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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #61000 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61000)
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-Project Gutenberg's The Book of Trinity College Dublin 1591-1891, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Book of Trinity College Dublin 1591-1891
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: January 2, 2020 [EBook #61000]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF TRINITY COLLEGE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by ellinora, John Campbell and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
-
-  Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.
-
-  Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been
-  placed at the end of each chapter. Four digit items such as [1466] are
-  not footnote anchors but refer to a year.
-
-  A superscript is denoted by ^x or ^{xx}, for example L^d or Hon^{ble}.
-
-  Gothic font is indicated by double plus signs, ++in gothic font++.
-
-  Macrons over e and u are displayed correctly as ē and ū. Some latin
-  abbreviations are shown in the original text with an overline, for
-  example Hiberniæ when abbreviated is shown as Hibniæ with ibni
-  overlined. This overline is indicated in the etext using [= ] giving
-  H[=ibni]æ.
-
-  Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ¼ ¾; there are no other fractions
-  in this book.
-
-  Date ranges are displayed using - for example 1621-8, the same as the
-  original text.
-
-  Split-year dates are displayed with a / divider, for example 1600/1;
-  the original text shows 160 with a fraction-like ‘0 over 1’ in a
-  smaller font. The dual dates indicate the Julian (1600) and the
-  Gregorian (1601) year designation for dates between January 1st and
-  March 25th. Prior to 1752 dates in documents in British dominions
-  used the Julian calendar, in which the new year did not begin until
-  March 25th.
-
-  Some other minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
-
-
-
-
-  [Illustration: (Seal of the College)]
-
-  TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION
-
-  JULY, 1892
-
-
-  PRESENTED
-
-  BY THE
-
-  PROVOST AND SENIOR FELLOWS
-
-  OF
-
-  TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN
-
-
-[Illustration: POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM
-
-  _Mortua anno
-  MIserICorDIæ._
-
-  HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE
-
-  SEMPER EADEM
-
-  _Nata Gronewiciæ
-  anno Christi
-  MDXXXIII.
-  6.Jd.Sept._
-
-
-  ELISABET D.G. ANGLIAE, FRANCIAE, HIBERNIAE, ET VERGINIAE REGINA,
-  FIDEI CHRISTIANAE PROPVGNATRIX ACERRIMA. NVNC IN [=DNO] REQVIESCENS.
-
-  _Virginis os habitumque geris, diuina virago,
-  Sed supra sexum dotes animumque virilem;
-  Quod sæpe altarum docuit rerum exitus ingens:
-  Vnde tibi et Regni populi debere fatentur,
-  Christiadumque cohors, odijs rumpantur vt hostes,
-  Quorum Diua tua rabies nil morte lucrata est._
-
-  _Vasta Semiramiden Babylon super æthera tollat,
-  Efferat et Didona suam Sidonia tellus,
-  Gens Esthren Iudæa, Camillam Volsca propago,
-  Aut Constantini matrem Byzantion ingens,
-  Atqúe alias aliæ gentes: tete Anglia fortis
-  Vt quondam fructa est, sic nunc clarescat alumna._
-
-  _Isaac Oliuier
-  effigiabat._
-
-  _Crispin van de Passe
-  incidebat._
-
-  _procurante Joanne
-  Waldnelio._
-
-  _P.B.M.Q. ludeb._
-]
-
-
-
-
-  THE BOOK
-
-  OF
-
-  TRINITY COLLEGE
-
-  DUBLIN
-
-
-  1591 [Illustration: (original Seal of the College)] 1891
-
-
-  BELFAST
-  MARCUS WARD & CO., LIMITED, ROYAL ULSTER WORKS
-  LONDON AND NEW YORK
-
-  DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS & CO., LIMITED
-
-  1892
-
-
-[Illustration: (Publisher colophon)]
-
-
-The Committee appointed by the Provost and Senior Fellows of
-Trinity College, Dublin, to make arrangements for the celebration
-of the Tercentenary of the Foundation of the University of Dublin
-and of Trinity College, to be held in July, 1892, requested the
-following to act as a Sub-Committee to superintend the bringing out
-of a volume in which there should be a record of the chief events
-of the College for the last three centuries, a description of its
-buildings, &c.:--
-
-  Rev. JOHN W. STUBBS, D.D.
-  Rev. THOMAS K. ABBOTT, B.D., Litt.D., Librarian.
-  Rev. JOHN P. MAHAFFY, D.D., Mus. Doc.
-  EDWARD DOWDEN, LL.D., Litt.D.
-  ULICK RALPH BURKE, M.A.
-  WILLIAM MACNEILE DIXON, LL.B., and
-  E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.A., M.D.;
-
-the last named to be the Convener.
-
-Through illness, Professor E. Dowden was unable to take any
-active part in the preparation of this volume, the publication of
-which was undertaken by the firm of Messrs. Marcus Ward & Co.,
-Limited, of Belfast. The time at the disposal of the writers of the
-following chapters was extremely short, and they tender an apology
-for the want of completeness, which, on an exact scrutiny of their
-work, will, they fear, be only too conspicuous; but it is hoped
-that the volume may be acceptable as a sketch towards a History of
-the College.
-
-The name of the writer of each chapter is given in the Table
-of Contents, and each author is to be regarded as accountable
-only for his own share of the work. The Committee’s grateful
-thanks are due to Mr. Louis Fagan, of the Department of Prints
-and Drawings, British Museum, for the help he has given them in
-having reproductions made from rare engravings of some of the
-distinguished Graduates of the University.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section heading)]
-
-
-CONTENTS.
-
-                                                                  PAGE
-
-  CHAPTER I.--FROM THE FOUNDATION TO THE CAROLINE CHARTER, by the
-                  Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,                          1
-
-     ”   II.--FROM THE CAROLINE REFORM TO THE SETTLEMENT OF
-                  WILLIAM III., by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,    29
-
-     ”  III.--THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UP TO 1758, by the Rev.
-                  J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,                              47
-
-     ”   IV.--FROM 1758 TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY, by the Rev.
-                  J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,                              73
-
-     ”    V.--DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, by the Rev.
-                  J. W. Stubbs, D.D.,                               91
-
-     ”   VI.--THE OBSERVATORY, DUNSINK, by Sir Robert Ball, LL.D.,
-                  Astronomer-Royal,                                131
-
-     ”  VII.--THE LIBRARY, by the Rev. T. K. Abbott, B.D.,
-                  Litt.D., Librarian,                              147
-
-     ” VIII.--THE EARLY BUILDINGS, by Ulick R. Burke, M.A.,        183
-
-     ”   IX.--DISTINGUISHED GRADUATES, by William MacNeile
-                  Dixon, LL.B.,                                    235
-
-     ”    X.--THE COLLEGE PLATE, by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,  267
-
-     ”   XI.--THE BOTANICAL GARDENS AND HERBARIUM, by E. Perceval
-                  Wright, M.A., M.D.,                              275
-
-     ”  XII.--THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OFFICERS, 1892,           285
-
-  TERCENTENARY ODE,                                                291
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section ending)]
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section heading)]
-
-
-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
-
-                                                                  PAGE
-
-  PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH,                         _Frontispiece._
-
-  THE OLDEST MAP OF THE COLLEGE,                                     7
-
-  FAC-SIMILE OF PROVOST ASHE’S PRAYER,                              10
-
-  THE EARLIEST EXTANT COLLEGE SEAL,                                 11
-
-  THE SOUTH BACK OF THE ELIZABETHAN COLLEGE,                        25
-
-  FAC-SIMILE OF TITLE-PAGE, ARCHBISHOP MARSH’S “LOGIC,”             37
-
-  CHAPEL PLATE (DATED 1632 AND 1638),                               44
-
-  TITLE-PAGE OF THE CENTENARY SERMON, JANUARY 9, 1693/4,            52
-
-  THE OLD CLOCK TOWER,                                              62
-
-  CANDELABRUM, EXAMINATION HALL,                                   130
-
-  DUNSINK OBSERVATORY,                                             133
-
-  SOUTH EQUATORIAL, DUNSINK,                                       142
-
-  MERIDIAN ROOM, DUNSINK,                                          144
-
-  OLD PRINT OF LIBRARY, 1753,                                      152
-
-  INTERIOR OF LIBRARY, 1858,                                       154
-
-  A PAGE FROM THE “BOOK OF KELLS,”                                 161
-
-  SATCHEL OF THE “BOOK OF ARMAGH,”                                 164
-
-  SHRINE OF THE “BOOK OF DIMMA,”                                   165
-
-  BOOK RECESSES IN LIBRARY,                                        176
-
-  INNER STAIRCASE IN LIBRARY,                                      177
-
-  INTERIOR OF LIBRARY, 1860,                                       178
-
-  THE LIBRARY, 1891,                                               179
-
-  LIBRARY STAIRCASE AND ENTRANCE TO READING ROOM,                  180
-
-  ROYAL ARMS NOW PLACED IN LIBRARY,                                181
-
-  FRONT OF TRINITY COLLEGE, 1728,                                  183
-
-  GROUND PLAN OF TRINITY COLLEGE, FROM ROCQUE’S MAP OF
-      DUBLIN, 1750,                                                187
-
-  _Ampelopsis veitchii_,                                           190
-
-  TRINITY COLLEGE--WEST FRONT,                                     191
-
-  THE PROVOST’S HOUSE, FROM GRAFTON STREET,                        195
-
-  DRAWING ROOM, PROVOST’S HOUSE,                                   197
-
-  TOP OF STAIRCASE, REGENT’S HALL,                                 200
-
-  PARLIAMENT AND LIBRARY SQUARES,                                  201
-
-  LIBRARY SQUARE,                                                  202
-
-  THE CHAPEL,                                                      204
-
-  BALDWIN’S MONUMENT,                                              211
-
-  THE BELL TOWER, FROM THE PROVOST’S GARDEN,                       215
-
-  THE DINING HALL, VIEWED FROM LIBRARY SQUARE,                     218
-
-  INTERIOR OF DINING HALL,                                         219
-
-  THE ENGINEERING SCHOOL, FROM COLLEGE PARK,                       220
-
-  ENTRANCE TO ENGINEERING SCHOOL,                                  222
-
-  HALL AND STAIRCASE, ENGINEERING SCHOOL,                          223
-
-  CARVINGS AT BASE OF STAIRCASE,                                   224
-
-  THE PRINTING OFFICE, FROM NEW SQUARE,                            225
-
-  VIEW IN THE COLLEGE PARK--LIBRARY--ENGINEERING SCHOOL,           228
-
-  THE MEDICAL SCHOOL,                                              229
-
-  THE MUSEUM (TENNIS COURT),                                       230
-
-  THE DISSECTING ROOM,                                             231
-
-  THE PRINTING OFFICE,                                             233
-
-  PULPIT IN DINING HALL,                                           234
-
-  PORTRAIT OF ARCHBISHOP USSHER,                                   238
-
-  PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM KING, D.D.,                                  241
-
-  BUST OF DR. DELANY,                                              243
-
-  PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM MOLYNEUX,                                    244
-
-  BUST OF DEAN SWIFT,                                              244
-
-  PORTRAIT OF THOMAS SOUTHERNE,                                    245
-
-  PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM CONGREVE,                                    247
-
-  PORTRAIT OF BISHOP BERKELEY,                                     249
-
-  PORTRAIT OF EARL OF CLARE,                                       256
-
-  PORTRAIT OF LORD PLUNKET,                                        258
-
-  FAC-SIMILE OF ORIGINAL MS. OF “THE BURIAL OF SIR JOHN
-      MOORE,”                                                 260, 261
-
-  BUST OF JAMES MACCULLAGH,                                        263
-
-  PORTRAIT OF CHARLES LEVER,                                       263
-
-  TOMB OF BISHOP BERKELEY,                                         264
-
-  COMMUNION CUPS--MEADE, 1760; GARRET WESLEY, 1751;
-      CAUFIELD, 1690,                                              267
-
-  SALVER--GILBERT, 1734,                                           268
-
-  THE COLLEGE MACE,                                                271
-
-  PUNCH BOWLS--PLUNKET, 1702; MEADE, 1708,                         272
-
-  DUNCOMBE CUP, 1680; PALLISER CUP, 1709,                          273
-
-  EPERGNE (REIGN OF GEORGE II.),                                   274
-
-  BOTANICAL GARDENS--THE POND. WINTER,                             281
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section ending)]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER I.[1]
-
-FROM THE FOUNDATION TO THE CAROLINE CHARTER.
-
-      _Laudamus te, benignissime Pater, pro serenissimis,
-      Regina Elizabetha hujus Collegii conditrice,
-      Jacobo ejusdem munificentissimo auctore,
-      Carolo conservatore,
-      Ceterisque benefactoribus nostris._
-                                       THE CAROLINE GRACE.
-
-
-The origin of the University of Dublin is not shrouded in darkness,
-as are the origins of the Universities of Bologna and Oxford. The
-details of the foundation are well known, in the clear light of
-Elizabethan times; the names of the promoters and benefactors are
-on record; and yet when we come to examine the dates current in
-the histories of the University and the relative merits of the
-promoters, there arise many perplexities. The grant of the Charter
-is in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and we record every day in the
-College our gratitude for her benefaction; but it is no secret that
-she was urged to this step by a series of advisers, of whom the
-most important and persuasive remained in the background.
-
-The project of founding a University in Ireland had long been
-contemplated, and the current histories record various attempts,
-as old as 1311, to accomplish this end--attempts which all failed
-promptly, and produced no effect upon the country, unless it were
-to afford to the Roman Catholic prelates, who petitioned James II.
-to hand over Trinity College to their control, some colour for
-their astonishing preamble.[2] It is not the province of these
-chapters to narrate or discuss these earlier schemes. One feature
-they certainly possessed--the very feature denied them in the
-petition just named. Most of them were essentially ecclesiastical,
-and closely attached to the Cathedral corporations. There seems
-never to have been a secular teacher appointed in any of them--not
-to speak of mere frameworks, like that of the University of
-Drogheda. Another feature also they all present: they are without
-any reasonable endowment, the only serious offer being that of
-Sir John Perrott in 1585, who proposed the still current method
-of exhibiting English benevolence towards Ireland by robbing one
-Irish body to endow another. In this case, S. Patrick’s Cathedral,
-“because it was held in superstitious reverence by the people,”
-was to be plundered of its revenues to set up two Colleges--one
-in Armagh and one in Limerick. This plan was thwarted, not only
-by the downfall of its originator (Perrott), but by the active
-opposition of an eminent Churchman--Adam Loftus, the Archbishop
-of Dublin. The violent mutual hostility of these two men may have
-stimulated each to promote a public object disadvantageous to the
-other. Perrott urged the disendowment of S. Patrick’s because he
-knew that the Archbishop had retained a large pecuniary interest
-in it. Perhaps Loftus promoted a rival plan because he feared
-some future revival of Perrott’s scheme. Both attest their bitter
-feelings: for in his defence upon his trial Perrott calls the
-Archbishop his deadly enemy; and Loftus, in the Latin speech made
-in Trinity College when he resigned the Provostship, takes special
-credit for having resisted the overbearing fury of Perrott, and
-having gained for Leinster the College which the other sought to
-establish either in Armagh or Limerick, exposed to the dangers of
-rebellion and devastation.[3] But before this audience, who knew
-the circumstances, he does not make any claim to have been the
-original promoter of the foundation. Even in his defence of S.
-Patrick’s, he had a supporter perhaps more persuasive, because he
-was more respected. It is mentioned in praise of Henry Ussher, “he
-so lucidly and with such strength of arguments defended the rights
-of S. Patrick’s Church, which Perrott meant to turn into a College,
-that he averted that dire omen.”[4] Nevertheless, the Archbishop is
-generally credited with being the real founder of Trinity College,
-and indeed his speeches to the citizens of Dublin, of which two are
-still extant, might lead to that conclusion. But other and more
-potent influences were at work.
-
-Some years before, Case, in the preface to his _Speculum Moralium
-Quæstionum_ (1585), had addressed the Chancellors of Cambridge and
-Oxford conjointly on the crying want of a proper University, to
-subdue the turbulence and barbarism of the Irish. This appeal was
-not original, or isolated, or out of sympathy with the age. Such
-laymen as Spencer, and as Bryskett, Spencer’s host near Dublin,
-must have long urged similar arguments. In 1547, Archbishop George
-Browne had forwarded to Sir William Cecil a scheme for establishing
-a College with the revenues of the then recently suppressed S.
-Patrick’s.[5] Another scheme is extant, endorsed by Cecil, dated
-October, 1563, with salaries named, but not the source of the
-endowment. In 1571, John Ussher, in applying for the rights of
-staple at the port of Dublin, says in his petition that he intends
-to leave his fortune to found a College in Dublin. In 1584, the
-Rev. R. Draper petitions Burghley to have the University founded at
-Trim, in the centre of the Pale, as this site possessed a waterway
-to Drogheda, and was furnished with great ancient buildings, then
-deserted, and falling into decay.
-
-But in addition to these appeals of sentiment, there were practical
-men at work. Two successive Deputies, Sir Henry Sidney and Sir John
-Perrott, had urged the necessity of some such foundation (1565,
-1585), and the former had even offered pecuniary aid. The Queen,
-long urged in this direction, had ultimately been persuaded, as
-appears from her Warrant, that the City of Dublin was prepared
-to grant a site, and help in building the proposed College; and
-the City, no doubt, had been equally persuaded that the Queen
-would endow the site. The practical workers in this diplomacy have
-been set down in history as Cambridge men. This is one of those
-true statements which disguise the truth. The real agitators in
-the matter were Luke Challoner and Henry Ussher. A glance at Mr.
-Gilbert’s _Assembly Rolls of the City of Dublin_ the reign of
-Elizabeth will show how both family names occur perpetually in
-the Corporation as mayors, aldermen, etc.[6] The very site of the
-future College had been let upon lease to a Challoner and to the
-uncle of an Ussher.[7] These were the influential City families
-which swayed the Corporation. Henry Ussher,[8] who had become
-Archdeacon of Dublin, went as emissary to Court; Challoner[9]
-superintended the gathering of funds and the laying out of the
-site, which his family had rented years before. It was therefore
-by Dublin men--by citizens whose sons had merely been educated
-at Cambridge, and had learned there to appreciate University
-culture--that Trinity College was really founded. They had learned
-to compare Cambridge and Oxford, with Dublin, life, and when they
-came home to their paternal city, they felt the wide difference.
-
-Queen Elizabeth, in her Warrant, puts the case quite differently.
-She does not, indeed, make the smallest mention of Loftus, but of
-the prayer of the City of Dublin, preferred by Henry Ussher, thus:
-
-  _December 29, 1592._
-
-  ELIZABETH, R.
-
-  Trustee and right well beloved we greet you well, where[as]
-  by your Lrēs, and the rest of our Councell joyned with you,
-  directed to our Councell here, wee perceive that the Major and
-  the Cittizens of Dublin are very well disposed to grant the
-  scite of the Abbey of Allhallows belonging to the said Citty to
-  the yearly value of Twenty pounds to serve for a Colledge for
-  learning, whereby knowledge and Civility might be increased by
-  the instruction of our people there, whereof many have usually
-  heretofore used to travaile into ffrance Italy and Spaine to
-  gett learning in such forreigne universities, whereby they have
-  been infected with poperie and other ill qualities, and soe
-  became evill subjects, &c.[10]
-
-The Usshers and the Challoners had no inclination to go to
-Spain or France, nor is it likely that they ever thought they
-would prevent the Irish Catholic priesthood from favouring this
-foreign education. They desired to ennoble their city by giving
-it a College similar to those of Oxford and Cambridge, and they
-succeeded.
-
-The extant speech of Adam Loftus, to which I have already referred,
-makes no allusion to these things. His argument is homely enough.
-Guarding himself from preaching the doctrine of good works,
-which would have a Papistical complexion, he urges the Mayor
-and Corporation to consider how the trades had suffered by the
-abolition of the monasteries, under the previous Sovereign; how
-the city of Oxford and town of Cambridge have flourished owing
-to their Colleges; how the prosperity of Dublin, now depending
-on the presence of the Lord Deputy and his retinue and the Inns
-of Court, will be increased by a College, which would bring
-strangers, and with them money, to the citizens. Thus it will be
-a means of civilising the nation and enriching the city, and will
-enable many of their children to work their own advancement, “and
-in order thereto ye will be pleased to call a Common Council and
-deliberate thereon, having first informed the several Masters of
-every Company of the pregnant likelihood of advantage,” etc. Again,
-“it is my hearty desire that you would express your and the City’s
-thankfulness to Her Majesty,” etc.
-
-This harangue, in which “our good Lord the Archbushopp” gives
-himself the whole credit of the transaction, is said to have
-been delivered “soon after the Quarter Sessions of St. John the
-Baptist”--viz., about July, but in what year I cannot discover.
-Mr. Gilbert says, “_after Easter_, in the year 1590.” In Loftus’
-Latin speech occurs--“As soon as I had proposed it to the Mayor
-and Sheriffs, without any delay they assembled in full conclave
-and voted the whole site of the monastery.” But in the meetings of
-the Dublin Council there is no allusion whatever to this speech,
-no thanks to the Queen, no resolution on the matter whatever, till
-under the date “Fourth Friday after December, 1590” (33 Elizabeth),
-we find the following modest business entry:--“Forasmoch as there
-is in this Assembly by certayne well-disposed persons petition
-preferred,[11] declaring many good and effectual persuacions to
-move our furtherance for setting upp and erecting a Collage for
-the bringing upp of yeouth to learning, whereof we, having a good
-lyking, do, so farr as in us lyeth, herby agree and order that the
-scite of Alhallowes and the parkes thereof shalbe wholly gyven for
-the erection of a Collage there; and withall we require that we
-may have conference with the preferrers of the said peticion to
-conclude how the same shalbe fynished.”[12] The Queen’s Warrant is
-signed the 29th December, 1592 (34 Elizabeth).[13] It is hard to
-find any logical place for the Archbishop’s speech, either before,
-between, or after these dates and documents.
-
-At all events, the Queen gave a Warrant and Charter, some small
-Crown rents on various estates in the South and West of Ireland,
-and presently, upon further petition, a yearly gift of nearly £400
-from the Concordatum Fund, which latter the College enjoyed till
-the present century, when it was resumed by the Government. From
-the Elizabethan Crown rents the College now derives about £5 per
-annum. The Charter was surrendered for that of Charles I.
-
-Thus the benevolences of Elizabeth, like the buildings of her
-foundation, have dwindled away and disappeared.
-
-The Archbishop’s sounding words have had their weight in benefiting
-his own memory, as has been shown, beyond his merits in this matter.
-
-The modest gift of the Corporation of Dublin, consisting of 28
-acres of derelict land partly invaded by the sea, has become a
-splendid property, in money value not less than £10,000 a-year, in
-convenience and in dignity to the College perfectly inestimable.
-
-[Illustration: THE OLDEST MAP OF THE COLLEGE (1610).]
-
-The necessary sum for repairing the decayed Abbey of All Hallowes,
-and for what new buildings the College required, was raised by
-an appeal of the Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam (dated March 11, 1591)
-to the owners of landed property all over Ireland. The list of
-these contributions is very curious, and also very liberal, if we
-consider that the following sums represent perhaps eight times as
-much in modern days:--
-
-                                              _£   s. d._
-
-  “The Lord Deputy,                           200  0  0
-
-  Archbishop Adam Loftus,                     100  0  0
-
-  Sir Thomas Norreys, Vice-President
-      of Munster,                             100  0  0
-
-  Advanced by his means in the Province
-      of Munster,                             100  0  0
-
-  Sir Francis Shane,                          100  0  0
-
-        ”       ”    a-year for his life,      20  0  0
-
-  Sir Warham St. Leger,                        50  0  0
-
-  Sir Richard Dyer,                           100  0  0
-
-  Sir Henry Bagnall,                          100  0  0
-
-  Sir Richard Bingham,                         20  0  0
-
-  The Province of Connaught by same,          100  0  0
-
-  The County of Galway by same,               100  0  0
-
-  The town of Drogheda,                        40  0  0
-
-  The city of Dublin,                          27  0  0
-
-  A Concordatum from the Privy
-      Council,                                200  0  0
-
-  Alderman John Foster (for the Iron-work),    30  0  0
-
-  Lord Chief Justice Gardiner,                 20  0  0
-
-  Lord Primate of Ireland [Garvey],            76  0  0
-
-  Sir Henry Harrington,                        50  0  0
-
-  Thomas Jones, Bishop of Meath,               50  0  0
-
-  The gentlemen of the Barony of
-      Lecale,                                  59  0  0
-
-  Sir Hugh M‘Ginnis, with other gentlemen
-      of his county [Down],                   140  0  0
-
-  The clergy of Meath,                         30  0  0
-
-  Thomas Molyneux, Chancellor of the
-      Exchequer,                               40  0  0
-
-  Luke Chaloner, D.D.,                         10  0  0
-
-  Edward Brabazon,                             15  0  0
-
-  Sir George Bourchier,                        30  0  0
-
-  Christopher Chartell,                        40  0  0
-
-  Sir Turlough O’Neill,                       100  0  0
-
-  “These sums amount to over £2,000, and they must have been
-  considerably supplemented, for we have a return made by Piers
-  Nugent with respect to one of the baronies in the County of
-  Westmeath, in which he gives the names of eleven gentlemen in
-  that barony who are prepared to contribute according to their
-  freeholds, proportionally to other freeholders of Westmeath.
-
-  “Money, however, came in very slowly, specially from the South of
-  Ireland; Sir Thomas Norreys informed Dr. Chaloner that the County
-  of Limerick agreed to give 3s. 4d. out of every Plough-land,
-  and he promised to do his best to draw other counties to some
-  contribution, but he adds, ‘I do find devotion so cold as that I
-  shall hereafter think it a very hard thing to compass so great a
-  work upon so bare a foundation.’
-
-  “Dr. Luke Chaloner seems to have been the active agent in
-  corresponding with the several contributors, and to have been
-  most diligent in collecting subscriptions.”[14]
-
-The coldness of Limerick--perhaps disappointed at the failure of
-Perrott’s scheme--contrasted with the zeal of Dublin. Dr. Stubbs
-quotes from Fuller, the Church historian, a statement which the
-latter had heard from credible persons then resident in Dublin,
-that during the building of the College--that is to say, for
-over a year--it never rained, except at night. This historically
-incredible statement is of real value in showing the feelings of
-the people who were persuaded of it. The great interest and keen
-hopes of the city in the founding of the College are expressed in
-this legendary way.
-
-Thus by the earnestness and activity of some leading citizens
-of Dublin, supported by the voice of educated opinion in
-Cambridge, the eloquence of the Archbishop, and the sound policy
-of Queen Elizabeth’s advisers, Trinity College was founded. The
-foundation-stone was laid by the Mayor of Dublin, Thomas Smith, and
-for at least 150 years the liberality of the Corporation of Dublin
-was commemorated in our prayers.
-
-“We give Thee thanks for the Most Serene Princess Elizabeth, our
-most illustrious Foundress; for King James and King Charles, our
-most munificent Benefactors, and for our present Sovereign, our
-Most Gracious Conservator and Benefactor; for the Right Honourable
-the Lord Mayor, together with his brethren, the Aldermen, and
-the whole assembly of the citizens of Dublin, and all our other
-benefactors, through whose Bounty we are here maintained for the
-exercise of Piety and the increase of Learning,” etc.[15]
-
-[Illustration: THE PRAYER BEFORE SERMON.
-
-_Let thy merciful Ears, O Lord, be open to the Prayers of thy
-Humble Servants, and grant that thy_ Holy Spirit _may direct and
-guide us in all our ways, and be more especially assistant to us in
-the Holy Actions of this day, in enabling us with_ grateful Hearts
-_and_ zealous Endeavors _to celebrate this Pious_ Commemoration,
-_and to answer to our Studies and Improvements all the great and
-useful ends of our_ Munificent Founders _and_ Benefactors. _We
-render thee humble Praise and Thanks, O Lord, for the Most Serene
-Princess Queen_ Elizabeth, _our_ Illustrious Foundress; _for
-King_ James _the_ First, _our most_ Liberal Benefactor; _King_
-Charles _the_ First _and_ Second, _our_ Gratious _and_ Munificent
-Conservators; _for the protection and bounty we have received
-from their present_ Majesties, _our most_ Indulgent Patrons _and_
-Restorers; _for the Favour of our present Governours, the_ Right
-Honorable _the_ Lords-Justices; _for the_ Lord Mayor _and Goverment
-of this_ City, _our Generous Benefactors_; _for the_ Nobility,
-Clergy, _and_ Gentry _of this Kingdom_; _thrô whose Bounty and
-Charitable Generosity we are here Educated and Established_;
-_for the Improvement of Piety and Religion, the advancement of
-Learning, and to supply the growing necessities of Church and
-State_; _beseeching thee to bless them all, their Posterity,
-Successors, Relations, and Dependants, with both_ Temporal _and_
-Eternal _blessings, and to give us Grace to live_ worthy _of these
-thy Mercies, and that as we grow in_ Years _so we may_ grow _in_
-Wisdom, _and_ Knowledg, _and_ Vertue, _and all that is praiseworthy
-thrô_ Jesus Christ _our_ Lord]
-
-Such being the true history of the foundation of Trinity College,
-as the mother of an University, to be a Corporation with a common
-seal, it was natural that upon that seal the Corporation should
-assume a device implying its connection with Dublin. Accordingly,
-though there is no formal record of the granting of arms to the
-College, the present arms, showing it to be a place of learning,
-Royal and Irish, add the Castle of the Seal of the Corporation
-of Dublin. Dr. Stubbs quotes (note, p. 320) a description of
-it in Latin elegiacs, of which the _arx ignita_--towers _fired
-proper_--are a modification of the Dublin arms,[16] which I have
-found on illuminated rolls of the age of Charles I. preserved by
-the City. But this description is undated, and although he ascribes
-it to the early years of the 17th century, it will be hard to prove
-it older than the seal extant in clear impressions, which bears
-the date 1612 above the shield, and upon it the towers, not fired,
-but _domed and flagged_. This date may even imply that the arms
-were then granted, and that it is the original form.[17] The
-recurrence of the domes and flags upon some of our earliest plate
-(dated 1666) gives additional authority for this feature, nor have
-we any distinct or dated evidence for the _fired towers_, adopted
-in the 17th century by the City also, earlier than the time of
-Charles II., when they are given in a Heraldic MS. preserved in the
-Bermingham Tower. I have digressed into this antiquarian matter in
-proof of my opening assertion that the details of the foundation
-are often obscure, while the main facts are perfectly clear.
-
-[Illustration: THE EARLIEST EXTANT COLLEGE SEAL.]
-
-Let us now turn from our new-founded College to cast a glance
-at the City of Dublin of that day, as it is described to us by
-Elizabethan eye-witnesses, and as we can gather its features from
-the early records of the City and the College. Mr. Gilbert has
-quoted from Stanihurst’s account of Dublin, published in 1577, a
-curious picture of the wealth and hospitality displayed by the
-several Mayors and great citizens of his acquaintance; and that
-the Mayoralty was indeed a heavy tax upon the citizen who held
-it, appears from the numerous applications of Mayors, recorded in
-the City registers, for assistance, and the frequent voting of
-subsidies of £100, though care is taken to warn the citizens that
-this is to establish no precedent. The City is described as very
-pleasant to live in, placed in an exceptionally beautiful valley,
-with sea, rivers, and mountains around. Wealthy and civilised as it
-was, it would have been much more so, but that the port was open,
-and the river full of shoals, and that by the management of the
-citizen merchants a great mart of foreign traders, which used to
-assemble outside the gates and undersell them, had been abolished.
-The somewhat highly-coloured picture drawn by Stanihurst is
-severely criticised by Barnabe Rich,[18] who gives a very different
-account, telling us that the architecture was mean, and the whole
-City one mass of taverns, wherein was retailed at an enormous
-price, ale, which was brewed by the richer citizens’ wives. The
-moral character of the retailers is described as infamous. This
-liquor traffic, and the extortion of the bakers, are, to Rich,
-the main features in Dublin. The Corporation records show orders
-concerning the keeping of the pavements, the preserving of the
-purity of the water-supply, which came from Tallaght, and the
-cleansing of the streets from filth and refuse thrown out of the
-houses. These orders alternate with regulations to control the
-beggars and the swine which swarmed in the streets. Furthermore,
-says Stanihurst--“There are so manie other extraordinarie beggars
-that dailie swarme there, so charitablie succored, as that they
-make the whole civitie in effect their hospitall.” There was a
-special officer, the City beadle, entitled “master” or “warden” of
-the beggars, and “custos” or “overseer” of the swine, whose duty
-it was to banish strange beggars from the City, and keep the swine
-from running about the streets.[19]
-
-In one of the orders relating to this subject, dated the 4th Friday
-after 25th December, 1601, we find the following:--“Wher[as]
-peticion is exhibitid by the commons, complaineing that the
-auncient lawes made, debarring of swyne coming in or goeing in
-the streetes of this cittie, is not put in execution, by reyson
-whearof great danger groweth therby, as well for infection, as
-also the poore infantes lieing under stales and in the streetes
-subject to swyne, being a cattell much given to ravening, as
-well of creatures as of other thinges, and alsoe the cittie and
-government therof hardlie spoken of by the State, wherin they
-requirid a reformacion: it is therfore orderid and establyshid,
-by the aucthoritie of this assemblie, that yf eny sowe, hogge, or
-pigge shalbe found or sene, ether by daie or nyght, in the streetes
-within the cittie walles, it shalbe lawfull for everye man to kill
-the same sowe, hogge, or pigge, and after to dispose the same at
-his or their disposition, without making recompence to such as
-owneth the same.”
-
-Thus this present characteristic of the country parts of Ireland
-then infected the capital. I have quoted the text of the order for
-reasons which will presently appear.
-
-The City walls, with their many towers, and protected by a
-fosse, enclosed but a small area of what we consider Old Dublin.
-S. Patrick’s and its Liberty, under the jurisdiction of the
-Archbishop, who lived in the old Palace (S. Sepulchre’s) beside
-that Cathedral, was still outside the walls, which excluded even
-most of Patrick Street, and was apparently defended by ramparts of
-its own. Thomas Street was still a suburb, and lined with thatched
-houses, for we find an order (1610) that henceforth, owing to
-the danger of fire[20] in the suburbs, in S. Thomas Street, S.
-Francis Street, in Oxmantown, or in S. Patrick Street, “noe house
-which shall from hensforth be built shalbe covered with thach, but
-either with slate, tyle, shingle, or boord, upon paine of x.li.
-current money of England.” We may therefore imagine these suburbs
-as somewhat similar to those of Galway in the present day, where
-long streets of thatched cabins lead up to the town. Such I take to
-have been the row of houses outside Dame’s Gate, the eastern gate
-of the city, which is marked on the map of 1610. They only occupy
-the north side of the way, and for a short distance. There had long
-been a public way to Hogging or Hoggen Green, one of the three
-commons of the City, and the condition of this exit from Dublin may
-be inferred from an order made in 1571, which the reader will find
-below.[21]
-
-The reader will not object to have some more details about the
-state of this College Green, now the very heart of the City, in
-the days when the College was founded. In 1576 the great garden
-and gate of the deserted Monastery of All Hallowes was ordered to
-be allotted for the reception of the infected, and the outer gate
-of All Hallowes to be repaired and locked. In the next year (and
-again in 1603), it is ordered that none but citizens shall pasture
-their cattle on this and the other greens. It is ordered in 1585
-that no unringed swine shall be allowed to feed upon the Green,
-being noisome and hurtful, and “coming on the strand greatly hinder
-thincrease of the fyshe;” the tenant of All Hallowes, one Peppard,
-shall impound or kill them, and allow no flax to be put into the
-ditches, “for avoyding the hurte to thincrease of fyshe.” In the
-same year the use and keeping of the Green is leased for seven
-years to Mr. Nicholas Fitzsymons, to the end the walking places
-may be kept clean, and no swyne or forren cattle allowed to injure
-them. In 1602 Sir George Carye is granted a part of the Green
-to build a Hospital, and presently Dr. Challoner and others are
-granted another to build a Bridewell; and this is marked on the map
-of 1610, near the site of the present S. Andrew’s Church.[22]
-
-This is our evidence concerning the ground between the College and
-the City--an interval which might well make the founders speak of
-the former as _juxta_ Dublin. It was a place unoccupied between the
-present Castle and College gates, with the exception of a row of
-cottages, probably thatched, forming a short row at the west end
-and north side of Dame Street, and under that name; opposite to
-this was the ruined church of S. Andrew. On the Green were pigs and
-cattle grazing; refuse of various kinds was cast out in front of
-the houses of Dame Street, despite the Corporation order; a little
-stream crossed this space close to the present College gate, and
-the only two buildings close at hand, when the student looked out
-of his window or over the wall, were a hospital for the infected,
-by the river, and a bridewell on his way to the City.
-
-Further off, the view was interesting enough. The walled City,
-with its gates, crowned the hill of Christ Church, and the four
-towers of the Castle were plainly visible. A gate, over a fosse,
-led into the City, where first of all there lay on the left hand
-the Castle entrance, with the ghastly heads of great rebels still
-exposed on high poles. Here the Lord Deputy and his men-at-arms
-kept their state, and hither the loyal gentry from the country came
-to express their devotion and obtain favours from the Crown. In the
-far distance to the south lay the Dublin and Wicklow mountains,
-not as they now are, a delightful excursion for the student on
-his holiday, but the home of those wild Irish whose raids up to
-the City walls were commemorated by the feast of Black Monday at
-Cullenswood, whither the citizens went well guarded, and caroused,
-to assert themselves against the natives who had once surprised
-and massacred 500 of them close to that wood. The river, the sea,
-and the Hill of Howth, held by the Baron of Howth in his Castle,
-closed the view to the east. The upland slopes to the north were
-near no wild country, and therefore Oxmantown and S. Mary’s Abbey
-were already settled on the other bank of the river.
-
-We must remember also, as regards the civilisation of Dublin,
-that though the streets swarmed not only with beggars and swine,
-but with rude strangers from the far country, yet the wealthy
-citizens were not only rich and hospitable, but advanced enough
-to send their sons to Cambridge. This is proved by the Usshers
-and Challoners, and we may be sure these were not solitary cases.
-As regards education, there are free schools and grammar schools
-constantly mentioned in the records of the time. It is well known
-that one Fullerton, a very competent Scotchman, was sent over by
-James VI. of Scotland to promote that King’s interests, and that
-he had a Hamilton for his assistant, who afterwards got great
-grants of land for himself, as Lord Clandeboye, and also obtained
-for the College those Crown rents which resulted in producing its
-great wealth. Fullerton, a learned man, was ultimately placed in
-the King’s household. Both were early nominated lay Fellows of the
-College. These were people of education who understood how to teach.
-
-But most probably the great want in Dublin was the want of books.
-There must have been a very widespread complaint of this, when it
-occurred to the army which had defeated the Spaniards at Kinsale
-(in 1601) to give a large sum from their spoil for books to endow
-the new College.[23] This sent the famous James Ussher to search
-for books in England, and laid the foundation for that splendid
-collection of which the Archbishop’s own books formed the next
-great increase, obtained by the new military donation of Cromwell’s
-soldiers in 1654. There is probably no other so great library in
-the world endowed by the repeated liberality of soldiers. Still
-we hear that, even after the founding of the collection, James
-Ussher thought it necessary to go every third year to England, and
-to spend in reading a month at Oxford, a month at Cambridge, and
-a month in London, for the purpose of adding to that mass of his
-learning which most of us would think already excessive. Yet it is
-a pity that smaller men, in more recent days, did not follow his
-example, and so save the College from that provincialism with which
-it was infected even in our own recollection.
-
-Let us now turn to the internal history of the College. The great
-crises in the first century of its existence were the Rebellion
-under Charles I. and the civil war under James II., ending with
-the Settlements by which Charles II. and William III. secured the
-future greatness of the Institution. This brief sketch cannot
-enter into details, especially into the tedious internal quarrels
-of the Provost and Fellows; we are only concerned with the
-general character of the place, its religion, its morals, and its
-intellectual tendencies. Upon all these questions we have hitherto
-rather been put off with details than with a philosophical survey
-of what the College accomplished.
-
-It has been well insisted on by Mr. Heron, the Roman Catholic
-historian of Trinity College, that the Charter of Elizabeth is
-neither exclusive nor bigoted as regards creed. Religion, civility,
-and learning are the objects to be promoted, and it is notorious
-that the great Queen’s policy, as regards the first, was to
-insist upon outward conformity with the State religion without
-further inquisition. A considerable number of the Corporation
-which endowed the new College were Roman Catholics, and we know
-that even the Usshers had near relations of that creed. There was
-no insistence that the Fellows should take orders--we know that
-Provost Temple, and Fullerton and Hamilton, among the earliest
-Fellows, were laymen,--and though in very early days the degree
-of Doctor conferred was apparently always that in Theology, the
-Charter provides for all the Faculties, and it was soon felt that
-Theology and the training of clergy were becoming too exclusively
-the work of the place. The constant advices from Chancellors and
-from other advisers to give special advantages to the natives, and
-the repeated attempts to teach the Irish language, and through its
-medium to educate the Irish, show plainly that they understood
-Elizabeth’s foundation as intended for the whole country, and more
-especially for those of doubtful loyalty in their creed, who were
-tempted to go abroad for their education.
-
-“A certain illustrious Baron,” says Father Fitz-Simons, writing
-in 1603, “whose lady, my principal benefactress, sent his son to
-Trinity College. Notwithstanding my obligations to them for my
-support, I, with the utmost freedom, earnestness, and severity,
-informed and taught them, that it was a most impious thing, and a
-detestable scandal, to expose their child to such education. The
-boy was taken away at once, and so were others, after that good
-example. The College authorities are greatly enraged at this, as
-they had never before attracted any [Roman Catholic] pupil of
-respectability, and do not now hope to get any for the future.
-Hence I must be prepared for all the persecution which their
-impiety and hatred can bring down upon me.”[24]
-
-On the other hand, the early Provosts imported from Cambridge,
-Travers, Alvey, Temple, were men who were baulked in their English
-promotion by their acknowledged Puritanism--a school created or
-promoted by that desperate bigot Cartwright, who preached the
-most violent Genevan doctrines from his Chair of Divinity in
-Cambridge. But these men, who certainly were second to none in
-the intolerance of their principles, were themselves in danger of
-persecution from the Episcopal party in England. Complaints were
-urged against Temple for neglecting to wear a surplice in Chapel--a
-great stumbling-block in those days; the Puritanism of the College
-was openly assailed, so that its Governors were rather occupied
-in defending themselves than in attacking the creed of others.
-Any sect which is in danger of persecution is compelled so far to
-advocate toleration; we may be sure that the Irish Fellows who
-lived among Catholics in a Catholic nation curbed any excessive
-zeal on the part of the Puritan Provosts; and so we find that they
-did not scruple to admit natives whom they suspected, or even
-knew, to be Papists. Moreover, the Fellows and their Provost were
-very busy in constitution-mongering. They had the power by Charter
-of making and altering statutes--a source of perpetual dispute;
-and, besides, the Plantation of Ulster by James I. in 1610 gave
-them their first large estates, which were secured to them by the
-influence of Fullerton and Hamilton, already mentioned as Scottish
-agents of the King. Provost Temple spent most of his time either in
-framing statutes or in quarrelling about leases with his Fellows.
-
-A review of the various documents still extant concerning these
-quarrels shows that the first of the lay Provosts was not inferior
-in importance to his two successors in the eighteenth century, and
-that in his day all the main problems which have since agitated the
-Corporation were raised and discussed.
-
-In the first place we may name the distinction between University
-and College, one often attempted by theorists, and which may
-any day become of serious importance if a new College were
-founded under the University, but one which has practically had
-no influence in the history of Trinity College. We even find
-such hybrid titles as Fellow of the University, and Professor
-of the College, used by people who ought to have known the
-impropriety.[25] Temple, with the consent of his Fellows, sought
-to obtain a separate Charter for a University, and drew up, for
-this and the College, Statutes which Dr. Stubbs has quoted.
-
-The second point in Temple’s policy was an innovation which took
-root, and transformed the whole history of the College. It was
-the distinction of Senior and junior Fellows, not merely into
-separate classes as regards salary and duties, but into Governors
-and subjects. It was rightly felt that, after some years’ constant
-lecturing, the Fellows who still adhered to the College should
-have leisure for their studies, and for literary work, as well
-as a better income, in reward of their services. But when Temple
-made a College Statute that the Seniors should govern not only
-the scholars and ordinary students, but also the Junior Fellows
-and Probationers (which last correspond somewhat to our present
-Non-Tutor Fellows), he soon came into conflict with the Charter,
-which gave many privileges--the election, for example, of the
-Provost--to all the Fellows without distinction; and on this
-question arose a great dispute immediately on Temple’s death, there
-being actually two Provosts elected--one (Mede) by the Seniors,
-the other (R. Ussher) by the Juniors. Bedell was only elected by a
-compromise between the two parties, with distinct protests on the
-part of the Juniors.[26] The Caroline Statutes finally decided the
-matter, and gave the whole control to the Seniors.
-
-Whether this great change, introduced by Temple, and certainly
-promoted by Ussher, has been a benefit or an injury to the College,
-is a question not easy to answer. There is no doubt that a small
-body, such as the Governing Board of Provost and Senior Fellows,
-is far more likely to carry out a consistent policy, and even to
-decide promptly, where discussion and divergence of opinion among
-a larger number cause delay and paralyse action. But, on the other
-hand, the concentration of power into the hands of a small and
-irremovable body sets temptations before its members to look after
-their own interests unduly, and cumulate upon themselves offices
-and emoluments to the damage of the Corporation.
-
-The reservation of a large number of offices to the Senior Fellows,
-and the consequent appointment, occasionally, of incompetent
-persons to discharge important duties, were the necessary result
-of such an arrangement, and might be of great injury to the
-Corporation. It might even result in the trafficking in offices,
-or in acts of distinct injustice towards the other members of the
-Corporation, which could not have been committed had the acts of
-the Governing Body been subject to the public criticism and control
-of the whole body of Fellows.
-
-On the other hand, as some working Committee must be selected to
-administer the affairs of the College, nothing was more obvious to
-Temple or to Ussher than that those who had been Fellows for eight
-or ten years should be preferred to those who had just entered
-the Corporation. In a body, however, of celibates, with many good
-livings and other promotions around them, it never occurred to
-the framers of the Statute that new circumstances would arise
-which made a Fellowship practically a life office, and thus placed
-the government in the hands of a group of men, of whom many were
-disabled by age, and, moreover, distracted by family cares. We
-should not stare with more wonder at a Vice-Provost of 40, than
-would Ussher have stared at a Junior Fellow of 40 years’ standing.
-Had such things been even dimly foreseen, it would have been easy
-to avoid the danger of accumulating emolument and office upon
-incompetent persons by making the Governing Body elective from the
-whole Corporation.
-
-The third question which arose in Provost Temple’s day was the
-proper leasing of the College estates. The tendency to take
-present profit at the expense of our successors, or to postpone
-the interests of the abstract Corporation to the claims of private
-friendship, is nowhere more conspicuous than in the document Dr.
-Stubbs has printed (p. 32), in which the Provost, and two Senior
-Fellows, the greatest names at the foundation, and the most
-attached friends of the College, James Ussher and Luke Challoner,
-actually consent to lease for ever all the Ulster estates to Sir
-James Hamilton, their old personal friend and colleague, who had
-helped the College to obtain these lands from the King. Had the
-earnest endeavours of these two excellent Senior Fellows been
-carried out, the College would not have owned nearly so many
-hundreds, as it now owns thousands, in Ulster. This calamity was
-only averted by the active interference of the Junior Fellows,
-who obtained an order from the State forbidding the Board to give
-perpetual leases. Nevertheless, so long as the Senior Fellows
-divided the renewal fines, there was constant danger of the rents
-of the College being cut down, and the incomes of the lessors
-being increased: it redounds to the credit of this “Venetian
-Council” that, after such vast opportunities of plundering public
-property, only some few cases of breach of public trust can be
-asserted against them. One of the most manifest attempts has been
-just noticed. Another was partly carried through by Temple. He
-obtained a lease, and appointed his son Seneschal of the Manor of
-Slutmulrooney--a delightful title, but also a solid estate, which
-he evidently coveted for a family property.[27]
-
-We turn with satisfaction from such things to the two great names
-in the College and the Irish Church which mark that period--Bedell
-and James Ussher.
-
-It was by rare good fortune that the nascent College secured such
-a student as James Ussher. He must have made a name in any case;
-yet the world is so apt to judge any system not by the average
-outcome, but by the best and worst, that one such name was at
-that moment of the last importance. He was the first great home
-growth, and, though he refused the Provostship, he was so closely
-connected with the College as Fellow, Lecturer in Divinity, as
-Vice-Provost and as Vice-Chancellor, that no one has ever thought
-of denying him and his fame to the College. His works and character
-will be discussed in another chapter. What I am concerned with
-is his attitude in the great ecclesiastical quarrels of the day.
-It was no easy course to steer the Church of Ireland between the
-“Scylla of Puritanism” and the “Charybdis of Popery.” Ussher
-well knew that both were dangerous enemies. In his youth, owing
-to his daily contact with Roman Catholic relatives, with Jesuit
-controversialists, with the temporising policy of King James, who
-offered further stages of toleration in return for subsidies of
-money from the Irish Catholics, he was strong against the danger
-on that side, and protested with prophetic wisdom that such
-concessions would lead to rebellion and ruin in Ireland. In his old
-age, when living constantly, either from his public importance or
-his persecutions, in England, when witnessing and suffering from
-the outrages of the English Revolution, he said in a conversation
-with Evelyn, “that the Church would be destroyed by sectaries who
-would in all likelihood bring in Popery.” The personal complexion
-of his religion, his constant preaching, his great liberality
-and good feeling towards pious Dissenting ministers, show that
-he was a strong Protestant, and he always showed the strongest
-apprehension of the ambitious policy of the Romish priesthood,
-which he feared as a pressing danger; but, nevertheless, he was so
-loyal a Churchman, that he was content to overlook many abuses in
-the system which he administered.
-
-It was this temper, so common in the Anglo-Irish Protestant,
-which separates him in his policy from his eminent and amiable
-contemporary, Bishop Bedell. But the latter was a stranger brought
-over from England to be Provost, who, with all the generosity and
-all the kindliness of his noble nature, set himself to instruct the
-native Irish, and to work out the regeneration of these barbarians
-by teaching them religion through the Irish language. So sterling
-and single-hearted was the Bishop, that even the excited rebels
-of 1641, amid their rapine and massacre, spared and respected the
-excellent old man, and at his death honoured him with a great
-public funeral. But it is plain from Primate Ussher’s dealings
-with him that this policy of persuading the natives was not to the
-Primate’s taste. Ussher probably believed that there were serious
-dangers in the policy of reclaiming the natives through kindness,
-and their priests through persuasion; and if the historians note it
-as curious that, of all those who ruled the College, those by far
-the most anxious to promote Irish studies were two Englishmen,[28]
-Bedell and Marsh, it will be replied by many in Ireland, that this
-contrast between the views of the English stranger, and of the
-English settler who knows the country, is still perpetuated.
-
-Such, then, was the attitude of the early rulers of the College,
-and such their controversies. All of them that were not complete
-Puritans felt what Provost Chappel says in his autobiographical
-(iambic) poem--_Ruunt agmine facto in me profana turba Roma
-Genevaque_. But from the very commencement the College was
-Puritanical enough to save it from Ecclesiasticism. There is
-therefore nothing strange in the habit of making lay Fellows read
-short sermons (commonplaces) in the Chapel as part of their duty--a
-practice only abandoned within the memory of our seniors in this
-century.[29]
-
-We turn to the few and meagre traditions concerning the moral
-condition and conduct of the students. It must be remembered that
-they came up at a very early age--12 to 14 years old are often
-mentioned--and were only supposed to be partly educated when they
-took their B.A. degree. There were special exercises and lectures
-for three years more, and only with the M.A. were they properly
-qualified. We may, indeed, be sure that the post-graduate studies
-were far the more important for the serious section of the lads.
-For they came up very raw and ignorant; they even had a special
-schoolmaster to teach them the elements of Latin and Greek, and of
-course the books they could command were both few and imperfect as
-educational helps. I do not think that from the first the College
-was at all abandoned to the poor or inferior classes. The very
-earliest lists of names contain those of the most respectable
-citizens; there were often favourite pupils of a Provost, or other
-Don, who came from England, brought over with their teacher. Very
-soon the Irish nobility began to send their sons. The Court of
-Wards, established by King James I. in 1617, ordered that the
-minors of important families in Ireland should be maintained and
-educated in English habits, and in Trinity College, Dublin; and the
-first instance of this kind is that of Farrall O’Gara, heir to Moy
-Gara, County Sligo, who was to remain at the College from his 12th
-to his 18th year. By this means many youths of quality, or at least
-of important family, were enrolled among the students. The Earl of
-Cork sent two sons in 1630; the famous Strafford two in 1637; and
-we find Radcliffes, Wandesfords, and other aristocratic names. What
-strikes us in the face of this is the extreme economy--or rather
-the apparently very small prices mentioned in the various early
-accounts printed by Dr. Stubbs from the Bursar’s books.[30]
-
-This economy, however, only applies to the scholars supported by
-the House, especially the _natives_, who had various privileges.
-Fellow-Commoners, and Nobles, such as Strafford’s sons, were
-probably allowed various indulgences. It is interesting to
-notice that from the first a certain proportion of lads came, as
-they now do, from the counties of England (especially Cheshire)
-nearest to Dublin. On the other hand, while natives are carefully
-distinguished from lads born in Ireland, I cannot find what test
-was applied to determine a “native.” Even in 1613, 20 out of the
-65 students are so denominated. The majority of the natives, says
-Archbishop Marsh two generations later, had been born of English
-parents, and were mostly of the meaner sort, but by having learned
-to speak Irish with their Irish nurses, or fosterers, had acquired
-some knowledge of the vernacular. But they could not read or write
-it. The names quoted by Bedell in 1628 suggest that this account
-of the parentage is true. Conway, Baker, Davis, and Burton are
-admonished for being absent from Irish prayers. These are not
-Irish names. It is also added by Marsh that most of these native
-scholars, bred in the College, turned Papists in James II.’s reign.
-This proves that they had Irish mothers, and would have afforded
-James Ussher a strong confirmation for his policy as against
-Bedell’s.
-
-This society of students was then, as it has ever since been, very
-various in race, social position, and parentage, and to this not a
-little of its great intellectual activity may be traced. It should
-also be added here that one of the strongest natural reasons for
-the great prominence of the Anglo-Irish, and the extraordinary
-distinctions they have attained in every great development of the
-British Empire, is that the English settlers of Elizabethan and
-Jacobean days were the boldest adventurers, the young men (often of
-good family) of the greatest energy and courage, to be found among
-the youth of England. They came to incur great risks, to brave many
-dangers, but to attain great rewards. The rapidity of promotion
-among the ecclesiastics, for example, is quite astonishing: Bishops
-at 30, Archbishops and Chancellors at 40, are not uncommon. And if
-these daring adventurers were often unscrupulous, at all events
-they and their quick-witted Irish wives produced a most uncommon
-offspring.
-
-We do not find that any hereditary turbulence showed itself in
-disorders among the students. The early quarrels recorded are all
-among the Fellows, and upon constitutional questions. The main
-complaints against the boys were very harmless freaks, if we except
-the constant apprehensions of the Deans concerning ale or tippling
-houses in the city, which were assumed to be haunts of vice.
-Stealing apples and cherries from the surrounding orchards was a
-common offence, coupled, moreover, with climbing over the wall of
-the College. It shows Ussher’s hand when we find this local feature
-formally noted in the Caroline Statutes. A few of Bedell’s entries
-are the following:--
-
-  _1628. July 16_ and _18._--At the examinations each forme was
-  censured, and it was agreed that none shall ascend out of one
-  forme to another, however absent, till he be examined.
-
-  _August 18._--Examination for Scholars--Apposers, Mr. Thomas and
-  Mr. Fitzgerald.
-
-  _August 21._--The Bachelors to be hearers of the Hebrew Lecture,
-  unless they that were able to proceed in that tongue by their
-  private industry, and those are to help in the collation of the
-  MSS. of the New Testament in Greek. Twelve Testaments were given
-  by Sir William Ussher for the Irish.
-
-  _August 24._--A meeting about the accounts. Warning given of town
-  haunting and swearing. The Deans requested to appoint secret
-  monitors for them.
-
-  _September 13._--The Dean may punish for going in cloaks by the
-  consent of the Provost and greater part. Mr. Temple’s letters to
-  the Provost and Fellows answered--his cause of absence to study
-  in Oxford not _gravis_ much less _gravissima_.
-
-  _September 22._--The course for banishing boys, not students, by
-  occasion of Mr. Lowther’s boy striking Johnson consented to, viz.
-  that fire and water, bread and beer and meat be denied them by
-  the butler and cook, under pain of 12d. _toties quoties_.
-
-  _September 23._--Deane and Wilson mulcted a month’s Commons for
-  their insolent behaviour, assaulting and striking the butler,
-  which was presently changed into sitting at the lower end of the
-  Scholars’ table for a month, and subjecting them to the rod.
-
-  The order for placing the Fellow Commoners by themselves in the
-  Chapel for having more room begins. Service books bought and
-  bound for the natives.
-
-  _October._--Election of Burgesses for Parliament. The Provost
-  and Mr. Donellan, upon better advice, the Provost resigning, Mr.
-  Fitzgerald was chosen.
-
-  _December 28._--The Lord Primate dined in the College at the
-  Hall, and the same Dr. James Ware presented the petition for
-  renewing the lands of Kilmacrenny. Jo. Wittar admonished for
-  playing at cards.
-
-  _January 28._--Tho. Walworth refused to read Chapter, and
-  enjoined to make a confession of his fault upon his knees in the
-  Hall--which he disacknowledging--he had deserved expulsion.
-
-  _July 23, 1629._--Sir Walworth said to have sold his study to
-  haunt the town. Somers, Deane, and Elliott appointed to sit bare
-  for going out of the Hall before grace, and not performing it,
-  made to stand by the pulpit.
-
-  _April 2._--The proclamation against Priests and Jesuits came
-  forth.
-
-  _April 5._--Easter day, at which the forms were used for
-  conveniency about the Communion Table.
-
-  _April 11._--Mr. Travers, for omitting his Common place the
-  second time appointed, punished 13s. Mr. Tho. for omitting
-  prayers reading, 5s.
-
-  _May 12._--The Sophisters proposed supper to the Bachelors:
-  prevented by sending for them and forbidding them to attempt it.
-
-  _July 11._--The Fellow Commoners complain of Mr. Price for
-  forbidding them to play at bowls in the Orchard; they were
-  blamed, and it was shown that by Statute they could not play
-  there.
-
-  _July 29._--Six natives, Dominus Kerdiffe, Ds. Conway, Ds. Baker,
-  Ds. Davis, Ds. Kerdiffe, jun., and Burton, admonished for being
-  often absent from Irish Prayers.
-
-  _August 19._--The natives to lose their weekly allowance if they
-  are absent from prayers on the Lord’s Day.
-
-  _August 29._--Sir Springham said to keep a hawk. Rawley, for
-  drunkenness and knocking Strank’s head against the seat of the
-  Chapel, to have no further maintenance from the house.
-
-  Booth, for taking a pig of Sir Samuel Smith’s, and that openly
-  in the day time before many, and causing it to be dressed in
-  town, inviting Mr. Rollon and Sir Conway (who knew not of it) was
-  condemned to be whipped openly in the Hall, and to pay for the
-  pig.
-
-  _August 6._--Communion. Sermon upon Psalm 71. 16. The Articles of
-  the Church of Ireland read.[31]
-
-The entries of the 29th August (1629) are peculiarly interesting,
-but have hitherto not been understood in their local connection.
-There is an entry in Mr. Gilbert’s _Assembly Roll_ (ii., p. 82)
-awarding a citizen £8 for a goshawk he had purchased for the city,
-which hawk had died. This is a very large sum--perhaps equal to
-£70 now, and out of all proportion to the salaries and the prices
-of necessaries in the College. To keep a hawk was, therefore,
-somewhat like keeping an expensive hunter now, and a proof of great
-extravagance. As regards the story of the pig, it was nothing more
-than a comic carrying out of an order (above, p. 13) frequently
-issued by the Corporation, whom Booth took at their word. It seems,
-therefore, that either such proclamations were a sham, or that
-they only referred to the right of citizens to interfere with the
-roving swine.
-
-[Illustration: THE SOUTH BACK OF THE ELIZABETHAN COLLEGE.]
-
-The courts seem to have been in grass, as there is an early item
-for mowing, and 1s. 4d. for an old scythe. A vegetable garden was
-kept for the use of the College on the site of the present Botany
-Bay Square, and the further ground belonging to the precincts is
-called a firr park, which seems to mean a field of furze, much
-used for fuel in those days. There was neither room nor permission
-for the games and sports so vital to modern College life. The
-old and strict notion of a College life, still preserved in some
-Roman Catholic Colleges abroad, excluded all recreation as waste
-of time. The Caroline Statutes formally forbid playing or even
-loitering in the courts or gardens of the College. Nor was this
-any isolated severity. In the detailed _horarium_ laid down for
-a proposed College at Ripon, to be founded by James I.’s Queen
-(Anne of Denmark) at this very time, every half-hour in the day
-is fully occupied with study, lectures, or prayers.[32] There was
-considerable license, however, allowed at Christmas, and it was
-perhaps from the old Monastery of All Hallowes that the fashion
-was transmitted of acting plays at that season in the College. The
-performance seems to have been undertaken by the several years or
-classes. In 1630 it was ordered that the play should be acted,
-but not in the College. The Lord Deputy constrained the unwilling
-Provost Ussher to permit it. Even in the Caroline Statutes,
-remains of this Christmas license appear in the permission to play
-cards--at other times strictly forbidden--in the Hall on that day.
-Every 17th March (S. Patrick’s Day), the town population came in
-crowds from the city to S. Patrick’s well at the southern limit of
-the College (now Nassau Street, opposite Dawson Street), there to
-test the miraculous powers of that holy well, which at that moment
-of the year worked strange cures of diseases. We can imagine the
-furze bushes or trees around this well all hung with tattered
-rags, as may still be seen at wells of similar pretensions in the
-wild parts of Ireland. If the enclosed S. Stephen’s Green was
-still remarkable in the last century “for the incredible number of
-snipes” that frequented it, so the College Park must have contained
-them in abundance. But it was reserved for our grandfathers to
-boast that they had shot a snipe in the College precincts.[33]
-
-The intellectual condition of the average 16th century student is
-even harder to ascertain, and I have sought in vain for adequate
-materials. It does, indeed, appear that the Irish New Testament
-and Prayer Book had been printed. Sir H. Sidney’s _Irish Articles
-of Religion_ were brought out in 1566. John Ussher had promoted
-Kearney’s _Irish Alphabet and Catechism_, produced in Dublin from
-type supplied by the Queen in 1571.[34] William Ussher had produced
-the New Testament in Francke’s printing, 1602. This printer is
-probably the man mentioned as the “King’s printer” in 1615 (for
-proclamations?). But though there is extant a proposed arrangement
-with the very printer of one of these books (Kearney) to live and
-work in the College,[35] there is no trace of his having done any
-real service. Even the Statutes were in MS., copied out by the
-hand of the Provost or Vice-Provost. The annals of Dublin show, I
-believe, none but isolated printing till about 1627;[36] it was in
-1641, both in Kilkenny and Waterford, as well as in Dublin, that
-printing began to be used for disseminating political views. But
-the earliest students must have found it very difficult to obtain
-books, and there is no trace that any printing press started up
-to meet this urgent want. I am now speaking only of text-books
-for students, by which I mean such small and handy editions as
-the Latin _Isagoge_ of Porphyry, printed at Paris in 1535, of
-which copies are often found in Dublin, as the work was diligently
-taught in the 17th century course. Dudley Loftus’ _Logic_ and
-_Introduction_, printed in 1657 (Dublin), seem to me the earliest
-books likely to have been used as text-books in Trinity College.
-Strange to say, there is no copy of either in our College Library.
-But the official teaching was strictly oral, and the students were
-merely required to write out in theses or reproduce in disputations
-what their tutors had told them. The College course, as laid down
-by Laud (or Ussher?) in the Caroline Statutes, is plainly not a
-course in books, but in subjects. Not a single text-book, unless
-it be the _Isagoge_ of Porphyry, is specified, and this rather for
-the lecturer than the students. Whatever practical relaxations
-the course then laid down may have undergone, it was chiefly in
-the post-graduate studies; for the officers of the College had no
-power to alter or emend the programme of Laud till the year 1760,
-when a special King’s Letter gave them authority to do so. This
-accounts for the great quantity of lecturing which went on, each
-tutor giving three hours every day, not to speak of the efforts
-of the College Schoolmaster, who undertook those that were raw
-in Latin and Greek. Archbishop Loftus, indeed, in his parting
-address to the College (Armagh Library MS.), exhorts the new
-Provost (Travers)--“See that the younger sort be well catechised,
-and that you prescribe to the rest a catalogue of approved books
-to be read by them as foundations of learning, both human and
-divine.” But this alludes to post-graduate studies, for which the
-Library was then established,[37] and not to the daily studies
-of the undergraduates. Logic was the chief subject, the system
-of Ramus being brought into fashion by the Cambridge Puritans,
-and especially by Provost Temple, who had written a book on the
-subject. Chappel was also a famous Ramist logician. Very little
-mathematics was taught, but, on the other hand, Hebrew was regarded
-as of equal importance with Greek; and in every subject we find the
-student’s knowledge tested, not by reproduction of his reading, but
-by disputations, which showed that he had so far grasped a subject
-that he could attack an adversary or defend himself when attacked.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[1] The writer of the first four chapters here acknowledges the
-generous help received from J. R. Garstin, Esq., B.D., and the
-Rev. William Reynell, B.D., both in supplying him with facts and
-in correcting his proofs. This portion of the book was undertaken
-by him suddenly, in default of a specialist to perform it. Hence
-the large number of extracts inserted, in which the facts must rest
-upon the authority of the authors quoted, as there was no time
-to verify them. Of the three extant histories of the University,
-those of Taylor and of Dr. Stubbs are very valuable in citing many
-original documents, the former chiefly Parliamentary, the latter
-from the archives of the College. Heron’s work was written for a
-special purpose, which he pleads throughout, after the manner of
-his profession.
-
-[2] “That before the Reformation it [the Royal College of Dublin]
-was common to all the natives of this country, ... and the ablest
-scholars of the nation preferred to be professors and teachers
-therein, without any distinction of orders, congregations, or
-politic bodies other than that of true merit,” etc. _Cf._ _Dublin
-Magazine_ for August, 1762. This golden age of Irish University
-education may well be relegated to the other golden ages of
-mythology.
-
-[3] I quote the text (which has lately been printed), of which I
-owe my knowledge to the kindness of Mrs. Reeves, who lent me the
-late Bishop of Down’s MS. copy:--“Nolui enim Magnatum placitis me
-accomodare qui summo conatu, immo cæco impetu et consutis dolis,
-operam dederunt ut prope Civitatem Lymericensem vel Armachanam
-fundaretur, quasi piaculum non fuisset periculis belli incendii
-turbacionis et ruinæ exponere Academiam noviter fundatam, ... nulla
-alia forsan ratione quam uberioris proprii quæstus gratia. Quem et
-objeci viro eorundem præcipuo prænobili arteque militari conspicuo
-fascibusque tunc potito, non obstante quod nimis subitaneæ iræ
-impetu sæpius se monstraverat pronum ad furorem et verbera; is
-enim non semel se rapi sinebat æstuantis animi violentia in
-proclivitatem vim hujuscemodi inferendi aliis; notum enim est
-... quam strenuum et fortem virum, sed tunc podagra laborantem
-pedibusque captum percussit ipse iræ infirmitate perculsus, etc.
-Non defui igitur mihi vel Academiæ obstando tanto viro,” etc. In
-other words, he claims to have incurred great danger of being
-thrashed by Perrott for opposing him! And he retorts the very
-charge brought against himself, of having pecuniary interests in
-the background.
-
-[4] I cite from Mr. Wright’s citation of Thomas Smith’s life of
-James Ussher, _Ussher Memorials_, p. 44.
-
-[5] _Cf._ E. P. Shirley’s _Original Letters, &c._, London, 1851,
-for these and other details.
-
-[6] _Cf._ Gilbert, _op. cit._ vol. ii., for Usshers, pp. 17, 22,
-65, etc.; for Challoners, pp. 45, 64, 88, 259, etc.
-
-[7] _Op. cit._ pp. 64, 88.
-
-[8] He was uncle to the famous James Ussher, now commonly known as
-Archbishop Ussher. Henry Ussher, however, was also Archbishop of
-Armagh. He was educated both at Cambridge and at Oxford, as well as
-abroad.
-
-[9] On application to Cambridge, I am informed, by the kindness
-of the Registrar and of Mr. W. A. Wright of Trinity College, that
-Luke Challoner (spelt Chalenor) matriculated as a pensioner October
-13, 1582, took B.A. degree in 1585, and M.A. in 1589. He was never
-a Fellow, or even a Scholar, of Trinity College, Cambridge, and
-obtained his D.D. at one of the earliest Commencements in Dublin,
-probably in 1600/1.
-
-[10] Stubbs’ _History of the University of Dublin_, Appendix
-iii., p. 354. None of the histories note that there were foreign
-Colleges founded by Irish priests for the Irish at this very time
-in Salamanca (opened 1592), Lisbon (1593), Douai (1594). Thus
-there was an active policy to be counteracted by Elizabeth, and
-these proposed foundations were probably set before her by Henry
-Ussher as a pressing danger. Some account of the Constitution of
-the Salamanca seminary is given in Hogan’s _Hibernia Ignatiana_,
-Appendix, p. 238. The students were to be exclusively of Irish
-parentage.
-
-[11] Who these well-disposed persons were is beyond doubt. The
-Queen mentions Ussher in the Warrant; the College mentions
-Challoner on his tomb--
-
-      “Conditur hoc tumulo Chaloneri triste cadaver
-      Cujus ope et precibus conditur ista domus.”
-
-James Ussher, in recommending a subsequent Provost (Robert Ussher),
-says--“He is the son of that father at whose instance, charge, and
-trust the Charter of the first foundation was obtained from Queen
-Elizabeth” (_Works_, i., 103). On the epitaph of Provost Seele we
-read--
-
-      “Tecta Chalonerus pia condidit; obruta Seelus
-      Instauravit.”
-
-In the MS. at Armagh, written in praise of Loftus, and reporting
-his speeches, we have the following (p. 228):--“Among many prudent
-inducements suitable to polity and reason which moved the Queen to
-establish this University and College at All Hallowes, the humble
-peticion of Henry Ussher, Archdeacon of Dublin, in the name of
-the Citty of Dublin, faithfully and most zealously solicited by
-Dr. Luke Challoner, and as powerfully recommended and promoted
-by Adam Loftus, etc., was not held the least of efficacye as to
-extrinsicall impressions with the Queen in that behalf.” Here,
-then, _in a panegyric of Loftus_, Archbishop and Chancellor, his
-name is postponed to those of the two local men and the City
-of Dublin. This fact speaks for itself. I quote these various
-documents to correct the current impression that Loftus was the
-real founder.
-
-[12] Gilbert: _Ancient Records of Dublin_, ii., p. 240
-
-[13] The _Book of Benefactions_ (first printed in the College
-Calendar of 1858) gives the date of the actual grant as July 21, in
-the 34th year of Elizabeth.
-
-[14] Stubbs, _op. cit._ pp. 10, 11.
-
-[15] From a _Book of Common Prayer_ printed in Dublin, 1721, where
-it appears among the “Prayers for the use of Trinity College,
-near Dublin.” “What authority there was for these prayers has not
-been ascertained. They certainly were not an integral portion
-of the book as adopted by the Irish Convocation, and in the
-Dublin-printed edition of 1700 they first appear interpolated, in
-the T.C.D. Library copy, between two of the Acts of Parliament
-which were then printed in some issues of the Church of Ireland
-Prayer-book.”--_J.R.G._ The prayer printed at the beginning of
-Provost Ashe’s _secular sermon_, of which an illustration is given
-on p. 10, was possibly the model: it was printed in 1693/4.
-
-[16] The old Dublin seal has men-at-arms shooting with cross-bows
-from the tops of the towers, which are five stories high. The cause
-of the change is, I believe, known, though I have not learned it.
-
-[17] It occurs to me, as a solution of this difficulty, that in
-1612 Temple and his Fellows were occupied in preparing a Charter
-and Statutes for the University, as distinguished from the College.
-This scheme, when almost complete, was adjourned _sine die_. But
-if the original seal contained any allusion to Trinity College as
-an University, which is very possible, then this seal, dated 1612,
-is the first seal of the College as such, and there may have been
-another seal prepared for the University, which disappeared with
-the failure of the scheme.
-
-[18] Description of Dublin (1610).
-
-[19] _Cf._ Gilbert’s _Ancient Records_, ii., 16, 63, 99, 142, 377,
-and on Stanihurst, p. 541.
-
-[20] The other constant cause of fire mentioned is the keeping of
-ricks of furze and of faggots close to the houses.
-
-[21] “It is agreed that no person or persons frome hensforthe shall
-place any dounge on the pavement betwyxt the Dames Gate and the
-Hoggen Greane; and that they shall suffer no dounge to remayne
-upon the saide pavement against ther houses or gardinges in the
-said streete above xxiv owres, and that they shall make clean
-before their gardinges of all ramaylie, dounge, or outher fylthe
-with all convenyent speade; and to place the same and all outher
-dounge that shalbe caryed to the saide greane, in the greate hole
-by Allhallowes, and not elsewheare upon the same greane, upon payne
-of vis viiid, halfe to the spier and finder, and thother halfe to
-the cyttie worckes.”--Gilbert, ii., p. 66.
-
-[22] On the map of 1610, facsimiled on p. 7 (from Mr. Gilbert),
-the Hospital and the Bridewell, on the west and north of the
-College respectively, are interchanged in names or in numbers. The
-descriptions in the records of each, _op. cit._ pp. 390, 420, will
-prove this mistake in the map.
-
-[23] The amount is usually stated at £1,800. Dr. Stubbs reduces it
-to £700. Even so, it was a very large sum. Dr. Stubbs also proves
-that there were some books in the College Library before 1600, _op.
-cit._ p. 170.
-
-[24] Fitz-Simons’ _Life and Letters_, translated and edited by E.
-Hogan, S.J., p. 56. “Non sine Collegiatorum ingenti fremitu, qui
-hactenus nullum alicujus æstimationis ad se pellicere potuerunt,”
-evidently refers to Roman Catholic boys, if we are to defend the
-learned Jesuit’s statement as one of fact.
-
-[25] Thus a window in the College Chapel, set up as a memorial of
-Bishop Berkeley, calls him a _Fellow of this University_. I need
-not point out how this blunder has been exalted into an official
-title by the Examining Body called the Royal University of Ireland,
-which has no Professors for its University, and no College for its
-Fellows.
-
-[26] _Cf._ _op. cit._ p. 395. The decision of the Visitors had been
-for the latter, but reversed by the Chancellor (Archbishop Abbot),
-whose letter shows that he had not apprehended the important
-distinction between Statute and Charter; the Statutes, made by the
-College, being powerless to abrogate what the Charter had ordained.
-
-[27] It is now known as Rosslea Manor, in Fermanagh, and pays the
-College about £2,000 a-year.
-
-[28] Robert Ussher was the only Irish Provost who adopted the same
-policy. But he was clearly a sentimental person, as appears from
-his cousin the Primate’s judgment, that he was quite too soft to
-manage the College, and also from the Latin letter to the Primate
-still extant (_Ussher Memorials_, p. 275), a very florid and
-tasteless piece of rhetoric.
-
-[29] It also existed at Oxford. Wesley preached in this way as a
-layman.--_J. R. G._
-
-[30] Here is a specimen of Provost Temple’s estimates:--“Allowed
-to each Scholar at dinner ¾d., at supper 1d. This allowance will
-be to each Scholar, out of the kitchen, 1s. 2½d. per week, or
-£2 13s. 1d. per annum. After this rate, there being seventeen and
-a-half messes of Scholars, and for each mess 3d. at dinner, and
-4d. at supper, the allowance out of the kitchen, made to seventy
-Scholars, will amount to £185 15s. per annum. The allowance to a
-Scholar out of the buttery. To each Scholar allowed in bread, at
-dinner ½d., and at supper a ½d., and for his weekly sizings
-4d., it cometh to 11d. per week; To each Scholar, in beer, ½d.
-per diem is per week, 3½d. At this rate a Scholar’s allowance,
-out of the buttery, in bread and beer is 1s. 2½d. per week, or
-£3 2s. 10d. per annum. Now the whole allowance of a Scholar, both
-out of the kitchen and buttery, being 2s. 2¼d. per week, and £5
-15s. 11d. per annum, will amount for seventy Scholars, to £405 3s.
-4d.
-
-“The allowance of a Fellow out of the kitchen, 1½d. per each
-meal, or 3d. per diem, will come to 1s. 9d. per week or £4 11s. per
-annum: according to this rate, there being four messes of Fellows,
-and for each mess, both dinner and supper, 6d., the allowance of
-the Fellows out of the kitchen will be £72 16s. per annum. The
-allowance of a Fellow out of the buttery at 1d. each for bread,
-and 1d. for beer, and for his weekly sizings 1½d., will be 1s.
-3½d. each, and per annum £3 7s. 2d.: after this the allowances
-of the sixteen Fellows out of the buttery in bread, beer, and
-sizings, is £53 14s. 8d. per annum.”--_Op. cit._ p. 40. The details
-sorely need explanation.
-
-[31] Stubbs, pp. 58, 59.
-
-[32] _Cf._ this very curious document in _Desiderata Curiosa_.
-
-[33] “There is to be seen here (S. Stephen’s Green), during the
-winter, an incredible number of snipes, invited by the swampiness
-of the Green during that season, and to avoid their enemies the
-sportsmen: this is an agreeable and most uncommon circumstance
-not to be met with, perhaps, in any other great city in the
-world.”--Harris’s _History of Dublin_ (1766), p. 481, note.
-
-[34] _Cf._ _Ussher Memorials_, pp. 122, 128.
-
-[35] Stubbs, p. 22.
-
-[36] There seem to have been a good many learned books by J.
-Ussher, Sir James Ware, James Barry, and Sir C. Sibthorp printed in
-Dublin between 1626 and 1636. Then there seems to be a pause till
-about 1650, when a continuous series of Irish prints begins.
-
-[37] The College Library, which forms the subject of another
-chapter in this book, was intended solely for graduates, and we
-hear that when the victors of Kinsale voted a large part of their
-prize-money for books, or when the College voted money for the same
-purpose, learned men like Ussher and Challoner were forthwith sent
-to England to purchase them.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER II.
-
-FROM THE CAROLINE REFORM TO THE SETTLEMENT OF WILLIAM III.
-
-                      _Ruunt agmine facto_
-      _In me profana turba Roma Genevaque._
-                                 PROVOST CHAPPEL’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY.
-
-
-The first fifty years of this History passed away without much
-apparent advance. The attempt to supply additional room by
-providing two residence-halls in the city (Bridge Street and Back
-Lane) turned out a complete failure.[38] As the College grew richer
-by King James’ gifts of Ulster lands, the quarrels of the Fellows
-and Provost were increased by this new interest. They were also
-still constitution-mongering, and we do not find that the only
-Dublin man, Robert Ussher, who was Provost during this period,
-was more successful than the imported Cambridge men. Among the
-Fellows appointed, if we except the remarkable group of founders,
-not a single name of note appears save Joshua Hoyle, who came from
-Oxford, and who was afterwards Professor of Divinity, and Master
-of University College, Oxford. The rest supplied the Church of
-Ireland with some respectable dignitaries, but nothing more. We
-know that these things were weighing on the mind of the great
-Primate, who could remember the high hopes and the enthusiasm of
-Dublin when the College was founded. He was convinced that the
-Fellows wasted their energies in College politics, and that the
-Provost had insufficient powers to control them. Laud surely speaks
-the words of Ussher when he says that the College is reported to
-him as “being as ill-governed as any in Christendom.” Archbishop
-Ussher must have been determined to take from the Fellows the
-management of their own affairs, and entrust it to a Provost
-nominated by the Crown, administering Statutes fixed by the Crown,
-and only to be altered with its sanction. This great reform
-he carried out by having his friend Archbishop Laud appointed
-Chancellor, and so having a new Charter forced, in 1637, upon the
-College--the Caroline Statutes.[39] It was indeed a strong measure
-to take from the College its self-government, but it was done
-after due deliberation by wise men; and the results have certainly
-answered their expectations. It should, however, be added, in
-fairness to those who failed during the first 45 years to maintain
-order, that the Crown, while professing to give absolute liberty by
-Statute, had constantly interfered in appointments, and violated
-the privileges granted by Elizabeth. Nor indeed did the Caroline
-Statutes, which much internal evidence shows to be the work of
-Ussher as well as Laud, succeed forthwith. The experiment was
-baulked at the outset by the unfortunate appointment of Chappel as
-Provost, a famous logician, but a weak and not very honest man,[40]
-whose conduct was about to be impeached by the Irish Parliament,
-when the Rebellion of 1641 burst upon the land. Chappel was then
-Bishop of Cork, but had refused to resign the Provostship. Ten
-years of misery supervened, when Chappel and the next Provost,
-Wassington, fled home to England, when Faithful Tate and Dudley
-Loftus strove as vice-regents to hold together the affairs of the
-starving College; when the estates were in the rebels’ hands,
-the valuable plate was pawned or melted, Provost Martin dying
-of the plague which followed upon massacre and starvation:[41]
-the intellectual heart of Ireland suffered with its members, and
-responded to the agonies of the loyal population with sufferings
-not less poignant.
-
-Nevertheless, the appointment of the Lord Deputy, Ormonde (a great
-benefactor to the College at the worst moment), as Chancellor is
-dated the 12th March, 1644. He was chosen to succeed Laud. The
-actual deed is now at Kilkenny Castle.[42] The appointment of the
-Chancellor was made by the Provost (Anthony Martin, Bishop of
-Meath) and a majority of the Senior Fellows. Ormonde came back with
-the Restoration, and in high favour.
-
-The horror of civil war in England was added to make the cup
-flow over. Charles, Laud, and Ussher were too engrossed with
-their own troubles to promote the regeneration of the College
-which they had commenced, and so we find that this decennium
-of anarchy was only ended by the strong hand of Cromwell, who
-undertook to establish order in Ireland. The “crowd of Geneva”
-were accordingly established in the College; but justice must
-admit that Henry Cromwell as Chancellor, and Winter as Provost,
-behaved with good sense and zeal in promoting the interests of
-learning. They, of course, pressed home their doctrines upon the
-students; Winter called to the College zealous controversialists
-of distinguished piety;[43] private Christian meetings among the
-students were encouraged rather than official Chapels. Such of the
-former officers as acquiesced in these things--the Vice-Chancellor
-Henry Jones, who dropped his title of Bishop, and Stearne the
-physician--were continued for the sake of their learning. The care
-of outward neatness appears from the entries forbidding linen to
-be dried in the courts; they had washed it there long enough. The
-Provost undertook several journeys to the remote parts of Ireland,
-to recover the abandoned properties and collect the rents of the
-College. To the Commonwealth, moreover, is due the foundation
-(1652) of the School of Mathematics, which has since become so
-famous. This initial step was advanced by the bequest of Lord
-Donegal (1660), whose Lecturership is still known by his name.
-
-When the Restoration supervened, Winter and his intimates were
-expelled as intruders, and a new governing body and scholars
-appointed. But as Cromwell had taken care to keep up the traditions
-of the College by continuing some of the previous Fellows, so the
-Government of Charles II. reappointed several men who had stood by
-the College all through the interregnum, and saved the continuity
-of its teaching. Above all, the framers of the well-known Act of
-Settlement took special care of the College, securing to it all
-the estates to which it had a claim, and even endowing the Provost
-with charges upon forfeited lands in the Archbishopric of Dublin.
-Provisions were made for the founding of a second College under
-the University; presently Dr. Stearne obtained a Charter for the
-College of Physicians at Trinity Hall, close to the Green, in
-connection with the College. Ussher’s books, which were still
-lying in Dublin Castle, though long since purchased by Cromwell’s
-soldiers for the College, were now formally handed over to it; and
-in every way its interests were fostered and promoted. The Duke of
-Ormonde as Lord Deputy, and also as Chancellor of the University,
-and Bishop Jeremy Taylor as Vice-Chancellor, may be regarded as the
-main movers in this policy; whether other secret influences were
-at work I have not been able to ascertain.[44] How firm and wise
-a friend of the College Ormonde was, appears from the following
-protest he made to the then Secretary of State. An Englishman had
-just been nominated to an Irish bishopric. “It is fit that it
-should be remembered that near this city there is an University
-of the foundation of Queen Elizabeth, principally intended for
-the education and advantage of the natives of this kingdom, which
-hath produced men very eminent for learning and piety, and those
-of this nation, and such there are in the Church: so that, while
-there are such, the passing them by is not only, in some measure,
-a violation of the original intention and institution, but a great
-discouragement to the natives from making themselves capable
-and fit for preferment in the Church, whereunto, if they have
-equal parts, they are better able to do service than strangers;
-their knowledge of the country and relations in it giving them
-the advantage. The promotion, too, of the already dignified or
-beneficed will make room for, and consequently encourage, students
-in the University, which room will be lost, and the inferior clergy
-much disheartened, if, upon the vacancy of bishopricks, persons
-unknown to the kingdom and University shall be sent to fill them,
-and be less useful there to Church and kingdom than those who are
-better acquainted with them.”[45] The scandalous policy of setting
-obscure and careless Englishmen to govern competent Irishmen,
-which reached its climax under Primate Boulter’s influence, has
-now veered round so completely that there is an outcry if an
-incompetent Irishman is not preferred to any Englishman, however
-competent. Both extremes lead to the same mischief--estrangement in
-sentiment from England, and in consequence narrow provincialism,
-which lowers the standard to be expected in important posts, by
-selecting the best local man, instead of the best man in Great
-Britain and Ireland, or even (for scientific appointments) in
-Europe.
-
-But though the College was thus secured in ultimate material
-prosperity, there was for some years great difficulty in realising
-property, and we find elections postponed for want of funds in 1664
-and 1666. A Fellow, William Leckey, was executed in Dublin for
-participation in the plot of 1663 against the King. Still worse,
-we still find in what Jeremy Taylor describes as “the little, but
-excellent University of Dublin,”[46] great poverty in profound
-scholarship. Two eminent men had indeed come out of Trinity College
-in this generation. Dudley Loftus and Henry Dodwell were second to
-none of their contemporaries in learning. Dodwell was offered a
-Chair at Oxford solely upon his general reputation. The catalogue
-of his and Loftus’ extant works is still astonishing. Loftus
-combined in him the blood of the talented adventurer Adam Loftus
-with the far sounder blood of the Usshers.[47] But these men would
-not or could not be Provosts--so that high office fell to such men
-as Seele, the son of a verger at Christ Church, esteemed highly by
-his contemporaries,[48] and Ward, who was of the old Loftus type,
-having come over from England, and obtained five great promotions,
-ending with the See of Derry, in which he died, at the age of 39!
-No wonder that clever lads sought their fortune in Ireland. Ward
-“was esteemed a person of fine conversation and of great sagacity
-in dextrously managing proper conjunctures, to which qualities his
-rise to so many preferments in so short a time was ascribed.”[49]
-
-It was a very great improvement, and of great service to the
-College, when the Duke of Ormonde reverted again to Oxford, and
-brought over as Provost Narcissus Marsh, whose Library at S.
