building of the Panama Canal, an accomplishment of transcendent -importance to the American people. It is the link that binds the East to -the West by water and has helped to make this country one of the great -commercial and industrial nations of the world. The canal is also of -first importance from the standpoint of national defense and has added -greatly to the mobility and usefulness of our Navy, which has always -been our first line of defense against any possible foreign foe. - -The second was the injection of morals into our politics and the -insistence upon the square deal for every American, be he small or -great. It was this characteristic more than any other that endeared him -to the ordinary man and made him one of the most powerful political -figures and one of the greatest moral forces that has taken possession -of the hearts and minds of men in any age. It was not that he was always -right, but men and women clung to him because they felt that he was -right most of the time and was trying to be right all of the time. - -As a lone fighter he was without a peer in his day and generation, and -had the impetuosity and zeal required to arouse a mighty following in -any cause which he espoused and upon which he had deep convictions. -Every word that he spoke and every manifestation of his personality left -a profound impression upon all those who came into contact with him -either personally or upon the hustings. Everywhere he was impressive, -persuasive and compelling. While he may never be loved as Lincoln was -loved, or rise to the stature of Washington, his example, fortitude in -adversity, and fight for the betterment of his fellow men will ever be -like a beacon going before to inspire men and women everywhere who are -seeking to make the world a better place in which to live. - -It was President Calvin Coolidge who said to Sculptor Gutzon Borglum -that among the immortals to be carved upon Mount Rushmore a place must -be found for Theodore Roosevelt, “because he was the first president to -say to Big Business, ‘thus far you shall go and no farther.’” Washington -is there because he was the trusted leader that made these United States -possible, and was great and strong enough to refuse a crown and lay down -the scepter when his work was done. Jefferson stands at his side because -of his contribution to the rights of man as set forth in the bill of -rights; Abraham Lincoln because he saved the Union from division by his -own martyrdom and his infinite compassion for those who suffered, and -Theodore Roosevelt because he was the greatest moral force for clean -government and the square deal of modern times. - - WILLIAM WILLIAMSON - - [Illustration: {Theodore Roosevelt}] - - - - - AS GREAT MEN SAW IT - - - [Illustration: {Calvin Coolidge}] - -Excerpts from speeches at dedicatory and unveiling ceremonies or -comments made during personal visits to the Memorial. - - -President Calvin Coolidge (Consecration Ceremony, August 10, 1927) - -“We have come here to dedicate a corner stone that was laid by the hand -of the Almighty.... This memorial will be another national shrine to -which future generations will repair to declare their continuing -allegiance to independence, to self government, to freedom and to -economic justice....” - - -President Franklin D. Roosevelt (Jefferson Unveiling) - -“An inspiration for the continuance of the democratic republican form of -government, not only in our own beloved country, but, we hope, -throughout the world.” - - -Lord Halifax (Visiting the Black Hills, March 29, 1946) - -“The most remarkable confluence of the wonder of nature and the art of -man I have ever witnessed.” - - -Judge Albert R. Denu (Borglum Banquet, December 28, 1938) - -“The historian of the future ... will record America’s enduring -achievements and include in his history the name of a Master Sculptor, -whom the earth’s inhabitants of the twentieth century knew as Gutzon -Borglum.” - - [Illustration: {Franklin D. Roosevelt}] - - -_Photograph Credits: Bell Studios, Lincoln Borglum, Charles d’Emery, -Verne’s Photo Shop, Publishers’ Photo Service, Inc., Wyoming Department -of Commerce & Industry, and Rise Studio._ - - - - - MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL SOCIETY OF BLACK HILLS - - - [Illustration: John A. Boland, Sr. - _President of Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society of Black - Hills_] - -The state of South Dakota and the community of the Black Hills have -logically and with undiminished zeal accepted a considerable financial -and moral responsibility in the evolution of this magnificent Shrine of -Democracy. - -Through the successive stages of locating, planning, sculptoring, -improving and publicizing