-Sepulchre’s still attests the learning and wide interests of the
-man. Like every Provost in those days, he was promptly advanced to
-the Episcopal Bench; the College then afforded a stepping-stone
-to the episcopal as it now does to the judicial Bench; and if its
-rulers are now usually very old, they were then very young. Marsh
-was only five years Provost before his promotion, and yet even in
-that short time he produced a lasting effect upon the College. What
-would such a man have accomplished in a lifetime of enlightened
-government! But he was essentially a student, and the duties of the
-Provost were not then, as they now are, compatible with a learned
-leisure.
-
-  January 1678/9.--Finding the place very troublesome, partly by
-  reason of the multitude of business and important visits the
-  Provost is obliged to, and partly by reason of the ill education
-  that the young scholars have before they come to the College,
-  whereby they are both rude and ignorant, I was quickly weary of
-  340 young men and boys in this lewd, debauched town, and the more
-  so because I had no time to follow my dearly beloved studies.[50]
-
-I have already noted that this enterprising Englishman was bent on
-promoting the study of the Irish language. Let me quote what Dr.
-Stubbs says--
-
-  “Among the Smith MSS. in the Bodleian Library is preserved a
-  letter[51] from Marsh when Primate, in which he gives some
-  account of the condition of the College during his residence as
-  Provost. He was particularly anxious, as he states, that the
-  thirty Irish-born Scholars, who then enjoyed salaries equal to
-  those of the Junior Fellows, should be thoroughly trained to
-  speak and write the Irish language. He desired that these should
-  be a body from which the parochial clergy of Ireland might be
-  recruited, in order that the people should have the ministrations
-  of religion in their own language. The majority of the Natives
-  knew nothing of the grammar of the language, and could make
-  no attempt to read it, or to write it. In order to counteract
-  this ignorance, Marsh determined that he would not elect to
-  a native’s place any scholar who was not ready to learn the
-  Irish language thoroughly, and that he would not allow them to
-  retain their places unless they made satisfactory progress. To
-  enable them to do this, he employed a converted Roman Catholic
-  priest, Paul Higgins, who was a good Irish scholar, and who had
-  been admitted as a clergyman of the Irish Church, to reside
-  in his house, and to give instruction to the Scholars of the
-  College,[52] at a salary of £16 a-year and his board. He had also
-  the Church Service read in Irish, and an Irish sermon preached by
-  Higgins in the College Chapel on one Sunday afternoon in every
-  month, at 3 P.M. These services seem to have been open to the
-  public; and we learn from Marsh’s letters that the ancient Chapel
-  was crowded by hearers on the occasion of the Irish sermons,
-  the congregation numbering as many as three hundred. We have no
-  record of the continuance of these Irish services after Marsh
-  ceased to be Provost.”
-
-He also promoted the study of mathematics, hitherto of little
-moment in the College. He founded a Philosophical Society, as
-a sort of offshoot of the Royal Society of London, to which
-he contributed a learned paper on Musical Sounds. The curious
-collection of ancient music still extant in his Library (bequeathed
-for the use of the City of Dublin, but mainly intended for a
-Diocesan Library) shows that he had a special interest in this
-subject. He wrote for the students a sensible text-book of Logic
-(_see fac-simile of title-page, p. 37_). He got a new and larger
-Chapel built, which lasted till 1798. But he was still in the era
-when the College authorities had no idea of building ornamentally.
-The houses and halls were merely modest constructions for use, and
-Dr. Campbell is quoted as describing them:--
-
-  The Chapel is as mean a structure as you can conceive; destitute
-  of monumental decoration within; it is no better than a
-  Welsh Church without. The old Hall, where College exercises
-  are performed, is in the same range, and built in the same
-  style.--_Op. cit._ p. 117.
-
-This is, I think, to be said of all the buildings in Dublin during
-the seventeenth century. So far as I know, the earliest, and
-perhaps the best attempt at artistic architecture is the Library,
-which was not commenced till 1709.[53] All the handsome houses in
-Dublin date from after the middle of the eighteenth century.
-
-[Illustration: FAC-SIMILE OF TITLE-PAGE, ARCHBISHOP MARSH’S “LOGIC.”
-
-  Institutiones LOGICÆ.
-
-  IN USUM JUVENTUTIS ACADEMICÆ DUBLINIENSIS.
-
-  DUBLINI, Apud S. HELSHAM ad _Insignia Collegii_,
-  in vico vulgò dicto _Castle-street_. 1681.]
-
-When Marsh was promoted--he became ultimately Archbishop of
-Dublin and then Primate--Ormonde, the Chancellor, chose another
-Orientalist, Huntingdon of Merton College, to succeed him. But he
-was by no means so able a man; he came over with great reluctance
-(1686), and immediately decamped upon the outbreak of the second
-great tumult, which turned out even worse for the College than
-1641--the Revolution under James II., and the war which was only
-concluded by William’s victory at the Boyne. The Revolution was
-a sore blow for the College, which was now rapidly rising both
-in wealth and in intellectual position. The Senior Fellows did
-all they could to conciliate James II., without, however, denying
-their own Protestant character. The King, a weak man, gave them
-civil words; but they had to deal with his advisers, who varied
-widely in their aims and hopes from those of moderate men. The Acts
-passed by the brief Parliament of James II. have been recently
-brought into clear light by historians,[54] and the only wonder to
-be explained is the escape of the College from the secret Bill of
-Attainder which was to affect the liberties and properties of all
-Protestants, and from which not even the power of the Crown could
-grant remission. The anecdote how the members for the University
-kept out of the way, or sent the College butler out of the way,[55]
-and managed to have the College names omitted, seems to be a
-romance invented to explain an accidental omission, and to gain
-credit for some worthy people who did not fly to England or betray
-their public trust.
-
-The first acts of aggression were demands to appoint creatures of
-Tyrconnell’s either to an Irish Lecturership which did not exist,
-or to Junior Fellowships, which required an oath of allegiance to
-the Crown and of adherence to the Church of England, as ordered
-by Charles II. in his _Act of Uniformity_. The Crown had been
-in the habit of appointing Fellows by mandamus, so that this
-proceeding was not so high-handed as it would be now-a-days. But
-the plain intention of James II.’s advisers, and especially of
-Tyrconnell, the Lord Deputy, was to force Roman Catholics into
-power and to dispossess Protestant interests. It is to the credit
-of the adventurers sent down to the College by Tyrconnell that
-they objected to take the oath. The Lord Deputy then stopped the
-Concordatum Fund of £400 a-year. It was a moment when the College
-so clearly felt its increasing numbers, that there was a proposal
-to sell some of the fast-accumulating plate to find funds in aid
-of new buildings. Apart from gifts made by the parents of pupils,
-there was a charge at matriculation for _argent_, as there still
-is in some Colleges at Oxford, and it seems to have been thought a
-convenient way of laying by money which could be easily realised
-in times of danger. How fast this plate had accumulated since the
-disasters of 1641 may be inferred from the fact that the College
-actually embarked 3,990 ounces of silver to be sent to London (7th
-February, 1687). On the 12th, Tyrconnell was sworn in Lord Deputy,
-and had the plate seized. The College reclaimed it, and ultimately
-recovered it on condition of laying out the money in the purchase
-of land. It seems to have brought 5s. per ounce, and is said to
-have been “profitably” invested. If the College now possessed it,
-the money value would not be less than £5 per ounce; its value in
-adding dignity to the establishment is not easily estimable. As Dr.
-Stubbs says, the succeeding events are best told from the College
-Register, which he quotes:--
-
-  _January 9, 1688/9._--The College stock being very low, and there
-  being little hopes of the coming in of the rents, the following
-  retrenchment of the College expenses was agreed upon by the
-  Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows.
-
-  _January 24, 1688/9._--The Visitors of the College did approve
-  of the said retrenchment, which is as follows:--Ordered by
-  the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows, because the College is
-  reduced to a low condition by the infelicity of the times (no
-  tenants paying any rents, and at present our stock being almost
-  exhausted), it was ordered that there should be a retrenchment of
-  our expenses according to the model following; the approbation of
-  our Visitors being first obtained:--
-
-  _Inp._--That there shall be but one meal a-day in the Hall, and
-  that a dinner, because the supper is the more expensive meal by
-  reason of coals, &c. 2. That every Fellow be allowed but three
-  pence in the Kitchen per diem, and one penny in the Buttery.
-  3. That the Scholars be allowed their full allowance according
-  to the Statutes, but after this manner, viz.:--To each Scholar
-  in the Kitchen two pence per diem, except on Friday, on which
-  but three half pence. To each Scholar in the Buttery his usuall
-  allowance, which was one penny half penny per diem. To each
-  Scholar at night shall be allowed out of the Buttery one half
-  penny in cheese or butter, except on Friday night, and that will
-  compleat the Statute allowance. 4. That whereas the Statute
-  allowance to each Fellow in Buttery and Kitchen is five shillings
-  and three pence per week, and the present allowance comes but
-  to two shillings and four pence, therefore it is ordered that
-  whenever the College is able, the first payments shall be made to
-  the Fellows to compleat their Statute allowance in Commons. All
-  these clauses above mentioned are to be understood in relation to
-  those that are resident. And if it shall happen that the Society
-  shall be forc’t to break up, and quit the place through extreme
-  necessity, or any publick calamity, that then all members of the
-  said Society shall for the interim have full title and claim to
-  all profits and allowances in their severall stations and offices
-  respectively, when it shall please God to bring about a happy
-  restoration. 5. That proportionable deductions be made from what
-  was formerly allow’d to the Cooks for decrements, furzes, &c. 6.
-  That the additional charge of Saturday’s dinners be laid aside.
-  7. That for the future no Scholar of the House be allow’d Commons
-  that is indebted to his Tutor, and that no Master of Arts, Fellow
-  Commoner, or Pensioner, be kept in Commons that has not deposited
-  sufficient caution money in the Bursar’s hands. 8. That whereas
-  we are resolved to keep up the Society as long as possibly we
-  can, therefore ’tis ordered that as soon as the College money
-  shall fail, all the plate now in our custody be sold or pawned
-  to defray the charges above mentioned. We, the Visitors of the
-  College above mentioned, having considered the expediency of the
-  above retrenchment, do allow and approve thereof.
-
-      FRANCIS DUBLIN.                    DIVE DOWNES.
-      ANT. MEATH.                        JOHN BARTON.
-      RICHARD ACTON, _Vice-Provost_.     BEN. SCROGGS.
-      GEORGE BROWN.
-
-  _January 24, 1688/9._--It was agreed upon by the Vice-Provost and
-  Senior Fellows that the Manuscripts in the Library, the Patents,
-  and other writings belonging to the College, be transported into
-  England. At the same time it was resolved that the remainder
-  of the plate should be immediately sold, excepting the Chappel
-  Plate. The same day the College waited on the Lord Deputy, and
-  desired leave to transport the remainder of their plate into
-  England, because they could not sell it here without great loss.
-
-  The Lord Deputy refused leave.
-
-  _February 19, 1688/9._--It was agreed on by the Vice-Provost
-  and Senior Fellows that two hundred pounds of the College money
-  should be sent into England for the support of those Fellows that
-  should be forc’t to fly thither. At the same time the dangers
-  of staying in the College seemed so great that it was judged
-  reasonable that all those that thought fit to withdraw themselves
-  from the College for their better security might have free
-  liberty so to do.
-
-  _February 25, 1688/9._--All the Horse, Foot, and Dragoons,
-  were drawn out and posted at severall places in the town, from
-  whence they sent parties, who searcht the Protestant houses for
-  arms, whilst others were employed in breaking into stables and
-  taking away all their horses. Two Companies of Foot, commanded
-  by Talbot, one of the Captains in the Royal Regiment of Foot
-  Guards, came into the College, searcht all places, and took away
-  those few fusils, swords, and pistols, that they found. At the
-  same time a party of Dragoons broke open the College stables
-  and took away all the horses. The Foot continued in the College
-  all night; the next day they were drawn off. On the same day it
-  was agreed on by the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows that the
-  Fellows and Scholars should receive out of the College trunk (the
-  two hundred pounds not being sent into England as was design’d)
-  their salaries for their respective Fellowships, Offices, and
-  Scholarships, which will be due at the end of this current
-  quarter, together with their allowance for Commons for the said
-  quarter.
-
-  _March 1, 1688/9._--Dr. Browne, Mr. Downes, Mr. Barton, Mr. Ashe,
-  and Mr. Smyth, embark’t for England; soon after follow’d Mr.
-  Scroggs, Mr. Leader, Mr. Lloyd, Mr. Sayers, and Mr. Hasset. Mr.
-  Patrickson soon after died; and (of ye Fellows) only Dr. Acton,
-  Mr. Thewles, Mr. Hall, and Mr. Allen, continued in the College.
-
-  _March 12, 1688/9._--King James landed in Ireland; and upon the
-  24th of the same month, being Palm Sunday, he came to Dublin.
-  The College, with the Vice-Chancellor, waited upon him, and Mr.
-  Thewles made a speech, which he seemed to receive kindly, and
-  promis’d ’em his favour and pretection;[56] [but upon the 16th of
-  September, 1689, without any offence as much as pretended, the
-  College was seized on for a garrison by the King’s order, the
-  Fellows turned out, and a Regiment of Foot took possession and
-  continued in it.[57]]
-
-  _June 13, 1689._--Mr. Arthur Greene having petitioned the
-  King for a Senior Fellowship, the case was refer’d to Sir
-  Richard Nagle; upon which he sent an order to the Vice-Provost
-  and Fellows to meet him at his house on Monday, the 17th, to
-  shew reason why the aforesaid petition shud not be granted.
-  The reasons offer’d were many, part of ’em drawn from false
-  allegations in the petition, part from the petitioner’s
-  incapacity in several respects to execute the duty of a Senior
-  Fellow; and the conclusion was in these words: There are much
-  more important reasons drawn, as well from the Statutes relating
-  to religion, as from the obligation of oaths which we have
-  taken, and the interests of our religion, which we will never
-  desert, that render it wholly impossible, without violating our
-  consciences, to have any concurrence, or to be any way concerned,
-  in the admission of him.
-
-  _July 24._--The Vice-Provost and Fellows, with consent of the
-  Vice-Chancellor, sold a peece of plate weighing about 30 ounces
-  for subsistence of themselves and the Scholars that remained.
-
-  _September 6._--The College was seized on for a Garrison by the
-  King’s order, and Sir John Fitzgerald took possession of it. Upon
-  Wednesday the 11th, it was made a prison for the Protestants of
-  the City, of whom a great number were confined to the upper part
-  of the Hall. Upon the 16th the Scholars were all turned out by
-  souldiers, and ordered to carry nothing with ’em but their books.
-  But Mr. Thewles and some others were not permitted to take their
-  books with ’em. Lenan, one of the Scholars of the House, was sick
-  of the small-pox, and died, as it was supposed, by removing. At
-  the same time the King sent an order to apprehend six of the
-  Fellows and Masters, and commit ’em to the main guard, and all
-  this without any provocation or crime as much as pretended; but
-  the Bishop of Meath, our Vice-Chancellor, interceded with the
-  King, and procured the last order to be stopt.
-
-  _September 28._--The Chappel-plate and the Mace were seized on
-  and taken away. The plate was sent to the Custom-house by Colonel
-  Lutterel’s order; but it was preserved by Mr. Collins, one of the
-  Commissioners of the Revenue.
-
-  _October 21._--Several persons, by order of the Government,
-  seized upon the Chappel and broke open the Library. The Chappel
-  was sprinkled and new consecrated and Mass was said in it; but
-  afterwards being turned into a storehouse for powder, it escaped
-  all further damage. The Library and Gardens and the Provost’s
-  lodgings were committed to the care of one Macarty, a Priest and
-  Chaplain to ye King, who preserved ’em from the violence of the
-  souldiers, but the Chambers and all other things belonging to ye
-  College were miserably defaced and ruined.[58]
-
-  We find in the _Dublin Magazine_ for August, 1762, p. 54, the
-  following petition of the Roman Catholic Prelates of Ireland,
-  which was probably presented to James II. at this time:--
-
-  “HUMBLY SHEWETH
-
-  “That the Royal College of Dublin is the only University of this
-  Kingdom, and now wholly at your Majesty’s disposal, the teachers
-  and scholars having deserted it.
-
-  “That before the Reformation it was common to all the natives of
-  this country, as the other most famous Universities of Europe
-  to theirs, respectively, and the ablest Scholars of this Nation
-  preferred to be professors and teachers therein, without any
-  distinction of orders, congregations, or politic bodies, other
-  than that of true merit, as the competent judges of learning and
-  piety, after a careful and just scrutiny did approve.
-
-  “That your petitioners being bred in foreign Colleges and
-  Universities, and acquainted with many of this Nation, who in the
-  said Universities purchased the credit and renown of very able
-  men in learning, do humbly conceive themselves to be qualified
-  for being competent and proper judges of the fittest to be
-  impartially presented to your Majesty, and employed as such
-  directors and teachers (whether secular or regular clergymen) as
-  may best deserve it, which as is the practice of other Catholic
-  Universities, so it will undoubtedly prove a great encouragement
-  to learning, and very advantageous to this Nation, entirely
-  devoted to your Majesty’s interest.
-
-  “Your petitioners therefore do most humbly pray that your Majesty
-  may be graciously pleased to let your Irish Catholic subjects
-  make use of the said College for the instruction of their youth,
-  and that it may be a general Seminary for the clergy of this
-  Kingdom, and that either all the bishops, or such of them as your
-  Majesty will think fit (by your Royal authority and commission),
-  present the most deserving persons to be directors and teachers
-  in the said College, and to oversee it, to the end it may be well
-  ruled and truly governed, and pure orthodox doctrine, piety and
-  virtue be taught and practised therein, to the honour and glory
-  of God, propagation of his true religion, and general good of
-  your Majesty’s subjects in this realm, and as in duty bound they
-  will ever pray,” &c.
-
-  And the following petition from the heads of the College appears
-  upon the Register:--
-
-  “TO THE KING’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
-
-  “THE HUMBLE PETITION OF THE VICE-PROVOST, FELLOWS, AND SCHOLARS OF
-  TRINITY COLLEGE, NEAR DUBLIN,
-
-  “HUMBLY SHEWETH
-
-  “That your Petitioners have continued in the College under your
-  Majesty’s most gracious protection, acting pursuant to the
-  Statutes and Charters granted by your Majesty’s Royal Father
-  and others your Royal Ancestors, And during your Majesty’s
-  absence upon the 6th day of September last, by orders pretended
-  to be derived from your Majesty, Guards were placed in the said
-  College, That upon ye 16th of ye said month Sir John Fitzgerald
-  came with a great body of armed men, and forceably dispossest
-  your Petitioners, and not only dis-seized them of their tenure
-  and freehold, but also seized on the private goods of many
-  of your Petitioners, to their great damage and the ruin and
-  destruction of that place; that upon the 28th of the said month,
-  under pretence for a search for arms, seizure was made by one
-  Hogan of the Sacred Chalices and other holy vessels belonging to
-  ye Altar of the Chappel, and also of the Mace; that upon the 21st
-  of October several persons pretending orders from the Government
-  broke open the door of the Library, and possest themselves of
-  the Chappel: by all which proceedings your Petitioners conceive
-  themselves totally ejected out of their freehold, and despoiled
-  of their propertyes and goods, contrary to your Majesty’s laws,
-  tho’ your Petitioners have acted nothing against their duty
-  either as subjects or members of ye College. May it therefore
-  please,” &c.
-
-  _November 20, 1689._--The Vice-Provost and Fellows met together
-  and elected the same officers that were chosen the year before.
-
-  Facta est hæc Electio a Vice Præposito et Sociis Junioribus
-  locum Sociorum Seniorum supplentibus, quam Præposito et Sociis
-  Senioribus (cum conveniat) vel confirmandam, vel irritam
-  reddendam reliquimus. R. Acton, G. Thewles, Js. Hall, J. Allen.
-
-  _December._--About the beginning of this month Dr. Acton died of
-  a fever.
-
-  At the Court at Dublin Castle, April 11th, 1690. Present the
-  King’s Most Excellent Majestie in Council.
-
-  “Whereas His Majestie has been gratiously pleased to appoint
-  the Right Honorable the L^d High Chancellor of Ireland to visit
-  and view Trinity College, near Dublin, and the Records and
-  Library thereunto belonging, and whereas his Majestie is given
-  to understand this day in Council that Mr. George Thewles and
-  Mr. John Hall have several Keyes belonging to ye said College in
-  their custody, and refuse to deliver the same to his Lordship in
-  order to view the said College records and Library; his Majestie
-  is gratiously pleased to order, and doth hereby order the said
-  Mr. George Thewles and John Hall, or either of them, forthwith to
-  deliver the said Keyes to the L^d High Chancellor, as they shall
-  answer the same at their peril.
-
-  “HUGH REILY, _Copia Vera_.”
-
-  Upon receipt of this Mr. Thewles and Mr. Hall consulted the
-  Vice-Chancellor and delivered the Keyes.
-
-  _April 15, 1690._--Received from Mr. George Thewles and Mr. John
-  Hall, by his Majesties order in Council, ten Keyes belonging to
-  the trunks and presses in the repository of ye College of Dublin
-  by me.
-
-  FYTTON, _C._
-
-  _June 14, 1690._--King William landed at Carrick Fergus, and the
-  same day Mr. Thewles died of a fever.
-
-  _July 1, 1690._--The armies of the English and Irish engaged at
-  the Boyne, and the Irish being routed, King James returned that
-  night to Dublin, and commanded his army not to plunder or do any
-  harm to the city, which order was observed by ye Irish.
-
-  _July 15, 1690._--Mr. Scroggs landed, and immediately after Dr.
-  Browne, and then Mr. Downes, Mr. Reader, the Provost, &c.[59]
-
-  The Fellows and Scholars that returned were allowed their
-  Commons, but their salary was reduced by agreement to the old
-  Statute allowance, both for Fellowships and places, till the
-  College revenues shall increase.
-
-  Before King William left Ireland he gave order to ye College to
-  seize upon all books that belonged to forfeiting Papists; but the
-  order not being known till about half a-year after, the greatest
-  part of the books were lost, but those which were recovered, and
-  worth anything, were placed in the Countess of Bath’s library.[60]
-
-The interesting features in this crisis were, first, the steadfast
-and courageous behaviour of Dr. Acton and his three colleagues,
-two of whom sacrificed their lives for the good of the College;
-secondly, the excellent conduct of the two Roman Catholic priests,
-Moore and Macarthy, who not only exerted themselves with great
-humanity to save the Fellows and scholars and their property
-from outrage, but showed a real love and respect for learning,
-and a desire to maintain the College for the real objects of its
-foundation.[61] Thus, if it had not been for the narrowness of
-controversialists and the violence of soldiers, the assaults of
-Rome and Geneva were by no means so disastrous as might have been
-expected. Nevertheless, the College came out of the crisis of
-James II. with great loss of books, furniture, plate, rents--in
-fact, for the moment in great distress--but still the buildings
-were safe;[62] the character of the College must have been greatly
-raised by the conduct of its Fellows; there had been no time to
-occupy the estates with new adventurers; and the policy of the
-new King, in spite of his well-known Liberal instincts, must
-necessarily be strongly Protestant after the recent outburst of the
-opposite party under his opponent, and therefore made him a firm
-friend of the persecuted College.
-
-[Illustration: CHAPEL PLATE. (DATED 1632 AND 1638).]
-
-Before closing this chapter, we may say a word upon the changing
-aspect of the College and its surroundings, especially College
-Green. The foundation of the College soon brought with it a desire
-to build houses in its neighbourhood. But in Bedell’s diary we find
-that the first permission given by the Corporation to build houses
-close to the gate was frustrated by the students raiding upon
-the works, and carrying the building-plant into the College. The
-builder, indeed, recovered it by the interference of the Provost,
-but whether the building proceeded is doubtful. Still, we hear of
-Archbishop Ussher lodging in College Green in 1632, a very few
-years after; and a lodging fit for the Primate can have been no
-mean dwelling. There were several sites granted on the north side
-of Dame Street by the Corporation to gentlemen of quality, who
-built houses, with gardens stretching behind them to the river. I
-have found mention of three of these before 1640. Presently two
-larger mansions were erected there--Clancarty House, at the foot
-of the present S. Andrew’s Street, and opposite it Chichester
-House, always a large mansion, often used for Courts, and even
-Parliaments, till the present remarkable building was set upon its
-site. It was one of the objections urged in 1668 to Trinity Hall
-(the site of the present S. Andrew’s Church) for holding students,
-that they could not hear the College bell owing to the number of
-intervening houses. Thus Dublin must have been rapidly growing
-out in this direction.[63] There are houses in Dawson Street and
-Molesworth Street whose gables show them to belong to the 17th
-century. So likewise in the streets off South Great George’s Street
-there are still many houses which bear the clear character of
-Dublin building from 1660 to 1700. All the churches were remodelled
-or rebuilt in the end of this or in the succeeding century. But,
-as I have already said, there was as yet no thought of stately or
-ornamental house architecture. The existing blocks of that date
-in Trinity College (Nos. 22-31) show what was accomplished, and
-though far better than the buildings of “Botany Bay,” which came
-a century later, are nevertheless mainly interesting from their
-date as marking an epoch in this History. There is no hint that the
-other lodgings for students, since taken down, were in any sense
-ornamental.
-
-I turn, in concluding this chapter, to the interesting question
-of the recognition of sports and games among the students--a
-recognition which reached its climax under Provost Hutchinson. The
-following passage gives us some facts and dates:--
-
-  There does not appear to have been any arrangement for the
-  recreation of the Students inside the College until 1684, when
-  we find the following entry on August 13:--“The ground for the
-  Bowling-green was granted, and the last Commencement supper fees
-  were allowed towards the making of it.” The bowling-green, which
-  was near the present gymnasium and racquet-court, and probably
-  on the site of the existing [lawn] tennis-courts, was maintained
-  until early in this century, and a portion of the entrance fees
-  of Fellow Commoners was applied to maintain it. On July 28, 1694,
-  leave was given to build a fives-court at the east end of the
-  Fellows’ garden. In Brooking’s map of Dublin there appears to
-  have been, in 1728, a quadrangular walled-in court on the site of
-  the present New Square, for the recreation of the Students. There
-  were two gates giving access to this in the arches under numbers
-  23 and 25 in the Library Square, which is the oldest existing
-  part of the College, and which was erected after [about] 1700. As
-  the Students were prohibited from going out into the city without
-  leave, it was obviously necessary that opportunities should be
-  given for out-door amusements within the bounds; and the College
-  Park had not been at this time laid out and planted. A number of
-  small paddocks occupied at this period the site of the present
-  Park; and the College Park, as we have it now, was first formed
-  and planted with trees in 1722.[64]
-
-Some comment upon this passage seems desirable. In the Elizabethan
-and Jacobean College recreations for the students were not only
-ignored but forbidden. Young men came there and were maintained
-at the expense of the Institution, not to play, but to work, as
-I have above explained. This strictly theological notion was now
-giving way to a secular aspect of things, which tolerated the
-residence of students in the city,[65] and received wealthy young
-men, who came to spend, not to earn money. The facts just quoted
-are therefore interesting in showing that this change of spirit was
-now accomplished. For in colleges outward acts follow slowly upon
-new convictions.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[38] At the moment that Sir William Brereton visited Dublin (July,
-1635), the College and Church of the Jesuits in Back Lane, with its
-carved pulpit and high altar, had lately (1633) been annexed to
-Trinity College, and lectures were held there every Tuesday, Lord
-Corke paying for the Lecturer. Brereton also saw a cloister and
-Chapel of the Capuchins, which had been turned into S. Stephen’s
-Hall, in which 18 scholars of the College were then accommodated.
-It is remarkable that all attempts, whether promoted by the College
-or not, to shape the University of Trinity College according to the
-peculiar model of Oxford and Cambridge have failed.
-
-[39] It is, indeed, rehearsed with great care in these Statutes
-that they are approved of by the Provost and Fellows, and imposed
-with their consent; but that consent was extorted by interfering
-with the appointment of Provost, and choosing Chappel to carry out
-the new policy.
-
-[40] He was Milton’s College Tutor, and is said to be the Damœtas
-in _Lycidas_. All the histories tell the anecdote of his pressing
-his adversary in a public disputation at Cambridge so keenly that
-the unfortunate man swooned in the pulpit, when King James, who
-was present, took up the argument, and presently confessed himself
-worsted. This kind of subtlety may have enabled him to reconcile
-his various breaches of statute with his sworn obligations. His
-holding of the Bishopric and Provostship together was, however,
-openly sanctioned by Laud. His Latin autobiography gives us a
-picture quite inconsistent with the complaints of the Fellows and
-the resolutions of the Irish Parliament against him. It is a string
-of pious lamentations, _e.g._--
-
-      “Jam quindecim annos corpus vix ægrum traho
-      Estque jubilæum hic annus ætatis meæ.
-
-             *       *       *       *       *
-
-      Subinde climactera nova vitæ meæ
-      Incipit et excutit reliquias dentium
-      Ante putrium, monetque mortis sim memor.”
-
-
-[41] Martin seems to have been the best of the early Provosts. But
-he had special qualifications, being a Galway man, educated first
-in France, then at Cambridge, and then appointed a Fellow of the
-College, by competition, in 1610. Thus he added to his Irish blood
-and knowledge of the country a wide and various experience. But
-the terrible insurrection which swept over the land made these
-qualities of little import beside his moral strength. When driven
-from his Diocese of Meath, he was made temporary Provost, according
-to the petition of the Fellows, who found fault with Faithful
-Tate (Stubbs, appendix). He suffered further persecution from
-the Parliamentary Commissioners, but through all his adversities
-maintained the same constancy. “Is est qualis alii tantum videri
-volunt, et in humaniori literatura, et in vitæ integritate
-germanissimus, certe Nathaniel sine fraude.”--Taylor, p. 238.
-
-[42] The reader will be glad to see the text of this document,
-which I have copied from the original in Lord Ormonde’s
-possession:--
-
-“CUM PER MORTEM Reverendissimi in Christo Patris Guilielmi nup.
-Archiepi
-
-“Cantuariensis et totius Angliæ primatis Dubliniensis nostra
-Academia Cancellarii necessario et nobili præsidio immature
-
-“Sit orbata: nos Anthonius providentia divina Midensis E[=pus]
-Præpositus, et Socii Seniores Collegii [=sctæ] et individuæ
-
-“Trinitatis Reginæ Elizabethæ juxta Dublin, secundum licentiam et
-potestatem nobis per Chartam fundationis
-
-“Concessam, Honoratissimum Dominum, Dominum Jacobum Marchionem
-Ormoniæ, Comitem Ormoniæ et Ossoriæ, Vice-Comitem Thurles, Baronem
-de
-
-“Arcloe, Dūm Locumtenentem, et generalem Gubernatorem Regni
-H[=ibni]æ et Regiæ Majestati a secretioribus conciliis, Virum
-
-“Nunquam satis laudatum, de quo quicquid in laudem dicitur,
-infra meritum dicitur, Virum spectatæ integritatis et fidei erga
-principem et
-
-“Patriam veræ Religionis acerrimum Vindicem, Literarum et
-Literatorum Mæcenatem amplissimum et de nobis imprimis et Collegio
-[=nso] in hisce
-
-“Temporis angustiis optime meritum, quippe qui nos, et res nostras
-ad ruinam inclinantes adjutrice manu sustinuit, et ab internecione
-et
-
-“Interitu sæpius vindicavit, ut antehac dignissimum semper
-censuimus, qui ad Clavem Academiæ sederet, ita nunc Academiæ p’dictæ
-
-“Cancellarium junctis Suffragiis et Calculis eligimus, nominamus,
-et admittimus, Hancque dictionem nominationem et admissionem
-
-“Subscriptis nominibus et communi Sigillo, et per litt p’ntes
-confirmamus. Datum e Collegio nostro duodecimo die Martii, Anno
-Dni. millesimo
-
-“Sexcentesimo quadragesimo quarto.
-
-  “THO: SEELE.     ANT: MIDENSIS,        JO: KERDIFF.
-
-  “GUL. RAYMOND.   Coll: p^{r.} p^{o.}   THO: LOCKE.    JA: BISHOPP.”
-
-There is appended the common seal--viz., on thick red wax the
-College Arms as usual, but with towers domed and flagged, each
-flag blowing outwards, the harp much larger than usual, and shield
-surrounded by an oval, and round it the usual legend, with APRILL
-added, and the date (1612) in the space over the shield. See page
-11 for seal, with some of the signatures of the Senior Fellows.
-Three of them who had been driven from their livings had petitioned
-the Lord Deputy to be restored to their Senior Fellowships, and
-accordingly now show their gratitude. Seele was afterwards Provost.
-
-[43] Several are mentioned by Dr. Stubbs, _op. cit._ p. 95.
-
-[44] As regards the estates, _cf._ Stubbs, p. 111. I add the copy
-of the appointment of Jeremy Taylor by Ormonde, preserved among
-the Ormonde MSS.:--“To all Xian people to whom these presents
-shall come, greeting. Know yee that I James Marquis of Ormonde
-Earle of Ormond Ossory and Brecknock Visct Thurles Lord Baron of
-Arcloe and Lanthony Lord of the Regalities and Libertyes of the
-County of Tiperary one of the Lords of his Ma^{ties} most Hon^{ble}
-privy Councell of both Kingdoms of England and Ireland Lord [&c.,
-&c.] and Chancellor of the University of Dublyn considering the
-great learning the eminent Piety and the exemplary good life and
-conversacon of the Reverend Father in God Jeremy Taylour Doctor of
-Divinity and now Lord Bpp Elect of the United Bishoprick of Downe
-and Connor and his wisdome ability and experience in manageing and
-governing all affaires incident to the office of a Vice-Chancellor
-of an university and necessary for the advancement of Piety and
-Learning doe therefore hereby nominate constitute and appoint the
-said Reverend Father in God Doctor Jeremy Taylour Vice-Chancellor
-of the University aforesaid and doe by these presents authorize him
-to doe execute & performe all such act & acts Thing and Thinges
-& to exercise such powers & authorityes & to receive all such
-proffitts & benefitts as to the said office of Vice-Chancellor
-appertaineth & that as fully amply and beneficially to all intents
-& purposes as any person or persons formerly holding or exercising
-the said office of Vice-Chauncellor held enjoyed or exercised,
-or ought to have held enjoyed or exercised the same. In witness
-whereof I have to these presents sett my hand and fixed my seall
-the one & thirtieth day of August in the yeare of our Lord God 1660
-& in the twelfth year of the Rainn of our Soveraine Lord Charles
-the 2^{nd} by the Grace [&c.].--ORMONDE.”
-
-[45] Taylor’s _History_, p. 43.
-
-[46] Preface to the London edition of his University Sermon, 1661.
-
-[47] _Cf._ the interesting article on this eminent man by Professor
-G. Stokes in the _Jour. R. S. of Antiq., Ireland, for 1890_, pp.
-17, _seq._
-
-[48] In the MS. preserved at Armagh, containing an account of Adam
-Loftus’ eloquence on the subject of Trinity College, the writer,
-who lived about the centenary of its foundation, says (p. 227)--“Of
-the old structure there remains no more than the steeple, which
-belonged to that said monastery [All Hallowes] which was lately
-restored and beautified under the Government of Thomas Seele, late
-Provost of this Colledge.” Seele began the enlargements of the
-College, which succeeded one another rapidly for the next century
-and a-half.
-
-[49] Harris’ _Ware_. Loftus was made Archbishop of Armagh at the
-age of 28!
-
-[50] In his MS. autobiography, preserved in his Library. For an
-interesting account of Archbishop Marsh, see _Christian Examiner_,
-vol. xi., p. 647. 1831. The ill education of the young scholars
-has again become a grave difficulty in Trinity College, since the
-establishment of the so-called system of Intermediate Education.
-The old hedge-school masters sent us better pupils.
-
-[51] Printed in the _Christian Examiner_, vol. ii., p. 762, 2nd
-series (1833).
-
-[52] Bishop Dopping, in his letter to the Hon. Robert Boyle
-(Boyle’s _Life and Correspondence_, vol. i.), gives an interesting
-account of these classes, at which he states Fellows and Students
-attended to the number of eighty, and that they, following the
-Provost’s example, made considerable progress in the Irish language.
-
-[53] Dunton speaks of it in 1699 as about to be built. The present
-Royal Hospital at Kilmainham is the oldest secular building of any
-importance about Dublin. It was finished shortly before 1700, when
-it must have been quite unique.
-
-[54] _e.g._, Mr. Dunbar Ingram.
-
-[55] It may be read in Taylor’s History (pp. 55, _seq._) or in Dr.
-Stubbs’, who gives Archbishop King as the original authority. Mr.
-Heron tells us that one of these members was a Roman Catholic.
-
-[56] “He promised that he would preserve them in their liberties
-and properties, and rather augment than diminish the privileges
-and immunities granted to them by his predecessors.”--Abp. King’s
-_State of Protestants_, sec. lxxix.
-
-[57] This entry must have been made subsequently and separately.
-
-[58] “Many of the chambers were turned into prisons for
-Protestants. The Garrison destroyed the doors, wainscots,
-closets, and floors, and damnified it in the building and
-furniture of private rooms, to at least the value of two thousand
-pounds.”--_King_, sec. lxxix.
-
-[59] This entry requires further verification, for Huntingdon never
-resumed the office after his flight, and the new Provost was not
-yet appointed. On the piece of plate presented to the College in
-1690 he calls himself _nuper Præpositus_, lately Provost.
-
-[60] Stubbs, pp. 127-133.
-
-[61] Moore, who retired to the Continent with James II., was
-important enough to be afterwards appointed Rector of the
-University of Paris.
-
-[62] Wonderful to relate, the chalices which ran these and other
-terrible risks, and the flagons of the same date, figured on p. 44,
-escaped, and are still in constant use in the College Chapel. They
-will be more fully described in another chapter.
-
-[63] Brereton says in 1635 (_Travels_, p. 144)--“The cittie
-of Dublin is extending his boundes and limits very farr, much
-additions of buildings are lately made, and some of these very
-fair, stately and complete buildings. Every commodity is grown very
-dear.”
-
-[64] Stubbs, pp. 144, 145. The author does not explain what the
-supper Commencement fees were, nor does he state that some land was
-bought by the College to complete the Park.
-
-[65] The proposal to recognise as students those who had
-matriculated, but lodged in the city of Dublin, is as old as
-Bedell’s time, who favours it. _Cf._ _College Calendar_ for 1833,
-Introd., p. xxvi.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER III.
-
-THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UP TO 1758.
-
-_Nec conclusisti me in manibus inimici: statuisti in loco spatioso
-pedes meos_.--PS. XXX. 9.
-
-
-The great expansion of the College about the time of its first
-Centenary seems to have been rather the effect of circumstances
-than of a strong and able government. The Provosts were perpetually
-being promoted to Bishoprics, and were in any case not very
-remarkable men. Nevertheless, the Centenary was celebrated with
-great pomp, and in a manner widely different from that which is
-now in fashion at such feasts. Almost the whole day was occupied
-with various orations in praise of founders or of the studies
-of the place. We do not hear that any visitors but the local
-grandees of Dublin attended, nor is there any detail concerning the
-entertainment of the body, after the weariness inflicted upon the
-mind, of the audience. There may possibly be some details still
-concealed in the College Register, the publication of which among
-our historical records is earnestly to be desired. Dr. Stubbs (pp.
-136-8) prints the following:--
-
-  In the morning there were the customary prayers in the Chapel and
-  a sermon.
-
-  At 2 p.m., after a musical instrumental performance, an oration
-  was made by Peter Browne, F.T.C., containing a panegyric in
-  honour of Queen Elizabeth: “Deus nobis hæc otia fecit.” Dominus
-  Maude, Fellow Commoner, followed with a Carmen Seculare in Latin
-  hexameters--
-
-      “Aspice venturo lætentur ut omnia seclo
-      ... sequitur ramis insignis olivæ.”
-
-  Then Benjamin Pratt, F.T.C., followed with praise of King James
-  the First: “Munificentissimi Academiæ auctoris;” “pariter pietate
-  vel armis egregii.”
-
-  George Carr, F.T.C., commemorated the Chancellors of the
-  University during the preceding century--
-
-      “Nec nos iterum meminisse pigebit Elissæ.”
-
-  Sir Richard Gethinge, Bart., followed with an English poem in
-  memory of the illustrious founder of the College.
-
-  Robert Mossom, F.T.C., delivered a Latin oration in praise of
-  Charles the First and Charles the Second--
-
-      “Heu pietas, heu prisca fides ...
-      ... Amavit nos quoque Daphnis.”
-
-  Then followed a recitation of some pastoral verses by Dr. Tighe
-  and Dr. Denny, Fellow Commoners, bearing upon the revival of the
-  University by William and Mary--
-
-      “Jam fides et pax, et honor pudorque
-      Priscus, et neglecta redire Virtus
-      Audet.”
-
-  A thanksgiving ode was then sung, accompanied by instrumental
-  music.
-
-  A grateful commemoration of the benefits which the City of Dublin
-  had conferred upon the University, by Richard Baldwin, F.T.C.--
-
-      “Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon aut Mitylenen.”
-
-  Verses commemorating the hospitality shown to the members of the
-  University when dispersed, by the sister Universities of Oxford
-  and Cambridge, were recited by Benjamin Hawkshaw, B.A., William
-  Tisdall, B.A., Jeremiah Harrison, B.A.--
-
-      “ ... Quales decet esse Sorores.”
-
-  Then there was a Latin debate on the subject, “Whether the
-  Sciences and Arts are more indebted to the Ancients or the
-  Moderns.”
-
-      For the Ancients--Nicholas Foster, B.A.
-      For the Moderns--Robert Cashin, B.A.
-
-  Then followed a “Carmen seculare lyricum,” recited by Anthony
-  Dopping, son of the Bishop of Meath--
-
-      “Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper
-      ... Proroget ævum.”
-
-  Concerning the increase of University studies, in a humorous
-  speech by Thomas Leigh, B.A.
-
-  Eugene Lloyd, Proctor of the University, closed the Acts.
-
-  A skilled band of musicians followed the procession as they left
-  the building.
-
-To this Dunton, writing from Dublin in 1699, while the memory of it
-was still fresh, adds some curious details--
-
-  Leaving Dr. Phœnix’s house, our next visit was to the College of
-  Dublin, where several worthy gentlemen (both Fellows and others)
-  had been great benefactors to my auction. When we came to the
-  College, we went first to my friend Mr. Young’s chamber; but he
-  not being at home we went to see the Library, which is over the
-  Scholars’ lodgings, the length of one of the quadrangles, and
-  contains a great many choice books of great value, particularly
-  one, the largest I ever saw for breadth; it was an “Herbal,”
-  containing the lively portraitures of all sorts of trees, plants,
-  herbs, and flowers. By this “Herbal” lay a small book, containing
-  about sixty pages in a sheet, to make it look like “the Giant and
-  the Dwarf.” There also (since I have mentioned a giant) we saw
-  lying on a table the thigh-bone of a giant, or at least of some
-  monstrous overgrown man, for the thigh-bone was as long as my
-  leg and thigh; which is kept there as a convincing demonstration
-  of the vast bigness which some human bodies have in former
-  times arrived to. We were next showed by Mr. Griffith, a Master
-  of Arts (for he it was that showed us these curiosities), the
-  skin of one Ridley, a notorious Tory, which had been long ago
-  executed; he had been begged for an anatomy, and, being flayed,
-  his skin was tanned, and stuffed with straw. In this passive
-  state he was assaulted with some mice and rats, not sneakingly
-  behind his back, but boldly before his face, which they so much
-  further mortified, even after death, as to eat it up; which loss
-  has since been supplied by tanning the face of one Geoghagan, a
-  Popish Priest, executed about six years ago for stealing; which
-  said face is put in the place of Ridley’s.
-
-  At the east end of this Library, on the right hand, is a chamber
-  called “The Countess of Bath’s Library,” filled with many
-  handsome folios, and other books, in Dutch binding, gilt, with
-  the Earl’s Arms impressed upon them; for he had been some time of
-  this house.
-
-  On the left hand, opposite to this room, is another chamber,
-  in which I saw a great many manuscripts, medals, and other
-  curiosities. At the west end of the Library there is a division
-  made by a kind of wooden lattice-work, containing about thirty
-  paces, full of choice and curious books, which was the Library
-  of that great man, Archbishop Ussher, Primate of Armagh, whose
-  learning and exemplary piety has justly made him the ornament,
-  not only of that College (of which he was the first scholar that
-  ever was entered in it, and the first who took degrees), but of
-  the whole Hibernian nation.
-
-  At the upper end of this part of the Library hangs at full length
-  the picture of Dr. Chaloner,[66] who was the first Provost of
-  the College, and a person eminent for learning and virtue. His
-  picture is likewise at the entrance into the Library, and his
-  body lies in a stately tomb made of alabaster. At the west
-  end of the Chapel, near Dr. Chaloner’s picture (if I do not
-  mistake), hangs a new skeleton of a man, made up and given by
-  Dr. Gwither, a physician of careful and happy practice, of great
-  integrity, learning, and sound judgment, as may be seen by those
-  treatises of his that are inserted in some late “Philosophical
-  Transactions.”
-
-  Thus, Madam, have I given you a brief account of the Library,
-  which at present is but an ordinary pile of building, and cannot
-  be distinguished on the outside; but I hear they design the
-  building of a new Library, and, I am told, the House of Commons
-  in Ireland have voted £3,000 towards carrying it on.[67]
-
-  After having seen the Library, we went to visit Mr. Minshull,
-  whose father I knew in Chester. Mr. Minshull has been student in
-  the College for some time, and is a very sober, ingenious youth,
-  and I do think is descended from one of the most courteous men in
-  Europe; I mean Mr. John Minshull, bookseller in Chester.
-
-  After a short stay in this gentleman’s chamber, we were led by
-  one Theophilus, a good-natured sensible fellow, to see the new
-  house now building for the Provost, which, when finished, will be
-  very noble and magnificent.[68] After this, Theophilus showed us
-  the gardens belonging to the College, which were very pleasant
-  and entertaining. Here was a sun-dial, on which might be seen
-  what o’clock it was in most parts of the world.
-
-  This dial was placed upon the top of a stone representing a pile
-  of books; and not far from this was another sun-dial, set in box,
-  of very large compass, the gnomon of it being very near as big as
-  a barber’s pole.
-
-  Leaving this pleasant garden, we ascended several steps, which
-  brought us into a curious walk, where we had a prospect to the
-  west of the city and to the east of the sea and harbour; on the
-  south we could see the mountains of Wicklow, and on the north the
-  River Liffey, which runs by the side of the College.
-
-  Having now, and at other times, thoroughly surveyed the College,
-  I shall here attempt to give your Ladyship a very particular
-  account of it. It is called Trinity College, and is the sole
-  University of Ireland. It consists of three squares, the outward
-  being as large as both the inner, one of which, of modern
-  building, has not chambers on every side; the other has, on the
-  south side of which stands the Library, the whole length of the
-  square. I shall say nothing of the Library here (having already
-  said something of it), so I proceed to tell you, Madam, that
-  the Hall and Butteries run the same range with the Library, and
-  separate the two inner squares. It is an old building, as is also
-  the Regent-house, which from a gallery looks into the Chapel,
-  which has been of late years enlarged, being before too little
-  for the number of Scholars, which are now, with the Fellows,
-  &c., reckoned about 340. They have a garden for the Fellows, and
-  another for the Provost, both neatly kept, as also a bowling
-  green, and large parks for the students to walk and exercise
-  in. The Foundation consists of a Provost (who at present is the
-  Reverend Dr. George Brown, a gentleman bred in this house since a
-  youth, when he was first entered, and one in whom they all count
-  themselves very happy, for he is an excellent governor, and a
-  person of great piety, learning, and moderation), seven Senior
-  Fellows, of whom two are Doctors in Divinity, eight Juniors, to
-  which one is lately added, and seventy Scholars. Their Public
-  Commencements are at Shrovetide, and the first Tuesday after
-  the eighth of July. Their Chancellor is His Grace the Duke of
-  Ormonde. Since the death of the Right Reverend the Bishop of
-  Meath[69] they have had no Vice-Chancellor, only _pro re nata_.
-
-  The University was founded by Queen Elizabeth, and by her and
-  her successors largely endowed, and many munificent gifts and
-  legacies since made by several other well-disposed persons, all
-  whose names, together with their gifts, are read publicly in the
-  Chapel every Trinity Sunday, in the afternoon, as a grateful
-  acknowledgment to the memory of their benefactors; and on the 9th
-  of January, 1693 (which completed a century from the Foundation
-  of the College), they celebrated their first secular day, when
-  the Provost, Dr. Ashe, now Bishop of Clogher, preached, and made
-  a notable entertainment for the Lords Justices, Privy Council,
-  Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Dublin. The sermon preached by the
-  Provost was on the subject of the Foundation of the College,
-  and his text was Matthew xxvi. 13: “Verily I say unto you,
-  Wheresoever this Gospel shall be preached in the whole world,
-  there shall also this, that this woman hath done, be told for
-  a memorial of her;” which in this sermon the Provost applied
-  to Queen Elizabeth, the Foundress of the College. The sermon
-  was learned and ingenious, and afterwards printed by Mr. Ray,
-  and dedicated to the Lords Justices, who at that time were the
-  Lord Henry Capel, Sir Cyril Wiche, and William Duncomb, Esq. In
-  the afternoon there were several orations in Latin spoke by the
-  scholars in praise of Queen Elizabeth and the succeeding Princes,
-  and an ode made by Mr. Tate (the Poet Laureate), who was bred up
-  in this College. Part of the ode was as this following:--
-
-      Great Parent, hail! all hail to Thee;
-        Who has the last distress surviv’d,
-        To see this joyful day arriv’d;
-      The Muses’ second Jubilee.
-
-      Another century commencing,
-        No decay in thee can trace;
-      Time, with his own law dispensing,
-        Adds new charms to every grace,
-        That adorns thy youthful face.
-
-      After War’s alarms repeated,
-      And a circling age completed,
-        Numerous offspring thou dost raise,
-        Such as to Juverna’s praise
-      Shall Liffey make as proud a name
-      As that of Isis, or of Cam.
-
-      Awful Matron, take thy seat
-        To celebrate this festival;
-      The learn’d Assembly well to treat,
-        Blest Eliza’s days recall:
-      The wonders of her reign recount,
-      In strains that Phœbus may surmount.
-        Songs for Phœbus to repeat.
-      She ’twas that did at first inspire,
-      And tune the mute Hibernian lyre.
-
-      Succeeding Princes next recite;
-      With never-dying verse requite
-        Those favours they did shower.
-      ’Tis this alone can do them right:
-      To save them from Oblivion’s night,
-        Is only in the Muse’s power.
-
-      But chiefly recommend to Fame
-      Maria, and great William’s name,
-        Whose Isle to him her Freedom owes
-      And surely no Hibernian Muse
-      Can her Restorer’s praise refuse,
-        While Boyne and Shannon flows.
-
-  After this ode had been sung by the principal gentlemen of the
-  Kingdom, there was a very diverting speech made in English by the
-  _Terræ Filius_.[70] The night concluded with illuminations, not
-  only in the College but in other places. Madam, this day being
-  to be observed but once in a hundred years, was the reason why I
-  troubled your ladyship with this account.
-
-The sermon preached by Dr. St.-G. Ashe, who presently resigned
-the Provostship, is still extant;[71] so is the musical ode, but
-so scarce that there seems to be only one copy known, which the
-researches for the present feast have unearthed. Some of the text,
-which was composed by Nahum Tate, sometime (1672) a scholar of
-the House, is given above from Dunton; the rest, which is printed
-with the music, is of the same quality. It is chiefly a panegyric
-of the reigning sovereigns, William and Mary, justified by their
-recent indulgences to the College on account of its losses in the
-Revolution. The music of the ode was composed by no less a person
-than Henry Purcell, and would certainly have been repeated at
-our Tercentenary had it been equal to his standard works. But it
-is a curiously poor and perfunctory piece of work, whereas the
-anthem then recently composed by Blow, “I beheld, and lo, a great
-multitude,” still holds its place in our Chapel, and we gladly
-reproduce it in the present festival. The title-page of the score
-of the ode states that it was performed at Christ Church, whereas
-the accounts of the celebration speak of it in the College--a
-discrepancy which I cannot reconcile.
-
-[Illustration: TITLE-PAGE OF THE CENTENARY SERMON.
-
-  A
-  SERMON
-  PREACHED IN
-  Trinity-College Chappell,
-  BEFORE THE
-  UNIVERSITY
-  OF
-  DUBLIN
-
-  JANUARY the 9th, 1693/4.
-  Being the First
-  SECULAR DAY
-  SINCE ITS
-  FOUNDATION
-  BY
-  Queen ELIZABETH
-
-  By _St. George Ashe_, D. D. Provost of _Trinity College, Dublin_.
-
-  Published by the Lords Justices Command.
-
-  Printed by _Joseph Ray_ on _College Green_, for _William Norman_
-  Bookseller in _Dames Street, Dublin_. 1694]
-
-The series of Provosts to whom I have referred--Ashe (1692),
-G. Browne (1695), Peter Browne (1699), Pratt (1710)--were all
-promoted to Bishoprics, except the first Browne, who died of the
-blow of a brickbat which struck him in a College row, and Pratt,
-who was so insignificant that he could only obtain a Deanery as a
-bribe for his resignation. Of these but one man has left a name,
-Peter Browne[72] who composed a work on the “Procedure of the
-Understanding,” evidently called forth by the recent Essay of
-Locke, which had been introduced into the post-graduate course
-by Ashe, and was then very popular. More celebrated, and more
-interesting in this history, is the well-known Charge to the clergy
-of Cork _on drinking healths_, in which the Bishop criticises “the
-glorious, pious, and immortal memory” so dear to Irish Protestants,
-and all such other toasts, as senseless, heathenish, and offensive.
-It was always understood by his contemporaries that this Charge
-showed the writer to be a Jacobite, and when we hear of the
-long struggle of Provost Baldwin in subduing this spirit in the
-College, we may fairly conjecture that during the reign of Browne
-(1699-1710) it was allowed to grow without active interference.
-It may indeed be thought that the declaration of loyalty to Queen
-Anne, drawn up and signed by the Senate in 1708 (Stubbs, Appendix
-xxxiv.), where Peter Browne’s name as Provost appears next to
-the Vice-Chancellor’s, is evidence against this statement. The
-declaration was caused by the speech of one Edward Forbes, who
-was deprived of his degrees. I do not, however, think this merely
-formal declaration can overcome the indirect, but serious evidence
-of the Bishop’s personal Charge. There seem to be very few details
-published concerning this remarkable man’s life. But a group of
-famous young men were then passing through the College--Swift,
-Berkeley, Delany; and King, an old scholar, was Archbishop of
-Dublin. Berkeley was a Fellow, but we hear nothing of him in the
-College politics of the day.[73]
-
-The Foundation, therefore, had now become strong enough to live
-and flourish in spite of, or in disregard of, its governors. There
-is now, indeed, much insubordination mentioned. There seem to have
-been many disturbances; the discipline of the place had doubtless
-suffered through constantly changing Provosts, who were probably
-counting upon promotion as soon as they were appointed. It was
-therefore of no small importance to the ultimate success of Trinity
-College, that for almost the whole of the eighteenth century it
-was ruled by three men who were not promoted, and who devoted a
-life’s interest to their duties. In the forty years preceding 1717
-there had been (counting Moore) eight Provosts. In the eighty
-years succeeding there were only three, and of these the first,
-Baldwin, was probably the guiding spirit during the rule of his
-weak predecessor, since 1710. The reasons which prevented Baldwin
-going the way of all Provosts in those days, and passing on to a
-Bishopric, have never been explained. His contemporaries were more
-surprised at it (says Taylor) than we can be. And yet these reasons
-are manifest enough, and disclosed to us in one of the most obvious
-sources of information--the private correspondence of Primate
-Boulter. That narrow and mischievous Whig politician, whose whole
-correspondence is one vast network of jobbing in appointments,
-came into power in 1724, and was for eighteen years the arbiter
-of promotion, even of lay promotion, in Ireland. He was a man so
-tenacious of a few ideas, that he keeps repeating them in the same
-form with a persistency quite ludicrous, if it had not led to
-very mischievous effects. He shows the same earnestness, whether
-it be in importuning Bishops and Ministers for the promotion to a
-Canonry of an obscure friend whose eyesight was so defective that
-he was unfit for any post; or whether it be in urging his narrow
-policy that all the high offices in Ireland should be filled by
-Englishmen. “I hope, after what I have written in many letters
-before, I need not again urge the necessity of the See not being
-filled with a native of the country.”[74] And it is remarkable that
-by _natives_ he only means the Anglo-Irish who had now attained
-like Swift, some feeling for the rights of Ireland. Hence he shows
-in many letters a marked dislike and suspicion of Trinity College,
-which asserted its independence against him. This nettled his
-officious and meddling temper considerably. “I cannot help saying
-it would have been for the King’s service here if what has lately
-been transacting in relation to the Professors had been concerted
-with some of the English here, and not wholly with the natives, and
-that after a secret manner; that the College might have thought
-it their interest to have some dependence on the English” (i.,
-227). Swift and Delany he accordingly disliked exceedingly, and so
-persistent was his hostility to the Fellows, whom he calls a nest
-of Jacobites, that he kept hindering their promotion to the Bench
-during the whole of his unfortunate reign--for such we may call
-it--over Ireland. Twice he touches upon the claims of Baldwin, whom
-he confesses to be a strong Whig politician; he speaks of him with
-coldness. He mentions with alarm the rumour that the Provost is to
-be promoted, because he regards it impossible to find a safe man
-to succeed him in the College. He clearly urges this difficulty
-as a reason against his promotion. In another place--which has
-been called a recommendation of Baldwin--he uses the following
-words:--“Since my return the Bishop of Ossory is dead, and we [the
-Lords Justices] have this day joined in a letter to your Grace,
-mentioning the most proper persons here to be promoted to that
-See. But I must beg leave to assure your Grace that I think it
-is of great importance to the English interest that some worthy
-person should be sent us from England to fill this vacancy. _If any
-person here should be thought of_, I take the promotion most for
-the King’s service here will be the making Dr. Baldwin Bishop, and
-Dr. Gilbert Provost.” To this letter he receives a reply in ten
-days, to which he answers in his next--“I am glad to hear of the
-promotion of Dr. Edward Tenison to the See of Ossory, and thank
-your Grace for the news.”
-
-So successful, indeed, was this malefactor to the College in
-impressing his policy upon English ministers, that while the years
-1703-20 had seen six future Bishops and three future Deans obtain
-Fellowships, from 1721 to 1763 but one Fellow was elected, Hugh
-Hamilton, who obtained either honour. The non-promotion of Baldwin
-was therefore a mere instance of Boulter’s policy, which prevailed
-for half-a-century. But the accident of this injustice was of great
-indirect benefit to the College. Instead of many Bishoprics, we
-obtained our first permanent Provost.
-
-The greatest luminary in the united Church of England and Ireland
-at the time was the modest and pious George Berkeley. How does
-Boulter accept his promotion, which he could not prevent? “As to a
-successor to the Bishop of Cloyne, my Lord Lieutenant looks upon
-it as settled in England that Dean Berkeley is to be made Bishop
-here on the first occasion. I have therefore nothing more to say on
-that point, but that _I wish the Dean’s promotion may answer the
-expectation of his friends in England_!”
-
-The next two Provosts were laymen and politicians, to whom
-promotion did not bar the retention of the Collegiate office.
-When the last of these three men passed away, the government
-of the College again lapsed into the hands of a series of
-Bishops-expectant, succeeding one another with monotonous
-obscurity, till the advent of Bartholomew Lloyd in 1837 marks a new
-epoch, almost in modern times. The eighteenth century, therefore,
-stands out with great distinctness in this history. Almost all
-the buildings of the College that give it dignity date from this
-time. A new conception of what the country owed to the University,
-and the University promised to fulfil, entered into men’s minds.
-Grants of hundreds now became grants of thousands; salaries were
-no longer pittances but prizes; the Fellows of the College became
-dignitaries, not only on account of their position, but their
-wealth; and the much-tried and long-struggling College at length
-attained security, respect, and influence throughout the country.
-The external appearance of the buildings changed as completely as
-the spirit of the students. The College in 1770 was far more like
-that of 1892 than that of 1700.
-
-The first of these three Provosts, Baldwin, had probably more
-influence on the history of the College than any one since the
-founders. He was either a self-made man, or put forward by some
-influence which disguised itself, so that many varying traditions
-were current about his origin and youth. Taylor, who gives very
-explicitly the authorities for his story, tells us (p. 249) that
-Baldwin, being at school at Colne, in Lancashire, where he was
-born in 1672, killed one of his schoolfellows with a blow, and so
-fled to Ireland. On arriving in Dublin, being then twelve years of
-age, he was found crying in the streets, when a person who kept
-a coffee-house took pity on him, and brought him to his home,
-where he remained for some time in the capacity of a waiter. A
-few months after, Provost Huntingdon wanted a boy to take care of
-his horse, when Richard Baldwin was recommended to him, and the
-Provost had him instructed and entered at the College. Dr. Stubbs
-ignores this story altogether, apparently on the ground of the (not
-inconsistent) entry in Kilkenny College, that a boy of this name
-matriculated from that place in April, 1685; the College admission
-book, however, gives the date April, 1684; indeed, most of the
-dates of his earlier promotions appear inaccurate, for though
-he may have been a scholar in 1686, how can he have been a B.A.
-in 1689, when he is known to have fled to England, and to have
-supported himself by teaching in a school in Chester? Dr. Barrett’s
-statements are evidently only hearsay. It is certain that grants
-of money were given to him as a refugee in England in 1688. At all
-events, he was made a Fellow in 1693, and a Senior Fellow in 1697,
-from which time he either helped in governing, or governed the
-College, till his death in 1758. He was Vice-Provost, under a lazy
-absentee Provost, from 1710; he was appointed Provost in 1717.
-
-Baldwin appears to have been in no sense a literary man, beyond
-what was necessary for his examinations; on the other hand, he
-was a strong and consistent Whig politician, a disciplinarian,
-and evidently very keen about the architectural improvement of
-the College. He accumulated a large fortune, which he left to
-endow it, and which various claimants of his name from England
-strove to appropriate for seventy years. In spite of all these
-merits towards the College, he is not remembered with affection.
-The extant portraits of him represent a stupid and expressionless
-face, suggesting severity without natural dignity or good
-breeding, though he became so great a figure in the College from
-the mere duration of his influence. He did little to improve the
-intellectual condition of the students. His temper was morose, and
-his policy of crushing out not only political, but other opposition
-among both students and Fellows made him for a long time very
-unpopular. It is more than likely that his tyrannical conduct in
-politics increased rather than diminished the Jacobite spirit in
-the College, for the recalcitrant tendencies of youth were then as
-they now are, and neither Queen Anne nor George I. was ever likely
-to inspire the Irish students with any enthusiastic loyalty.
-
-But Baldwin may fairly be called the architect of the College.
-I do not include under that expression his vigilant supervision
-and enhancement of the College rents--a very important duty,--or
-his large bequests to the society, which have made the office
-of Provost one of wealth as well as of dignity. His claim to be
-remembered by the Irish public rests upon more obvious grounds.
-The undertaking of the present Library building coincides with his
-advent to power. It was actually commenced when, as Vice-Provost,
-he ruled for the easy-going Pratt. It was finished in the early
-and stormy years of his Provostship; and when we consider that of
-all the buildings which give Dublin the air and style of a capital
-not one then existed, we may better understand the largeness and
-boldness of the plan. The Royal Hospital at Kilmainham had indeed
-been recently erected, as the arms of the second Duke of Ormonde
-over the main door testify. This building, which a vague and
-probably false tradition in Dublin attributes to Wren, must have
-produced no small impression by its splendour. It was planned
-exactly as a college, with the hall and chapel _in directum_,
-forming one side of a quadrangle, and surmounted by a belfry. Such
-is the plan of many colleges at Oxford. And such was still the
-plan of Chapel and Hall in Trinity College when the eighteenth
-century opened, and when larger ideas suggested themselves with
-the increase of wealth and the disappearance of danger from war
-or tumult. Building had never ceased in the College since the Act
-of Settlement secured the great College estates in the North and
-West. Seele had worked hard to restore and enlarge the buildings,
-dilapidated through age and poverty; Marsh and Huntingdon had built
-a new Chapel and Hall on the site of the present Campanile, but
-excessively plain and ugly; even Pratt proposed the building of
-a new belfry over the Hall, a plan which was carried out thirty
-years after his resignation. The Chapel is compared by a visitor
-to a Welsh church. The old tower at the north side of the College,
-which had lasted from the days of All Hallowes’ Abbey, was restored
-by Seele, who evidently strove to save this relic of the past. The
-Front Square was being rebuilt, when the dangerous interlude of
-James II.’s occupation beggared the College for a moment, after
-which the houses of the Library Square, which still stand there,
-were taken in hand. Perfectly plain they were, but solid, and have
-stood the wear and tear of nearly 200 years, not to speak of the
-improving fury of occasional innovators, who, even in our day, have
-threatened them with destruction.[75] They have been disfigured,
-as the Royal Hospital has been, with ugly grey plaster. If the
-original red bricks were uncovered, and a tile roof set upon them,
-the public would presently find out that they were picturesque. At
-all events, the west side, which was taken down in this century,
-was a better and more suitable building than those erected (“Botany
-Bay”) by way of compensation.
-
-The bold undertaking of building the present great Library, without
-possessing books enough to fill more than a corner of it, must have
-been Baldwin’s idea. It was no doubt he who hit upon the idea of
-soliciting the Irish Parliament for grants, although the College
-was rapidly increasing in wealth. £15,000 was obtained in this way
-between 1712 and 1724, when the building was finished. The total
-cost is said to have been only £17,000! Dr. Stubbs deserves the
-credit of discovering the name of the architect, which was long
-forgotten, and which is not mentioned, I believe, in the College
-Register. He was Mr. Thomas Burgh, in charge of the fortifications
-of King William III. If the Royal Barracks, lately abandoned, were
-also his work, they offer a strange contrast to his plan for the
-Library. What his old Custom House in Essex Street was like I do
-not know.[76] Neither do I know upon what authority Dr. Stubbs
-adds another detail, that the two small staircases inside the west
-door, which lead to the gallery, were transferred from the older
-library, where Bishop Jones had set them up in 1651. If so, these
-staircases are the oldest piece of woodwork in the College, unless
-it be the pulpit used for grace in the present Dining Hall, which
-bears evidences of being equally old. The further history of this
-Library, which was rapidly enriched by many valuable bequests,
-forms the subject of another chapter.
-
-The next improvement seems to have been the laying out and
-planting of the College Park, beyond a closed quadrangle behind
-the present Library Square, in which the students had their
-recreations. The walled-in court was probably thought sufficient,
-and most assuredly, until the whole College Park was enclosed,
-the unfortunate students would by no means have been allowed to
-wander through it. The lodge, built in 1722 for a porter, at
-the north-east end, seems to imply that the fencing was then in
-process.[77]
-
-These improvements were followed rapidly by the building of a new
-Dining Hall, commenced in 1740. A bequest of £1,000 seems to have
-been the only help required, and in 1745 it was even adorned with
-some of the portraits which still survive. But in 1758 this Hall
-was so unsafe that it was taken down, and after dismissing the
-College bricklayer for his work,[78] the present Hall was set up on
-the same site, and apparently without change of plan. It must be
-added, in extenuation of the bricklayer’s conduct, that the ground
-in that part of the College affords very insecure foundations, as
-we know from recent experiences. The present building has many
-great cracks in it, and the new rooms just added have had their
-foundations sunk to a great depth.[79] What is, however, more
-interesting as history, is to note that the style of this Hall, not
-finished till after 1760, is rather the plain and panelled building
-of the preceding generation. The Theatre (Examination Hall) is
-decorated in a very different, but not, perhaps, a better style.
-
-[Illustration: THE OLD CLOCK TOWER.]
-
-While this work was going on, bequests of £1,000 were left to
-build an ornamental front and tower at the west end of the old
-Hall; and the well-known architect, Cassels, did so, close to,
-but a little west of, the site of the present belfry, in 1745.
-In this the present great bell, cast at Gloucester in 1742, was
-hung.[80] The aspect of the court, therefore, upon entering the
-gate, was that of a small square, closed towards the east with a
-building much nearer than the present belfry. The centre of this
-east range had the ornamental front and belfry of Cassels’ design,
-which, according to the extant plan, must always have been ugly,
-and looks very top-heavy.[81] The north and south sides of this
-Front Square (built 1685) were of inferior character; while the
-small quadrangle beyond, on the south side, including the Provost’s
-lodging, was still the original structure of Queen Elizabeth’s
-time. The bell tower was taken down as unsafe, and the Hall
-removed, at the close of the century. We see, therefore, that in
-this great building period there were many serious mistakes made.
-There was so much work of the kind going on all through the city,
-that there must have been a scarcity of competent artisans, and
-much hurry. The buildings which remain are indeed solid and well
-finished; but when we attribute these characteristics to all the
-Dublin buildings of that date, we forget that their bad work has
-long since perished--what was done well and carefully is all that
-has remained. While Cassels was building his unsound tower, he
-erected another pretty building according to a bequest of Bishop
-Stearne--the Printing-House, from which issued in 1741 an edition
-of seven dialogues of Plato, in a good though much-contracted
-type (which is still preserved in the office), and on good paper,
-but disfigured by a portentous list of errata. The book is now
-rare, and in request among bibliographers. A few years later, neat
-editions of Latin Classics issued from the same press.
-
-This architectural activity, based upon liberal but insufficient
-bequests, somewhat excuses the systematic begging petitions
-with which the College approached the Irish Parliament for the
-rebuilding of the Front Square, Theatre, and Chapel, petitions
-which that Parliament seemed never tired of granting, and yet
-never able to satisfy. If the taste for fine building and the
-Parliament in College Green had not both expired with the end of
-the century, Trinity College would now be the most splendidly
-housed College in the world. Even as it is, intelligent visitors
-cannot but be struck with the massive and dignified character of
-its buildings. Queen Anne and George I. had already granted (in
-three sums) £15,000 for the Library. George II. granted £45,000 for
-the present Front Square and Examination Hall. George III., besides
-the relief of £70 yearly in pavement-tax, granted (in 1787) £3,000,
-in response to a petition for £12,000. So that, in all, the country
-granted the College at least £60,000 for building during the
-eighteenth century.[82] It is set forth in these various petitions
-that the beauty of the metropolis is one of the objects to be
-attained, as well as the health of the students, and accommodation
-for increasing numbers.[83] There was a curious hesitation about
-the plan of the west front. A central dome and two cupolas at the
-north and south ends were designed; the south cupola was actually
-finished. Anyone who enters the present gateway will see clearly
-that it is designed to sustain a dome. But this dome was never
-built; the southern cupola was even taken down in 1758, and the
-front left as it now stands.[84]
-
-These buildings are still far the best and most comfortable in the
-College. All the bedrooms have fire-places, and even the inner
-walls are nearly three feet thick. The rooms in the towers and
-beside the gate are very spacious; and as we may presume that
-the streets in front of the College were not so noisy as they
-now are, were evidently intended as residences for Fellows, and
-were occupied by them exclusively till the rise of the various
-societies, to which they have afforded excellent reading and
-committee rooms. Thus they remain to the present day a noble and
-practical monument of the enterprise shown by the College and the
-Irish Parliament in the eighteenth century. It is now no longer
-the city only, but the country which is interested in the College.
-Constant private bequests added to the public liberalities no
-small increments; and so far as material prosperity was concerned,
-the history of the College during the century is one of continued
-growth in popularity and importance.
-
-When we turn to the internal history, the estimate afforded us by
-the facts recorded is by no means so satisfactory. As has been
-already told, the Jacobite spirit at the opening of the century,
-and the violent efforts of Provost Baldwin to subdue it, produced
-the insubordination which usually accompanies tyrannical conduct
-among young men of spirit living in a free country. Dignified as
-the Provost affected to be, he was exposed to personal insults more
-than once, not only from Fellows, but from students. Some facts
-have been collected by Dr. Stubbs, from whose work I quote the
-following:--
-
-  During the reigns of Queen Anne and of the first two Georges,
-  the annals of the College show that the Society suffered from
-  much insubordination on the part of certain of the Students. This
-  partly arose from laxity of discipline, and from the influence
-  of some disorderly and violent Students, and partly from
-  political causes which were connected with the party feelings
-  which prevailed [as at Oxford] with regard to the Revolution
-  and the Hanoverian Succession. It is quite clear that the great
-  majority of the Fellows, especially of the Senior Fellows,
-  were loyal to Queen Anne and to the House of Hanover. Yet it
-  could not be expected that an unanimity of views should prevail
-  among the Students. There appears to have been a small, but
-  determined, body among them warmly attached to the fortunes of
-  James the Second and his family, while the governing body of the
-  College resolutely determined to suppress all manifestations of
-  disloyalty to the reigning Sovereign. The earliest instance of
-  this is a case which occurred in 1708. One Edward Forbes, on
-  the same day on which he was admitted to the M.A. degree (July
-  12), took occasion to make a Latin speech, in which he asserted
-  that the Queen had no greater right to sit on the throne than
-  her predecessor had--that the title of each Sovereign _eodem
-  nititur fundamento_. This speech is said to have been made at
-  the Commencement supper. Forbes’ words, having been repeated
-  to the authorities, gave great offence to the loyal feelings
-  of the heads of the College, and to the leading members of
-  the University, and the orator was consequently expelled from
-  the College, and suspended from his degrees by the act of the
-  Provost and Senior Fellows. On the 2nd of the following month,
-  at a meeting of the Vice-Chancellor, Masters, and Doctors of the
-  University, Forbes was deprived of his degrees, and degraded from
-  his University rights; on the same occasion a declaration of
-  loyalty was put forward by the leading members of the University
-  Senate, and signed by the Vice-Chancellor, the Archbishop of
-  Dublin, and the Provost. This document, with the names of the
-  signatories, is preserved in the College Library. [_Cf._ Appendix
-  xxxiv. of Dr. Stubbs’ work.]
-
-  A strong party of Graduates was dissatisfied with the action of
-  the Provost and Senior Fellows in the case of Forbes, partly
-  from political reasons, and partly, perhaps, from a feeling that
-  the punishment awarded was more severe than the circumstances of
-  the case required. There can be no doubt that the sentiments of
-  the members of the Board agreed very closely with those of the
-  Whig party. We learn, however, from Dr. Edward Synge, afterwards
-  Archbishop of Tuam, that Forbes had a party of sympathisers
-  in the University. He says in his pamphlet, which he wrote
-  vindicating his well-known sermon on Toleration, preached in
-  1711:--
-
-    I remember particularly the constant efforts made in the
-    University of Dublin (by persons without doors against the
-    judgment of the Provost and Senior Fellows, who did all they
-    could to oppose them, and, thank God, prevailed), at every
-    Commencement for several years, to procure a repeal of the
-    sentence against Forbes, and a rasure (namely, from the
-    Register of the University) of those wicked words, _eodem
-    nititur fundamento_, which placed the title of the late Queen
-    on the same foot with that of her glorious predecessor.
-
-  There was still a small, but troublesome, party among the
-  Students who agreed with Forbes in his political opinions, for
-  we find from the College Register, under the date August 17,
-  1710, that Thomas Harvey, John Graffan, and William Vinicomes,
-  were proved to have been intoxicated in the College, and to
-  have crossed over the College walls into the city, and Harvey
-  was convicted of inflicting an indignity on the memory of King
-  William, by wrenching the baton out of the hand of his equestrian
-  statue erected in College Green in 1701. The other two aided and
-  abetted him in the act. They were all three expelled by the Board.
-
-  The heads of the College, as well as the leading Doctors and
-  Masters, found it necessary to clear the character of the
-  College from the charges of disloyalty to Queen Anne which were
-  persistently brought against it. Accordingly, we find in the
-  records of the proceedings of the Provost and Senior Fellows,
-  14th July, 1712, that the Vice-Chancellor having signified that
-  an address be presented to her Majesty from the congregation
-  in the Regent Houses, leave was given that such an address be
-  brought in.
-
-  On the 8th of February, 1713/4, Theodore Barlow was expelled
-  for drinking in the rooms of one of the Scholars to the memory
-  of the horse from which King William was thrown, to the great
-  danger of his life, and also to the health of the Pretender,
-  and for denouncing with a curse the Hanoverian Succession. The
-  heads of the College still deemed it necessary to set forth their
-  loyalty in the strongest terms, for the decree of expulsion of
-  Barlow runs as follows. The words are evidently those of the
-  Vice-Provost, Dr. Baldwin:--
-
-    “Visum est igitur Vice-Præposito et Sociis Senioribus, quibus
-    imprimis cara est Wilhelmi Regis Memoria, qui ex animorum
-    suorum sententia juraverunt Annæ Serenissimæe Reginæ nostræ
-    dignitatem et indubitatum Imperii titulum necnon successionem
-    in Illustrissimâ domo Hanoveriensi per leges stabilitam pro
-    virili defendere et conservare.”
-
-  They had still to combat the hostile spirit of a portion of
-  the University, who had now a new Vice-Chancellor, Dr. John
-  Vesey [?], Archbishop of Tuam, a man at that time of the age of
-  seventy-seven; and on the day after Barlow’s expulsion, at the
-  Shrovetide Commencements, several Students were prepared to take
-  their degrees; but some of the Graduates and non-resident Masters
-  of Arts having caused a motion to be made to the Vice-Chancellor
-  that the sentence of Forbes’ degradation should be read before
-  any public business should be proceeded with, the Archbishop was
-  in favour of having this done; but the Vice-Provost, Baldwin,
-  believing that this was for the purpose of having a resolution
-  passed repealing the sentence on Forbes, and relying on the
-  College regulation that no grace could be presented to the Senate
-  of the University without the consent of the Board, negatived
-  the motion. The Vice-Provost’s negative was not allowed by the
-  Vice-Chancellor, whereupon Baldwin withdrew from the Regent
-  House into the Provost’s house, followed by the rest of the
-  Senior Fellows, the Junior Proctor, and the Beadle. Then the
-  Vice-Chancellor and Masters sent to them by two of the Doctors of
-  Divinity the following message:--
-
-    “The Proctors, Registrar, and Beadle are cited and required to
-    repair to the Regent House, under pain of contempt.”
-
-  To which message the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows sent the
-  following reply:--
-
-    “The Proctors, Registrar, and Beadle, having communicated to
-    the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows the message sent to them by
-    the Reverend Doctors Hamilton and Gourney, with all humility
-    offer their opinion that they hold that without the consent
-    of the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows nothing can be safely
-    done in this matter. And, moreover, the Vice-Provost and Senior
-    Fellows notify that they, with their above-named officers,
-    will return without further delay, if the Vice-Chancellor will
-    proceed to confer degrees, and to transact the other business
-    to which the Vice-Provost shall have consented. Otherwise they
-    must humbly beg to be excused, being unwilling to do anything
-    contrary to the Charter of Foundation, and the Laws and Customs
-    of the University.”
-
-  Upon receiving this reply, the Vice-Chancellor adjourned the
-  Commencement to the 11th of February.
-
-  A final outburst of political feeling took place in 1715. On the
-  8th of April in that year, a Student named Nathaniel Crump was
-  expelled for saying that Oliver Cromwell was to be preferred to
-  Charles I.; and five of the Students were publicly admonished for
-  breaking out of the College at night, and attacking the house
-  of one of the citizens. On the 31st of May, a Master of Arts, a
-  Bachelor of Arts, and an Undergraduate, were publicly admonished
-  for reading a scandalous pamphlet reflecting on the King, under
-  the name of “Nero Secundus;” and a notice was placed upon the
-  gates of the College denouncing this pamphlet, and threatening
-  the expulsion of all Students who should read it or make a copy
-  of it. The examinations for Scholarships and Fellowship proceeded
-  as usual, and on Saturday, the 11th of June, two days before the
-  election, an order came from the Lords Justices to the Provost
-  and Senior Fellows forbidding the election, based upon a King’s
-  Letter of the 6th of June, and stating as the grounds of this
-  prohibition the several disputes and tumults in Trinity College,
-  which disturbed the Students, and prevented them from studying
-  for these examinations. The elections, consequently, were not
-  held, although there was [were] one Fellowship and eleven
-  Scholarships vacant.
-
-  On the 27th of June a Master of Arts was expelled for making a
-  copy of the pamphlet “Nero Secundus,” and two Bachelors of Arts
-  were expelled for using language disrespectful to the King; and
-  on the 3rd of August two more of the Students were expelled on a
-  like charge. On the 12th of July the Provost and Senior Fellows
-  petitioned King George I. with respect to the above-mentioned
-  prohibition. They denied that there were any disputes or tumults
-  in the College which prevented the Students for preparing for
-  their several examinations, and stated that the number of
-  candidates for Fellowships was greater than usual, and the
-  answering entirely satisfactory. They stated, moreover, than
-  none of the candidates for the vacant Fellowship or Scholarships
-  were either accused or suspected of any crime; but they had on
-  all proper occasions expressed dutiful zeal to the King’s person
-  and Government. They asked permission to hold the election.
-  Mr. Elwood and Mr. Howard were sent to London to present this
-  petition to the King.
-
-  On the 16th of February, 1715/6, the Prince of Wales was elected
-  Chancellor, on the attainder of the Duke of Ormonde, and the
-  Provost and Dr. Howard were sent to London to present to his
-  Royal Highness the formal instrument of appointment.
-
-  On the 28th of April a letter was received from the Lords
-  Justices, enclosing a copy of a letter from the King, removing
-  the prohibition to the election of Fellows and Scholars, and the
-  statutable examinations were held in the usual manner. On Trinity
-  Monday one Fellow and thirty-four Scholars were elected.
-
-  The following extracts from the MS. letters of Archbishop
-  King in the College Library will throw some light upon these
-  proceedings:--
-
-    _June 4, 1715._ To Mr. Delafoy.--“The business of the College
-    makes the greatest noise. Ten years ago I saw very well what
-    was doing there, and used all means in my power to prevent it;
-    but the strain was too strong for me, as you very well know,
-    and ’twill be necessary to use some effectual means to purge
-    that fountain, which otherwise may corrupt the whole kingdom.
-    Their Visitors are only the Chancellor and I. We ought to
-    visit once in three years, but I could never prevail on their
-    Chancellor to join with me, though I often proposed it;[85] nor
-    is there any hope that I shall be able to do any good whilst I
-    am under such circumstances. I take the Chancellor to be for
-    life, and this makes an impossibility. I believe the Parliament
-    when it sits will be inclined to look into this matter.”
-
-    _June 21, 1715._--“The College readily submitted to his
-    Majesty’s order to forbear their elections, and I hope will
-    acquit themselves much better than the University of Oxford has
-    done by their programme.”
-
-    _July 7, 1715._ To Mr. Addison.--“The business of the College
-    gives a great deal of trouble to every honest man, and a
-    peculiar pain to me. ’Tis plain there’s a nest of Jacobites
-    in it: one was convicted last Term; two are run away; and I
-    believe bills are found against one or two more. But we can’t
-    as yet reach the fountains of the corruption; but I assure you
-    no diligence is wanting, and everybody looks on it to be of the
-    last consequence to purge the fountain of education. I believe
-    next Parliament will look into the matter.”
-
-  In addition to political feeling, there appear to have been from
-  the beginning of the eighteenth century a few very disorderly
-  Students in the College, who were always giving trouble to the
-  authorities.
-
-  During the Provostship of George Browne, one of the worst riots
-  took place in the College, fortunately unattended at the time
-  by loss of life. [The Provost died of its effects!] College
-  discipline had become disorganised in the unsettled period which
-  succeeded the battle of the Boyne, and the Provost and Senior
-  Fellows resolved to subdue the disorderly spirit which had
-  manifested itself in the College. They determined to admonish
-  publicly three or four of the Students who had been particularly
-  disorderly, and the heads of the College proceeded in a body to
-  the Hall for that purpose. A few determined Students advanced
-  resolutely, tore the Admonition paper out of the hands of the
-  Dean, and turned the Provost out of the Hall. It was probably
-  on this occasion that Provost George Browne received the blow
-  which has been mentioned in a previous page. A later instance of
-  similar insubordination occurred about thirty years afterwards,
-  when the Provost and Senior Fellows proceeded to the Hall for the
-  like purpose of punishing some turbulent Students. They were met
-  on their way with unseemly affronts and reproaches. The doors
-  of the Hall were locked against them by the Students, and they
-  were obliged to break open the doors in order to promulgate their
-  sentence.
-
-  In 1733 the rooms of one of the Fellows were attacked by
-  six or eight of the Students, and they perpetrated there
-  disgraceful mischief and outrage. The rebellious spirit of some
-  of the Students went so far that, when they were expelled,
-  or rusticated, they refused to leave the College, and the
-  authorities could not put them out without violence. One of the
-  Students so expelled actually assaulted a Senior Fellow in the
-  Hall while the sentence of his expulsion was being read out.
-  These violent proceedings on the part of a few reckless Students
-  were aided by outsiders, who always came into College when riots
-  were expected. Thus the unhappy disorders in the College had
-  become widely known, and were fast bringing the institution to
-  the lowest disrepute.
-
-  A contemporary pamphlet complains that while there were in
-  the College from five hundred to six hundred Students between
-  seventeen and twenty-four years of age, there were only twenty
-  Masters to control them. The Scholars objected to the statutable
-  custom of capping the Fellows, and it states that--
-
-    When the Board meets to inquire into a violation of the
-    Statutes on the part of the Students, the young gentlemen who
-    are conscious of their guilt assemble in the courts below; they
-    have secured a number of their friends; they are surrounded by
-    a great crowd of their brethren; how many they may have engaged
-    to be of their party is not to be discovered, and they give,
-    perhaps, plain intimations that they will not suffer them to be
-    censured. Trusting in their numbers, they will not suffer any
-    one man to be singled out for an example.... Physical violence
-    is consequently to be expected by the Provost, Senior Fellows,
-    and the Dean proceeding to the Hall to read out censures.
-
-  Primate Boulter’s letters throw some light upon the state of
-  discipline in the College at this time. Baldwin, now become
-  Provost, most likely from his known devotion to the Whig party
-  and the Hanoverian Succession, and his efforts to subdue the
-  Jacobite faction in College, was a man of a very arbitrary and
-  determined character. He appears to have used the full authority
-  which the Statutes gave him, and frequently summoned the two
-  Deans, and removed from the College books the names of disorderly
-  Students without consulting the Board. Some of the Senior
-  Fellows, notably Dr. Delany, a strong Tory, whose politics were
-  shared by his friend and colleague, Dr. Helsham, were opposed to
-  these arbitrary proceedings, and took measures in London to bring
-  the matter before the Council, in order to have the Provost’s
-  statutable power in these matters curtailed. We learn from
-  Boulter’s letters to the Duke of Newcastle, that early in 1725--
-
-    Two Undergraduates of the College, one of them a Scholar,
-    had company at their chambers till about an hour after the
-    keys of the College were carried, according to custom, to the
-    Provost. When their company was willing to go, upon finding the
-    College gates shut, and being told the keys were carried to
-    the Provost, the Scholars went to the Provost’s lodgings, and
-    knocked there in an outrageous manner. Upon the Provost’s man
-    coming to the door to see what was the matter, they told him
-    they came for the keys to let out their friends, and would have
-    them, or they would break open the gates. He assured them the
-    keys were carried to his master, and that he durst not awake
-    him to get them, and then the man withdrew. Upon their coming
-    again to knock with great violence at the Provost’s door, he
-    was forced to rise, and came down and told them they should
-    not have the keys, and bid his man and the porter take notice
-    who they were. The next day he called the two Deans to his
-    assistance, as their Statutes require, and sent for the lads to
-    his lodgings. The Scholar of the house came, but not the other.
-    To him they proposed his making a submission for his fault in
-    the Hall, and being publicly admonished there. This he made a
-    difficulty in doing; and upon their proceeding to the Hall,
-    when he came out of the lodgings he put on his hat before the
-    Provost and walked off. The Provost and Deans went on to the
-    Hall, and after waiting there some time to see whether he would
-    come and submit, they expelled them both.
-
-  The Scholar’s name was Annesley, a relation of Lord Anglesea, and
-  through his influence with the Lord Lieutenant (Lord Carteret)
-  and the Visitors [and upon his apologising] he was restored....
-  We find that he took the B.A. degree in 1726, and that of M.A. in
-  1729.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-  We are told in a pamphlet, supposed to have been written by Dr.
-  Madden, that one of the Students, after a long course of neglect
-  of duties, as well as for a notorious insult [committed] upon the
-  Junior Dean, was publicly admonished. In order to resent this
-  punishment, ten or twelve of the Students behaved themselves in
-  a most outrageous manner; they stoned the Dean out of the Hall,
-  breaking into his rooms, and destroying everything in them. They
-  continued to ravage other parts of the College until the middle
-  of the night, evidently endangering the life of the person who
-  was the object of their resentment. Dr. Madden adds that this was
-  done “in a time of great lenity of discipline--perhaps too much
-  so.” “The Board offered considerable rewards for the discovery
-  of the perpetrators of these riotous proceedings; the Students
-  retorted by offering higher rewards to anyone who would bring
-  in the informer, dead or alive. A threatening letter was sent
-  to the Provost. Strangers from town, as was usually the case,
-  came into the College to assist in the pillage. One of these
-  attempted to set fire to the College gates; and had not some of
-  the well-disposed Students prevented this, they would have laid
-  the whole College in ashes, as the flames would have caught hold
-  of the ancient buildings, extravagantly timbered after the old
-  manner, and would have reached the new buildings [the Library
-  Square], and the flames could not then have been extinguished.”
-
-  One of the Junior Fellows, named Edward Ford, who had been
-  elected in 1730, had rendered himself particularly obnoxious to
-  the Students. He was not Junior Dean; but he appears to have
-  been an obstinate and ill-judging man, who took upon himself
-  to restrain the Students in an imprudent manner. They resented
-  this interference. He had been often insulted by them, and had
-  received a threatening letter. This caused him much dejection of
-  spirits; and as his rooms had suffered in the previous tumult,
-  he kept loaded arms always by his side. One night he was asleep
-  in his rooms (No. 25), over a passage which then led from the
-  Library Square into the playground (a walled-in enclosure which
-  at that time occupied the site of the present New Square). A
-  loaded gun lay by his bedside. Some of the Students threw stones
-  against his windows, which was the usual way in which they
-  annoyed the College authorities. Ford rose from his bed and fired
-  upon them from his window, which faced the playground. Determined
-  to retaliate, the band of Students rushed to their chambers,
-  seized the fire-arms, which they had persisted in keeping
-  (although such had been forbidden, under pain of expulsion, by a
-  decree of the Board, March 24, 1730), and they ran back to the
-  playground. In the meanwhile one of the Scholars, who resided
-  in the same house, seeing the danger in which Ford was placed,
-  and knowing the character of the man, managed to get into his
-  bedroom, and strongly urged him to remain in bed. Ford, with his
-  characteristic obstinacy, would not listen to this advice, but
-  went to the window in his nightdress, when the Students seeing
-  him, fired at the window, and wounded him mortally. Poor Ford
-  lingered in great agony for about two hours before he died. The
-  Board immediately met and investigated the circumstances of the
-  murder, and expelled Mr. Cotter, Mr. Crosby, Boyle, Scholes, and
-  Davis, as being the authors of or participators in Mr. Ford’s
-  murder. The Board employed Mr. Jones, an attorney, to prosecute
-  them for murder at the Commission Court, at which trial, however,
-  they were acquitted.
-
-  We learn from contemporary pamphlets that the feeling among the
-  upper classes in Dublin was greatly excited about this affair.
-  Many, especially ladies, strongly took the part of the young men--
-
-    The Fellows were the subjects of common obloquy; every little
-    indiscretion of their former lives was ripped up; everything
-    they said or did had a wrong turn given to it. Numberless false
-    stories about them were spread throughout the kingdom. Some of
-    them were publicly affronted in the Courts of Law by one of his
-    Majesty’s servants for appearing to do the common offices of
-    every honest man. One noble Lord declared that a Fellow’s blood
-    did not deserve an inquisition which might detain a man one day
-    from his ordinary business. However, the Judges (except one)
-    all spoke loudly in favour of the College, and specially the
-    Chief Baron.
-
-  Primate Boulter is said to have often appeared astonished when
-  he heard gentlemen talk as if they were determined to destroy
-  the Irish seat of learning. It is added that “many did this for
-  the purpose of injuring religion.” No doubt the true explanation
-  of the animosity to the College is to be sought in the strong
-  political feelings which prevailed at the time. The Fellows were
-  mainly Whigs, and their opponents belonged to the Tory party.
-
-  Early in March, 1734/5, the Visitors cited the Provost, Fellows,
-  and Scholars to appear at a Visitation on the 20th of that month.
-  Primate Boulter wrote to the Duke of Dorset that--
-
-    There have been such difficulties started from the College,
-    and so much listened to by their Vice-Chancellor, the Bishop
-    of Clogher [Dr. Stearne], that I fear the Visitation will
-    not prove such as will answer expectation. I have taken all
-    opportunities of desiring the Fellows and their friends to
-    avoid all needless disputes and oppositions for fear of their
-    falling into the hands of worse Visitors next Session of
-    Parliament. I hope and fear the best; but things do not promise
-    very well.
-
-  The above cited pamphlet states that “at the late inquiry into
-  the condition of the College, there could not be discovered more
-  than two or three insignificant points in which the Statutes were
-  deviated from by the Fellows.”
-
-To this account we should add that Swift, who disliked and despised
-Baldwin, took a great interest in the Visitation of 1734, and
-went down to give his opinion concerning the management of the
-College, which he thought very bad. He also wrote to the Duke of
-Dorset on the subject (Jan. 14, 1735). But the fact added by Dr.
-Stubbs, that after the affair of Ford we hear no more of riots or
-of insubordination, shows that the mischief was not deep-seated,
-but caused by some small knot of rowdies. It does not appear that
-they were led by young men of the higher classes, for though many
-frequented the College at that time, no names of prominence (save
-an Annesley) are mentioned in connection with any of the outrages.
-Such disorders have always been rather the fault of the Governors
-than of the students of the College. The course of Irish history
-is so uniform, the temper of the various classes in the nation is
-so unchanged (as every student of Irish history knows), that I do
-not believe the discipline which is so easily maintained now in
-Trinity College was ever seriously endangered, and the very fact
-that so many brilliant and learned men were being educated there
-at that period shows that its intellectual life was not impaired.
-The particular form of the studies pursued cannot be easily
-estimated. An examination of the Laudian Statutes shows that the
-authorities were not allowed in any way to change the subjects
-laid down for the course in 1637. The whole body of the teaching,
-as already explained, was oral, and each student reproduced in
-essays or disputations what he had been taught by his tutor during
-the week. Hence it was that such short books as those written by
-Dudley Loftus or Narcissus Marsh, though used by lecturers, were
-not formally proposed to the students. Locke’s Essay, as we know,
-was introduced into the post-graduate studies by the influence of
-Ashe and Molyneux before 1700, and has influenced the spirit of the
-University ever since; but this, too, was outside the prescribed
-course. It was not till 1760 that, by a special statute, the
-Provost and Board were permitted to make such changes in the course
-as they thought expedient. This permission, conceded long after it
-was needed and indeed assumed,[86] marks an epoch in the history of
-the College. But it belongs to the reign, not of Baldwin, but of
-his enlightened and brilliant successor, Andrews.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[66] A mistake for Loftus, the first Provost. This full-length
-portrait is now in the Provost’s House. What has become of the
-second picture is uncertain. The tomb, alas, is now a mere ruin, to
-be described in another chapter.
-
-[67] This shows how long the project was discussed. The money was
-not given till ten years later.
-
-[68] The only mention of this house, which was replaced by the
-present mansion 70 years later.
-
-[69] Dr. Anthony Dopping.
-
-[70] This character, intended to enliven the solemnity of public
-acts, appears to have been borrowed from the precedent of Oxford.
-In a curious book intitled _Terræ Filius_ (London, 1726), which
-consists of a series of satires upon that University, the anonymous
-author says--“It has, till of late, been a custom, from time
-immemorial, for one of our family to mount the Rostrum at Oxford
-at certain seasons [during the Acts of the Term], and divert
-an innumerable crowd of spectators, who flocked to hear him
-from all parts, with a merry oration, interspersed with secret
-history, raillery, and sarcasm.... Several indignities having been
-offered to the grave fathers of the University, they said to one
-another--‘Gentlemen, these are no jests; if we suffer this, we
-shall become the sport of freshmen and servitors. Let us expel
-him.’ And, accordingly, _Terræ Filius_ was expelled during almost
-every Act.” And again (p. xi.)--“Though it has, of late years, been
-thought expedient to lay aside the solemnity of a _Publick Act_,
-and it is very uncertain when _Terræ Filius_ will be able to regain
-his antient privileges.”
-
-There is a frontispiece to the book, signed W. Hogarth, which
-represents an enraged Don tearing in pieces the libel of the _Terræ
-Filius_, who is in the middle of an excited crowd of collegians
-and ladies. The author speaks of the seditious spirit of Oxford
-in the very way that the spirit of Dublin is censured at the same
-time; and just as the _Terræ Filius_ of Oxford had been censured
-and persecuted when his jests became libellous, so in Swift’s day,
-just before the Centenary time, one Jones, an intimate of Swift’s,
-had been deprived of his degrees for a satire, which Barrett has
-published as possibly composed by Swift to aid his friend.--_Cf._
-Barrett’s _Early Life of Swift_ (London, 1808).
-
-The heads at Oxford, holding public acts in 1712, stopt the mouth
-of the _Terræ Filius_ (who is called a _statutable_ orator at this
-solemnity), having intelligence that he designed to utter something
-in derogation of the Reverend Mr. Vice-Chancellor, _op_. _cit_. p.
-100. This is probably the affair spoken of in J. C. Jeaffreson’s
-_Annals of Oxford_, ii. 224, but referred to the year 1713. Mr.
-Jeaffreson has a whole chapter on the subject.
-
-[71] I owe to the kindness of Mr. J. R. Garstin my knowledge of
-this rare tract, of which the title-page is reproduced on page 52;
-the bidding prayer is given on page 10. A passage which smacks
-of the 17th century is as follows. The preacher is arguing that
-Learning can amply satisfy all the aspirations and desires of human
-nature. He concludes--“Lastly, what Raptures can the _Voluptuous_
-man fancy, to which those of _Learning_ and _Knowledge_ are
-not equal? If he can relish nothing but the pleasures of his
-_Senses, Natural Philosophy_ exposes the _beautiful bosome_ of the
-_Universe_, admits him into _Nature’s_ garden, &c.”
-
-[72] The appointment of this Browne is the subject of various
-curious letters preserved in the Ormonde MSS. at Kilkenny Castle
-(Vol. 156). I give the first completely, and extracts from the
-others. They might have been written yesterday.
-
-  9644      Trinity College, Dub., May 16, ’99.
-
-MAY IT PLEASE YOUR GRACE,
-
-Our Provost in appearance is past recovery, yet I had not so soon
-made any application to succeed him, but that others have been
-beforehand with me by another Interest.
-
-Tho’ I have reason to hope for a recommendation of me by
-Government, yet I am not willing to use any endeavours without your
-Grace’s knowledge and concurrence. I am sensible it is a place of
-great trust and importance to the whole kingdom, and if your Grace
-upon inquiry shall find me qualified to discharge it, I do most
-humbly beg your Grace’s favour in recommending me to His Majesty
-for it.--That God may continue, &c., &c., Your humble & obed.
-
-  PETER BROWNE.
-
-9645. The Provost of this College being now near his end, which I
-am heartily sorry for, I presume amongst the many addresses, &c.
-I beg to recommend the Restoring the same Person to it whom your
-Grace’s grandfather himself put in, I mean Dr. Huntington, who upon
-the Dispersion here was as a Father to all that then went over, and
-provided so well for some of them when they were in England, that 2
-of your Bps., viz., Dr. Ashe and Dr. Smith, owe their Preferments
-in a manner entirely to him, for it was he who laid the foundation
-of them, tho’ he is now entirely neglected.
-
-This unfortunate Person, for so I must needs call him, except your
-G^{ce} becomes his Patron, left the College upon the Revolution, or
-was rather by Providence sent over to provide for those who knew
-not what to do for themselves. Then he married, &c., but is still
-capable of the Place by the King’s Dispensation, as Dr. Seele was,
-at the Restoration, and obtained it in that way. And because this
-Gentleman has already showed himself one of the most usefull men
-in that place, and the likelyhood to prove the most serviceable to
-it now it is in its Rubbish, I now take the confidence, who was
-employed by the late Duke, my master, to bring him over, &c.
-
-  WILL. [Moreton, Bp. of] KILDARE.
-
-  [Extracts.]      Dub. 6 June, 1699.
-
-9648. The Provost of the Coll. being dead on Sunday night, it will
-import your G^{ce} as Chancellor to interpose, &c. I know Mr. Peter
-Browne, who is an eminent preacher & Senior Fellow, &c., will be
-recommended, &c., &c.
-
-  [Sir] RICHARD COX.
-
-  9649.      Ardhaccan, June 7th.
-
-Our excellent Provost being dead, &c., that you will be pleased to
-recommend Dr. Owen Lloyd, who is our Div. Prof., or Dr. John Hall,
-who is Vice-Provost, to his Majesty, &c., &c.
-
-I hear the Lords Justices have recommended one Mr. Peter Browne,
-who is a S^r Fellow, & has a parish in the City of Dublin, &c., &c.
-
-Nor is it my opinion alone, but that of the Bp. of Clogher (Ashe),
-who was formerly Provost, & has now earnestly importuned me to
-address your G. & the Arbp. of Cant. in Dr. Lloyd’s or Dr. Hall’s
-behalfe, and to Pray your G^{rce} that Mr. Peter Browne, who is
-much their junior, may not have it, &c., &c. I have sent the Bp.’s
-letter to His G^{ce} of Cant., in which the late Provost’s opinion
-of Mr. Browne’s unfitness for the place is fully declared.
-
-  RICH. MEATH.
-
-
-[73] To him and to Swift in this generation, to Goldsmith,
-Sheridan, and Burke in the next, are due in great part the
-development of modern English prose. In this, as in so many other
-ways, the Anglo-Irish have been the masters of the English.
-
-[74] I may recall to the reader the dignified protest of the first
-Duke of Ormonde, against this very practice, in the interests of
-the University, above, p. 33.
-
-[75] I remember being told by the late Provost to formulate my
-protest as soon as possible, for that the demolition of these
-buildings would be commenced within a fortnight. My argument in
-their favour was, that while they were perfectly sound, they were
-also historical evidences of the antiquity of the College, and of
-its condition in 1700. I remember adding that it might be a very
-long fortnight before the work of destruction began.
-
-[76] _Cf._ Stubbs, p. 177.
-
-[77] The petition to Parliament in 1787 states “that from an
-attention to the health and accommodation of their students,
-petitioners have expended considerable sums of money _in the
-purchase_ of ground for the enlargement of their park, the
-enclosing and finishing of which will be attended with considerable
-expense” (Taylor, p. 95). The fact here officially stated, that the
-College increased its holding of land in Dublin by purchase during
-the eighteenth century, is very interesting, and is probably to be
-explained by searching the Register.
-
-[78] This seems to me one of the boldest acts of Baldwin. We should
-have expected to find the incompetent workman either employed to
-repeat his work on the new Hall, or at least pensioned by the Board.
-
-[79] The east end subsided in the present century, and was then
-rebuilt, in the memory of the present Vice-Provost, from whom I
-have learned the fact.
-
-[80] The Dublin papers of June, 1744, speak with enthusiasm of the
-arrival of this great bell, “on which the mere import duty was £20,
-and which all lovers of harmony allow to be the largest, finest,
-and sweetest-toned bell in the kingdom. It was cast by the famous
-Rudhall of Gloucester.”
-
-[81] The picture given by Dr. Stubbs was possibly never realised.
-There are several extant views of the College subsequent to 1745
-and up to 1797, which all represent the belfry as a dome without
-the lantern or the vane, “consisting of a harp and crown, copper
-gilt” (Stubbs, p. 187). A rare aquatint of 1784 does, however,
-give the vane, with other details which are highly improbable. It
-was a habit to print architects’ drawings of buildings in process
-of completion, as may be seen in Poole and Cash’s views, in which
-many plates give the intentions of the architect, which were never
-carried out.
-
-[82] Mr. Taylor, in his history, has given all the petitions and
-replies from the Journals of the House of Commons. The following
-is the summary:--Queen Anne and George I. for Library--in 1709,
-£5,000; 1717, £5,000; 1721, £5,000. George II. for Parliament
-Square--1751, £5,000; 1753, £20,000; 1755, £5,000 (£20,000 asked
-for in the petition): 1757, £5,000; 1759, £10,000. George III., in
-1787, £3,000. Between the last two dates considerable sums were
-obtained from the Board of Erasmus Smith.
-
-[83] While the impossibility of defraying these expenses without a
-building fund is strongly urged in the various petitions, another
-set of documents, the King’s Letters, issued for the increase of
-salaries of Provost, Fellows, and other officers in 1758, 1759,
-1761, and subsequently, state as the reason the great increase
-in the revenues of the College, which justify such changes. No
-one seems to have thought of comparing these statements with the
-begging petitions.
-
-[84] No reasons are assigned by Dr. Stubbs, who reports these facts
-apparently from the Register; but we may infer that the large
-square Hall over the gate was thought necessary for a Regent House,
-or Hall for the disputations of the Masters, in place of the older
-room, which disappeared with the demolishing of decayed buildings;
-and by this title we know that that Hall was originally known. This
-alteration of plan would make a dome impossible. As soon as the
-central dome was abandoned, it would follow that the cupolas, one
-of which had been already finished, must also be abandoned.
-
-[85] This cannot easily be reconciled with the statement above made
-(p. 65), that Archbishop Vesey was Vice-Chancellor in the previous
-year, and in the absence of the Chancellor could act as Visitor.
-
-[86] The facts in Dr. Stubbs’ 10th chapter, especially the
-classical course of 1736, show that the 15th chapter of the old
-Statute was liberally interpreted. Indeed Greek and Latin are there
-prescribed, but the books not specified. In Logic the directions
-are far more precise. Nor was there any relaxation of the strict
-directions with regard to Latin Essays and summaries of work, or
-to Disputations, which certainly lasted till the close of the 18th
-century.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER IV.
-
-FROM 1758 TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.
-
-      _Dedit ergo eis petitionem ipsorum,_
-      _Et misit tenuitatem in animam eorum._
-                                 PSALM cvi. 15.
-
-
-Provost Andrews, a layman, but a Senior Fellow, and one of a
-distinguished group of lay Fellows then in the College, succeeded
-less than two years before George III. became king. His Provostship
-is perhaps the most brilliant in the annals of the College. He was
-a man of elegant tastes, of large acquaintance, of scholarship
-quite adequate to his position, and he consequently did more
-than any of his predecessors or successors to bring the Society
-over which he presided into contact with the best and greatest
-throughout Ireland. Even under the stricter and more academic
-Baldwin, we learn from the Register that a large number of the
-highest classes in Ireland had begun to frequent the College.[87]
-We may assume that under Andrews this tendency increased. It was
-only necessary to prove that the education of Dublin was equal
-to that of the older Universities, to induce men of property in
-Ireland to avoid the troubles and anxieties of sending their sons
-by the roads and boats of those days to Oxford and Cambridge; and
-thus we find that from the opening of the eighteenth century to
-the second decade of the nineteenth the great body of the Irish
-aristocracy was educated in Dublin. It would have been so, even
-into recent days, if the Senior Fellows of the latter period had
-thought earnestly about the dignity of the College.
-
-The character of this Provost, according to his contemporaries
-and the historians of the College, was very different from that
-of Baldwin. He is indeed accused of good living, a great crime
-in a College Don, when it includes brilliant society and rich
-appointments; mere over-eating and drinking incur little censure.
-But Andrews could speak Latin with fluency and elegance, and we
-are glad to learn that in his day the Irish pronunciation did
-not make him incomprehensible in Italy or France. He built and
-occupied the noble Provost’s House,[88] which still remains one
-of the mansions that give to Dublin its metropolitan aspect. He
-entertained handsomely, both in the new Dining Hall and at his own
-House. He must have been the promoter and founder of the School
-of Music, which has produced a series of excellent Professors,
-and created a distinct school of composition, starting from that
-fortunate accident, a musical Peer--the Earl of Mornington, father
-of the great Duke of Wellington. The principal Parliamentary grants
-for building were during the extreme old age of Baldwin, so that
-I suspect the influence of Andrews, who was then a Senior Fellow,
-and a member of the Irish House, must have been the chief cause of
-this sudden liberality; for after the completion of the Library in
-1724, there is a pause in the Parliamentary grants till 1751, and
-again they disappear after 1759, when Andrews became Provost, till
-1787. But it is asserted in Duigenan’s pamphlet that the grants
-of Baldwin’s time were not exhausted during the whole of Andrews’
-Provostship. I take it, then, that Andrews had ample funds for the
-fine buildings erected during his office.[89] Constant increase of
-the College rents and constant bequests made it possible to rebuild
-the Dining Hall in his time (1759-61), and no doubt much remained
-to be done in making the new front, finished in 1759, habitable.
-There was much hospitality, and good society was encouraged in the
-College. The greatest ceremony during his time was the installation
-of the Duke of Bedford as Chancellor, which is thus described by
-the Registrar:--
-
-  Friday, Sept. 9 [1768].--This day his Grace John Duke of Bedford
-  was installed Chancellor of our University.
-
-  The Hall had been previously prepared by erecting a platform
-  at the upper end, and a gallery for the musicians at the lower
-  end. The platform was erected 2 feet 6 inches from the floor and
-  railed in. At the back in the middle, under a canopy of green
-  damask, and upon a semicircular step raised six inches above the
-  level of the platform, was placed a chair for the Chancellor, on
-  the right hand a chair for the Vice-Chancellor, and on the left
-  another for the Provost. From these chairs on each side along the
-  back and sides down to the rails were raised seats and forms, and
-  on the right side, advanced before those seats, were placed two
-  chairs of state for the Lord Lieutenant and his Lady. Over the
-  door of the Hall, and eight feet above the floor, was erected
-  the gallery for the musicians, and along the sides of the Hall,
-  between the platform and gallery, were seats raised and forms
-  placed, leaving a passage in the midst seven feet wide. On the
-  right side, next to the platform, part of the seats were enclosed
-  as a box for the reception of such ladies of quality whom the
-  Chancellor should invite. The platform with its steps, the
-  gallery and the seats, were covered with green broadcloth. The
-  passage through the midst of the Hall was covered with carpeting,
-  and the semicircular step under his Grace’s chair ornamented with
-  a rich carpet.
-
-  When the Lord Lieutenant and his Lady, the Nobility, the Lord
-  Mayor and Sheriffs of the city, the ladies of quality and
-  fashion, and all who walked not in the procession, had taken
-  their seats in the Hall, the procession moved solemnly from
-  the Regent House, the chamber over the gateway, to the Hall in
-  the following order, according to juniority:--Undergraduates,
-  Bachelors of Arts, candidates for Degrees, Masters of Arts,
-  Bachelors in Music, in Law, in Physic, in Divinity, Doctors
-  in Music, in Law, in Physic, in Divinity, Senior Fellows,
-  Noble Students, Vice-Provost, Beadle with his Mace, Proctors,
-  Chancellor between the Vice-Chancellor on his right and the
-  Provost on his left, Archbishops, Dukes, Earls, Viscounts,
-  Bishops, Barons, &c., &c.
-
-  Every gentleman who walked in the procession was habited in the
-  robes of his Order and Degree. The Undergraduates and Bachelors
-  of Arts stopped at the Hall-door, opened to right and left, and
-  after the Nobility entered the Hall according to seniority. The
-  candidates for Degrees, Masters in Arts, and Bachelors in Music,
-  Law, Physic, and Divinity, stopped at the steps of the platform.
-  The Doctors, &c., ascended the platform by four steps. During
-  this procession the musicians played a solemn March composed on
-  the occasion by the Earl of Mornington, Professor of Music.
-
-  The music having ceased, the Registrar read the Act of the
-  College constituting his Grace their Chancellor. Upon which the
-  Vice-Chancellor and the Provost, assisted by the Seniors, led his
-  Grace to the canopy and installed him. And the Vice-Chancellor
-  having taken his place on the right, when the Mace and the
-  University Rules were laid at his feet, the Provost, assisted
-  by the Seniors, delivered into his Grace’s hand a printed copy
-  of the College Statutes elegantly bound, promising for himself
-  and the University all due and statutable obedience. His Grace
-  then arising returned them thanks for the honour they had done
-  him in electing him their Chancellor, expressing that it was
-  more pleasing to him, as this mark of the confidence of a Body
-  so distinguished by their learning, virtue, and loyalty, gave
-  him reason to hope that his conduct during his administration
-  was not disagreeable to the people of Ireland in general,
-  whose prosperity and welfare, and particularly the honour and
-  privileges of the University, he would seek every occasion to
-  advance, &c.
-
-  The Provost having taken his place on the left, and the Seniors
-  having retired to their seats, after a short pause the Provost
-  rose and addressed the Chancellor and the University in a most
-  elegant Latin oration, in the close of which he addressed himself
-  particularly to the Professor of Music, who thereupon gave
-  the signal to the musicians, and gave copies of the Ode to the
-  Lord Lieutenant and the Chancellor. The Ode was written on the
-  occasion by Mr. Richard Archdale, an Undergraduate, and was set
-  to music by the Professor, the Earl of Mornington.
-
-  After the conferring of the Degrees by the Chancellor, the
-  Commencement was closed, and the musicians played the March, as
-  before, and the Procession, as before, attended his Grace to the
-  Provost’s House.
-
-  His Grace, with the Nobility, Fellows, Professors, &c., dined in
-  the Eating Hall. There were two chairs placed at the head of the
-  table; the Lord Lieutenant sat on the right hand.
-
-  Sunday, Sept. 11.--His Grace the Chancellor was sung into Chapel
-  by the Choir. He sat in the Provost’s stall, the Provost in the
-  Vice-Provost’s; the Vice-Provost, Nobility, and Professors,
-  were seated in the adjoining seats. Two Senior Fellows read
-  the Lessons, the Deans the Communion Service. The Professor of
-  Divinity preached from Proverbs, chap. xv., verse 14. There were
-  two Anthems. The _Te Deum_ and the _Jubilate_ were composed by
-  the Earl of Mornington.
-
-  On Tuesday, Sept. 13, the Chancellor, attended by the Provost,
-  Fellows, and Professors, visited the Elaboratory, Anatomy School,
-  Waxworks, &c. In the Natural Philosophy School his Grace was
-  addressed by Mr. Crosbie, a _Nobilis_, son of Lord Brandon, in
-  English verse.... As his Grace was quitting the Library, the
-  Professor of Oratory addressed him in an English farewell speech,
-  which his Grace was pleased to answer with great politeness.
-
-The reader will remember that the Hall mentioned at the opening of
-this extract was the old Hall, then entered under the dome which
-appears in all the views of the College of that epoch. The date of
-the first edition of the Statutes (August 22, 1768), when compared
-with this account, also shows that they were first printed for the
-purpose of this ceremony. The Chancellor’s copy of these Statutes
-had probably been lost, or never perhaps handed over to the Royal
-Personages who had recently been Chancellors; and indeed we wonder,
-with a printing press now over twenty years established, that the
-work had not yet been issued in print. The difficulty lay in the
-Laudian Statute, which specially provided that three copies should
-exist, and implied that no more should be circulated.[90] There is
-possibly some entry in the Registry which would explain how the
-Board evaded this obstacle. The printed copy bears opposite the
-title-page, in print, _vera copia, Theaker Wilder, Reg^r_.
-
-It is much to be regretted that the Ode, with Mornington’s music,
-has disappeared.[91] It is stated by Dr. Stubbs that the Duke of
-Bedford’s fine portrait by Gainsborough, now in the Provost’s
-House, was presented upon this occasion. But there is an exactly
-similar picture in the Dublin Mansion House, which must surely have
-been presented by Bedford, or acquired by the city, while he was
-Lord Lieutenant, seven years earlier. The portrait, therefore, in
-the Provost’s House must be a replica, unless it was presented to
-Provost Andrews much earlier than the date of the Installation.
-Our Bursar, in his history, states with cold precision the large
-amounts spent upon dinners to the Viceroys in these hospitable
-days. It does not appear that the feast given to the Duke of
-Bedford was by any means as costly as some of those given in later
-years.[92] Such are the gossiping details preserved concerning this
-Provost and his social doings in the College.
-
-It might be easily inferred, were it not stated expressly in the
-angry controversies with his successor, that the discipline of
-the College was much relaxed, and many abuses tolerated by this
-amiable man. The old Statutes regulating studies in the autumn
-(out of term) had fallen into desuetude; the Chapel was shut up
-in July, and all business ceased for six weeks. Residence was
-not enforced at this time, or indeed at other times, in the case
-of poor scholars, who went as tutors into country houses. Still
-worse, the marriage of several Fellows, in spite of their solemn
-oath of celibacy during their tenure, was connived at, and thus a
-habit tolerated of trifling with solemn obligations, which not only
-brought great scandal upon the College, but lowered the general
-dignity and respectability of the Governing Body. Most of them were
-in debt to the College, and with the expectation of never having
-payment enforced. It also appears accidentally, from a document
-printed by Taylor, that the Wide Street Commissioners, making a
-report to the Irish Parliament in 1799 on the condition of the
-College property extending from the north precinct to the river,
-found that the houses and land had, by some great oversight, been
-let on a long lease (60 years), at a small rent, to the Bishop of
-Raphoe.[93]
-
-We may assume that the great social successes of Andrews’
-Provostship encouraged the Government, on his death, to promote
-another layman, and lawyer, into the vacant post. It was doubtless
-argued that, with the increase of wealth and splendour in the
-College, it must be represented by a public man, a man of the
-world, and a good speaker. But the new Provost, John Hely
-Hutchinson, lacked other and not less necessary qualifications
-which had made Andrews so successful. In the first place he had
-never been a Fellow, and thus was not only ignorant of the routine
-of College work, but also of the characters and susceptibilities of
-the Fellows. It was but natural that such of them as were baulked
-in their advancement by his appointment, and who thought themselves
-more worthy to hold it, resented the promotion of a stranger by
-political influence. Though Hutchinson managed to gain over certain
-members of the Board, he found others irreconcilable, and he is
-alleged to have dealt with them in unscrupulous fashion, both by
-attempted bribery and by open oppression. The moral standard of his
-profession, and indeed of the official classes throughout Ireland,
-was very low. Every successful man seems to have feathered his nest
-by obtaining or creating sinecures, nor was there any limit to the
-rapacity which accumulated them in the same hands. It was well
-that Hutchinson did not set himself to plunder the College for his
-family; the few cases of inferior officers whom he thrust upon the
-College, which his adversaries have exposed, are mere trifles.
-
-But he was ambitious of political power for his sons; and he
-certainly strove to make the College a pocket-borough. This
-attempt brought about him a nest of hornets. The fact was, that
-bribery or intimidation, which might be used with hardly any risk
-in constituencies of ordinary electors, was sure to stumble upon
-some young gentleman of high character and independence among the
-Fellows or Scholars, and thus be exposed.
-
-On the other hand, the abuses tolerated by Andrews gave the new
-Provost a great power of intimidation, which he could have used
-very effectually. Fellows with wives and large families, who had
-broken their solemn engagement to celibacy, and resided outside
-the College, contrary to the Statutes, who, moreover, owed to the
-College large sums of money for the purchase of rooms, which they
-could not pay, were practically in the Provost’s hands. It is much
-to be regretted that when a layman, an outsider, and a public
-man chanced to be set over the Society, he did not take in hand
-thorough reforms on these all-important points--reforms which could
-hardly be expected from an old member of the Corporation, promoted
-after years of acquiescence or participation in the growing
-laxities of discipline.
-
-But the school in which Hutchinson was educated was even morally
-worse than that of the culpable Fellows. There must be substantial
-truth in the constant allegation, proved by two Parliamentary
-inquiries, that the Provost’s assertions of discipline were not
-just and uniform, but intended to promote his political power.
-Both in 1776 and in 1790, when Hutchinson secured the return of
-his elder and younger sons respectively by a very narrow majority,
-there were petitions against them on the ground of intimidation
-and bribery, and the evidence then given is the real ground of
-the severe judgment which the local historians have pronounced
-against the Provost. In the former petition his son was unseated;
-in the latter--remarkable for having Lord Edward Fitzgerald and the
-future Duke of Wellington among its members--the casting vote of
-the chairman saved the sitting member. The evidence in both cases
-is so very similar, that we cannot but wonder at the incaution of
-the Provost, who was probably saved from a second disgrace only by
-his personal influence with the Chairman of the Committee. In this
-latter case, however, Hutchinson disowned altogether the person
-who acted as go-between, and who made offers to the scholars. He
-was private tutor to the Provost’s family, but was dismissed, and
-excluded from the precincts of the College by order of the Visitors.
-
-The case is therefore strong against the Provost, though we should
-remember that in those days all Parliamentary elections in Ireland
-were carried on by similar means, and that bribery was only
-condemned by the law, not by the moral sense of the community.
-
-This public evidence has, however, not weighed in the minds of
-historians so strongly as the violent pamphlet called _Lachrymæ
-Academicæ_, written against the Provost by his bitter personal
-enemy, Dr. Patrick Duigenan, who as a Junior Fellow was at
-perpetual variance with his chief, and at last resigned his
-Fellowship to take a Chair of Law, which was increased in value
-(with the Provost’s consent) to induce his resignation. This
-exceedingly violent _ex parte_ statement seems to me chiefly
-valuable for its allusions to the internal affairs of the College
-not at issue in the dispute. The tone is scurrilous, and the
-confident prediction that a few more years of the Provost’s
-manipulation must ruin the College falsified by the facts. Instead
-of securing all the posts in the College for partizans of his own,
-the Provost met with more and more opposition, especially from the
-Junior Fellows, as years elapsed. In 1775, a scholar whom he had
-deprived insisted upon a Visitation, in which Primate Robinson,
-the Vice-Chancellor, decided against the Provost. In 1791, another
-Vice-Chancellor, Lord Clare, decided against him on the right of
-negative, which he claimed under the Statutes in every election.
-The sense of the Statute is plain enough. It ordains that the
-majority of Provost and Board shall decide elections; but if such
-majority could not be obtained after two scrutinies--that is to
-say, if the Senior Fellows had divided their votes among three or
-more candidates, so that none of them had more than three--then the
-Provost’s vote, even if it stood alone, shall decide the election.
-This very reasonable Statute was, however, so worded, that another
-interpretation was possible, ordaining that even in an absolute
-majority of votes the Provost’s must be one. Lord Clare decided
-rightly that the disputed words _una cum Præposito, vel eo absente
-Vice-Præposito_, merely meant that the Senior Fellows could not
-elect without the presence of either of these officers.[94]
-
-This Visitation concludes the long history of the quarrels of
-the political Provost with his Fellows. He was then an old man,
-and though he showed considerable vigour in arguing his case,
-it is evident that the fire of his ambition was burning low,
-and his combativeness decreasing with the decay of his physical
-powers. It is a great pity that while a collection of scurrilous
-tracts--_Pranceriana, Lachrymæ Academicæ_, and others--were
-published and widely circulated, and are still quoted against
-him, his own account of the history of the College, of his own
-doings, and of the character of his opponents, has remained in MS.,
-and even this MS. is not now in the Library, but in possession
-of Mr. Charles Todd. It is therefore only known through the few
-extracts which those writers have made who have had access to this
-source. The impression produced by these extracts is strongly in
-Hutchinson’s favour; he speaks with admiration of some of his
-opponents, and with great calmness of his own political mistakes.
-Until this important document is thoroughly examined, the case
-for Provost Hutchinson cannot be considered complete, nor can we
-determine all the motives of his policy. We can, however, infer
-from the public acts of his government the following conclusions.
-
-In the first place, he clearly desired to modernise the education
-of the students, not only by modifying their course of study
-(of which Dr. Duigenan says he was an incompetent judge), but
-by making them practise accomplishments quite foreign to old
-Collegiate discipline. The account of his improvements suggests
-that he advanced in the direction which Andrews had set for the
-College, but so rashly as to make his government a parody of that
-of his predecessor. Having himself called out his man, and fought
-a duel, he could not possibly interdict the use of arms among the
-students; and we hear strange and probably exaggerated accounts of
-the number of students killed or maimed in affairs of honour.[95]
-Akin to the practice of arms was the practice of horsemanship,
-which brought upon him some ridicule when he desired to have a
-riding-school attached to the College. This idea was probably
-suggested to him by country gentlemen, who thought that their sons
-should receive a complete training for their after life in the
-University. The same ideas prompted him to found Chairs of Modern
-Languages, which have lasted to this day, and which proclaimed the
-startling novelty that not dead languages only, but the living
-languages of Europe are part of a liberal education. However late
-and imperfect the teaching of modern languages at the University
-may have been, we can here also infer that it was the solicitation
-of parents of the higher classes which made Hutchinson propose
-these changes, all of which tended to make the students men of the
-world.
-
-As regards his own office, he did many things to promote its
-permanent dignity. He persuaded the Board to give him a grant for
-enlarging the fine house which his predecessor had built, and
-this addition is one of its chief features; it is the stately
-Provost’s study, added at the north end of the main structure.
-He took care so to lease the Provost’s estate as to preserve
-its rental undiminished to his successors. The same principles
-appear in his improvement of the College. With the aid of a grant
-from the Erasmus Smith’s Board of £2,500, he built the noble
-Examination Hall, intended for a Theatre or Hall of public Academic
-performances, at the fortunate moment when our 18th century
-builders had just reached the zenith of their art. No room in
-Dublin is more perfect in its proportions, or more rich as well as
-chaste in its ornamentation. He also persuaded the Senior Fellows,
-who trembled for their renewal fines, to have the College estates
-re-valued, and thus added a permanent £5,000 a-year to the property
-of the Corporation. We are told that he could not carry out this
-eminently honest and practical reform without guaranteeing each of
-the persons who sat with him on the Board against loss of income.
-Not one of them was willing to risk one shilling for the future
-improvement of the College estate. He showed more questionable
-taste when he transformed a number of old silver cups into a
-service of dinner plates, which his enemies said he intended for
-his own use, and probably for that of his heirs; for he carried
-them to his suburban residence at Palmerstown [Park], and used them
-in his entertainments. The service is, however, still safe, and
-perhaps adds as much to the dignity of College entertainments as
-would the cups that were melted down. But we grieve to think what
-splendid old specimens of Caroline or Queen Anne plate have thus
-been lost.
-
-So far as Hutchinson was a politician--probably accepting the
-Provostship with the determination to have the University for a
-pocket-borough, and so to attain a position equal to that of the
-County magnates--so far his life and conduct are open to severe
-criticism. In every other respect his 20 years of rule were both
-brilliant and profitable to the College. He continued the great
-traditions of his two predecessors, and far surpassed the men who
-succeeded him for the next 40 years. But whether the opposition of
-the Fellows was really irreconcilable, or whether he was himself
-wanting in tact or fairness, the painful result is beyond question,
-that he lived all his life at war with his subjects.
-
-When his health began to fail in 1793, a full year before his
-death, intriguing for the succession to his place began in
-official circles. The Bar, who absorb so many posts outside their
-profession, began to speak of the Provostship as a political
-office; and had they succeeded in appointing another lawyer, we
-should presently have had it put forward as an axiom, that none
-but a lawyer is fit to hold a post which requires any knowledge
-of the law. We hear this absurd argument repeated every day with
-fatal effect. On the other hand, the Senior Fellows, who had
-considered this great post as their proper prize ever since the
-necessity of importing scholars from England had passed away, were
-equally zealous in counteracting these schemes. Four or five times
-did they send deputations to London to interview Pitt, Dundas,
-Portland, and perhaps with most effect Edmund Burke and the Marquis
-of Abercorn, both of whom exerted themselves warmly against the
-politicians and the lawyers in favour of an academical and clerical
-appointment. Even Burke himself was spoken of for the office, and
-then an English Bishop of Cloyne, Bennett, who was deterred by a
-threatening visit from some of the Fellows.
-
-Meanwhile, the moment for the celebration of the Bi-Centenary of
-the Foundation had arrived. The Centenary had been held in 1694,
-the 100th anniversary of the first taking of degrees. The more
-correct date would have been 1692. But neither date was debated for
-one moment by the creatures who were thinking of nothing but the
-loss of a step in their promotion, or the chances of succeeding to
-a lucrative post. All remembrance of the dignity of the College and
-its historic position was obscured by these personal anxieties, to
-which was added, in the minds of better men, a keen sense of the
-inconvenience of having a stranger and a politician as the head
-of a place of learning. Had any of the three great Provosts been
-guiding the councils of the College, this disgraceful omission of
-so honourable a commemoration would not have been tolerated.
-
-But from this time onward, the College, having conquered in the
-great struggle concerning Hutchinson’s successor, obtained the
-practical nomination, and accordingly “the Senior Major of the
-Regiment,” or the next senior, was regularly promoted. By a curious
-coincidence, the influence of Primate Boulter’s policy, and the
-exclusion of Irishmen from Bishoprics, had also passed away, and
-so we find our Provosts passed on to the Episcopal Bench, leaving
-no mark upon the College, and taking no interest in ought beyond
-the decent management of the routine studies of the place. The
-history from the appointment of Murray to that of Bartholomew
-Lloyd, in 1837, is probably the least creditable in all the three
-centuries. No fine buildings were erected during these years. Even
-the belfry which was taken down was not rebuilt, and the great bell
-relegated to a shed in a remote corner of the College, where it
-lay for fifty years, till the munificence of a Chancellor educated
-at Oxford retrieved the disgrace. When the old Chapel was removed,
-so careless were these men of 1798 of the memories of the dead,
-that the alabaster monument of the pious founder, Luke Challoner,
-was thrust aside, not even into a shed, but into a corner, where
-the recumbent figure was defaced by the weather beyond recognition
-within thirty years. During the rule of the great Provosts there
-had been frequent bequests from rich members of the Society, who
-justly held that some practical expression of gratitude was due
-to the College which had conferred upon them wealth and dignity.
-That spirit died out with the century. From that day onward, many
-men drew £50,000 in salaries from the College, and did not return
-to it one farthing beyond their (often second-rate) official work.
-Constant gifts of plate from rich students, as well as Fellows,
-_for the use of the College_, had replaced the tax for _argent_, at
-one time levied (as it still is in some Oxford Colleges) on all who
-entered the College. These honourable gifts were no longer made,
-though any but a criminally supine set of rulers could easily have
-kept them up by example and advice. In fact, the existing plate was
-concealed in the safes of the Board-room, and never issued except
-for the Provost’s private use. During these disgraceful forty
-years no public display brought the College into notice except the
-lavish feast to George IV. (1821). At the same time, the number of
-students was very great, the incomes of Seniors in renewal fines,
-and of Juniors in Tutors’ fees, larger than they ever were before
-or since; yet these were the years which justly earned for the
-University of Dublin the now obsolete title of “Silent Sister.”
-There was a day when Oxford, for like reasons, had obtained the
-kindred name of “the Widow of Sound Learning.”
-
-And yet the moment when Murray succeeded was one more than likely
-to stimulate bright spirits to do brilliant work; it was the moment
-when revolutionary ideas from the Continent were making their way
-into Ireland; when hot-headed politicians were speaking of National
-Independence, of Republicanism, of the Rights of Man; it was the
-age that bore the great poets of the early nineteenth century.
-One of them, Thomas Moore, whom his greatest contemporaries have
-recognised and honoured as their peer, was actually a student
-of Trinity College. He was the last of a considerable series of
-playwrights and poets, which proves that English studies, at
-all events, were not neglected in the College course. Congreve,
-Swift, Goldsmith, Parnell, Sheridan, not to speak of Brady and
-Tate, and Toplady, prove what Burke mentions in acknowledging the
-honorary degree offered him by Hutchinson--“I am infinitely pleased
-that that learned body ... condescends to favour the unaltered
-subsistence of those principles of Liberty and Morality, along
-with some faint remains of that taste of Composition, which are
-infused, and have always been infused, into the minds of those
-who have the happiness to be instructed by it.”[96] He might have
-added another all-important training in expression, which used to
-be a peculiarity of the Dublin Classical School, and which Chatham
-devised as a means of making his son the prince of debaters. It
-consisted in the practice of free _vivâ voce_ translation from
-Greek and Latin into English, wherein the fluency of expression
-was rated as of equal importance with grammatical accuracy. When
-we competed for Scholarships in the earlier half of the century,
-we were required to know a long course of authors in this way;
-and surely to express the thoughts of another language in fluent
-English is the best preparation for those who desire to express
-their own thinking in apt and ready words. So far, then, the
-narrowness of the Governors was not able to affect the students.
-Those who went into the world became practical orators of the first
-rank, while those who remained in the College sank into learned
-insignificance.
-
-Yet the time, as I have said, was full of excitement, political
-and social. There were wars and rumours of wars, some men’s hearts
-failing them for fear, others beating with the expectation of a
-millennium of Liberty. It was impossible that the great agitation
-of the country should not reach the ardent spirits whom the late
-Provost had permitted or encouraged to mix in the world. They had,
-moreover, started a debating club, the Historical Society, which,
-after various modest beginnings and failures, became of recognised
-importance towards the waning of the century. The very essence
-of these debating societies is to transgress sober discipline;
-for while it is the duty of Governors of a College to keep their
-students’ attention upon abstract science, pure philosophy, and
-classical languages, it is the one aim of debaters to avoid such
-subjects, and choose those of present and burning interest.
-Moreover, in those days the modern engines of the press and the
-platform had not accustomed men to discount the mendacities, the
-false passion, the gross exaggerations of political oratory.
-Generous natures were more easily carried away than they now
-are, when the poison and the antidote succeed one another in the
-columns of the same newspaper. Wolfe Tone found even among the
-Fellows two distinguished men, John Stack and Whitley Stokes--these
-family-names have been for more than two centuries frequent in
-the honour-rolls of the College--who adopted the views of the
-United Irishmen, and admitted the principle of making Ireland
-an independent nation. It is hard to avoid the observation that
-Boulter’s policy of filling every post of importance with English
-placemen must have been a powerful agent in turning the opinions
-of the professional men in Ireland in this direction. Presently
-the College was seized with military ardour; a yeomanry corps was
-established, in which four companies were commanded by four lay
-Fellows, for the purpose of aiding the Government in the impending
-crisis. But along with the ardour for amateur soldiering so
-universal among civilians, there crept in the feeling that, with
-arms in their hands, men should secure not only peace and order in
-the country, but some recognition of the claims of Ireland, so long
-neglected and postponed to the most vulgar English interests. One
-of the captains was, in fact, already an United Irishman, though
-he seems to have been deterred from going as far as Wolfe Tone
-would lead him, by Tone’s open assertion that the liberties of the
-country must be attained even through arms and blood.
-
-Presently it became necessary to revive the dormant Statute
-forbidding students to attend any political meetings; and when some
-of the scholars went so far as to avow publicly that they were
-United Irishmen, in the sense then considered seditious, and one
-member at least of the Board, who was also M.P. for the University,
-openly declared himself opposed to taking extreme measures against
-them, the time seemed come for a formal Visitation. In all this
-difficult and dangerous passage of the history of the College
-the Provost is hardly mentioned. The result of the great battle
-between the Dons and the politicians upon Hutchinson’s death had
-resulted, as has been said, in the appointment of the Vice-Provost,
-Murray, a respectable, modest, benevolent old man,[97] wholly unfit
-to guide the counsels of the Board, or to lead back the wilder
-students into the paths of discretion or common sense. Moreover,
-the ultra-Protestant party were in such panic at the state of
-the country as to make them cruel in their punishments. The
-Vice-Chancellor was Lord Clare, a very strong and uncompromising
-member of the Protestant ascendency, who all through his life was
-perfectly consistent in advocating the English supremacy, and in
-crushing out all Irish aspirations, even with the halter and the
-sword. He had been baulked in his policy of repression by the
-admission of Roman Catholics to Degrees in Trinity College, carried
-in 1793 by an Act of Parliament, but which would not have been put
-into effect in that year but for the stout action of Dr. Miller,
-who, as Senior Master Non-Regent, stopped all the conferring
-of Degrees till the Vice-Chancellor consented to remit the old
-oath against Popery. The facts, which are worth knowing in their
-details, are thus stated by Dr. Stubbs:--
-
-  When the first Commencement day after the passing of the Act
-  of Parliament arrived, the Letters Patent altering the College
-  Statutes had not been prepared, and consequently, although
-  the declaration had been abolished by Act of Parliament, the
-  corresponding oath remained. Lord Clare was well known to be
-  opposed to the admission of Roman Catholics to Degrees, and
-  he presided as Vice-Chancellor of the University, and it was
-  expected that he would place every impediment in his power to
-  the relaxation which had been granted by the change in the
-  law. Mr. Miller, who was called upon to act as Senior Master
-  Non-Regent, declined to take his place until he had been formally
-  elected by the Senate, according to the letter of the University
-  Regulations. After some opposition to this proceeding on the part
-  of the Vice-Chancellor, this legal formality was carried out, and
-  Mr. Miller took his seat as one of the Caput.
-
-  The usual form at Commencements at that time was, that the
-  Proctor should first supplicate for the Degrees to be conferred,
-  and obtain the suffrages of the Senate, after which being done,
-  the oath and the declaration were read. On this occasion the
-  Vice-Chancellor called on the Proctor to commence by reading
-  the statutable oath. So far no objection was made; but when
-  that officer proceeded to recite the declaration as of old,
-  Miller immediately interfered, and reminded Lord Clare that this
-  declaration had been abrogated by Act of Parliament, and assured
-  him that if it were then insisted on he would, in his capacity as
-  a member of the Caput, prevent any Degrees from being conferred.
-
-  Lord Clare was unprepared for this proceeding, and threatened
-  to adjourn the _Comitia_. However, after referring to the Act,
-  which Mr. Miller had by him, and after a consultation with Mr.
-  Wolfe, the Attorney-General, who was present in the Hall for the
-  purpose of taking the Degree of Doctor of Laws, Lord Clare soon
-  saw that the clause in question, although conditional in the
-  preamble, was peremptory in its enactment, and that the Senior
-  Master Non-Regent was right in point of law. The declaration was
-  not read, and the Commencement proceeded. Letters Patent were
-  shortly afterwards passed making the necessary alteration in the
-  College Statutes, and from that time Roman Catholics have taken
-  lay Degrees without restriction.
-
-It may therefore well be imagined that Lord Clare came in no very
-good humour to visit the College, and that he probably desired
-to show to the public that the Act of 1793 had been followed by
-the consequences which the old ascendency party had foreseen, and
-therefore urged against it. The second Visitor was Dr. Duigenan,
-a man intimate with the College in former years, and a very good
-judge of the characters of the Fellows, now that the old quarrels
-and animosities with the late Provost and his party had been
-superseded by far graver questions. I will let Dr. Stubbs narrate
-the proceedings in his own words.
-
-  The Vice-Chancellor, on opening the proceedings, intimated
-  that the object of the Visitors was to inquire whether the
-  disaffection imputed to the College was founded in reality, or
-  was a mere rumour or surmise; and he announced his intention to
-  punish with severity any of the members of the College who should
-  be proved to be encouragers or abettors of treason or sedition.
-  The roll of the College was called, and to every member, as he
-  answered his name, an oath was tendered, and when sworn he was
-  examined as to his knowledge of unlawful societies existing in
-  College. Dr. Browne was asked as to his vote at the Board in
-  the case of Ardagh and Power, and he acknowledged that he had
-  considered expulsion too severe a measure, and therefore had,
-  with two other Senior Fellows, voted for the rustication of the
-  two Students for a year as a suitable punishment, and that he had
-  publicly stated his opinion after the meeting of the Governing
-  Body had terminated. For this open criticism of the decision of
-  the Board he was strongly rebuked by Lord Clare.
-
-  Whitley Stokes, when questioned by the Vice-Chancellor, denied
-  that he knew of the existence of societies of United Irishmen in
-  the College, or of any illegal or secret societies within the
-  walls. He admitted that he had been a member of the Society of
-  United Irishmen in 1791, before their revolutionary tendencies
-  had been developed; but he stated that from that period he had
-  altogether dissociated himself from them. He admitted that he
-  had professionally visited, as a physician, a man who was well
-  known for his treasonable proclivities, but who was very ill and
-  very poor, but always in company of a third person, lest his
-  action might be misrepresented. He had also subscribed to a fund
-  which was formed to relieve the necessities of two members of the
-  United Irishmen who were in prison. The most reliable evidence
-  was given on Dr. Stokes’ behalf that he had used his influence
-  among the Students, which was considerable, to induce some of
-  them to withdraw from treasonable associations, and to enroll
-  their names among the members of the College corps, and that
-  his efforts had been successful. In fact, Lord Clare was forced
-  to admit the concurring testimony of so many respectable and
-  independent witnesses in Dr. Stokes’ favour; at the same time he
-  stated that he was a well-meaning man who had been led into great
-  indiscretions.
-
-  The Students soon appeared to be reluctant to take the oath,
-  partly because they declined to implicate others, partly because
-  they were unwilling to make admissions which would criminate
-  themselves. At the end of the first day there were fifty who had
-  refused to be sworn. In consequence of this, Lord Clare intimated
-  on the following day that if any of the Students who had been
-  themselves implicated in the proceedings of these treasonable
-  societies would come forward and admit the fact, and would
-  promise that in future they would separate themselves from them,
-  the Visitors would pass over their previous complicity with
-  these associations. Among those who had first refused to take
-  the oath was Thomas Moore. However, when the Vice-Chancellor had
-  explained the matter to the Students, Moore complied, and denied
-  that he had any knowledge of treasonable practices or societies
-  in College. Many of the other Students who had at first declined
-  to be sworn, on the second and third days of the Visitation came
-  forward and confessed their errors. The result of the inquiry
-  of the Visitors was the establishment of the fact that there
-  were four committees of United Irishmen in the College, the
-  secretaries of which were Robert Emmett, Peter M‘Laughlin, the
-  younger Corbett, and Flynn. The sentence of the Visitors was to
-  the effect that Thomas Robinson, Scholar, who had lent his rooms
-  for the meetings of the United Irishmen, and who had in his sworn
-  evidence before the Visitors prevaricated in his answers, was
-  expelled from the College.
-
-  William Corbett, Dacre Hamilton, John Carroll, and David Shea,
-  Scholars; and Thomas Corbett, Peter M‘Laughlin, Arthur Newport,
-  John Browne, and George Keough, Students, were also expelled for
-  contumacy in refusing to be sworn, and because they had fallen
-  into the gravest suspicion, in the opinion of the Visitors, of
-  being acquainted with, and partakers in, a seditious conspiracy.
-
-  Robert Emmett, Thomas Flynn, John Penefather Lamphier, Michael
-  Farrall, Edward Barry, Thomas Bennett, Bernard Killen, and
-  Patrick Fitzgerald, were expelled for contumacy in refusing to
-  appear before the Visitors, and because there was the gravest
-  suspicion that they were acquainted with, and had been partakers
-  in, the conspiracy.
-
-  Martin John Ferrall was expelled because he admitted that he was
-  acquainted with, and had been engaged in, this conspiracy, and
-  because he had not informed the authorities of it, nor had been
-  willing to do so.
-
-  As to Dr. Whitley Stokes, the Visitors decided that because he
-  had confessed that he had some intercourse with the heads of
-  the conspiracy he should be precluded from acting as College
-  Tutor, and should for three years be disqualified from sitting
-  as a member of the Board, and from being co-opted to a Senior
-  Fellowship.
-
-  These sentences were confirmed on the 1st of May, 1798, by the
-  Duke of Gloucester, as Chancellor of the University.
-
-This drastic treatment, whether just or not, seems to have
-enabled the College to tide over the crisis of 1798, and to
-emerge after the Union into that period when it reflects the
-dulness and prosperity of the country. The last Provost of the
-century, Kearney, is the type of his day. “This Provost,” says
-Taylor, with unconscious naiveté, “was always remarkable for
-his close attention to whatever might be considered for his
-improvement.” His only notable act was to refuse, _with tears in
-his eyes_, the resignation offered him, on the ground of religious
-difficulties, by the pious John Walker, and to expel him publicly
-next day. The same man connived at a number of his Fellows being
-married, in formal violation of their oath. Over against these
-unwholesome features, and the stagnation in the publishing of solid
-intellectual work, must be set the undoubted fact that there were
-men of sound learning and research among the Fellows. Mat. Young,
-Barrett, Thos. Elrington, Rich. Graves, Geo. Miller, were all men
-of respectable attainments in their day; and if the classical
-school produced no compeer of the expelled John Walker, it was
-at this apparently obscure period that the University of Dublin
-exchanged its reputation as a school of theology, of eloquence,
-and of style, for the reputation in Mathematics and Physics which
-was its only distinction in this century up to the reformations of
-Bartholomew Lloyd.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[87] _Cf._ Stubbs, p. 161.
-
-[88] Dunton speaks in 1699 of the Provost’s House as a fine
-structure in process of construction. This, if he reports
-correctly, must have been some residence intermediate between
-the old “Provost’s lodgings,” on the south side of the original
-quadrangle, and the present house. But there is no other allusion
-to such a house.
-
-[89] He obtained from the Trust of Erasmus Smith, of which he was
-one of the administrators, large sums for the founding of new
-Chairs--nearly £800 per annum, which was distributed in salaries of
-£100 to £250.
-
-[90] I conclude this from the last chapter (27) of the Statutes,
-which ordains that _three_ authentic copies shall be deposited (1)
-as safely as possible in the archives of the College, (2) with the
-Lord Deputy of Ireland, (3) with the Chancellor of the University.
-The copy held by Strafford when Lord Deputy is now in private hands
-in Dublin. What has become of Laud’s copy we do not know; perhaps
-it is at Lambeth. There is no provision for taking any other copy
-from these; nay, rather, the opening sentence of the chapter
-ordains that lost any should offend against them from ignorance,
-they shall be read out publicly in the Chapel at the beginning of
-each Term by the Deans, in the presence of the whole College.
-
-[91] So have Mornington’s _Te Deum_ and _Jubilate_, composed for
-the service on the following Sunday. The March, however, a trifling
-composition, survives.
-
-[92] _Cf._ the list in Stubbs’ _History_, p. 222.
-
-[93] This was the lineal descendant of the Wm. Hawkins who in 1672
-had got a 99 years’ lease of this land, then waste, for the purpose
-of reclaiming it and building a quay. The Bishop had interest
-enough with the Board in 1771 to stay the resumption, and even to
-obtain a new lease of a valuable property from the College estate,
-which his descendants still enjoy. In 1799 this lease had yet 33
-years to run--hence a 60 years’ lease.
-
-[94] Provost Baldwin had asserted this right of veto, and had
-nominated against the majority, not without protest, but without
-being challenged at a Visitation.
-
-[95] “The effects [of the Provost’s duel] are already visible;
-scarce a week passes without a duel between some of the students;
-some of them have been slain, others maimed; the College Park is
-publicly made the place for learning the exercise of the pistol;
-shooting at marks by the gownsmen is everyday practice; the very
-chambers of the College frequently resound with explosions of
-pistols. The Provost has introduced a fencing-master into the
-College, and assigned him the Convocation or Senate House [over
-the gate] of the College as a school, to teach the gownsmen
-the use of the sword, though this is strictly forbidden by the
-Statutes.”--_Lachrymæ_, p. 109. Is the first part of this true?
-Surely the names of students killed or maimed in duels would have
-been paraded before us in the pamphlets of the time. The Provost’s
-duel with Mr. Wm. Doyle, arising from anonymous attacks attributed
-to the latter, is described at length in the Dublin papers of 17th
-and 19th January, 1775.
-
-[96] I quote from Dr. Stubbs, extract, _op. cit._ p. 264. It
-appears from Duigenan’s _Lachrymæ_, p. 145, that in Hutchinson’s
-time £200 a-year was voted by the Board of Erasmus Smith for Prizes
-in Composition only.
-
-[97] He was so popular in Dublin as to receive the honorary freedom
-of the city.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER V.
-
-DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
-
-      “_Semel arreptos nunquam dimittet honores._”
-                           MOTTO FROM THE EARLIEST GOLD MEDAL.
-
-1792-1892.
-
-
-Roman Catholics were not permitted to take Degrees in the
-University of Dublin up to the year 1793. By an Act of the Irish
-Parliament of that year, followed by a Royal Statute of the College
-in 1794, this disability was removed, but neither Roman Catholics
-nor Protestant Dissenters could at that time, nor for nearly
-eighty years after, be elected to Fellowships or Scholarships on
-the foundation of the College. In 1843 an attempt was made to
-contest the law on this point. Mr. Denis Caulfield Heron, a Roman
-Catholic Sizar, became a candidate for Scholarship in 1843, and
-was examined in conformity with the Statutes. There were sixteen
-vacancies, and his answering would have placed him fifth in order
-of merit, but the electors did not consider him to be eligible
-on account of his religion. Mr. Heron appealed to the Visitors,
-who declined to enter into an inquiry on the subject. He then, in
-Trinity Term 1844, applied to the Court of Queen’s Bench to grant
-a _mandamus_ to force the Visitors to hear his appeal. This, after
-argument, was granted by the Court in June, 1845. In accordance
-with this command, the Visitors held a Court of Appeal in December,
-1845, and they heard the arguments of eminent counsel on both
-sides, aided by their assessor, the Right Hon. Richard Keatinge.
-Their decision was to the effect that, considering the precise and
-pointed language of the Act of 1793, and the whole body of College
-Charters and Statutes, it was the clear intention of the Crown, by
-the Royal Statute of 1794, merely to give to Roman Catholics the
-benefit of a liberal education and the right to obtain Degrees,
-but without allowing them to become members of the Corporation of
-Trinity College, or in any manner changing its Protestant character.
-
-In order that the students who were not members of the then
-Established Church should not be debarred from the advantages
-of Scholarships, the Board in 1854 decided to establish a class
-of “Non-Foundation Scholars,” which should not be restricted to
-any religious denomination. The Scholarships were awarded as the
-results of the same examination by which the Foundation Scholars
-were elected, and were confined to those whose answering at the
-Scholarship Examination was superior to that of the lowest of those
-who were elected to Foundation places. The tenure and the value of
-the Non-Foundation Scholarships was the same as of those on the
-Foundation, and they were awarded for good answering either in
-Mathematics or in Classics.
-
-Matters remained in this state until the year 1873, when the late
-Mr. Fawcett, afterwards Postmaster-General, succeeded in passing
-an Act of Parliament, 36 Vic. c. 21, with the full assent of the
-College authorities, which abolished Tests in the University of
-Dublin, except in the case of Professors and Lecturers in the
-Faculty of Theology, and opened all offices and appointments in the
-College to every person, irrespective of his religious opinions.
-
-At the time of the Union with Great Britain, in 1800, the
-University lost one of its two members, but it continued to
-return one member to the Imperial Parliament, the electors being,
-as before, the Provost, Fellows, and Foundation Scholars. This
-constituency, taking account of minors, fell much short of one
-hundred. By the Reform Act, in 1833, the second member was restored
-to the University of Dublin, but the constituency was enlarged
-so as to include ex-Scholars, Masters of Arts, and Doctors in
-the several faculties, and special Commencements were held in
-the following November, at which a very large number of Masters’
-degrees were conferred; the number of registered electors at once
-rose to 1,570. The constituency now numbers 4,334.
-
-The history of Trinity College during the first half of the
-nineteenth century offers but little to note, apart from the great
-advances which were made in the studies of the University and the
-Professional Schools, and which will be hereafter detailed in their
-proper places. The increase in the funds of the College admitted,
-and the requirements of the College demanded, an augmentation
-in the number of Junior Fellows from fifteen to eighteen. This
-increase was made by a Royal Statute in 1808. It was enacted that
-there should be no election to any of these Fellowships in any
-year in which there was a natural vacancy, and that in the case of
-no such vacancy happening, one of these new Fellowships should be
-filled until the number of three was in this way completed. These
-three additions were made in the years 1808, 1809, and 1811. In
-the years 1802, 1803, 1804, and 1806 there had been no Fellowship
-vacant at the time of the annual elections, and, but for this
-addition, from 1802 to 1811 there would have been seven years
-without a Fellowship Examination.
-
-At this period, although the Statutes of the College forbade the
-marriage of the Fellows, yet it was well known that for a good
-many years many of them more or less openly violated the law of
-the College in this respect. In some cases their wives continued
-to be known by their maiden names; and the public understood this,
-and did not discountenance it. In 1811 a new and very stringent
-Statute was enacted, which required every Fellow on his election
-to swear that he was then unmarried, and that, should he marry at
-any time of his tenure of Fellowship, he would within three months
-inform the Provost. This practically required all future married
-Fellows to resign. An exception, however, was made in favour of
-the existing Fellows, whether married or not in 1811. The Celibacy
-Statute, as it was called, remained in force until 1840, when it
-was repealed, and all restrictions upon marriage removed. This
-repeal was not effected without considerable agitation, which
-commenced in 1836. The value of the benefices in the gift of the
-College had fallen at least twenty-five per cent., in consequence
-of the commutation of tithe payable by the occupier of land into
-a rent charge payable by his landlord. In the greater part of the
-South of Ireland where the anti-tithe war had raged, and where the
-clergy had found it impossible to collect the revenues of their
-benefices, the change was decidedly advantageous. In the North of
-Ireland, however, where the College livings lay, no such resistance
-to the payment of tithes had been experienced, and consequently the
-change was a loss to the clergy. This, added to the poor’s rate,
-which was then introduced, and the ecclesiastical tax upon livings,
-which was at that time first imposed, had so greatly reduced the
-value of the College benefices, that many of them failed to attract
-the Fellows. In addition to this, the income of the Junior Fellows
-had become more equable and more certain, and their labours had
-diminished in consequence of the change which was effected by the
-adoption of a division of tutorial fees and of tutorial lectures
-in 1835; consequently few of the Junior Fellows were disposed to
-change an agreeable literary life in Dublin for a retirement in the
-country, even though they should be thus enabled to marry.
-
-In February, 1836, the Provost and Senior Fellows, two only
-dissenting, agreed to join the Junior Fellows in an application
-to the Lord Lieutenant for a repeal of the obnoxious Statute,
-suggesting, however, that the six most Junior of the Fellows should
-be exempted from the permission to marry. The Earl of Mulgrave,
-then Viceroy, declined to recommend the change. At the end of
-1838 a further memorial was presented to the representative of
-the Crown, praying that the Fellows above the lower nine of the
-body should be allowed to marry. The Provost and Senior Fellows
-concurred in the prayer of the memorial, stipulating, however,
-that the plan should be accompanied by such measures as would
-prevent the College livings from being declined by the whole body
-of Fellows. On the arrival of a new Viceroy (Lord Fortescue) in
-1839, a memorial was presented to him by the College asking for a
-repeal of the Celibacy Statute. To this there was a considerable
-opposition on the part of the great body of the Scholars and
-prospective Fellowship candidates, on the ground that the existing
-Fellows would be settled for life in the College, and the vacancies
-for fresh elections would become very rare, and thus the highest
-mathematical and literary studies in the College would suffer. It
-was known, also, that the Archbishop of Armagh, Lord John George
-Beresford, who was then Vice-Chancellor, and who took a warm
-interest in the welfare of the College, was strongly opposed to
-the repeal of this Statute. In the end the Government was guided
-by the advice of Dr. Dickinson, afterwards Bishop of Meath, and in
-1840 the Celibacy Statute was repealed; ten new Fellowships were
-added, one to be elected each year; the six junior of the Fellows
-were excluded from the emoluments of the tutors, and restricted to
-the statutable emoluments of a Junior Fellow (about £37 a-year,
-with rooms and dinner in the Hall); and the number of Tutor Fellows
-was increased from fifteen to nineteen, the average income of the
-tutors being thus diminished by 21 per cent.
-
-It could scarcely be expected that an institution like Trinity
-College, which at that time had many political enemies, should
-escape a searching inquiry at the hands of a Royal Commission;
-and accordingly, in April, 1851, a full and minute investigation
-was made into the working of the College, the Commissioners being
-Archbishop Whately, Lord Chancellor Brady, the Earl of Rosse,
-the Bishop of Cork, Doctor Mountiford Longfield, and Edward J.
-Cooper, Esq. The Commissioners reported in April, 1853, and in a
-manner highly favourable to the College. They found “that numerous
-improvements of an important character have been from time to
-time introduced by the authorities of the College, and that the
-general state of the College is satisfactory. There is great
-activity and efficiency in the different departments, and the
-spirit of improvement has been especially shown in the changes
-which have been introduced in the course of education, to adapt
-it to the requirements of the age.” They ended in recommending
-some twenty-five changes. But they took care to add that these
-recommendations did not involve any great or fundamental alteration
-in the arrangements of the University, or in the system of
-education pursued in it. “From its present state,” they add, “and
-from what has already been effected by the authorities of the
-College, we do not believe such changes to be required.”
-
-Most of these recommendations have since that time been carried
-out by Royal Statutes, which were obtained at the request of the
-Provost and Senior Fellows, and in the application for which they
-were strengthened by the report of the Commissioners. 1. The
-Statutes underwent a complete revision. 2. Senior Fellows ceased to
-hold Professorships. 3. The Board obtained power to vary, with the
-consent of the Visitors, the subjects prescribed for the Fellowship
-Examinations, and to regulate the mode in which the Examination
-should be conducted, so that any Junior Fellow who holds a
-Professorship may now be summoned to examine in the subject of his
-Professorship. 4. Each vacancy for Fellowship or Scholarship is
-now filled by a separate vote of the electors, and the successful
-candidates are placed in the order of merit. 5. The fees payable
-to the tutors are no longer divided irrespectively of the number
-of pupils of each tutor, but a proportion of the fees paid by each
-student is paid directly to his College tutor, and the remainder
-paid into a common fund, from which certain Professorships are
-endowed, which are tenable by Junior Fellows alone. 6. The general
-obligation to take Holy Orders is no longer imposed on the Fellows,
-the number of Lay Fellows being at first increased from three to
-five. 7. Ex-Fellows are now eligible for the Regius Professorship
-of Divinity. 8. The Professors of Modern Languages are now elected
-as other Professors, and these languages may now be selected by
-students of the Sophister Classes and for the B.A. degree in lieu
-of Greek and Latin. 9. The Board and Visitors have now the power
-of altering the subjects for the Scholarship Examination, and by a
-recent Statute the tenure of the Scholarship has been limited to
-five years. 10. Twenty Senior and twenty Junior Exhibitions of £25
-each tenable for two years have been founded, and they are open to
-students without respect to creed. 11. No distinction is now made
-between Pensioners, Fellow Commoners, and Noblemen as to the course
-of education required for the B.A. degree. 12. The formal exercises
-then required for the different degrees have been discontinued,
-and (except the M.A. degree) all the higher degrees have been made
-real tests of merit. 13. Full power to admit readers to the College
-Library has been conferred upon the Provost and Senior Fellows. 14.
-An auditor of the College is now appointed by the Visitors, and
-an audited balance sheet and account of income and expenditure is
-annually presented to them, and is open to the inspection of all
-members of the Corporation. 15. The Bursar is now paid by salary
-and not by fees, and local land agents have been appointed in cases
-in which the occupying tenants hold directly from the College.
-16. The College officers formerly paid by fees are now paid by
-salaries in proportion to the services performed by them. 17. There
-has been a gradual reduction in the number of Non-Tutor Fellows
-created by the Statute of 1840. These form the great majority of
-the recommendations of the Royal Commissioners.
-
-In addition to these alterations some considerable improvements
-were effected by the Royal Statute of the 18th Victoria. The whole
-of the College Statutes were carefully revised, and the obsolete
-and injurious enactments were repealed. The power of assigning or
-of transferring pupils from one tutor to another, which Provost
-Hutchinson attempted to exercise in an arbitrary manner, was
-removed from the Provost and vested in the Board; and to the Board,
-with the consent of the Visitors, was given the power, which they
-had not before, of founding new Professorships and offices, and
-of assigning salaries to be paid to them from the revenues of the
-College.
-
-Immediately after these powers had been granted by Letters
-Patent, the Board and Visitors acted in conformity with their
-new authority. In 1855 a decree was passed dividing the subjects
-of the Fellowship Examination into four--Mathematics, Classics
-(including Hebrew), Mental and Moral Sciences, and Experimental
-Physics; the time for the examination was greatly extended. Science
-scholarships were founded, and the number of days of examination,
-both for classical and science scholarships, increased; and in the
-same year a similar decree regulated the salary and duties of the
-Regius Professor of Greek, and founded new Professorships of Arabic
-and of English Literature. In 1856 certain salaries of College
-officers were fixed, and the salaries of the Professor of Geology
-and of Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Natural Philosophy (when held
-by a Junior Fellow) were regulated. In 1858 a decree was passed
-which transferred all fees hitherto payable to College officers to
-the general funds of the College, and assigned fixed salaries in
-lieu of them. Two Senior Tutorships, each with a salary of £800,
-were founded; the salary of the Examinerships held by Non-Tutor
-Fellows was raised to £100 per annum; Classical Honour Lectureships
-were instituted, and a Professorship of Sanscrit and Comparative
-Philology. In 1862 two Professorships of Modern Languages were
-established, the salaries of the holders being paid out of the
-funds of the College--the Act of Parliament 18 and 19 Victoria,
-cap. 82, having deprived the College of two annual sums of £92
-6s. 2d. each, which had been granted by the 41 George III., cap.
-32, out of the Consolidated Fund for this purpose. The same Act
-dispossessed the College of its earliest, and only, subvention from
-the State, which was granted by Queen Elizabeth--an annual charge
-of £358 16s. on the revenues of Ireland; the grounds assigned
-for this deprivation being the removal of the stamp duties on
-Degrees,[98] which had been imposed on the College only thirteen
-years before. These duties (which have long since been abolished in
-England) were £1 on matriculation, £3 for the degree of B.A., and
-£6 for any other degree.
-
-The University--consisting of the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor,
-Doctors in the several faculties, and Masters of Arts--having
-been governed for more than two hundred years by certain rules
-or Statutes which had, by lapse of time, become in many respects
-obsolete and unsuited to the present state of the University, and
-doubts having been raised as to whether the Provost and Senior
-Fellows of the College had the power to alter or amend these rules,
-Letters Patent were asked for and granted by the Crown (July 24,
-1857), confirming all former powers, usages, and privileges,
-giving the Board power to make laws concerning the conferring of
-Degrees, provided that such laws should be afterwards confirmed
-by the University Senate, enacting that no “grace” should be
-proposed to that body which had not been first adopted by the
-Board; incorporating the University Senate under the name of the
-Chancellor, Masters, and Doctors of the University of Dublin, and
-giving the Senate power to elect the Chancellor from three names to
-be submitted to them by the Board, who relinquished their old right
-in this respect. Further Letters Patent were obtained in 1858,
-which enabled the Board to commute the fees of certain offices for
-lesser salaries, and to forego fees hitherto payable to them for
-Degrees which were in future to be applied to the benefit of the
-College; and out of the funds so transferred fourteen Studentships
-were founded, at a salary of £100 per annum for each, tenable for
-seven years, to be given every year at the Degree Examination; two
-new offices (Senior Tutorships), to be held by Junior Fellows,
-were created; two of the Non-Tutor Fellowships were merged among
-the Tutor Fellowships, and the remaining four were gradually
-discontinued. The Board was given power to sanction new rules for
-the distribution of the tutorial fees, and a clause was added
-enabling candidates for Fellowships to attend only on the days on
-which the courses in which they compete are examined in, and giving
-other powers to the Board.
-
-In conformity with the powers granted to the Board by the Letters
-Patent of 1857, in December of the following year they remodelled,
-with the approval of the Senate, all the University rules with
-respect to Degrees. Further Letters Patent were obtained in 1865,
-rectifying defects in the existing Statutes, specially with respect
-to the examination for Fellowships, and in 1868 for the creation
-of a Regius Professor of Surgery. In 1870 the Provost and Senior
-Fellows founded a Professor of Latin, under the same regulations
-which prevailed with regard to the Professor of Greek; and at the
-same time they founded forty Exhibitions of £25 each, tenable
-for two years, twenty Senior and twenty Junior, to aid deserving
-students in the prosecution of their undergraduate course. In 1871
-the Professorships of Ancient History and of Zoology were founded,
-and in 1872 a Professorship of Comparative Anatomy.
-
-The Act of Parliament amending the law with regard to promissory
-oaths, and that of 1873 abolishing religious tests in the
-University of Dublin, necessitated further changes in the Royal
-Statutes of the College, and these were effected by Letters Patent
-of 1874, which also founded the Academic Council, and transferred
-to it, from the Provost and Senior Fellows, the nomination to
-Professorships, and gave to it, concurrently with the Board, the
-power to regulate the studies of the College.
-
-This Council consists of sixteen members and the Provost--four
-elected by the Senior Fellows, four by the Junior, four by the
-Professors who are not Fellows, and four by the Senate at large
-(excluding those who are already represented). The representatives
-of each class hold office for four years, are elected at the same
-time, and vacate office in rotation. The electors can give all
-their votes to one candidate, or they may distribute them among
-the candidates as they think fit. The election to Professorships
-in the Divinity School, of Medical Professors founded by Act of
-Parliament, and of Professors of private foundation the appointment
-of which is by the wills of the founders vested in the Provost and
-Senior Fellows, remains with the Board.
-
-In 1851 a very important Act of Parliament was passed, which
-extended the leasing powers of the College in respect to the
-estates belonging to the Corporation. Prior to that year it was
-precluded from giving leases of the lands belonging to the College
-for a longer period than twenty-one years, except in cities, where
-sites for building might be leased for forty years. The rent to
-be reserved should be equal to one-half of the true value of
-the lands, _communibus annis_, at the time of making the lease.
-The Provost and Senior Fellows, however, might grant leases for
-twenty-one years at a rent equal to that which was hitherto payable
-out of the lands, even though it was less than half the value.
-The custom was for the College to renew these leases when a few
-years had expired, on the payment of fines which were in some
-cases considerable, and which were divided among the members of
-the Governing Body of the College. These renewal fines formed the
-principal part of the incomes of the Senior Fellows. By the Act of
-1851 (14 and 15 Victoria, cap. 128) additional powers of leasing
-were granted up to ninety-nine years without fines, reserving a
-minimum rent of three-fourths of the annual value; making, however,
-a reduction in respect to the tenant’s interest in an unexpired
-lease when it was surrendered. Also, powers of granting leases in
-perpetuity were given to the Board on the surrender by the tenants
-of the existing leases. These perpetuity rents were fixed by a
-regulation contained in the Statute, and were variable from time
-to time, at intervals of ten years, according to the changes in
-the prices of certain agricultural commodities. Renewal fines were
-abolished, and the Provost and Senior Fellows were compensated
-for the loss of them by a fixed annual sum of £800 paid to each
-of them out of the revenues of the College. Consequent upon the
-changes which have been indicated above, the Senior Fellows
-relinquished their claims to an annual sum, which, according to the
-Report of the University Commissioners, amounted to about £2,650,
-their official salaries being now fixed at sums according to the
-duties of the office; and, on the whole, the income of each Senior
-Fellow is on the average about £363 less than it was in 1851. The
-difference has been employed in the foundation of Studentships and
-Exhibitions, the annual charge for which is about £2,000.
-
-The most serious danger with which Trinity College has been
-threatened during the present century arose from an attempt which
-the Government of the day made in 1873 to deprive it of its
-University powers, and of a large portion of its endowments. A
-Bill was introduced into the House of Commons by Mr. Gladstone
-for the purpose of establishing one University in Ireland, and an
-essential part of its proposals was that Trinity College should
-cease to be the University of Dublin, and that another Mixed Body
-should take its place. That the power of conferring Degrees and
-regulating Professorships in this University, and of appointing
-and dismissing the Professors, should be vested in a Council of
-twenty-eight members, of which Trinity College should have the
-power of nominating only two. It proposed that there should be a
-number of affiliated Colleges in the country, and that they too
-should be represented on this Council, so that a College able to
-matriculate fifty students should send one representative, and a
-College able to matriculate one hundred and fifty should send two
-members, and that no College, however numerous its students, should
-be represented by a larger number of members. It was, moreover,
-another essential part of this measure, that neither Mental and
-Moral Science nor History should form any part of the Professorial
-instruction or of the University Examinations. In order to assist
-in making up an endowment of £50,000 per annum for the purposes
-of this University, it was proposed to suppress Queen’s College,
-Galway, and allocate the £10,000 a-year of its endowment; to put a
-charge of £12,000 annually on the estates of Trinity College; and
-to transfer, moreover, the Degree fees, which are now paid into the
-general funds of this College, to the Governing Body of the new
-University. The buildings, the library, and the remainder of the
-endowments were to belong to the College, which in other respects
-should remain, as at present, as a teaching institution.
-
-It is needless to say that this Bill, if carried into a law, would
-have ruined Trinity College. A large number of its students would
-have been withdrawn, for they could have the prestige of the
-Degree of the University of Dublin without being members of the
-College, and the fees which they at present pay to the support of
-the College and its teachers would have been no longer available.
-It is not too much to assert that the College would have lost 33
-per cent. of its available revenue, and that it would have been
-impossible to maintain it on the income which remained.
-
-Fortunately for the College, the Roman Catholic Bishops opposed the
-plan of the Government, which did not include the endowment of a
-Roman Catholic College, and which did not meet their demand for a
-Roman Catholic University. After a debate lasting for four nights,
-the Government proposal was rejected on the 11th of March, 1873, by
-a majority of three.
-
-There were two important occasions upon which entertainments on
-a scale of considerable grandeur were given during the present
-century in the Hall of Trinity College. The first was in 1821, on
-the occasion of the visit of George the Fourth to Ireland, when the
-King honoured the College with his presence at a great banquet. His
-Majesty was received in the Library, where addresses were presented
-to him, and after receiving them most graciously he was conducted
-through a passage made for the occasion into the Examination Hall,
-where were collected at dinner a considerable number of the Irish
-nobility, the Bishops of the Irish Church, the Judges, and many
-of the most influential persons in the country, along with the
-distinguished suite which attended the King.
-
-His Majesty afterwards expressed himself as much gratified by the
-reception which he met with in the College. On this occasion the
-scholars were entertained at the same time in the Dining Hall,
-under the presidency of Dr. Sadlier, then a Junior Fellow, and
-afterwards Provost. It was in connection with this visit of the
-King that the University of Dublin asserted and secured its right
-of precedency after the Corporation of the City.
-
-The second occasion was in August, 1835, when the British
-Association made its first visit to Dublin; Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd,
-then Provost, was the President of the Association, and some of
-the leading scientific men of England and of the Continent were
-present. A considerable number of these were accommodated during
-the meeting with chambers in the College, and had their breakfasts
-and dinners in the Hall. A great banquet was, moreover, given to
-the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (the Earl of Mulgrave), and to about
-300 members of the Association, in the Examination Hall. The guests
-assembled before dinner in the College Library, and His Excellency
-took the opportunity of conferring the honour of Knighthood upon
-the Professor of Astronomy, William Rowan Hamilton. This was
-the first instance in which an Irish Viceroy had so honoured an
-individual for eminent scientific merit. At the dinner which
-followed, Professor Whewell of Cambridge remarked in his speech
-that it was then just one hundred and thirty-six years since a
-great man in another University knelt down before his Sovereign
-and rose up Sir Isaac Newton. Among the foreign visitors were De
-Toqueville, Montalembert, Barclay de Tolly, L. Agassiz, and many
-others.
-
-The general history of Trinity College during the nineteenth
-century would be incomplete if some reference were not made to a
-matter which elicited considerable public feeling at the time,
-but which is now almost forgotten. On the 12th of March, 1858,
-the Earl of Eglinton, who had been very popular as Viceroy of
-Ireland on a previous occasion, returned as Lord Lieutenant on
-a change of Ministry. It was quite a holiday in Dublin. Several
-hundreds of the students had assembled within the enclosed space
-in front of the College (which was at that time larger than it
-is now), and had crowded out into the street, for the purpose of
-witnessing the procession in its progress up College Green and
-Dame Street to the Castle. For some time previous to the approach
-of the Lord Lieutenant, they amused themselves by letting off
-squibs and crackers, and by throwing orange peel and other similar
-missiles at the crowd outside, as well as at the police. The
-Junior Dean, apprehending some ill results if the disposition
-and temper of the students were misunderstood by the people and
-by the police, went out amongst them, and begged that they would
-not resent these demonstrations on the part of the students. No
-political display was intended by them, and consequently if good
-humour were preserved on both sides all would pass off quietly.
-Colonel Browne, who was in command of the police, on two or three
-occasions went inside the railings to reason with the students;
-his reception on each occasion was courteous, and he was cheered
-by the College men. From the period when the Viceregal procession
-came in sight, there was a suspension of the bombardment from
-within the College rails. As the Lord Lieutenant passed by, there
-was very little political manifestation by the students. After
-the procession had passed, those within the railings commenced
-again to throw crackers, squibs, and oranges, and the confusion
-increased. Colonel Browne rode up, and in vain endeavoured to be
-heard. He was struck in the face by an orange, amidst a shout of
-laughter from the students and from the crowds in the street.
-At this time he seemed to lose his temper, and went to Colonel
-Griffiths commanding the Scots Greys, who were posted near the Bank
-of Ireland, and asked him to charge. Colonel Griffiths laughed,
-and asked whom he was to charge--was it a parcel of schoolboys?
-Colonel Browne then brought a party of the mounted police in front
-of the soldiers, and drew up immediately in their rear a body of
-the foot police, with their batons in their hands. At this juncture
-the Junior Dean, foreseeing that something serious was likely to
-ensue if the students did not at once disperse, called on such
-of them as were outside the College railings to come within the
-College gate, and he succeeded in getting a considerable number
-of them inside the College, and had the gates closed. Many of the
-students, however, were unable to get inside--some were with the
-Junior Dean inside the railings and some in the street. Immediately
-after this Colonel Browne ordered the mounted police to Charge.
-The outer gates of the enclosure were forced open; the police,
-mounted as well as on foot, at once rushed on the students within
-the railings (the statues of Burke and Goldsmith had not at that
-time been erected); they cut at them with their sabres, rode over
-them, and the unmounted men used their batons in every direction
-and indiscriminately as regarded the persons with whom they came
-in contact. The students had no means of defending themselves, the
-Junior Dean having early in the proceedings induced them to give up
-to him the sticks which they carried. Several of them were struck
-down, and deliberately batoned again and again while on the ground
-by the foot police in a most inhuman manner. The Junior Dean then
-went outside the railings, and, addressing Colonel Browne, said
-that he would engage to withdraw the students if the Colonel would
-withdraw the police. This was assented to, but the foot police
-for a considerable time waited within the enclosure. So great was
-the violence of the assault of the mounted men that, in following
-the students who rushed into the College through the open wicket
-gate, they used their swords with such vigour against the wooden
-gate that it showed several marks of their sabres, large pieces
-being cut off in some places. Among the students whose lives were
-endangered by the onslaught of the police were Mr. Leeson, Mr. J.
-W. Gregg, Mr. Pollock, Mr. Fuller, Mr. Leathem, Mr. Brownrigg, Mr.
-Kennedy, Mr. Lyndsay, and Mr. Chadwick. Some of them suffered very
-severe injuries. Mr. Clarke was wounded in the back with a sabre
-cut while he was stretched on the ground from the blow of a baton.
-The College authorities prosecuted Colonel Browne and some of the
-police criminally for an assault on the students, but they were
-acquitted by a jury at the ensuing Commission. It is pleasing to
-add that since that time the best relations have existed between
-the students and the Metropolitan police; indeed, the feelings of
-the latter body were supposed at the time to have been excited by
-some strong observations which were made in the columns of a Dublin
-newspaper which appeared on the morning of the occurrence.