Mount Rushmore, a liaison with Sculptor Gutzon -Borglum and his son, Lincoln, the President, the Congress and the -Department of Interior has been maintained through the instrumentalities -of three nonprofit organizations. - -The Mount Harney Memorial Association was first authorized to “carve a -memorial in heroic figures” under an act of Congress, approved by -President Coolidge on March 4, 1925. Brought into being through a bill -passed by the South Dakota Legislature, the Association entered into a -formal contract with Gutzon Borglum and work was commenced in 1927. - -Subsequently in 1929, when Federal funds were appropriated for matching -purposes, the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission was created, -consisting of twelve members to be named by the President. - -Appointed by President Coolidge to serve on the commission were John A. -Boland, Rapid City, S. D.; Charles R. Crane, New York, N. Y.; Joseph S. -Cullinan, Houston, Texas; C. M. Day, Sioux Falls, S. D.; D. B. Gurney, -Yankton, S. D.; Hale Holden, Chicago; Frank O. Lowden, Oregon, Ill.; -Julius Rosenwald, Chicago; Fred W. Sargent, Evanston, Ill. and Mrs. -Lorine Jones Spoonts, Corpus Christi, Texas. - -Mr. Cullinan became the Commission’s first president and Mr. Boland was -named chairman of the executive committee at a session in the White -House, where it met upon invitation of the President on June 6, 1929. - -It was the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission which assumed -financial responsibility for the Memorial, taking over all property and -contracts from the Mount Harney Association, employing the services of a -staff for the sculptor and disbursing federal and privately-solicited -funds during the course of construction. - -It was also the parent organization for the present Mount Rushmore -National Memorial Society of Black Hills, incorporated under the laws of -the District of Columbia in 1930. And while the Society’s objectives -were identical with those of the Commission, it had additional -authority, including the sale of memberships, management of concessions -and the use of available funds for advertising and publicity. - -A long list of “Who’s Who” in America and South Dakota have been -recorded in the annals and on the membership roll of the Mount Rushmore -Society. Membership certificate No. 1 is held by John Hays Hammond, -world famed mining engineer, lecturer, consultant of Cecil Rhodes and -active in the development of hydro-electric and irrigation projects. -Number two belongs to Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War under President -Wilson and a one-time member of the Permanent Court of International -Justice at The Hague. - -Other original members, some of whose heirs hold the certificates, are -John N. Garner, vice president of the United States; Julius Rosenwald, -American merchant and philanthropist; Sewell L. Avery, chain store -magnate; Mary Garden, American operatic soprano; Walter Dill Scot, -author and president of Northwestern University; Nicholas Murray Butler, -president of Columbia University and Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1931, -and Vilhjalmur Stefanson, Arctic Explorer, to mention a few. - -The Society’s Board of Trustees presently is composed of Paul E. -Bellamy, John A. Boland, Mrs. Gutzon Borglum, Lincoln Borglum, Francis -Case, Fred C. Christopherson, Miss Nina Cullinan, George E. Flavin, Mrs. -William Fowden, Mrs. Peter Norbeck, Robert E. Driscoll, Sr., Eugene C. -Eppley, Mrs. Frank M. Lewis and William Williamson. Walter H. Johnson is -treasurer and K. F. Olsen secretary. The Commission is not active at -this time. - -Originally a portion of the Federal Game Sanctuary in the Harney -National Forest, the 1,686-acre tract that comprises the Mount Rushmore -National Memorial was established in 1929 but did not come under the -National Park Service jurisdiction until 1939. - -During the interim, the South Dakota State Highway Commission -constructed the present Memorial Highway from its junction with U. S. -Highway 16. It also built the Iron Mountain Drive with the three tunnels -that frame the Shrine of Democracy. The planning and intricate -engineering skill that went into building the Iron Mountain Highway was -extremely ingenious in itself. - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Mount Rushmore National Memorial, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL *** - -***** This file should be named 61106-0.txt or 61106-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/1/1/0/61106/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Lisa Corcoran and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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