-
-
-THE DIVINITY SCHOOL OF TRINITY COLLEGE.--The institution of a
-special school designed for the instruction of the future clergy
-of the Church of Ireland did not take effect until the close
-of the eighteenth century. The students of Trinity College,
-under instruction, were at the beginning of this century either
-undergraduates or Bachelors of Arts. The undergraduates were
-lectured in classics and mathematics by public lecturers appointed
-by the College, and their religious training was specially
-entrusted to the Catechist. After they took the B.A. degree they
-still continued under instruction by the several Professors of the
-mathematical and physical sciences, of Greek, and of the several
-faculties, while their religious instruction was under the special
-care of the Regius Professor of Divinity, and of a Lecturer of
-early but uncertain foundation, which latter post was afterwards
-endowed with the interest of £1,000 by Archbishop King. Junior
-Bachelors attended the prelections of this Lecturer, and Middle
-and Senior Bachelors the prelections of the Regius Professor; and
-this attendance was compulsory upon all graduates in residence.
-Many ex-Scholars of Trinity College remember well that until recent
-times all Scholars who were graduates were obliged to attend, at
-their choice, certain courses of lectures with the Professors of
-Greek or Oratory or Mathematics or Law, but all were, without
-distinction, under pain of losing their salaries, obliged to attend
-lectures with either the Regius Professor of Divinity or Archbishop
-King’s Lecturer. In the year 1790, at a meeting of the Irish
-Bishops, it was determined that they would in future not ordain
-any candidate who had not the B.A. degree and a certificate of
-having attended lectures in Divinity for one academic year (at that
-time consisting of four terms), and they forwarded to the Board a
-list of books in which the Bishops had decided that candidates for
-Holy Orders should be examined prior to ordination. The Board, in
-reply, informed the Bishops that they would direct the assistant to
-Archbishop King’s Lecturer to prepare the students in these books.
-From 1790 to 1833 Divinity students attended the lectures of the
-assistants to Archbishop King’s Lecturer (the Regius Professor had
-not at that time any assistants) on two days in the week, Tuesdays
-and Thursdays, from eight to nine in the morning. They were put
-through Burnet on the Thirty-nine Articles, and if any student
-attended three-fourths[99] of the lectures in each of the four
-terms of the Junior Bachelor year he received a certificate, which
-was inserted in the testimonium of his degree, and on this he was
-entitled to present himself for the Ordination Examination. The
-Rev. Richard Brooke, in his _Recollections of the Irish Church_,
-gives a very vivid account of his experience as a Divinity student
-in 1827. The books he then read--they could not have been all
-lectured on (and there is no record of any compulsory Divinity
-examination)--were Burnet, Pearson, Mosheim, Paley’s Evidences,
-Magee on the Atonement, Wheatley on the Common Prayer, Tomline on
-the Articles, Butler’s Analogy, and the Bible and Greek Testament,
-with Patrick Lowth and Whitby’s Commentary. It is believed, from
-the testimony of clergymen who were students at that period, that
-the lectures were confined very much to Burnet and Butler.
-
-At that time, Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity was an annual
-office poorly endowed, and, like the Professorships of Greek, of
-Mathematics, and of Civil Law, held always by a Senior Fellow. Such
-was the condition of things up to 1833. The Divinity Professors
-were mainly engaged in prelecting to graduate Scholars, and to such
-graduates as desired to attend their lectures. In that year the
-Divinity School was arranged upon its present basis. Dr. Elrington
-was, in 1833, Regius Professor of Divinity; and the annual
-office of Archbishop King’s Lecturer was separated from a Senior
-Fellowship, was endowed with £700 a-year from the funds of the
-College, and was given to Dr. O’Brien, afterwards Bishop of Ossory,
-but at that time a Junior Fellow, as a permanent Professorship.
-The course was extended to one of two years’ length, compulsory
-examinations were instituted, assistants to the Regius Professor
-were then first appointed, and he and they had the care of the
-Senior class, consisting only of those who had passed the B.A.
-examination. Archbishop King’s Lecturer and his assistants had the
-instruction of the Junior class of Divinity students entrusted to
-them. These were for the most part Senior Sophisters.
-
-The Divinity course now comprises two years’ study of Divinity,
-each consisting of three academic terms. Students generally begin
-to attend lectures at the beginning of their third year in Arts.
-In the Junior year they are lectured by Archbishop King’s Lecturer
-on the Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, and in the
-Socinian Controversy; and by his assistants in the Greek of the
-Gospels and of the Epistle to the Romans, and in Pearson on the
-Creed. There are three days set apart for composition of sermons
-and essays each term, when the students are brought into the Hall,
-and are given either a text of Scripture, or a subject connected
-with the Professor’s lectures for that term, to write upon; two
-such compositions at least, in each term, are obligatory. During
-the Christmas and Easter recesses the students are obliged to study
-one of the Epistles in Greek, and a portion of Ecclesiastical
-History, in which they are examined on the first lecture-day of
-the following term. Having completed three terms’ lectures, they
-pass an examination in certain text-books connected with the
-studies of the Junior year, and in the English New Testament; in
-specified portions of the Greek Testament, and in the Professor’s
-prelections. Having passed this examination, they are permitted to
-attend the lectures of the Regius Professor of Divinity and his
-assistants for the next three terms. The lectures of the Regius
-Professor are upon the Book of Common Prayer, the Canon of Holy
-Scripture, and the Roman Catholic Controversy; and his assistants
-lecture upon Bishops Burnet and Browne on the Thirty-nine Articles,
-and upon the Greek of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians and
-the Epistle to the Hebrews. The rules with regard to study in the
-intervals between the terms and composition are nearly the same as
-those of the Junior year; and when the student has completed his
-sixth term of study, he presents himself at the examination for the
-Divinity Testimonium, after he has, in nearly every case, taken
-his B.A. degree. Lectures in Ecclesiastical History, in Hebrew, in
-Pastoral Theology, and in Biblical Greek are provided, but they
-are not compulsory. The number of Divinity Testimoniums granted
-for each of the last five years averaged 35, and for each of the
-previous five years the average was 32.[100]
-
-The subjects of the Divinity lectures for the Junior year were
-arranged in reference to the controversies which were most
-prevalent in the Irish Church in the year 1833, and also in
-reference to the special theological aptitudes of Dr. O’Brien. He
-was peculiarly fitted to treat of the evidences of natural and
-revealed religion, and to reply to the objections to both which
-were then current. Those who remember his prelections can bear
-testimony to the wonderful ability and skill with which he dealt
-with the infidel controversy of his time, and the light which he
-threw upon the well-known arguments of Bishop Butler. The Socinian
-controversy at that period occupied the serious attention of the
-Irish clergy, and it was necessary that all the young ministers
-of the Church should be prepared to deal with the arguments of the
-Unitarian when they entered upon their duties as curates.
-
-Prior to 1814 the Regius Professor of Divinity held no public
-examination in the subjects of his course. In 1813 Dean Graves,
-who at that time held the office, submitted to the Board a plan
-for the improvement of Divinity lectures, and a new Royal Statute
-was obtained regulating the duties of the Professor. He was bound
-to deliver prelections during term, but they were practically
-confined to the first week in Michaelmas term, the first and
-second weeks in Hilary term, and the first week in Easter term.
-He was also bound to hold an examination once a-year, open to
-Bachelors of Arts. The subjects of this examination were fixed
-by Statute. On the first morning it was the Old Testament, the
-first afternoon the New; on the second morning in Ecclesiastical
-History, and the second afternoon in the Articles and Liturgy of
-the Church of England. In 1814 the Board instituted prizes at this
-examination, which was otherwise voluntary. On the first occasion
-thirty graduates entered their names for the examination, but only
-five attended, and it ended in only three or four highly prepared
-Divinity students presenting themselves each year for a searching
-examination in an extended course. In 1859 these Divinity prizes
-were enlarged into Theological Exhibitions, two of which, of £60
-and £40 a-year, tenable for three years, are now awarded as the
-result of this examination, greatly enlarged and extended by
-the addition of selections from the writings of the Fathers and
-specified portions of the Hebrew text of the Old Testament. Prizes
-also at the end of the first Divinity year, called after the name
-of Archbishop King, were founded in 1836. Both these stimulants to
-theological study, aided by annual prizes at examinations held by
-the Professors of Biblical Greek and of Ecclesiastical History,
-have very widely extended the reading of the best class of Divinity
-students. Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Divinity are now
-required to pass an examination in the whole of the extended range
-of theological subjects required of candidates for the Exhibitions;
-but as those who seek Divinity degrees are generally clergymen who
-are engaged in the duties of their calling, they are allowed to
-divide the examination into parts and to pass it in detail instead
-of on one occasion. Few of the modern arrangements have been so
-successful as this. By directing and encouraging a wide course
-of theological reading among the younger clergy, it has produced
-an excellent effect, and the popularity of the arrangement is
-manifested by the large increase in the number of candidates for
-the B.D. degree by examination.
-
-It would give an incomplete account of the preparation of
-candidates for Holy Orders in Trinity College, Dublin, if we were
-to omit the mention of the important training which the College
-Theological Society affords to the students. Once in each week
-during term the members meet under the presidency of either the
-Regius Professor or of Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity;
-essays on theological subjects, or on one of the important
-religious questions of the day, are read by the students in turn; a
-debate upon the essay follows, which is watched over and moderated
-by the President, who, at the conclusion, makes such observations
-as he thinks fit. The students are in this manner practised in
-thoughtful and carefully prepared composition, and in extempore
-speaking; and the great benefits derived by Divinity students from
-this voluntary society are universally admitted--advantages which
-have been mainly due to the unremitting care of the late Bishop
-Butcher, formerly Regius Professor, and his successors in that
-chair.
-
-
-THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.--The marked and rapid growth of the Medical
-School of the University of Dublin has been one of the most notable
-events in its history during the nineteenth century. Although it
-was in existence in Trinity College since 1711, it was only in
-1786 that it was placed on its present footing by an Act of the
-Irish Parliament, which united the College of Physicians with
-Trinity College in the joint management of the instruction given
-in this school. Five of the teachers are appointed by the Provost
-and Senior Fellows, and four (designated King’s Professors) by the
-College of Physicians, the Trustees of Sir Patrick Dun’s estates.
-This Statute further required that all who shall be in attendance
-on medical lectures, whether students of Trinity College or extern
-students in Medicine, shall be matriculated by the Senior Lecturer.
-
-For the first fifteen years these matriculations averaged only 4·7
-each year. The numbers gradually increased, until in the years
-1809-1813, inclusive, the average reached 41·4 each year; from 1814
-to 1824 they rose to an average of 66·5. In the next quinquennial
-period they increased to the large number of 90·8 annually. In
-the years from 1831 to 1835 the average fell to 63, and in the
-following two years the number barely exceeded 28 each year. The
-great increase of medical students in the period between 1814 and
-1835 is to be attributed mainly to the eminence of the University
-Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery--James Macartney[101]--a
-man of the greatest powers both as an anatomist, a biologist,
-and surgical teacher. On his ceasing to hold the Professorship,
-the number of students in the Medical School fell to what it had
-been before his appointment; and having continued at a low level
-for thirty years, it suddenly rose to an average of nearly 80
-entrances in 1864, in which year Doctor Edward H. Bennett, the
-present Professor of Surgery, was appointed to the office of
-University Anatomist--an office which had, after being in abeyance
-for a century, been revived in 1861. From this time the numbers
-have gradually risen until they amounted to more than they were
-in the most flourishing period of Doctor Macartney’s teaching.
-Doctor Macartney held the Chair of Anatomy for twenty-four years,
-until July, 1837, when he resigned the office, very much because
-he was unwilling to submit to the rules laid down by the governing
-body of the College. In the year 1834 a complaint was made to the
-Provost and Senior Fellows, by the other Professors of the Medical
-School, that he had fixed his lectures at an hour, from 3 to 4
-p.m., which interfered with those of the other Professors of that
-school. In December, 1835, the Board informed him that they would
-permit him to continue his lectures during that session at the
-hour which he had announced, but that this privilege would not be
-further continued. In November, 1836, Dr. Macartney persisted in
-lecturing at 3 o’clock. He was ordered by the Board to lecture at
-another hour, and this order was conveyed also to the College of
-Physicians. Dr. Macartney persisted; and the Board took the advice
-of counsel as to their powers, and, as a result, they ordered the
-Anatomy House to be closed from 3 to 4 o’clock. In the end the
-Professor yielded. But another cause of dispute soon rose. In
-April, 1836, the Board received a letter from the Registrar of the
-School of Physic, which stated that Doctor Macartney wished to
-have his lectures advertised as being two in Anatomy and two in
-Surgery each week. This was held by the Board to be insufficient,
-inasmuch as the University of Edinburgh required five lectures
-in each of these subjects every week, and would require from the
-Dublin Professors certificates to that effect. Notwithstanding the
-remonstrance of the Provost and Senior Fellows, Doctor Macartney
-persisted in his advertisement. Doctor Sandes, one of the Senior
-Fellows, undertook at their request to write to the Professor
-in the hope that he would be able to induce him to change his
-decision, but his attempt was not followed by success. A case was
-laid before Mr. Pennefather, K.C., and as a result of his opinion,
-on November 26, 1836, Doctor Macartney was required to deliver five
-lectures in each week at one o’clock during the session. On July
-13, 1837, he resigned the Professorship--four years before his
-tenure of office would otherwise have expired.
-
-In consequence of his quarrel with the authorities of Trinity
-College, all Doctor Macartney’s valuable collection of preparations
-became the property of the University of Cambridge. That learned
-body agreed with Macartney that he should transfer his collections
-to them in consideration of an annuity of £100 for a period not
-exceeding ten years. In making arrangements with Doctor Harrison,
-his successor, the Board took care to renew the understanding
-which they had made in 1802 with Dr. Hartigan, but which they had,
-through an oversight, omitted to establish on Doctor Macartney’s
-election--that all such preparations should become the property of
-the College.
-
-It should be added, in justice to Dr. Harrison, who succeeded
-Macartney, and who was an excellent human anatomist and a most
-painstaking and attractive lecturer, that the great falling off
-of medical students in his time must be attributed to many causes
-beyond his control: first, the refusal of the Irish College of
-Surgeons to receive certificates of his lectures, very much
-through professional jealousy; secondly, the opening of large
-medical schools in the central parts of England, which drew away
-all the Welsh students who had before that time come to Dublin in
-considerable numbers, and the opening of the Ledwich School of
-Medicine in Dublin; and thirdly, to the institution of the Queen’s
-Colleges in Belfast, Cork, and Galway, which retained in those
-towns the students in Medicine who had previously been in the habit
-of coming to Dublin for lectures.
-
-The old Anatomy House, situated between the College Park and the
-Fellows’ Garden, was a small and inconvenient building. It became
-altogether unsuited to the numbers attending Doctor Macartney’s
-classes. In 1815 space was made for them by the removal of the wax
-models from the room in which they had been placed to that over it,
-and a small building was erected in the Fellows’ Garden adjacent
-to the old house. This was but a temporary expedient, for we find
-that in 1820 the floor of the lecture-room was reported to be in
-a dangerous condition, and the Board directed that, in future,
-lectures in Anatomy and Chemistry should be delivered in the
-public lecture-room in No. 22 of the Library Square. A committee
-was appointed to arrange for a new site for the Medical School.
-That which was at first fixed upon was at the east side of the
-Fellows’ Garden, between the old Anatomy House and Nassau Street;
-but on further consideration it was changed to the ground, hitherto
-the Bowling Green, at the remote extremity of the College Park.
-On April 1, 1823, estimates were laid before the Board for the
-building of an anatomical and chemical theatre on the above site.
-The estimates ranged between £3,980 and £5,350, and a contract was
-made for the work. Macartney seems to have taken a great interest
-in the selecting of the site. Thus we find him writing to the
-Registrar, Dr. Phipps, from Newry, in May, 1822:--
-
-  “As our interest, and that of our successors, and the future
-  prosperity of the Medical School, will be affected by the
-  situation and mode of erecting of the building intended for the
-  Anatomical and Chemical instruction, we beg leave to lay our
-  opinions before the Board on this subject. (1.) With respect to
-  situation, we consider any part of that side of the Park next
-  Nassau Street as being eligible, but if we were to select a
-  particular place on this line it would be opposite to Kildare
-  Street, showing the front towards the street. The Bowling Green
-  we think a disadvantageous situation, as being damp, and the
-  entrance being through a private yard, which has been proposed
-  by the architect, we think would be highly injurious to the
-  respectability of the School. The distance of the Bowling Green
-  would be very inconvenient to students in Arts, of whom our
-  classes are chiefly composed. The above objection equally applies
-  to the side of the Park next Brunswick Street. (2.) We are of
-  opinion that, to make the buildings distinct, however contiguous
-  in situation to each other, would much facilitate and simplify
-  the plans, and expedite their erection, and would add greatly
-  to the respectability of both establishments; as the shape
-  and disposition of the apartments in the two houses might be
-  different, we are satisfied that less expense would be incurred
-  by adopting a separate plan for each house.”
-
-And while the building was being erected he wrote about the light,
-sending the following characteristic letter to the Board (29th
-March, 1823):--
-
-  “The light we want in the lecture-room may still be had without
-  displacing a single timber of the roof as it at present stands,
-  but after the copper is put on, any change will be attended with
-  delay and expense, and I am satisfied that the Board (if not now)
-  will hereafter be disposed to yield to the just complaints of
-  the pupils with respect to the want of light. I think it will be
-  generally acknowledged that, after the experience of teaching in
-  different lecture-rooms for twenty-five years, my opinion ought
-  to have more weight than that of any architect. I wish to add
-  that I have no direct interest in the matter; whether there be
-  good or bad light would not increase or diminish my class, as is
-  fully proved by the number of pupils who attend in my present
-  room, where one half of the objects used at lecture cannot be
-  seen for the want of light, and where, from want of space, some
-  are obliged to stand in the lobby; but I should think myself
-  deficient in public duty if I did not persist in stating to the
-  Board the inconvenience and injury that will be sustained by the
-  pupils, of what they have now for several years anticipated the
-  removal, by the erection of a suitable building for carrying on
-  the business of the School.”
-
-These Medical School buildings were in use from 1825 for more
-than fifty years. When of late years the number of medical
-students increased so largely, and it was found that this latter
-building was altogether unsuited for the modern requirements of
-the school, the present chemical laboratory and dissecting-room
-were erected, and a histological laboratory and physiological
-lecture-room were added. In 1884 a bone-room, a preparation room,
-and private laboratories were built. In the same year the new
-chemical theatre was opened, and in the following year the new
-anatomical theatre was completed, which is fitted for a class of
-230 students. Since that time the entire of the new great Medical
-Schools have been finished, which, in addition to Professors’ rooms
-and lecture-rooms, contain a fine chamber specially fitted up for
-the great pathological collection originally purchased from the
-late Doctor Robert Smith, whose lectures as Professor of Surgery
-had a large share in the great recent success of the school. This
-collection has been largely added to by the indefatigable labours
-of his successor, Doctor Edward H. Bennett. The anatomy and
-chemistry lecture-rooms of 1824 were completely removed, in order
-to make a space for part of the present range of buildings, which
-have been completed at a cost of over £20,000.
-
-In a lecture delivered in 1837, the Professor of the Practice of
-Physic (Doctor Lendrick) attributed to Provost Bartholomew Lloyd
-the improvements which were even at that time beginning to be
-effected in the medical education of the members of the College.
-“The candidate for a medical degree,” he said, “no longer finishes
-his medical education in a single year, nor is he compelled to
-complete a septennial period of (perhaps) idleness before being
-permitted to practise his profession.” In the years 1832-42,
-inclusive, the average number of degrees of Bachelor of Medicine
-annually conferred by the University was 18. In the next decade
-this number fell to 11·7. After the great improvements in the
-medical education and the appointment of more attractive lecturers,
-this number rapidly increased. In the decade 1872-1881 the average
-was 39, in the following ten years the annual average was 43·6,
-being nearly four times that of forty years before the present time.
-
-During the first half of the present century the University
-conferred degrees in Medicine only. The Irish College of Surgeons,
-towards the end of that period, refused to recognise the lectures
-delivered in the Medical School of Trinity College as a part of the
-professional education required for a surgical diploma, although
-two of the Trinity College Professors had previously occupied a
-similar position in the College of Surgeons’ School. The University
-of Dublin was consequently, in 1851, obliged to institute for their
-medical graduates a diploma or license in Surgery. This they did,
-following the best legal advice, under the clause in their charter
-which gave them authority to grant degrees “_in omnibus artibus et
-facultatibus_.” This was followed by the institution, in 1858, of
-the degree of Master of Surgery. This degree was, by the Act 21
-and 22 Victoria, chap. 90, recognised as a qualification for the
-holder to be placed in the Medical Register--a privilege which was
-afterwards, by the Act 23 Victoria, chap. 7, extended to diplomas
-or licenses in Surgery. In 1872 the degree of Bachelor of Surgery
-was instituted, and placed on the basis of Bachelor of Medicine.
-To be admitted to either of these degrees the candidate must have
-previously graduated in Arts, and must have spent four years in
-the study of Medicine and Surgery. Degrees are now given also in
-Obstetric Art. The University of Dublin was the first in modern
-times to institute degrees in Surgery, and its example has been
-since followed by Cambridge and other English, Irish, and Scotch
-Universities.
-
-The change of opinion in the Universities with respect to the
-status of the profession of Surgery is well illustrated by a
-correspondence, which has been preserved in the College Register,
-between the University of Cambridge and the authorities of Trinity
-College, Dublin. On June 30, 1804, a letter was received from
-the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, in which it was stated that
-that University had declined to consider any student who had,
-subsequently to his admission, practised any trade or profession
-whatsoever as qualified for a degree, and consequently had refused
-this to Frederick Thackeray, who, since the time of his admission
-as an undergraduate, had been constantly engaged in the practice
-of surgery. The Provost and Senior Fellows, in reply, informed
-the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge that, after consideration of his
-letter, they had agreed to adopt the same regulation.
-
-In the early part of this century, before Sir Patrick Dun’s
-Hospital was erected, great difficulty was experienced in the
-clinical instruction of the medical students. In 1800 the Governors
-of Stevens’ Hospital permitted Dr. Crampton to give reports of
-medical cases under his care in the Hospital for the winter six
-months to matriculated medical students, and to none others.
-Attendance on these lectures was required for medical degrees.
-In 1804 clinical lectures by Dr. Whitley Stokes at the Meath
-Hospital were considered to be adequate for this purpose. In
-1806, attendance for six months with Doctor Crampton at Stevens’
-Hospital was sanctioned by the College of Physicians as adequate
-for a medical degree. On the completion in 1808 of the west wing
-of Dun’s Hospital, which had been commenced in 1803, the clinical
-instruction connected with the School of Physic was given in the
-wards and lecture-rooms of the Hospital; and in 1835 candidates
-for medical degrees were required to present a certificate of one
-year’s attendance at this institution. Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital
-was originally intended for medical cases only, but in 1864 the
-College of Physicians, which had hitherto occupied the central
-position of the building as a library and Convocation Hall,
-transferred this part of the building to the Governors of the
-Hospital, and it was enlarged and changed into a medico-chirurgical
-institution for the complete instruction of the students both in
-Medicine and Surgery. Attendance at this hospital is no longer
-compulsory on the candidates for degrees; nine other Dublin
-hospitals are joined with it, and the student may, if he wishes,
-receive his clinical teaching in any of these.
-
-In the early part of the century, Trinity College for a short
-time granted diplomas in Medicine to matriculated students who
-were not students in Arts, but who attended the same lectures and
-passed the same examinations as were required of Bachelors of
-Medicine. This system prevailed up to 1823, when the Board received
-a letter from the College of Physicians in London, in which it
-was stated that that College did not consider such a diploma as
-sufficient to warrant them to grant an examination for a license
-to practise physic in England. The issue of these diplomas was
-then discontinued. For a short period the degree of Bachelor of
-Medicine was granted to students who had completed two years’
-study in Arts, but this was found to be so unsatisfactory, that the
-University decided that no one should be admitted to a degree in
-Medicine or in Surgery who had not previously graduated as Bachelor
-of Arts.
-
-As to the method of conducting examinations for degrees in
-Medicine, we gather some curious information from a letter which
-the College of Physicians sent to the Provost and Senior Fellows
-in October, 1814, in which they informed the Board that they had
-ordered the King’s Professor not to be present at any examination
-for medical degrees in the University in which any question may be
-put, or answer received, in the English language. The Registrar
-was directed to write to the Regius Professor of Physic (Dr. Hill)
-to inquire whether these examinations were conducted in Latin. In
-reply, Dr. Hill assured the Board that he would not, under any
-circumstances, examine in English. It may be conjectured that the
-newly-elected Professor of Anatomy (Mr. Macartney), who was not a
-University man, broke through the old rule as to the language in
-which he examined.
-
-The great growth of medical and surgical studies in the University
-may be gathered from the number of the degrees of Bachelor of
-Medicine which have been conferred at different periods of the
-present century. In nearly all cases, students of the University
-who now graduate in Medicine take also degrees in Surgery and
-the Obstetric Art. The number of Medical Matriculations for
-the last three years has been as follows:--1889--Students in
-Arts, 55, Externs, 28; 1890--Students in Arts, 61, Externs,
-26; 1891--Students in Arts, 100, Externs, 28. During the five
-years previous to 1889 these numbers averaged--Students in
-Arts, 62; Externs, 34; total of each year, 96. The religious
-professions of the medical students who were matriculated in
-1891 were as follows:--Church of Ireland, 85; Church of England,
-10; Presbyterian, 12; Roman Catholics, 12; Methodists, 6; other
-denominations, 3;--total, 128.
-
-
-ARTS COURSE. 1792-1892.--At the beginning of this period, and for
-some years after, there were four academic Terms each year, during
-which the students, both undergraduates and graduates, attended
-lectures. In each Term two days were set apart, according to
-the directions of the Statutes, for the general examinations of
-all the undergraduate classes. It was found that the increasing
-number of students could not be properly examined in this limited
-time. Application was made to the Crown for a Royal letter giving
-power to the Provost and Senior Fellows to increase the number of
-days for this purpose in each Term, and a Statute to that effect
-was enacted in 1792. In the following year a new and greatly
-improved list of the subjects for each examination in all the
-parts of the Undergraduate Course was adopted.[102] At the same
-time, a scheme was devised for stimulating the study of the Greek
-and Latin Classics, and for extending the cultivation of Latin
-Composition, both in prose and verse, by special prizes at these
-examinations.[103] The subjects for the examination for admission
-to the College were also carefully re-modelled and set out for the
-use of schools; and in 1794 a well-devised system of examinations
-and of prizes for proficiency in Hebrew was instituted. Yet at
-this period there were no special lectures for advanced students,
-either in Mathematics or in Classics. The dull and the clever
-student were taught together, both at the public lectures and by
-the College Tutor; and at the Term Examinations all the students
-in each division were taken together, the Examiner having at the
-same time, in a very limited number of hours, to satisfy himself of
-the progress which each undergraduate had made in his studies, to
-distinguish between the idle and the diligent, between the badly
-and the well-prepared, and at the same time to pick out and reward
-the best answerer in each division of about forty students.
-
-The first earnest attempt to provide Classical instruction of
-a higher order for the better class of students was devised by
-Provost Kearney in 1800. Special Classical Lectures were arranged
-to be given by the ablest scholars among the Fellows twice a-week,
-at 7 a.m. The first special Lecturers appointed for this purpose
-were--Dr. Miller in Greek, and Mr. Walker in Latin. These lectures
-appear to have been instituted for the purpose of advancing
-the classical studies of such graduates as intended to devote
-themselves to the instruction of boys in schools; for it was
-arranged, at the same time, that every graduate, who should appear
-to the Provost and Senior Fellows to merit such encouragement, was
-to be entitled to a certificate under the College Seal testifying
-that he was “qualified to instruct youth in the grammatical
-principles, the classical idioms, and the prosody of the Greek
-and Latin languages.” The salary of each of these Lecturers was
-fixed at £40 annually. In 1804, Dr. Miller was succeeded by Mr.
-Kyle as Lecturer in Greek, and Mr. Walker by Mr. Nash as Lecturer
-in Latin. In 1801 the Professor of Oratory was authorised to give
-prizes for excellent answering at the lectures delivered by him and
-his assistants; and, in order to stimulate the study of the Hebrew
-language at school, prizes for good answering in that subject, at
-the monthly entrance examinations, were instituted; and in order
-to encourage further the study of composition, both in Greek,
-Latin, and English Prose and Verse, in 1805 the Vice-Chancellor
-assigned that portion of the fees for Degrees which was then
-payable to him, to form a fund for prizes, to be given at the time
-of the Commencements, for the best compositions in each branch.
-In 1808 Catechetical Lectures and Examinations in Holy Scripture
-for the two Freshmen classes on the basis of the ordinary Term
-Examinations were first instituted, and, at the same time, regular
-weekly instruction by the Clerical Fellows in a fixed course
-of Holy Scripture and religious knowledge was arranged. On the
-same occasion Algebra was for the first time made a part of the
-Undergraduate Course, the only Mathematics which all the students
-had been taught before that time being four books of the Elements
-of Euclid.
-
-In order to stimulate the more advanced students to an increased
-pursuit of Mathematical Physics, Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd was
-appointed to deliver lectures on Mechanics at a salary of £100
-annually, on the condition that he should resign his claims to any
-other Professorship, Lectureship, or Assistant’s place, except that
-of Catechetical Lecturer. In 1815 a new scheme of Mathematical
-Lectures was promulgated. The following distribution of the work
-to be done by the Professor and his assistants was arranged by the
-Provost and Senior Fellows:--
-
-  The Junior Assistant to lecture on Arithmetic and Algebra to
-  Biquadratic Equations, including Newton’s Method of approximation
-  to roots of Equations, also on the application of Algebra to
-  Geometry as given by Newton. The Senior Assistant to lecture
-  on Logarithms, Analytical Trigonometry, with its application
-  to Terrestrial Measurement, application of Algebra to Geometry
-  managed by the equations of figures. The Professor to lecture
-  on the more advanced parts of Mathematics, including the Method
-  of Indeterminate Coefficients, with its application to the
-  management of Series, and other matters not contained in the
-  Course of the Assistant, also Differential and Integral Calculus
-  and the Method of Variations.
-
-The programme of the subjects of these lectures shows that there
-was a large advance in the mathematical education of the students
-made at this time. Analytical Geometry and Trigonometry were taught
-to the Honour men among the undergraduates, and the Differential
-and Integral Calculus and the higher branches of Mathematics were
-expounded by the Professor of Mathematics to the candidates for
-Fellowship. Hitherto the mathematical studies of the members of
-the College were mainly geometrical. The great start in analytical
-science, which has developed itself so largely in the University,
-seems to date from this time, and is due very much to the influence
-of Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd, who had in 1813 been appointed to the
-Chair of Mathematics. It was not until 1830 that a similar progress
-was made in the study of Mixed Mathematics. We find that in
-November of that year a committee, consisting of the Professors of
-Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, with Dr. Wall, was appointed
-to recommend to the Board a proper course of Mixed Mathematics,
-and they were instrumental in introducing the Mechanics of Poisson
-into the subjects for examination for the higher mathematical
-honours. A small but important improvement in the existing method
-of conducting the Term Examinations of ordinary students was made
-at the same time. Hitherto some of the classes were submitted to
-be tested by the same Junior Fellow in Science and in Classics.
-In 1831 it was decided that these branches of studies should be
-judged by separate examiners in every case. At this time there was
-no special examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Senior
-Sophister students who answered in an unsatisfactory manner at the
-Michaelmas Term Examination were “sent to the Regent House” to be
-examined.
-
-In 1807 it was decreed that every student who is “cautioned
-to the Regent House” shall be examined in every part of the
-Undergraduate Course for which he has got a _mediocriter_ at
-his last examination. It was not until October, 1838, that this
-examination in the Regent House was formally discontinued, although
-it had fallen into disuse. It was then arranged that one _vix
-mediocriter_ for the B.A. degree should subject the candidate to
-another examination.
-
-This is the suitable occasion upon which to mention in detail the
-great services which the mild energy and enlightened views of Dr.
-Bartholomew Lloyd performed in the reformation of the studies and
-the literary work of Trinity College. To no one man during the
-present century does the University owe so much. A native of the
-County of Wexford, he was elected a Fellow in 1796, and after a
-service of twenty years as College Tutor, which he discharged with
-zeal and ability, he was co-opted to a Senior Fellowship in 1816,
-and he was appointed to the Provostship in 1831. Dr. Lloyd held the
-Professorship of Mathematics from 1813 to 1822, when he exchanged
-this chair for that of Natural Philosophy. He occupied the latter
-office until he was made Provost, and he was thus for eighteen
-years engaged in the direction of the highest studies of the most
-advanced classes in the branches of Pure and Mixed Mathematics.
-He quickly saw the need of introducing a more complete knowledge
-of the more advanced analytic methods which prevailed on the
-Continent, and he compiled a course of lectures, as we have seen,
-in order to introduce them to his class; and partly by his lectures
-and partly by his writings[104] he completely revolutionised the
-mathematical and physical studies of the University, and was
-the means of directing the researches of the higher class of
-thinkers to the methods which have rendered the Dublin school of
-mathematicians so celebrated in Europe.
-
-Shortly after his appointment to the Chair of Natural Philosophy,
-he published his well-known treatise on Mechanical Philosophy,
-which supplied a want widely felt by students of that science in
-this and the sister country, and which was the means of introducing
-to them the researches of the French labourers in the field of
-Applied Mathematics.
-
-During the six years of his Provostship he was the means of
-effecting very large and beneficial changes in the College. Up to
-1831 all the important Professorships were held by Senior Fellows,
-and in most cases (except in those on the foundation of Erasmus
-Smith) they were held, like other College offices, as the result of
-an annual election. Dr. Lloyd saw the necessity of setting apart
-some of the Junior Fellows for the fixed and exclusive work of
-Professorial study and teaching. For this purpose he influenced
-the College Board to set apart three of the Junior Fellows, whose
-tastes were specially directed to these particular studies, to
-the Professorships of Mathematics, of Natural Philosophy, and the
-office of Archbishop King’s Lectureship in Divinity. Mr. M‘Cullagh
-was elected to the first of these chairs, Mr. Humphrey Lloyd to
-the second, and Dr. O’Brien to the third. They were freed from all
-the distracting cares of College Tutors, and the salaries were
-fixed at something rather below the average value of a Junior
-Fellowship. The tenure of the Professorship was terminated by the
-co-option of the holder to a place among the Senior Fellows. The
-Fellowship Examination was improved by a Royal Statute which was
-then obtained, and which enabled the Professors of Mathematics and
-Natural Philosophy to be called up to undertake the examination in
-the courses belonging to their respective chairs.
-
-Provost Bartholomew Lloyd saw also the necessity of fostering the
-study of Mental and Moral Philosophy among the members of the
-College. Prior to 1833 the study of these sciences was joined with
-that of Mathematics and Physics under the common designation of
-_Science_. But for the attainment of prizes and other University
-distinctions, the Mathematical part of the examination placed that
-of the Logical and Ethical portions of the curriculum completely
-in the background. In 1833 a new system of awarding Honours and
-Medals at the Degree Examination was instituted, and in addition
-to the distinctions in Mathematics and Classics, which had been
-in existence since the year 1815, a third course was fixed for a
-separate examination in Ethics and Logics, and gold and silver
-medals were awarded for distinguished answering in these subjects,
-in addition to the similar rewards for merit under the designation
-of Senior and Junior Moderatorships in Mathematics and in Classics.
-This arrangement was carried out in 1834, and the first name in
-the list of Ethical Moderators of that year was that of William
-Archer Butler--a brilliant and afterwards most distinguished man,
-both as a writer and a preacher, who was taken away by death from
-the service of the Church and of the University at the early age of
-thirty-four.
-
-Provost Lloyd had long seen the necessity of a separate
-Professorship of the Moral Sciences, and in 1837 he induced the
-Governing Body of the University to found it. On the day on which
-it was instituted Archer Butler was appointed to the Professorship,
-which he held for ten years, much to the benefit of the class
-of thinkers to whom these studies were interesting. By these
-arrangements Dr. Lloyd may be well said to be the founder of the
-distinguished school of Metaphysics which has taken such deep
-root in the College, and has borne much fruit. In 1850, mainly
-through the exertions of his son, Dr. Humphrey Lloyd, a fourth
-Moderatorship in Experimental Physics was founded.[105] But it
-was not only with the advancement of higher class education that
-Provost Lloyd was engaged: he effected enormous improvements in
-the lectures and examinations of the undergraduates at large. To
-this he was stimulated by a remarkably thoughtful and searching
-pamphlet, written in 1828 by Dr. Richard MacDonnell, who was then a
-Junior Fellow, and had an experience of twenty years of the great
-defects in the method of conducting the Term Examinations. Most of
-the suggestions in this pamphlet were adopted in course of time.
-Before the year 1833 the work of the College was distributed over
-four separate Terms, at the beginning of each of which the students
-were examined in the subjects in which they had been instructed
-during the previous Term. These Terms were of unequal and variable
-length. The Easter Term was far too short for the appointed course
-of study; and the Trinity Term, depending on the movable feasts,
-was often merely nominal. In order to obviate these inconveniences,
-the Provost and Senior Fellows applied for and obtained a Royal
-Statute reducing the number of Academic Terms from four to three,
-and fixing them so that they would be generally of equal length.
-The hours of examination for each class of students were altered so
-as to meet the change of social habits; and while it was formerly
-the custom to have the first part of the examination of each day
-to continue from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m., followed by a breakfast at the
-chambers of the College Tutors, in 1833 the change was made to the
-present hours of examination--from 9.30 to 12 in the morning of
-the first day, and from 10 to 12 in the morning of the second day
-of each Term Examination. The subjects of the Undergraduate Course
-were in the same year submitted to a very wide-reaching review.
-
-In the year 1793, great improvements had been made in the Classical
-Course set out for the studies of the undergraduates. These were,
-it is said, largely due to the influence of Dr. Thomas Elrington.
-On that occasion the works of the great Greek historians, Herodotus
-and Thucydides, were brought for the first time under the attention
-of the classical students in Trinity College; but, during the
-forty years which followed, little change had been made in the
-classical authors which were read by the undergraduates. In 1833,
-for the first time, a distinct and shorter course was arranged
-for students who were not candidates for Honours, while a larger
-portion, generally of the same authors, was set out for candidates
-for Honours, and a wider course of classical studies was appointed
-for those who competed for Classical Moderatorships at the Degree
-Examination. Similar arrangements were adopted for the students in
-the Mathematical and Physical portion of their curriculum.
-
-Before this time the students of the same division, of from thirty
-to forty men, were examined together, and they had no opportunity
-of competing with other men of their year in the Sciences; and in
-classical studies at the Scholarship Examination only, at which
-they rarely competed until the third year. It was now arranged that
-those who answered well at each Term Examination in Science or in
-Classics should be returned by the Examiner to compete at a more
-searching examination in an extended course, at which all the best
-men in the class should be examined together, on days separate from
-those of the Term Examinations, by three Examiners in Science and
-three in Classics set apart for that purpose; and so by this means
-each student was able to measure himself each Term, not only with
-those who happened to be in his own division, but with all the men
-of his year; and in this way the undergraduates were incited to
-continued study by healthy competition. Premiums in books, which
-were formerly awarded at each examination to the best answerer in
-each division, but which could be obtained only once in the year,
-were confined to that of the Michaelmas Term, at which there were
-two orders of prizes, first and second--the number of the first
-rank prizes being restricted to one fortieth of the class, and that
-of the second to one twentieth.
-
-There was another and a very important improvement in the teaching
-of the undergraduates which Provost Lloyd was mainly instrumental
-in effecting. Hitherto the lectures of each Tutor were given to
-his own pupils. He was supposed to instruct all the men of each
-of the three Junior Classes at the least for an hour every day.
-Each Tutor received the fees of his own pupils, and those who had
-a large number in what was technically called his “chamber” had a
-considerable income, but others who were not so popular had but a
-scanty support.
-
-In 1835 the Tutors, under the persuasion of the Provost, agreed to
-adopt a new system. The fees paid by the pupils were put into a
-common fund, and the Tutors were divided into three grades, in the
-order of seniority, and their dividends were fixed, not in relation
-to the number of their pupils, but of the standing of the Tutor
-among the Fellows; each of them was thus assured of a certain and
-increasing income--the only advantage accruing to the Tutor from
-the number of his pupils arose from the arrangement that, when he
-ceased from any cause to be a Tutor, the payments of the Tutorial
-fees of his existing pupils, as long as they remained in College,
-instead of being paid into the common fund, were paid to the Tutor
-himself or to his representatives.
-
-A corresponding division of Tutorial labour, as far as lectures
-were concerned, was effected at the same time. Each Tutor was
-required to lecture only two hours every day, except on Saturday;
-and the efficacy of the lectures was greatly increased, and the
-regularity of the attendance of the lecturer in the instruction
-of his class guarded by stringent rules. Every student in the two
-Freshman Classes was now lectured for two hours instead of one;
-under the old arrangement the lecture in Classics was often a mere
-form, not always observed; by the new system an hour’s lecture
-in Latin was secured to each undergraduate in these classes. The
-Junior Sophisters were lectured by the Tutors in Mathematical
-Physics and Astronomy only. In addition to the Tutorial Lectures,
-the undergraduates attended, as they did before, the Public Science
-Lectures, the hours of the lecture being changed from 6.15 to 7.30
-a.m., and the lectures of the assistants to the Greek Professor on
-Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, which were delivered at 9 a.m.
-Again, there was a great improvement effected with respect to the
-attendance of the undergraduates at Tutorial Lectures. At this
-time these lectures were not obligatory; Terms were not kept by
-attendance at them, nor did the College keep any record of them. A
-student did not advance in any way his College standing by seeking
-the instruction given by his College Tutor. No cognizance was taken
-of irregularity, either on the part of the lecturer or of the
-lectured. A Tutor was often absent from his class, and the class
-was oftener absent from the Tutor. An important rule was adopted
-to counteract this: a weekly return was required to be made to the
-Tutorial Committee of the attendance upon his lectures, which was
-to be transmitted to the Provost, and the Tutor had an opportunity
-of judging of the regularity of the studies of his pupils, who
-were, according to this inter-tutorial system, in attendance on the
-lectures of other Tutors. In a very few years the lectures were
-much better arranged, some of the Tutors being set apart to lecture
-the candidates for Honours in each class, while others devoted
-themselves to the greater drudgery of instructing the mere pass-men.
-
-In order to secure the diligent discharge of the duties assigned to
-each Tutor, the Tutorial Committee was bound to employ deputies to
-lecture in his place in case of his failure from any cause, and to
-remunerate the deputies out of the income of the defaulting Tutor.
-
-That this division of labour added very much to the ease of the
-conscientious Tutors is quite evident. Doctor Romney Robinson, who
-was a Fellow and Tutor under the old system, wrote as follows in
-the preface to his treatise on Mechanics, published in 1820:--“The
-Fellows of Trinity College can scarcely be expected to devote
-themselves to any work of research, or even of compilation;
-constantly employed in the duties of tuition, which harass the
-mind more than the most abstract studies, they can have but little
-inclination at the close of the day to commence a new career of
-labour.... In the present case the author happened to be less
-occupied than most of his brethren, yet he was engaged from seven
-to eight hours daily in academical duties, for the year during
-which he composed this work.”
-
-Had Bartholomew Lloyd lived, he would no doubt have originated many
-other improvements in the Arts Course, and in the other studies
-of the College which have been effected since his time. He was,
-however, suddenly removed by death from his exertions in reforming
-the College, on the 24th November, 1837, at the age of 65, having
-held the Provostship for only six years. He was succeeded by Dr.
-Franc Sadleir, and during the fourteen years of his mild sway the
-improvements originated by his predecessor were gradually carried
-into effect. Dr. Richard MacDonnell succeeded him in the office
-of Provost. He had been long engaged in the work of the College
-as an able and painstaking Tutor, and a vigorous administrator of
-the College Estates. Dr. MacDonnell had long seen the necessity
-of large reforms in the education of the students, and had ably
-pointed out the abuses which required to be remedied, in the
-pamphlet which has been already mentioned. Most of these defects
-he lived to see corrected, and the most important of which were
-removed when he was himself Provost.
-
-One of the events which, beyond question, stimulated intellectual
-exertions among the undergraduates in the University of Dublin,
-was the opening of the appointments in the Civil Service of India,
-and of the Army and Navy Medical Service, to public competition
-in 1855. A number of the ablest students had a new career opened
-to them, and they were afforded an opportunity of measuring their
-attainments with students of similar calibre from Oxford and
-Cambridge. The course of study was at once widened. Classical
-studies received an impetus which roused the teachers from their
-old routine. The English Language and Literature, and Modern
-History, as well as foreign languages, became important parts of
-Collegiate education. The heads of the College at once saw the
-necessity of largely remodelling the instruction given to the
-undergraduates. The Greek Professorship was very soon separated
-from the offices which were restricted to Senior Fellows; a
-Professor was elected from among the Tutors under the same
-arrangements which had been carried out in the cases of Natural
-Philosophy and Mathematics. He was enabled to give his entire
-time to the duties of his chair. Similar arrangements were made
-as to the Professorships of Geology and of Experimental Physics.
-A Professor of Arabic and Hindostanee was established, and soon
-after one of Sanskrit as well. The Professorship of Oratory was
-virtually changed into one of English Language and Literature.
-The immediate effect of these changes was at once visible in the
-great and remarkable success of the Dublin candidates at the open
-competitions for the Indian Civil Service and the Army Medical
-Services. In the first seven years, fifty-three succeeded from
-the Dublin University for the former and twenty-nine for the
-latter appointments. The new regulations with regard to the study
-of English Literature which were made in 1855 have produced very
-widely felt effects in the intellectual life of the University.
-It was not for the first time that a want of the means of being
-acquainted with this important branch of knowledge was felt by
-the students; and in order to remedy it, in October, 1814, during
-the Provostship of Dr. Thomas Elrington, the Board directed that
-lectures in the English Language and Literature should be regularly
-delivered by the assistant to the Professor of Oratory, and
-elaborate rules were made as to the means of carrying this course
-into effect, but it seems to have ended in failure; at any rate,
-during the next forty years there was no public instruction given
-to the students in this important subject. The plan adopted in 1855
-of making History and English Literature a distinct branch, in
-which honours and medals at the Degree Examination can be obtained,
-aided by the special prizes which are given for proficiency in
-these subjects during the Undergraduate Course, has created a
-widely felt interest among the students, and has eventuated in
-the spread of a refined taste for these subjects among the members
-of the College. The subjects in which the student can distinguish
-himself at the B.A. Degree Examination have now been increased
-to seven--1, Mathematics, pure and mixed; 2, Classics; 3, Mental
-and Moral Science; 4, Experimental Physics; 5, Natural Sciences;
-6, History, Law, and Political Economy; 7, Foreign Languages and
-Literature. Frequent and well-considered changes in the courses for
-the ordinary students, and in the subjects read by the candidates
-for Honours, have been made since that period, and they have been
-on the whole successful.
-
-One of the most marked developments in the intellectual life of
-the College during the present century has been the growth of the
-great Classical School for which it is now so well known. This may
-be mainly attributed to the separation of Classics from the other
-branches which form the subject of competition for Fellowships.
-A keen competition among Classical men for those highly-coveted
-prizes has been the consequence. The tone of Classical Scholarship
-has been raised among the best of the candidates for University
-Honours, and some of the ablest men devote themselves to stimulate
-the knowledge of the Greek and Latin Languages and Literature
-among the students. There has, moreover, a higher Critical School
-grown up in the University, limited in numbers, being composed of
-Classical Graduates who are engaged in reading for Fellowship, or
-who have competed for the Berkeley Medals in Greek, or for the
-Vice-Chancellor’s Medals in Latin. This school, exclusive of the
-Fellows and Professors, never numbers more than ten or twelve in
-the College at one time, but from the ability and classical culture
-of its members it has more influence in giving a tone to the
-studies which are pursued in the University than its numbers would
-at first sight render probable. The causes of the growth of this
-school are--1st, the Critical Examination for the highest Classical
-distinctions; 2nd, the fact that there is an examination for
-Fellowship every year; 3rd, the annual publication of _Hermathena_;
-4th, the publication of critical editions of the Classics by the
-Fellows of the College.
-
-We can trace the growth of the Mathematical studies to the
-wonderful genius of MacCullagh and Hamilton, and to the labours of
-Townsend, of Jellett, of Roberts, and of others who have passed
-away. Fortunately for the College, all the creators of the revived
-School of Classics are still spared to the College, and their names
-are therefore not here mentioned.
-
-Another vast improvement effected was in the method of conducting
-all examinations in the College. Prior to 1835 they were (with the
-solitary exceptions of those for gold medals at the B.A. Degree
-Examinations) altogether oral. The examination for Fellowships
-was a public _vivâ voce_ trial of the candidates, and in the
-Latin language, without any use whatever of writing. Greek authors
-were translated into Latin, and Latin authors were interpreted in
-the same language. This continued to be the practice down to the
-year 1853. Now, all this is changed. The Fellowship Examination,
-which is spread over a much longer period, is mostly conducted in
-writing, although there is in every course a public examination of
-the candidates _vivâ voce_ and in English. The examinations for
-Honours (except in Classical subjects) are now altogether written,
-and at the ordinary Term Examinations students are tested orally
-and by written questions by separate Examiners. At the general Term
-Examination at the end of the second year, and at the B.A. Degree
-Examination at the end of the fourth year, the candidates are
-arranged according to their answering in three classes, and those
-whose marks do not entitle them to be classed, but who satisfy
-the Senior Lecturer, are passed without any mark of distinction.
-This method of examination for the B.A. degree was adopted in
-July, 1842, at the suggestion of the then Senior Lecturer, Dr.
-Singer, afterwards Bishop of Meath. It was found to work in such
-a satisfactory manner that, in 1845, it was adopted at the other
-public University Examination, at the end of the second or Senior
-Freshman year.
-
-
-ENGINEERING SCHOOL.--The University of Dublin was the first to
-establish a course of education and degrees in the art of Civil
-Engineering. Shortly after the construction of railways in Ireland
-was undertaken, there was a necessity found for properly educated
-men to carry on the required work; and the plan of an Engineering
-School originated with Doctor Humphrey Lloyd, Professor of Natural
-Philosophy; Doctor MacCullagh, Professor of Mathematics; and Doctor
-Luby, Assistant Professor of Natural Philosophy. These three
-gentlemen laid a memorial before the Provost and Senior Fellows on
-April 3rd, 1841, recommending the foundation of a Professorship
-of Civil Engineering, and giving a plan for the studies of the
-proposed school for teaching that branch of education. This was
-finally approved by the Board early in the following June. The
-length of the course as first proposed was two years, and on July
-9th, 1842, Mr. M‘Neill (afterwards Sir John M‘Neill) was elected
-to the Professorship. It was arranged that the business of the
-School of Engineering should be conducted by five lecturers--viz.,
-the assistant to the Professor of Mathematics, the Professor of
-Natural Philosophy and his assistant, together with a Professor of
-Chemistry and of Geology applied to the art of Construction, and a
-Professor of the practice of Engineering.
-
-Mr. M‘Neill was so completely occupied with his large works in
-the construction of railways that he could give only a general
-superintendence to the school, and on the 5th of November, 1842,
-Mr. Henry Rennie, formerly a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers,
-was appointed Assistant Professor and Lecturer. After holding the
-office for two years he resigned, and Mr. Thomas Oldham, B.A.,
-was appointed in his room. Doctor Apjohn was elected to the joint
-Professorships of Chemistry and Geology; but in 1843 it was found
-necessary to appoint a distinct Professor of Geology, and on
-December 30th, 1843, Mr. John Phillips, the eminent geologist,
-was elected to this chair at a salary of £200, to be increased
-to £400 on the death of Doctor Whitley Stokes, then an old man,
-which took place in 1845. In the latter year Mr. Phillips resigned
-the Professorship, and he was succeeded by Mr. Thomas Oldham,
-afterwards Director of the Geological Survey of India. In 1846 Mr.
-Samuel Downing was appointed to the Professorship of Engineering,
-which he continued to hold until his death in 1882.
-
-It was soon found that a two years’ course in Engineering was
-insufficient, and in 1845 it was extended to one of three years.
-The studies of the first year are in the main theoretical; in the
-second and third years they are practical--viz., drawing and office
-work, levelling, surveying and general engineering, and chemistry
-as taught in the laboratory.
-
-At first, diplomas in Engineering were granted to students who had
-passed successfully through this school. In 1860 it was resolved
-by the University Senate that in lieu of these the license of the
-University should be conferred publicly at the Commencements;
-and in 1872 it was further resolved that the degree of Bachelor
-in Civil Engineering should be created, and that it should be
-conferred on Bachelors of Arts who were entitled to the license by
-having completed the full course in Engineering. From the year 1860
-to 1891 inclusive, 352 students obtained degrees and licenses in
-Engineering. The degree of Master of Engineering is conferred on
-those who, after taking the degree of Bachelor of Engineering, have
-practised for three years in the work of their profession.
-
-At each final examination in Engineering, special certificates
-are awarded to students who answer in a distinguished manner in
-the following subjects:--I. Practical Engineering; II. Mechanical
-and Experimental Physics; III. Mining, Chemistry, Geology, and
-Mineralogy.
-
-
-SCHOOL OF LAW.--The lectures of the Professor of Feudal and English
-Law remain very much as they were in 1792. The Professorship of
-Civil Law was then and for many years afterwards held by a Senior
-Fellow, often by a clergyman; the duties were nearly nominal,
-and the salary small. In the year 1850, however, the Board, being
-anxious to found an effective Law School in Dublin, decided that
-in future the Professorship of Civil Law should be held only by a
-Doctor of Laws, and a Barrister of at least six years standing; and
-as such he was required to regulate the courses and lectures in the
-Civil Law class, and bound to deliver at least twelve lectures in
-each Term.
-
-The Law School of the University of Dublin is under the control of
-the Provost and Senior Fellows of Trinity College, who, however,
-act in concurrence with the Benchers of the King’s Inns.
-
-The Regius Professor of Laws delivers lectures on Roman Law,
-Jurisprudence, and International Law. The Regius Professor of
-Feudal and English Law delivers lectures on the subject of Real
-Property; a third professor, whose chair was founded in 1888 by
-Mr. Richard T. Reid for the study of “Penal Legislation, including
-principles of prevention, repression, and reformation,” delivers
-lectures on--(1) Penal Legislation; (2) Constitutional and Criminal
-Law; (3) the Law of Evidence. These lectures are open to the public
-and King’s Inns students, who have credit for the Term’s lectures,
-and those who have credit for the academic year have their names
-reported to the Benchers.
-
-The Law Professors also examine all candidates for degrees in
-Law. These degrees, like those in the other professional schools,
-can only be obtained after a course of legal study or strict
-examinations in Law.
-
-
-THE COLLEGE SOCIETIES.
-
-THE COLLEGE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, which was formed in 1770, had in
-1794 come into collision with the Governing Body of the College,
-in consequence of the action of many of the Graduates of some
-years’ standing, who, though they were no longer subject to College
-discipline, continued to be active members of the Society, and
-acted without respect to the orders of the Board. The Society was
-consequently excluded from the College, and a new Association
-of the Students, under the same name, was organised. Their
-meetings for debate were permitted by the Board, on the distinct
-understanding that they would not choose for discussion any
-question of modern politics, or admit into their proceedings any
-allusion to such subjects. They continued to meet in the old rooms,
-now the Common Room of the Fellows and Professors, until 1815,
-when they again got into trouble with the College authorities, who
-insisted that they should expel, without discussion, two of the
-members of the Society whose conduct in its debates was disapproved
-of by the Board. The discussions upon the private business of the
-Society became imbued by party spirit, and the younger members,
-who exceeded in number the seniors, who had greater experience
-and wisdom, took upon themselves the management of the Historical
-Society, and it became continually engaged in angry debates. The
-Board consequently insisted that Junior Sophisters should be no
-longer admitted as members, and ordered a committee of five to
-be appointed to settle all private business of the Society. Four
-of the five refused to act, and the result was that on the 5th
-of February, 1815, the last debate was held. It is a strange
-coincidence that, shortly afterwards, similar difficulties arose
-between the Cambridge _Union_ and the Cambridge University
-authorities. In the month of March, 1817,[106] Mr. Whewell was
-President. Dr. Wood, at that time Vice-Chancellor, took with him
-the Proctors, together with a Tutor from Trinity College, and
-another from St. John’s: they proceeded to the place of meeting
-for debate, at the Red Lion Inn. The Proctors were sent into the
-room to desire the members to disperse, and to meet no more. The
-President requested the Proctors to retire, in order that the
-Society might discuss the subject. This they refused to do. At
-last a deputation, consisting of Mr. Whewell (afterwards Master
-of Trinity), Mr. Thirlwall (afterwards Bishop of St. David’s),
-and Mr. Sheridan, was permitted to have an interview with the
-Vice-Chancellor. The deputation urged their claims strongly, but
-the Vice-Chancellor insisted that, while they might conclude the
-present debate, they should not meet again for a similar purpose.
-
-After frequent petitions to the Board, supported by the Junior
-Fellows, the Historical Society was again, on the 16th November,
-1843, permitted to meet within the walls of the College, on which
-occasion William Connor Magee, Scholar, afterwards Archbishop of
-York, delivered, as Auditor of the Society, an opening address of
-remarkable eloquence and of great promise, which produced an effect
-such as has never yet been equalled in the Society. Since that
-period the College Historical Society continues to meet regularly
-for debate within the College walls. Junior Sophisters are again
-admitted as members, but the subjects for discussion must always,
-in the first instance, receive the approval of the Board. The
-Society has been allowed, moreover, to have Reading and Committee
-Rooms within the College. During the half-century which has elapsed
-since the restoration of the Society, perfect harmony has existed
-between the members and the Governing Body of the College.
-
-
-THE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.--During the year 1842, some of the
-students of Trinity College whose age and reputation did not
-warrant their seeking admission into the leading scientific
-societies of Dublin, but who were anxious to improve themselves in
-knowledge and in the art of composition, combined to form a Society
-called the Dublin Philosophical Society, the object of which was
-the reading of papers on scientific and literary subjects, and the
-discussion of these papers by the members after they were read. The
-first meeting was held in November, 1842, in a room in Marlborough
-Street, and the first volume of their transactions was published at
-the end of 1843.
-
-In the beginning of 1845, after the Historical Society had been
-received back within the walls of the College, the Committee
-sought permission to have the use of one of the lecture-rooms for
-the purposes of their meetings. This was granted. The name of the
-Society was changed into “The Dublin University Philosophical
-Society,” and new rules were adopted, which were required by the
-closer connection of the Society with Trinity College. The members
-were nearly all graduates, and although junior students were by
-no means excluded from the Society, few of them were disposed
-to join in the proceedings. The Society continued to exist for
-some years, but the members, being generally senior men, were too
-soon called away from aiding in its meetings by the requirements
-of professional or official duties. This Society published five
-volumes of Transactions, containing papers by young men, many of
-whom afterwards became distinguished in science and literature.
-
-The Society having fallen too much into the hands of graduates, in
-the year 1854 the undergraduates, feeling the want of a similar
-organisation which should give them free scope for their own
-literary exertions, formed a new Society called “The Undergraduate
-Philosophical Society,” the ruling body of which was composed of
-students who had not taken their B.A. degrees. The new Society
-became rapidly popular among the students of the College, and
-its numbers largely increased. The first Philosophical Society
-having been at length discontinued, that which was managed by the
-undergraduates took its place as the University Philosophical
-Society. All undergraduates are now admissible as members, and at
-present it so happens that the majority of the officers of the
-Society and the Committee are graduates.
-
-At the first, the spirit which actuated the former Philosophical
-Society influenced its younger sister, and scientific subjects
-formed the main topic of discussion. After one or two sessions,
-essays and discussions on literary subjects were introduced,
-followed by poetry, fiction, biography, and history; so that
-ultimately questions of abstract science disappeared from the
-proceedings of the Philosophical Society, and questions of pure
-science are now discussed at the meetings of the University
-Biological Association and the University Experimental Science
-Association.
-
-
-THE THEOLOGICAL SOCIETY.--Shortly after the Divinity School was
-placed upon its present basis, it was found that a place of meeting
-was required where theological students could discuss the important
-questions which formed the subjects to which their attention was
-directed. The Society was founded outside the College on November
-23, 1838. Its first presidents were Rev. Doctor Singer, then a
-Junior Fellow, the Rev. Robert J. M‘Ghee, and the Rev. Charles
-M. Fleury. The Society met in a room in Upper Sackville Street,
-and the discussions of the members were very much confined to the
-Roman Catholic controversy. It was soon found necessary that the
-Society should be brought more under the control of the teachers
-in the Divinity School, and in 1860 the then Regius Professor of
-Divinity was appointed President; the other Professors in the
-Divinity School, along with the assistant Divinity teachers,
-were made Vice-Presidents; and since that year the Society meets
-in a public room in the College. Dr. Butcher, the then Regius
-Professor, always presided at the weekly meetings up to 1866, when
-he became Bishop of Meath. His successor, Dr. Salmon, gave the same
-unwearied attention to the Society until he became Provost, and
-the discussions of the Society, which now take a much wider range
-in Theology, are always conducted under the control of the Regius
-Professor, or of Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-[Illustration: CANDELABRUM. EXAMINATION HALL.
-
-CARVED OAK--GILT.]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[98] These stamp duties had been imposed on the English
-Universities by an English Act of Parliament (55 Geo. III., cap.
-184), but were not exacted in Ireland. In 1842, when Sir Robert
-Peel imposed an Income Tax on England, from which Ireland was
-exempted, he assimilated the stamp duties in the two countries
-in order to make up for the relaxation of the Income Tax in the
-case of Ireland. A few years afterwards, when the Income Tax was
-extended to Ireland, the stamp duties were still exacted.
-
-[99] In the case of scholars not students in Divinity, two-thirds
-of these lectures sufficed for the term. At the present, Divinity
-students are obliged to attend every lecture in the term, except
-one, in each subject.
-
-[100] From a calculation made in 1880, there were at that time
-2,322 names of holders of Divinity Testimoniums in the University
-Calendar for that year. Of these there were then serving as
-clergymen in Ireland, 841; in England, 638; in the Colonies,
-unaccounted for, and dead, 843. Of holders of Divinity Testimoniums
-from the disestablishment of the Irish Church in 1869 to 1880, 89
-were clergymen in England, 121 in Ireland, and 30 were unaccounted
-for. Of those who obtained the Divinity Testimonium from 1866 to
-1880, 170 were in England, 187 in Ireland serving as clergymen, and
-67 unaccounted for.
-
-[101] James Macartney was a native of the County of Armagh. He
-pursued his studies partly in Dublin, but mostly in London. He was
-not a graduate of the University, nor does he appear to have ever
-been a student in Arts. He became in 1800 a member of the London
-College of Surgeons, and shortly afterwards commenced to lecture
-on Anatomy and Physiology in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London.
-Macartney died March 6, 1843, aged 73 years. He left a sum of money
-to defray the cost of editing and publishing an account of his life
-and labours. This task was committed to the care of his nephew, at
-one time his Demonstrator, Hugh Carlile, or Carlisle, who died in
-1860, as Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, at Queen’s College,
-Belfast, before he made any marked progress in this work. The
-executors then handed the material left partly sorted by Carlisle
-to Dr. E. Perceval Wright, but on the decease of the executors,
-while the work was in preparation, it was found that the money for
-the book was not forthcoming, and the wishes of Macartney have not
-yet been carried into effect.
-
-[102] See Dr. Stubbs’ _History of the University of Dublin_, p. 257.
-
-[103] _Ibid._, p. 258.
-
-[104] He published his treatise on Analytic Geometry in 1819.
-
-[105] It may be well to remark that the University of Dublin was
-really in advance of Cambridge in encouraging new studies at the
-B.A. Degree Examination. In 1816 the examination for gold medals
-in Classics was established in Dublin; eight years afterwards
-Cambridge instituted the Classical Tripos. In 1834 the examination
-for Moderatorships in Ethics and Logics was founded in Dublin;
-seventeen years after that date the Moral Sciences Tripos was
-instituted at Cambridge. In 1833 Theological Examinations, as they
-are at present, were first established in Dublin; this example
-was followed by Cambridge in 1856. In the latter year the Provost
-and Senior Fellows founded a Moderatorship in Law and History.
-Cambridge did the same twelve years after. In one case the two
-Universities acted simultaneously, in founding in 1851 the Honour
-Degree Examination in the Natural Sciences.
-
-[106] _William Whewell_, by Isaac Todhunter, vol. i., page 8.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER VI.
-
-THE OBSERVATORY, DUNSINK.
-
-
-Provost Baldwin held absolute sway in this University for forty-one
-years. His memory is well preserved here. The Bursar still
-dispenses the satisfactory revenues which Baldwin left to the
-College. None of us ever can forget the marble angels round the
-figure of the dying Provost on which we used to gaze during the
-pangs of the Examination Hall.
-
-Baldwin died in 1758, and was succeeded by Francis Andrews,
-a Fellow of seventeen years’ standing. As to the scholastic
-acquirements of Andrews, all I can find is a statement that he was
-complimented by the polite Professors of Padua on the elegance
-and purity with which he discoursed to them in Latin. Andrews was
-also reputed to be a skilful lawyer. He was certainly a Privy
-Councillor and a prominent member of the Irish House of Commons,
-and his social qualities were excellent. Perhaps it was Baldwin’s
-example that stimulated a desire in Andrews to become a benefactor
-to his College. He accordingly bequeathed a sum of £3,000 and an
-annual income of £250 wherewith to build and endow an Astronomical
-Observatory in the University. The figures just stated ought to
-be qualified by the words of cautious Ussher (afterwards the
-first Professor of Astronomy), that “this money was to arise from
-an accumulation of a part of his property, to commence upon a
-particular contingency happening in his family.” The astronomical
-endowment was soon in jeopardy by litigation. Andrews thought he
-had provided for his relations by leaving to them certain leasehold
-interests connected with the Provost’s estate. The law courts,
-however, held that these interests were not at the disposal of
-the testator, and handed them over to Hely Hutchinson, the next
-Provost. The disappointed relations then petitioned the Irish
-Parliament to redress this grievance by transferring to them
-the monies designed by Andrews for the Observatory. It would
-not be right, they contended, that the kindly intentions of the
-late Provost towards his kindred should be frustrated for the
-sake of maintaining what they described as “a purely ornamental
-institution.” The authorities of the College protested against this
-claim. Counsel were heard, and a Committee of the House made a
-report declaring the situation of the relations to be a hard one.
-Accordingly, a compromise was made, and the dispute terminated.
-
-The selection of a site for the new Astronomical Observatory was
-made by the Board of Trinity College. The beautiful neighbourhood
-of Dublin offered a choice of excellent localities. On the north
-side of the Liffey an Observatory could have been admirably placed,
-either on the remarkable promontory of Howth or on the elevation
-of which Dunsink is the summit. On the south side of Dublin there
-are several eminences that would have been suitable: the breezy
-heaths at Foxrock combine all necessary conditions; the obelisk
-hill at Killiney would have given one of the most picturesque sites
-for an Observatory in the world; while near Delgany two or three
-other good situations could be mentioned. But the Board of those
-pre-railway days was naturally guided by the question of proximity.
-Dunsink was accordingly chosen as the most suitable site within the
-distance of a reasonable walk from Trinity College.
-
-The northern boundary of the Phoenix Park approaches the little
-river Tolka, which winds through a succession of delightful bits
-of sylvan scenery, such as may be found in the wide demesne of
-Abbotstown and the classic shades of Glasnevin. From the banks of
-the Tolka, on the opposite side of the park, the pastures ascend
-in a gentle slope to culminate at Dunsink, where at a distance of
-half-a-mile from the stream, of four miles from Dublin, and at
-a height of 300 feet above the sea, now stands the Observatory.
-From the commanding position of Dunsink a magnificent view is
-obtained. To the east the sea is visible, while the southern
-prospect over the valley of the Liffey is bounded by a range of
-hills and mountains extending from Killiney to Bray Head, thence to
-the Little Sugar Loaf, the Two Rock and the Three Rock Mountains,
-over the flank of which the summit of the Great Sugar Loaf is just
-perceptible. Directly in front opens the fine valley of Glenasmole,
-with Kippure Mountain, while the range can be followed to its
-western extremity. The climate of Dunsink is well suited for
-astronomical observation. No doubt here, as elsewhere in Ireland,
-clouds are abundant, but mists or haze are comparatively unusual,
-and fogs are almost unknown.
-
-[Illustration: DUNSINK OBSERVATORY.]
-
-The legal formalities to be observed in assuming occupation
-exacted a delay of many months: accordingly, it was not until
-the 10th December, 1782, that a contract could be made with Mr.
-Graham Moyers for the erection of a meridian room and a dome for
-an Equatorial, in conjunction with a becoming residence for the
-Astronomer. Before the work was commenced at Dunsink, the Board
-thought it expedient to appoint the first Professor of Astronomy.
-They met for this purpose on the 22nd January, 1783, and chose
-the Reverend Henry Ussher, a Senior Fellow of Trinity College,
-Dublin The wisdom of the appointment was immediately shown by the
-assiduity with which Ussher engaged in founding the Observatory.
-In three years he had erected the buildings and equipped them with
-instruments, several of which were of his own invention. On the
-19th of February, 1785, a special grant of £200 was made by the
-Board to Dr. Ussher as some recompense for his labours. It happened
-that the Observatory was not the only scientific institution which
-came into being in Ireland at this period: the newly-kindled
-ardour for the pursuit of knowledge led, at the same time, to the
-foundation of the Royal Irish Academy. By a fitting coincidence,
-the first memoir published in the Transactions of the Royal Irish
-Academy was by the first Andrews Professor of Astronomy. It was
-read on the 13th of June, 1785, and bore the title, “Account of
-the Observatory belonging to Trinity College,” by the Reverend
-H. Ussher, D.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.S. This communication shows the
-extensive design that had been originally intended for Dunsink,
-only a part of which was, however, carried out. For instance, two
-long corridors running north and south from the central edifice,
-which are figured in the paper, never developed into bricks
-and mortar. We are not told why the original scheme had to be
-contracted; but perhaps the reason may be not unconnected with a
-remark of Ussher’s, that the College had already advanced from
-its own funds a sum considerably exceeding the original bequest.
-A picture of the building, showing also the dome for the South
-Equatorial, which was erected many years later, is given on page
-133.
-
-Ussher died in 1790. During his brief career at the Observatory,
-he observed eclipses, and is stated to have done other scientific
-work. The minutes of the Board declare that the infant institution
-had already obtained celebrity by his labours, and they urge the
-claims of his widow to a pension on the ground that the disease
-from which he died had been contracted by his nightly vigils. The
-Board also promised a grant of fifty guineas as a help to bring out
-Dr. Ussher’s sermons. They advanced twenty guineas to his widow
-towards the publication of his astronomical papers. They ordered
-his bust to be executed for the Observatory, and offered “The Death
-of Ussher” as the subject of a prize essay; but, so far as I can
-find, neither the sermons nor the papers, neither the bust nor the
-prize essay, ever came into being.
-
-There was keen competition for the Chair of Astronomy, which
-the death of Ussher vacated. The two candidates were Rev. John
-Brinkley, of Caius College, Cambridge, a Senior Wrangler (born at
-Woodbridge, Suffolk, in 1763), and Mr. Stack, Fellow of Trinity
-College, Dublin, and author of a book on Optics. A majority of the
-Board at first supported Stack, while Provost Hely Hutchinson and
-one or two others supported Brinkley. In those days the Provost
-had a veto at elections, so that ultimately Stack was withdrawn,
-and Brinkley was elected. This took place on the 11th December,
-1790. The national press of the day commented on the preference
-shown to the young Englishman, Brinkley, over his Irish rival. An
-animated controversy ensued. The Provost himself condescended to
-enter the lists, and to vindicate his policy by a long letter in
-the _Public Register or Freeman’s Journal_, of 21st December, 1790.
-This letter was anonymous, but its authorship is obvious. It gives
-the correspondence with Maskelyne and other eminent astronomers,
-whose advice and guidance had been sought by the Provost. It also
-contends that “the transactions of the Board ought not to be
-canvassed in the newspapers.” For this reference, as well as for
-much other information, I am indebted to my friend the Rev. John W.
-Stubbs, D.D.
-
-The next event in the history of the Observatory was the issue of
-Letters Patent (32 Geo. III., A.D. 1792), in which it is recited
-that “We grant and ordain that there shall be for ever hereafter
-a Professor of Astronomy, on the foundation of Dr. Andrews, to be
-called and known by the name of the Royal Astronomer of Ireland.”
-The letters prescribe the various duties of the Astronomer, and
-the mode of his election. They lay down regulations as to the
-conduct of the astronomical work, and as to the choice of an
-assistant. They direct that the Provost and Senior Fellows shall
-make a thorough inspection of the Observatory once every year,
-in June or July; and this duty was first undertaken on the 5th
-of July, 1792. It will thus be noted that the date fixed for the
-celebration of the Tercentenary of the University happens to be the
-centenary of the first Visitation of the Observatory. The Visitors
-on the first occasion were--A. Murray, Matthew Young, George
-Hall, and John Barrett. They record that they find the buildings,
-books, and instruments in good condition; but the chief feature in
-this report, as well as in many which followed it, related to a
-circumstance to which we have not yet referred.
-
-In the original equipment of the Observatory, Ussher, with the
-natural ambition of a founder, desired to place in it a telescope
-of more magnificent proportions than could be found anywhere
-else. The Board gave a spirited support to this enterprise,
-and negotiations were entered into with the most eminent
-instrument-maker of those days. This was Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800),
-famous as the improver of the sextant, as the constructor of the
-great Theodolite used by General Roy in the English Survey, and as
-the inventor of the Dividing Engine for graduating astronomical
-instruments. Ramsden had built for Sir George Schuckburgh the
-largest and most perfect Equatorial ever attempted. He had
-constructed mural quadrants for Padua and Verona, which elicited
-the wonder of astronomers, when Dr. Maskelyne declared he could
-detect no error in their graduation as large as two seconds and
-a-half. But Ramsden maintained that even better results would be
-obtained by superseding the entire quadrant by the circle. He
-obtained the means of testing this prediction when he completed
-a superb circle for Palermo of five feet diameter. Finding
-his anticipations were realised, he desired to apply the same
-principles on a still grander scale. Ramsden was in this mood when
-he met with Dr. Ussher. The enthusiasm of the Astronomer and the
-instrument-maker communicated itself to the Board, and a tremendous
-circle, to be ten feet in diameter, was forthwith projected.
-
-Projected, but never carried out. After Ramsden had to some extent
-completed a ten-foot circle, he found such difficulties that he
-tried a nine-foot, and this again he discarded for an eight-foot,
-which was ultimately accomplished, though not entirely by himself.
-Notwithstanding the contraction from the vast proportions
-originally designed, the completed instrument must still be
-regarded as a colossal piece of astronomical workmanship. Even at
-this day I do not know that any other Observatory except Dunsink
-can show a circle eight feet in diameter graduated all round.
-
-I think it is Professor Piazzi Smyth who tells us how grateful
-he was to find a large telescope he had ordered finished by the
-opticians on the very day they had promised it. The day was
-perfectly correct; it was only the year that was wrong. A somewhat
-remarkable experience in this direction is chronicled by the early
-reports of the Visitors to the Dunsink Observatory. I cannot find
-the date on which the great circle was ordered from Ramsden, but it
-is fixed with sufficient precision by an allusion in Ussher’s paper
-to the Royal Irish Academy, which shows that by the 13th June,
-1785, the order had been given, but that the abandonment of the
-ten-foot scale had not then been contemplated. It was reasonable
-that the Board should allow Ramsden ample time for the completion
-of a work at once so elaborate and so novel. It could not have
-been finished in a year, nor would there have been much reason for
-complaint if the maker had found he required two or even three
-years more.
-
-Seven years gone, and still no telescope, was the condition in
-which the Board found matters at their first Visitation in 1792.
-They had, however, assurances from Ramsden that the instrument
-would be completed within the year; but, alas for such promises!
-another seven years rolled on, and in 1799 the place for the great
-circle was still vacant at Dunsink. Ramsden had fallen into bad
-health, and the Board considerately directed that “inquiries should
-be made.” Next year there was still no progress, so the Board were
-roused to threaten Ramsden with a suit at law; but the menace was
-never executed, for the malady of the great optician grew worse,
-and he died that year.
-
-Affairs had now assumed a critical aspect, for the College had
-advanced much money to Ramsden during these fifteen years, and the
-instrument was still unfinished. An appeal was made by the Provost
-to Dr. Maskelyne, the Astronomer-Royal of England, for his advice
-and kindly offices in this emergency. Maskelyne responds--in terms
-calculated to allay the anxiety of the Bursar--“Mr. Ramsden has
-left property behind him, and the College can be in no danger of
-losing both their money and the instrument.” The business of
-Ramsden was then undertaken by Berge, who proceeded to finish the
-great circle quite as deliberately as his predecessor. After four
-years Berge promised the instrument in the following August, but it
-did not come. Two years later (1806) the Professor complains that
-he can get no answer from Berge. In 1807 it is stated that Berge
-will send the telescope in a month. He did not; but in the next
-year (1808), about twenty-three years after the great circle was
-ordered, it was erected at Dunsink, where it is still to be seen.
-
-The following circumstances have been authenticated by the
-signatures of Provosts, Proctors, Bursars, and other College
-dignitaries:--In 1793 the Board ordered two of the clocks at the
-Observatory to be sent to Mr. Crosthwaite for repairs. Seven years
-later, in 1800, Mr. Crosthwaite was asked if the clocks were ready.
-This impatience was clearly unreasonable, for even in four years
-more, 1804, we find the two clocks were still in hands. Two years
-later, in 1806, the Board determined to take vigorous action by
-asking the Bursar to call upon Crosthwaite. This evidently produced
-some effect, for in the following year, 1807, the Professor had
-no doubt that the clocks would be speedily returned. After eight
-years more, in 1815, one of the clocks was still being repaired,
-and so it was in 1816, which is the last record we have of these
-interesting timepieces. Astronomers are, however, accustomed to
-deal with such stupendous periods in their calculations, that even
-the time taken to repair a clock seems but small in comparison.
-
-The long tenure of the Chair of Astronomy by Brinkley is divided
-into two nearly equal periods by the year in which the great circle
-was erected. Brinkley was eighteen years waiting for his telescope,
-and he had eighteen years more in which to use it. During the first
-of these periods Brinkley devoted himself to mathematical research;
-during the latter he became a celebrated astronomer. Brinkley’s
-mathematical labours procured for their author some reputation as a
-mathematician. They appear to be works of considerable mathematical
-elegance, but not indicating any great power of original thought.
-Perhaps it has been prejudicial to Brinkley’s fame in this
-direction that he was immediately followed in his chair by so
-mighty a genius as William Rowan Hamilton.
-
-After the great circle had been at last erected, Brinkley was
-able to begin his astronomical work in earnest. Nor was there
-much time to lose. He was already 45 years old, a year older than
-was Herschel when he commenced his immortal career at Slough.
-Stimulated by the consciousness of having the command of an
-instrument of unique perfection, Brinkley loftily attempted the
-very highest class of astronomical research. He resolved to measure
-anew with his own eye and with his own hand the constants of
-aberration and of nutation. He also strove to solve that great
-problem of the universe, the discovery of the distance of a fixed
-star.
-
-These were noble problems, and they were nobly attacked. But to
-appraise with justice this work of Brinkley, done seventy years
-ago, we must not apply to it the same criteria as we would think
-right to apply to similar work were it done now. We do not any
-longer use Brinkley’s constant of aberration, nor do we now think
-that Brinkley’s determinations of the star-distances were reliable.
-But, nevertheless, his investigations exercised a marked influence
-on the progress of science: they stimulated the study of the
-principles on which exact measurements were to be conducted.
-
-Brinkley had another profession in addition to that of an
-astronomer. He was a divine. When a man endeavours to pursue two
-distinct occupations concurrently, it will be equally easy to
-explain why his career should be successful, or why it should be
-the reverse. If he succeeds, he will, of course, exemplify the
-wisdom of having provided two strings to his bow. Should he fail,
-it is, of course, because he has attempted to sit on two stools
-at once. In Brinkley’s case, his two professions must be likened
-to the two strings rather than to the two stools. It is true that
-his practical experience of a clerical life was very slender. He
-had made no attempt to combine the routine of a parish with his
-labours in the Observatory. Nor do we associate a special eminence
-in any department of religious work with his name. If, however, we
-are to measure Brinkley’s merits as a divine by the ecclesiastical
-preferment which he received, his services to theology must have
-rivalled his services to astronomy. Having been raised step by step
-in the church, he was at last appointed to the See of Cloyne in
-1826 as the successor of Bishop Berkeley.
-
-Now, though it was permissible for the Archdeacon to be also the
-Andrews Professor, yet when the Archdeacon became a Bishop it
-was understood that he should transfer his residence from the
-Observatory to the Palace. The Chair of Astronomy accordingly
-became vacant. Brinkley’s subsequent career seems to have been
-devoted entirely to ecclesiastical matters, and for the last ten
-years of his life he did not contribute a paper to any scientific
-society. Arago, after a characteristic lament that Brinkley should
-have forsaken the pursuit of Science for the temporal and spiritual
-attractions of a Bishopric, pays a tribute to the conscientiousness
-of the quondam astronomer:--
-
-“A partir du jour ou il fut revêtu de l’episcopat, l’homme dont
-toute la vie avait été consacrée jusque-là à la contemplation du
-firmament et à la solution des questions sublimes qui recèlent
-les mouvements des astres, divorca complétement avec ces douces,
-avec ces entraînantes occupations, pour se livrer sans partage
-aux devoirs de sa charge nouvelle, afin d’échapper, je suppose, à
-la tentation, l’ex-Directeur de l’Observatoire Royal d’Irlande,
-l’ex-Andrews Professor d’Astronomie de l’Université n’avait pas
-même dans son palais la plus modeste lunette. On doit la révélation
-de se fait presque incroyable, à l’indiscrétion d’une personne qui
-s’étant trouvée chez l’évêque de Cloyne un jour d’éclipse de Lune,
-eut le déplaisir, faute d’instruments, de ne pouvoir suivre la
-marche du phénomène qu’avec ses yeux.”
-
-The good Bishop died on the 13th September, 1835. He was buried in
-the Chapel of Trinity College, and a fine monument to his memory
-is a familiar object at the foot of the noble old staircase of the
-library. The best memorial of Brinkley is his admirable book on the
-_Elements of Plane Astronomy_. It passed through many editions in
-his lifetime, and even at the present day the same work, revised
-first by Dr. Luby and more recently by the Rev. Dr. Stubbs and Dr.
-Brünnow, has a large and well-merited circulation.
-
-On the 4th August, 1805, a few years before the great circle was
-erected at the Observatory, William Rowan Hamilton was born in
-No. 36, Dominick Street, Dublin. He was educated by his uncle,
-the Rev. James Hamilton, at Trim, and his aunt, Jane Sidney
-Hamilton. The astounding precocity of the child is thus described
-by his biographer, Mr. Graves, to whose laborious and painstaking
-execution of his great task I must here make my acknowledgments. Of
-William Rowan Hamilton it is asserted that, “continuing a vigorous
-child in spirits and playfulness, he was, at three years of age, a
-superior reader of English and considerably advanced in arithmetic;
-at four, a good geographer; at five, able to read and translate
-Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and loving to recite Dryden, Collins,
-Milton, and Homer; at eight he has added Italian and French, and
-given vent to his feelings in extemporised Latin; and before he is
-ten he is a student of Arabic and Sanskrit. And all this knowledge
-seems to have been acquired, not indeed without diligence, but
-with perfect ease, and applied, as occasion arose, with practical
-judgment and tact.”[107]
-
-When Hamilton was seventeen years old (1822), he had written
-original mathematical papers, and with two of these--entitled
-respectively, “Osculating Parabola to Curves of Double Curvature,”
-and “On Contacts between Algebraic Curves and Surfaces”--he paid
-a visit to Dr. Brinkley at the Observatory. The Royal Astronomer
-was impressed by their value, and desired to see them in a more
-developed form. Thus originated an acquaintance between the
-scientific veteran, soon to be a Bishop, and the brilliant lad
-about to enter college.
-
-After Brinkley had been appointed Bishop of Cloyne in 1826,
-Hamilton was immediately mentioned as his probable successor. Mr.
-Graves, to whom I am indebted for these particulars, assures us
-that Hamilton never put himself forward until a week before the
-election, when he received an urgent letter from his tutor, Mr.
-Boyton, to say that the Board were favourably disposed towards him.
-On the 16th June, 1827, the undergraduate of twenty-two, William
-Rowan Hamilton, was unanimously elected to the Chair of Astronomy.
-Nor was he without formidable competitors. Airy was a candidate,
-and so were some of the Fellows of Trinity College; yet a general
-approval, almost unanimous, ratified the choice of the Board.
-We say almost unanimous, because there was at least one weighty
-opinion on the other side. Bishop Brinkley thought that Hamilton
-had acted imprudently in accepting the post, and that it would have
-been wiser for him to have sought a Fellowship. With Hamilton’s
-life before us, we can now see that the Bishop was not right.
-The leisure and the seclusion of the Observatory were necessary
-conditions for Hamilton’s colossal labours. After his election to
-the Chair of Astronomy, Hamilton proceeded to his degree in the
-usual manner; but before doing so, he had, as an undergraduate,
-to perform the somewhat anomalous duty of examining graduates in
-the higher branches of mathematics for Bishop Law’s mathematical
-premium.
-
-The history of Dunsink Observatory for the next 38 years may be
-epitomised in a single word--Quaternions. It will be unnecessary to
-refer in any detail to the great career of our great mathematician.
-The early promise of the marvellous child and the brilliant career
-of the unparalleled student soon bore fruit in the congenial
-atmosphere of the Observatory. Conical Refraction, the Theory of
-Rays, the general method of Dynamics--any one of these researches
-would have conferred fame of which the greatest mathematician might
-have been proud, but with Hamilton these were merely incidental to
-the great work of his life. With huge industry he cultivated his
-powers, he wrought his mighty system of Quaternions, and found in
-it a weapon adequate to deal with the most profound mathematical
-problems of nature. It is not Hamilton’s fault if others have found
-that to wield this sword of a giant the arm of the giant is also
-necessary. Most of us feel satisfied if we know enough to be able
-to reverence the two awful volumes which every mathematician likes
-to see on his shelves, and which he generally leaves there.
-
-So great a personality as Hamilton has naturally gathered around
-itself much biographical interest. The intimacy between Hamilton
-and Wordsworth has given many interesting pages to Mr. Graves’
-book, and how intimate the friendship became may be conjectured
-from the account of their first meeting. We are told how Hamilton
-walked back with Wordsworth to see him home after a delightful
-evening, and how Wordsworth then turned to see Hamilton back, and
-how the process was repeated I know not how often. It appears that
-Hamilton submitted his poetic effusions to his friend, and they
-were returned with gentle criticism, though with an occasional
-admission by Wordsworth that the mathematician’s verses possessed
-genuine feeling. Then there is the visit of Wordsworth to Dunsink,
-where to this day a beautiful shady walk bears his name. Hamilton
-enjoyed the privilege of intimacy with many cultivated intellects.
-He knew Coleridge; with Sir John Herschel he was in frequent
-communication; and he had many lady correspondents, including
-Maria Edgeworth. The bulk of Hamilton’s scientific correspondence
-was with the late Professor De Morgan, a man whose intellectual
-endowments were of such a different type to those of Hamilton,
-that, except in being both mathematicians, they had but little in
-common. On the death of Hamilton, De Morgan writes to Sir John
-Herschel (Sept. 13, 1865):--
-
-“W. R. Hamilton was an intimate friend whom I spoke to once
-in my life--at Babbage’s about 1830; but for 30 years we have
-corresponded. I _saw_ him a second time at the dinner you got at
-the Freemason’s when you came from the Cape, but I could not get
-near enough to speak.”[108]
-
-The Observatory had the usual equipment of a transit instrument, a
-circle, and an equatorial, but no further additions were made to
-the instruments during the long sojourn of Hamilton. Observations
-were made by the assistant, Mr. Thomson, who, after a life passed
-in the service, retired in 1874, and lived a few years to enjoy
-the pension conferred on him by the Board. Just before Sir W.
-Hamilton’s death an important donation was received by the College.
-I shall here mention the circumstances under which it was made.
-The particulars were related to me partly by the donor himself,
-and partly by the late Earl of Rosse. The chief incidents in the
-narrative may be found in the life of De Morgan[109] to which I
-have already referred.
-
-Sir James South was a medical man who acquired considerable wealth
-early in life, and then devoted himself with great assiduity to
-astronomy. He became an expert observer, and in conjunction with
-Sir John Herschel formed a series of double star measures that
-obtained much fame. Honours flowed in upon South; he received a
-pension and a knighthood; and he prepared for further astronomical
-work. His first care was to procure a superior telescope, and from
-Cauchoix, a French optician of renown, he procured an object-glass
-12 inches in diameter, and possessing great optical perfection.
-For this lens, or rather pair of lenses, he paid either £800 or
-£1,000. South returned with this prize to his observatory at
-Campden Hill, Kensington, and commenced to have the mounting
-executed in a manner befitting the optical excellence of the lens.
-Brunel designed the revolving dome; it was made of mahogany, and
-cost, I believe, £2,000; and inside this building the eminent firm
-of Troughton & Simms were called upon to erect the telescope. But
-sad troubles followed, of which an entertaining account is given in
-De Morgan’s Life (p. 61), and the mounting was a dismal failure.
-
-Sir James South, at all events in the later part of his career,
-dearly loved a fray. He commissioned a friend to bear a hostile
-message to a distinguished scientific contemporary. The duel never
-came off. Perhaps, even if it had, the results might not have been
-sanguinary, for it had been suggested that the two astronomers
-would, of course, have been placed at telescopic distances apart.
-But to those to whom he was attached his loyalty and devotion
-were unbounded; his purse and his influence were alike at their
-disposal. To these characteristics of South we owe the great
-equatorial telescope now at Dunsink Observatory.
-
-[Illustration: SOUTH EQUATORIAL, DUNSINK.]
-
-The precious object-glass remained in his possession for about
-thirty years, until such time as the late Earl of Rosse was
-installed as Chancellor of the University. The Earl was one of Sir
-James’ warm friends, and he celebrated the occasion by presenting
-the great object-glass to the University of Dublin. The date of the
-gift is 17th February, 1863.
-
-It was thus only a few years before Sir W. R. Hamilton’s death
-that Dunsink Observatory possessed a really fine objective; but
-it was only an objective, it was not a telescope. The engrossing
-labours of Sir W. R. Hamilton’s mathematical work, his advancing
-years, and his declining health, did not permit him to undertake
-the arduous labour of its erection. Sir James South found in this
-a sad grievance. I have heard him denounce this inaction with that
-vigorous language which he was accustomed to use. He had even
-offered to contribute liberally to the expenses of mounting, if the
-College authorities would put it in hands. It was not, however,
-until Sir W. R. Hamilton’s successor was appointed (1865) that the
-work was done. South lived just long enough to know that the great
-instrument was at last being erected. A view of the instrument,
-named the South Equatorial, after the donor, is shown in the
-adjoining illustration.
-
-The successor of Sir William Rowan Hamilton as Andrews Professor
-of Astronomy was Dr. Francis Brünnow. He was a German by birth,
-who had distinguished himself by various astronomical researches,
-and by an excellent work on Practical Astronomy. He had previously
-occupied the Chair of Astronomy at the University of Michigan.
-When Brünnow came to Dunsink, his first care was the mounting
-of the great South Equatorial. A building was erected on the
-lawn, surmounted by a dome, and fitted with revolving machinery
-by Messrs. Grubb, who also constructed the tube and stand. A
-micrometer, from the Berlin firm of Messrs. Pistor & Martin, was
-added, and thus the South object-glass, forty years after it was
-made, came into actual use.
-
-Dr. Brünnow devoted himself chiefly to the investigation of the
-Parallax of Stars. In this he was, indeed, following the traditions
-of the Observatory as laid down by Brinkley. Brünnow published two
-parts of his researches on this difficult subject. These papers are
-now regarded as a classical authority in this branch of astronomy.
-The pains which he took to eliminate error, and the consummate
-manner in which he has discussed his results, show him to have been
-both a skilful observer and an ingenious computer.
-
-The fundamental equipment of the modern Observatory must include
-an equatorial and a meridian circle. Dunsink was now provided with
-the former, but there was no meridian circle. The great Ramsden
-instrument had become obsolete. The old transit had also seen more
-than half-a-century of service, and could not be relied on for
-accurate work. A splendid meridian circle was therefore ordered,
-by the liberality of the Board, from Messrs. Pistor & Martin,
-of Berlin. It was erected in 1872-1873, at a cost of £800. The
-aperture of this instrument is 6·4 inches and the length is 8 feet.
-The circles are divided to two-minute spaces, and read by eight
-microscopes, four on each side. The instrument can be reversed, and
-has north and south collimators. The Meridian Room and the fine
-instrument just described are shown in the subjoined illustration.
-
-[Illustration: MERIDIAN ROOM, DUNSINK.]
-
-In 1874 Dr. Brünnow resigned, and was succeeded by the present
-writer; and about the same time Dr. Ralph Copeland was appointed
-assistant. In the following year Dr. Copeland went to the Earl
-of Crawford’s Observatory at Dunecht, and he now fills the
-distinguished position of Royal Astronomer of Scotland. Dr.
-Copeland was succeeded as assistant at Dunsink by Mr. C. E. Burton.
-Failing health caused Mr. Burton’s resignation in 1878, and Dr.
-J. L. E. Dreyer then came to Dunsink, where he remained till the
-death of the late Dr. Romney Robinson in 1882 created a vacancy
-in the post of Astronomer at Armagh, to which Dr. Dreyer was
-then appointed. His place at Dunsink was filled by Dr. Arthur A.
-Rambaut, the present assistant.
-
-Among the additions made to the Observatory under my direction
-may be mentioned an electric chronograph for recording transits.
-A time service has also been in operation for many years, by
-which the standard mean time clock in the Observatory controls,
-on Jones’ system, the Front clock and the Board-room clock in the
-Port and Docks Office, Westmoreland Street, Dublin. The ball falls
-at this office at 1 p.m., Greenwich time, and the fact of falling
-reports itself automatically at Dunsink, while the Front clock
-reports itself at Dunsink every minute. But the chief addition to
-the Observatory in late years is the superb reflecting telescope
-for photographic purposes, which is the gift of Isaac Roberts,
-Esq., F.R.S., of Crowborough, Sussex. This instrument has been
-established in the small dome on the top of the Observatory.
-
-The last chronicle of Dunsink that it may be necessary here to
-mention is that Sir Robert Ball was appointed, on 20th February,
-1892, to succeed Professor J. Couch Adams as Lowndean Professor of
-Astronomy in the University of Cambridge.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[107] Graves’ _Life of Hamilton_, vol. i., p. 46.
-
-[108] Life of De Morgan, by his wife, p. 333.
-
-[109] _Ibid._
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER VII.
-
-“_The Books, but especially the Parchments._”
-
-THE LIBRARY.
-
-
-The Library had its beginning in 1601, from a subscription by the
-officers and soldiers of Queen Elizabeth’s army in Ireland. Prior
-to that, indeed, there were a few books; a list (dated 1600) of
-forty books, ten of which were MS., has been preserved, and was
-printed by Dr. J. K. Ingram in an appendix to his _Address to the
-Library Association_. It includes--of classical authors--Euripides,
-Plato, Aristotle, Cicero. In 1601, however, in order to commemorate
-the battle of Kinsale, in which the Spanish troops and their Irish
-allies were defeated, the troops subscribed £700[110] to purchase
-books for the newly-founded College. “Then souldiers,” says Dr.
-Bernard, “were for the advancement of learning.” Possibly; but it
-is significant that the money was subscribed “out of the arrears
-of their pay.” However, the example, as we shall see, proved
-fruitful. The money was entrusted to Luke Challoner and James
-Ussher (afterwards Primate), who accordingly went to London to make
-their purchases. It happened that Sir Thomas Bodley was at the same
-time buying books for his library at Oxford, and he and Ussher
-consulted, to their mutual advantage.
-
-It may be asked, What notable books did they buy, and what prices
-did they pay? As to the first, there exists a rough shelf-list
-of books in the Library which must have been drawn up very soon
-after this. It is in Challoner’s handwriting, and shows that
-rarities were not sought for, but books useful for study and
-research. The prices are not recorded, but Challoner has left a
-list of the prices he paid for his own books a few years earlier.
-A few specimens of these may be interesting. _Scapulæ Lexicon_
-cost him 12s.; a Hebrew Bible in 4to, 16s.; an English Bible,
-8vo, 6s.; _Stephani Concordantiæ_, 14s.; Cicero: _Opera Omnia_,
-8vo, 6s. 8d.; Homer: _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_, each 2s. 6d.; an 8vo
-_Virgil_, 1s. 4d.; another, in 16mo, 10d. The most expensive books
-are--_Mercator’s Tabula_, £3, and _Vatablus_; _Biblia Sacra_
-(Hebrew, Greek, Latin), £3 10s. The average price was about 5s. A
-few years later we find Challoner and Ussher again in London buying
-books for the Library. Chiefly, no doubt, in consequence of their
-purchases, the number of books in 1610 was about 4,000. In 1635 the
-Library is already mentioned as a matter of pride to the College
-by Sir W. Brereton. He specifies a MS. of Roger Bacon, which, he
-says, they highly esteem, considering it to be the only copy of
-that great man’s _Opus Majus_. Brereton, however, professes himself
-sceptical, on the ground that the MS. is so very clean and newly
-bound. How the latter fact could militate against the antiquity of
-the MS. is not very clear. Brereton also pronounces the Library to
-be not well furnished with books. The building, too, he reports as
-not large or well contrived.[111]
-
-It was, however, at the Restoration that the Library was at once
-raised to the first class, at least as regards MSS., by the
-accession of Archbishop Ussher’s library. The fortunes of this
-were rather remarkable. During the rebellion of 1641 it was in
-Drogheda, the seat of the Archiepiscopal residence, where it was
-in great peril of destruction, that place being besieged for four
-months. Shortly after the raising of the siege it was transferred
-to Chester, and subsequently to Chelsea College. Here, however,
-it was not much safer than in Ireland, for the Archbishop having
-preached against the authority of the Assembly of Divines, the
-House of Commons confiscated his library, the severest punishment
-they had it in their power to inflict. Happily, there were two
-men in the Assembly of nobler sentiments--Dr. Featley, formerly
-chaplain to Archbishop Abbot, and the learned John Selden.[112] By
-Selden’s help, Dr. Featley either obtained a grant of the library
-or was enabled to purchase it for a small sum, and so preserved it
-for the Primate; but part had already been embezzled.
-
-When Ussher was appointed by the Benchers preacher at Lincoln’s
-Inn, apartments were appropriated to his use, in which he was able
-to place his library, or rather pack up as much of it as remained.
-It was his intention to bequeath it to Trinity College, as a token
-of gratitude to the place where he had received his education;
-but having lost all his other property in the disturbances of the
-time, he was obliged to give up this purpose and to leave it to his
-daughter, Lady Tyrrell, wife of Sir Timothy Tyrrell. Ussher died in
-1656. The library was famous, and Parr, in his _Life of Ussher_,
-states that “the King of Denmark and Cardinal Mazarin endeavoured
-to obtain it, offering a good price through their agents in
-England; but Cromwell having, by an Order in Council, prohibited
-its being sold without his consent, it was bought by the soldiers
-and officers of the then army in Ireland, who, out of emulation to
-the previous noble action of Queen Elizabeth’s army, were incited
-by some men of publick spirits to the like performance, and they
-had it for much less than it was really worth, or what had been
-offered for it before by the agents above-mentioned [viz., for
-£2,200]; they had also with it all his manuscripts (which were not
-of his own handwriting), as also a choice, though not numerous,
-collection of ancient coins. But when this library was brought
-over into Ireland, the usurper and his son, who then commanded in
-chief there, would not bestow it on the Colledge of Dublin, least
-perhaps the gift should not appear so considerable as it would do
-by itself; and therefore they gave out that they would reserve it
-for a new Colledge or Hall which they said they intended to build
-and endow; but it proved that as those were not times, so they
-were not persons capable of any such noble or pious work; so that
-this library lay in the Castle of Dublin unbestowed and unemployed
-all the remaining time of Cromwell’s usurpation; but where this
-treasure was kept being left open, many of the books and most of
-the best manuscripts were stolen away or else imbezled (_sic_) by
-those who were intrusted with them; but after his late Majesty’s
-Restauration, when they fell to his disposal, he generously
-bestowed them on the Colledge for which they were intended by the
-owner, where they now remain.”
-
-Dr. Parr’s account may perhaps require to be modified by comparison
-with the following document:--“June 29, 1659.--The Commissioners
-of Parliament for the Government of Ireland referred to ‘certain
-persons named’ to take a view of the gallery at Cork House and the
-armory-room near the Castle, and to consider with workmen which
-place may be most convenient for placing Dr. Ussher’s Library,
-and to present an estimate of the charge for making Presses and
-Chains for the Books in order to their use and security.” On 1st
-November following it was ordered “that the Trustees for Trinity
-College, as also Dr. Watson, Dr. Gorges, and Mr. Williamson, be
-desired to attend the Board and to consider together how the
-Library formerly belonging to Dr. Ussher, purchased by the State
-and army, may be disposed and fitted for Publick use. And also to
-take into consideration a Letter from Dr. Berners [query, Bernard],
-as also a Paper delivered by Dr. Jones, concerning the publishing
-of some part of the said Library or manuscripts, and of recovering
-some part of the said Library being at present abroad in some
-men’s hands, albeit they ought to have been returned hither with
-the Books as were purchased, or such only as were sent hither and
-are in the custody of Mr. Williamson or others. And to inform
-themselves in what condition the said Library at present is.
-Whether since the coming of the said Books hither any of them have
-been lent out or otherwise disposed of--to whom, when, and by whose
-order, with what else may concern the Business.”[113]
-
-With respect to the part which the King had in sending the books
-to the College, Dr. Ingram seems to suspect that Dr. Parr’s
-“effusively loyal spirit led him erroneously to attribute this act
-of restitution to Charles II. His Majesty’s consent,” he adds,
-“would perhaps be formally necessary, but it seems to have been
-really the Irish House of Commons that moved in the matter. In
-the Journals of the House under that date, 31 Maii, 1661, appears
-an order ‘that the Vice-Chancellor and Provost of the College of
-Dublin, and Mr. Richard Lingard, with such others as they will take
-to their assistance, be decreed and are hereby empowered, with
-all convenient speed, to cause the Library formerly belonging to
-the late Lord Primate of Armagh, and purchased by the army, to be
-brought from the Castle of Dublin, where they now are, into the
-said College, there to be preserved for public use; and the said
-persons are likewise to take a catalogue of all the said Library,
-both manuscripts and printed books, and to deliver the same into
-this House, to be inserted in the Journals of the House.’”[114] I
-may add that in the catalogue of MSS. drawn up by George Browne
-(afterwards Provost) in 1688 (and printed by Dr. Bernard in his
-_Catalogus Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ_), these MSS. are
-stated to have been given by the “Conventus generalis habitus
-Dublinii an. 1666.” It seems probable, too, that Dr. Parr has
-somewhat exaggerated the losses from the Library when he says that
-most of the MSS. were lost. As far as we can judge in the absence
-of a catalogue earlier than the Restoration, the best MSS. would
-seem to be still in the collection. It still contains, happily, the
-most beautiful book in the world, to be presently described more
-particularly.
-
-In 1671 the Countess of Bath, whose husband, Henry Bourchier, had
-been a Fellow, presented a collection of books purchased for the
-express purpose, some of them handsomely bound, and with her arms
-on the sides. Dr. Ingram has quoted from the _Life and Errors_ of
-John Dunton an interesting notice of the Library in 1704. From
-this we learn that there was nothing to distinguish the building
-externally; “it is,” says he, “over the scholars’ lodgings, the
-length of one of the quadrangles, and contains a great many choice
-books of great value, particularly one, the largest I ever saw
-for breadth; it was an Herbal, containing the lively portraitures
-of all sorts of Trees, Plants, Herbs, and Flowers.” The Library
-at that time served as a Museum as well, for he says that he was
-shown in the same place “the skin of a notorious Tory which had
-been tanned and stuffed with straw.” This interesting relic does
-not now exist, which is not surprising, considering the state of
-dilapidation in which it was at the time of Dunton’s visit.[115]
-Not very long after Dunton’s visit the foundation stone of the
-present Library was laid (1712), the House of Commons having
-granted considerable sums for the purpose. It was completed in
-1732. The print on next page, dated 1753, gives an illustration
-of this building as it then appeared. In the interim we obtain an
-unsatisfactory glimpse of the state of things in a letter from
-Berkeley, then a Fellow, which mentions that the Library “is at
-present so old and ruinous and the books so out of order that there
-is little attendance given.”
-
-The new building speedily received large accessions of books. In
-1726 Dr. William Palliser, Archbishop of Cashel, bequeathed to the
-College all such books and editions in his library as the College
-did not already possess. This gift amounted to about four thousand
-volumes. He made it a condition that these books should always be
-kept next to those of Archbishop Ussher.
-
-A still greater benefactor to the Library was Dr. Claudius Gilbert,
-who had been Vice-Provost and Professor of Divinity. In forming
-his library he had in view the purpose of presenting it to the
-College, and applied great knowledge and judgment to the selection
-of books. His collection, the fruit of many years of such care,
-contained nearly thirteen thousand volumes, many of them early and
-rare texts. His bust was placed near the books in 1758.
-
-[Illustration: OLD PRINT OF LIBRARY, 1753.]
-
-Nearly at the same time as Gilbert’s gift, the MS. collection was
-largely augmented by the bequest of Dr. John Stearne, Bishop of
-Clogher and Vice-Chancellor of the University. This collection
-included that of Dr. John Madden (President of the College of
-Physicians), a catalogue of which was printed in Dr. Bernard’s
-_Catalogus Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ_. Amongst the MSS.
-thus acquired was the collection in thirty-two folio volumes of the
-Depositions of the Sufferers by the Rising in 1641. These records
-had been in the custody of Matthew Barry, Clerk of the Council,
-and at his death were purchased by Dr. John Madden, at the sale
-of whose books they were purchased by Dr. Stearne. From the same
-collection we obtained a considerable number of letters and other
-documents relating to military and judicial proceedings in Ireland,
-especially from 1647 to 1679.
-
-In 1786 there was added to the Library an extremely valuable
-collection of Irish (Celtic) books formerly belonging to the
-celebrated Edward Lhuyd,[116] at whose death they were purchased
-by Sir John Sebright. At the suggestion of Edmund Burke, Sir John
-presented the books to Trinity College in 1786. They include
-_Brehon Law Commentaries_, the _Book of Leinster_, and other
-important volumes.
-
-A large and valuable acquisition was made in 1802, when the Library
-of M. Greffier Fagel, Pensionary of Holland, consisting of more
-than 20,000 volumes, was purchased by the Board of Erasmus Smith
-and presented to the College. The books had been removed to England
-for sale in 1794, when the French invaded Holland, and had been
-advertised by Mr. Christie for sale by auction March 1, 1802, and
-twenty-nine following days.
-
-In 1805 a very choice collection of books, including many
-_Editiones Principes_, as well as books remarkable for the beauty
-of their printing or their binding, was bequeathed by Henry George
-Quin. In this collection are found some splendid specimens of
-printing and binding which will be mentioned by-and-by. In more
-recent times, also, we have received some valuable and interesting
-donations. In 1854, the _Book of Armagh_, a MS. of singular
-interest (to be referred to more particularly hereafter), was
-purchased for £300 by the Rev. W. Reeves, afterwards Bishop of Down
-and Connor. As he could not afford to retain the book himself, and
-only desired that it should be in safe custody in our Library, he
-parted with it for the same sum to the Archbishop of Armagh, Lord
-John George Beresford, who presented it to Trinity College.
-
-In the same year Dr. Charles Wm. Wall, Vice-Provost, purchased,
-through Rev. Dr. Gibbings, several volumes of the original Records
-of the Inquisition at Rome, which had been removed to Paris
-by Napoleon I. Extracts from these have been published by Dr.
-Gibbings.
-
-[Illustration: INTERIOR OF LIBRARY, 1858.]
-
-Amongst more recent benefactors to the Library the Rev. Aiken
-Irvine and Dr. Neilson Hancock deserve to be noticed, the former of
-whom bequeathed about 1,000 volumes, and the latter about 250, in
-1881 and 1885 respectively. Space forbids the enumeration of less
-important donations.
-
-The College authorities, meanwhile, were liberal in granting money
-for the purchase of books. Between November, 1805, and March, 1806,
-we find them giving fifty guineas for the _Complutensian Polyglot_,
-sixty-two for Prynne’s _Records_, and twenty-two and a-half for
-the first folio Shakespeare. Again, in the first six months of
-1813 we find £126 spent on purchases at auctions, including some
-fifteenth-century books, and an Icelandic Bible which cost £14
-15s. 9d. In addition to these purchases, the booksellers’ bills
-paid amounted to £230. Coming to a later period, we find for the
-ten years commencing with 1846 the average annual expenditure on
-purchases and binding was £668. After 1856, however, it was found
-necessary to contract the expenditure. The fixed sum now set apart
-annually for these purposes is £400. Extra grants are, however,
-made occasionally for special purchases. As the expense of the
-personal staff has considerably increased, the whole expenditure
-on the Library is larger than in 1856, and now amounts to about
-£2,000. The expense of administration may appear out of proportion
-to the amount available for the purchase of books. This is
-accounted for by the fact that English publications are received
-without cost.
-
-The chief source of the growth of the Library in the present
-century has been the privilege granted by Act of Parliament in
-1801--viz., the right to a copy of every book (including every
-“sheet of letterpress”) published in the United Kingdom. This
-privilege this Library shares with the British Museum, the
-Bodleian, that of Cambridge University, and the Advocates’ Library,
-Edinburgh.[117] To the British Museum publishers are obliged to
-send their publications unasked; the other Libraries forfeit their
-right to any book not claimed by them within twelve months of
-publication. Accordingly, they jointly employ an agent in London
-for the purpose of claiming and forwarding books. The principal
-firms, however, send their publications as a matter of course,
-without waiting to be asked.
-
-This obligation cannot be thought to be a grievance to authors
-and publishers, when we reflect to what an extent authors, and
-therefore publishers, are dependent on the resources of these
-Libraries. What work of research could be produced without the aid
-they give? We benefit by the generosity of our forefathers; we are
-only asked to hand on the torch and help to do for posterity what
-antiquity has done for us. A money grant, however satisfactory to
-the Libraries, would not accomplish the same public end, namely,
-the preservation of the literature of the time, independently
-of the particular tastes or predilections of the successive
-librarians. Even in the case of very expensive works, of which only
-a small number of copies is issued, publishers take the obligation
-into account, and the result is a relatively slight increase of
-price not felt by the purchasers of such works.
-
-The number of printed books in the Library in 1792 was about
-46,000. In 1844 it had risen to 96,000, a large part of the
-increase being due to the acquisition of the Fagel Library. When
-the books were last counted (August, 1891), the printed books
-numbered 222,648, the MSS. 1,938, giving a total of 224,586.
-It should be remembered that we count volumes, not separate
-publications, hence a volume containing say thirty pamphlets counts
-only as one book. Many of the older volumes contain two or more
-books of considerable size bound in one.
-
-       *       *       *       *       *
-
-This may suffice for the history of the Library: I now proceed to
-speak of its contents. If precedence is given to antiquity, the
-first objects to claim our attention are the Egyptian papyri. These
-were presented by Lord Kingsborough about 1838, and a catalogue
-of them was published by Dr. Edward Hincks. One of these is very
-finely embellished with pictures representing the history of a
-departed soul; several resemble the corresponding pictures in the
-papyrus of Ani, of which a fac-simile was recently published by the
-British Museum. Some of the pictures wanting in this (our) papyrus
-are supplied in others of the collection, such as the weighing
-of the soul, the ploughing, sowing, and reaping in the fields of
-Elysium.
-
-It is, chronologically, a great step from these Egyptian MSS. to
-the oldest of our Greek and Latin MSS. Of Greek Biblical MSS. we
-have indeed few, but two of these are of considerable importance.
-One is the celebrated palimpsest codex of St. Matthew’s Gospel,
-known amongst Biblical critics as Z. The original text of this,
-in a beautiful large uncial character, was written not later than
-the sixth century. But at a later date (about the 13th century)
-this ancient writing was partially erased, and extracts from
-some of the Greek Fathers written over it. The old writing was
-detected by Dr. John Barrett, formerly Librarian, who published
-the text in what was called “engraved fac-simile,” which gives
-a very correct idea of the original writing, although the form
-of each individual letter may not always be exactly represented.
-Dr. Barrett added a learned dissertation on both the more ancient
-and the later contents of the MS. Dr. Tregelles, with the help of
-chemical applications, was enabled to read some letters which had
-escaped Dr. Barrett, and he published an account of his discoveries
-in a quarto tract. He also entered his new readings in a copy of
-Barrett’s work. Strange to say, these two records of Tregelles
-differed considerably, and accordingly, when the present writer
-undertook to re-edit Barrett’s text with Tregelles’ additions, he
-found it necessary to examine the MS. throughout. In so doing,
-he was able to read several hundred letters and marks (such as
-marks of quotation, numbers of sections and canons, etc.) which
-had escaped both Barrett and Tregelles, besides correcting a few
-errors. The additions and corrections were made on Barrett’s
-plates, and the new edition was published in 1880.[118]
-
-There is also a palimpsest fragment of Isaiah, apparently of
-somewhat earlier date, of which a lithographed fac-simile was
-included in the volume just mentioned. This fac-simile enabled Dr.
-Ceriani, of Milan, to identify the recension to which a certain
-group of MSS. of the Septuagint belongs.[119]
-
-Of the Gospels, there is a copy (63) in a cursive hand of the
-tenth century with scholia. Under a portrait of St. Matthew is
-traceable a palimpsest fragment of a Greek Evangelistarium. There
-was anciently another copy of the Gospels (64), which, however,
-was reported missing in 1742. Most probably it had been lent to
-Bulkeley (a Fellow), who in fact collated it for Mill. It is now in
-the library of the Marquis of Bute.
-
-Another important though not very ancient MS. of the New Testament
-is the celebrated _Codex Montfortianus_, historically notable as
-being pretty certainly the actual MS. on whose authority the verse
-I John v. 7 was admitted into Erasmus’ third edition, and thence
-into the received text. It is not older than the fifteenth century.
-A collation of the text of the Epistles is given by Barrett in
-his volume, _Codex Rescriptus S. Matthæi_. Dr. Orlando Dobbin in
-1854 devoted a volume to the MS., giving a complete collation of
-the Gospels and Acts. According to his researches, the text of the
-Epistles is copied from a MS. in Lincoln College, Oxford, the verse
-I John v. 7 being interpolated by the copyist.
-
-This manuscript has the distinction that we know the names of
-nearly every person through whose hands it passed. On folio 56 is
-the note, “_Sum Thomae Clementis, olim fratris Froyhe_,” and on a
-leaf at the end is “Mayster Wyllams, of _Corpus Christi_....” After
-Clement it came into the possession of William Chark, from him to
-Dr. Thomas Montfort, and then to Ussher. Professor Rendel Harris,
-in his book on “The Origin of the Leicester Codex,” has discussed
-the history of the Montfort Codex. He makes the suggestion that
-Froyhe is an error for Roye, the accidental repetition of a letter
-changing “_fratris_ Roye” into “_fratris_ Froye” or “Froyhe.” There
-is proof that the MS. was in Franciscan hands (the names Ἰησους,
-Μαρία, ϕρἀγκωκος, are scribbled in it more than once). Barrett,
-for example, shows that Williams was a Franciscan, and _frater_
-Froyhe, or Roye, was probably of the same order. Now there was a
-very remarkable member of the Franciscan order, named William Roye,
-educated at Cambridge, who, however, in 1524, forsook the order,
-and joined Tyndale at Hamburg. It is not impossible that the codex
-in question was actually written by him. These, with a fragment
-(14th century) of the Epistle to the Romans, and a small Psalter
-dated 1533, exhaust our Greek Biblical manuscripts.
-
-Of Latin Biblical manuscripts we have a considerable number,
-including several remarkable either for their text or their
-artistic execution. The most important for its text is that classed
-A. 4, 15, and called _Codex Usserianus_; a manuscript of the
-Gospels written probably in the sixth century, and exhibiting an
-old Latin text of the Hiberno-British Recension. It is defective at
-the beginning and the end; every leaf also is mutilated, so that no
-line remains complete. With the exception of a rude cross at the
-end of St. Luke’s Gospel, there is no attempt at ornament. Here and
-there are interlinear glosses scratched as with a needle point--as,
-for example, in reference to the paralytic who was “borne of four,”
-the four are interpreted as the four evangelists. It is remarkable
-that the _pericopa de adultera_ is given in a text agreeing with
-the Vulgate. From this we may conclude--first, that the passage was
-not in the archetype; secondly, that the scribe had a copy of the
-Vulgate at hand; and thirdly, that it was from choice, not from
-necessity, that he copied the old Latin. The full text of this
-manuscript was published in _Evangelia Ante-hieronymiana_. Its
-history is unknown.
-
-Another MS., called _The Garland of Howth_, exhibits in St.
-Matthew’s Gospel a similar text, but elsewhere the Vulgate, or, in
-some parts, a mixed text. It is probably not earlier than the ninth
-century, or perhaps the tenth. Pictures of two of the evangelists
-remain--the others are lost. The MS. is coarsely written, and
-on very coarse parchment. The omissions in it, chiefly from
-homœoteleuton, are frequent and instructive. Some of the scribe’s
-blunders are curious. Thus, Matthew xxii. 42, “quid vobis videtur
-de operibus fidelis,” for “de χρο cuius filius;” Mark ii. 3, “qui
-iiii rotis portabatur;” xi. 12, “a bethania cum x essurivit ii;”
-xiv. 50, “discipuli omnes relinquentes eum cruci[fi]xerunt.” In
-Matthew xxvii. 5, an Irish gloss has got into the text--“proiectis
-arcadgabuth c.,” for “argenteis.” In Luke xxiii. 12 another gloss
-appears in the text--“opus malum malos in unum coniungunt.”
-
-Remarkable both for text and ornament is the _Book of Durrow_ (so
-called from Durrow, in King’s County, where St. Columba founded a
-monastery), a MS. of the Gospels (with the prologues, &c.), written
-perhaps in the seventh century. The text is a tolerably pure
-Vulgate. The colophon contains a prayer that whoever shall hold
-the book in his hand may remember the writer, Columba, who wrote
-this Gospel in the space of twelve days. There were many Columbas
-besides the Saint, and it is pretty certain that the present book
-was not written by Saint Columba. It is morally certain also that
-it was not written in twelve days. But there is good reason to
-believe that the scribe has merely copied the colophon from the
-book he was transcribing,[120] and if so, the archetype may have
-been written by Saint Columba, who has the reputation of being a
-scribe.
-
-Except at the beginning of each Gospel, the only attempt at
-ornament is a series of red dots round the initial letters; but
-the letters of the first words of each Gospel are elaborately
-embellished in the characteristic Celtic style. Prefixed also to
-each Gospel is a page covered with interlaced ornament of great
-beauty, as well as another page with the symbol of the Evangelist.
-These pages have been represented in fac-simile (admirably as
-regards the tracing, but not with accurate reproduction of the
-colours) in Prof. Westwood’s _Fac-similes of Irish and Anglo-Saxon
-Manuscripts_. The volume was formerly enclosed in a silver cover,
-which has long since disappeared; but a note in the book (written
-in 1677) gives the inscription, which stated that the cover was
-made by Flann, son of Mailsechnal, King of Ireland (who died in the
-year 916).[121]
-
-This MS. was presented to the Library by Henry Jones, Bishop of
-Meath, Vice-Chancellor (1646 to 1660), the same whose gift of
-stairs, etc., to the Library in 1651 is commemorated on a brass
-plate just inside the door.
-
-Conall MacGeoghegan relates of Saint Columba, “hee wrote 300 bookes
-with his one [own] hand, they were all new testaments, left a book
-to each of his churches in the kingdome w^{ch} Bookes sunck to
-the bottom of the Deepest waters, they would not lose one letter
-signe or character of them, w^{ch} I have seen partly my selfe of
-that book of them w^{ch} is at Dorow, in the K^s County, for I
-did see the Ignorant man that hath the same in his custody, when
-sickness came upon cattle, for their Remedi putt water on the
-booke and suffered it to rest there a while and saw alsoe cattle
-returne thereby to their former or pristinate and the book to
-receave noe loss.”[122] In earlier times, indeed, even in England,
-the scrapings of these Celtic manuscripts were believed to have
-medicinal virtues.
-
-The _Book of Durrow_ is far surpassed in beauty by the _Book of
-Kells_, so called from Kells in Co. Meath, in which monastery it
-had been preserved and doubtless written. This is also a MS. of
-the Gospels containing a mixed text, _i.e._, the Vulgate modified
-by additions, etc., from the old Latin. No words can convey an
-adequate idea of the beauty of this MS. This does not consist,
-as in some Oriental MSS., in a profusion of gilding--there is no
-gold whatever--nor in the addition of paintings independent of
-the text, but in the lavish variety of artistic adornment applied
-to the letters of the text, which justifies Professor Westwood in
-calling it “the most beautiful book in the world.” The ornament
-consists largely of ever-varying interlacing of serpents and of
-simple bands, with countless spirals alternately expanding and
-contracting in the peculiar “trumpet-shaped pattern.” The initial
-of every sentence throughout the Gospels is an artistic product,
-some of them exquisite, and no two precisely the same. In addition
-to this decoration, which adorns every page, there are many pages
-(about thirty) entirely full of ornament, showing the utmost skill
-and accuracy in almost microscopic detail. In fact, the detail is
-so minute that it often requires a lens to trace it; yet these
-minute lines are as firm as if drawn by a machine, and as free as
-if they were the growth of nature. The exquisite harmony of the
-colouring is as admirable as the elegance of the tracery. Little
-wonder that it was said to have been written at the dictation
-of an angel. “If you look closely,” says Giraldus Cambrensis,
-“and penetrate to the secrets of the art, you will discover such
-delicate and subtile lines, so closely wrought, so twisted and
-interwoven, and adorned with colours still so fresh, that you will
-acknowledge that all this is the work rather of angelic than of
-human skill. The more frequently and carefully I examine it, I am
-always amazed with new beauties, and always discover things more
-and more admirable.”[123] Some pages originally left blank contain
-charters in the Irish language, conveying grants of lands to the
-Abbey of Kells, the Bishop of Meath, the Monastery of Ardbraccan,
-by Melaghlyn, King of Meath, and other monarchs in the eleventh and
-twelfth centuries.
-
-[Illustration: A PAGE FROM THE BOOK OF KELLS.]
-
-There are fine examples of the same school of Art in English
-Libraries, especially the _Book of Lindisfarne_, in the British
-Museum; the _Book of St. Chad_, in Lichfield, the writing in
-which is extremely like that in the _Book of Kells_; the _Gospels
-of MacRegol_, in the Bodleian; and the _Gospels of MacDurnan_,
-in Lambeth. Of these Irish and Hiberno-Saxon works Dr. Wangen
-says:--“The ornamental pages, borders, and initial letters exhibit
-such a rich variety of beautiful and peculiar designs, so admirable
-a taste in the arrangement of the colours, and such an uncommon
-perfection of finish, that one feels absolutely struck with
-amazement.” None of these, however, equals the _Book of Kells_ in
-the number, the fulness, or the perfection of detail of the great
-pictorial pages, while the prodigality with which ornament is
-bestowed on every page and every paragraph is a feature peculiar to
-it.
-
-There is nothing in the _Book of Kells_ itself to indicate its
-date, the last leaf--which may have contained the name of the
-scribe--being lost. The _Book of Lindisfarne_ contains a note (of
-the tenth century) naming the scribe and the illuminator, the
-former being Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne (died 721), and the
-latter his successor in the See, Aethelwald (died 737 or 740).
-MacRiagoil, scribe, and Abbot of Birr (King’s County), died in 820.
-The _Gospels of MacDurnan_ appear from the character of the writing
-to be coeval with the _Book of Armagh_, which is known to have been
-written in 807. From a comparison of the _Book of Kells_ with these
-MSS., it may be inferred that it belongs to the eighth century.
-
-The volume was anciently enclosed in a golden cover, and the
-_Annals of the Four Masters_ record, under the year 1006, that in
-that year it was stolen from the Church of Kells, and was found
-after twenty nights and two months with its gold stolen off and
-a sod over it. It is in that passage called the great Gospel of
-Columbkille--_i.e._, St. Columba. It owes that name, probably, to
-its connection with Columba’s Monastery at Kells, where, no doubt,
-it was written, and where it remained until the dissolution of the
-monasteries. From Richard Plunket, the last Abbot, it passed to one
-Gerald Plunket, and from him to Ussher.
-
-A very interesting and important MS. is the _Book of Armagh_,
-containing the entire New Testament (in Latin), being the only
-complete copy which has come down to us from the ancient Irish
-Church. In it the Gospels are followed immediately by St. Paul’s
-Epistles, including the fictitious Epistle to the Laodiceans. It
-contains also memoirs of St. Patrick, with his Confession, and a
-Life of St. Martin of Tours, by Sulpicius Severus. The name of
-the scribe was written in several places, but in every instance
-has been more or less effectually erased. However, the Bishop
-of Limerick (Dr. Charles Graves) succeeded in deciphering it
-sufficiently to identify the name as Ferdomnach. But there were
-several scribes of that name, and how to decide which was the one
-in question? Dr. Graves found another note, only partly legible,
-and that with extreme difficulty, which appeared to have contained
-the name Ferdomnach, with the words, “dictante herede Patricii
-----bach.” “Heres Patricii” was the title of the Archbishop of
-Armagh. The only one who satisfied the conditions of time, and
-whose name ended in “bach,” was Torbach, who only occupied the
-See for one year. In this way the actual year in which the MS.
-was written was determined--viz., A.D. 807.[124] Prof. Westwood
-thinks the same scribe wrote the Gospels of MacDurnan, now at
-Lambeth. There is a note of later date in the volume relating
-to certain privileges of the Church of Armagh, and written “in
-the presence of Brian, imperator Scotorum”--_i.e._, Brian Boru,
-who visited Armagh in 1004 and 1006, and died 1014. The writer
-of this note calls himself Calvus Perennis--a Latin rendering of
-his name, Maolsuthain.[125] He was Brian’s private confessor. The
-book was in high esteem, being regarded as the actual writing of
-St. Patrick, and called the _Canon of Patrick_. Oaths taken upon
-it were considered peculiarly obligatory, and the violation of
-such an oath brought on him the vengeance of the Saint, as well
-as extreme civil penalties. The book was entrusted to the care
-of a hereditary keeper, whose family derived their name, “Maor”
-or “Moyre,” from the office, to which, moreover, an endowment of
-land was attached. The book remained in the possession of this
-family until the end of the seventeenth century, when, having
-been pawned by the keeper, it came by purchase into the hands of
-Arthur Brownlow, from whose lineal representative it was bought,
-as above related, by Rev. Dr. Reeves.[126] An interesting object
-connected with the _Book of Armagh_ is its leather satchel, finely
-embossed with figures of animals and interlaced work. It is formed
-of a single piece of leather, 36 in. long and 12½ broad, folded
-so as to make a flat-sided pouch, 12 in. high, 12¾ broad, and
-2¼ deep. Part of it is doubled over to make a flap, in which
-are eight brass-bound slits, corresponding to as many brass loops
-projecting from the case, in which ran two rods, meeting in the
-middle, where they were secured by a lock. In early times, in Irish
-monastic libraries, books were kept in such satchels, which were
-suspended by straps from hooks in the wall. Thus it is related in
-an old legend that “on the night of Longaradh’s death all the book
-satchels in Ireland fell down.”
-
-[Illustration: SATCHEL OF THE BOOK OF ARMAGH.]
-
-Few of these ancient satchels have come down to us. When Dr.
-Reeves wrote, he knew of only one other, namely, that now in
-Dublin, in the Franciscan Monastery, whither it has come from the
-Monastery of St. Isidore in Rome. A third, however, much ruder,
-is in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, enclosing an Irish Missal
-(illustrated in Gilbert’s _Irish Historical MSS._); a fourth is
-described and illustrated by Miss Stokes in _Archæologia_, vol.
-xliii., No. xiv.; a fifth is at Milan, containing a Syro-hexaplar
-codex, and a full-size illustration of it is given in Dr. Ceriani’s
-reproduction of that codex. A similar satchel, containing an
-Ethiopic book, is in St. John’s College, Oxford. In Abyssinia,
-indeed, they are frequent; all the books in the Monastery of
-Suriani are so enclosed.[127] A figure of monks with their
-satchels, as represented on an ancient sculptured stone, is given
-in the _Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland_, New
-Series, vol. iii., 1881.
-
-[Illustration: SHRINE OF BOOK OF DIMMA.]
-
-The _Annals_ record that in the year 937 a cover was made for the
-_Canon of Patrick_ by Donnchadh, son of Flann. This was doubtless
-a metal case. The satchel was clearly not made for it.
-
-We have seen that the ancient cases of the Books of Kells and
-Durrow were lost long since. Two such shrines (“cumdachs”) are in
-our Library--one enclosing the _Book of Dimma_, the other the
-_Book of Mulling_ or _Moling_. These books are named from their
-scribes, who, according to the _Annals_, lived in the seventh
-century. Both these are copies of the Gospels; both, however,
-contain also a _Missa Infirmorum_ of later date.[128] The case of
-the _Book of Dimma_ is of silver, beautifully wrought with Celtic
-tracery. It bears an inscription which runs as follows:--“Tatheus
-O’Kearbuill beideev meipsum deauravit, dominus domnaldus O Cuanain
-converbius ultimo meipsum restauravit, Tomas Ceard dachorig in
-mindsa.” Thady O’Carroll Boy was Prince of Ely in the middle of the
-twelfth century; Donald O’Cuanain was Bishop of Killaloe from 1230
-to 1260.
-
-The ends of the case are obviously more ancient, apparently
-much more ancient, than the sides. It will be observed that the
-inscription says nothing about the original maker of the case.
-
-This book, long kept in the monastery at Roscrea, disappeared at
-the dissolution of the monasteries, and is said to have been found
-again in 1789 by boys hunting rabbits in Devil’s Bit Mountains in
-Tipperary. The boys tore off part of the silver plate, and picked
-out some of the lapis lazuli.[129] The MS. was purchased from Sir
-W. Betham by the College for £200.
-
-The case or shrine of the _Book of Mulling_ appears to have been
-originally plain, except for some small pieces of crystal and lapis
-lazuli inserted on one side. In 1402, however, a very large crystal
-set in fine niello work was inserted in the same side. In 1891,
-thinking I saw trace of a letter under this crystal, I raised it,
-and thereby revealed a brass plate hitherto concealed by dust, and
-bearing the inscription: “++Artturus | ver domin | us & lageniae
-| rinsdabe | tilia & baroni | anno & dni | millio | quadrin |
-gentesi | mo sedo |++.” This Arthur was Arthur or Art MacMurrough
-Kavanagh, who opposed Richard II. This inscription, no doubt, has
-reference to the insertion of the crystal and the niello work, not
-to the original construction of the case. This MS. also contains
-a _Missa Infirmorum_ (published by Bishop Forbes with that in the
-_Book of Dimma_).
-
-Another beautiful Latin MS. of Irish origin is the _Psalter of
-Ricemarch_, so called because it was formerly in the possession
-of that prelate (Bishop of St. David’s, d. 1099), who has written
-in it some Latin verses. It is perhaps not much older than his
-time. The book was the property of Bishop Bedell, whose autograph
-it bears, and was lent by him to Archbishop Ussher, and to this
-circumstance it owes its preservation, Bedell’s library having been
-destroyed in the troubles of the time.
-
-The last of these Latin Biblical MSS. which I shall mention is not
-Irish, but is somewhat of a curiosity. It is a single leaf of the
-_Codex Palatinus_, a fifth-century MS. of the old Latin version of
-the Gospels written in silver letters on purple vellum. The rest
-of the MS. (so far as it has been preserved) is in the Imperial
-Library at Vienna, which acquired it at some unknown period between
-1800 and 1829. Our leaf was purchased by Dr. Todd in 1843. It is
-not improbable that the MS. was abstracted from some monastic
-library during the Napoleonic wars, and that this leaf, becoming
-separated from the rest, came into the hands of an Irish soldier.
-This dispersion of a MS. is less unusual than might be supposed.
-The _Book of Leinster_, to be presently mentioned, furnishes a
-notable example.[130] I recently received from a correspondent two
-leaves of a Syriac MS., which, by the help of Wright’s catalogue,
-Dr. Gwynn identified as two of the missing leaves of a MS. in the
-British Museum, the MS. having been imperfect when purchased for
-that Library.
-
-The _Book of Hymns_ (11th century) deserves mention both for the
-beauty of its initial letters and for the interest of its contents.
-Some of the hymns are Latin, some Gælic; the greater part of both
-has been published by the Irish Archæological Society, with learned
-notes by Dr. Todd, and with reproductions of the initial letters.
-The remainder of the Gælic hymns has been published by Dr. Whitley
-Stokes in his _Goidilica_.
-
-I may appropriately mention here a remarkable Pontifical formerly
-belonging to the Church of Canterbury, and, as Bishop Reeves
-remarked to me, probably “contrectatus manibus S. Thomae de
-Becket.” In this the sentence of ordination of priests is in the
-old form, and in the margin is added, in a much later hand, the new
-form as adopted by the Church of Rome before the Reformation, and
-retained in our Ordinal.[131]
-
-In Celtic literature we are tolerably rich. Part of our collection
-came to us, as already mentioned, by gift from Sir John Sebright,
-who had purchased the books at Edward Lhuyd’s sale. Amongst
-these is the _Book of Leinster_, a large folio of about the
-twelfth century, of very varied contents--historical, romantic,
-genealogical, and hagiological. The entire text has been published
-in lithographed fac-simile at the joint expense of Trinity College
-and the Royal Irish Academy, with a preface by Professor R.
-Atkinson. When this MS. was presented to our Library, eleven leaves
-were missing. These were found, however, and identified by Dr.
-Todd, in the Monastery of St. Isidore in Rome, whither they had
-gone from the Irish College in Louvain. They are now deposited in
-the Franciscan Monastery in Dublin.
-
-The history of the _Book of Lecain_ or _Leacan_, another important
-Irish MS., forms a curious counterpart to that of the _Book of
-Leinster_. The former was included in Ussher’s collection, and
-was in our Library in 1688 when the catalogue was compiled. It
-is there recorded, however, that nine leaves were wanting. It is
-stated by Nicolson (_Irish Historical Library_, p. 39), on the
-authority of Dr. Raymond, that the book was lodged in Paris by Sir
-John Fitzgerald in the time of James II. If so, this must have been
-very soon after the catalogue was compiled. In 1787, through the
-Abbé Kearney of Paris, it was sent to the Royal Irish Academy, then
-recently founded, and in their Library it is now preserved. The
-nine missing folios were found by O’Curry in one of the Sebright
-volumes (H. 2, 17). Although the original _Book of Lecain_ has thus
-passed from us, we possess a beautiful copy (on vellum) written
-by Eugene O’Curry in the old Irish hand. It is worth noting that
-the professional scribe still exists in Ireland, and writes a hand
-undistinguishable from that of his predecessors many centuries ago.
-
-In connection with the history of these two volumes, it is not
-inappropriate to mention that of another important volume, the
-_Book of Ballymote_. This was formerly in Trinity College Library,
-but was lent in 1720 to Dr. Raymond, and for a time disappeared.
-In 1769 it turned up at Drogheda, and being purchased by Chevalier
-O’Gorman, was by him presented to the Royal Irish Academy in 1785.
-We possess a paper copy of a portion of it, including one folio
-which is now missing from the original volume.
-
-Here is preserved the MS. already mentioned from which Jebb
-published Roger Bacon’s _Opus Majus_, also the two MSS. from which
-Howard published the _Chronicle of Florence of Worcester_; the
-original MS., as prepared for press, of Spottiswoode’s _History
-of the Church of Scotland_; the original draft of Berkeley’s
-_Principles of Human Knowledge_; also the originals of Sir Thomas
-Roe’s _Correspondence_ (Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte, 1621-8,
-published London, 1740).
-
-Of MSS. bearing on Irish history we have a fair collection.
-First may be mentioned a volume of _Letters of Queen Elisabeth
-on Public Affairs in Ireland, 1565 to 1570_, each letter having
-her sign-manual. There is also a volume of _Correspondence of
-Sir Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy, with the English Government,
-1612-1614_; the thirty-two volumes already mentioned of the
-_Depositions relative to the Rising of 1641_; thirteen volumes of
-the _Correspondence of Geo. Clarke, Secretary of War, 1690-1694_;
-as many of _Archbishop King’s Correspondence, 1696-1729_; _Irish
-Treasury Accounts, 1714-1719_; and twelve volumes of Major Sirr’s
-papers, letters, etc., chiefly connected with the Rebellion in
-1798. We have also Dr. R. R. Madden’s large collection of papers
-relating to the United Irishmen.
-
-There are several important volumes of Waldensian literature,
-which have been catalogued and described by Todd in his _Books of
-the Vaudois_. With Wyclif literature also we are well supplied,
-and we have one of the two known copies of the first complete
-_English Prose Psalter_, recently published by Dr. Karl Bülbring
-for the Early English Text Society. We have two MSS. of Piers
-Plowman, five of Rolle’s _Pricke of Conscience_, and several hymns
-by Rolle (published by Todd in the _British Magazine_, vol. ix.).
-Dr. Ingram, a few years ago, identified the earliest English
-translation of the _De Imitatione_, disguised under the title the
-book occasionally bore--_Musica Ecclesiastica_.
-
-Nor must I omit to mention the _Life of St. Alban_ in
-Norman-French, probably in the handwriting of Matthew Paris, the
-text of which has been published, with glossary, etc., by Professor
-Atkinson. The original MS. is adorned with pictures on nearly every
-page.
-
-Illustrative of French history we possess statistical accounts of
-the French provinces and cities of about the year 1698, filling
-thirty-two volumes; also a collection, in twenty-five volumes, of
-_Memoirs_ (some called “Secret”) _of the Foreign and the Financial
-Affairs of France in the Reign of Louis XV_. These formed part of
-the Fagel Library. The same library contains a large collection of
-maps, printed and MS., some of great rarity. Copies of two or three
-of these have lately been made for the Colonial Office, as of value
-with respect to a question of the boundary of British Guiana.
-
-Our Oriental manuscripts include a magnificent _Koran_ from the
-Library of Tippoo, presented by the East India Company; also a
-very fine copy of the _Shâh Nâmeh_ from the same library, likewise
-presented by the Company; some beautiful books from the Royal
-Library at Shiraz, presented, with other Oriental MSS., by W.
-Digges Latouche; and many fine Persian MSS., purchased from Sir
-W. Ouseley. An interesting and important Syriac MS. has been
-lately identified by Prof. Gwynn. It contains, besides a treatise
-of Ephraim Syrus, those parts of the New Testament which are not
-found in the _Peshitto_ or Syriac Vulgate; and Dr. Gwynn has
-demonstrated that it is the actual MS. referred to by De Dieu and
-Walton as belonging to Ussher, and usually described erroneously
-as containing the whole New Testament. This is the MS. from
-which De Dieu, and subsequently Walton, printed the _Pericopa de
-Adultera_.[132]
-
-To come to printed books. We have but one example of a block
-book--the _Ars Moriendi_--and that imperfect. So far as it goes,
-it agrees with the British Museum copy published by Mr. Rylands.
-We have a copy of the first German Bible [1466]; a single leaf (on
-vellum) of the famous Mazarin Bible; and a copy of the Latin Bible
-printed at Cologne by Nic. Goetz de Schletzstadt [1474].
-
-The Quin collection includes the first edition of Petrarch:
-_Sonetti e Trionfi_ (1470); the first of the _Divina Commedia_
-(1472), and the first of Boccaccio’s _Theseide_ (1475), very
-rare; also a splendid copy, on vellum, of the second edition of
-_Virgil_ (Venice: Vindelin de Spira, 1470); also, _Ystoria de re
-Karlo Imperatore_ (1473), exceedingly rare; the only known vellum
-_Elsevir_ (Heinsius: _De Contemptu Mortis_, 1621); _Dita Mundi_,
-by Fazio degl’ Uberti; and the _Adventures of Tewerdanck_, on
-vellum (Nuremberg, 1517), a magnificent specimen of printing. In
-the Fagel Library is an extremely fine Latin Plutarch, also on
-vellum (Jenson, 1478). We have only one Caxton: _Dictes and Sayings
-of the Philosophers_ (1477); unless we reckon a single leaf (an
-_Indulgence_), which Mr. Bradshaw considered to be from Caxton’s
-press.
-
-Amongst rare books may be enumerated--a Sarum _Horae_ (Paris:
-Poitevin, about 1498, unique); a Sarum _Breviary_ (Paris: Levet.
-1494, unique), which seems to have been in early times mistaken for
-a manuscript, and is consequently kept and catalogued among the
-MSS. We have a copy of Werner Rolevinck’s _Fasciculus Temporum_ in
-Dutch, printed at Utrecht by Veldener, 1480--one of the earliest
-books with woodcuts in the text (coloured).
-
-A book of some interest exhibited in the glass case is Theseus
-Ambrosius: _Introductio in Chaldaicam Linguam_ (1539). It is of
-interest as being the first book in which Syriac types were used,
-and next as containing a specimen of spirit-writing dating from
-the sixteenth century. It seems that a question having arisen
-about some property of a deceased lady which was supposed to be
-concealed, it was resolved to evoke a demon to answer the question.
-A sheet of paper and a pen were placed on the table, and the proper
-incantation being gone through, the pen rose up, without anyone
-seeing the hand that held it, and wrote the characters of which
-Ambrosius gives a fac-simile, and which, unfortunately, no one has
-been able to decipher. I am informed that in the copy of this book
-in the Bodleian Library this particular leaf is pasted down, the
-“devil’s autograph,” no doubt, being deemed uncanny.
-
-But to enumerate our rare books, or even our fifteenth-century
-books, would be tedious, if it were possible. I must not,
-however, omit to refer to some fine specimens of binding, most
-of which are in the Quin collection. We have six of Grolier’s
-books[133]--namely, Erasmus: _Pacis Querella_; Palladius:
-_Coryciana_; Greek Psalter (Aldus); _Il Nuovo Cortegiano_; _Cynthio
-degli Fabritii_; _Della Origine delli Volgari Proverbi_; and
-(perhaps the finest) Guilelmus Tyrius: _Belli Sacri Historia_
-(folio). Of Maioli we have--Ori Apollinis _de Sacris Notis
-et Sculpturis_, Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius; one by
-Monnier--_Spaccio de la Bestia Trionfante_; and last, but not
-least, a copy of _Quintus Calaber_, which belonged to Henry II. of
-France and Diane de Poitiers.
-
-There are in the Library a few interesting objects other than books
-which deserve notice. The satchel of the _Book of Armagh_, and the
-shrines of the _Books of Dimma and Mulling_, have been already
-noticed. A very remarkable object is a Mosque Staff, presented by
-Dr. Jolliffe Tufnell, who professionally attended Omar Pasha’s army
-in 1854. Such a staff is used where there are no mosques, and being
-set up on a temporary structure, as a heap of stones, it represents
-a mosque. On each of the four sides is carved a sentence from the
-Koran. “I am in the house of the Lord.” “Evil and good are sent by
-God; be content with your lot.” “Every day we offer our prayers to
-Thee.” “Forgive us all our sins.” “With heart and soul we believe
-in Thee.”
-
-An ancient Irish harp attracts the attention of visitors from
-the repute attaching to it, of being the harp of Brian Boroimhe
-(pron. Boru, d. 1014). It is elegantly carved, and in form much
-resembles the harp of Queen Mary, an engraving of which is
-exhibited beside it. It had thirty strings. The following is the
-tradition respecting this harp, as quoted in the _Ulster Journal
-of Archæology_, vol. vii., p. 99, from a MS. by Ralph Ouseley,
-1783.[134] “It had been taken to Rome, and remained there until
-Innocent XI. sent it as a token of good will to Charles II.,
-who deposited it in the Tower. Soon afterwards, the Earl of
-Clanricarde, seeing it, assured the King that he knew an Irish
-nobleman (meaning O’Brien, Earl of Thomond) who would probably
-give a limb of his estate for this relic of his great ancestor;
-on which his Majesty made him a present of it. Lord Clanricarde
-brought the instrument to Ireland; but Lord Thomond, being abroad,
-never became possessed of it. Some years after, a Lady Henley
-purchased it by barter, in exchange for twenty rams and as many
-ewes of English breed, in order to give it to her son-in-law,
-Henry M‘Mahon, Esq., of Clunagh, County Clare; from whom it passed
-through other hands to an accomplished gentleman, the Right Hon.
-William Conyngham,” who presented it to Trinity College. Conyngham
-seems to have been given the harp by Chevalier O’Gorman, who gave
-a history of it (published in Vallancey’s _Collectanea_, vol.
-iv. 7) differing from that just quoted. According to O’Gorman’s
-story, Brian’s son Donogh, on being deposed, took the harp (with
-the crown and regalia) to Rome, and gave them to the Pope.[135]
-He adds the fiction that it was on the ground of possessing these
-regalia that Pope Adrian claimed the right to dispose of the
-lordship of Ireland. The story goes on to say that a later Pope
-gave the harp to Henry VIII., who presented it to the first Earl
-of Clanricarde.[136] The celebrated antiquary, Dr. George Petrie,
-considered that our harp dated from about A.D. 1400, and was a
-portable instrument used for ecclesiastical purposes. One strong
-objection to the earlier date he based on the fact that it bore a
-silver badge with the arms of O’Neill, armorial bearings not having
-been in use much earlier than the date he assigned. This badge
-disappeared for some time, and fortunately came into the possession
-of a distinguished antiquary, Mr. Robert Day, of Cork, affixed to
-a piece of armour found in some recent excavations in the Phœnix
-Park. As soon as Mr. Day learned the history of the badge, he
-promptly presented it to the Library. In its absence it was easy to
-observe that the carving was continuous, so that the badge must
-have been a later addition. Petrie’s first argument, therefore,
-fell to the ground. It is true, however, that the figures of two
-wolf-dogs are carved on the harp itself. His second objection was
-founded on the occurrence of the letters IHC, which may be traced
-in a peculiar angular form near the top of the front arm. But this
-also, in the opinion of good judges, is later than the rest of the
-carving. The harp, therefore, may possibly be older than Petrie’s
-date. The sound-board is of oak (as ascertained by microscopical
-examination), but very much decayed.
-
-The same case which contains the harp contains also a few gold and
-silver ornaments of elegant workmanship, and a large spear brooch,
-which, however, has none of the characteristic Irish work, and is
-in fact very similar to a Scandinavian brooch figured in M. Du
-Chaillu’s _Viking Age_, vol. ii., p. 329, but has more ornament.
-It is 13¾ in. long, 5½ wide across the circle, and weighs 18
-oz. It is figured in Vallancey’s _Collectanea_, vol. i., where it
-is stated that it had recently (1786) been found near Cashel.
-
-In the Librarian’s room is the largest of the gold ornaments yet
-found in Ireland. It is in form like the small fibulae, but weighs
-33 oz. 4 dwt. It is adorned with groups of concentric circles
-and a series of acute angles, with no trace of the spirals so
-characteristic of Celtic art in Christian times. From this it is
-inferred that it is of older date. This ornament was found at
-Clones in 1820, and purchased by the College. The Charter horn of
-the Kavanaghs, after being in the Library for a century, was a few
-years ago surrendered to the family. A cast of it is exhibited.
-
-A small bas-relief which hangs on one of the pillars calls for
-some notice. It represents Demosthenes at the altar of Calaureia,
-where he took the fatal poison. The whole posture, but especially
-the head, expresses the utmost dejection. The position of the
-right hand also should be observed; instead of clasping the knee,
-it hangs idly on one side. There is an engraving of this work in
-Winckelmann’s _History of Art_, but the engraver, by raising the
-chin, has quite lost the aspect of dejection, and rather gives
-the impression that the orator is meditating a speech. It is also
-engraved in Allen’s _Demosthenes_ and in Stock’s _Demosthenes_.
-This relief belonged to Dr. Richard Mead, and is said to have been
-found in the ruins of Hadrian’s Villa. After Mead’s sale in 1755,
-where it was purchased by a London dealer, it disappeared from
-view until about 1885, when I had the good fortune to identify it
-in the centre ornament of a mantelpiece in the room which formerly
-contained the Museum (now the Front Hall), and which was built
-in 1759. Certain errors in the arrangement of the drapery have
-suggested doubts as to its genuineness.[137] On the other hand, in
-its favour is the fact that the features resemble those of the bust
-found in Herculaneum in 1753; but it was known in 1737, before the
-discovery of that bust, and at a time when a wholly different type
-of face was accepted as that of Demosthenes. Possibly even ancient
-artists may have erred sometimes.
-
-Another objection is the misspelling of the name--viz., ΔΗΜΩΣΘΕΝΗΣ.
-But would not a modern sculptor, who would presumably be too
-ignorant of Greek to substitute Ω for Ο, be less likely to commit
-this error than a Roman sculptor of Hadrian’s time, who would
-probably know a little Greek?
-
-Just inside the entrance to the building are two Medallion Busts
-which were brought from Smyrna in 1707. They are mentioned by
-Gudius and Boeckh.[138] They were made the subject of a learned
-dissertation by Dr. Kennedy Bailie (_Transactions, Royal Irish
-Academy_, vol. xxii.). He concludes that the larger medallion
-represents Plautilla, wife of Caracella, deified under the title
-ΝΕΑ ἩΡΑ, but afterwards deposed and banished.
-
-Our collection of Coins is not very large. Of Roman coins, silver
-and copper, we have a fairly good collection--about 1,300 silver
-and a couple of thousand copper. A selection of these is exhibited.
-The collection ought to be better, but unfortunately, about a
-hundred years ago (viz., in 1788), the room where the coins were
-then kept (now the Fagel) was burglariously entered, and the most
-valuable coins and medals stolen. Recently, the late Rev. Dr. R.
-F. Littledale bequeathed a small collection of English coins and
-medals.
-
-An old Minute Book of the Library, chiefly in the handwriting
-of Dr. Barrett, contains occasional items of interest. Here we
-read of a ship with books for the Library cast away, the books,
-however, being recovered, but damaged, some irrecoverably. Again,
-we find some books which had been stolen restored through the Roman
-Catholic priest to whom the thief had made confession. On another
-occasion a parcel of stolen books is thrown into the Provost’s
-courtyard. An amusing entry occurs, in which Dr. Barrett states
-his intention to ask permission to lock up a certain _Narrative of
-a Residence in Ireland_, by Mrs. Anne. Plumptre (1815), stating
-that it is too silly and too ill-mannered for a public library.
-“Hospitably entertained by the good-natured, blundering Irish, and
-introduced (perhaps for the first time in her life) into good
-company, she takes care to let [the] world know it by publishing
-all the little tea-table talk they had indulged in to amuse her,
-and many of whom are probably now blushing at seeing it embodied
-in a pompous quarto, illustrated with engravings. Travel in savage
-countries, Mrs. Anne, and publish their conversations if you can,
-but spare the feelings of those who are accustomed to the rules and
-decencies of civilised life.”
-
-An account of the Library would be incomplete if the Catalogue
-were left unnoticed. The first printed Catalogue was issued about
-1710 in one thin volume, folio. We have now a printed Catalogue
-in nine folio volumes, which includes all the printed books in
-the Library at the end of the year 1872. The first volume of
-this Catalogue (A and B) was prepared under the direction of Dr.
-Todd, and issued in 1864. The work was then suspended, and not
-resumed until 1872, when a special editor, Mr. H. Dix. Hutton,
-was appointed, the time of the Library staff being fully employed
-otherwise. The Catalogue was completed Jan. 1, 1887, the expense of
-printing and paper alone having been £4,500. Since that time Mr.
-Hutton has been engaged in preparing a Supplementary Catalogue, to
-contain the subsequent accessions. When this has been completed up
-to the present time, it is intended to make it a Desk Catalogue,
-in which all new accessions will be inserted on printed slips. The
-Catalogue is primarily an author’s catalogue--that is to say, books
-are arranged under the names of their authors, where known. But by
-the liberal use of cross references and secondary entries, some of
-the advantages of a subject catalogue are obtained. In the Desk
-Catalogue now in preparation, the method adopted by the editor,
-Mr. Hutton, is as follows:--One copy of the printed slip is taken,
-and in the upper left-hand corner the proper subject heading is
-type-written by him, and this slip is then inserted in alphabetical
-order, according to this heading. This saves the expense of
-printing a fresh title for the secondary entry.
-
-Of our MSS. the earliest existing catalogue is that of 1688, which
-was compiled with great care. This is also the only catalogue at
-present accessible to readers at a distance, having been printed
-in Bernard’s _Catalogus Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ_. In the
-Library itself the catalogue most commonly used is one drawn up by
-Dr. John Lyon about 1745, which, however, only extends to Classis
-G. A more complete catalogue, extending to Classis M, was prepared
-by Dr. Henry J. Monck Mason, about the year 1814, for the Irish
-Commissioners of Public Records, with a view to publication. The
-terms proposed by Dr. Monck Mason and his specimen of the work were
-approved, and when the rough copy (in five volumes) was finished
-he was required to hand it over to the Board. Then the question of
-remuneration was raised, and it was discovered that no minute had
-been entered of the original engagement; and as some of the members
-of the Board had been changed, the engagement, in the absence
-of a written vote, was not held to be sufficient to outweigh
-considerations of public economy.
-
-[Illustration: BOOK RECESSES IN LIBRARY.]
-
-Dr. Monck Mason devoted much conscientious labour and intelligence
-to the work. He was assisted in the department of Irish MSS. by
-Edward O’Reilly; in that of Oriental MSS. by Edward Hincks, then
-sub-librarian; and in the Icelandic MSS. by George Cash. It is much
-to be lamented that the work was not published as designed. The
-MSS. in the Irish language have been catalogued by Dr. O’Donovan
-in one thick folio volume. There exists also a card catalogue,
-consisting of about 20,000 cards, prepared under the direction of
-Dr. Benjamin Dickson, assistant librarian. He employed, at his
-own expense, a person acquainted with the Irish vernacular, but
-otherwise not as well qualified as might be wished (the inevitable
-result of want of means to pay a qualified scholar).
-
-It is in contemplation to print a summary catalogue much briefer
-than Dr. Monck Mason’s, but containing sufficient information about
-each volume to indicate to students at a distance what they may
-expect to look for in it. A catalogue of this kind need not occupy
-more than one volume, and might be sold at such a price as would
-make it generally accessible.
-
-It may interest librarians to learn how the accommodation has
-been from time to time enlarged. Up to the end of the eighteenth
-century, the room in the east wing, now occupied by the Fagel
-Library, was set apart as the MSS. Room. In the stalls in the Long
-Room, where the short bookcases are at present, there were seats
-like settles, the ends of which still remain. From the high cases
-projected sloping desks, below which there were no books. The
-engraving in Malton’s _Views of Dublin_ represents this state of
-things. These seats and desks were removed in 1817. The Reading
-Room was the upper room in the west wing, now the Clerks’ Room.
-The whole of the ground floor, except in the wings, was an open
-ambulatory, divided length-wise by a central wall, the south side
-being used by the Fellows. The rooms on the ground floor in both
-wings were Lecture Rooms--that at the west for Law, that at the
-east end for Divinity. The Law Lecture Room also contained the
-Lending Library. There were no bookcases in the gallery.
-
-[Illustration: INNER STAIRCASE IN LIBRARY.]
-
-In 1802 the Fagel Library was placed in the East Room, and the
-MSS. were removed to the room above it. The next step was the
-erection of the short bookcases in the stalls. In 1844 Dr. Todd
-introduced the ingenious device of low bookcases in the windows of
-the gallery, revolving on hinges, and with shelves on both sides.
-In the central part of the building, where the walls are thicker,
-there were two of these--one outside the other--so that, with the
-fixed shelves at the back, there were five shelves in depth and
-four in height. In the shallower windows these were but three in
-depth. In 1860 it had become necessary to reconstruct the roof, and
-then bookcases were placed on the gallery over those below, and
-reaching to the roof. Most of the revolving cases had then to be
-removed.
-
-Meantime, in 1848, the room on the ground floor in the east wing
-had been made a Reading Room, and heated by hot-water pipes. A
-spiral staircase connected it with the room above. When it became
-necessary to have a means of communication with the gallery at
-this end, it was proposed either to continue this staircase, or to
-construct a similar one at the other end of the room. The objection
-to this scheme was a remarkable one: it would give too great vent
-for the heated air, and so cause draughts; in other words, it would
-help to ventilate the Reading Room--the very thing that was wanted!
-
-When the new Lecture Rooms and Museum were built, the MSS. were
-removed to their present place on the ground floor near the
-entrance, and some twenty-five years after that, bookcases were
-constructed in the upper east room. A few years ago these were in
-their turn nearly filled, and it became necessary to enclose the
-ground floor of the Library. This work was completed this year
-(1892). The western third of this space constitutes the new Reading
-Room.
-
-[Illustration: INTERIOR OF LIBRARY, 1860.]
-
-Only graduates (of Dublin, Oxford, or Cambridge) have the right of
-admission to the Library; but the privilege has always been freely
-granted to persons properly introduced, whether graduates of a
-university or not, so that it is, in fact, a public library. In
-1856 it was resolved by the Board and Visitors to grant admission
-to students who have entered on their third year, that being the
-usual period for commencing professional studies; but admission is
-always granted at an earlier period to a student whose studies are
-such as to make it desirable.
-
-[Illustration: THE LIBRARY, 1891. (SEE PAGE 213.)]
-
-[Illustration: LIBRARY STAIRCASE AND ENTRANCE TO READING ROOM.]
-
-Previously to 1843, readers were allowed to take books from the
-shelves themselves, but in that year this privilege was limited to
-the Fellows and Professors, except in the Reading Room, where books
-of reference and other books in frequent demand are accessible to
-all readers. This change caused a considerable diminution in the
-number of readers. A similar resolution had been passed in 1817,
-but rescinded a few months after, it being thought to be contrary
-to the Statutes, which forbade readers to replace a book anywhere
-except in its place on the shelves. The Provost (Elrington)
-protested against the rescission, alleging, _inter alia_, that free
-access to the shelves led to the reading of indecent books, and he
-had even known books of magic to be read.
-
-The hours during which the Library was open were formerly eight
-to ten, and eleven to one. We read once or twice of permission
-being given to readers to remain locked in between ten and eleven.
-The hour of closing was afterwards postponed to two o’clock. At
-present, the Reading Room is open from ten to six; the Library
-itself is closed at three in winter, and four in summer.
-
-
-[Illustration: ROYAL ARMS NOW PLACED IN LIBRARY.]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[110] This is the amount stated in the _Book of Benefactors_ (MS.).
-Dr. Bernard, in his _Life of Ussher_, makes the sum £1,800.
-
-[111] Brereton’s _Travels_, published by the Chetham Society in
-1844.
-
-[112] When the House of Commons was debating whether they should
-admit Ussher to the Assembly of Divines Selden said, “They had as
-good inquire whether they had best admit Inigo Jones, the King’s
-architect, to the company of mouse-trap makers.”--Elrington’s _Life
-of Ussher_, p. 231.
-
-[113] MS., of which a copy was given to the Library by Mr. Edward
-Evans, 1887.
-
-[114] The Library of Trinity College, Dublin. An address delivered
-at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Library Association, by John
-K. Ingram, LL.D., F.T.C.D., President.
-
-[115] A separate room was provided for the Museum in 1777.
-
-[116] In the judgment of the learned Dr. Rudolph Siegfried,
-formerly Professor of Sanskrit in this University, the name of
-Edward Lhuyd as a comparative philologist deserved to stand “right
-after” that of Bopp.
-
-[117] The Bodleian was the first Library to acquire this privilege,
-James I. having induced the Company of Stationers to give it a copy
-of every work entered at their Hall. In the reign of Anne the Royal
-Library acquired the privilege, and when George II., in 1757, gave
-his library to the British Museum, he transferred this privilege
-with it. The Act of 1801 granted it to eleven libraries, but most
-of these have commuted it for an annual grant.
-
-[118] Lithography would have had the appearance of greater
-exactness, but to a great extent only the appearance, for some
-of the pages are so obscure that the lithographic artist would
-have been unable of himself to trace the letters, and would be as
-dependent on a scholar for guidance as the engraver was. The errors
-of even so practised a decipherer at Tregelles suffice to prove
-this.
-
-[119] _Rendiconti del R. Istitecto Lombardo_, ser. ii., vol. xix.,
-fasc. 4.
-
-[120] See Hermathena, No. xviii., 1892. The colophon is as
-follows:--“Rogo beatitudinem | tuam [=sce] præsbiter | patrici
-ut quicumque | hunc libellum manu te | nuerit meminerit colum |
-bae scriptoris qui hoc scripsi | himet evangelium per xii dierum
-spatium gtia [=dni] [=nri] s.s.” The only doubtful letters are
-“hi” before “met.” If I read them rightly, the colophon must be a
-copy, the syllable “mi” being omitted. Moreover, the book is copied
-from one in which the leaves containing the summaries or “breves
-causæ” were somewhat disordered, and the copyist had not sufficient
-knowledge to correct the disorder. There are blunders, too, which
-could hardly have been committed by Saint Columba.
-
-[121] “Oroit agus bendacht cholumb chille do Flaund mace
-mailsechnaill do Righereim la sa ndernada cumddach so.”
-
-[122] MacGeoghegan: _Annals of Ireland_ (MS. T.C.D.), an. 590, p.
-52.
-
-[123] _Topographia Hiberniæ_, ii., c. 38.
-
-[124] Graves: _Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, vol. iii.,
-pp. 316, 356.
-
-[125] The note is as follows (the contractions expanded):--“Sanctus
-Patricius iens ad coelum | mandauit totum fructum | laboris sui
-tam babtismi tam causarum et elemoisina | rum deferendum esse apos
-| tolicae urbi quae scotice | nominatur arddmacha | sic reperi
-in beblioticis | scotorum ego scripsi | id est caluus perennis
-in con | spectu briani imperato | ris scotorum et quod scripsi |
-finivit pro omnibus regibus maceriae” (_i.e._, of Cashel). The
-scribe originally wrote “finit” for “finivit;” he then expunged the
-“t” by a point under. This is the origin of O’Curry’s ridiculous
-“figuivit.”
-
-[126] On the _Book of Armagh_, see Sir W. Betham: _Irish
-Antiquarian Researches_; Petrie: _Essay on the Round Towers_;
-Bishop Graves, _ubi supra_; and Bishop Reeves, _Proc. R. I. Acad._,
-ser. iii., vol. ii., p. 77.
-
-[127] See a drawing in Curzon’s _Monasteries of the Levant_.
-
-[128] Published by Bishop Forbes in his _Liber Ecclesiæ de
-Arbuthnott_.
-
-[129] This is the story as told to and by Monck Mason, from whom
-Sir W. Betham bought the MS., and who had himself bought it from a
-Mr. Harrison of Nenagh. Sir W. Betham not unreasonably questions
-the truth of the story.
-
-[130] A remarkable instance is the _Codex Purpureus_ N of the
-Gospels, of which four leaves are in the British Museum, two in
-Vienna, six in the Vatican, and thirty-three at Patmos.
-
-[131] The MS. is B.3.6. On fol. cxxx. _a_ we read: “Expletis
-benedictionibus faciat Episcopus Crucem in manus singulorum de
-oleo et chrismate dicens orationem. Consecrare et sanctificare
-digneris quaesumus Domine manus istas per istam unctionem et
-nostram benedictionem ut quaecunque consecraverint consecrentur, et
-quaecunque benedixerint benedicantur et sanctificentur per Christum
-Dominum nostrum. Deinde patenam cum oblatis et calicem cum vino
-det singulis dicens ad eos lenta voce. Accipite potestatem offerre
-sacrificium Deo missamque celebrare tam pro vivis quam et pro
-defunctis in nomine Domini. Sequitur ultima benedictio: Benedictio
-Domini Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti descendat super vos ut
-sitis benedicti in ordinem sacerdotalem, offerentes placabiles
-hostias pro peccatis atque offensionibus populi omnipotenti Deo,
-cui est honor et gloria in saecula saecularum. Amen. Et osculetur
-singulos et omnes qui ordinati sunt, deferant oblationes ad manus
-episcopi.” Opposite this in the margin, _secunda manu_, is a series
-of different rubrics and prayers, of which the most notable is
-“Post benedictionem imponat manum super capita ordinatorum dicendo:
-Accipite Spiritum Sanctum, et quorum remiseritis peccata remissa
-sunt, et quorum retinueritis retenta sunt.” Then follows, _secunda
-manu_, the “Finalis Benedictio.”
-
-[132] On a Syriac MS. belonging to the collection of Archbishop
-Ussher, by the Very Rev. John Gwynn, D.D., _Transactions of the
-Royal Irish Academy_, vol. xxvii.
-
-[133] None of them mentioned by M. Le Roux de Lincy in his
-_Recherches sur Grolier, sa vie, et sa bibliothèque_.
-
-[134] Bibl. Egerton, Brit. Mus., MS. No. 75, p. 371.
-
-[135] Conall MacGeoghegan, in his _Annals of Ireland_ (1627, MS.),
-under 1063, makes the same statement as to the crown, but says that
-Pope Adrian gave it to Henry II.
-
-[136] On this and other Irish harps see O’Curry: _Manners and
-Customs of the Ancient Irish_, vol. iii., p. 266. Petrie’s remarks
-are in Bunting’s _Ancient Irish Music_.
-
-[137] See _Classical Review_, May, 1888.
-
-[138] Gudius: _Inscriptiones Antiquæ_, ed. Hessel; Boeckh:
-_Corpus_, ii., p. 778, n. 3346. See a paper by Dr.
-Todd--_Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy_, vol. ii., p. 49.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: FRONT OF TRINITY COLLEGE,
-
-  from Brooking’s Map of Dublin,
-  1728.
-]
-
-
-CHAPTER VIII.
-
-THE EARLY BUILDINGS.
-
-
-When Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, had induced Queen
-Elizabeth to grant a Charter of Incorporation to a University to
-be established in Dublin, he addressed himself to the Mayor and
-Corporation of the City with a view to obtaining a suitable site.
-And, happily for the success of the scheme which he and the more
-academic Luke Challoner so successfully carried out, and for the
-future welfare of the new Institution, a site the most suitable
-and the most admirable that could have been found in Ireland was
-at that moment at the disposal of the Corporation of Dublin--the
-old Augustinian Monastery of All Hallows, lying to the eastward,
-and just outside the City. As far as we can gather from the
-recitals in the lease of the monastic buildings and site made by
-the Mayor and Sheriffs in the year 1591 to John Spensfield, the
-precincts, besides a church, consisted of “a steeple, a building
-with a vault under it, the spytor, otherwise called the hall, with
-appurtenances all along to the north cheek of the Bawn Gate.” We
-find that there were also within the precincts of the Monastery the
-sub-prior’s orchard and the common orchard, and a field called the
-Ashe Park, wherein the prior and the monks had their haggard and
-cistern, with the western storehouse by the Great Bawn, together
-with a vestry cloister, a little garden within the precincts, and a
-tower over the gate adjoining Hoggen Green. The buildings, without
-the lands, appear to have been let to John Pepard, merchant, for
-sixty-one years, at ten shillings a-year, with a clause restraining
-him from taking stones, or slates, or timber out of the precincts;
-the materials thereon were to be used only for building on the
-site. Another lease was made to Edward Pepard, in 1584, of a
-small orchard in All Hallows for thirty-one years, at twenty-four
-shillings a-year; and in 1583 Edward Pepard had sub-let, for
-twenty-one years, to Peter van Hey and Thomas Seele, a garden with
-a vault at the north side of All Hallows, at a yearly rent of forty
-shillings, with a covenant that they should keep up the garden
-wall and the vaults. It would thus appear that at this time the
-Pepards had acquired the site of the buildings and a small orchard,
-possibly that formerly occupied by the sub-prior, as tenants on a
-terminable lease. During the fifty years which elapsed from the
-suppression of the Monastery, the buildings must have suffered
-very considerable dilapidation. Most likely they had not been
-originally erected in a very substantial and durable manner; and
-as little care seems to have been taken as to the maintenance of
-the church, the hall, and the monastic dwellings, they must have
-been for the most part in a ruinous condition. The total value of
-the site and precincts is stated in a letter from Queen Elizabeth
-to have been £20 a-year. At the close of the Queen’s reign the
-City of Dublin did not extend towards the east beyond St. George’s
-Lane, now called South Great George’s Street. An open space of
-ground stretched from thence to All Hallows, with paths diverging
-to different parts of a small stream, beyond which lay the site of
-the old Monastery. The whole of the precincts at that time covered
-about twenty-eight acres, of which twelve were in meadow, nine in
-pasture, and seven in orchard. On the north, towards the river,
-there was a boggy strip of ground covered by the water at high
-tide, and bounded on the south by the path leading to St. Patrick’s
-Well, near the present entrance to Kildare Street, and bounded on
-the east by lands formerly belonging to the Abbey of the Blessed
-Virgin, but then in the tenure of John Dougan, on the site of the
-modern Westland Row.[139]
-
-And such was the influence of the Archbishop, supported by his
-Archdeacon, Henry Ussher, and by Luke Chaloner, of Trinity College,
-Cambridge, and two Scotch schoolmasters, James Hamilton and James
-Fullerton, who were at the time in Dublin, that the Corporation
-convened the citizens to a general assembly at the Tholsel, where
-they, after due deliberation upon the proposal to grant the site
-of the monastery for the intended College, immediately proceeded
-to make the grant. A Charter of Incorporation had in the meantime
-been obtained from the Queen, on the petition of Henry Ussher. The
-letter of Elizabeth to Sir William Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy, and
-to the Irish Council, announcing her consent to this arrangement,
-is dated December 21st, 1591; and, on the 3rd of the following
-March, Letters Patent passed the Great Seal.[140] The first stone
-of the new building was laid on March 13th, 1592. Subscriptions
-from the gentry in every part of Ireland were received for the
-building, and on January 9th, 1594, the new College was completed.
-No remains of this structure exist at the present day; indeed, no
-buildings prior to the reign of William III. are now to be found
-in Trinity College. The Elizabethan edifice consisted of a small
-square court, which was always familiarly called The Quadrangle,
-and which was removed early in the latter half of the eighteenth
-century. Some parts of the old monastery were no doubt utilised in
-the new building. As the visitor approached from Hoggen Green he
-crossed an outer enclosed court, which formed an entrance to the
-College; he then entered through the great gate, and found himself
-in a small square, probably on the site of the southern portion of
-the great main square of the College, then surrounded by buildings
-constructed of thin red Dutch brick, with probably a good deal of
-wooden framework inserted. On the north side lay the old steeple of
-the monastery, having the porter’s lodge on the ground floor, and a
-chamber over it; and on the second loft was hung the College bell.
-Towards the east of the steeple lay the Chapel; on the same side
-of the quadrangle was the Hall, paved with tiles, with a gallery,
-and a lantern in the roof. The hall was separated from the kitchen
-by a wooden partition, and in the same range with them was placed
-the Library. This room was over the scholars’ chambers, and had
-a gallery, and the lower part of it was fitted with ten pews for
-readers. The Regent House seems to have been between the Chapel and
-the Hall, and a gallery in the Regent House looked into the Chapel.
-This range of buildings extended to the east side of the court,
-beyond the site of the present Campanile. On the north of this
-range lay the kitchen, buttery chamber, and the storehouse. The
-east and west sides of the quadrangle contained students’ chambers,
-and on the south side were placed houses for the Fellows. The three
-sides composed in all seven buildings for residence--three on the
-south side, and two on each of the east and west sides. The upper
-story was lightened by dormer windows, with leaden lattices, and in
-the centre of the quadrangle stood the celebrated College pump.[141]
-
-
-THE ELIZABETHAN COLLEGE.
-
-For this interesting section as to the Elizabethan College, the
-writer is indebted to the Rev. J. W. Stubbs, D.D., S.F.T.C.D.:--
-
-For a long period it was impossible to form an accurate idea of the
-size and arrangements of the buildings of the original College.
-The very foundations have long since been obliterated. Speed’s map
-gives a rough idea of its site and general shape; and Rocque’s map,
-which was constructed in 1751, before the structure was removed,
-shows its position with regard to the present Library and some
-of the portions of the College which remain. Dunton’s _Life and
-Errors_ gives a description of the buildings as they stood one
-hundred years after their erection, yet his details are in some
-respects misleading.
-
-In the present year, a paper in the handwriting of Sir William
-Temple, Provost in 1523, has been found, giving the distribution
-of the chambers in the College among the Fellows and students in
-that year, and which, with the aid of the preceding authorities
-and letters of the period, enables us to form a fairly accurate
-conception of the buildings as they existed in the time of James
-the First.
-
-[Illustration: FROM ROCQUE’S MAP OF DUBLIN, 1750.]
-
-The College was a quadrangle, the eastern and western sides being
-longer than those on the north and south. The approach was through
-a tower which lay on the north side, and which was the “steeple”
-of the old Monastery, having the porter’s lodge on the ground
-floor, and a chamber over it. In the second story was placed the
-College bell. The remainder of the north side was occupied by the
-Chapel and the Hall; the Chapel lay towards the east, and the Hall
-towards the west, of the entrance. There appears to have been an
-attic over one of these buildings, which contained four “studies”
-for undergraduates. The Regent House seems to have been located
-between the Chapel and the Hall, for candidates for degrees passed
-through the Hall into the Regent House, and a gallery in the Regent
-House looked into the Chapel. The Hall was paved with tiles, had
-a lantern in the roof, and had a gallery, probably communicating
-with the room over the porter’s lodge. On the south side of the
-quadrangle, which lay between the present Library and the centre of
-the present Examination Hall, there were four houses; the ground
-floors of these houses were occupied by students’ rooms, there
-being ten “studies” occupied by fourteen students. The house on
-the east of the south side had no other chambers occupied, and the
-first and second stories probably contained the library, which we
-may learn from the College accounts of the period had a gallery and
-a lower story which was fitted up with ten “pews” for readers. The
-next house had two students resident on the ground floor, and two
-Fellows on the first floor. The third house had three “studies”
-on the ground floor, but the first and second stories were not
-occupied by students or by Fellows. Possibly it was in this house
-that Ussher’s books were afterwards placed. The fourth house had
-two “studies” on the ground floor, and a Fellow and a student
-occupied the first floor.
-
-On the east side of the quadrangle there were six houses, each
-having “studies” for three students on the ground floor. In the
-first of these houses the remaining floors were unoccupied. In
-the second, three students occupied the attic. Chambers were
-there assigned also to one Fellow, one Master of Arts, and to
-the Professor of Divinity. In the third house there were three
-“studies” on the ground floor, but the remaining floors were
-not assigned for chambers. In the fourth house there were three
-“studies” on the ground floor--two Fellows and two Masters of Arts
-occupied the first floor, and a Master of Arts the attic. The fifth
-house had three “studies” on the ground floor--three Fellows and
-one student had chambers on the first floor, and five students
-resided in the attic story. The sixth house had three “studies” on
-the ground floor, and three graduates resided over them.
-
-On the west side there were three houses, with three “studies” on
-the ground floor of each. The first house had no occupied chambers
-over the ground floor. In the second house one Fellow and two
-Masters of Arts had chambers on the first floor; one Master of Arts
-and two students resided in the attic. The first floor of the third
-house on this side was occupied by two Fellows and by one Master
-of Arts, and the attic by two students, apparently brothers. The
-remainder of the west side was possibly occupied by the Provost’s
-chambers.
-
-There was no approach to the interior of the College from Hoggen
-Green, nor did the ground on the west side of the College at that
-time belong to it. We find in 1639 a letter from Provost Bedell
-to Ussher giving an account of a riot among the students, which
-arose from an attempt of one Arthur to make an enclosure on that
-side of the College on land which he had leased from the City of
-Dublin. A petition was forwarded from the College to the Council
-complaining of Arthur’s proceeding to erect a building on that side
-of the College, by which a passage would be taken away where there
-was in former times a gate or way leading into the site upon which
-the College was built, which, although at that time closed, was
-intended to be opened again by the College. It ended in the College
-acquiring Arthur’s interest in the plot, and so preserving a right
-of way.
-
-
-COLLEGE GREEN.
-
-The ground at present known as College Green was once the site of
-a considerable village outside the walls of the City of Dublin,
-known as Hog or Hogges.[142] A convent for nuns of the rule of St.
-Augustine was founded on les Hogges in 1146 by Dermot MacMurchard,
-King of Leinster, and the open space obtained the name of Hoggen
-Green.[143] How the nunnery of St. Mary atte Hogge was dissolved,
-and the buildings granted to the citizens of Dublin in 1534; how
-it was proposed to turn the buildings into a jail or bridewell;
-how, in consequence of some dispute with the builder, the property
-was handed over to the University, and became a second College or
-High School under the name of Trinity Hall; and how at length, in
-1667, thanks to the efforts of Dr. Stearne, the President, Trinity
-Hall was converted into the College of Physicians of Ireland,
-is all very interesting, but it is quite outside the scope of
-the present chapter. The modern Trinity Street marks the site of
-Trinity Hall, which was only demolished about the year 1700. Hogges
-Gate, the eastern gate of the City of Dublin opening upon Hoggen
-Green, facing the College, and standing somewhere near the site of
-the modern Forster Place, was removed in 1663 as being not only
-useless, but ruinous. The equestrian statue of King William III.,
-that is now so prominent a feature of College Green, was erected by
-the Corporation of Dublin, and unveiled with great pomp on the 1st
-of July, 1801. The figure of Henry Grattan was executed by J. H.
-Foley, R.A., an Irish artist, and placed in its present position in
-January, 1876. The fine bronze statues of Edmund Burke and Oliver
-Goldsmith, truly distinguished students of Trinity College, which
-are also the work of Foley, stand within the College railings on
-either side of the Grand Entrance. That of Goldsmith was placed in
-its present position in January, 1864; and that of Burke in April,
-1868. They are both admirable. The statue of Goldsmith especially
-is one of the finest, if not the finest work of the sculptor.
-
-
-THE MODERN COLLEGE.
-
-[Illustration: _Ampelopsis veitchii._]
-
-The most distinguishing characteristic, from a material point of
-view, of Trinity College as it now stands in the heart of the City
-of Dublin, is perhaps that of spaciousness. It is the College of
-magnificent distances; for a space of over twenty-eight acres is
-enclosed by the outermost walls--twenty-eight acres of granite
-and of green sward, of park and plantation, of shrubbery and
-wilderness, of noble buildings and of uninteresting enclosures.
-Like most people and many places, Trinity College has what
-the French call _les défauts de ses qualités_. With abundant
-elbow-room, yet not without a touch of dreariness; with a site
-unsurpassed in any modern city, and needing nothing but variety
-in elevation, and running water, to make it unrivalled in the
-world--its very vastness makes it somewhat bare, its very dignity
-makes it somewhat cold, its very spaciousness makes it somewhat
-scattered. The granite of its buildings is grey; the limestone and
-freestone are grey; the slated roofs are grey. It would require a
-regiment of scarlet Lancers to give colour to the quadrangle.[144]
-To compare is usually idle, and is often impertinent; but it
-is obviously impossible to find, in an _enceinte_ of hard upon
-thirty acres, the warmth and wealth of treatment, the perfection
-of finish, the fulness and richness of detail, that are so
-happily realised when the tender care of half-a-dozen centuries
-has been devoted to the adornment of a single quadrangle, to the
-artistic treatment of two or three acres of ground. And it must
-be remembered that all that we now see in Trinity College is the
-work of little over a century of most diligent and most faithful
-care. For some hundred and fifty years after the foundation of
-the University, the buildings of the new College seemed to have
-sufficed for the accommodation of the students; but in October,
-1751, a petition of the Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of the
-College of Dublin to the Irish Parliament set forth “That the
-said College does not contain chambers sufficient for lodging
-the number of young gentlemen who, for several years past, have
-been sent thither for education, and that many of the buildings
-of the said College are, from length of time, become ruinous, and
-are not capable of being restored; that by the Statutes of the
-College no provision is made for new buildings, or for any other
-than the annual repairs of the buildings originally provided,
-notwithstanding which the petitioners have expended several large
-sums, which by great care they have saved out of the ordinary
-expenses of the College, on necessary public buildings, and to
-increase the number of chambers for the reception of students.”
-Five thousand pounds were granted by Parliament in response to this
-petition, and the money was expended on the necessary buildings.
-Two years afterwards (1753) we find a further sum of ten thousand
-pounds placed at the disposal of the College authorities by the
-Irish Government. The money was spent, and well spent, on building.
-And a further petition, on the 1st of November, 1755, was presented
-to George II., and a further grant of twenty thousand pounds
-made to the College to enable them to rebuild the West Front. In
-1757, the College authorities appear once more as petitioners to
-Parliament, stating that they have, with all possible expedition
-and care, finished the said north side for which former grants
-had been made, and are now rebuilding the front, for which
-further funds were needed; and a further and final sum of ten
-thousand pounds was then placed at their disposal by His Majesty’s
-Government. And the College accounts show that between 1752 and
-1763 a gross sum of £48,820 had been expended on the work of
-construction.
-
-Of the buildings that were erected in Trinity College at the end
-of the sixteenth century, we have neither roof nor foundation now
-remaining. Of the still older buildings that stood on Hoggen Green
-in 1583, we have neither trace nor exact record, beyond that they
-contained a church, a steeple, a building with a vault under it,
-and the spytor already alluded to.
-
-[Illustration: TRINITY COLLEGE--WEST FRONT.]
-
-In a curious old print, however, of the beginning of the eighteenth
-century, some buildings are figured abutting upon the Library,
-and running westwards in the direction of the present Theatre,
-which were probably a portion of the old buildings erected in
-1594. The lines of the Cistercian Monastery are supposed by Mr.
-Drew, the accomplished architect of the University, to have
-been a square, of which the south side occupied the site now
-partially covered by the Theatre, and extending to the north
-about half way across the present main quadrangle of Parliament
-Square. That a sixteenth-century College should retain no stone of
-sixteenth-century masonry is certainly regrettable. But what is
-far more remarkable is, that of the presumably more appropriate
-and substantial structures which were in existence when William of
-Orange landed at Torbay, not a vestige is standing at the present
-time. And of the noble buildings which now compose the College, by
-far the greater part is no older than the reign of King George III.
-
-The University has ever been, as it is, one of the few entirely
-satisfactory and successful institutions planted by England in
-the sister isle, and it has ever promoted sound learning and
-religious education; but architecture, or even good building, was
-for the first century and a-half of its existence most certainly
-not its strong point. Nor has Irish artistic feeling at any time
-been commonly expressed in Architecture. Ireland has given to the
-Empire soldiers and statesmen, poets and orators, philosophers and
-divines, men of science and men of action, governors, ministers,
-judges, in numbers and in eminence quite out of proportion to her
-population and her advantages. But of architects of the first or
-even of the second class, no Irishman has inscribed his name on
-the roll of honour as a designer of great works at home or abroad.
-The domestic architecture and the national ecclesiastical style
-of building is poor, mean, and uninteresting; and although Dublin
-to-day is adorned with many handsome structures, none of them
-can be said to have any peculiarly national characteristics, and
-of the most important now existing, none are the work of native
-architects. Gandon, who built the Custom House and part of the
-Houses of Parliament, was a Frenchman; Cooly, who designed the
-Exchange and the Four Courts, was an Englishman;[145] Cassels, who
-did some of the best eighteenth-century work in Trinity College,
-was a German; Sir William Chambers, who designed the Theatre and
-the Chapel in Parliament Square, and who was perhaps the greatest
-British architect of the eighteenth century, was a Scotchman.[146]
-Nor does the architect, native or foreign, appear to have been
-held in honour at the University a hundred and fifty years ago.
-The very name of the designer of the admirable west front of the
-College is forgotten, unrecorded even in the College accounts;
-and the architect of the Provost’s House, who bore the very Saxon
-name of Smith, is stated to have received a fee of £22 15s. for
-his services. The art could scarcely flourish on such very slender
-patronage! But whoever the designers may have been, and however
-remunerated, the College builders of the seventeenth century
-must have been grossly incompetent. For though work of various
-kinds seems to have been in constant progress from 1592 to the
-beginning of the eighteenth century, we find in 1751 that many of
-the buildings had, from length of time, become ruinous, and were
-not even capable of being restored. Nor does any great improvement
-appear even in the eighteenth century. The new Dining Hall, put up
-in 1740, had to be taken down to prevent its tumbling about the
-students’ ears in 1750; and the Bell Tower, completed only in 1746,
-at a cost of nearly £4,000, was “removed” in 1791, as already,
-after a life of only five-and-forty years, it was “entirely
-unsafe.” But in the last half-century very different work has been
-done. The noble Campanile, erected in 1853, is at once admirable
-in design and most solid in construction, and, above all, most
-appropriately placed. The New Square, which covers a part of what
-was once suggestively termed the Wilderness, is irreproachable, if
-not very interesting in design and workmanship; and the Venetian
-Palace that forms its southern side affords some of that colour and
-variety which is so sadly wanting in other parts of the College,
-and is in itself a structure that would command admiration in any
-town or country. And the new buildings of the Medical School, if
-plain and unpretentious, are simple and appropriate and dignified
-in design, and their cut granite looks well fitted to last for a
-thousand years.
-
-[Illustration: THE PROVOST’S HOUSE, FROM GRAFTON STREET.]
-
-
-THE PROVOST’S HOUSE.
-
-The Provost’s House is commonly said to be a copy of a design by
-Lord Burlington for General Wade’s house in Piccadilly. General,
-or rather Field-Marshal Wade was a notable person in his day.
-He put down the Glasgow Riots in 1727, and did much towards the
-pacification of Scotland by the construction of the celebrated
-military roads in the Highlands. He also commanded the English
-army in Lancashire and Yorkshire at the time of the Pretender’s
-invasion of England in 1745. His house, which was built in 1723,
-was not in Piccadilly, nor in any street leading out of it, but in
-Cork Street, extending back as far as Old Burlington Street; and on
-Marshal Wade’s death in 1748 it was sold by auction, according to
-Horace Walpole,[147] to Lord Chesterfield, and seems afterwards to
-have been the town house of the Marquess Cornwallis, and known as
-Cornwallis House.[148] And in 1826 it was added to, and included
-with Sir Thomas Neaves’ house, next door, as the Burlington Hotel,
-now Nos. 19, and 20, Cork Street.[149] The façade and ground plan
-of Lord Burlington’s design is given by Campbell, Moore, and
-Gandon in their _Vitruvius Britannicus_, vol. iii., plate 10; and
-the house is there said to be in Great Burlington Street (now Old
-Burlington Street), a much older street than Cork Street. Marshal
-Wade’s house has been scarcely altered since it was built in the
-eighteenth century; his arms are still over the front entrance in
-the court, and the interior is characteristic and interesting.[150]
-The working plans of the Dublin house were prepared by a local
-architect of the name of Smith; and he received for his work, as
-already mentioned, the modest sum of £22 15s., as is shown by the
-College accounts for 1759.
-
-The mansion stands on the east side of Grafton Street, about twenty
-yards from the western side of the Parliament Square. The main
-entrance is from Grafton Street, through a spacious courtyard,
-enclosed by a granite wall 310 feet in length, and is entered
-by a handsome gateway. There is a private corridor, or covered
-way, which connects the house directly with Parliament Square
-within the walls of the College. The façade is of granite, finely
-ashlared. The ground story is of icicled and rusticated work, over
-which a range of Doric pilasters, with their architrave, frieze,
-and cornice supporting a high pitched roof with no eave. In the
-principal story are five windows, with balusters beneath, arranged
-two on either side of a large Venetian window, with columns and
-ornaments of the Tuscan order. The interior of the house is
-original and interesting; the hall and ante-hall are spacious and
-dignified; the circular staircase, which is lighted by a lofty
-domed skylight, leads up to a fine suite of apartments. On the
-ground floor, with an entrance from the hall, and approached
-through an ante-room, is the large dining-room, which is now
-used as the Provost’s Library and as the Board-room, where the
-Provost and Senior Fellows assemble in council to deliberate upon
-the administration and government of the College. In this room
-and in the ante-room is a collection of portraits of all the
-Provosts, from the time of Adam Loftus to Dr. MacDonnell, and of
-many of the distinguished Fellows and Professors of the College,
-and other important personages connected with the University.
-On the staircase is a portrait of George I., by Sir Godfrey
-Kneller; another of George III., by Allan Ramsay; and one of Hugh
-Boulter, Archbishop of Armagh, painted by Bindon for the Foundling
-Hospital. All these are full-length portraits. The most interesting
-picture in the house is, perhaps, a half-length portrait of Queen
-Elizabeth, by Zucchero, hanging in the large drawing-room; where
-there is also a full-length portrait by Gainsborough--the artistic
-gem of the collection--of John Russell, Duke of Bedford, Lord
-Lieutenant of Ireland, 1757, and Chancellor of the University of
-Dublin. There is also in the drawing-room a half-length portrait
-of Archbishop Ussher, one of the earliest Fellows of the College
-(Professor of Divinity, 1607; Vice-Chancellor of the University,
-1614; and Archbishop of Armagh, 1624), and buried, like Primate
-Boulter, in Westminster Abbey. In the Provost’s apartments on the
-ground floor is a picture of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin and
-Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1567, and first Provost of Trinity
-College, 1592, by an unknown artist, as well as a copy of the same
-by Cregan; and a head of Archbishop Ussher. There are two portraits
-said to be of Samuel Winter, the Puritan Provost appointed by
-Cromwell in 1562, but possibly portraits of Luke Challoner, one
-of the more distinguished founders of the University. There are
-also portraits of Sir William Temple, Provost of Trinity College,
-1609; John Stearne, M.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1660; Michael
-Ward, D.D., Provost, 1674, Vice-Chancellor of the University, 1678;
-Anthony Dopping, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1662; Narcissus
-Marsh, Provost of Trinity College, 1678; St. George Ashe, D.D.,
-Provost, 1692; Peter Browne, D.D., Provost, 1699; H.R.H. George,
-Prince of Wales, Chancellor of the University of Dublin, 1715;
-Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., M.D. of the University of Dublin, who
-died in 1752; Sir Philip Tisdall, Privy Councillor and M.P. for
-the University, 1739; William Clements, M.D., Fellow of Trinity
-College, 1733, M.P. 1761; Francis Andrews, LL.D., Provost, 1758, by
-Antonio Maroni; Bryan Robinson, M.D., Regius Professor of Physic
-in the University, 1745, by Wilson; John Hely Hutchinson, LL.D.,
-Provost, 1774, and Secretary of State for Ireland, by Peacock;
-Richard Murray, D.D. Provost, 1795, by Cumming; Hugh Hamilton,
-D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1751; Henry Dalzac, D.D., Fellow
-of Trinity College, 1760; John Forsayeth, D.D., Fellow of Trinity
-College, 1762; John Kearney, D.D., Provost, 1799, by Cumming;
-Matthew Young, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1775; George Hall,
-D.D., Provost, 1806, by Cumming; Arthur Browne, LL.D., Fellow
-of Trinity College, 1777, by Hamilton; Thomas Elrington, D.D.,
-Provost, 1811, by Foster; Bartholomew Lloyd, D.D., Provost, 1831,
-by Campanile; Samuel Kyle, D.D., Provost, 1820; Franc Sadleir,
-D.D., Provost, 1837; Richard MacDonnell, D.D., Provost, 1852, by
-Catterson Smith.
-
-[Illustration: DRAWING ROOM, PROVOST’S HOUSE.]
-
-The various offices attached to the house are conveniently disposed
-in the wings, the height of the ground story. The rooms at the back
-of the mansion look out upon a large lawn and pleasure-ground,
-beyond which are the Fellows’ Garden and the College Park. From
-the windows of the house to the Cricket Pavilion at the further
-end of the Park is nearly a quarter of a mile of green sward, a
-noble expanse in the heart of a great city. The only intervening
-structure is a small building of Portland stone, of pseudo Greek or
-classical design--the Magnetical Observatory. This little temple
-of modern science was built in the year 1837 at the instigation of
-the celebrated mathematician, Dr. Humphrey Lloyd, afterwards (1867)
-Provost of Trinity College; and at the time of its completion in
-1838 it was the only observatory specifically devoted to magnetic
-research--with the exception of that at Greenwich, under the
-direction of the Astronomer-Royal--in the United Kingdom. And
-it was here that Dr. Lloyd conducted those numerous and most
-interesting experiments, of which the results were communicated to
-many successive meetings of the British Association. The building
-itself, in the Doric order of architecture, was erected under the
-superintendence and from the design of Mr. Frederic Darley, of
-Dublin. The front elevation is not ungraceful, being partly copied
-from an Athenian model. But the architectural beauty of the rest
-of the building has been sacrificed to the scientific necessities
-of the interior, and the result is very far from satisfactory as a
-work of art. It stands in latitude 53° 21′ N. and longitude 16° 6′
-W. It is forty feet in length by thirty feet in width, constructed
-of Portland stone, the interior being of the calpe, or argillaceous
-limestone of the valley of Dublin. Several specimens of each
-of these stones were submitted to severe tests, and found to be
-entirely devoid of any magnetic influence. To preserve a uniform
-temperature, and also as a protection from damp, the walls are
-studded internally. The nails employed in the wood-work are all of
-copper, and all locks and metal work of every kind throughout the
-building of brass or gun metal. No iron, of course, was used in any
-part of the work. The interior is divided into one principal room
-and two smaller rooms, lighted by a dome at the top, and by one
-window at either end of the building.
-
-A complete account of this Observatory within and without, and of
-the numerous and most interesting instruments which it contains,
-will be found in _An Account of the Magnetical Observatory of
-Dublin, and of the Instruments and Methods of Observation employed
-there_, by the Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., University Press, 1842.
-
-
-WEST FRONT.
-
-The principal or west front of Trinity College, looking on to
-Grafton Street, College Green, and the old Houses of Parliament,
-now occupied by the Bank of Ireland, is a Palladian façade three
-hundred feet in length and sixty-five feet in height, occupying
-the whole of the eastern side of the large paved space which is
-still called College Green. The centre or principal _corps de
-logis_ is one hundred feet in length. The entablature is supported
-by four detached columns with Corinthian capitals; and a bold but
-simple pediment surmounts the whole. At either corner is a square
-pilaster with a Corinthian capital. The building is continued on
-either side of this centre to a distance of seventy feet of plain
-and unadorned construction; the ground story of rustic ashlar, the
-remainder of fine cut granite. The north and south extremities of
-this great front are formed by two square pavilions rising above
-the height of the wings, and projecting about ten feet from the
-curtain line. The pavilions are pierced by four handsome Palladian
-windows, in the north and west and in the south and west fronts
-respectively; and the construction is ornamented at the projecting
-angles by coupled pilasters of the Corinthian order, supporting
-an attic story, surmounted by a very satisfactory balustrade. In
-the entire façade are fifty-one windows regularly disposed, giving
-light to four stories of rooms. According to the original plan the
-centre of the building was to have been crowned by a dome, and the
-abandonment of what might have given additional nobility to the
-whole is said to have been merely due to want of sufficient funds.
-But the elevation as it is, is not wanting in dignity; and though
-somewhat severe in its outlines, it gives the impression at once of
-simplicity without meanness, of solidity without heaviness, and of
-richness without extravagance of detail.
-
-[Illustration: TOP OF STAIRCASE, REGENT’S HALL.]
-
-The principal masonry is of finely grained and dressed granite,
-quarried in the mountainous district of the County Dublin. The
-columns and pilasters which support the entablature are throughout
-of Portland stone. The ashlaring is entirely of fine granite. The
-only independent ornamentation is in the form of rich wreaths of
-fruit and flowers, carved in bold relief above and below the large
-centre window and the windows in the pavilion. In the centre of
-this west front is a handsome doorway, surmounted by a circular
-arch, and immediately within is an octagonal vestibule with a
-groined and vaulted roof. On the left of the entrance is the
-porter’s lodge. The entire length of this doubly vaulted gateway is
-seventy-two feet. The interior or eastern front of the building,
-facing the quadrangle, is simpler, but on similar lines to that
-already described as facing the street. The pavilions, however,
-are wanting in the eastern front, their place being taken by the
-adjoining buildings looking to the north and the south, forming
-an angle with the front, and making three sides of the incomplete
-quadrangle to which the principal doorway affords an entrance.
-Above the great gateway, in the centre of the façade, with windows
-looking both to the west over College Green and to the east over
-the great square of the College, is a large room or hall, at
-first used as a Regent House for the meetings of Masters of Arts,
-afterwards as a Museum, and from the transfer of the specimens to
-the new Museum in the College Park in 1876 as an Examination Hall.
-This fine room is reached by a spacious staircase from the great
-gateway of the College. It is sixty-two feet long by forty-six
-feet broad, well lighted, but somewhat bare. Three pictures are
-hung on the walls--one of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Napier,
-Lord Chancellor of Ireland and Vice-Chancellor of the University
-in 1867, in his state robes; a poor picture of the great Bishop
-Berkeley; and a pleasant portrait of Dr. William Hales, sometime
-Fellow of Trinity College, painted in 1769.
-
-[Illustration: PARLIAMENT AND LIBRARY SQUARES.]
-
-[Illustration: LIBRARY SQUARE.]
-
-The name of the accomplished architect who designed the west façade
-of the College is, strange to say, lost to history; but we know at
-least that Sir William Chambers, the architect of Somerset House,
-designed the buildings looking on Parliament Square, as well as the
-fronts of the Theatre and Chapel, and that the work was carried
-out from his drawings--for he never visited Ireland--by his very
-accomplished assistant, a Lancashire artist of the name of Mayers,
-who also designed and superintended the internal decorations
-of the Theatre and the Chapel. There is good reason to suppose
-that some of the ornamental work of the façade, by whomsoever
-originally designed, was carried out by Smith, the modest architect
-or handicraftsman who prepared the plans for the Provost’s House
-in 1759. There are two large clocks--separate timepieces--placed
-over the inner and outer pediments of the façade respectively,
-showing the time within and without the College. They are built
-upon horizontal cast-iron plates, with 7in. main wheels, dead
-beat escapements, and electro-magnetic seconds. The pendulums are
-connected by wire with the Observatory at Dunsink. The time is
-indicated upon cast-iron dials, enamelled dark blue, and each 6ft.
-6in. in diameter. Both these clocks were placed in their present
-position in 1878.
-
-The noble expanse of ground that is enclosed by the principal
-buildings of the College is too large to be called a quadrangle,
-being six hundred and ten feet long, by three hundred and forty
-feet broad, at the widest part, and it is too irregular in shape
-to be called a square. It is the survival of at least five more
-ancient and less spacious enclosures--(1) the Old Square,[151]
-built in 1685, and taken down in 1751 to make room for the present
-handsome granite buildings known as Parliament Square, in grateful
-memory of the source from which the funds had been provided for
-the building; the Library Square, built in 1698, and the oldest
-portion of the College buildings now in existence, and which was
-itself divided into two quadrangles (2 and 3) by some new buildings
-standing east and west, which were taken down in the middle of the
-eighteenth century. The space between the present Dining Hall and
-the Fellows’ Garden was also divided into two quadrangles (4 and
-5) by the old Hall and the old Chapel, which formed a continuation
-of these departed “New Buildings” to the westward, as far as the
-centre of Parliament Square.
-
-
-THE CHAPEL.
-
-The front of the Chapel, designed by Sir William Chambers, and
-erected between 1787 and 1789, at a cost of £22,000, is similar
-to that of the Theatre that stands opposite. Facing due south, it
-is ninety-six feet wide, with a deep and very handsome tetrastyle
-portico, forty-eight feet wide, of the Roman Corinthian order,
-immediately within which is a narthex or ante-chapel, in which is
-the main doorway of the building. The interior of the Chapel is
-eighty feet in length, exclusive of a semicircular apse six feet in
-diameter, at the north end. It is forty feet wide and forty-four
-feet high, having an organ loft and semicircular gallery over
-the entrance, of good carved oak. In the choir are four ranges
-of seats, rising gradually from the aisle to the side walls. The
-back row of stalls at the west and east sides are appropriated to
-the Fellows and Professors. The walls are wainscoted with finely
-polished oak panels to the height of twelve feet, over which is a
-broad surbase, from which spring the plain round-headed windows.
-The woodwork is elaborately carved, and cost over £5,300. The
-piers between the windows are ornamented with coupled pilasters,
-fluted, of the Ionic order, surmounted by an ornamented frieze and
-cornice. From the latter springs the coved and groined ceiling,
-which is painted and enriched with florid stucco ornaments of
-Italian design, similar to those employed in the same position
-in the Theatre. The ceiling of the Chapel is, however, somewhat
-more elaborate in design. In the year 1817, the number of students
-resident within the walls of the College increased to such an
-extent, that to afford accommodation for the necessarily increased
-attendance at Chapel, an iron gallery was put up along the east
-and west walls of the building. This was removed in 1872, when the
-floor of the Chapel was laid in black and red tiles of good design,
-and the marble steps and rails before the Communion Table were
-presented by the Provost, Dr. Humphrey Lloyd. At the same time,
-the oil lamps that were fitted to the fine brass chandeliers that
-hung from the east and west walls were replaced by gas burners. In
-the apse are three large round-headed windows, without tracery or
-ornamentation, which have recently been filled with painted glass.
-That on the north-west, representing the Recapitulation of the Law
-by Moses, and the Restoration under Solomon, was erected in memory
-of Dr. Richard Graves, by his son and other relations, in 1865. The
-window facing north-east was erected in memory of the great Bishop
-Berkeley by the Right Hon. R. R. Warren, when Attorney-General for
-Ireland, in 1867.
-
-[Illustration: THE CHAPEL.]
-
-The central window directly over the Communion Table was erected
-in memory of Archbishop Ussher by Dr. Butcher, Bishop of Meath,
-in 1869. This window was painted in Munich, and the price, £300,
-which was paid by Dr. Butcher, was one quarter’s salary of the
-Regius Professorship of Divinity, of which office he continued
-for three months to perform the duties, after his consecration
-as Bishop of Meath. Partly over the narthex or ante-chapel, in
-the deep recess under the portico, and partly over the stalls of
-the Provost and Senior Fellows, is the spacious organ gallery, in
-which is placed the organ. When the present Chapel was approaching
-completion, a commission was given to Green, the favourite
-organ-builder of George III., to provide an instrument suitable
-for the new building. The price was to be five hundred guineas.
-And an instrument sweet rather than powerful in tone, like most of
-Green’s, was accordingly placed in the organ loft. All that now
-remains of this organ of Green’s is the present choir manual of
-only four stops. On account of the beauty of its stopt diapason
-(deep, and not deformed by the usual quintation effect), the Board
-retained this choir organ manual, but they were induced in 1838
-to abandon the remainder to Telford, a local builder, who sold
-it to the Church at Durrow, Queen’s County, where Mr. Flower,
-subsequently Lord Ashbrook, maintained for some time a choir
-and the Cathedral service. In its place in the College Chapel,
-Telford put up a Great Organ and Swell Organ, which were used in
-conjunction with Green’s older manual and an imperfect pedal organ.
-In 1879 these two manuals and the pedals were enlarged, altered,
-and greatly improved, and further additions were made by Hill &
-Son, of London; and the mahogany cases of Green’s instrument were
-enlarged to admit of this augmentation. The organ as it stands at
-present contains the following stops, all effective and brilliant,
-but with none of the harshness to be heard in so many organs of the
-present day:--
-
-  No. 1.--Swell Organ (Upper Row of Keys).
-         Compass, double C to F.
-
-  Soft Bourdon,                        16 feet tone.
-  Open Diapason,                        8   ”    ”
-  Dulciana,                             8   ”    ”
-  Flute,                                4   ”    ”
-  Principal,                            4   ”    ”
-  Fifteenth,                            2   ”    ”
-  Piccolo,                              1   ”    ”
-  Soft Mixture of 3 ranks, 12, 15, 17.
-  Oboe,                                 8   ”    ”
-  Vox humana,                           8   ”    ”
-  Trumpet,                              8   ”    ”
-
-
-  No. 2.--Second Manual or Great Organ, CC to
-                  F Compass.
-
-  Open Diapason,                        8 feet.
-  Stopt Diapason,                       8 feet tone.
-  Delicate Gamba,                       8 (to tenor C only).
-  Flute,                                4 feet.
-  Principal,                            4 feet.
-  Fifteenth,                            2 feet.
-  Mixture (bright tone),                3 ranks.
-  Sesqui altera (soft tone),            3 ranks.
-  Clarionet (to tenor C),               8 feet tone.
-  Contra-fagotto,                      16 feet (throughout).
-  Trumpet,                              8 feet.
-
-
-  No. 3.--Old Choir Organ, by Green. Compass,
-         GGG, 12 feet to E in Alt.
-
-  Stopt Diapason,                       8
-  Dulciana,                             8
-  Principal,                            4
-  Fifteenth,                            2
-
-
-  No. 4.--Two Octaves and a third, in Compass
-           (Pedal Organ) CC to E.
-
-  Sub-Bass,                            32
-  Double Open Diapason,                16
-  Double Stopt Diapason,               16 feet tone.
-  Open Diapason,                        8 feet.
-
-Among accessory stops, &c., may be counted three coupling actions,
-great b pedals, swell to pedals, swell to great organ, tremolo
-by a horizontal bar, three hand-levers for shifting stops of the
-great organ, labelled “_ff_,” “_mf_,” and “_p_.” The choir organ is
-placed behind the performer, like the “Ruck-positif” of Continental
-examples.
-
-In the ante-Chapel, on either side of the entrance door, are two
-slabs of white marble let into the wall, with the following names
-inscribed:--Fr. Sadleir, 1851; Ric. Macdonnell, 1867; Carol. Wall,
-1862; Sam. Kyle, 1848; Henric. Wray, 1847; Thom. Prior, 1843;
-Steph. Sandes, 1842; Francis C. Hodgkinson, 1840; Bart. Lloyd,
-1835; Richd. Murray, 1799; Gul. Newcome, 1800; Matt. Young, 1800;
-John Brinkley, 1835; Thom. Elrington, 1835; Geo. Hall, 1811;
-John Law, 1810. These are all buried within the precincts of the
-Chapel; and the slabs were put up by Provost Lloyd, when it was
-determined that intra-mural burial should cease. There are also in
-this wall ten mural tablets, with Latin inscriptions, to the memory
-of Henricus Wray, ob. 1846; George Hall, 1811; Thomas Elrington,
-1835; Geo. Longfield, 1818; Stephen Creagh Sandes, 1842; Thos.
-Prior, 1843; Bartholomew Lloyd, 1837; Samuel Kyle, 1848; Sam. John
-McClean, 1829. The only inscription of any peculiar interest is to
-the memory of Bishop Newcome, and runs as follows:--
-
-  Ut singularem qua bonas literas literatosque omnes per totum
-  vitæ decursum est prosecutus charitatem signaret reliquias suas
-  in cellula huic vestibulo supposita condi voluit amplissimus
-  præsul Gulielmus Newcome, D.D., Archiepiscopus Armachanus; Coll.
-  Hertford apud Oxonienses cujus per novennium negocia Vice-Præses
-  feliciter administravit. Ab Hiberniæ pro Rege illust. comite
-  de Hertford ad dignitatem evocatus episcopalem sedem obtinuit;
-  Dromorensem, Feb., 1766; Ossoriensem, Ap. 1775; Waterford et
-  Lismore, Oct. 1779; Ardmach totiusque ecclesiæ Hiberniæ Primatum,
-  Mense Januario, 1795. Natus Abingdonæ in com. Oxon, April 19,
-  1729. Educatus in coll. Pembroch Oxon. Decessit, Dublini, Jan.
-  11, 1800. Pietatem summe venerandi antiscitis vitæ morumque
-  sanctitatem ætas in qua vixit agnovit, ingenium scripta declarant.
-
-
-CEMETERIUM.
-
-In a neglected corner on the outside of the Chapel, looking
-towards the east, railed in, but unprotected from the weather, is
-a little burying-ground, where may be seen the tombs of some few
-of the Provosts and other distinguished Fellows of the College.
-Simple stone slabs on the ground mark the last resting-place of
-Dr. Temple, Provost in 1609, and of other unnamed and forgotten
-dignitaries, whose remains were removed from the old Chapel when
-the new building was consecrated in 1798. The inscription on the
-plain flag nearest the entrance is as clear as the day it was cut,
-and runs as follows:--
-
-      Piae memoriæ sacrum Gulielmi Temple, LL.D., armigeri.
-              hujusce Collegii Propositi A.D. 1609
-              atque aliorum quorum reliquiæ
-              sub antiquo sacello sepultæ
-              in hoc Cœmeterium translatæ fuere
-              Anno Domini 1799.
-
-Next to him lies Richard Andrews--
-
-      Cujus beneficio Observatorium
-      Astronomicum conditum atque in
-      perpetuo constitutum fuit.
-
-He was Provost in 1758, and died in 1774.
-
-The third slab is--
-
-      Piæ Memoriæ sacrum
-      Ricardi Baldwin S.T.P.
-      hujusce collegii socii
-      deinde Prœpositi
-      postremo munificentissimi benefactoris
-      In præposituram electus fuit
-            A.D. 1717.
-      Obiit die 30 Septembris
-            A.D. 1758.
-
-A large mural tablet with Corinthian columns and alabaster
-mantlings, and bearing a long and not particularly interesting
-inscription, is raised to the memory of Dr. Browne, the Provost who
-is said to have been killed by a brickbat thrown in a College riot
-in 1699. The long inscription to his many virtues is silent on this
-point.
-
-On the left-hand side of Dr. Browne’s pompous monument is a plain
-stone slab in memory of Dr. Stearne, who built the University
-Printing House, and was in other ways a distinguished benefactor of
-the College. The very curious inscription runs as follows:--
-
-      ΚΑΤΑΡΑ ΕΣΤΙ ΜΗ ΑΠΟΘΑΝΕΙΝ[152]
-
-      Dixit Epictetus, Credidit
-      Johannes Stearne
-      M. & J. U. D. Collegii SS Indiv.
-      Trinitatis Dublin Socius Senior.
-
-      Medicorū ibidem Præses primus qui natus
-      fuit Arbrachæ 26 Novembris 1624
-      Denatus fuit Dublin 18 Novembris 1669,
-      Cujus exuviæ olim resumendæ hic depositæ sunt.
-      Philosophus Medicus Sumūs Theologus idem
-        Sternius hâc, nullus jam, requiescit humo
-      Scilicet ut regnet, Natura quod edidit unum,
-        Dividit in partes Mors inimica duas,
-      Sed modo divisus coalescet Sternius, atque
-        Ibit ab extremo, totus in astra, die.
-
-On the right-hand side, and like all the other monuments removed
-from the old Chapel in 1798, is a slab with the following
-interesting inscription in Latin verse:--
-
-P.M.S. Thomæ Seele, S.T.D. Hujusce Collegii Dignissimi præsidis et
-instauratoris qui obiit Feb 11, Anno Domini MDCLXXIV. Ætatis Suæ
-LXIII.
-
-      Nuper ab exilio cum Principe Regna redibant,
-        Et posuere suas Prælia lassa minas.
-      His solis deerant tam publica commoda tectis,
-        Exilium Ars passa est, exiliumque Fides.
-      Præposuit Seelum Carolus, quo præside Musæ
-        Proscriptæ veteres incoluere Lares.
-      Tecta Chalonerus pia condidit, obruta Seelus
-        Instauravit, erat forte creasse minus.
-      Magna viri doctrina, modestia magna, ruberet
-        Si sua perlegeret carmine iusta cinis.
-      Convenit urna loco, debebaturque Sacello.
-        Non alio sterni pulvere templa decet.
-
-And lastly, there is a large tomb, surmounted by a ghost-like
-effigy of Luke Challoner, the real founder of the College in 1592,
-which occupies the most important place in the cheerless little
-enclosure. The monument, houseless on the destruction of the old
-Chapel, could not apparently find shelter in the new building of
-1798. The recumbent figure of soft alabaster may once have been
-a work of art; at a later stage it may have been interesting to
-the antiquarian; at the present day it is merely remarkable as a
-geological specimen, a curious illustration of the grotesque result
-of the action of water upon alabaster, under certain conditions.
-The simple inscription on the tomb reads as follows:--
-
-      P.M.S.
-      Lucæ Chaloner
-      qui inter primos socios
-      Collegii S.S. Trinitatis.
-      A Regina Elizabetha
-      Constitutus fuit.
-      A.D. 1592.
-      obiit die 27 aprilis, A.D. 1613.
-
-The shorter the epitaph the greater the man!
-
-The vaults under the Chapel were closed in 1867. Several of the
-Provosts and Senior Fellows were buried in them; the last burial
-was that of Provost MacDonnell.
-
-
-THE THEATRE.
-
-The Examination Hall, or Theatre, as it is more correctly called,
-was designed by Sir William Chambers in 1777, and corresponds
-in its external appearance exactly with that of the Chapel,
-although its interior arrangement is naturally very different.
-Ten pilasters, with feeble capitals of a tasteless composite
-order, are disposed round the walls, standing each one singly at
-intervals of twelve feet on a rustic basement ten feet high, and
-supporting a handsome stucco frieze and bold cornice, the work
-of Italian artists. The pilasters themselves are ornamented with
-stucco scroll-work of florid Roman character. From the cornice
-springs the ceiling, which is also very richly ornamented in
-stucco, designed, modelled, and painted in the same style as the
-ceiling of the Chapel, by Mayers, under the direction of Sir
-William Chambers. In the five panels on the east side of the Hall
-are placed full-length portraits of Queen Elizabeth, the foundress,
-in her state robes; of Archbishop Ussher, Archbishop King, Bishop
-Berkeley, and Provost Baldwin.[153] In four of the panels on the
-opposite side are portraits of Edmund Burke--not by Sir Joshua
-Reynolds, as is usually asserted, but by Hoppner; of William
-Molyneux; of Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare, by Stewart (an American
-artist of some reputation); and of Dean Swift. Under the centre
-panel is placed an elaborate monument (which is represented in the
-accompanying engraving) to Provost Baldwin, who died in 1758. The
-monument is some nine feet long and about six feet high and four
-feet in depth from the wall, and consists of three figures in white
-marble standing over a sarcophagus of dark porphyry. It is the work
-of a Dublin artist of the name of Hewetson, who executed it at his
-studio at Rome. The Hall is seventy feet long to the base line
-of the semicircular apse, which extends to a further distance of
-twenty feet, and is forty feet wide and forty-four feet high. It
-is lighted by three windows in the circular apse at the upper end,
-and by a range of small fan-shaped windows placed over the cornice.
-An elaborate gilt chandelier, designed to hold sixty wax candles,
-remarkably light and graceful in character, and which belonged to
-the old House of Commons in College Green, hangs in the centre of
-the Hall (_see page_ 130). At the lower end, and over the deep
-portico and doorway, is a room in which is placed a small organ
-that formerly stood in the old Chapel, and which is traditionally
-said to have been taken out of a Spanish ship which formed part of
-the Armada, and was wrecked on the coast of Ireland.
-
-[Illustration: BALDWIN’S MONUMENT.]
-
-But the legend is without form or foundation. The true history of
-the organ and its acquisition, however, is sufficiently interesting
-to be worth recording. On the 11th of October, 1702, a fleet of
-twenty-five English and Dutch ships of war, under the supreme
-command of Admiral Rooke, having been foiled in an attack on
-Cadiz, sailed into Vigo Bay, where the combined French and Spanish
-fleets were then collected. A body of 2,500 soldiers, under the
-command of Richard, second Duke of Ormonde,[154] landed under
-some fortifications eight or nine miles from the town of Vigo,
-silenced the batteries, and captured no less than forty pieces of
-cannon. A large number of the enemy’s ships were burned and sunk
-by the British fleet, including six great galleons with treasure
-on board to the extent of 14,000,000 pieces of eight; and a number
-of vessels of all kinds were taken as prizes. Among them was a
-ship containing, carefully packed as part of her freight, an
-organ destined in all probability for Mexico or Peru--the gift,
-it may be, of his most Catholic Majesty Philip the Fifth to some
-favoured church in Spanish America. Rooke declined to attack the
-town, and sailed away with his prizes to England. He was tried by
-court-martial on his arrival, and honourably acquitted, and lived
-to earn undying fame two years later by the taking of Gibraltar.
-But the Duke of Ormonde enjoyed all the credit of the victory at
-Vigo,[155] and was soon after appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
-(1703), when he presented the organ, so strangely acquired, to
-Trinity College, Dublin. There was a solemn Thanksgiving Service at
-St. Paul’s in honour of Ormonde’s victory, at which Queen Anne was
-present, and a medal was struck in commemoration of the event, of
-which an example may be seen in the College Library. The organ is
-said to have been originally built in the Spanish Netherlands, and
-was repaired and enlarged in Dublin by Cuvillie in 1705, before it
-was placed in the old Chapel. But the instrument that now stands
-in the gallery of the Theatre is not the organ as it was presented
-by the Duke of Ormonde, or even as it left the hands of Cuvillie.
-“When the University Choral Society,” writes Sir Robert Stewart,
-“was founded (1837), they resolved to erect an organ for their
-accompaniments; and by the aid of the Lord Primate, who contributed
-£50 to the cost, this was done, and an instrument of two rows of
-keys and pedals was placed at the north end of the Commons Hall
-about 1839. But the Society, finding it useless for their purpose,
-sold it to the Board, who were glad to remove it from the space
-which was required for Commons, Examinations, and Lectures. The
-organ case which stands in the gallery of the Examination Hall
-contains at present the pipes of the organ built by Telford for
-the University Choral Society in 1839. All the old Spanish pipes
-having been removed from its interior, the case closely resembles
-all those organs built in the eighteenth century, a familiar type
-abounding in cherubs, heraldic mantlings, rococo scroll-work, all
-being surmounted by the Royal Arms.”[156]
-
-Another more modern legend connected with this Theatre may be worth
-recording. When George IV. visited Dublin, he was entertained, as
-it was fitting that he should be, by the University. And to make
-his way plainer from the Provost’s House to the Theatre, where the
-Degrees were conferred in his presence, a part of the wall of the
-apse facing the Provost’s House, where his Majesty was received,
-was removed, and the grand procession entered the Hall without the
-necessity of going round to the main doorway. The masonry on the
-outside of the Hall still bears evidence of the destruction and
-restoration that was necessitated by this most loyal smoothing of
-the path of the royal guest.
-
-One of the greatest improvements of recent times in the College
-precincts--a happy artistic inspiration--has been effected at
-comparatively small cost either of money or of trouble. In matters
-of art and taste, when the right thing is done, the result is
-commonly quite out of proportion to the material magnitude of the
-work. In the spring of 1892, the low granite wall, with its high
-iron railing, which ran from the north-east corner of the Library
-Buildings to the side of the Examination Hall, was moved back
-some fifty feet. As it stood before, it not only broke in upon
-the fine eastern façade of the Examination Hall, ninety feet in
-length, but it entirely concealed the lower story of the western
-end of the Library, and blocked up the main door of that building;
-and its lines were as meaningless and inappropriate as they are
-now harmonious and satisfactory. The actual amount of ground thus
-thrown into the quadrangle is only about five hundred square yards,
-or perhaps one-fiftieth part of the total area of the great square
-of the College. But it would be difficult to find a unit to express
-the magnitude of the improvement.
-
-
-THE CAMPANILE.
-
-The old Hall, which extended from the present Campanile in the
-direction of the College gate, and parallel to the Library, had a
-plain end towards the west, in which was the doorway. The view of
-the Hall from the gateway being somewhat unsightly, a sum of £600
-was bequeathed to the College by Dean Pratt, formerly Provost, for
-the purpose of having an ornamental front erected at this end of
-the Hall; and Dr. Gilbert had also left by his will a further sum
-of £500 towards the building of a new Belfry. The Board accordingly
-employed Mr. Cassels to furnish a design for the combination of
-the two objects. The building was commenced in 1740, and in 1746
-the new front to the Hall, with a Bell Tower surmounted by a
-dome and lantern, was completed, at a total cost of £3,886: and
-in 1747 the great Bell of the College, which had been cast at
-Gloucester in 1742, and which weighs nearly 37 cwt., was then hung
-in this Tower.[157] The upper portion of this Belfry was removed
-in 1791, having been condemned as unsafe, and the entire front
-was taken down in 1798. The present Belfry, or _Campanile_, as
-it is usually called, is the gift of Lord John George Beresford,
-when Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland, in 1852. It
-is an isolated monumental building in the centre of Parliament
-Square--an architectural composition of three stages. The lower
-or basement stage is square in plan, and of the Doric order,
-elevated on a bold podium or sub-basement of rusticated granite
-ashlar. Each side presents an open archway between two pairs of
-Doric pilasters, the pilasters being raised on pedestals, and
-the whole surmounted by a Doric entablature. The keystones of
-arches have carved heads, representing Homer, Socrates, Plato, and
-Demosthenes. This story is built of granite, with chamfered joints
-and raised panels, the alternate courses of pilasters being raised
-in the same manner. From the blocking of the entablature rises a
-stage of circular steps, the angles of blocking being occupied
-by pedestals supporting figures representing Divinity, Science,
-Medicine, and Law. From the upper step of this chamber rises the
-bell-chamber--circular in plan, and formed by eight Corinthian
-columns, attached, and raised on pedestals. The space between
-each pair of columns is pierced by a semicircular-headed opening,
-filled with ornamental ironwork. The Corinthian entablature above
-is broken over each column. From this level rises the dome, divided
-vertically by bands in continuation of the columns below, the
-intervals being carved to resemble overlapping leaves. This dome
-is surmounted by a small open lantern, formed by piers and arches;
-above these is a small dental cornice, finished by a smaller dome,
-carved like the one below. The whole is surmounted by a gilt cross.
-Portland stone is used from the upper circular step; the rest is
-cut granite. The total height is about one hundred feet.[158]
-The gradation of the composition from the square basement to the
-circular belfry stage is designed with remarkable artistic ability.
-It is by a series of stepped courses, and the angles or “broaches”
-are happily filled by the sitting figures, adapted to their
-place with great skill by the late Mr. Thomas Kirke, R.H.A., the
-sculptor. The whole design, while of refined and “correct” classic
-detail, is of an original character, skilfully adapted to its
-isolated position. The architect engaged in its erection in 1852-3
-was the late Sir Charles Lanyon, R.H.A., then Mr. Lanyon, and,
-associated with him, Mr. W. H. Lynn, R.H.A., both of whom continued
-to design buildings in the Roman Classic manner with skill and
-refinement throughout a period known as that of the Gothic revival,
-when this style was for a time under undeserved popular disfavour.
-Few architects of the day would have been found to adapt a design,
-with such good judgment and restraint, to the _genius loci_ of
-Trinity College, and to the surrounding architecture, the work in
-the previous century of Sir William Chambers. The foundation-stone
-of the Campanile was laid by the donor, His Grace Lord John George
-Beresford, Lord Primate of all Ireland, who was also Chancellor of
-the University, on the 1st of December, 1852; and the great Bell
-was first rung in the new Belfry before Divine Service on Sunday,
-November 26th, 1854.
-
-[Illustration: THE BELL TOWER, FROM THE PROVOST’S GARDEN.]
-
-
-THE HALL.
-
-In the early part of the eighteenth century, the want of a
-commodious and appropriate Dining Hall for the use of the members
-of the College began to be seriously felt. In a pamphlet of the
-year 1734, it is stated that attendance of the Fellows at Commons
-was never as good as could be wished, and that this was attributed
-to the uncomfortable condition of the then existing Hall, which
-was a large and spacious room, flagged, open to the air at both
-ends, never warmed by fire--“in fact, the coldest room in Europe.”
-There was, moreover, no Common Room in the College, in which the
-Fellows could pass the evening together. In 1740, Dr. Elwood, the
-Vice-Provost, bequeathed £1,000 for the use of the College, which
-the Board determined to apply to the purpose of building a Hall.
-Plans were prepared by Mr. Cassels, and the work at once put in
-hand; and the new building was completed in 1745. But the Hall, so
-erected at a total cost of £3,020, must have been unusually badly
-built, for we find that at a meeting of the Board--November 13,
-1758--it was ordered that the Dining Hall should be pulled down,
-the foundation walls having sagged to a dangerous extent on the
-laying of the new kitchen; and “Mr. Plummer, the bricklayer”--the
-name reads like a jest--was dismissed from the service of the
-College for his negligence in connection with the execution of the
-work. Mr. Plummer was apparently replaced by a better workman.
-A new building was at once commenced, and although Mr. Cassels,
-the architect, had unfortunately died while superintending the
-construction of the Duke of Leinster’s new house at Carton, his
-plans were carefully followed, and the Dining Hall as we now see
-it was finished about 1761, and is apparently as solid as it
-was the day Mr. Plummer’s successor laid the last stone of the
-edifice.[159] It is a detached building, in the lower part of which
-are the kitchen, cellars, and other offices. It presents a handsome
-front, fifty feet wide, of granite, with an angular pediment
-supported by six Ionic pilasters of cut granite. The main door is
-approached by a broad flight of ten steps, rising to a height of
-five feet from the base line, the whole width of the front.
-
-[Illustration: THE DINING HALL, VIEWED FROM LIBRARY SQUARE.]
-
-The clock in the pediment was for a long time the only public dial
-in the College, and though it neither is nor was of any particular
-interest as a timepiece, it was, until October 15th, 1870, somewhat
-remarkable as timekeeper, the College time being a quarter of an
-hour behind the world in Dublin.[160] Within the building, and
-approached through a spacious outer hall or vestibule, is the
-Dining Room or Hall proper, a fine room 70 ft. long, 35 ft. broad,
-and 35 ft. high; it is wainscoted to the height of 12 ft. with oak
-panels surmounted by a plain moulding. Over this, on the east side,
-are four large plain round-headed windows carried quite up to the
-cornice, which, together with a handsome Venetian window at the
-north or upper end, opposite to the entrance, and over the Fellows’
-tables, gives abundant light to the Hall. The west side is without
-windows, but in their place are seven recesses, in each of which
-hangs a full-length portrait of some one of the many distinguished
-graduates of the University. The niches are finished with broad
-mouldings in stucco, and immediately over them runs a bold deep
-cornice, of Italian design. From this cornice springs the ceiling,
-which is coved for about 10 ft. from the cornice, and flat in the
-middle throughout its whole length. In this uppermost rib have
-lately been fixed two fine sunlights for gas, by which the Hall is
-brilliantly illuminated without heat or glare.
-
-Round the room hang the following pictures:--
-
-  1. Frederick, Prince of Wales, by Hudson.
-  2. Provost Baldwin.
-  3. Archbishop Price.
-  4.  }               { Viscount Avonmore,        }
-  5.  }  Four Judges, { Lord Downes,              } all by Joseph.
-  6.  }               { Viscount Kilwarden,       }
-  7.  }               { Chief Baron Hussey Burgh, }
-  8. Primate Lord John Beresford, by Catterson Smith.
-  9. Lord Chancellor Cairns, by Duncan.
-  10. Henry Grattan, by Hill.
-  11. Henry Flood.
-  12. The Earl of Rosse, Chancellor of the University, by
-      Catterson Smith.
-
-[Illustration: INTERIOR OF DINING HALL.]
-
-The Common Room over the great Entrance Hall is fifty feet
-long by nearly thirty feet broad, with a number of pictures of
-distinguished Fellows hung round the walls--Provost Barrett,
-by Joseph, and Provost Wall, by Catterson Smith; the great
-Bishop Berkeley, by Lathem, with an engraving of the same by
-Brooks, and a letter relating thereto framed and hung under the
-portrait;[161] Dr. Townsend; the present Provost--Dr. Salmon, Dr.
-Haughton, and Dr. Longfield, by Miss Purser; the late Provost,
-Dr. Jellett, by Chancellor; Dr. Magee, Archbishop of Dublin,
-and grandfather of the late Bishop of York, by Sir Martin Archer
-Shee, P.R.A.; Archbishop Palliser, by an unknown artist. A copy of
-a portrait of the Earl of Mornington, sometime Professor of Music
-in the University, and father of the great Duke of Wellington:
-the original, by Yeats, is now at Apsley House. And the last
-acquisition is a portrait of the first Provost, Adam Loftus,[162]
-presented to the College by Lord Iveagh in 1891. There is also hung
-in the ante-room another smaller portrait of Provost Loftus in an
-oval frame.
-
-[Illustration: THE ENGINEERING SCHOOL, FROM COLLEGE PARK.]
-
-
-THE ENGINEERING SCHOOL.
-
-The modern Venetian Palace in which the Engineering School of
-the College is so nobly lodged--a building which called forth
-the hearty commendation of Mr. Ruskin--was designed by the firm
-of Sir Thomas Deane, Son & Woodward, who subsequently were the
-architects of the University Museum at Oxford. The contractors were
-Gilbert Cockburn & Son. The building was erected in 1854-5, at a
-cost of £26,000. The carving of the capitals and other stone-work
-was done by two Cork workmen of the name of O’Shea, who were
-afterwards employed by the architects in the elaborate carvings
-executed for the Oxford Museum. The style has been described as
-Byzantine Renaissance of a Venetian type; but the building is
-in truth a highly original and beautiful conception worked out
-into a harmonious and satisfactory whole. The base is, critically
-considered, perhaps the best part. The exterior may suggest Venice,
-and the interior certainly suggests Cordova; and yet there is
-nothing incongruous with the very different surroundings, nor is
-there in the work any of that patchiness so often apparent in
-adaptations of foreign styles. It is something in itself complete,
-dignified, and appropriate. The general dimensions are--length,
-160ft.; width, 91ft.; height, 49ft. to the eaves. The building
-is faced with granite ashlar, with Portland stone dressings
-elaborately carved. The building, as is shown in the accompanying
-drawing of the southern façade, looking on the College Park, is
-of two stories, with a broad and richly carved string course
-marking the division. The round-headed windows are disposed most
-effectively in groups: in the façade there is a group of four in
-the centre, one on either side, and a group of three at either
-end; in the east and west fronts there is a group of three in the
-centre, and one on either side. The arches of all these spring from
-square pilasters carved in florid style in Portland stone, and
-under the windows of the upper story are low balustrades. Between
-the groups of windows in either façade are discs of coloured
-marble let into the masonry, and with a circular bordure of carved
-Portland stone and smaller pieces of marble; the whole harmonising
-with the windows and forming a most effective ornament--simple,
-original, and interesting. At each corner of the building are
-scroll pilasters of great beauty. The roof is low pitched, and an
-Italian cantilever cornice forms the eaves.
-
-[Illustration: HALL AND STAIRCASE, ENGINEERING SCHOOL.]
-
-[Illustration: ENTRANCE TO ENGINEERING SCHOOL.]
-
-The accompanying illustration represents the main doorway opening
-on to the New Square, and looking to the north. Within the building
-is a spacious Hall lined with Bath stone ashlar, with low marble
-pillars and rich stone capitals, twenty-four in number, disposed
-at different levels, and supporting Moorish arches; the whole
-suggestive, at least, of the architecture of Moslem Spain. The
-first floor is reached by a broad staircase of Portland stone,
-with a handrail. Irish marble is used in the pillars and Irish
-Serpentine in the handrail of the staircase. Two pillars of
-Penzance Serpentine are the only pieces of marble not of Irish
-production.[163] The whole is lighted by two low pendentive domes
-constructed of coloured enamelled bricks, arranged in geometric
-patterns, and singularly light and free in construction. The height
-from the floor is 46ft. 6in. The illustration on next page shows
-the Hall and Staircase looking east. Half-way up the staircase,
-facing the main entrance, is the clock in magnetic connection
-with the Observatory at Dunsink. It is a Regulator, fitted with
-an electro-magnetic pendulum; and was put up in March 1878. An
-electric current is sent out automatically every second by the
-standard clock at Dunsink Observatory. This current goes first
-through and controls the clock which releases the Time Ball at the
-Port and Docks Offices, then through the public clock in front
-of that office, and on to the standard clock in Trinity College.
-From this clock the current is sent out through the two timepieces
-over the Entrance Gate within and without the College, and then
-on to the Royal Dublin Society, where it controls the clock in
-the Entrance Hall. The Time Ball at the Port and Docks Office is
-furnished with an electrical arrangement, designed by Sir Robert
-Ball,[164] which automatically signals at Dunsink the moment the
-Time Ball falls, so that any error in time is immediately known to
-the person in charge. All the electrical arrangements were made and
-fitted up by Messrs. Yeates & Son of Grafton Street.
-
-[Illustration: CARVINGS AT BASE OF STAIRCASE.]
-
-In addition to a fine Drawing School and numerous Lecture Rooms,
-some of which are used by the Professors of Divinity and Law,
-this building also contains the Geological and Mineralogical
-collections, a series of engineering models, and a collection of
-instruments for Natural Philosophy researches. For the workshops
-attached, the motive power is supplied by an Otto gas engine.
-
-
-THE PRINTING HOUSE.
-
-The Printing House, a charming little antique temple standing
-at the extreme north-east of the Library Square, was designed
-by Cassels, and built between 1726 and 1734, at a cost of about
-£1,200, which was almost entirely provided by Dr. Stearne, Bishop
-of Clogher. The tetrastyle portico is of Roman Doric, nearly
-8 ft. in width, with a bold cornice and triglyphs, and a plain
-metope, all in fine Portland stone. And the smoke of a hundred and
-fifty years has already sufficed to give it a somewhat venerable
-appearance. Underneath the portico and immediately over the door is
-the following inscription:--
-
-      R. R. Joannes Stearne,
-      Episcopus Clogherensis,
-      Vice-Cancellarius hujus Academiæ,
-      Pro benevolentia quam habuit
-      In Academiam et rem literariam
-      Posuit, A.D. 1734.
-
-[Illustration: THE PRINTING OFFICE, FROM NEW SQUARE.]
-
-
-BOTANY BAY.
-
-Botany Bay Square, said by Mr. Wright[165] to have been designed by
-Provost Murray, lies to the extreme north, and behind the northern
-buildings of Library Square. It was built in 1812, and is a cold
-and somewhat neglected-looking quadrangle without any architectural
-pretensions. It encloses just one statute acre and a-half of
-ground, with some grass in the centre, fenced in by a poor railing,
-and planted with the scarlet flowering hawthorn. Were the buildings
-covered with ivy, the square enlivened with trim green sward and
-flowering shrubs, and the present railing removed, Botany Bay would
-still be a long way behind picturesque Port Philip. But its name
-would be somewhat better justified than it is at present.
-
-
-THE LIBRARY.
-
-As regards the Library, one of the most ancient of the existing
-buildings in the College precincts, and in many ways the most
-interesting, not only as regards the books which it contains, but
-the very admirable and satisfactory structure in which the volumes
-are so worthily housed, a full and detailed account will be found
-in Chapter VII.
-
-[Illustration: VIEW IN THE COLLEGE PARK--LIBRARY--ENGINEERING
-SCHOOL.]
-
-
-ST. PATRICK’S WELL LANE--THE COLLEGE PARK.
-
-In the year 1688, a most interesting monument of antiquity in
-Dublin was demolished to make way for City improvements. The old
-Danish _Thingmote_, or Parliament Hill, an artificial mound some
-forty feet high, that stood on the spot now partially occupied by
-the new Ulster Bank, and not a hundred yards from the Provost’s
-House, was levelled with the ground.[166] And the earth of the old
-mound, as it was removed, was carted away and thrown down in front
-of a poor street, St. Patrick’s Well Lane, facing the dreary and
-neglected expanse of waste land that is now the College Park. The
-street so widened and levelled was called--in honour of William
-of Orange Nassau, Protestant King of England--Nassau Street. The
-College authorities soon afterwards built a high brick wall on the
-boundary between the City and the College property; and the level
-of the street, in consequence of the immense accumulation of added
-soil from the _Thingmote_, was left, as it now is, some six feet
-higher than that of the College land which adjoins it. The College
-Park was first laid out and planted with elm and plane trees in
-1722; and in the same year a wall was built on the north-eastern
-boundary of the College grounds, with a gateway and lodge for a
-porter.[167]
-
-For over a hundred years there was no great change of any kind,
-either in the Park or in its surroundings; but in 1842, one of the
-greatest improvements that has been made for the last half-century
-in the Dublin streets was effected by the College authorities, who
-pulled down the ugly brick wall of 1688, and supplied its place by
-the present fine granite wall, surmounted by a round coping and
-a handsome iron railing, which marks the boundary of the College
-Park on the north side of Nassau Street. The stonework is four feet
-six inches in height; the railing rises about seven feet higher,
-and is the work of the once well-known firm of William Turner
-& Co. And about the time this most admirable change was made,
-Nassau Street was still further improved by the demolition of some
-houses and shops, of which the leases fell in to the College, at
-the north-west corner of the street, and a considerable slice of
-ground was given up by the College to the City to widen and improve
-the street. The new stables--of fine cut granite--attached to the
-Provost’s House were erected at the same time. Nassau Street,
-thus raised, as it were, by favour of the University, from a
-third-rate to a first-rate street, became and continued for some
-considerable time to be the chosen afternoon resort of fashionable
-Dublin. But of late, although the street has been greatly improved
-by new buildings and high-class shops, it is neglected by the
-smart pleasure-seekers, who have to a great extent abandoned the
-town for more attractive residences in the suburbs. And a place of
-public meeting--like Hyde Park or the Boulevards, the Prater or the
-Prado, the Corso or the Rambla, Unter den Linden or even “Under the
-Trees”--is one of the most marked wants of modern social Dublin.
-
-Under the granite wall and railings of 1842, just within the
-Fellows’ Garden, and opposite the northern end of Dawson Street,
-is the old Holy Well of St. Patrick, a sacred spring from which
-St. Patrick’s Well Lane took its earlier name; now neglected and
-ill-cared for, but once the most celebrated holy well in Dublin,
-and the resort of numerous pilgrims and devotees from all parts of
-Ireland. At the extreme south-east corner of the College precincts,
-opening on to Lincoln Place, is a handsome granite gateway, with
-large iron gates and a porter’s lodge in cut stone, erected in
-1855, in place of a mean doorway familiarly known as “The Hole in
-the Wall.” This entrance, which affords the most convenient access
-to all Collegians residing in the east and south-east, at present
-the more fashionable quarters of the town, is of special advantage
-to the Medical students, whose Lecture Rooms and Laboratories
-are situated just inside the gate. When these were completed in
-1888, the ground between them and the gate was newly laid out and
-planted. And it is proposed, on the falling in of the leases of
-the row of houses between the Lincoln Place gate and the east end
-of the granite wall and railings in Nassau Street, to pull down
-the houses and shops, and continue the railings up to the gate
-in Lincoln Place, a distance of 120 yards; an improvement which
-will be equally great both to the College and the adjacent City
-property. One of the most striking views of the College grounds is
-from the windows of Kildare Street Club, the finest house in Nassau
-Street, and itself a striking object as seen from the College Park.
-
-
-THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.
-
-[Illustration: THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.]
-
-The Medical School, which is shown in the illustration on p. 229,
-was built in 1886, from the designs of Mr. J. M‘Curdy (who died in
-that year), developed by Mr. Thomas Drew, under whose supervision
-the entire work was carried out. The site is one of the finest,
-and would be, perhaps, the finest in the College, were it not for
-the ugly back view of a building in dull grey cement, put up for
-the accommodation of the Cricket Club, that shuts off the view of
-and from the College Park. The Medical School has a frontage of
-140 feet to the west, and two wings, extending 150 feet eastward,
-at right angles to the façade. The whole of this 440 feet is in
-fine cut granite. The main door is in the centre of the principal
-elevation, and three tiers of fourteen windows, those in the
-first and third stories being square, those in the second story
-round-headed, are disposed in pairs, without ornamentation or
-special architectural feature of any kind. Yet the building, if
-somewhat severe in character, is appropriate to the objects for
-which it is destined, and is, as a whole, entirely satisfactory.
-For six feet from the ground the masonry is of rustic ashlar; from
-thence to the eaves, fine cut granite. Behind the building, and
-enclosed by the wings, is a yard containing the pumping engine, by
-which the Park is kept dry even in the wettest weather. The water
-is drained into a reservoir, and pumped from thence through iron
-pipes into the river Liffey, which at low tide only is some feet
-below the College Park. In comparatively recent times all this
-part of the grounds was swampy, and in wet winters impassable.
-And that part of the Park between the Museum and the New Square
-is still called the Wilderness. To the north of the yard of the
-Medical School, and separated by six feet from the north wing of
-the Museum, is the Histological Laboratory, built in 1880. It is
-85 feet long by 30 feet broad, with two tiers of seven windows,
-alternately square and round headed, looking to the north.
-
-[Illustration: THE MUSEUM (TENNIS COURT).]
-
-
-THE ANATOMICAL MUSEUM.
-
-The Anatomical Museum, built in 1875-6 from the design of Mr. J.
-M‘Curdy, for a long time architect to the College, is placed some
-seventy feet to the north of the Medical School, has a façade
-of 150 feet looking west, and a depth of forty-five feet. It is
-constructed of cut granite, without ornament or special features.
-Two doors and nine windows on the ground floor are surmounted by
-eleven windows on the upper story, all square, simple, solid, and
-harmonious. In this building are found the Museum collections
-both of Anatomy and of Natural History, and on the ground floor
-is the Anthropometric Laboratory, where measurements and records
-are taken on a somewhat more extended plan than that introduced by
-Captain Francis Galton at South Kensington. And a metric system of
-notation has been adopted similar to that in use on the Continent
-of Europe, especially in Paris, and lately introduced into the
-Anthropometric Department of the Military Medical School at
-Washington.
-
-[Illustration: THE DISSECTING ROOM.]
-
-The Anatomical School presents the great advantage of having all
-its Lecture Rooms and Laboratories on the ground floor.
-
-The Dissecting Room is large, well lighted, and well ventilated--so
-spacious and so well arranged that three hundred students can work
-at the same time without inconvenience. It is in every respect well
-suited for the work that is carried on, and presents none of that
-dinginess so generally characteristic of rooms of the kind. It is
-lighted by the electric light. The floor is of oak parquet. Round
-the walls are a series of cases, in which are placed permanent
-typical specimens, which are largely used by the students. Every
-inch of wall space above these cases is made use of for framed
-plates and diagrams appropriate to the subjects, and in the centre
-of the room on lofty pedestals stand two statues, the Venus of
-Milo and the Boxer, bearing witness to the fact that Anatomy has
-artistic as well as medical aspects.
-
-The Bone Room and the Lecture Theatre are entered directly from
-the Dissecting Room. The Bone Room is a lofty room surrounded by
-a gallery. On the floor, osteological specimens are arranged in
-revolving cases on long narrow tables. Few anatomical departments
-can boast of so numerous and so varied an assortment of teaching
-preparations. The gallery is chiefly devoted to specimens which
-bear upon the applications of anatomy to the practice of medicine.
-It is here also that are displayed (1) the large series of
-models prepared in the department to illustrate cerebral growth
-and the cranio-cerebral topography of the child and the adult;
-(2) the series of models representing the anatomy of inguinal
-hernia, also prepared in the department; (3) the mesial sections
-of the four anthropoid apes--gorilla, chimpanzee, orang, and
-gibbon--preparations which are unique. The Theatre is capable of
-seating 400 students. It is not handsome; but it is comfortable
-and, most important of all, its acoustic property admirably well
-adapted for the purpose for which it was designed. There are also a
-Museum of Surgical and Medical Pathology, and one of Materia Medica.
-
-
-THE CHEMICAL SCHOOL.
-
-The Chemical Department adjoins the Medical School, and is in the
-southern part of the buildings, just within the Lincoln Place
-gate of Trinity College. The new Lecture Theatre of the School is
-situated between two groups of Laboratories, and is fitted with all
-modern appliances for lecture-illustration in the various branches
-of Chemical Science. The seats are numbered, and are assigned in
-the order of entry for the different courses of lectures. Behind
-the Lecture Theatre is a large Demonstration Room, fitted with
-Assay and Cupelling furnaces and other apparatus, and beyond
-are the Laboratories for Qualitative Analysis and Preparation.
-These consist of four lofty and well-ventilated rooms, capable
-of accommodating 112 students, who work at compartments fully
-provided with the necessary apparatus tests and materials. Off the
-larger room of this series are (1) a special sulphuretted-hydrogen
-chamber, with separate ventilation, (2) a general store, and (3)
-cases of apparatus used at lectures. These Laboratories, as well
-as the Lecture Theatre and other rooms, are heated by means of hot
-water pipes, and the special ventilation required for carrying off
-fumes, &c., from the different compartments is obtained by the
-powerful draught of a chimney stack, sixty feet high, connected
-with the furnace of the heating apparatus. The Quantitative and
-Research Laboratories and their related rooms are at the east front
-of the new buildings. The main Laboratory is a fine room, provided
-with all modern appliances, and adjoining it are special rooms for
-(_a_) Balances and other instruments of precision, together with
-the special apparatus required for Quantitative Analysis; (_b_)
-for Organic Analysis; (_c_) for Pressure Tube work; (_d_) for Gas
-and Water Analysis, and for Spectrum Analysis. In addition to all
-these there is a Chemical Museum, containing a great variety of
-specimens for use at lectures, and everything that is required
-for the prosecution of the various researches conducted in the
-School. The Professor’s Rooms and private Laboratory are on the
-floor immediately above the Quantitative Laboratory, and in direct
-communication with all the departments.[168]
-
-
-[Illustration: THE PRINTING OFFICE.]
-
-[Illustration: PULPIT NOW IN DINING HALL, ONCE IN OLD CHAPEL.]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[139] Stubbs’ _History of the University of Dublin_, pp. 5, 6.
-
-[140] Stubbs, _op. cit._ p. 7.
-
-[141] Stubbs, _op. cit._ pp. 11, 12.
-
-[142] Derived by Gilbert from a Hoge--a small sepulchral mound.
-
-[143] Hoggen Green was long the Tyburn of Dublin.--Gilbert, iii. 3.
-
-[144] The _Ampelopsis veitchii_ planted on the eastern front in
-1887 by G. L. C. & E. P. W., as seen in summer and autumn, has
-done wonders for the New Square. The hawthorns in every quadrangle
-brighten the whole face of the College in early summer.
-
-[145] He began life as a house carpenter.
-
-[146] There are in Dublin, at the present day, accomplished
-architects who have done, and are doing, good work both within and
-without the College walls. It is obvious that these remarks have no
-application nor reference to them, save in so far that even their
-best work has in it nothing peculiarly Irish.
-
-[147] Letter to Montagu, May 18th, 1748.
-
-[148] _Graphic_, May 29th, 1886.
-
-[149] Milizia: _Lives of Architects_, p. 295.
-
-[150] I am obliged to Mr. George Cook, the manager of the
-Burlington Hotel, for this information, and for afterwards showing
-me over the house.
-
-[151] The Old Square of 1685 occupied apparently the site of two
-yet older quadrangles.
-
-[152] “It is an accursed thing not to die.” This strange saying
-will be found in Epictetus, Diss. II. VI. 12, where the philosopher
-adds that man, like corn, having once been sown, must look forward
-with satisfaction to the harvest when he shall also be reaped. The
-slave moralist may perhaps have met St. Paul at Rome.
-
-[153] These are modern pictures of no value or interest. There is
-an authentic and most interesting portrait of Bishop Berkeley in
-the Common Room.
-
-[154] Born 1665; died 1745.
-
-[155] Vigo Street, built at this time, takes its name from this
-most popular victory.
-
-[156] Sir Robert Stewart, Mus. Doc., Professor of Music in the
-University, and Organist of the College Chapel, to whom my best
-thanks are due, not only for this information, but for many details
-as to the Chapel Organ kindly communicated in MS.
-
-[157] The clapper weighs 2 cwt. 13 lbs., and the total cost was
-£230.
-
-[158] The belfry stage is not of sufficient size to admit of
-the swinging of so great a bell as that of the College; it is
-accordingly rung by chiming only.
-
-[159] One corner, indeed, had to be strengthened about the middle
-of the present century.
-
-[160] The clock was made by Chancellor in the year 1846; it has a
-duplex escapement, and strikes the hours and half-hours. It was
-repaired and added to by Dobbyn in 1870.
-
-[161] See _Notes and Queries_, I., vii., 428.
-
-[162] This portrait was purchased by Lord Iveagh at Messrs.
-Christie & Manson’s, at a sale of some of the present Marquess of
-Ely’s pictures, in 1891.
-
-[163] Cork, Midleton, Armagh, Kilkenny, Clare, and Connemara are
-all represented.
-
-[164] Now Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge.
-
-[165] _Historical Guide to Dublin_, Rev. G. N. Wright, 1821.
-
-[166] St. Andrew’s Church appears in old documents as _Parochia
-Sancti Andrea de Thengmothe_.
-
-[167] Stubbs: _History of the University of Dublin_, p. 145.
-
-[168] A Grace passed the Senate of the University on the 20th
-of June, 1890, authorising admission to the degree of Doctor
-in Science of those who shall have been engaged in Scientific
-Investigation for not less than three years after graduating in
-Arts, and published results of independent work tending to the
-advancement of any branch of Science, and judged of sufficient
-merit by the Provost and Senior Fellows. Graduates of Trinity
-College who desire to devote themselves to the pursuit of any
-branch of Science can therefore now obtain a Scientific Degree on
-the ground of research. Facilities are afforded in the various
-schools for those who desire to acquire experience in conducting
-scientific researches, either by assisting in carrying out
-investigations actually in progress, working independently, or
-pursuing inquiries arising out of those recently conducted in the
-Schools.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER IX.
-
-DISTINGUISHED GRADUATES.
-
-_Felix prole virum._--VIRGIL.
-
-
-The close of the sixteenth century was a brilliant period in the
-history of the English people. Three years before the measure
-for the foundation in Dublin of a College “whereby knowledge and
-civility might be increased” passed the Great Seal, the “Invincible
-Armada” had suffered disastrous defeat at the hands of English
-seamen. The Queen, who had “confirmed to her people that pillar of
-liberty, a free press,” had shown herself possessed of a deeper
-sympathy with her subjects than enemies were willing to allow her,
-and the determined spirit of her ancestors--determined whether
-in the good cause or the bad--had been displayed at a crisis of
-supreme gravity. It was a good omen for the future of the “College
-of the Holy and Undivided Trinity,” that it could write beneath the
-portrait of this sovereign, “_Hujusce Collegii Fundatrix._”
-
-The history of the University founded by Elizabeth is the history
-of the greatest institution in this country, which, amidst so much
-failure, has been a permanent and indisputable success. During
-the dark ages of Ireland’s confusion and misery, the lamp of
-learning and culture was here kept alight. No small achievement
-will this seem in the eyes of those to whom the social and
-political condition of the country, during the two hundred years
-which followed the granting of the Charter to the “mother of a
-University” in Dublin, are even superficially known.
-
-In 1591, the meadow land and orchards of the Monastery of All
-Hallows, near the city, which had become the property of the
-Corporation upon the dissolution of all such establishments
-by Henry VIII., were transferred to the Provost and Fellows
-appointed under the Royal Seal; and where, fifty years before, the
-brotherhood of Prior and Monks had passed their days in the quiet
-seclusion of a life apart from the busy world of ambitious men,
-there now began the quick and vivid play of thought and feeling
-which mark a University in which the minds of the future leaders of
-the people are moulded and exercised. The more prominent names in
-the list of the graduates of Elizabeth’s College are abundant proof
-of the paramount position of influence from the first maintained
-by it in every department of the public life of the country, and
-the importance of its work in training the men who have been in
-the van of progress in culture and science, and among the leaders
-of every political movement in Ireland; many of them, too, in
-the wider field offered by England, and, in these later days, in
-the still wider field of the colonies and dependencies under the
-Crown. The traditions and prestige attached to such an institution
-are inalienable, and it will indeed be strange if any statesman
-attempt, as is sometimes apprehended, the impossible task of
-disturbing or transferring them. The greater part of the history of
-Ireland since the opening of the seventeenth century can be read in
-the more public lives of the alumni of Trinity College.
-
-Oxford, it is said, has been the University of great movements;
-Cambridge, of great men. Genius indeed is not the outcome or
-resultant of academic life and traditions, while intellectual and
-social movements may in a measure be traced to such sources. Thus
-may Oxford fairly claim for herself influences more wide-reaching
-than her sister, although she cannot boast an equally distinguished
-family. It must indeed be remembered that genius is resentful of
-restrictions, and the debt acknowledged to any University by its
-greatest sons is usually but a limited one. To her poets, Landor
-and Shelley, Oxford was a harsh stepmother, and many a young man,
-afterwards to be famous, left the banks of Cam without gratitude
-and without regret. Nevertheless, a distinctive type of culture,
-often of directing power, even though resisted, prevails at every
-great centre of learning. If the dignity of a seat of learning
-is to be determined by the intellectual splendour of the names
-associated with it, Oxford must give place to Dublin as well as to
-Cambridge. There is no Oxonian to rank with Swift or Burke.
-
-But all such comparisons are idle; the Irish sister of the two
-great English Universities has had a far different career, and
-her type of culture is essentially distinctive, and not that of
-another. Oxford, “the home of lost causes and forsaken beliefs
-and impossible loyalties,” has a charm all her own. The old Irish
-College does not lie, like that “Queen of Romance, steeped in
-sentiment, and whispering from her towers the last enchantments of
-the middle ages.” To sentiment she has ever been a stranger, and
-she lies at the heart of a metropolis. But perhaps the atmosphere
-of sentiment is not compatible with that of reason, and Dublin has
-been the home of intellectual sanity. Unadorned by creeper or “ivy
-serpentine,” no quaint windows or secluded cloisters bring to the
-thoughtful student of “Old Trinity” visions of the monks of the
-Monastery of All Saints; and no one who knows her history, or has
-breathed her keen disillusionising air, would conceive as possible
-the fostering of an intellectualism such as that of Newman under
-the shadow of her Greek porticoes. Like her architecture, the mind
-of the University of Dublin has been more Greek than that of her
-English sisters. The spirit of Plato dwelt in Berkeley as it never
-could have done in a thinker educated in a University dominated
-by the methods of Bacon. In Edmund Burke the philosophical
-statesmanship of the Athenian Republic was revived as the “last
-enchantments of the middle ages,” with all their witchery, could
-never have revived it. Dublin has never given herself over to the
-idols of the forum or the market-place, nor worshipped at the
-shrine of utilitarian philosophies. She has not swung incense in
-the chapel of Hobbes or Herbert Spencer, nor bowed the knee to a
-dictator in the Vatican of science. She has betrayed as little
-enthusiasm for the cause of the Stuarts as for that of Pusey and
-Keble. When we call to mind her position in the heart of a country
-misunderstood and misgoverned for centuries, we cannot but marvel
-that she has so serenely kept the _via media_ between political,
-philosophical, and social extremes. At once less conservative
-and less radical than her sisters, a dry intellectual light has
-been her guide. It may be that the native humour of the soil has
-preserved her from the follies of dogmatism--ecclesiastical,
-scientific, political, or literary,--and equally so from frenzied
-devotion to hopeless causes or extravagant theories. Stranger to
-sentiment, and no “Queen of Romance,” I cannot think that an enemy
-could deny beauty to the solemn stateliness of her quadrangles. In
-the quiet of moonlit nights, or when the summer sun shines upon the
-grey walls and the green of grass and foliage in her courts and
-park, there are few so unimpressionable as to remain insensible
-to her dignity and loveliness. But her truest dignity is in the
-intellectual honour of her sons.
-
-[Illustration: JACOBUS USSERIUS, ARCHIEPISCOPUS ARMACHANUS, TOTIUS
-HIBERNIÆ PRIMAS]
-
-Among the very first batch of graduates in these the infant days
-of the College a great personality appears. At the first Public
-Commencements held in 1601, on Shrove Tuesday, in St. Patrick’s
-Cathedral, “Sir Ussher,” one of the students entered at the first
-matriculation examination, was admitted to his Master’s degree.
-James Ussher was of a family that had been resident in Ireland
-since the time of King John, and on both sides of the house his
-ancestors had held important public offices. His grandfather
-had been Speaker of the Irish House of Commons, and his uncle,
-afterwards Primate of Ireland, while Archdeacon in Dublin had
-had much to do with the foundation of the Irish University. “Sir
-Ussher” became Fellow and Proctor in due time, and while still
-under age was by a faculty ordained Priest and Deacon. His first
-recorded visit to England was that upon the errand in which he met
-with Sir Thomas Bodley buying books for the Oxford Library which
-now bears his name. Two of the greatest Libraries of the United
-Kingdom were thus associated in their foundation. The energy and
-extraordinary abilities of Ussher were soon very widely recognised,
-and he was offered the Provostship in 1609, which position,
-however, he declined. On the occasion of his next visit to England,
-he bore a letter of recommendation to King James from the Lord
-Deputy and Council, it being supposed that the King was prejudiced
-against him. The gifts and learning which had made him so
-conspicuous a figure in Ireland did not fail to impress the King,
-who appointed him Bishop of Meath, “a Bishop of his own making,”
-as he said. He preached, while in London, before the Commons and
-at St. Margaret’s. During his tenure of the Bishopric he was very
-prominent in public affairs, and in 1625 he was raised to the
-Primacy. While occupied with the high civil and episcopal duties of
-his many offices, he was extending that learning which placed him
-at the head of the scholars of the day, and for which he is still
-read and honoured. Burnet writes of him as a man “of a most amazing
-diligence and exactness, joined with great judgment. Together with
-his vast learning, no man had a better soul and a more apostolical
-mind. In his conversation he expressed the true simplicity of a
-Christian, for passion, pride and self-will, and the love of the
-world seemed not so much as in his nature; so that he had all the
-innocence of the dove in him. He was certainly one of the greatest
-and best men that the age, perhaps the world, has produced.” Selden
-spoke of him as “vir summa pictate, judicio singulari, usque ad
-miraculum doctus.”
-
-To compass, even in a volume, the bare record of the important
-public acts of Ussher while Archbishop of Armagh, would be a
-difficult task. He is the towering figure of his time, and seems to
-stand as centre to its history, overshadowing both churchmen and
-statesmen of ordinary stature, a period which reckoned among its
-prominent men educated in Dublin such scholars as Dudley Loftus,
-and such antiquarians as Sir James Ware. In 1640 the Primate was
-forced by the troubles of the time to go for a sojourn to England,
-which proved to be for the rest of his life. He was taken into
-the counsels of King Charles about the modification of Episcopal
-government such as to satisfy Presbyterians, and propounded a
-scheme with that view. From this time he was one of the King’s
-confidential advisers, and warned him against the signing of the
-Bill of Attainder against Strafford. When he knew that it had
-been done, Ussher broke out with “O sir! what have you done? Pray
-God your Majesty may never suffer by signing this Bill!” He bore
-the King’s last messages to Strafford, and attended him in prison
-and to the scaffold, bearing back the report of his execution to
-Charles.
-
-At this period of his life, an unhappy and stormy one, he had many
-invitations from abroad; among others, from Cardinal Richelieu,
-who offered him a pension and free exercise of his religion in
-France. After the manner of the Greek heroes, these two princes
-of the Church interchanged gifts, the Cardinal sending Ussher a
-gold medal, and the Primate, in return, two Irish-greyhounds. The
-invitation to settle in France was renewed by the Queen Regent,
-Anne of Austria; but this, among other offers, such as that of a
-Chair in the University of Leyden, he declined. During the civil
-war his experiences were most unhappy, and although reverenced
-by the chiefs of the Parliamentary party as a man of astonishing
-genius and unswerving rectitude, his property was frequently
-plundered, and his life, if not actually endangered, rendered
-hopeless and miserable by the uncertainties and distress of his
-condition. He suffered, indeed, at the hands of the Government;
-for when summoned to the Assembly of Divines at Westminster
-by Parliament, he declined to present himself, and was, as a
-consequence, denounced, and his library confiscated; but by the
-help of influential friends it was restored to him. Ussher’s
-learning was so wide and deep, especially in theology, that in
-many instances the researches and discoveries of modern scholars
-have only served to confirm his judgments. A striking example
-of his acumen is to be found in his edition of Ignatius and
-Polycarp. Observing that three English writers of the thirteenth
-and fourteenth centuries cite Ignatius in a different form from
-what was then known, but agreeing with citations made by Eusebius
-and others, he was led to divine the existence of copies of the
-different form in England. Search was accordingly made, and his
-forecast was verified by the discovery of two Latin versions--one
-in Caius College, Cambridge, while a Greek text corresponding was
-recovered in Florence. This is the text of Ignatius now generally
-received, and has recently been established as the true text, as
-against that current before Ussher’s time, by the late Bishop
-Lightfoot, who speaks of this work as “showing not only marvellous
-erudition, but also the highest critical genius.” The great
-Primate’s sagacity, not only in matters of scholarship but in
-matters of State, was regarded in his own day as approaching that
-of inspiration, and a volume of his predictions respecting public
-affairs was actually published.
-
-The Parliament relented towards Ussher so far as to vote him a
-pension in his later years, which was, however, but irregularly
-paid. The death of his royal master was a great blow to Ussher, and
-he ever after kept the momentous day of execution as a fast. A few
-years before his death he published his _Old Testament Chronology_,
-whence is taken the Table commonly inserted in Bibles. The great
-Protector sent for him, treated him with marked courtesy, and was
-indeed almost persuaded by him to grant a certain toleration to
-the Episcopal worship, but finally refused any such boon to his
-“implacable enemies;” showing himself, as Ussher tersely described
-him, a man possessed of “intestina non viscera.” At his death the
-honours of a public funeral were ordered by Cromwell, who, with all
-his sternness against his foes, could not but reverence the moral
-grandeur of the man; and the service of his own church was read
-over the grave of the greatest churchman of his time, in the chapel
-of St. Erasmus.
-
-While Dodwell, that prolific author, whose name is also connected
-with the Camden Professorship bestowed on him by the University
-of Oxford, was a Fellow of Trinity lecturing in logic, his most
-brilliant pupil, soon to become a friend, was William King. Among
-his contemporaries several names of note occur in the College
-records--Tate and Brady; Dillon, Earl of Roscommon; Leslie,
-Denham, Peter Browne, Robert Boyle, and Wilson, the author of
-_Sacra Privata_. But King has claims to more than passing notice.
-A churchman of whom Swift, a warm admirer, could write as follows,
-can have been no common man--“He spends his time in the practice
-of all the virtues that can become public or private life. So
-excellent a person may justly be reckoned among the greatest and
-most learned prelates of this age.”
-
-[Illustration: The most Reverend Father in GOD William King D.D.]
-
-King was of a Scotch Presbyterian family, his father having
-settled in Ulster after his excommunication for refusal to sign
-the Covenant. He betrayed in his infant years an aversion to
-the mechanical lessons of his schoolmistress, and suffered much
-whipping as a consequence. The art of reading came upon him later
-quite as a surprise, as he suddenly found himself able to make
-sense of the combinations of letters which had baffled him under
-the tuition of an orthodox school _régime_. During his career in
-College he lived as a Spartan. “I scarce had twenty pounds,” he
-tells us in an unpublished autograph memoir preserved in Armagh
-Diocesan Library, “in all the six years I spent in College, save
-from the College (Scholarship). Yet herein do I acknowledge
-God’s providence that I was able to appear _nearly_ all that
-time decently drest and sufficiently fed.” Although without
-definite religious opinions, since as a child he had received no
-instruction, by study and conversation with men of weight and
-learning in the University he came to have that settled faith which
-drew him to the ministry of the Church, and remained with him all
-through life. Thus King’s debt to Trinity College was a large one;
-he owed to her not only the intellectual but the spiritual training
-which determined his life and character. When ordained Priest, he
-was appointed Chaplain to the Archbishop of Tuam. The change from
-the narrow fare of his life in College to that of the Palace, where
-a “dinner of sixteen dishes and a supper of twelve, with abundant
-variety of wines and other generous liquors,” were the usual diet,
-affected his health. “The issue was, that before I had begun to
-dream of ill effects,” he says quaintly, “I was taken with the
-gout.”
-
-Archbishop Parker, who had formed a high estimate of King’s powers,
-appointed him, soon after his own translation to Dublin, to the
-Chancellorship of St. Patrick’s, at that juncture of affairs when
-the Duke of York, heir-presumptive to the Crown, declared himself
-a Roman Catholic. In 1683 he was sent to Tunbridge Wells to try a
-course of the waters for his health, and fell into acquaintance
-with many political persons. Party spirit was then running very
-high, and considerable excitement prevailed over the revocation
-of the charters of certain cities. He felt it to be his duty to
-support the King, so that he might not be driven to seek support
-from the unprincipled politicians of the day. This support was,
-however, only conditional upon rational and legal action on the
-King’s part. When the crisis came in the next reign, and it was
-imperative that some side should be taken in the contest between
-James and the Prince of Orange, King came to the conclusion that
-in the illegal and unjustifiable action of James there was ample
-reason for the transference of his allegiance to the champion of
-the Protestant party.
-
-At this time, when the confusion and apprehensions of the clergy
-drove many of them to England for refuge, the affairs of the Church
-in Ireland were wholly managed by King and Bishop Dopping, an
-ex-Fellow of Trinity. Archbishop Marsh, indeed, left everything
-in the hands of King as his commissary, and the latter’s position
-became one of great responsibility and danger. With many others, he
-was thrown into prison in Dublin Castle, and, although released in
-a few months, was again in the following year imprisoned, until the
-victory of the Boyne set him at liberty. As Dean of St. Patrick’s
-he preached at a thanksgiving service for the victory in his
-Cathedral, at which the King was present; and when it was told his
-Majesty, in answer to enquiry, that the preacher’s name was William
-King, he remarked, smiling, that their names were both alike--King
-William and William King. On his appointment to the Bishopric of
-Derry, which followed close upon the Revolution, he showed his
-great administrative abilities in the government of the See, which
-had been terribly impoverished by the war. As he had been the first
-to declare in public speech to which king his allegiance was due,
-so was he the first author of a history of the time, _State of the
-Protestants in Ireland_, in which he vindicated the lawfulness
-of William’s interposition between James and his subjects; a
-book spoken of by Burnet as “a copious history of the government
-of Ireland during the reign, which is so well received, and so
-universally acknowledged to be as truly as it is fairly written,
-that I refer my readers to the account of these matters which is
-fully and faithfully given by that learned and zealous prelate.”
-
-As Archbishop of Dublin, King proved himself statesman no less
-than prelate, as the history of the times clearly evidence. When
-in his seventy-fifth year, the See of Armagh became vacant. To
-Swift, who wrote warmly expressing his hope that King would be
-promoted to Armagh, he replied: “Having never asked anything,
-I cannot now begin to do so, when I have so near a prospect of
-leaving the station in which I am another way.” But there is
-little doubt that the appointment of Boulter, an Englishman, was
-not acceptable to him, for he received the Primate at his first
-visit, seated, with the words--in which the jest did not disguise
-their bitterness,--“My Lord, I am sure your Grace will forgive
-me, because you know I am too old to rise.” This practice of
-importing Englishmen to fill the greater Sees of Ireland prevailed
-until a few years ago, and can scarcely be described as other
-than gratuitously insulting to the clergy of that Church in this
-Country. King was eminently ecclesiastic and prelate, wise, strong,
-and masterful, possessed of many of the gifts which go to make up a
-great statesman. Not such a scholar as Ussher, he was more fitted
-by nature to play a part among living men, although, as his great
-work, _De Origine Mali_, proves, he was a subtle thinker no less
-than a far-sighted man of action.
-
-[Illustration: (bust of Dr. Delaney)]
-
-Bishops Downes and St. George Ashe and Dr. Delany are among
-the prominent Churchmen of this period who were ex-Fellows of
-Trinity. This is the Dr. Delany frequently mentioned in Primate
-Boulter’s letters, and in the works of Dean Swift. Of the
-Scholars of the day, William Molyneux, the philosophical friend
-of Locke, was in the first rank. He it was who founded the
-Society in Dublin on the plan of the Royal Society in London,
-which, although dispersed during the troubles of the war between
-James and William, may rightly be considered the parent of the
-present Royal Society of Ireland. He represented the University
-in Parliament, and was a public man of mark, although by natural
-bent of mind a mathematician and philosopher. Against Hobbes he
-carried on a controversy in support of Theism. Molyneux wrote
-many scientific works of great value, and one political pamphlet
-which is historical--_The Case of Ireland’s being bound by Acts of
-Parliament made in England_.
-
-[Illustration: MOLYNEUX.]
-
-Like his own Gulliver among the Liliputians, the gigantic figure of
-Swift dominates his age. There is no man in history whose character
-and life is a more fascinating study, or whose personality awakens
-such powerful and varied emotions. We are awed by the splendour
-of the intellectual achievement which created and peopled a
-new world in the travels of _Gulliver_, which dominated from
-Laracor Parsonage the counsels of statesmen and the fortunes of
-governments, and which could, in the _Drapier’s Letters_, fan the
-imagination of a people to the white heat of revolutionary action.
-We turn to his private life and read his letters, and awe gives
-place to pity, not far removed from affection, for the proud heart,
-sore with all unutterable and measureless desires, and of gentlest
-tenderness to a simple girl. Too proud to be vain; too conscious
-of the vanities of the things of ambition to be ambitious; too
-constant and open a friend to care for the friendships of the
-shallow or conceited--in short, too consummate master of the world
-to care for the things of the world, like Alexander, despair took
-hold on him because the inexorable limits of time and space left
-him without a sphere worthy the exercise of the power he felt
-within him. There was something more than misanthropy in the man
-to whom the gentle Addison, in sending a copy of his _Travels
-in Italy_, could write:--“To Jonathan Swift, the most agreeable
-companion, the truest friend, and the greatest genius of his age,
-this work is presented by his most humble servant, the author.”
-
-[Illustration: (bust of Dean Swift)]
-
-There was little in the eighteenth century of spiritual fervour or
-moral enthusiasm. The mental fashion of the times was a cynical
-rationalism, of no depth, because unsupported by any genuine desire
-for truth. Swift, while he hated the shallowness of the prevailing
-mood of mind, caught the contagion, and could not altogether shake
-himself free from its effects, but became in his far more honest
-and more terrible cynicism profoundly contemptuous of the cynics.
-Stella’s smile alone, like a ray of light, ever broke the leaden
-grey of the sky over his head. When that star faded, there was
-nothing left for which to live, “the long day’s work was done,” and
-death was a friend leading to a rest--
-
-      “Ubi saeva indignatio
-      Cor ulterius lacerare nequit.”
-
-Swift--in name ecclesiastic, in reality statesman and leader of
-men--marks the transition period from churchmen to poets, orators,
-and men of letters, in the remarkable grouping of the great names
-among the graduates of Dublin. Boswell records Johnson’s estimate
-of three of the “Irish clergy” of whom I have spoken. “Swift,” said
-he, “was a man of great parts, and the instrument of much good to
-his country; Berkeley was a profound scholar, as well as a man of
-fine imagination; but Ussher,” he said, “was the great luminary of
-the Irish Church, and a greater no Church could boast of--at least
-in modern times.”
-
-[Illustration: Thomas Southerne Esq^r.]
-
-The great churchmen of the early years of the University were
-followed by the great dramatists. Save to the faithful in matters
-of literature, the name of Southerne, like that of many of his
-predecessors of the age of Elizabeth, is a name alone--“stat
-nominis umbra,”--and that although he counted Gray and Dryden among
-his admirers, and was the first author whose plays were honoured
-by a second and third night of representation, Shakespeare himself
-not excepted. In Southerne is to be found the last flicker of the
-passion and fervour of the great dramatic period of our literature.
-As we read, we are startled here and there by the “gusto of the
-Elizabethan voice,” the unmistakable tone which has “somewhat
-spoiled our taste for the twitterings” of modern verse. The great
-actress still lives, Helen Faucit, Lady Martin, whose impersonation
-of Isabella in the “Fatal Marriage” is vividly remembered by our
-older playgoers as one of the most powerful of her parts. But we of
-this generation can know nothing of Southerne save in the study. To
-the best known of his plays a place of unique honour belongs. The
-poet is ever foremost in the holy cause of freedom, and “Oroonoko”
-is the first work in English which denounced the slave trade. The
-story of the tragedy is said to be literally true down to the
-minutest details. Much court was paid to this “Victor in Drama” in
-his old age; and his person, no less than his reputation, seems
-to have demanded it, for he was “of grave and venerable aspect,
-accustomed to dress in black, with silver sword and silver locks.”
-To him, on his 81st birthday, Pope wrote:--
-
-      “Resigned to live, prepared to die,
-      With not one sin but poetry;
-      This day Time’s fair account has run
-      Without a blot to eighty-one.
-      Kind Boyle before his poet lays
-      A table with a cloth of bays,
-      And Ireland, mother of sweet singers,
-      Presents her harp still to his fingers.”
-
-In the Dublin class-rooms two of the comic dramatists of the
-Restoration obtained their scholarship. The intellectual splendour
-of William Congreve did not more indisputably place him at the
-head of that coterie of letters than his learning and culture
-made him the most courted gentleman of the period--“the splendid
-Phœbus Apollo of the Mall.” “His learning,” says Macaulay, “does
-great honour to his instructors. From his writings, it appears
-not only that he was well acquainted with Latin literature, but
-that his knowledge of the Greek poets was such as was not in his
-time common, even in a College.” For those who feel with Charles
-Lamb, when he says, speaking of the comedy of the last century--“I
-confess, for myself, I am glad for a season to take an airing
-beyond the diocese of the strict conscience,” Congreve must always
-remain prince of wits. He is as absolute master of his domain as
-Shakespeare of his. We do not now rank him, as Dryden and Johnson
-did, with the world’s master-mind--
-
-      “ ... Heaven, that but once was prodigal before,
-      To Shakespeare gave as much, she could not give him more;”
-
-but we cannot refuse him an absolute supremacy in the narrower
-sphere of his genius, Congreve’s laurels were all reaped at the
-age of thirty. The “Old Bachelor” was produced when the author
-was but twenty-three, and that most perfect of English comedies
-of manners, “Love for Love,” when he was twenty-five. No such
-dialogue, for brilliancy, subtlety, intellectual finish, and
-flavour, was ever before heard. We who read cannot feel surprised
-that its sparkle should have dazzled the critics into the language
-of exaggerated panegyric. The “Mourning Bride” was the only essay
-in tragedy made by the man who, in Voltaire’s words, “raised the
-glory of comedy to a greater height than any English writer before
-or since.” Such a genius as Congreve could not fail absolutely, and
-though most of us know it only in its first line--
-
-      “Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast;”
-
-or perhaps by the passage which Johnson overpraised as “the most
-poetical passage from the whole mass of English poetry,” beginning--
-
-      “How reverend is the face of this tall pile,”--
-
-the “Mourning Bride” is a _tour de force_ in dramatic art.
-
-[Illustration: M^r William Congreve.]
-
-Congreve’s career is a striking contrast to that proverbially
-assigned by fortune to the man of letters. Patronage from rival
-ministers placed him in various sinecure offices, and he died
-possessed of a large fortune. His funeral was that of a Prince. His
-body lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, and the greatest Peers
-of England were the bearers of the pall.
-
-Farquhar’s career was less happy than that of Congreve, if indeed
-success be happiness. The genial Irish spirit of the gallant
-gentleman could not carry his life beyond its thirtieth year.
-Over-exertion, necessitated by the impecuniosity inevitable
-to a nature akin to Goldsmith’s, undermined his health, and,
-like many another, in seeking to save his life he lost it. To
-Wilks, the actor, he wrote in a characteristic vein during his
-last illness:--“Dear Bob, I have not anything to leave thee
-to perpetuate my memory but two helpless girls. Look upon them
-sometimes, and think of him that was, to the last moment of his
-life, thine, George Farquhar.”
-
-In the “Beaux’ Stratagem” and the “Recruiting Officer,” there is
-far less of the prurient indecency characterising the period than
-in the comedies of any other member of the famous group. Farquhar’s
-broad humour resembles that of Chaucer and Shakespeare; it bears no
-relation to that of Wycherley. A gentleman of letters, he carried
-with him into his plays the happy lovable disposition of the land
-of his birth, and the gay indifference to fortune’s buffets of the
-military adventurer. “He was becoming gayer and gayer,” said Leigh
-Hunt, “when death, in the shape of a sore anxiety, called him away
-as if from a pleasant party, and left the house ringing with his
-jest.”
-
-Among the poets patronised by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at the
-beginning of the eighteenth century was Henry Brooke, afterwards
-better known as a novelist by his _Fool of Quality_, published in
-the same year as the now famous _Vicar of Wakefield_. Brooke, in a
-remarkable poem entitled “Universal Beauty,” wherein every aspect
-of Nature is described with scientific exactness, anticipating the
-manner of Darwin in the “Loves of the Plants,” gave promise of a
-poetic future and fame to which he never attained. In early life
-a friend of Swift, Pope, and Chesterfield, as a man of letters he
-was widely known and respected for his public spirit and generous
-disposition, as well as for the high merit of his work.
-
-Ireland has never produced a more truly original poet than Thomas
-Parnell, the author of “The Hermit.” After he had acquired in
-Trinity College the classical training which, in the estimation of
-Goldsmith, placed him among the most elegant scholars of the day,
-a country parsonage received him into an oblivion which would have
-been final but for the kindly encouragement of Swift and Pope.
-So modest and diffident a man could never have emerged from the
-obscurity of his position in life unaided by some helping hand.
-As it was, his poems were not published, except in a posthumous
-edition by his great contemporary last mentioned. Although unable
-wholly to effect escape from the influences of the artificial
-school of the poetry of the so-called Augustan age, there is more
-real feeling naturally expressed, more genuine poetic sweetness,
-in Parnell’s “Hymn to Contentment,” or his “Night Piece on Death,”
-than in any other verse of his time. Without Pope’s incisive
-vigour or precision, he sounds a note more pure and exquisite, a
-note which appeals to the modern lover of poetry as Pope’s keen
-intelligence and perfection of phrase can never do.
-
-[Illustration: Berkeley.]
-
-At Kilkenny School, the Eton of Ireland, where Congreve and
-Swift had also been pupils, George Berkeley received his early
-education _sub ferula_ a Dr. Hinton. At the age of fifteen he
-entered Trinity, and soon after became Scholar and Fellow of the
-house. Mathematics chiefly occupied the attention of the more
-eminent scholars of the day, but the larger problems claimed
-Berkeley’s allegiance. The philosophical issues raised by Locke and
-Malebranche had given a new impulse to the study of metaphysics,
-now emancipated from the fetters of scholasticism. Dublin was
-abreast of the thought of the time, for Locke’s _Essay_ was adopted
-as a text-book immediately on its publication, and is still a part
-of the course in Logics. On accepting the Deanery of Derry in
-1724, Berkeley resigned all his College offices, but before that
-time his best known work had been done. _The New Theory of Vision_
-and _The Principles of Human Knowledge_ are the direct outcome of
-his thought while a Junior Fellow of Trinity. The originality of
-Berkeley’s mind was equalled by its purity. The “good Berkeley,”
-as Kant calls him, charmed, as some rare spirits have the power to
-charm society which cared nothing for his theories, no less than
-philosophical friends and foes. To him the satiric vivisector Pope
-ascribed “every virtue under Heaven;” and Swift, misanthropist and
-scorner of friendship, made him a confidential friend. In some
-men, as has often been remarked, there resides a nameless power,
-the effluence of a character at once strong and good. No less
-a philosopher in life than in theory, no word of bitterness has
-ever been breathed against one of the fairest fames in history.
-In what exquisite words he declined, when Bishop of Cloyne, to
-apply for the Archiepiscopal See of Armagh: “I am no man’s rival
-or competitor in this matter. I am not in love with feasts, and
-crowds, and visits, and late hours, and strange faces, and a hurry
-of affairs often insignificant. For my own private satisfaction,
-I had rather be master of my time than wear a diadem.” But in the
-interest of others he was willing to spend that time. Like every
-other idealist thinker, he had his Utopia. “He is an absolute
-philosopher,” wrote Swift to Lord Carteret, “with regard to money,
-titles, and power, and for three years past has been struck with a
-notion of founding a University at Bermudas by a charter from the
-Crown.”
-
-On May the 11th, 1726, the Commons voted “That an humble address
-be presented to his Majesty, that out of the lands in St.
-Christopher’s, yielded by France to Great Britain by the Treaty of
-Utrecht, his Majesty would be graciously pleased to make such grant
-for the use of the President and Fellows of the College of St. Paul
-in Bermuda as his Majesty shall think proper.” The College, though
-here named, was never established, but the glow of anticipated
-success was the inspiration of prophetic and noble verse--such
-verse as Mr. Palgrave tells us is written by thoughtful men who
-practise the art but little.
-
-      “In happy climes, the seat of innocence,
-        Where nature guides and virtue rules,
-      Where men shall not impose for truth and sense
-        The pedantry of courts and schools;
-
-      “There shall be sung another golden age,
-        The rise of Empire and of Arts,
-      The good and great inspiring epic rage,
-        The wisest heads and noblest hearts.
-
-      “Not such as Europe breeds in her decay;
-        Such as she bred when fresh and young,
-      When heavenly flame did animate her clay,
-        By future poets shall be sung.
-
-      “Westward the course of Empire takes its way;
-        The four first acts already past,
-      A fifth shall close the drama with the day;
-        Time’s noblest offspring is the last.”
-
-Most of the critics have omitted to mention Berkeley among the
-stylists, probably because of the subject-matter of his work; but
-as a master of language he alone of the philosophers ranks with
-Plato. A felicity of style, consisting in perfect naturalness and
-perfect fitness in the choice of words, has been a birthright of
-great Irishmen. There is perhaps no surer test of delicacy of moral
-fibre or of intellectual precision than a refinement of touch in
-language, such as that of Goldsmith and Berkeley.
-
-After the disappointment in the matter of the University in
-Bermuda, Berkeley devoted himself once more to Philosophy. With
-Queen Caroline he was so great a favourite that the royal command
-frequently brought him to the Palace; and when through some
-official hitch he was disappointed of the Deanery of Down, the
-Queen signified her pleasure that, since “they would not suffer Dr.
-Berkeley to be a Dean in Ireland, he should be a Bishop,” and in
-1734 appointed him to the See of Cloyne.
-
-His letter to the Roman Catholic Bishops of Ireland shows the large
-spirit of charity with which he exercised his episcopal office.
-Traditions of his loved and cherished presence still linger about
-the Palace of Cloyne, now a ruin; and a beautiful recumbent figure
-recently placed in the Cathedral perpetuates his memory there. But
-as he advanced in years, feeble in health, and long desirous of
-ending his days in a quiet retirement, he made Oxford his choice,
-and wrote to the Secretary of State (in 1752) to ask leave to
-resign his Bishopric. So unusual a desire as that of voluntary
-retirement, involving the loss of the episcopal revenue, led the
-King, George II., to enquire who it was that preferred such a
-request, and on learning that it was his old friend, Dr. Berkeley,
-declared that he should die a Bishop in spite of himself, but might
-reside where he pleased. Before he left Ireland, he instituted in
-his old College the two medals which bear his name for proficiency
-in Greek. In Oxford he died, and was buried in the Cathedral of
-Christ Church. Markham, the Archbishop of York, wrote his epitaph:--
-
-      “Si Christianus fueris
-        Si amans patriæ
-      Utroque nomine gloriari potes
-        Berkleium vixisse.”
-
-Of the three portraits in our College perhaps none can be regarded
-as accurate. Probably the somewhat idealised outlines of the Cloyne
-monument convey a true image of Berkeley as his own generation knew
-him. “A handsome man,” it is said, “with a countenance full of
-meaning and benignity.”
-
-It would be out of place to attempt here to estimate Berkeley’s
-philosophical rank. If Hamann’s verdict be just--“Without Berkeley
-no Hume, without Hume no Kant,” we owe to the gentle wisdom of our
-great countryman a metaphysical debt difficult to overestimate; but
-quite apart from the importance of his position in the evolution of
-the critical idealism, the figure of that serene thinker, modest,
-tender, without reproach, will ever win and hold the admiration and
-reverence of all lovers of the beautiful in life and character.
-
-One of Berkeley’s most remarkable Episcopal brethren was Bishop
-Clayton, the mover of a motion in the Irish House of Lords
-proposing that the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds should be expunged
-from the Liturgy of the Church of Ireland--a somewhat bold proposal
-on the part of a dignitary of the Church. Mention should also here
-be made of Philip Skelton, a contemporary of Clayton, and a scholar
-of wide repute.
-
-In 1744 two remarkable boys entered Trinity College, strangely
-unlike in disposition and genius, both heirs of Fame, but destined
-to reach her temple by very different avenues. Their names were
-Edmund Burke and Oliver Goldsmith. The life of the tender-hearted,
-vain, improvident, generous, altogether lovable author of the
-_Vicar of Wakefield_ and the _Deserted Village_, with all its
-vicissitudes, its hours of extravagant luxury, and years of
-hopeless poverty, is as well known to most children as are the
-works which his exquisite art left the world for “a perpetual feast
-of nectared sweets.” There is nothing to tell of him which has not
-been told and re-told, read and re-read, from the story of the
-young aspirant for ordination presenting himself to his Bishop in
-a pair of scarlet breeches, to that simple sentence of Johnson’s,
-when he heard of his death and his debts, “Let not his frailties be
-remembered; he was a very great man.”
-
-Goldsmith’s College career, like that of Swift, was not a brilliant
-one. Set him to turn an ode of Horace into English verse, and you
-might count on a version that would surprise the scholars; but
-give him a mathematical problem to solve, and he was a disgrace
-to his University. It was the same until the end. The mathematics
-of life--the simple additions and subtractions--were too much for
-him; but those marvellous versions of the tales of his experience
-or imagination we still delight in and wonder at. The charm
-of that delicate simplicity and ease of style has never been
-surpassed. Addison is justly honoured, and as a writer of English
-generally appraised higher than Goldsmith; but I cannot think that
-the Magdalen Scholar has a lightness of touch or a grace at all
-comparable to the poor Sizar of Trinity. In Addison’s best essays
-a fastidious critic, while he admires their chastened correctness,
-will observe a certain primness, an over-studied perfection of
-diction. Addison is a finished artist; but Goldsmith’s freedom
-gives greater pleasure, for he wrote under the direct inspiration
-of Nature. Posterity, too, has given its inexorable decree in
-favour of the Irishman. _Cato_ is forgotten, but _She Stoops to
-Conquer_ is with us still. The _Spectator_ is read in the study of
-the student of literature, but the _Vicar of Wakefield_ in every
-English home. “To be the most beloved of English writers”--as
-Thackeray says--“what a title that is for a man!”
-
-The Earl of Mornington, whose more illustrious son, the great Duke,
-vanquished the “World’s Victor” at Waterloo, was a contemporary
-of Goldsmith, and the first Professor of Music in the University.
-Malone, the editor of Shakespeare, and Toplady, the hymn-writer,
-graduated about the same time as the Earl, then a _filius nobilis_.
-
-In connection with the name of Edmund Burke, some mention must
-be made of the Historical Society, which claims him as its
-founder. Its splendid traditions date from the inauguration of
-Burke’s Historical Club in 1747. Throughout its chequered career
-it has preserved a peculiar pride and independence of spirit,
-intolerant of interference on the part even of the authorities
-of the University, which not infrequently resulted in serious
-disagreement affecting its existence inside the College walls,
-and on two occasions led to periods of exile from the University,
-during which it found a home in the city. No other debating society
-in the world, perhaps, can claim to rank with it as a cradle of
-orators. It has been the palæstra of many of the most eloquent
-speakers of the English tongue. Besides its founder Burke, Grattan
-and Curran, Plunket and Bushe, Sheil and Butt, and many another
-master of rhetoric, practised at the debates of the “Historical”
-the art which has made Ireland no less famous as mother of orators
-than she was formerly as mother of saints. Throughout its career
-this Society has given to the Irish Bench and Bar their most
-distinguished leaders, and many to England and the dependencies
-of the Crown. Three of the members of the present Government were
-officers of the Society in their student days; and the most recent
-loss it has sustained was by the death of William Connor Magee, the
-late Archbishop of York, the first Auditor after its reconstitution
-in 1843.
-
-The objects of the Club at its foundation, as appears from the
-minutes, were “speaking, reading, writing, and arguing in Morality,
-History, Criticism, Politics, and all the useful branches of
-Philosophy.” There are many points of interest in the earliest
-minute-book of the Society, of which the greater part is in Burke’s
-handwriting. A critical discrimination on the part of the members,
-remarkable in the light of later history, is recorded in the minute
-of April 28, 1747, when “Mr. Burke, for an essay on the Genoese,
-was given thanks for the matter, but not for the delivery.” The
-Club, consisting of a very few members, grew in numbers until, at
-the period in which an Irish Parliament sat in College Green, it
-was an assembly of six hundred, many of its prominent members being
-also Members of Parliament. An ordinary excuse for the absence of a
-speaker from his place seems to have been compulsory attendance in
-the Commons. The influence of such a Society upon political opinion
-in Ireland was naturally considerable, and the expression of the
-revolutionary views of many of its members, such as Emmet and Wolfe
-Tone, gave great uneasiness to the Board of the College. It is only
-in comparatively recent years that the feeling of suspicion with
-which the Society was regarded by the authorities has disappeared,
-and it is far indeed from probable that occasion for it will ever
-again arise. There are few pages of mere chronicle of names more
-potent in arousing patriotic enthusiasm in a lover of Ireland, than
-those in the proceedings of this Society which are a record of its
-officers.
-
-Although the oratory of Burke signally failed, on the great
-occasions upon which it was displayed, to alter the determination
-or the policy of the majority of those to whom it was addressed,
-he stands by general consent--to make no wider comparison--at the
-head of the orators who spoke the English tongue. “Saturated with
-ideas” and magnificent in diction as Burke’s oratory was, it is
-not as orator merely that he claims the attention of students of
-history, nor as “our greatest English prose writer” (as Matthew
-Arnold calls him) the attention of students of literature; the
-nobility of the man commands a deeper admiration. “We who know Mr.
-Burke know that he will be one of the first men in the country,”
-said Dr. Johnson, with that magnanimous appreciation of merit so
-characteristic of him; and the estimate was not an exaggerated one.
-By far the most sagacious and chivalrous statesman of his time, the
-high-minded disinterestedness and moral fervour of the man, in an
-age such as that in which his lot was cast, give him a far-shining
-pre-eminence. Again and again in his utterance rings the splendid
-note that stirs the blood as with the sound of a trumpet--the note
-which only the brave man to whom belongs the _mens conscia recti_
-can dare to utter. Take this: “I know the map of England as well
-as the noble Lord or any other person, and I know that the path
-that I take is not the way to preferment;” or this, when a purblind
-electorate complained of his Parliamentary policy: “I do not here
-stand before you accused of venality or of neglect of duty. It
-is not said that in the long period of my service I have, in a
-single instance, sacrificed the slightest of your interests to my
-ambition or to my fortune--No! the charges against me are all of
-one kind, that I have pushed the principles of general justice and
-benevolence too far--further than a cautious policy would warrant,
-and further than the opinions of many would go along with me. In
-every accident which may happen through life--in pain, in sorrow,
-in depression and distress--I will call to mind this accusation,
-and be comforted.” To read the speeches of Burke is, I think,
-a liberal education in literature, in ethics, and in political
-philosophy. No man can rise from a study of them uninstructed or
-unennobled.
-
-To say that in his later years many of the finest qualities of his
-head and heart failed him, is but to give trite expression to the
-familiar fact that man too has his “winter of pale misfeature.”
-There is no figure in the history of English politics at once so
-great and so noble as that of Edmund Burke.
-
-As has been remarked, any record of the alumni of Trinity College
-must take note of the remarkable grouping of the great names. The
-brilliant oratorical group belongs to the period of the history
-of Ireland when her circumstances in a special sense called
-for the public speaker, assigning to him patriotic duties and
-a noble theme. When Dublin became the seat of a Parliament of
-real political power, it was the natural ambition of every young
-Protestant Irishman of talent to make for himself a name and fame
-within its walls. The responsibility of self-government brought
-in its train a national enthusiasm and zeal which gave a new life
-to the country so long hopelessly misgoverned. For the first time
-became possible in Ireland great public service in the cause of
-Ireland. In 1746 was born Henry Grattan, the man destined by an
-ironical fate to gain by the splendour and force of his advocacy
-an honourable independence for the legislature of his country, and
-to live long enough to see the whole edifice, raised with so many
-fervent prayers and hopes, crumble to pieces, undermined by the
-sustained effort of unexampled treachery and fraud in power. In
-pathetic words Grattan described, when all was over, his relations
-to the Irish Parliament--“I watched by its cradle; I followed it to
-the grave.”
-
-[Illustration: EARL OF CLARE.]
-
-The story of the Irish orators of this fascinating epoch has been
-told by the most judicial of living historians, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky,
-himself, like them, a son of the Dublin _Mater Universitatis_.
-As he tells us, however divided political opinion in our day may
-be over the vexed question of the government of this island,
-“the whole intellect of the country” was bitterly opposed to the
-measure for a Union introduced by Lord Castlereagh. The only man
-of ability and position in Ireland to whom it was not intolerable
-was Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare. Sheridan, the champion of the
-Irish cause in the English Parliament, could scarcely find words
-strong enough to express the intensity of his feelings. “I would
-have fought for that Irish Parliament,” he said, “up to the knees
-in blood.” It may be difficult for the student of history to
-understand the fierceness of the opposition with which Grattan,
-Flood, and Plunket met the proposal of the English Ministers,
-but in the fire and force of their utterances a very sincere
-and determined spirit manifests itself. The purity of their
-patriotism has never been questioned. Flood, the first of the
-Irish orators who rose to prominence in the House, was described
-by Grattan as “the most easy and best-tempered man in the world,
-as well as the most sensible.” Grattan, though fearless in the
-open advocacy of his principles, was himself a man of modest and
-courteous disposition. There was nothing of the political bully or
-blustering demagogue in the champions of the cause of legislative
-independence. While Grattan and Flood were devoting all their
-energies to a common cause, they were separated by a quarrel
-which no reconciliation ever brought to an end. Standing apart
-from each other, they nevertheless, with the native generosity
-of the country which gave them birth, recognised each the mental
-and moral worth of the other. As speakers, Flood was admitted to
-be the more convincing reasoner of the two; but Grattan, rapid
-and epigrammatic, whose sentences were always forged to a white
-heat, was irresistible. His was “an oracular loftiness of words
-which certainly came nearer the utterance of inspiration than any
-eloquence, ancient or modern.” Both were, in youth, unwearied
-students of the art of which they became masters, and like
-Demosthenes also in this, that they thought no pains too great to
-accomplish their ends, believing, like him, that pains so taken
-were such as show “a kind of respect for the people.” Flood was a
-diligent pupil in the school of classic oratory; while Grattan,
-no less persevering, in manner, in tone, in everything that
-characterises a speaker, was peculiarly original and alone; for
-it cannot be said that in any important particular he resembled
-any other great speaker. Comparing him with other orators Mr.
-Lecky says--“It was left for Grattan to be profound while he was
-fascinating, and pointed while he was profound.”
-
-Although he had retired from public life, and was seriously ill
-when the measure which resulted in legislative union with Great
-Britain was introduced, Grattan stood for a vacant constituency,
-and re-entered the House whose independence he had gained while the
-debate affecting its existence was in progress. There have been few
-more pathetic scenes in the history of Parliaments than that which,
-in the final debate, shows us the old man eloquent, too feeble to
-stand, and addressing the House by its leave seated, pleading for
-the last time in the cause of his country. It was that he might
-spend his latest years in support of the bill for the removal of
-the disabilities of Roman Catholics, whose emancipation had been
-one of the objects of his political career, that Grattan consented
-to enter the British Parliament. The keynote of his plea sounds
-in the words he used in one of the speeches upon the question:
-“Bigotry may survive persecution, but it can never survive
-toleration.” Like Edmund Burke, the path he chose in life was
-not one which led to preferment; and it is best perhaps that his
-resting-place in the Abbey beside Pitt and Fox is undistinguished
-by name or stone. What epitaph could England write for Henry
-Grattan? The full-length portraits of Grattan and Flood possessed
-by the College hang upon the same wall in the Dining Hall. That
-of Grattan represents him in the hour of his triumph, moving the
-Declaration of Independence. Flood, a striking figure, stands
-defiantly out, as if replying to a hostile speaker in the measured
-invective for which he was famous. Flood’s name is to be found in
-the list of the benefactors of Trinity College. He left an estate
-of five thousand pounds, to be devoted to the purchase of Irish
-MSS., and for the encouragement of the study of that language.
-
-In the minutes of the Irish Parliament, as moving and seconding
-motions for the removal of the political disabilities of the Roman
-Catholics, appear frequently in combination the names of two
-peers educated in Dublin University--Lords Mountjoy and O’Neill.
-Parliamentary friends when the insurrection of Ninety-Eight plunged
-the country into civil war, they became brothers in arms. Alike in
-fate, O’Neill fell at the battle of Antrim, Mountjoy at New Ross.
-
-Another illustrious Irish name among the Dublin graduates of the
-period is that of Sir Lucius O’Brien, a leading statesman and
-financier in the Lower House, a man of much practical ability and
-of unblemished honour. As leader of the “Country Party,” he was
-foremost in the successful struggle to relieve Irish finance from
-waste and corruption, and to free Irish trade and legislation from
-unjust restriction.
-
-Plunket, by some considered Grattan’s equal as an orator, must be
-regarded as one of the most remarkable men of his age. At the Bar,
-as in the Senate, he made a profound impression upon men who,
-like Lord Brougham, his warm friend and admirer, were keen critics
-and trained lawyers. The severity of his style distinguishes him
-from all other speakers of the period. The grace and beauty of
-Plunket’s oratory are not to be found in any wealth of ornamental
-diction. Its texture was logical; every phrase, whether direct or
-involving illustration, was uttered with but one end in view--that
-of persuasion. To dazzle without producing conviction is not a part
-of the aim of any sincere man. Plunket made no effort to captivate
-the sense; he addressed himself to the reason, and to honourable
-victory.
-
-[Illustration: PLUNKET.]
-
-Curran, afterwards Master of the Rolls under Fox during his short
-administration, made his reputation as a speaker by his defence
-of the prisoners in the trials of Ninety-Eight. The speech--a
-masterpiece--in which he defended Hamilton Rowan, was, in the
-estimation of Brougham, “the most eloquent speech ever delivered at
-the Bar.” Curran’s eloquence is florid and passionate, more typical
-of Irish oratory, as that phrase is usually understood, than that
-of the greater men of the time. He appealed more directly to the
-emotions, and was a consummate master in that difficult art--the
-arousing and controlling the feelings of his audience. In this
-art his younger contemporary, Richard Lalor Sheil, also excelled.
-Although of undignified figure, and denied by nature the gifts of
-voice and manner which fascinate public assemblies, he overcame all
-obstacles to the attainment of that power which, unlike that of the
-poet or philosopher, is always a witness of its own triumph.
-
-Thomas Moore was one of the first Roman Catholics to take advantage
-of the Act of 1793, which threw open to them the University of
-Dublin. Although his co-religionists now obtained the privilege
-of attending the College classes, they were debarred until many
-years later from the higher academic honours, and Moore, who was
-entitled to a Scholarship on his answering, could not profit by
-it. He was, however, recognised by the authorities as a youth of
-promise, and was the recipient on one occasion of a special prize
-for a set of English verses, the prize being a copy of the _Travels
-of Anacharsis_, with the inscription, “_Propter laudabilem in
-versibus componendis progressum_.” Moore’s recollections of the
-debates in the Historical Society, of which he was a prominent
-member, are full of interest. He became a close friend of Emmet,
-who was, he tells us, at this time “of the popular side in the
-Society the chief champion and ornament.” In 1798, when Lord Clare,
-the Vice-Chancellor of the University, held a solemn Visitation,
-with the view of discovering whether any treasonable persons or
-factions had been at work among the students, Moore was examined
-as a witness. At first he refused to take the oath, but, on
-learning that such refusal would lead to expulsion, submitted,
-and gave his evidence, which disclaimed all knowledge of any
-secret societies within the University. Moore acknowledges that
-the Visitation, though somewhat of an arbitrary proceeding, was
-justified in its results. There were, he tells us, a few, among
-them Robert Emmet, “whose total absence from the whole scene, as
-well as the dead silence that day after day followed the calling
-out of their names, proclaimed how deep had been their share in the
-unlawful proceedings inquired into by this tribunal.” The modern
-critics of the psychological school seem to have agreed to place
-“Anacreon” Moore far down on the roll of the “followers of the
-narrow footsteps of the bards.” They are unable to find, in _Lalla
-Rookh_ or the _Irish Melodies_, the intellectual mastery of life
-without which poetry has for them no real value. They complain that
-in Moore the sense of
-
-      “The heavy and the weary weight
-        Of all this unintelligible world”
-
-is not sufficiently emphasised, and that he must therefore take
-rank as a poet of society upon whom the eternal problems did not
-press heavily enough to make him a poet-philosopher. The indictment
-may indeed be partially true; but there is poetry which has as
-little of the character of a profound philosophy as have the
-cravings of the human heart. “The Meeting of the Waters” or “She
-is far from the land,” though unweighted by any profound or subtle
-thought, will outlive--to venture on prediction--the splendid
-unravelling of intellectual complexities in “Mr. Sludge, the
-Medium.” There is not, I believe, to be found in any literature
-more melodious utterance of real emotion than in the songs of
-this true poetic brother of Oliver Goldsmith--like him, and
-unlike many of his contemporaries, possessed of “the great poetic
-heart,” the possession of which, we have been told, is “more than
-all poetic fame.” The charm, as I have already observed, of the
-greater part of the poetry and prose of Ireland, lies in its
-unaffected purity and naturalness. The lyrical cry we hear in
-the music-marvels--“I saw from the beach” and “Oft in the stilly
-night”--has a piercing sweetness unrivalled by greater poets of
-vastly wider range. For the creator of a nation’s songs there is
-little need to fear, despite the critics, the verdict, in a phrase
-of Archer Butler’s, of “the incorruptible Areopagus of posterity.”
-
-[Illustration: “THE BURIAL OF SIR JOHN MOORE.”
-
-FAC-SIMILE FROM ORIGINAL LETTER IN THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL IRISH
-ACADEMY.
-
-(_By Permission._)]
-
-[Illustration: (second page)]
-
-Yet other members of the Historical Society were found among the
-leaders of the revolutionary party in the troublous times of the
-Irish Rebellion. Wolfe Tone, the leader of the United Irishmen, had
-sat in the chair of the Society, obtained three of its medals, and
-delivered the closing address of one of the sessions. His place
-in history has been accurately defined by a brilliant young Irish
-University man of the present generation, Mr. T. W. Rolleston:
-“He found national sentiment the property of a small aristocratic
-section; he left it the dominant sentiment of the millions of the
-Irish democracy.”
-
-The author of “A Battle of Freedom,” Thomas Davis, may rightly be
-called the Tyrtæus of the national party. He too held the premier
-office, that of Auditor, in the Society above mentioned, and might,
-had he lived, have reached a high place, not only among Irish but
-among English poets.
-
-Dublin claims many other names of literary note--Sir Samuel
-Ferguson, recently lost to us, whose themes were the ancient
-traditions and legends of his native land; and (to go a generation
-further back) that poet who has earned the laurel by adding to the
-treasury of literature one poem not to be forgotten--“The Burial of
-Sir John Moore.” (_See fac-simile_, pp. 260, 261.)
-
-It is not part of my task to write contemporary history, of the
-Senate or the Bar, in the careers of Butt or Napier or Whiteside
-or Cairns. With students of philosophy Archer Butler is a name
-to be reverenced, and Stokes and Graves gave to the School of
-Medicine in Dublin a European reputation, as witness such a
-passage as this from Professor Trousseau: “As Clinical Professor
-in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, I have incessantly read and
-re-read the work of Graves; I have become inspired with it in my
-teaching; I have endeavoured to imitate it in the book I have
-myself published on the Clinique of the Hotel-Dieu; and even now,
-though I know almost by heart all that the Dublin Professor has
-written, I cannot refrain from perusing a book which never leaves
-my study.” In theology, Magee--Archbishop of Dublin, O’Brien, Lee,
-and Fitzgerald, and in Irish antiquarian research Todd and Reeves,
-have made for themselves an abiding reputation.
-
-[Illustration: (bust of James MacCullagh)]
-
-Mathematicians will not need to be reminded of the importance of
-the work done in their province by Hamilton and MacCullagh. Sir
-William Rowan Hamilton ranks with the greatest of the explorers of
-new scientific territory. To name the author of the _General Method
-in Dynamics_ and the inventor of the method of Quaternions is
-sufficient; it is impossible here to do more. The position held by
-Trinity College in this century as a seat of mathematical learning
-is largely due to MacCullagh. He it was who introduced here a more
-comprehensive study of the work of Continental mathematicians,
-under the auspices of Provost Lloyd.
-
-[Illustration: LEVER.]
-
-The Irish novelists, Maxwell and Le Fanu, have been overshadowed by
-the greater Lever. Lever’s descriptions of College life in _Charles
-O’Malley_ and other of his novels are a faithful reproduction of
-his own experiences. Take him all in all, he is one of the best
-story-tellers we have had or shall ever have; a romancer who holds
-his readers breathless till the last page is turned in his stories
-of adventure, and a dramatist whose situations are among the most
-powerful in fiction. The underlying melancholy which Thackeray
-saw in Lever gives to his later books, from which the high boyish
-spirits of the earlier tales are absent, a graver and deeper human
-interest. But he is the most cheerful companion of all the great
-story-tellers; and who does not feel a relief in taking up Lever
-after the motive-grinding and mental dissections of the modern
-novel of purpose?
-
-With the last mentioned name I shall close this review, for I must
-not enter the world of to-day. The careers which we or our fathers
-have watched in person have been too lately followed to be spoken
-of here. They must read many books who seek to know the fortunes
-and achievements of the graduates of Dublin in recent years, for a
-record of them will carry the reader into the political, military,
-and literary history of the English-speaking peoples in all the
-continents.
-
-[Illustration: BERKELEY’S TOMB.]
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section heading)]
-
-DISTINGUISHED GRADUATES
-
-_Referred to in Chapter IX._
-
-                                                   PAGE
-
-  ASHE, ST. GEORGE                                  243
-
-  BERKELEY, GEORGE                                  249
-
-  BOYLE, ROBERT                                     241
-
-  BRADY, NICHOLAS                                   241
-
-  BROOKE, HENRY                                     248
-
-  BROWNE, PETER                                     241
-
-  BURKE, EDMUND                                     252
-
-  BUSHE, CHARLES KENDEL                             253
-
-  BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER                            262
-
-  BUTT, ISAAC                                       262
-
-  CLAYTON, ROBERT                                   252
-
-  CONGREVE, WILLIAM                                 246
-
-  CONYNGHAM, WILLIAM, LORD PLUNKET                  258
-
-  CURRAN, JOHN PHILPOT                              258
-
-  DAVIS, THOMAS                                     262
-
-  DELANY, PATRICK                                   243
-
-  DENHAM, SIR JOHN                                  241
-
-  DILLON, EARL OF ROSCOMMON                         241
-
-  DODWELL, HENRY                                    240
-
-  DOPPING, ANTHONY                                  242
-
-  EMMET, ROBERT                                     259
-
-  FARQUHAR, GEORGE                                  247
-
-  FERGUSON, SIR SAMUEL                              262
-
-  FITZGIBBON, JOHN, EARL OF CLARE                   255
-
-  FLOOD, HENRY                                      256
-
-  GOLDSMITH, OLIVER                                 252
-
-  GRATTAN, HENRY                                    255
-
-  GRAVES, ROBERT JAMES                              262
-
-  HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN                       263
-
-  KING, WILLIAM                                     241
-
-  LESLIE, CHARLES                                   241
-
-  LEVER, CHARLES                                    263
-
-  LE FANU, SHERIDAN                                 263
-
-  LOFTUS, DUDLEY                                    239
-
-  M‘CALMONT, HUGH, EARL CAIRNS                      262
-
-  MACCULLAGH, JAMES                                 263
-
-  MAGEE, WILLIAM (DUBLIN)                           262
-
-  MAGEE, WILLIAM CONNOR (YORK)                      253
-
-  MALONE, EDMUND                                    253
-
-  MAXWELL, WILLIAM                                  263
-
-  MOLYNEUX, WILLIAM                                 243
-
-  MOORE, THOMAS                                     258
-
-  NAPIER, SIR JOSEPH                                262
-
-  O’BRIEN, SIR LUCIUS                               257
-
-  PARNELL, THOMAS                                   248
-
-  SHEIL, RICHARD LALOR                              258
-
-  SKELTON, PHILIP                                   252
-
-  SOUTHERNE, THOMAS                                 245
-
-  SWIFT, JONATHAN                                   244
-
-  TATE, NAHUM                                       241
-
-  TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE                              262
-
-  TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS                                 253
-
-  USSHER, JAMES                                     238
-
-  WARE, SIR JAMES                                   239
-
-  WHITESIDE, JAMES                                  262
-
-  WILSON, THOMAS                                    241
-
-  WOLFE, CHARLES                                260-261
-
-  WELLESLEY, GARROD, EARL OF MORNINGTON             253
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  MEADE.     GARRET WESLEY.       CAUFIELD.
-   1760.          1751.             1690.
-]
-
-
-CHAPTER X.
-
-THE COLLEGE PLATE.
-
-
-The earliest mention of any acquisition of Plate seems to be the
-list of subscriptions (in 1600) for the College Mace, which cost
-£12, a large sum in those days. I have heard Provost Humphrey Lloyd
-say that this ancient relic of the first days of the College was
-extant in his time, and sometimes used, but, being in the charge
-of the Bedell, disappeared when the larger and handsomer mace, now
-still in use, came to be habitually produced. This regrettable
-loss dates from that period in the history of the College when all
-ancient things were neglected.
-
-The next entry in the Registry seems to occur in the negotiations
-concerning a lease with John Richardson, Bishop of Ardagh, a
-friend of James Ussher. In addition to his rent, he promised to
-give Communion Plate to the value of £30--“a chalice, paten, and
-stoup of silver.” This precious gift (_cf._ p. 44) is still in use,
-having escaped all the violences, the negligences, the ignorances
-of many generations. The set contains more articles than those
-given by Richardson, some far later in date (1700, 1764, &c.),
-but all imitated from his gift as a model. The chalice bears the
-inscription--
-
-      “1632. Johs. Richardson, S.T.P., hujus Collegii quondum socius,
-             Esse sui dedit hoc monumentum et pignus amoris.”
-
-The flagons are of the finest Caroline design, perfectly simple,
-with slight _entasis_ like a Greek pillar. One of them (of the year
-1638) bears the inscription--
-
-      Par fratrum pariles fecerunt esse lagenas
-      Moses et Eduardus Hill generosi.[169]
-
-[Illustration: SALVER--GILBERT, 1734.]
-
-It is remarkable that the two silver-gilt chalices now in use at S.
-Canice’s Cathedral, Kilkenny, are exactly the same in design, and
-dated (from the hall mark) 1635. They have been recently regilt,
-while ours has the gilding worn almost completely away. That this
-gift was not the first, or a solitary act, is proved by the note
-in a letter of Lord Cork, dated May, 1630: “I give my chaplain
-50s. to pay the ffees to the officers of Trynitie Colledge, near
-Dublin, for the admittance of my two sons, Lewis and Hodge, into
-that house, and must also present plate.”[170] It would seem,
-therefore, that such gifts were still merely voluntary, whereas
-at some very early date the practice was adopted of taxing each
-student at matriculation for _argent_. In an account of the year
-1628 occurs, “From Mr. Floyd, in lieu of two pieces plate to be
-bestowed on the College, £4.” If this was a matriculating Fellow
-Commoner, we can see that the custom was just then passing, like
-other “Benevolences” known in history, from being purely voluntary
-into the class of duties.
-
-But of all these early gifts, only the Communion Plate survives.
-What became of the rest appears from the following record (from the
-days of the great Irish Rebellion), which I quote from Dr. Stubbs:--
-
-  [In] the College [there] had accumulated a considerable amount
-  of valuable plate, which had been presented to it from time to
-  time by noblemen and wealthy commoners, whose sons had entered
-  as students. In one of the early books there is an inventory of
-  the plate, “8 Potts; 14 Goblets; 2 Beakers, 9 Bowles; 3 Standing
-  Pieces”; and the names of the donors are preserved.
-
-  In the Bursar’s books we find the following entries:--
-
-                                                               _£.  s.  d._
-  1642. Sept. 15--Borrowed from Jacob Kirwan (for which there
-                    was deposited with him in lieu thereof,
-                    for the space of nine months, the worth
-                    thereof in plate, the names whereof are
-                    written in the College book of plate),      50   0   0
-   ”    Nov.  24--Borrowed from Anne Hinson, Widow (for which
-                    there is deposited with her a parcel of
-                    plate, the particulars whereof are written
-                    in the plate book--the moneys were borrowed
-                    for twelve months),                         50   0   0
-  1642. Nov.  24--Received for some small pieces of plate--
-                    viz., gold spoons,                           2   7   0
-   ”    Dec.  24--Borrowed from Abraham Butts and John Rice,
-                    Executors of John Allen, Bricklayer, for
-                    twelve months, at 8 per cent., on a
-                    mortgage of 273 oz. 14 dwts. of plate
-                    (viz. 4 Bowles, 7 Tankards, and 4 College
-                    Potts),                                     50   0   0
-  1643. July  22--Received for some broken pieces of plate
-                    which were coined,                          19  15   0
-   ”    Oct.  24--Received the overplus which arose out of
-                    the coining of the plate pawned to Dr.
-                    Roak and the Widow Hinson.
-  1644.  ”    20--Received for some parcels of plate which
-                    were coined,                                12   6   2
-  1645. April 19--The plate which had been pawned, as above,
-                    to Abraham Butts and John Price, was made
-                    over by them to Mr. Stout in 1643, who,
-                    upon non-payment of the moneys, had the
-                    plate coined, and the principal and
-                    interest being retained, handed over to
-                    the Bursar the balance,                      6   8   4
-   ”    Dec.  12--Received for two College potts, weighing
-                    67 oz. 3 dwts.,                             16   1   8
-   ”     ”    24--Received for one College pott,                 7  14   0
-  1645/6. Jan.17--Received for two parcels of plate, weighing
-                    39 oz. 4 dwts.,                              9   1   8
-   ”    Feb.  12--Received for three parcels of plate,          10  19   9
-  1646. May   28--Received for a Spanish cup coined,             6   8   6
-   ”    Aug.  16--Received for Mr. Courtenay’s flagon, which
-                    was coined,                                 15  16   6
-   ”    Oct.   3--Received for a piece of plate which was
-                    broken up and coined to supply the College
-                    with provisions against the approaching
-                    siege (it had been presented by Sir Robert
-                    Trevor of Trevillin, Co. Denbigh, Governor
-                    of Newry, a former benefactor of the
-                    College),                                   30  19   8
-   ”     ”    10--Received for Sir Richard Irven’s College
-                    pott,                                       18   3   6
-   ”     ”    17--A candlestick coined,                         15  17   3
-   ”    Nov.  30--do.      do.,                                 15  15   0
-   ”     ”    27--Certain parcels of plate coined (viz. 94 oz.
-                    5 dwts. toucht plate, 16 oz. 12 dwts.
-                    uncertain plate),                           26  10   0
-  1646/7.         Received for Sir William Wentworth’s basin
-                    and ewer, weighing 128 oz. 4 dwts.,         30  19   8
-  1647. April 17--Received for some parcels of plate,           15   7   9
-   ”    May   25--do.      do.,                                 18  14   3
-   ”    June  12--do.      do.,                                 11  18   0
-   ”     ”    29--do.      do.,                                  1   4   3
-   ”    July  22--Received for some parcels of plate coined,    22  12   7
-  1647. Sept.  4--Received for a dozen of spoons coined,         3  16   0
-   ”    Oct.  21--do.      do.,                                  6   1   0
-   ”    Nov.  13--In part from Mr. Tounge for a gilt salt and
-                    six spoons, toucht plate,                    5   0   0
-   ”     ”    20--The balance of same,                           1  10   0
-   ”     ”    27--For Adam Ussher’s double gilt salt coined,     3  13   0
-  1647/8. Feb. 7--Received for Mr. Alvey’s College pott and
-                    salt, which were pawned for ten pounds,     10   0   0
-  1648. April 12--Received in lieu of a silver bowl from
-                    Mr. Taylor,                                  4   0   0
-   ”       ”    --Received from the Provost on a piece of
-                    plate, for covering the House,               2   5   0
-   ”    May   20--From Mr. Van Syndhoven for a gilt bowl,
-                    pawned,                                      6   0   0
-  1649.  ”    24--For Mr. Alvey’s plate, from Alderman
-                    Huitcheson,                                 11  10   4
-
-The whole exceeds £500, then a very large sum. Yet there must
-have been much more besides, for it seems impossible that in
-the subsequent thirty years 5,000 ounces had again accumulated.
-It is not likely that Winter and his associates encouraged such
-donations, and we may assume that they commenced again with the
-Restoration. There remain from the Restoration time only two
-relics, both of which escaped the wreck to be presently related
-as being consecrated to the service of the Chapel, viz., a very
-handsome alms-plate (15·7), in repoussé work (hall mark A.R.,
-with a figure under them, enclosed in a heart-shaped oval), given
-by Nehemiah Donelan in 1666; and a far larger (31·05), perfectly
-plain alms-plate, of great simplicity and beauty, given by Richard
-Bellingham in 1669. There are four later copies (1746, 1814?) of
-this plate in the set now used in the Chapel.
-
-We now come to the disastrous days of James II. I again quote from
-Dr. Stubbs.
-
-  We find in the College Register of January 17, 1686/7:--
-
-    “The Provost and Senior Fellows considered that at this time
-    materials for buildings are cheap, and that workmen may be
-    hired at easy rates, have agreed on to finish the buildings,
-    where the foundation is laid on the south side of the Great
-    Court, and to that end they have resolved to ask leave of the
-    Visitors of the College to sell so much of the plate as will be
-    sufficient to defray the charge of the said buildings.”
-
-  A memorial was presented to the Visitors, and their answer was
-  received by the 24th January, permitting the sale of the plate
-  for the purpose of either building or of purchasing land. On
-  the 26th of January a petition was presented to the Earl of
-  Clarendon, then Lord Lieutenant, asking permission to sell the
-  plate in London, instead of in Dublin, “since exchange runs so
-  high at present.” On the 29th of January the Lord Lieutenant
-  granted leave to the College to transport into England 5000
-  ounces of wrought plate, duty free. On the 7th of February 3999
-  ounces of plate were shipped on board the “Rose” of Chester,
-  consigned to Mr. Hussey, a merchant of London, who was directed
-  to insure a considerable portion of it. On the 12th of February
-  Lord Tyrconnell was sworn into office as successor to the Earl of
-  Clarendon; and on the 14th he gave directions to have the College
-  plate seized on board ship; and it was brought on shore, and
-  lodged in the Custom House by order of the Lord Deputy. Whereupon
-  the College made application to have the property belonging to
-  the Body given back to it; to which the Lord Deputy’s reply was,
-  that he had written to the King concerning it, and that he had no
-  doubt they should have it ultimately restored to them.
-
-  [Illustration: THE COLLEGE MACE.]
-
-  On the 2nd of April the plate was restored to the College on
-  a promise that they would “no otherwise employ it but for
-  the public use, benefit, and improvement of the College,
-  nor transport it from Ireland without the permission of the
-  authorities;” and on the 7th it was brought from the Custom
-  House, and deposited for safe keeping “in a closet in the
-  Provost’s lodging;” and the Board at once decided that the
-  produce of the plate should be laid out in the purchase of land,
-  and that such purchase should be inquired after.
-
-  On the 8th of June an offer was made by Mr. John Sandes, in
-  the Queen’s County, to sell land in that county (the estate
-  now called Monaquid and Cappeneary), to the College for £1150.
-  On the 5th of July the Board offered to Mr. Sandes to pay him
-  £1000 in money from the sale of the College plate, and to give
-  him a twenty-one years’ lease of the lands at £80 a-year. If
-  he refused, the Board decided to offer Sir George St. George
-  eight years’ purchase for his land in the county of Kilkenny.
-  On the 21st of November the plate was ordered to be sold to Mr.
-  Benjamin Burton, at 5_s._ per ounce, to purchase Monaquid from
-  John Sandes. On the first day of April following Burton purchased
-  3960½ ounces, for which he gave his bond to pay £990 2_s._
-  6_d._ On the 7th of February, 1687/8, the Lord Deputy sent for
-  the Provost about the sale of the plate by the College, which he
-  said was “against his command, and their former obligations.”
-  The Provost told him that it was to purchase £80 a-year for the
-  College. The Lord Deputy said that “he did not know but £80
-  a-year might be as good for the College as the plate,” but he
-  directed them to hold their hands until he had consulted the
-  Attorney-General (Nagle).
-
-  It is clear that Nugent, having now become Chief Justice, was
-  a bitter enemy of the College, and at the bottom of all this
-  trouble, for we find that he took upon himself to send for Mr.
-  Burton, and to examine him as to the purchase of the plate.
-  Burton admitted that he had done so, and the Chief Justice
-  charged him with having bought stolen plate which belonged to
-  the King, and bound him over to prosecute the Provost and Senior
-  Fellows at the next Term.
-
-  The Provost afterwards consulted the Attorney-General, who, upon
-  hearing the whole matter, approved of the design of the College
-  to buy land with the proceeds of the plate, and promised to
-  give a true representation of the affair to his Excellency. On
-  the 17th February the Lord Deputy told the Provost that he had
-  discoursed with the Lord Chancellor and some of the Judges about
-  it, and thought that matter might be accommodated. He bid the
-  Provost to beware of the title of the land, and to consult the
-  Attorney-General, which the College afterwards did; and Nagle
-  gave his advice and assistance in the drawing up of the deeds
-  relating to the purchase of the land; and on the 12th of April,
-  1688, the purchase of Mr. Sandes’ estate was completed at £1150,
-  the balance of the plate money being paid out of the common chest.
-
-The terrible risks to which the old Communion Plate was presently
-exposed have been mentioned (_cf._ p. 41) in a former chapter.
-
-From the period of the 2nd Restoration, a great series of gifts
-commences with the salver given by Provost Huntingdon, which is
-stated to be worth £30. This estimate is far above the value, and
-can never have been paid for it. I think it not unlikely that it
-was the very piece given by the College to him, in testimony of
-his kindness to the exiled members of the College in 1690. He was
-afterwards, by their influence, made Bishop of Raphoe, but died
-in a few days after his consecration. This present may have been
-bequeathed back again to the College.
-
-[Illustration:
-
-  PLUNKET, 1702.                MEADE, 1708.
-                  PUNCH BOWLS.
-]
-
-With the increase of prosperity, after William III. had conquered
-at the Boyne, we find the habit arising of presenting forks,
-spoons, and other plate for ordinary table use, by Fellow
-Commoners. There is a considerable stock of this kind, now hidden
-in the College safes, dated from 1693 to 1705, and some of it a
-good deal later; and with these simpler articles are eighteen
-silver candlesticks of very good design, all of Queen Anne’s
-period. The finest and largest were given for the use of the altar
-by Pierce Butler, the 4th Viscount Ikerron (now the 2nd title of
-the Earl of Carrick) in 1693. Of nearly the same period are a
-number of handsome salvers and cups, fluted, as Irish silver so
-often was at that period, ranging from 1690 to 1708. The handsomest
-cups are those given by Archbishop Palliser and Mr. Duncombe, of
-Cork, respectively, which are reproduced on p. 273. The best of
-the salvers are a pair given by the Marquis of Abercorn, at the
-entrance of his elder two and his younger two sons, whose arms and
-names are engraved upon the centre. An epergne of George II.’s time
-is given on p. 274. But the number of these beautiful gifts, and
-their variety, is such that it would require a volume to reproduce
-them, and a specialist to describe them. Of the cups we have given
-several specimens on p. 267. The punch-bowls, and the beautiful
-ladles made for them subsequently (1746), are not easily to be
-surpassed. But on a par with them may be placed the College mace
-(_see_ p. 271), with the hall mark of 1707, of which there is no
-mention made, unless it be in the College Register. The gilt silver
-salver from the bequest of Claud. Gilbert in 1734 (_see_ p. 268) is
-the last great addition to the Communion Plate. What was since made
-or given is mere copying of the old models.
-
-We should have imagined that these are only a few specimens of
-the large gifts now received by the College from its increasing
-classes, and from the increase in the wealth of its members; yet we
-hear the following curious story:--
-
-[Illustration: DUNCOMBE CUP, 1680.]
-
-[Illustration: PALLISER CUP, 1709.]
-
-  “Lord Mornington, for Plate, £659 11s. 7d.” Whether this sum
-  represents the price of the plate purchased from him by the
-  College, or that which he was authorised to expend for the
-  College, we cannot say. In eight years from 1758, a sum of close
-  upon £1250 was expended in purchases of this description. No
-  doubt the College had at this period many large cups presented to
-  it from time to time, but in respect to ordinary table silver it
-  appears to have been in Provost Baldwin’s time very deficient.
-  When the Lord Lieutenant was entertained by the College, plate
-  had to be hired of the silversmiths for the occasion; but as each
-  Fellow-Commoner had been for a long period charged £6 at his
-  entrance for plate, and each Pensioner 12s., a very considerable
-  sum must have accumulated which was applicable for this purpose.
-
-Looking carefully into the plate chests to see how this large sum
-of money was spent, we only find a number of large dishes for
-turbot, joints of meat, &c., and their covers, all of solid silver,
-together with side cover dishes, and thirty-three open dishes of
-various sizes, which can account for it. The supply of knives and
-forks, which is large, all comes from special and named bequests.
-The designs are not very good, and the plate of a kind not easy
-to use now-a-days.[171] When the next misfortune happened to the
-College Plate, it is a pity that the large and now useless dishes
-had not gone out of fashion. Provost Hutchinson, desiring to have
-a set of plates to match the dishes, got leave to melt down old
-cups and pots to make the set which we still possess, and which
-are really handsome (_circ._ 1780). A MS. is preserved among the
-College documents specifying the cups so destroyed, as well as
-the coats of arms upon them. They mostly dated from the reign of
-George I., and were in many cases one of a pair given by the same
-donor, of which the second still survives. But with this act of
-his Provostship, long before the close of the century, all public
-spirit in the matter seems suddenly quenched. The tax for _argent_
-had been abandoned, we know not when. Provost Murray and his
-successors had no taste for display, still less for adding material
-dignity to the College, and it has been left for our own generation
-to re-discover the beauty and the value of this series of ancient
-gifts, which for three generations were only seen at dinners in the
-Provost’s House. The feelings of generous young men were probably
-damped by seeing that what their predecessors had given _in usum
-Collegii_ had disappeared from sight, and was lost out of mind.
-Possibly the tutors may have fanned the indignation of their pupils
-at the appropriation of the gifts intended for the College Hall
-by the Provost for the adornment of his country seat. The Fellow
-Commoners could no longer obtain plate for their breakfasts or
-luncheons, as the students of Oxford or Cambridge Colleges did, and
-still do. With the return of greater respect for these bequests
-will return again to the members of the College the desire to leave
-this very tasteful record of gratitude for the daily contemplation
-and use of succeeding generations.
-
-
-[Illustration: EPERGNE (REIGN OF GEORGE II.).]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[169] The first line is a hexameter, as is the second line of the
-previous inscription. Moses is a traditional Christian name in Lord
-Downshire’s family (Hill).
-
-[170] _Cf._ Stubbs, _op. cit._ p. 83, who quotes from the Lismore
-Papers, iii., p. 80. I also presume that Mr. Alvey’s plate,
-mentioned in the list on page 3, must mean Provost Alvey’s
-donation, which would be as old as 1609. “Sir William Wentworth’s
-basin and ewer,” in the same list, would point to his government of
-Ireland as a date.
-
-[171] A pair of these soup tureens and covers were given as early
-as 1722 by William Fitzgerald, Bishop of Clogher.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER XI.
-
-THE BOTANICAL GARDENS AND HERBARIUM.
-
-“_The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns._”
-
-
-In the year 1711 there was a Lecturership of Botany in connection
-with the Medical School of Trinity College, and there was
-apparently a “Physic Garden” near the School, extending from
-the Anatomy House towards Nassau Street, as seen on Rocque’s
-Map (_ante_, p. 187). Dr. Nicholson was the first Lecturer;
-he published a pamphlet of some 40 pages, entitled _Methodus
-plantarum, in horto medico collegii Dublinensis, jamjam
-disponendarum_, Dublini, 1712, which the writer has not seen. The
-garden could not have been on a very large scale, but it would
-appear to have supplied the needs of the School for over fifty
-years, for it is not until during the Lecturership of Edward Hill
-that we find that the garden was transferred to the neighbourhood
-of Harold’s Cross, where it was in part the private property of
-the Lecturer on Botany, but assisted by a grant in aid from the
-College. Dr. Stubbs[172] tells us that “in 1801 a Curator was
-appointed, and that in March, 1805, his salary was fixed at £130
-yearly, out of which he was to employ two labourers all the year
-round, and two additional labourers from March to December.”
-Mr. Hill retired from the Lecturership in 1800, which, on the
-passing of the Act 25 George III. (1785), “for establishing a
-complete School of Physic in Ireland,” had been made into a
-University Professorship. There was some difference of opinion
-between Hill and the College authorities as to the value of the
-plants and houses, and in the College accounts for 1803 there
-occurs the following entry:--“Dr. Hill, allowed him by the award
-of the arbitrators, to whom the cause between the College and him
-concerning the Botany Garden was referred, £618 19s. 8d.”
-
-The two last decades of the last century were noteworthy, from a
-botanical point of view, for the immense interest that was taken in
-Great Britain and Ireland about the cultivation of exotic plants;
-the latter voyages of Captain Cook, and those of Captain Vancouver,
-had, through the zeal of Banks, Solander, and Menzies--to mention
-only a trio of the worthies of that period--been the means of
-bringing to the Kew Gardens many most interesting plants; the
-publication by Aiton of his _Hortus Kewensis_, a catalogue of the
-plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and of
-Francis Bauer’s _Delineations of Exotic Plants_ cultivated in the
-same gardens, had given a fresh impetus to their study, and from
-about this date the period of the scientific Botanic Garden may be
-said to date, and the day of the “Physic Garden” to end.
-
-The subject of having a Botanical Garden in Dublin began to be
-debated about 1789, and in 1790 the Irish House of Commons voted a
-sum of £300 to the Dublin Society “in aid of the cost of providing
-a Botanic Garden;” this Society, which took an active interest
-in everything tending to promote the welfare of the country, at
-once appointed a Committee, consisting of Drs. Perceval, Hill, and
-Wade, to consider the question. Dr. Perceval had just retired from
-the Secretaryship of the Royal Irish Academy. Dr. Hill was the
-Dublin University Professor of Botany. Dr. Wade was the Lecturer
-on Botany to the Dublin Society, and the author of the first
-published catalogue of Dublin plants, and of _Plantæ rariores in
-Hibernia inventæ_. On the report of this Committee, the Royal
-Dublin Society resolved that letters should be written to the
-University of Dublin and the College of Physicians requesting their
-advice and assistance, and hoping that they would approve of the
-measure and have money granted towards the scheme. This letter
-was sent in June, 1791, and after the long vacation the Board of
-Trinity replied through their Registrar as follows:--“That it
-had been of a long time the anxious wish of the Board of Trinity
-College to co-operate in any scheme by which a Botanic Garden may
-be established on the most useful principles; that for this purpose
-they had allocated an annual sum at present exceeding £100, and in
-order to expedite the plan they had appointed a Select Committee
-of the Senior Fellows, who were ready at the most convenient time
-to meet any deputation from the Dublin Society and the College of
-Physicians, and to report their proceedings to the Board.” At this
-time the College of Physicians had not replied to the invitation of
-the Dublin Society; but on December 8th, 1791, they also intimated
-that they had appointed a Select Committee, consisting of Sir W. G.
-Newcomen, Bart., Andrew Caldwell, and Patrick Bride, to consider
-the subject.
-
-What negotiations may have taken place during 1792 are not known,
-but we find that in 1793 a Bill was brought in to the House of
-Commons, by the Right Hon. the Secretary of State, “to direct the
-application of certain sums of money heretofore granted towards
-providing and maintaining a Botanic Garden to the Dublin Society,
-and for the appointment of Trustees for that purpose;” whereupon
-the Provost and Board of Senior Fellows presented the following
-petition:--
-
-
-  “MARTIS, 11 DIE JUNII, 1793.
-
-  “A petition of the Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of the College,
-  under their common seal, was presented to the House and read,
-  setting forth, that the Petitioners and their predecessors have
-  for a long series of years used their best endeavours to promote
-  the study and improve the faculty of Physic in said College,
-  and considerable sums of money have been, and are annually and
-  otherwise applied by them for that purpose.
-
-  “That an Act having passed in this kingdom for the establishment
-  of a complete School of Physic, of which the University
-  Professors make a part, namely, the Professors of Botany,
-  Chemistry, and Anatomy, the petitioners, for the encouragement of
-  science, and without obligation from the charter or statutes so
-  to do, have continued to make a liberal provision for the support
-  of those professorships; that a Botanic Garden is indispensably
-  necessary for the success of that science, but the funds of said
-  College are totally inadequate to the establishment or support
-  of such an institution, they have exerted their utmost efforts
-  to promote it by allocating for that purpose a fund, which in
-  the last year amounted to £112, but which will be insufficient
-  for the establishment or maintenance of such an institution;
-  that the Legislature having been pleased to grant several sums
-  of money to the Dublin Society towards providing and maintaining
-  a Botanic Garden, that society caused application to be made to
-  the petitioners for their advice, assistance, and contributions,
-  and, as the petitioners are informed, applied to the College of
-  Physicians for the like purposes, and the members of the College
-  have, as far as in them lay, granted the annual sum of £100 for
-  the purpose out of funds vested in them for medical purposes; the
-  petitioners apprehend that by the application of the said several
-  funds, and by the co-operation of a certain number of persons out
-  of the said three bodies, the success of said scheme will be most
-  effectually promoted; that the copy of a bill for these purposes
-  having been laid before the petitioners, they are humbly of
-  opinion that the said bill, if passed into a law, would tend to
-  promote the success of the said institution, which they consider
-  as necessary to a complete School of Physic, and useful to the
-  University, and whatever regulations may be made in respect to
-  the said establishment, they humbly hope that the wisdom of the
-  Legislature will provide that medical and other students shall
-  have the full benefit of it, the petitioners having nothing in
-  view but their advantage, the success of said School of Physic,
-  and the advancement of science.
-
-  “Ordered, that the said petition be referred to the committee
-  of the whole House, to whom it was referred to take into
-  consideration a Bill for directing the application of certain
-  sums of money heretofore granted towards providing and
-  maintaining a Botanic Garden, and for the appointment of trustees
-  for that purpose.”[173]
-
-A petition from the President and Fellows of the King’s and Queen’s
-College of Physicians in Dublin, under the common seal, was
-presented to the House and read, setting forth--
-
-  “That in the year 1758 the House was pleased to appoint a
-  committee to inquire into the best means for the establishment
-  of a complete School of Physic in this kingdom, and to refer
-  a petition from the petitioners for that purpose to the said
-  committee, before which several of said College were examined,
-  who, on such examination, declared their opinion that a Botanic
-  Garden was necessary to such an institution; and the said
-  committee was pleased to enter into a resolution to that effect:
-  that in the year 1790 the Legislature was pleased to grant to
-  the Dublin Society, towards providing and maintaining a Botanic
-  Garden, and the said society, &c.”[173]
-
-It then proceeds in a manner similar to the petition from the
-College, and it was ordered for consideration with it. With what
-immediate result is not apparent; but on the 20th of June in the
-next year (1794) the Dublin Society petitioned the Irish House
-of Commons that “they might have the sole management of the sums
-granted by Parliament for the purposes of a Botanic Garden, and
-that such sums may not be invested in trustees contrary to the
-grant already made to it, and further, that no other body may be
-joined with said society in the execution of the trusts reposed in
-it.”
-
-The influence of the Society proved to be stronger in the House
-of Commons than that of the University of Dublin or the College
-of Physicians, and the Dublin Society was intrusted with the sole
-management of the sums voted, and so the conjoint scheme ended.
-The Dublin Society, in February, 1792, had appointed a Committee,
-consisting of the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Bishop
-of Kilmore, Sir W. G. Newcomen, S. Hayes, Th. Burgh, And. Caldwell,
-and Col. C. Eustace, with powers to take ground for a Botanical
-Garden for the Society; and on the decision of the House of
-Commons being known, the Society, on the 26th February, 1795, took
-possession of sixteen acres of ground near the “town of Glasnevin,
-which Major Tickell held by a Toties Quoties Lease from the Dean
-and Chapter of Christ Church.”
-
-In July, 1806, the Board of Trinity College took a lease of a small
-piece of ground near Ball’s Bridge, about a mile from the College,
-containing over three acres; in 1832 they acquired about two acres
-adjoining in addition, alongside the Pembroke Road. In 1848 about
-two acres more as a shelter belt along the Lansdowne Road were
-added, so that the garden now consists of something more than
-eight acres in all. The first-mentioned plot was surrounded by a
-high wall, and in 1807 the laying out of the ground was commenced
-by the newly-appointed Curator, J. T. Mackay. Some twenty years
-after, we find Mackay writing as follows about “several foreign
-plants naturalised under the climate of Ireland, chiefly in these
-gardens”:--
-
-  “The College Botanic Garden, which was established in 1807, is
-  situated on the Black Rock road about half-a-mile from Dublin.
-  The soil is a deep sandy loam.
-
-  “It may be necessary to remark in order the degree of cold the
-  plants were subjected to. Although the winters in Ireland are in
-  general very mild, the intensity of the frost during the last
-  five winters has been occasionally very great, as in December,
-  1819, the thermometer once fell to 15° Fahr.; in January, 1820,
-  to 16° Fahr.; in February, 1821, to 16° Fahr.; in December, 1822,
-  to 25° Fahr.; in January, 1823, to 15° Fahr.; and on December 3,
-  1824, to 18° Fahr.”
-
-  He gives a list of thirty-seven plants, chiefly natives of
-  Chili, China, New South Wales, and the South of Europe, planted
-  in the open air, and among them “_Veronica decussata_, a native
-  of the Falkland Islands, the only shrubby species of the genus.
-  _Olea europea_, which was unprotected for the last seven years.
-  _Ligustrum lucidum_: one plant in the open border was now six
-  feet high [it is now twenty feet]. _Pittosporum tobira_, lately
-  introduced, stood without protection. _Solanum bonariense_ stood
-  planted near a wall. _Cassia stipulacea_ stood out by a wall, in
-  a south-east exposure, for the last eight years, and produced
-  copiously its showy blossoms in April and May, but required some
-  mat protection in severe weather. _Aristotelia Macqui_: one
-  specimen is now fourteen feet high; it retains its leaves in mild
-  winters, but drops them in spring before another set is produced.
-  _Mespilus japonica_ (Loquat) grows to a large size, retains its
-  leaves throughout the winter, but never flowers; and _Melaleuca
-  alba_ stood out on a south-east wall for the last five years, and
-  blossomed last summer.”[174]
-
-James Townsend Mackay was the author of the _Flora Hibernica_,
-published in Dublin in 1836. He was made an honorary LL.D. of the
-University of Dublin in 1849. He was an excellent botanist, and
-his name is still kept in grateful and pleasant memory in the
-Gardens which he laid out, and which he so ably managed for over
-forty years. Harvey named after him a beautiful acanthaceous
-plant, _Mackaya bella_. On his decease Mr. John Bain was appointed
-Curator, and on his retirement on an annuity Mr. Frederick Moore
-was appointed, on whose succeeding his well-known father, Dr. David
-Moore, in the care of the Botanical Gardens, Glasnevin, the post
-was given to F. W. Burbidge, M.A.--about all of whom, as happily
-still living, we cannot write.
-
-The outer garden, which runs along two sides of the ground
-originally enclosed, is surrounded by a lofty iron railing. This
-space has been most judiciously planted with trees and shrubs.
-Hollies in variety are especially luxuriant. Advantage has also
-been taken of the wall, which is now covered with many choice
-plants, among which may be mentioned fine plants of _Magnolia
-grandiflora_, which in some years flower profusely; _Colletia
-ferox_ and _C. cruciata_, large specimens of _Pyrus japonica_,
-_Wistaria sinensis_, _Chimonanthus fragans_, _Choisya ternata_,
-_Smilax latifolia_, and many such like.
-
-The inner garden contains a well-arranged collection of the
-principal natural orders of plants, a large stove-house, two
-green-houses, an orchid and a fern house. Opposite one of the
-green-houses there is a small pond, the water for which is brought
-in from the River Dodder; but, in addition to this water-supply,
-the garden has a supply under pressure from the City of Dublin
-Water Works.
-
-The Gardens are open during daylight to the officers and students
-of the College, and to others on orders to be obtained from any of
-the Fellows or the Professor of Botany. Lectures are delivered in
-the Gardens during Trinity Term to the Medical School Class, and to
-students working for the Natural Science Medal.
-
-
-THE HERBARIUM.
-
-Between 1830 and 1840 there was a small collection of plants kept
-in presses in No. 40 College, which chiefly consisted of a series
-of specimens gathered in Mexico and California by Dr. Coulter; but
-it was not until 1844, when the late Dr. W. H. Harvey was appointed
-Curator, while Dr. G. J. Allman was elected to the Professorship
-of Botany, that the foundation of the present Herbarium was really
-laid. Dr. Harvey, prior to 1841, had spent several years in an
-official position at the Cape of Good Hope, where he had succeeded
-in making large collections of the native plants, and he had from
-time to time published (chiefly in Hooker’s _Journal of Botany_)
-many descriptions of new and rare forms. Compelled by the state
-of his health to return to Europe in the spring of 1842, in the
-following year his health was sufficiently restored to make him
-wish for some active employment. The Professorship of Botany became
-vacant in 1843, and Harvey was a candidate. To qualify him for the
-post, Harvey was made a M.D. _Honoris Causa_; but it was contended
-that this was not sufficient, and that a properly qualified medical
-man alone could occupy the chair. As a result, Allman was elected
-to the Professorship, and the post of Curator of the Herbarium was
-specially endowed for Harvey, who presented his collection of dried
-plants to the College, and received some increased pay therefor,
-with a proviso that, should other provisions be made, and that as a
-result he were to lose the post, a certain sum that was agreed upon
-should be paid to Harvey by the College. He entered upon his duties
-in March, 1844, and for a little over twenty years the Herbarium
-was yearly increased by his zeal and labour. In September, 1844,
-we find a record of his adding 4,000 species at “one haul” to the
-collection, from Sir W. Hooker’s duplicates; a few weeks later were
-added 1,400 species from the interior of the Swan River Colony,
-collected by Drummond. Soon the couple of rooms in No. 40 became
-too small, and room after room was added until the whole of the
-first or floor flat was filled. With this increase of specimens
-came the necessary demands on the Bursar for money, not only to pay
-for new plants, but for the necessary paper on which to mount them.
-At first an annual sum of £10 was placed at Harvey’s disposal; then
-on his urgent entreaties, supported by those of John Ball, who from
-the first days of the Herbarium to the last of his own was ever a
-faithful friend of Trinity College, this sum was increased to £30
-(this to include the ten). Next we find serious objection taken
-to a special charge of £34 for paper, and Harvey was obliged to
-promise that he would be content if allowed to spend an average
-annual sum of £10 on this most important adjunct to a Herbarium.
-
-[Illustration: BOTANICAL GARDENS--THE POND. WINTER.]
-
-In spite of all these little drawbacks, by the year 1850 the
-Board’s confidence in Harvey had so increased, and the Bursar had
-become so sympathetic, that we find a yearly sum of £108 paid
-as Herbarium expenses, and collections were bought from Spruce,
-Bowker, Wright, Fendler, Jameson, and many others.
-
-The year 1858 was rendered notable by the purchase of Count
-Limingan’s Herbarium for £237, the duplicates of which were
-disposed of to the Melbourne University Herbarium and to the
-Queen’s College, Cork. During 1849-50 Harvey visited the United
-States, and by this visit greatly added to the College collections;
-and his lengthened tour in Australia and the South Sea Islands
-during 1853-55, chiefly made for the purpose of collecting _Algæ_,
-resulted in making the College Herbarium so rich in these forms
-that it has become a necessary resort for all students of this
-group of plants, containing as it does the types as well as the
-finest series of specimens collected by one who was during his
-lifetime the chief authority upon these plants. Harvey died on
-the 15th of May, 1866, at Torquay. To the very last the College
-Herbarium was in his thoughts. To the writer of these lines he
-dictated a letter, signed by him in pencil, and dated the 12th May,
-1866, giving directions about certain packages of plants:--“The six
-bundles of _Erica_ belong to the Cape Government Herbarium, and
-should be put with the others in the box, so that they may not be
-forgotten when the packing time comes. On the table you will find
-in an old marble paper cover the MSS. of the new edition of the
-_Genera of South African Plants_, which put by carefully, and which
-Dr. Hooker will probably inquire about;” and so on with four pages
-of last words, for the letter concludes, “I tell you all these
-things because I never expect to see the Herbarium again, and I
-wish to leave all things as straight as I can.”
-
-In 1878 the Herbarium was transferred from No. 40 College, these
-rooms being required for students, to the large room over the great
-staircase leading to the Front or Regent’s Hall; but since then,
-as no money is allowed for the purchase of new specimens, the
-increase of the collection has depended exclusively on donations,
-and some very generous ones have been received, among which may be
-mentioned as among the more important those from Dr. Grunow, of
-Vienna; Professor Farlow, of the Harvard University; Dr. E. Bornet,
-of Paris; Professor A. G. Agardh, of Upsala; and Baron F. Mueller,
-of Melbourne.
-
-The general collection in the Herbarium is a fairly representative
-one. There is still kept as a distinct collection the one made by
-Harvey for the purpose of writing the _Flora Capensis_. The British
-Collection is also kept by itself. There is a very fine series of
-_algæ_ and of mosses, and a small collection of lichens and fungi.
-A commencement has been made of a collection of woods, fruits, and
-seeds in the Botanical Museum.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter ending)]
-
-
-FOOTNOTES:
-
-[172] _History of the University of Dublin_ (1591 to 1800), p. 270.
-
-[173] Taylor: _History of the University of Dublin_, pp. 101-2.
-
-[174] _Dublin Philosophical Journal_, vol. i., 1825, p. 211.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-CHAPTER XII.
-
-THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OFFICERS, 1892.
-
-
-  THE CHANCELLOR.
-  The Right Hon. Laurence, Earl of Rosse, LL.D., K.P.
-
-  THE VICE-CHANCELLOR.
-  The Right Hon. John Thomas Ball, LL.D., P.C.
-
-  THE PROVOST.
-  The Rev. George Salmon, D.D., D.C.L.
-
-  THE VISITORS.
-  The Lord Chancellor and The Lord Chief Justice.
-
-
-  THE SENIOR FELLOWS (_Classis Prima_).
-                                                             CO-OPTED
-  The Rev. Joseph Carson, D.D., _Vice-Provost_,                 1866
-
-  The Rev. Thomas Stack, M.A., _Catechist and Senior Dean_,     1869
-
-  The Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D., D.C.L., _Senior Proctor_,     1881
-
-  The Rev. John William Stubbs, D.D., _Bursar_,                 1882
-
-  John Kells Ingram, LL.D., Litt.D., _Senior Lecturer_,         1884
-
-  The Rev. Hewitt Robert Poole, D.D., _Auditor_,                1890
-
-  George Ferdinand Shaw, LL.D., _Registrar_,                    1890
-
-
-  THE JUNIOR FELLOWS (_Classis Secunda_).
-                                                              ELECTED
-  The Rev. James William Barlow, M.A.,                          1850
-
-  The Rev. Richard Mountifort Conner, D.D.,
-  _Junior Bursar and Registrar of Chambers_,                    1851
-
-  Benjamin Williamson, M.A., Sc.D.,                             1852
-
-  The Rev. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, B.D.,
-  Litt.D.,                                                      1854
-
-  The Rev. Thomas Thompson Gray, M.A.,
-  _Junior Dean_,                                                1862
-
-  The Rev. John Pentland Mahaffy, D.D.,                         1864
-
-  Anthony Traill, LL.D., M.D., M.Ch.                            1865
-
-  Francis Alexander Tarleton, LL.D., Sc.D.,                     1866
-
-  Arthur Palmer, M.A., Litt.D.,                                 1867
-
-  Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, M.A., Litt.D.,                      1868
-
-  George Lambert Cathcart, M.A.,                                1870
-
-  William Snow Burnside, M.A., Sc.D.,                           1871
-
-  William Smyth M‘Cay, M.A.,                                    1872
-
-  Arthur William Panton, M.A., Sc.D.,                           1873
-
-  George Francis FitzGerald, M.A., Sc.D.,                       1877
-
-  Frederick Purser, M.A.,                                       1879
-
-  Louis Claude Purser, M.A., Litt.D.,                           1881
-
-  William Ralph Westropp Roberts, M.A.,                         1882
-
-  Edward Parnall Culverwell, M.A.,                              1883
-
-  Rev. John Henry Bernard, B.D.,                                1884
-
-  John Bagnell Bury, M.A.,                                      1885
-
-  Alexander Charles O’Sullivan, M.A.,                           1886
-
-  John Isaac Beare, M.A.,                                       1887
-
-  Robert Russell, M.A.,                                         1888
-
-  Matthew Wyatt Joseph Fry, M.A.,
-  _Junior Proctor_,                                             1889
-
-  William Joseph Myles Starkie, M.A.,                           1890
-
-  George Wilkins, M.A.,                                         1891
-
-  Henry Stewart Macran,                                         1892
-
-
-  PROFESSORS WHO ARE NOT FELLOWS (_Classis Tertia_).
-                                                              ELECTED
-  Edward Perceval Wright, M.D.,                                 1858
-
-  Mir Aulad Ali, M.A.,                                          1861
-
-  Sir Robert Prescott Stewart, Mus. Doc.,                       1862
-
-  Albert Maximilian Selss, LL.D.,                               1866
-
-  Robert Atkinson, LL.D., Litt.D.,                              1867
-
-  Edward Dowden, LL.D., Litt.D.,                                1867
-
-  Edward H. Bennett, M.D.,                                      1873
-
-  Sir Robert Ball, LL.D., Sc.D.,                                1874
-
-  James Emerson Reynolds, M.D., Sc.D.,                          1875
-
-  Henry Brougham Leech, LL.D.,                                  1878
-
-  Rev. James Goodman, M.A.,                                     1879
-
-  Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.,                                    1879
-
-  Sir John Thomas Banks, K.C.B., M.D.,                          1880
-
-  Charles Francis Bastable, LL.D.,                              1882
-
-  Daniel John Cunningham, M.D., Sc.D.,                          1883
-
-  William Johnson Sollas, LL.D.,                                1883
-
-  Rev. George Thomas Stokes, D.D.,                              1883
-
-  Thomas Alexander, M.A.I.,                                     1887
-
-  Richard Robert Cherry, LL.D.,                                 1888
-
-  Rev. John Gwynn, D.D.,                                        1888
-
-  Rev. Samuel Hemphill, B.D.,                                   1888
-
-  Rev. Frederick Richards Wynne, D.D.,                          1888
-
-  George Vaughan Hart, LL.D.,                                   1890
-
-  Sir George Hornridge Porter, Bart., M.D.,                     1891
-
-
-  UNIVERSITY REPRESENTATIVES IN PARLIAMENT.
-                                                              ELECTED
-  Right Hon. David Robert Plunket, LL.D.,                       1870
-
-  Right Hon. Dodgson H. Madden, M.A.,                           1887
-
-
-  THE UNIVERSITY PREACHERS FOR THE YEAR.
-
-  _Ordinary._
-
-  Rev. John W. Stubbs, D.D.
-
-  Rev. Hewitt R. Poole, D.D.
-
-  Rev. Thomas K. Abbott, B.D.
-
-  _Select._
-
-  Rev. Thomas Lucas Scott, M.A.
-
-  Rev. Samuel Hemphill, B.D.
-
-  Rev. Arthur Gore, M.A.
-
-
-  EVENING PREACHERS.
-
-  Rev. Richard M. Conner, M.A.
-
-  Rev. Thomas T. Gray, M.A.
-
-  Rev. John H. Bernard, B.D.
-
-  Rev. Henry W. Carson, B.D.
-
-  Rev. James G. Carleton, B.D.
-
-
-UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE PROFESSORS AND LECTURERS.
-
-_Arranged in Chronological order according to the date of
-Foundation._
-
-[Those marked (*) are elected annually.]
-
-
-  _Regius Professor of Divinity._
-
-  [Founded 1607 (? 1600) as Professorship of Divinity;
-  made a Regius Professorship, 1761.]
-
-  ELECTED
-
-  1888.    John Gwynn, D.D.
-
-             _Assistants_:
-
-             Thomas D. Gray, M.A.
-            *George T. Stokes, D.D.
-            *James Walsh, D.D.
-            *Henry W. Carson, B.D.
-
-
-  _Regius Professor of Physic._
-
-  [Founded 1637.]
-
-  1880.    Sir John Thomas Banks, K.C.B., M.D.
-
-
-  _Regius Professor of Laws._
-
-  [Founded 1668.]
-
-  1888.    Henry Brougham Leech, LL.D.
-
-
-  _Donegal Lecturer in Mathematics._
-
-  [Founded 1675.]
-
-           Arthur William Panton, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery._
-
-  [Founded 1711.]
-
-  1883.    Daniel John Cunningham, M.D., Sc.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Botany._
-
-  [Founded 1711.]
-
-  1869.    Edward Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Chemistry._
-
-  [Founded 1711.]
-
-  1875.    James Emerson Reynolds, M.D., Sc.D.
-
-             _Assistant_: E. A. Werner.
-             _Demonstrator_: William Early.
-
-
-  *_University Anatomist._
-
-  [Founded 1716.]
-
-  1892.    Henry St. John Brooks, M.D., Sc.D.
-
-
-  _Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity._
-
-  [Founded 1718.]
-
-  1888.    John Henry Bernard, B.D.
-
-             _Assistants_:
-
-             Richard M. Conner, D.D.
-             Thomas K. Abbott, B.D.
-            *Charles Irvine Graham, B.D.
-            *James G. Carleton, B.D.
-            *H. Jackson Lawlor, B.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Hebrew._
-
-  [Founded by the Board of Erasmus Smith, 1724.]
-
-  1879.    Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, B.D., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Lecturers in Hebrew._
-
-           Richard M. Conner, M.A.
-           Thomas T. Gray, M.A.
-           Arthur Palmer, M.A.
-
-
-  _Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Natural and
-  Experimental Philosophy._
-
-  [Founded 1724.]
-
-  1881.    George Francis FitzGerald, M.A.
-
-           _Assistants_:
-
-           Frederick F. Trouton, B.A.
-           John Joly, M.A., Sc.D.
-
-
-  _Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Oratory._
-
-  [Founded 1724 as a Professorship of Oratory and Modern History;
-  the Modern History was made a separate Chair in 1762.]
-
-  1867.    Edward Dowden, LL.D., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Regius Professor of Greek._
-
-  [Founded 1761.]
-
-  1880.    Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, M.A., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Regius Professor of Feudal and English
-  Law._
-
-  [Founded 1761.]
-
-  1890.    George Vaughan Hart, LL.D.
-
-
-  _Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Mathematics._
-
-  [Founded 1762.]
-
-  1879.    William Snow Burnside, M.A., Sc.D.
-
-
-  _Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Modern History._
-
-  [Founded 1762.]
-
-  1860.    James William Barlow, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Music._
-
-  [Founded 1764.]
-
-  1862.    Sir Robert Prescott Stewart, Mus. Doc.
-
-
-  _Professor of the Romance Languages._
-
-  [Founded 1778 as Professorship of Italian and Spanish.]
-
-  1867.    Robert Atkinson, LL.D., Litt. D.
-
-
-  _Professor of German._
-
-  [Founded in 1778 as Professorship of French and German;
-  the Chair of French is now merged in that of
-  Romance Languages.]
-
-  1866.    Albert Maximilian Selss, LL.D.
-
-
-  _Royal Astronomer of Ireland, on the
-  Foundation of Dr. Andrews._
-
-  [Founded 1783.]
-
-  1874.    Sir Robert Stawell Ball, LL.D., Sc.D.
-
-           _Assistant_: Arthur A. Rambaut, M.A., Sc.D.
-
-
-  *_Donnellan Lecturers._
-
-  [Founded 1794.]
-
-  1889.    Frederick Falkiner Carmichael, LL.D.
-  1890.    Thomas Lucas Scott, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Political Economy._
-
-  [Founded 1832.]
-
-  1882.    Charles Francis Bastable, LL.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Moral Philosophy._
-
-  [Founded 1837.]
-
-  1889.    John Isaac Beare, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Biblical Greek._
-
-  [Founded 1838.]
-
-  1888.    Samuel Hemphill, B.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Irish._
-
-  [Founded 1840.]
-
-  1879.    James Goodman, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Geology and Mineralogy._
-
-  [Founded 1844.]
-
-  1883.    William Johnson Sollas, LL.D.
-
-
-  _University Professor of Natural Philosophy._
-
-  [Founded 1847.]
-
-  1890.    Francis Alexander Tarleton, LL.D., Sc.D.
-
-           _Assistant_: Anthony Traill, LL.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Surgery._
-
-  [Founded 1849.]
-
-  1873.    Edward H. Bennett, M.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Ecclesiastical History._
-
-  [Founded 1850.]
-
-  1883.    George Thomas Stokes, D.D.
-
-
-  _Regius Professor of Surgery._
-
-  [Founded 1852.]
-
-  1891.    Sir George H. Porter, Bart., M.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Civil Engineering._
-
-  [Founded 1852.]
-
-  1887.    Thomas Alexander, M.A.I.
-
-           _Assistant_: Walter E. Lilly.
-
-
-  _Professor of Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani._
-
-  [Founded 1856.]
-
-  1861.    Mir Aulad Ali, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Zoology._
-
-  [Founded 1857.]
-
-  1879.    Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.
-
-
-  _Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology._
-
-  [Founded 1858.]
-
-  1871.    Robert Atkinson, LL.D., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of English Literature._
-
-  [Founded 1867.]
-
-  1867.    Edward Dowden, LL.D., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Ancient History._
-
-  [Founded 1869.]
-
-  1869.    John Pentland Mahaffy, D.D., Mus. Doc.
-
-
-  _Professor of Latin._
-
-  [Founded 1870.]
-
-  1880.    Arthur Palmer, M.A., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Comparative Anatomy._
-
-  [Founded 1872.]
-
-  1883.    Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.
-
-
-  _Public Orator._
-
-  [Founded 1879.]
-
-  1888.    Arthur Palmer, M.A., Litt.D.
-
-
-  _Professor of Pastoral Theology._
-
-  [Founded 1888.]
-
-  1888.    Frederick Richards Wynne, D.D.
-
-
-  _Reid Professor of Penal Legislation, Constitutional
-  and Criminal Law, and the Law of Evidence._
-
-  [Founded 1888.]
-
-  1888.    Richard Robert Cherry, LL.D.
-
-
-  _Auditor._
-
-  1890.    Hewitt R. Poole, D.D.
-
-
-  _External Auditor._
-
-  1875.    Amos M. Vereker.
-
-
-  _Librarian._
-
-  1887.    Thomas K. Abbott. B.D., Sc.D.
-
-
-  _Assistant Librarian._
-
-           Thomas V. Keenan, M.A.
-
-
-  _Secretary of the Senate._
-
-  1890.    George F. Shaw, LL.D.
-
-
-  *_Precentor._
-
-  1870.    John P. Mahaffy, D.D., Mus. Doc.
-
-
-  *_Registrar of the Law School._
-
-  1877.    Robert Russell, M.A.
-
-
-  *_Registrar of the School of Physic._
-
-  1879.    Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.
-
-
-  *_Registrar of the Engineering School_.
-
-  1880.    George F. FitzGerald, M.A., Sc.D.
-
-
-  _Curator of the Museum._
-
-           Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.
-
-
-  _Law Agent and Keeper of the Records._
-
-           John H. Nunn, M.A.
-
-
-  _Assistant to Registrar of University Electors._
-
-           Charles Henry Miller, M.A.
-
-
-  _Accountant._
-
-           A. Grahame Bailey.
-
-
-  _Organist._
-
-           Sir Robert P. Stewart, Mus. Doc.
-
-
-  _Choristers._
-
-  Benjamin Mullen, John Hemsley, T. Grattan Kelly,
-  Thomas Gick, Mus. Doc.; Walter Bapty, William S. North,
-  Melfort D’Alton, Benjamin Mullen jun., M.A.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section ending)]
-
-
-MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.
-
-  THE PROVOST.
-
-  David Richard Pigot, M.A.  } Elected by
-  Rev. Joseph Carson, D.D.   } the _Classis_
-  Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D. } _Prima_
-  John K. Ingram, LL.D.      } (1891).
-  Rev. James William Barlow, M.A., _Secy._} Elected by
-  Anthony Traill, LL.D., M.D.             } the _Classis_
-  Francis A. Tarleton, LL.D.              } _Secunda_
-  Robert Y. Tyrrell, M.A.                 } (1888).
-
-  Edmund T. Bewley, LL.D.   } Elected by
-  Edward Dowden, LL.D.      } the _Classis_
-  Edward H. Bennett, M.D.   } _Tertia_
-  Ed. Perceval Wright, M.D. } (1889).
-  The Rev. John Gwynn, D.D.         } Elected by
-  The Very Rev. Henry Jellett, D.D. } the _Classis_
-  Sir Robert S. Ball, LL.D.         } _Quarta_
-  George F. FitzGerald, M.A.        } (1890).
-
-Every fourth year the members elected by one of the _Classis_
-retire. The election for four representatives of the _Classis
-Secunda_ will take place on the 28th October, 1892.
-
-The Council nominate to all Professorships, except those the
-nomination of which is vested in some other body or persons by Act
-of Parliament, or by the directions of private founders, and except
-also the following Professorships in the School of Divinity; that
-is to say, the Regius Professorship of Divinity, Archbishop King’s
-Lecturership in Divinity, and the Professorship of Biblical Greek.
-Such nominations shall be subject to the approval of the Provost
-and Senior Fellows.
-
-In the event of the said Provost and Senior Fellows refusing their
-approval to the nomination of the Council, the Chancellor shall
-decide whether the grounds for such refusal are sufficient. If
-they shall appear to him to be insufficient, he shall declare the
-person nominated by the Council duly elected; if not, the Council
-shall proceed to a fresh nomination. If no election shall take
-place within the space of six calendar months from the date of the
-vacancy, or from the time of the creation of any new Professorship,
-the right of nomination and election for the purpose of filling up
-such vacancy, or of appointing to such new Professorship, shall
-lapse to the Chancellor. No person, being at the time a member of
-the Council, shall be nominated by the Council to any Professorship.
-
-And, except so far as is otherwise provided by Act of Parliament,
-or by direction of private founders, any proposed new rules or
-regulations respecting Studies, Lectures, and Examinations, save
-and except any Studies, Lectures, or Examinations in relation to
-or connected with the School of Divinity (with which the said
-Council shall not have authority to interfere); and also any
-proposed new rules or regulations respecting the qualifications,
-duties, and tenure of office of any Professor in any Professorship
-now existing, or hereafter to be constituted, except the
-Professors and Professorships connected with the said School of
-Divinity; and any proposed alterations in any existing rules or
-regulations respecting such Studies, Lectures, and Examinations,
-qualifications, duties, and tenure of office, save as aforesaid,
-shall require the approval both of the Provost and Senior
-Fellows, and of the Council. All such new rules or regulations,
-and alterations in any rules or regulations, may be originated
-either by the Provost and Senior Fellows or by the Council. No new
-Professorship shall be created or founded by the Provost and Senior
-Fellows without the consent of the Council.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section ending)]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative chapter heading)]
-
-
-ODE FOR THE TERCENTENARY FESTIVAL
-
-OF
-
-TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN,
-
-BY
-
-GEORGE FRANCIS SAVAGE-ARMSTRONG, M.A., LITT.D.[175]
-
-
-      I. 1.
-
-      The hallowed Light the Druid bore
-        Through darkness to our lonely Isle.
-      Locked in his heart his cryptic lore
-        Beneath the ruined altar-pile
-      Was quenched in dust. ’Mid Uladh’s hills             5
-        A clearer ray the Herdsman-Slave
-      Allured, as by the limpid rills
-        He mused above the Pagan’s grave,
-      Or, standing on the mountain-scaur,
-        Beheld the Angel of his Dream                     10
-      Through sunlit flying storms afar
-        Fade into heaven, a phantom gleam.
-      His holier fire with sleepless hand,
-        By shadowed lake, in sheltering woods,
-      The Saints, while blood embathed their land,        15
-        Preserved amid its solitudes;
-      Or often from their silence rose,
-        And, strong in selfless ardour, sought
-      The Saxon heaths, the Alpine snows,
-        To preach the gentle rede the Celtic Herdsman
-            taught.                                       20
-
-
-      I. 2.
-
-      The rugged Chief in richer cell
-        The cresset hung by field or foam,
-      Where hermit pure in peace might dwell,
-        The exiled sage forget his home.
-      On islets of the inland seas,                       25
-        On stormy cape, in valley lone,
-      Or folded deep in verdant leas,
-        The scattered haunts of Learning shone.
-      But ev’n the Norman’s victor palm,
-        By carven arch or soaring spire,                  30
-      Could ill secure the cloistral calm,
-        And feebly guard the living fire.
-      What larger flame De Bicknor fed
-        The royal Edwards fanned in vain.
-      The lamp in Drogheda’s dimness dead                 35
-        Not Sidney’s touch revived again.
-      And nowhere towered the sovereign shrine,
-        The central altar’s temple wide,
-      Till Loftus waved a wand divine,
-        And here by Edar’s Firth it rose in radiant
-            pride.                                        40
-
-
-      I. 3.
-
-      In the Earth’s exultant hour,
-        When the age-long twilight, shifting,
-        Showed, beneath its fringes lifting,
-      Rosy seas and realms of endless flower;
-      When high on new-found isle or continent            45
-      The roving seaman-warrior travel-spent
-        First the cross of Europe planted;
-          When in rapt expectancy
-        Men amid a world enchanted
-          Seemed to wander fancy-free,                    50
-      Along our life’s horizon-bound
-      So bright a promise broke from underground;
-          In that delicious dawn
-      Here to her lasting home was Wisdom drawn,
-      Here her island-shrine was wrought,                 55
-      Whence evermore, with armèd Night contending,--
-          In act, in labouring thought
-      One brilliance,--we our toil with hers unending
-        Might mingle; with her calm advance,
-          The conquests of her widening reign,            60
-      Her heavenward aims and ceaseless operance,
-      We too might drink the hope and reap the gain;
-        Might feel the vast elation, share
-      The peril of her conflict and the care,
-          The triumph and the dole,                       65
-        All that doth exalt the human soul;
-          Arrayed in Learning’s panoply,
-          Refreshed from Truth’s pellucid springs,
-          Beneath her wide imperial wings
-      Might prosper with her boundless destiny,           70
-        Life and heavenly Freedom bearing
-        Where her might and dauntless daring
-      Strike the heart of Tyranny tame,
-        Or over Grossness steals the glamour of her name.
-
-
-      II. 1.
-
-      He who with heart unmoved can tread                 75
-        The peaceful Squares, the pictured Halls,
-      Where first within his soul was shed
-        The Light that heals where’er it falls,
-      Where first he felt the sacred glow
-        Of young ambition fire his breast,                80
-      And watched a broadening Future grow
-        More gorgeous than the burning west--
-      The vision (ah, too soon to fade!)
-        Of splendours,--honour, virtue, truth,--
-      That o’er his life its magic laid,                  85
-        And godlike purpose waked in youth;
-      He who with languid pulse can view
-        The scenes where first he quaffed the springs
-      Of Hope and Knowledge, whence he drew
-        The strength to soar with fearless wings,         90
-      Is void as night, is cold as clay,
-        Is dead in spirit, shrunk and sear ...
-      Hail, hail, ye walls and portals grey
-        With holiest memories wound,--we love you and revere!
-
-
-      II. 2.
-
-      Behold, the men are with us still                   95
-        Who here have reaped immortal fame;
-      Their words, their varying fancies, thrill
-        Our hearts, their deeds our zeal inflame.
-      Yes, Ussher’s voice is in our ear,
-        It whispers from our waving trees;               100
-      And hark! blithe Congreve’s laughter clear
-        Is mingling with our harmonies;
-      And Farquhar’s jests around us fly,
-        Mementos of a merrier time;
-      And Swift is near, with piercing eye               105
-        And mouth of gall, who stung with rhyme
-      And crushed with iron clubs of prose;
-        And Berkeley, with his angel brow;
-      And Burke, who high as eagle rose;
-        And gentlest Goldsmith, jovial now               110
-      As when he lipped his flute in France;
-        And he who sang of Erin’s wrong
-      In lays that listening Time entrance;
-        Poet, priest, warrior, wit, smile on our jubilant
-            throng.
-
-
-      II. 3.
-
-      Mother, since the lion-Queen                       115
-        Set thy name in jewelled story,
-        How the beam of Learning’s glory
-      Still has rested on our Island green,
-      O, fair as are the ruddy morns that rise
-      O’er her wild hills, and flush her stormy skies!   120
-        How thy sons, thy faiths upholding,
-          Victors, firm in peace or strife,
-        Toil, thy gifts of Truth unfolding,
-          Weave the web of human life!
-      Here in these shades, with straining sight         125
-      Through many a fretful day and weary night
-          Bent o’er the baffling page,
-      How have they won the wealth of seer and sage
-      Wrung from gloom with Titan-power,
-      Thou to the labouring mind thy lustres lending,    130
-          Till, armed with all thy dower,
-      From the lone chamber to the loud world wending,
-        They’ve ploughed the homely field and sown
-          The seed that bears a deathless grain;
-      Afar o’er belts of blustering ocean blown,         135
-      In lands of scathing sun and ruthless rain,
-        Have held the dusky hordes at bay,
-      And tempered empire with a softer ray;
-          Or, strong in battle, borne
-        Britain’s streaming banner pierced and torn      140
-          But trampled not by any foe;
-          Or, dauntless in a direr war,
-          Have wrested spoil from earth and star;
-      Till now, three centuries past of joy and woe,
-        We, our hope and youth renewing,                 145
-        Here, the votive chaplet strewing,
-      At thy feet our homage lay,
-        Beneath a later Queen of happier, milder sway!
-
-
-      III. 1.
-
-      Guardian of Light, with pomp to-day
-        We celebrate thy splendour’s birth.              150
-      Lo, doomed in distant paths to stray,
-        And whirled about the chequered earth,
-      Back to thy peaceful fane we wend,
-        We bear thee gifts of love and praise,
-      Beneath thy sovereign brows we bend,               155
-        And high our echoing anthems raise.
-      From east and west, where’er the fire
-        Of Science, fenced by faithful hands,
-      Abides, and hearts of men aspire,
-        We greet the learned of other lands              160
-      Who seek across the alien seas
-        Our Island bright’ning ’mid her showers,
-      And come to spread before thy knees
-        Their garlands intertwined with ours;
-      While, close with these, a blithesome crowd,       165
-        Thy young-eyed votaries move along,
-      Breathe on the wind their raptures loud,
-        And mix their strains of joy with Age’s sombrer
-            song.
-
-
-      III. 2.
-
-      Aurora of the conquering Sun
-        Of Knowledge, scarer of the Night,               170
-      How nobly has thy race been run,
-        How fair the pageant of thy flight!
-      From every cloudy trammel freed,
-        With dreams of boundless venture fraught,
-      Billowing the shadows in thy speed,                175
-        Thou risest, robed in gleaming Thought.
-      The steeds of empyrean strain
-        The wafture of thy hand obey,
-      As, scattering fire from hoof and mane,
-        They flash o’er peak and field and spray.        180
-      Thick as the northern meteors sweep
-        Adown the clear autumnal skies,
-      Through airy dews o’er plain and steep
-        Thy florets fall in rainbow-dyes,
-      And where they rest take root and spread,          185
-        Till all the barren ways are sweet,
-      And all the desert-breezes shed
-        Their honeyed blossom-breath around the
-            wanderer’s feet.
-
-
-      III. 3.
-
-      Ever young and strong to dare,
-        Darkness to thy will subduing,                   190
-        Thou, thy lustrous path pursuing,
-      Onward movest, girt with all things rare,--
-      Radiant in victory, from thine orient gate
-      Issuing with front to heaven and heart elate,
-        And in gorgeous triumph guiding                  195
-          Through the deeps, a lucid throng,
-        Round the car Phœbœan gliding,
-          Forms ethereal. Art; and Song;
-      And mild Religion hand-in-hand
-      With fearless Reason,--loveliest of the band;      200
-        And, linked in circling train,
-      She who delights to roam the starry main,
-      Breaks the flesh’s narrowing bond,
-      And tracks the whirling suns amid their courses;
-          And She with potent wand                       205
-      Who tames to kindlier use Earth’s deathful forces;
-        And She who cleaves the crust and solves
-          The secrets shut from mortal view;
-      And the witch Maid whose magic hand evolves
-      From Nature’s essence nature ever new;             210
-        And that all gentle Ministress
-      Who wars on pain and waits on weariness;
-          And She whose wreathen shell
-        Rings of Latian lawn or Dorian dell;
-          And the strong Spirit whose subtle skill       215
-          Controls the night of storms and takes
-          The lightning prisoner, or breaks
-      The cliff, or spans the flood, or moves the hill,--
-        Where the effulgent wheels are glancing,
-        O’er the shrunken mists advancing,               220
-      Follow in thy kindling way
-        Thee heavenward heralding the clear-eyed
-            golden Day.
-
-
-      IV. 1.
-
-      Our triumph is the victory
-        Of Thought, the Mind’s high festival.
-      Ah, cold and bleak at times will be                225
-        The mists of Doubt that round us fall;
-      And keen the wounds of him who wars
-        With Ignorance, the eyeless foe
-      That balks us with his girdling bars.
-        Our task is great, our labour slow;              230
-      And Truth is oft a maddening gleam
-        That mocks the eye in mazy flight;
-      And where the rays of promise teem
-        Earth’s Shadow moves across their light.
-      The ways are rough, the night is near,             235
-        The winds are loud in field and sky;
-      And Death awaits with levelled spear;
-        And wrecks of lives around us lie;
-      But blue-eyed Hope with bosom warm
-        Beside us stands serenely fair,                  240
-      Lifts to the hills her snowy arm,
-        And bids us upward scale and still the Vast
-            to dare.
-
-
-      IV. 2.
-
-      Yes, frail of hand and faint of eye,
-        Our lives the glimmer of a wing
-      That glistens in the summer sky,                   245
-        Shines and is gone,--in vain we cling
-      To Time, in vain we grasp the veil
-        That hides the mystic Source of All.
-      We strive; the founts of being fail;
-        The terrors of the Deeps appal;                  250
-      Amid the dim uncertain shows
-        And symbols of the things that are
-      We falter; blinding vapour grows
-        About our paths; the pilot-star
-      Of Faith is folded from our sight;                 255
-        Yet, still be ours the purpose pure,
-      For us to seek the larger Light,
-        To cope with Darkness and endure.
-      Arise, and following Her, whose face
-        Is radiant with the roseate day,                 260
-      Explore the trackless realms of Space;
-        Hark to her rallying-cry, and fearlessly obey.
-
-
-      IV. 3.
-
-      Forward! Let the venturous Mind,
-        Still its spectral foes assailing,
-        Ridge on ridge of danger scaling,                265
-      Front its battle! What though, faint and blind,
-      We stumble through the stifling wilderness,
-      Though failure chill our hearts, though griefs oppress,
-        Rich hath been the Spirit’s treasure
-          Won by those whose story told                  270
-        Makes the music of our pleasure
-          Ringing through these cloisters old.
-      Shall we not fight as they have fought,
-      And work as they with tireless brain have wrought?
-          O, follow still the fleet                      275
-      Faint glint of Truth where’er it leads your feet;
-        Gather in with reverent toil
-      The sheaves of Knowledge wheresoever scattered
-        O’er whatsoe’er soil;
-      And dare the loneliest peak with tempest shattered 280
-        For any gladdening glimpse it yields
-          Of any unknown gulf or shore,
-      Purge the fair world of Ill through all its fields;
-      Uplift the Race in wisdom more and more;
-        With breast undaunted boldly range               285
-      The ever-widening ways of ceaseless Change;
-          Thwart not the powers that roll
-        Freedom’s chariot thundering to the goal;
-          Nor fly the Spirit’s pain; nor crave
-          The crutch of creeds foredone; nor fear        290
-          The New upon the Old to rear;
-      But Nature’s nobler life from bondage save;
-        Till, to flawless beauty moulded,
-        All her wealth of good unfolded
-      ’Mid the beams of Liberty,                         295
-      Earth into Eden break and bloom from sea to sea!
-
-
-FOOTNOTE:
-
-[175] The words, with Music by Professor Sir Robert Stewart, Mus.
-Doc., have been published by Novello, Ewer & Co., London.
-
-
-ANALYSIS OF THE ODE.
-
-
-LINES 1-12.
-
-  The dawn of Learning in Ireland. The legendary visions of St.
-  Patrick, antecedent to his conversion to Christianity, while a
-  captive and a swineherd among the Ulster Hills.
-
-
-LINES 13-20.
-
-  The cultivation and propagation of Christian philosophy and
-  religion by the early Irish monks, whose humble cells were reared
-  as described.
-
-
-LINES 21-28.
-
-  The monasteries founded by the native-Irish chiefs.
-
-
-LINES 29-32.
-
-  The statelier erections of the Anglo-Norman conquerors.
-
-
-LINES 33-40.
-
-  The successive attempts (by Archbishop de Bicknor in 1320, Edward
-  III., Edward IV. at Drogheda in 1465, Sir Philip Sidney in
-  1568) to establish or develop a University in Ireland up to the
-  time of Queen Elizabeth, when the citizens of Dublin, under the
-  auspices of Archbishop Loftus, secured the final establishment
-  of the National University beside the shores of the “Firth of
-  Edar” (Dublin Bay, so called from the hero or heroine Edar, who
-  gave his or her name to its northern boundary and most striking
-  feature--Ben Edar, or Howth).
-
-
-LINES 41-52.
-
-  The Elizabethan Age, with its varying hopes and achievements, the
-  propitious birth-date of the University.
-
-
-LINES 53-74.
-
-  The purpose and appointed work of the University in the service
-  of Wisdom.
-
-
-LINES 75-94.
-
-  The bond of union between Trinity College and its _alumni_.
-
-
-LINES 95-114.
-
-  Representative great men whom the University has
-  produced--Ussher; Congreve and Farquhar, dramatists; Swift,
-  master of invective and sarcasm in prose and verse; Berkeley, the
-  idealist; Goldsmith; Moore, &c.
-
-
-LINES 115-148.
-
-  The vast and multiform work actually accomplished by the
-  University, and the labours and triumphs of its sons, during the
-  three hundred years of its existence, from the reign of Queen
-  Elizabeth to the reign of Queen Victoria.
-
-
-LINES 149-222.
-
-  Apostrophe to the University on its day of jubilee--the guardian
-  and precursor of the Light of Wisdom, the “Aurora of the Sun
-  of Knowledge,” followed and attended by the various Arts and
-  Sciences, typified by the Hours around the chariot of Phœbus.
-  (From line 195 to line 222 are personified the numerous branches
-  of Learning--Theological, Scientific, Artistic, Classical,
-  &c.--fostered by the University.)
-
-
-LINES 223-296.
-
-  The true nature of the triumph celebrated. The battle of
-  Intellect with Darkness, waged and still to be waged. Exhortation
-  to continue the struggle with fearless resolution and
-  unconquerable hope.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section ending)]
-
-[Illustration: TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, 1892.]
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section heading)]
-
-
-LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
-
-  Abel, Sir Fredk. Aug., K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
-      40, Cadogan Place, London.
-
-  Alexander, George J., J.P.,
-      Victoria House, Dalkey.
-
-  Alexander, Thomas, M.E., Professor of Engineering,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Allen, Rev. Alfred,
-      Fortess Road, London, N.W.
-
-  Allman, George, LL.D.,
-      St. Mary’s, Galway.
-
-  Anderson, Henry, LL.B.
-
-  Anderson, W., Q.C.,
-      22, Upper Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.
-
-  Anderson, Rev. M. J.,
-      Hockering Rectory, East Dereham.
-
-  Andrews, The Hon. Mr. Justice, LL.D.,
-      51, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Andrews, J. T., M.A.,
-      88, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.
-
-  Ardilaun, The Right Hon. Lord,
-      St. Anne’s, Clontarf, Dublin.
-
-  Ashbourne, The Right Hon. Lord, LL.D., Q.C., Lord Chancellor
-  of Ireland,
-      23, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
-
-  Askin, Rev. W. B., M.A.,
-      Harold’s Cross, Dublin.
-
-  Askin, Paul,
-      67, Northumberland Road, Dublin.
-
-  Atkinson, Robert,
-      Beaumont, Belfast.
-
-  Atkinson, Rev. A. W., M.A., Principal, Lawrence Asylum,
-      Ootacamund, Madras, India.
-
-  Austin, H. Evans, M.A., LL.D.,
-      6, Pump Court, Temple, London.
-
-  Bailey, A. G.,
-      55, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.
-
-  Balfour, The Right Hon. A. J., LL.D., M.P.,
-      4, Carlton Gardens, London, S.W.
-
-  Ball, The Right Hon. J. T., LL.D., D.C.L., P.C.,
-      Taney House, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Ball, Sir Robert Stawell, LL.D., F.R.S.,
-      The Observatory, Dunsink, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Ball, Valentine, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of Museum of
-  Science and Art, Dublin.
-
-  Beatty, Wallace, M.D.,
-      21, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Beere, J. J., M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Beevor, Rev. W. S.,
-      Somersham Vicarage, St. Ives.
-
-  Bennett, Joseph,
-      Blair Castle, Sundayswell, Cork.
-
-  Bennett, E. H., M.D., F.R.C.S.I.,
-      26, Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.
-
-  Bernard, Rev. John H., F.T.C.D.,
-      32, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Best, Richard, Sch.T.C.D.,
-      25, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Bewley, The Hon. Mr. Justice,
-      40, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Bigger, Francis Joseph,
-      Ardrie, Belfast.
-
-  Bluett, Rev. Richard Tenison, B.A.,
-      Carlingford.
-
-  Bolster, Rev. Canon,
-      The Rectory, Castlemartyr, Co. Cork.
-
-  Bourke, Rev. John H., M.A.,
-      Kilkenny.
-
-  Bowell, Rev. Wm., M.A.,
-      Sissinghurst Vicarage, Staplehurst.
-
-  Bowles, Spotswode Robert, M.A.,
-      54, Wellington Road, Dublin.
-
-  Boyd, W. H., J.P.,
-      Ballymacool, Letterkenny.
-
-  Brabazon, Lady Kathleen,
-      Kilruddery, Bray.
-
-  Bradshaw, Rev. W. H.,
-      7, Vernon Terrace, Booterstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Brambell, Samuel E.,
-      The Library, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Brandon, Rev. A. O. B.,
-      206, Amherst Road, West Hackney, London.
-
-  Bredon, A. M., M.B.,
-      Millicent Terrace, Portadown.
-
-  Bridge, William, M.A.,
-      Millpark, Roscrea.
-
-  Brien, Charles H.,
-      54, South Richmond Street, Dublin.
-
-  Brien, Edward H., M.D.,
-      485, New Chester Road, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.
-
-  Brien, John W., J.P.,
-      Wilton House, Wilton Place, Dublin.
-
-  Brooks, H. St. John, M.D.,
-      52, Lower Mount Street, Dublin.
-
-  Brownlow, Rev. Duncan J., M.A.,
-      Ardbraccan, Navan.
-
-  Brownrigg, W. B.,
-      Moor Hill, Brannoxtown.
-
-  Bulmer, Richard, M.A.,
-      14, Marston Street, Iffley Road, Oxford.
-
-  Bunbury, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Dean of Limerick,
-      Limerick.
-
-  Burbidge, Frederick William, M.A., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., Curator
-  of College Botanic Gardens,
-      91, Haddington Road, Dublin.
-
-  Burgess, Rev. H. W., LL.D.,
-      Clonmore, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Burnes, Rodolph A. C., B.A., M.B., B.Ch.,
-      1, Conyngham Road, Dublin.
-
-  Burroughs, Rev. Wm. E., B.D.,
-      Kingstown.
-
-  Bute, The Most Hon. The Marquis of,
-      St. John’s Lodge, Regent’s Park, London, W.
-
-  Byrne, E. M.,
-      143, Strand Road, Merrion, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Byrne, Very Rev. James, Dean of Clonfert,
-      Ergenagh Rectory, Omagh.
-
-  Callwell, Nathaniel,
-      39, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Campbell, C. T.,
-      Vesey Place, Kingstown.
-
-  Campbell, Rev. R. S. D., D.D.,
-      The Rectory, Athlone.
-
-  Campbell, Very Rev. Theophilus, D.D., Dean of Dromore,
-      Lurgan.
-
-  Campbell, Arthur J., M.D.,
-      Rose Villa, Uley, Gloucestershire.
-
-  Carmichael, Rev. Canon, LL.D.,
-      10, Sallymount Avenue, Ranelagh, Dublin.
-
-  Carolin, Rev. Sinclair,
-      Wyvenhoe Rectory, near Colchester.
-
-  Carson, Rev. Joseph, D.D., Vice-Provost,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Carson, Rev. Thomas W., M.A.,
-      85, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  Carter, Rev. H. B., D.D.,
-      Derryloran Rectory, Cookstown.
-
-  Carton, R. P., Q.C.,
-      Rutland Square, Dublin.
-
-  Cathcart, Rev. Nassau,
-      Trinity Vicarage, Guernsey.
-
-  Chambers, George, J.P.,
-      12, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Charles, James,
-      61, Middle Abbey Street, Dublin.
-
-  Chatterton, The Right Hon. Hedges Eyre, LL.D., Vice-Chancellor
-  of Ireland,
-      Newtown Park Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Chatterton, Rev. Eyre, B.D.,
-      Hazarabagh, Chota Nagpur, Bengal.
-
-  Chester, The Right Rev. William Bennett, D.D., Lord Bishop
-  of Killaloe,
-      Clarisford House, Killaloe.
-
-  Clare, Henry L.,
-      Ducie, Chapelton, Jamaica, West Indies.
-
-  Clarke, Rev. W. J., D.D.,
-      Limerick.
-
-  Classon, W. H., B.A.,
-      11, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Clements, H. J.,
-      Killadoon, Celbridge.
-
-  Clibborn, William, M.D.,
-      Dorset House, Bridport, Dorset.
-
-  Clive, W. B.,
-      5, Carlyle Road, Cambridge.
-
-  Close, Rev. Maxwell H., B.A.,
-      Dublin.
-
-  Cochrane, Rev. J. H. D.,
-      Liscard Vicarage, Birkenhead.
-
-  Cochrane, Sir Henry, D.L.,
-      Woodbrook, Bray.
-
-  Cogan, The Right Hon. W. H. F., D.L.,
-      93, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Cole, Grenville A. J., F.G.S.,
-      2, Montrose, Cabra Road, Dublin.
-
-  Collins, A. Tenison,
-      Hibernian Bank, College Green, Dublin.
-
-  Colquhoun, David, Q.C.,
-      66, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Cooke, John, B.A.
-      51, Morehampton Road, Dublin.
-
-  Cooke, Rev. John Digby, M.A., Chaplain of Female Orphan House,
-      North Circular Road, Dublin.
-
-  Cooper, Rev. J. Sisson, M.A.,
-      Killanne Rectory, Enniscorthy.
-
-  Corbett, Daniel, M.R.C.S.E.,
-      12, Clare Street, Dublin.
-
-  Corless, Thomas,
-      Burlington Hotel, St. Andrew Street, Dublin.
-
-  Cosgrave, Rev. W. F.,
-      The Vicarage, West Hartlepool.
-
-  Cotter, W. E. Pearson,
-      Balmoral, Belfast.
-
-  Cowan, S. W. P.,
-      Craigavad, County Down.
-
-  Craig, Rev. Herbert Newcome, B.A.,
-      Bandon, Co. Cork.
-
-  Craig, Thomas,
-      30, South Frederick Street, Dublin.
-
-  Craig, William J., M.A.,
-      Charleville House, West Kensington, London.
-
-  Crawley, W. J. Chetwode, LL.D., D.C.L.,
-      Châlet, Temple Road, Rathmines.
-
-  Creek, Ven. William, D.D., Archdeacon of Kilmore,
-      Kildallon, Ardlogher.
-
-  Creery, John T., M.D.,
-      Riverton, Coleraine.
-
-  Crowe, Rev. E. D., A.M.,
-      Drumkeeran, Carrick-on-Shannon.
-
-  Crozier, Rev. J. B., D.D.,
-      Holywood, Co. Down.
-
-  Culverwell, Edward P., M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      40, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Culwick, James C.,
-      28, Leeson Park, Dublin.
-
-  Cunningham, D. J., M.D., Professor of Anatomy,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  D’Alton, Melfort C.,
-      9, Merrion Row, Dublin.
-
-  Dames-Longworth, Francis T.,
-      Glynwood, Athlone.
-
-  Dames, R. J. Longworth,
-      21, Herbert Street, Dublin.
-
-  Dane, Richard M., Barrister,
-      7, Percy Place, Dublin.
-
-  Darby, Very Rev. J. L., D.D., Dean of Chester,
-      The Deanery, Chester.
-
-  Darcus, Solomon H.,
-      Holywell Park, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Darley, His Honour, Judge,
-      Fernhill, Kilgobbin, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Darley, Miss,
-      14, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Daunt, Rev. Canon, M.A.,
-      Queenstown.
-
-  Davidson-Houston, Rev. B. C., M.A.,
-      51, Park Avenue, Sandymount, Dublin.
-
-  Davidson, Rev. J. H., M.A.,
-      The Rectory, Batterstown, Co. Meath.
-
-  Davis, Sydenham,
-      Richmond Park, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Davis, Rev. Wm. Sampson, M.A.,
-      Embleton Vicarage, Cockermouth.
-
-  Dawson, Ven. Abraham, Archdeacon of Dromore,
-      Seagoe Rectory, Portadown.
-
-  Day, Rev. Maurice, M.A.,
-      Killiney, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Day, Robert, J.P., F.S.A.,
-      Sidney Place, Cork.
-
-  Deane, Joseph W.,
-      Longraigue, Foulkes Mills, Wexford.
-
-  Deed, Rev. John George, D.D.,
-      St. Germain’s, St. Albans, Herts.
-
-  Dixon, A. Francis, B.A.,
-      17, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin.
-
-  Dixon, Henry H., B.A.,
-      17, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin.
-
-  Dixon, W. V., B.A.,
-      82, Waterloo Road, Dublin. (_Two copies._)
-
-  Dixon, W. M., LL.B.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Dobbin, Francis William, B.A., M.B.
-
-  Dobbin, Rev. Frederick, A. M.,
-      Carrigrohane Rectory, Cork.
-
-  Dobbin, Samuel.
-
-  Dobbin, William Sinclair, B.A., M.B.
-
-  Dobson, James, T.C., J.P.,
-      St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Doherty, Rev. A. Percival, M.A., T.C.D.,
-      Oakridge Vicarage, Stroud, Gloucestershire.
-
-  Dorey, Matthew,
-      8, Berkeley Road, Dublin.
-
-  Dowden, Right Rev. John, Lord Bishop of Edinburgh,
-      Lynn House, Edinburgh.
-
-  Downing, A. M. W.,
-      74, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, London.
-
-  Doyle, C. F.,
-      19, Kildare Street, Dublin.
-
-  Drapes, Rev. Lambert, B.D.,
-      Newtownbarry. (_Three copies._)
-
-  Drury, James W., M.A.,
-      The Willows, Terenure, Dublin.
-
-  Dudgeon, H. J., J.P.,
-      The Priory, Stillorgan.
-
-  Dudgeon, W. J., B.A.,
-      Chapelizod, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Duignan, W. H.,
-      St. Ronan’s, Walsall.
-
-  Duke, Rev. J. H., D.D.,
-      Craigavad, Belfast.
-
-  Duncan, James F., M.D.,
-      8, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin.
-
-  Durham University Library.
-
-  Dwyer, Mrs.,
-      Belvedere, Lisburn.
-
-  Dwyer, Rev. Philip, M.A.,
-      Huntspill Rectory, High Bridge, Somerset.
-
-  Eason, Charles, jun.,
-      80, Middle Abbey Street, Dublin.
-
-  Eaves, Rev. James,
-      Heavitree, Exeter.
-
-  Edgeworth, Rev. Essex, B.A.,
-      Kilshrewly, Edgeworthstown.
-
-  Edgeworth, Rev. F. G.,
-      Oxford.
-
-  Edwards, Charles Grey, M.B.,
-      11, Castle Street, Beaumaris, Anglesey.
-
-  Ellis, W. E., M.A., LL.B.,
-      39, Pembroke Road, Dublin.
-
-  Ellis, W. H. M., M.A. (Cantab),
-      University Club, Dublin.
-
-  Emanuell, Barrow,
-      36, Orsitt Terrace, Hyde Park, London.
-
-  Ewart, Sir Wm. Quartus, Bart.,
-      Schomberg, Strandtown, Belfast.
-
-  Ewart, R. H.,
-      New York.
-
-  Falconer, John B., LL.D.,
-      44, Merrion Square East, Dublin.
-
-  Falkiner, C. L., M.A.,
-      36, Molesworth Street, Dublin.
-
-  Falls, Thomas,
-      33, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
-
-  Fausset, Rev. Andrew R., D.D.,
-      St. Cuthbert’s Rectory, York.
-
-  Fayle, Gerald S., B.A.,
-      10, South Circular Road, Dublin.
-
-  Field, Rev. H. S.,
-      35, Alwyn Villas, Canonbury, London, N.
-
-  Figgis, Edward K.,
-      New York.
-
-  Figgis, Wm. F.,
-      New York.
-
-  Figgis, Edmund J.,
-      Glen-na-Smoil, Upper Rathmines, Dublin.
-
-  Figgis, Samuel, J.P.,
-      104, Grafton Street, Dublin.
-
-  Figgis, T. F., LL.B.,
-      Newlands, Bray.
-
-  Finny, John Magee, M.D., President, Royal College of Physicians,
-  Dublin.
-
-  Fitzgibbon, Right Hon. Justice, A.B.,
-      10, Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  FitzGerald, C. E., M.D.,
-      27, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. (_Two copies._)
-
-  FitzGerald, Rev. Wm., M.A.,
-      Grange Con, Co. Wicklow.
-
-  FitzGerald, Edward, B.A.,
-      24, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Fleming, Very Rev. Horace Townsend, D.D., Dean of Cloyne,
-      Deanery, Cloyne.
-
-  Forster, Major,
-      63, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
-
-  French, Thos. Henry,
-      Trinity College Library, Dublin.
-
-  French, J. A., LL.D.,
-      7, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Fry, M. W. J., M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      37, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Galway, Rev. Canon W. J., LL.D.,
-      24, Summer Hill, St. Luke’s, Cork.
-
-  Gardner, Robert, J.P.,
-      Ashley, Clyde Road, Dublin.
-
-  Garvey, John,
-      Riverslade, Ballina, Co. Mayo.
-
-  Gaussen, Perceval C., B.A.,
-      13, Warrington Place, Dublin.
-
-  Geale-Wybrants, W., M.A., J.P.,
-      45, Raglan Road, Dublin.
-
-  Gibbons, Joseph,
-      23, North Frederick Street, Dublin.
-
-  Gibbs, Charles,
-      Wicklow Street, Dublin.
-
-  Gibson-Black, Mrs.,
-      Blackheath, Clontarf, Dublin.
-
-  Gibson, J. Surgeon-Captain, Medical Staff,
-      Jubbulpore, Central Provinces, India.
-
-  Gilbert, Rev. F. W. Pakenham,
-      The Church House, Dewsbury, Yorks.
-
-  Gillespie, T. R., M.D.,
-      Addabari, Balipara P.O., Tezpur, Assam.
-
-  Gillmor, Rev. W. G., M.A.,
-      Dunmore East, Waterford.
-
-  Gilmore, John E., M.A.,
-      Fairy Hill, Bray.
-
-  Gilmore, John, LL.D.,
-      8, Herbert Street, Dublin.
-
-  Gladstone, J. H., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.,
-      17, Panbridge Square, London.
-
-  Glenn, J. Barber,
-      67, Parkhurst Road, Holloway, London, N.
-
-  Glenn, W. B.,
-      67, Parkhurst Road, Holloway, London, N.
-
-  Goodman, Rev. James, M.A., Professor of Irish,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Gordon, Thomas, M.A.,
-      The Royal School, Armagh.
-
-  Gordon, S., M.D.,
-      13, Hume Street, Dublin.
-
-  Gordon, T., M.B.,
-      21, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  Gort, Right Hon. Viscount,
-      1, Portman Square, London.
-
-  Gould, Edmund J., D.L.,
-      10, Longford Terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Governors of Armagh Public Library,
-      Armagh.
-
-  Graham, Rev. Charles J., B.D.,
-      Celbridge.
-
-  Graham, Rev. G. R., B.A.,
-      Portarlington.
-
-  Graves, Right Rev. Charles, D.D., Lord Bishop of Limerick,
-      The Palace, Henry Street, Limerick.
-
-  Gregg, Right Rev. Robert Samuel, D.D., Lord Bishop of Cork,
-  Cloyne, and Ross,
-      The Palace, Cork.
-
-  Greene, Surgeon-Major J. J.,
-      16, Clare Street, Dublin.
-
-  Greene, Very Rev. W. C., Dean of Christ Church, Dublin,
-      49, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Greene, Thomas, M.A.,
-      49, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Grierson, Rev. F. J., A.B.,
-      The Rectory, Oldcastle, Meath.
-
-  Griffith, Rev. George C.,
-      Parsonage, Castledermot, Co. Kildare.
-
-  Griffith, J. P., C.E.,
-      Temple Road, Rathmines, Dublin.
-
-  Gwynn, Rev. John, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity,
-      Trinity College, Dublin. (_Two copies._)
-
-  Hamilton, Mrs. Thomas,
-      16, Appian Way, Dublin.
-
-  Hamilton, Right Hon. Ion Trant, P.C., D.L.,
-      Abbotstown House, Castleknock, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Hamilton, Edwin, M.A.,
-      97, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Hamilton, Henry A.,
-      Hampton, Balbriggan.
-
-  Hammond, Rev. J., D.D,
-      14, Old Helvet, Durham.
-
-  Hanan, Rev. Denis, D.D.,
-      Tipperary.
-
-  Hanna, W. W.,
-      52, North Front Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
-
-  Harden, Henry, LL.B.,
-      84, Lower Gloucester Street, Dublin.
-
-  Harden, John M., Sch.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Harding, Rev. Canon, M.A.,
-      The Vicarage, Gilford, County Down.
-
-  Harkin, C. F., M.B.,
-      Chiltern, Victoria, Australia.
-
-  Harley, Rev. Canon, M.A.,
-      3, Belgrave Place, Cork.
-
-  Hart, H. C.,
-      Carrablagh, Croaghross, Letterkenny.
-
-  Hart, Geo. Vaughan,
-      14, Lower Pembroke Street, Dublin.
-
-  Hartrick, Rev. Edw. J., Precentor,
-      Ballynure Rectory, Belfast.
-
-  Hatchell, John, D.L.,
-      Fortfield House, Terenure, Dublin.
-
-  Haughton, Rev. Samuel, M.D., S.F.T.C.D.,
-      12, Northbrook Road, Dublin.
-
-  Haughton, S. Wilfred,
-      Greenbank, Carlow.
-
-  Haydn, Rev. Canon, LL.D., T.C.D.,
-      Nantenan Glebe, Askeaton, Co. Limerick.
-
-  Hayes, William,
-      12, Grafton Street, Dublin.
-
-  Hemphill, Edward,
-      29, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Hemphill, Charles G. Cathcart, B.A.,
-      11, Ely Place, Dublin.
-
-  Hemphill, Rev. Professor,
-      Rectory, Westport, Co. Mayo.
-
-  Hemsley, John,
-      62, Wellington Road, Dublin.
-
-  Hime, Maurice C., M.A., LL.D.,
-      Foyle College, Londonderry.
-
-  Hinkson, H. A., Sch. and B.A., T.C.D.,
-      7, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Hipwell, Lieut.-Colonel A. G., M.A.,
-      Army Service Corps, Devonport.
-
-  Hodges, R. W., M.D.,
-      Queenstown, Co. Cork.
-
-  Hogan, C. H.,
-      Sleedagh House, Murrintown, near Wexford.
-
-  Holmes-Forbes, A. W., M.A.,
-      15, Barton Street, West Kensington, London, W.
-
-  Hopkins, William,
-      Nassau Street, Dublin.
-
-  Horgan, D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Houston, Arthur, LL.D., Q.C.,
-      52, Fitwilliam Square W., Dublin.
-
-  Hughes, W. G.,
-      4, Hampton Terrace, Lisburn Road, Belfast.
-
-  Hughes, Rev. S. C., M.A., LL.D.,
-      13, Adelaide Road, Dublin.
-
-  Hurst, Rev. F., A.M.,
-      St. Margaret’s Vicarage, Fivemiletown.
-
-  Ingram, John K., LL.D., S.F.T.C.D.,
-      38, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.
-
-  Irwin, Rev. Benjamin, B.A.,
-      Kilconnell Rectory, Ballinasloe.
-
-  Irwin, Rev. C. K., D.D.,
-      Derrynoose Rectory, Keady.
-
-  Irwin, Rev. Henry, B.A.,
-      Newtown, Mountkennedy.
-
-  Iveagh, The Right Hon. Lord,
-      80, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin. (_Two copies._)
-
-  Jackson, James,
-      Palmerston Park, Rathmines, Dublin.
-
-  James, Rev. George,
-      St. Michael’s Rectory, Gloucester.
-
-  Jeffares, Rev. Danby, M.A.,
-      The Vicarage, Lusk.
-
-  Jellett, Very Rev. Henry, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin,
-      The Deanery, Kevin Street.
-
-  Jellett, Hewitt Poole, Q.C., Sergeant-at-Law,
-      32, Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin.
-
-  Jellett, W. M., B.A.,
-      92, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Jemison, Rev. W. H.,
-      Stillington Vicarage, Easingwold, Yorks.
-
-  Jennings, Rev. J. A., M.A.,
-      Navan.
-
-  Johnson, W. Forbes, Q.C.,
-      Tullylost, Kildare.
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-  Johnson, W.,
-      Clonony, Banagher.
-
-  Johnston, Rev. A. E., B.D.,
-      St. Paul’s Divinity College, Allahabad, North-West Provinces,
-      India.
-
-  Johnston, F. Boyd,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Johnston, Rev. H. F., A.M.,
-      Merrion Road, Dublin.
-
-  Johnston, J. P., M.A., T.C.D., and B.A., Cantab,
-      Churchtown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Johnston, W. Ker, LL.B.,
-      Churchtown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Joly, John, C.E.,
-      39, Waterloo Road, Dublin.
-
-  Jones, Rev. L. Wynne, M.A.,
-      Llanmynech Rectory, Oswestry.
-
-  Joy, Rev. Henry, D.D.,
-      Gretford Rectory, Stamford, England.
-
-  Joynt, Albert, M.A.,
-      43, Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  Joynt, William Lane, J.P., D.L.,
-      43, Merrion Square East, Dublin.
-
-  Kavanagh, Michael,
-      40, Stephen’s Green East, Dublin.
-
-  Keenan, Thomas V., M.A.,
-      Trinity College Library, Dublin.
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-  Kelly, His Honour Judge,
-      34, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
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-  Kelly, G. Newenham, M.A.,
-      Roscommon.
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-  Kelly, W. E., J.P.,
-      St. Helen’s, Westport.
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-  Kemmis, Thomas, M.A.,
-      Bellevue Place, Clonmel, Co. Tipperary.
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-  Kennedy, William, Sch.T.C.D.,
-      28, Trinity College, Dublin.
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-  Kenney, Plunkett,
-      24, Suffolk Street, Dublin.
-
-  Kenny, William, Q.C.,
-      35, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
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-  Kidd, Rev. R., B.A.,
-      Rathvilly, Co. Carlow.
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-  Kinahan, Thomas W., M.A., T.C.D.,
-      24, Waterloo Road, Dublin.
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-  King, Gilbert,
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-  King, William,
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-  King’s Inns, The Hon. Society of,
-      Dublin.
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-  Kingstone, Alexander,
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-  Knox, The Most Rev. Robert, D.D., Lord Archbishop of Armagh and
-  Primate of All Ireland,
-      The Palace, Armagh.
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-  Lamb, W., LL.D.,
-      31, Grosvenor Place, Rathmines, Dublin.
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-  Large, Rev. W. Somerville,
-      Carnalway Rectory, Kilcullen, Co. Kildare.
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-  Lawlor, Rev. H. J.,
-      8, Clarinda Park East, Kingstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Lawrenson, Harman L., M.D.,
-      Dunlavin, Co. Wicklow.
-
-  Leech, Henry Brougham, LL.D., Regius Professor of Laws in University
-  of Dublin,
-      Yew Park, Clontarf, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Leeper, Alexander,
-      Trinity College, Melbourne.
-
-  Leeper, Rev. Canon, D.D.,
-      7, Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin.
-
-  Lett, Rev. H. W.,
-      Aghaderg Glebe, Loughbrickland, Co. Down.
-
-  Lewis-Crosby, Rev. E. C., B.D.,
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-  Lindesay, Rev. Wm. O’N., M.A.,
-      Baronscourt, Newtownstewart.
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-  Little, Rev. E. G. H.,
-      All Saints’, Inverary, Argyleshire, N.B.
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-  Littledale, Richard W. W., LL.D.,
-      23, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.
-
-  Liverpool Free Public Library,
-      William Brown Street.
-
-  Livingstone, Rev. Robert G., M.A.,
-      Pembroke College, Oxford.
-
-  Lockwood, Crosby,
-      7, Stationers’ Hall Court, London.
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-  Long, Rev. Thomas, M.A.,
-      16, Appian Way, Dublin.
-
-  Low, Rev. John, B.D.,
-      Bansha, Tipperary.
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-  Lunham, Col. T. A.,
-      Ardfallen, Douglas, Co. Cork.
-
-  Luther, Edward L., M.D.,
-      Lennox Street, Maryborough, Queensland, Australia.
-
-  Maccartney, Very Rev. H. B., Dean of Melbourne,
-      The Deanery, Melbourne, Australia. (_Four copies._)
-
-  MacIvor, James,
-      King’s Inns Library, Dublin.
-
-  Macintosh, Professor H. W.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Mack, Rev. A. W. Bradshaw, B.A.,
-      Swords, Co. Dublin.
-
-  MacManus, Rev. W.,
-      Somerby Vicarage, Oakham.
-
-  Macran, Henry S., B.A.,
-      30, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Macrory, R. A., A.B., T.C.D.,
-      Eia, Belfast.
-
-  Macrory, Edmund, M.A., Q.C.,
-      7, Fig Tree Court, Temple, London.
-
-  Madden, Right Hon. D. H., Q.C., M.P.,
-      41, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
-
-  Maffett, Rev. R. S.,
-      19, Wellington Place, Clyde Road, Dublin.
-
-  Magee College Library,
-      Derry.
-
-  Mahony, William A.,
-      74, Morehampton Road, Dublin.
-
-  Malet, J. C., M.A.,
-      Carbery, Silchester Road, Kingstown.
-
-  Manchester Public Library.
-
-  Marchant, Charles G., Mus. Bac.,
-      41, Palmerston Road, Rathmines, Dublin.
-
-  Marchant, John,
-      10, Dagmar Road, Camberwell, London, S.E.
-
-  Martin, E. D., J.P.,
-      Killoskehane Castle, Templemore.
-
-  Martin, Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. O’M., M.B.
-      United Service Club, Dublin.
-
-  Matheson, C. L., M.A.,
-      20, Fitzwilliam Square South, Dublin.
-
-  Matson, J. Agar, B.A., M.D.,
-      St. John’s Park, Upper Holloway, London.
-
-  Mattinson, W. E.,
-      16, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Maunsell, Henry W., M.A., M.D.,
-      37, Stanhope Gardens, Queen’s Gate, London.
-
-  Mayne, E. J., B.A.,
-      17, Herbert Street, Dublin.
-
-  Meredith, Richard E.,
-      49, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.
-
-  Meredyth, Rev. F., M.A.,
-      Crecora, Limerick.
-
-  Miller, Hon. Judge,
-      6, Rutland Square East, Dublin.
-
-  Miller, Sir Alex. Edward.
-
-  Miller, Rev. R. M., M.A.,
-      Mitchelstown.
-
-  Miller, Charles H., M.A.,
-      Hazlehurst, Glenageary, Kingstown.
-
-  Minchin, H., M.B.,
-      56, Dominick Street, Dublin.
-
-  Moffett, T. W., LL.D., President of Queen’s College,
-      Galway.
-
-  Mollan, Lieut.-Colonel William Campbell, C.B.,
-      Newtown House, Thomastown.
-
-  Monahan, Rev. James Hunter, D.D.,
-      44, Rutland Square, Dublin.
-
-  Montgomery, H. de F., M.A. Oxon,
-      Blessingbourne, Fivemiletown.
-
-  Montgomery, James,
-      Derry. (_Three copies._)
-
-  Mooney, Edmund, B.A.,
-      Elm Green, Blanchardstown.
-
-  Moore, Joseph Fletcher, M.A.,
-      Manor, Kilbride, Co. Wicklow.
-
-  Moore, William, Sch.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  More, A. G., F.L.S., M.R.I.A.,
-      74, Leinster Road, Dublin.
-
-  Morgan, Thomas,
-      35, Grand Parade, Cork.
-
-  Moriarty, Very Rev. Thomas, D.D., Dean of Ardfert,
-      Drishane Rectory, Millstreet, Co. Cork.
-
-  Moriarty, Matthew D., M.D., Surgeon-Major I.M.S.,
-      Meerut, N.W. Provinces, India.
-
-  Morley, Rev. T. V., M.A.,
-      23, Pembroke Road, Dublin.
-
-  Moses, Marcus Tertius,
-      Kilbride Tower, Herbert Road, Bray.
-
-  Murdock, Rev. James C., M.A.,
-      12, Trafalgar Terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Murray, W. B.,
-      39, North Strand, Dublin.
-
-  M‘Bride, Robert,
-      Gilford, Co. Down.
-
-  “M. C.”
-
-  M‘Cann, Thomas S., Sch. and B.A., T.C.D.,
-      84, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  MacCarthy, John George, Land Commissioner,
-      19, Ailesbury Road, Dublin.
-
-  M‘Carte, James,
-      51, St. George’s Hill, Everton, Liverpool.
-
-  M‘Clelland, Rev. Thomas,
-      Foochow, China.
-
-  M‘Creery, Rev. W. J.,
-      Stamer Street, Dublin.
-
-  M‘Cutchan, Rev. George, M.A., B.D.,
-      Kenmare.
-
-  MacDermott, Joseph E., B.A.,
-      64, Mountjoy Square, Dublin. (_Two copies._)
-
-  MacMaster, George, M.A., J.P.,
-      Simmonscourt, Dublin.
-
-  M‘Neile, Rev. N. F.,
-      Brafferton Vicarage, Helperby, York.
-
-  National Library,
-      Dublin.
-
-  Neligan, Rev. M. R., M.A.,
-      Chilworth Street, London, W.
-
-  Neville, W. N., B.A., M.D.,
-      Southville, Bristol.
-
-  Newland, Rev. Arthur,
-      3, West Park Villas, Southampton.
-
-  Nicholson, Rev. J. N., M.A., T.C.D.,
-      170, Osborne Road, Forest Gate, London, E.
-
-  Norman, L. A. Lee, D.L., J.P.,
-      Corbollis, Ardee, Ireland.
-
-  Norman, Robert G.,
-      16, Kenilworth Square, Rathgar, Dublin.
-
-  O’Connell, John Robert, LL.B.,
-      Mountjoy Square, Dublin.
-
-  O’Dwyer, M., Surgeon-Major,
-      Jullundur City, Punjaub, India.
-
-  O’Grady, Standish,
-      Carrig, Queenstown.
-
-  O’Keeffe, Dixon C.,
-      Richmond House, Templemore, Co. Tipperary.
-
-  Oldham, C. H., B.A.,
-      116, Grafton Street, Dublin.
-
-  Oliver, Rev. Dr.,
-      Garston Vicarage, Aigburth, Liverpool.
-
-  Ormsby, Rev. Edwin R., M.A.,
-      Rectory, Hartlepool.
-
-  Ormsby, Rev. W. K.,
-      Summerside, Chislehurst, Kent.
-
-  Orpen, J. R., B.A.,
-      St. Leonard’s, Killiney, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Orr, Rev. A. B.,
-      Denby Vicarage, Huddersfield.
-
-  O’Sullivan, Right Rev. James, D.D., Lord Bishop of Tuam,
-      The Palace, Tuam.
-
-  Palles, Right Hon. Christopher, LL.D., P.C., Lord Chief Baron
-  of the Exchequer,
-      28, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Palmer, Rev. Henry, A.M.,
-      Eirènè, Killiney, Dublin.
-
-  Parker, Rev. Canon J. F., A.M.,
-      Rectory, Kilmacthomas.
-
-  Parker (James) & Co.,
-      Oxford.
-
-  Parry, Wm. Kaye, M.A., B.E.,
-      6, Charlemont Terrace, Kingstown.
-
-  Patrick, Rev. T., M.A.,
-      30, Grove Street, Liverpool.
-
-  Patton, Alexander, A.B., M.B., T.C.D.,
-      Farnham House, Finglas.
-
-  Peacocke, Charles, J.P.,
-      Belmont, Wexford.
-
-  Peacocke, Rev. Canon J. F., D.D.,
-      6, Belgrave Square South, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Peet, S. V.,
-      Evergreen Lodge, Ballybrack, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Pennell, Rev. C. H.,
-      Stadhampton Vicarage, Wallingford, Berks.
-
-  Perry, George,
-      81, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  Phillips, H. H., M.D.,
-      45, London Road, Reading.
-
-  Pigot, David R., Master of the Court of Exchequer,
-      Churchtown House, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Pitt, Arthur Percy, Sch.T.C.D.,
-      30, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Plunket, His Grace the Most Rev. Lord, D.D., Lord Archbishop
-  of Dublin,
-      The Palace, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Plunket, Right Hon. David Robert, LL.D., Q.C., M.P. for Dublin
-  University,
-      12, Mandeville Place, London, W.
-
-  Plunkett, Wm. George, C.E.,
-      2, Zion Terrace, Rathgar, Dublin.
-
-  Pollock, James F., A.M., M.D., T.C.D.,
-      Avoca House, Blackrock, Dublin.
-
-  Poole, Rev. Hewitt R., D.D., S.F.T.C.D.,
-      15, Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.
-
-  Pooler, Rev. J. T., D.D., Canon of St. Patrick’s, Dublin,
-      Rectory, Newtownards.
-
-  Pope, Henry Brougham, M.D.,
-      The Hollies, Kington, Herefordshire.
-
-  Porter, Sir George H., Bart., Surgeon to the Queen in Ireland, &c.,
-      3, Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  Potter, Rev. Beresford,
-      Wellesbourne, Warwick.
-
-  Powell, G. W., M.B.,
-      272, Hagley Road, Birmingham.
-
-  Powell, Rev. W.,
-      St. Crispin’s Vicarage, Southwark Park Road, London.
-
-  Power, James Talbot, D.L.,
-      Leopardstown Park, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Powerscourt, The Right Hon. Viscount,
-      Powerscourt Castle, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.
-
-  Pratt, Rev. Precentor, M.A.,
-      Durrus, Co. Cork.
-
-  Pratt, Rev. J., D.D.,
-      3, St. James’ Terrace, Clonskeagh, Dublin.
-
-  Prenter, J. R.,
-      Blessington Street, Dublin.
-
-  Preston, Thomas, M.A., F.R.U.I.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Prideaux, Rev. Walter C.,
-      St. Saviour’s Vicarage, 116, Hampton Road, Bristol.
-
-  Prior, H. W.,
-      Oakhurst, Leamington.
-
-  Purcell, His Honour Judge,
-      Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  Purser, Frederick, M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      Rathmines Castle, Dublin.
-
-  Purser, John, M.A.,
-      Queen’s College, Belfast.
-
-  Purser, Louis C., M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      11, Harcourt Terrace, Dublin.
-
-  Quill, Albert W., M.A.,
-      42, Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  Reeves, Very Rev. J. M., M.A., Dean of Ross,
-      Ross Carbery.
-
-  Reeves, Richard S.,
-      Rosendale, Shankill, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Reeves, Robert S., M.A.,
-      Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  Reichel, The Most Rev. Charles P., D.D., Lord Bishop of Meath,
-      Dundrum, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Reichel, H. R.,
-      University College of North Wales, Bangor.
-
-  Reid, J. Hamilton,
-      Holmston, Kingstown.
-
-  Revington, Geo., M.D.,
-      Central Asylum, Dundrum, Dublin.
-
-  Roberts, Rev. R. J., A.B.,
-      Kuper Island, Chemaines, British Columbia.
-
-  Roberts, W. R. Westropp, F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Robertson, W. C. F., B.A.,
-      34, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Robinson, C. Lowes, Sen. Mod., B.A., T.C.D.,
-      Lichfield Theological College, Lichfield.
-
-  Rogers, Henry S.,
-      Cliff Castle, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Rooney, James,
-      17, Suffolk Street, Dublin.
-
-  Rosse, Right Hon. Earl of,
-      Birr Castle, Parsonstown.
-
-  Ross, John, Q.C., LL.B.,
-      66, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
-
-  Royal Library, The,
-      Windsor Castle.
-
-  Royal Dublin Society’s Library.
-
-  Royal Irish Academy,
-      Dublin.
-
-  Rutherford, Henry E., Sch.T.C.D.,
-      16, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Rutherford, Rev. W. Gunion, M.A., LL.D.,
-      19, Dean’s Yard, London, S.W.
-
-  Ryan, John Henry, M.A.,
-      3, Lower Merrion Street, Dublin.
-
-  Salmon, Rev. George, D.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Provost of Trinity College,
-      Provost’s House, Dublin. (_Two copies._)
-
-  Samuels, Arthur W., LL.D.,
-      29, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.
-
-  Savage-Armstrong, G. F., M.A.,
-      1, Sydenham Villas, Bray. (_Two copies._)
-
-  Schoales, George, M.A.,
-      Pembroke Lodge, Bray.
-
-  Scott, Ven. J. G., M.A., Archdeacon of Dublin,
-      The Rectory, Bray.
-
-  Scott, W. R.,
-      19, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Scovell, Miss,
-      10, Prince of Wales Terrace, Bray.
-
-  Scriven, W. B. B., M.D.,
-      33, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Scully, Vincent, B.A. Christ Church, Oxford,
-      Dublin.
-
-  Seaver, Rev. Jonathan,
-      St. Mary’s Vicarage, Peckham, London.
-
-  Seymour, Rev. John Hobart, M.A.,
-      Newcastle, Co. Down.
-
-  Shackleton, Rev. T.,
-      Broomy Hill, Hereford.
-
-  Shaw-Hamilton, Rev. R., D.D.,
-      The Rectory, Tynan, Co. Armagh.
-
-  Shaw, George Ferdinand, LL.D., S.F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Sheehan, J. J., LL.B.,
-      93, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.
-
-  Shirley, Paul Wm. Nassau,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Shone, Right Rev. Samuel, D.D., Lord Bishop of Kilmore,
-      Kilmore House, Cavan.
-
-  Silcock, A., Surgeon-Captain, Indian Medical Service.
-
-  Simpson, S., M.B.,
-      Northumberland House, Finsbury Park, London.
-
-  Slattery, James W., President Queen’s College,
-      Cork.
-
-  Smith, George Hill,
-      Killooney House, Armagh.
-
-  Smith, G. N.,
-      Duneske, Caher, Co. Tipperary.
-
-  Smith, Rev. R. Travers, D.D.,
-      Vicarage, Clyde Road, Dublin.
-
-  Smith, Walter G., M.D.,
-      34, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.
-
-  Smyly, Philip Crampton, M.D., T.C.D., F.R.C.S.I.,
-      4, Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  Smyth, Brice, M.D.,
-      13, College Square East, Belfast.
-
-  Smythe, Rev. George C., M.A.,
-      Carnmoney, Belfast.
-
-  Spence, Miss,
-      23, Clarinda Park East, Kingstown.
-
-  Stack, Right Rev. Charles Maurice, D.D., Lord Bishop of Clogher,
-      Knockballymore, Clones.
-
-  Stanley, John, LL.B.,
-      40, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Starkie, M. W. J., M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Staveley, Rev. Robert,
-      The Vicarage, Killiney, Dublin.
-
-  Steele, Rev. J. H.,
-      Crom Castle, Newtownbutler.
-
-  Steele, Lawrence E., M.A.,
-      18, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
-
-  Stewart, Sir Robert P., Mus. Doc.,
-      40, Upper Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.
-
-  Stewart, Rev. Joseph A., M.A.,
-      Pond Park, Lisburn. (_Two copies._)
-
-  Stoney, Rev. R. B., D.D.,
-      Irishtown, Dublin.
-
-  Strasburg Imperial University.
-
-  Strickland, Rev. W. J., D.D.,
-      St. John’s Vicarage, East Dulwich Road, London, S. E.
-
-  Stuart, Lieutenant-Colonel Villiers,
-      Castletown, Carrick-on-Suir.
-
-  Stubbs, Rev. E. T.,
-      4, Springfield Place, Bath.
-
-  Stubbs, Henry, M.A., J.P.,
-      Danby, Ballyshannon.
-
-  Studdert, Rev. George,
-      Kildemock Rectory, Ardee, Co. Louth.
-
-  Sullivan, Sir Edward, Bart.,
-      Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Supple, Rev. William Rathborne, B.D.,
-      8, Clyde Road, Dublin.
-
-  Swanzy, Rev. T. B., A.M.,
-      Greencastle, Co. Donegal.
-
-  Swift, Very Rev. Francis, M.A., Dean of Clonmacnois,
-      Mullingar.
-
-  Sykes, George H.,
-      17, Albert Square, Clapham Road, London.
-
-  Tait, Ven. Andrew, LL.D., Archdeacon of Tuam,
-      Moylough Rectory, Co. Galway.
-
-  Tagart, Rev. W. R.,
-      The Oaks Vicarage, Loughborough, Leicestershire.
-
-  Talbot-Crosbie, W. D.,
-      Mount Talbot, Roscommon.
-
-  Taylor, Rogers, W. G. T., M.D., &c.,
-      Verona, Oberon, New South Wales.
-
-  Thomas, W. J.,
-      Mullingar.
-
-  Thompson, Miss,
-      Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Thompson, Wm., M.D.,
-      54, Stephen’s Green East, Dublin.
-
-  Thrift, William Edward, Sch.T.C.D.,
-      27, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Tisdall, Miss,
-      Sunnyside, Clontarf, Dublin.
-
-  Tisdall, Rev. C. E., D.D., Chancellor of Christ Church,
-      22, Herbert Place, Dublin.
-
-  Tittle, Isaac, M.A., LL.D., T.C.D., B.L.,
-      St. Margaret’s, North Circular Road, Dublin.
-
-  Todd, W. F.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Torrance, Geo. W., M.A., Mus. Doc., T.C.D.,
-      Balaclava, Melbourne, Australia.
-
-  Townsend, Very Rev. W. C., D.D., Dean of Tuam,
-      Deanery, Tuam.
-
-  Townsend, Rev. J. H., D.D.,
-      St. Mark’s House, Tunbridge Wells.
-
-  Trench, Geo. F., B.A.,
-      Abbeylands, Ardfert, Co. Kerry.
-
-  Tuckey, Davys, B.A.,
-      23, Lower Pembroke Street, Dublin.
-
-  Tuthill, Alfred, M.B.,
-      Ashbourne, Derby.
-
-  Twigg, Rev. Canon, A.M.,
-      Swords, Co. Dublin.
-
-  University Club,
-      Dublin.
-
-  Vanston, Geo. T. B., M.A., LL.D.,
-      Hillden Park, Terenure.
-
-  Venables, Rev. W.,
-      The Vicarage, Scofton, Worksop.
-
-  Wade, Gustavus Rochfort,
-      28, Upper Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.
-
-  Wade, Surgeon-Capt. George Augustus,
-      Medical Staff, Bray.
-
-  Waldron, Laurence A.,
-      58, Wellington Road, Dublin.
-
-  Walsh, Rev. O. W., B.A.,
-      Newton Tartullagh Rectory, Tyrrells Pass, Co. Westmeath.
-
-  Warren, Rev. Saml. P., A.M.,
-      Laragh, Balbriggan, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Warren, James W., M.A.,
-      39, Rutland Square, Dublin.
-
-  Waterhouse, Samuel S., J.P.,
-      Dame Street, Dublin.
-
-  Weldrick, George,
-      University Press, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Welland, Right Rev. T. J., D.D., Lord Bishop of Down, Connor,
-  and Dromore,
-      Ardtullagh, Holywood, Co. Down.
-
-  Welland, Rev. C. W., B.A.,
-      Rochestown Avenue, Kingstown.
-
-  Went, Rev. James,
-      The Wyggeston School, Leicester.
-
-  Westropp, Thomas J., M.A.,
-      77, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Whelan, Rev. Percy S., Ex-Sch., M.A., T.C.D., Warden of
-  St. Columba’s College,
-      Rathfarnham, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Whelan, W. B., Sch.T.C.D.,
-      40, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  White, Henry Kirke,
-      Abbeylands, Ballybrack, Co. Dublin.
-
-  White, Rev. Hill Wilson, D.D., LL.D., Warden and Chaplain of
-  Wilson’s Hospital,
-      Multyfarnham.
-
-  White, Rev. Newport J. D., B.D.,
-      Rathmines, Dublin.
-
-  Wilkins, Rev. George, M.A., F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Wilkins, W., M.A., Head Master of High School of Erasmus Smith,
-      Harcourt Street, Dublin.
-
-  Williams, Rev. A. Acheson, Chaplain,
-      Bangalore, India.
-
-  Williamson, Benjamin, F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Williamson, Rev. C. A., M.A.,
-      4, Wood Street, Longford, Hudderfield. (_Three copies._)
-
-  Wilson, Colonel,
-      Clane, Naas.
-
-  Wilson, George Orr,
-      Dunardagh, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Wilson, John, M.A.,
-      Streete, Rathowen.
-
-  Winter, James S.,
-      Agher, County Meath.
-
-  Winter, Richard, B.A.,
-      60, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Wolseley, The Right Hon. Lord, K.C.B., LL.D, &c., &c., General
-  Commanding the Forces in Ireland,
-      Dublin.
-
-  Woollcombe, R. L., M.A., LL.D.,
-      14, Waterloo Road, Dublin.
-
-  Woods, W. St. Leger, J.P.,
-      Whitestown House, Balbriggan.
-
-  Worthington, Thomas B.,
-      County Asylum, Knowle, Fairharn, Hants.
-
-  Wright, Edward Perceval, M.D., Professor of Botany,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Wright, Rev. Charles H. H., D.D., Ph.D.,
-      44, Rock Park, Rockferry, Birkenhead.
-
-  Wright, Rev. Ernest A., M.A.,
-      Bridge Street, Banbridge, Co. Down.
-
-  Wright, Rev. C. T. H., D.D.,
-      33, Mespil Road, Dublin.
-
-  Wright, Rev. W. B., B.A.,
-      Athleague.
-
-  Yeates, S. M.,
-      2, Grafton Street, Dublin.
-
-  Zetland, His Excellency the Earl of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
-      Viceregal Lodge, Dublin.
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section ending)]
-
-
-[Illustration: (Decorative section heading)]
-
-
-LIST OF DELEGATES AND GUESTS
-
-EXPECTED TO BE PRESENT AT THE TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION IN JULY,
-1892.
-
-
-_The Board of Trinity College have subscribed for 275 copies, to be
-presented to each of the following Delegates or Guests_:--
-
-  Abel, Sir F., F.R.S.,
-      40, Cadogan Place, London.
-
-  Acland, Prof. Sir H., Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S. (_Delegate_,
-  University of Oxford).
-
-  Adams, Prof. W. G., F.R.S.,
-      King’s College, London.
-
-  Alexander, Right Rev. W., D.D., Bishop of Derry and Raphoe,
-      The Palace, Londonderry.
-
-  Alma-Tadema, L., R.A.,
-      17, Grove End Road, London, N.W.
-
-  Anderson, W., F.R.S., Director-General of Ordnance, Woolwich,
-      Lesney House, Erith, Kent.
-
-  Armstrong, Lord, F.R.S., Memb. Inst. C.E.,
-      Cragside, Rothbury, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
-
-  Ashbourne, Lord, LL.D., Lord Chancellor of Ireland,
-      23, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.
-
-  Ashley, Prof. Wm. James, M.A. (_Delegate_, University of
-  Toronto),
-      Lincoln College, Oxford.
-
-  Baker, Sir B., F.R.S., K.C.M.G., Vice-Pres. Inst. C.E.,
-      2, Queen’s Square Place, London, S.W.
-
-  Baldwin, Prof. James, M.A., Ph.D. (_Delegate_, University of
-  Toronto),
-      _Care of_ Messrs. Lazard Frères et Cie., 17, Boulevard
-      Poissonière, Paris.
-
-  Balfour, Right Hon. A. J., M.P., F.R.S., LL.D.,
-      4, Carlton Gardens, London, S.W.
-
-  Ball, Valentine, LL.D., F.R.S., C.B.,
-      Museum of Science and Art, Kildare Street, Dublin.
-
-  Barff, H. E., M.A. (_Delegate_, University of Sydney),
-      _Care of_ the Agent-General for N.S.W., 5, Victoria Street,
-      Westminster.
-
-  Bavaria, the Duke Charles of,
-      Tegernsee, München, Bavaria.
-
-  Beare, Prof. Hudson (_Delegate_ of Adelaide).
-
-  Beaulieu, Leroy, Memb. de l’Inst.,
-      27, Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Paris.
-
-  Beljame, Prof. (_Delegate_, Univ. de France),
-      _Care of_ M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,
-      en Sorbonne, Paris.
-
-  Bell, Sir I. Lowthian, Bart., F.R.S., Memb. Inst. C.E.,
-      Rounton Grange, Northallerton, Yorks.
-
-  Beöthig, Prof. Zsolt (_Delegate_ of Buda-Pesth).
-
-  Billings, J. S., M.D., Surgeon-General U.S.A. Army
-      (_Delegate_, University of Pennsylvania).
-
-  Blass, Prof. F., University of Kiel.
-
-  Blaydes, Rev. F. H. M., M.A.,
-      26, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.
-
-  Bonet-Maury, Prof. (_Delegate_, Univ. de France),
-      _Care of_ M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,
-      en Sorbonne, Paris.
-
-  Bonney, Prof. Rev. T. G., F.R.S., University College, London,
-      23, Denning Road, Hampstead, London, W.
-
-  Bouchard, Prof., Memb. de l’Inst. (_Delegate_, Univ. de France),
-      _Care of_ M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,
-      en Sorbonne, Paris.
-
-  Bowen, Right Hon. Lord Justice,
-      14, Albert Hall Mansions, Kensington Gore, London, S.W.
-
-  Boyd, Rev. Henry, D.D., Vice-Chancellor University of Oxford;
-  Principal Hertford College, Oxford
-      (_Delegate_, University of Oxford).
-
-  Bramwell, Sir F., Bart, F.R.S., Memb. Inst. C.E.,
-      5, Great George Street, London, S.W.
-
-  Briggs, Prof. Rev. C. A., D.D., Union Theol. Sem., N.Y.,
-      120, W. 93, New York.
-
-  Brioschi, Prof. F., Istituto di Scienze, Milan.
-
-  Brodrick, Hon. G. C., D.C.L., Warden of Merton College, Oxford.
-
-  Bryant, Thomas, M.D., President Royal College of Surgeons.
-      65, Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor Square, London.
-
-  Bryce, Prof. J., M.P., D.C.L. (_Delegate_, University of Oxford),
-      54, Portland Place, London.
-
-  Burbidge, F. W., M.A.,
-      Botanic Gardens, Ball’s Bridge, Dublin.
-
-  Burdon-Saunderson, Prof. J., M.D., F.R.S.,
-      64, Banbury Road, Oxford.
-
-  Burke, Sir Bernard, LL.D.,
-      Tullamaine House, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin.
-
-  Burton, Sir F. W., LL.D., Director of the National Gallery, London,
-      43, Argyll Road, Kensington, London.
-
-  Butcher, Prof. S. H., LL.D., University of Edinburgh,
-      27, Palmerston Place, Edinburgh.
-
-  Butler, Rev. H. M., D.D., Master of Trinity College,
-      Cambridge (_Delegate_, University of Cambridge).
-
-  Bywater, I., M.A.,
-      Exeter College, Oxford.
-
-  Castletown, Lord,
-      Granton Manor, Abbeyleix, Queen’s County.
-
-  Clark, Sir Andrew, M.D., F.R.S., President Royal College
-  of Physicians,
-      16, Cavendish Square, London, W.
-
-  Clifton, Prof. R. B., F.R.S., Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford,
-      Portland Lodge, Parktown, Oxford.
-
-  Colles, William, M.D., M.Ch.,
-      21, Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Copeland, R., Ph.D., Astronomer-Royal of Scotland,
-      University of Edinburgh.
-
-  Corson, Prof. Hiram, LL.D. (_Delegate_, Cornell University).
-
-  Creighton, Right Rev. M., D.D., Lord Bishop of Peterborough,
-      The Palace, Peterborough.
-
-  Cremona, Prof. L., University of Rome,
-      5, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome.
-
-  Crookes, W., F.R.S.,
-      7, Kensington Park Gardens, Notting Hill, London, W.
-
-  Cunningham, Rev. J., D.D., LL.D., Principal, St. Andrews University,
-      St. Mary’s College, St. Andrews.
-
-  Dallinger, Rev. W. H., F.R.S.,
-      Ingleside, Lee, London, S.E.
-
-  Darwin, Prof. G. H., F.R.S.,
-      Newnham Grange, Cambridge.
-
-  Davidson, Prof. Rev. A. B., D.D.,
-      New College, Edinburgh.
-
-  De Ceuleneer, Prof. A. (_Delegate_, University of Ghent).
-
-  D’Hondt, Prof. V. (_Delegate_, University of Ghent).
-
-  De Jonquières, Admiral de Fauque, Memb. de l’Inst.,
-      Avenue Bugeaud, 2, Paris.
-
-  De Vere, Aubrey T., LL.D.
-
-  Donaldson, Principal James, LL.D.
-      (_Delegate_, University of St. Andrews).
-
-  Dowden, Right Rev. J., D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh,
-      Lynn House, Gillsland Road, Edinburgh.
-
-  Driver, Prof. Rev. S. R., D.D.,
-      Christ Church, Oxford.
-
-  Drummond, Rev. J., LL.D., Principal, Manchester New College,
-      Oxford.
-
-  Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of, LL.D., British Embassy, Paris
-      (_Delegate_, Royal University of Ireland).
-
-  Dyer, W. Thistleton, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director Royal Botanic Gardens,
-  Kew.
-
-  Edgeworth, F. Y., M.A.,
-      Balliol College, Oxford.
-
-  Ellis, Robinson, LL.D.,
-      Trinity College, Oxford.
-
-  Erichsen, President J. E., F.R.S. (_Delegate_, University
-  College, London),
-      6, Cavendish Place, Cavendish Square, London, W.
-
-  Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,
-      Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, Herts.
-
-  Farlow, Prof. W. G. (_Delegate_, Harvard University),
-      _Care of_ Messrs. Drexel, Morgan & Co., London.
-
-  Faucett, Hon. Peter, B.A. (_Delegate_, University of Sydney).
-
-  Ferguson, H. Linde (_Delegate_, University of New Zealand).
-
-  Ferguson, Prof. J., LL.D. (_Delegate_, University of Glasgow).
-
-  Ferrier, Prof. D., M.D., F.R.S., King’s College, London,
-      34, Cavendish Square, London, W.
-
-  Fitzgerald, Hon. Francis A., LL.D.,
-      50, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Flint, Prof. Rev. R., D.D.,
-      Johnstone Lodge, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh.
-
-  Foster, Prof. M., Sec.R.S.,
-      Trinity College, Cambridge.
-
-  Froude, Prof. J. A., LL.D., University of Oxford,
-      5, Onslow Gardens, London, S.W.
-
-  Gairdner, Prof. W. T., M.D.,
-      9, The College, Glasgow.
-
-  Garnett, R., LL.D.,
-      British Museum.
-
-  Gaudenzi, Prof. Aug., Litt.D. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Bologna).
-
-  Geddes, Principal Sir W. D., LL.D. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Aberdeen).
-
-  Geikie, Sir A., F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey,
-  England,
-      28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.
-
-  Gibson, Right Hon John, M.A.,
-      38, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.
-
-  Gide, Prof. C., Les Facultés de Montpellier.
-
-  Gilman, President D. C. (_Delegate_, Johns Hopkins University).
-
-  Gladstone, J. H., F.R.S.,
-      17, Pembridge Square, London, W.
-
-  Glaisher, J. W. L., F.R.S.,
-      Trinity College, Cambridge.
-
-  Gomperz, Prof. Th., University of Vienna,
-      Wien, Reisner Strasse, 9a.
-
-  Gordan, Prof. P. (_Delegate_, University of Erlangen).
-
-  Graves, Rev. Robert P., LL.D.,
-      1, Winton Road, Dublin.
-
-  Grubb, Sir Howard, M.I., F.R.S.,
-      51, Kenilworth Square, Rathgar.
-
-  Gusserow, Prof. A., University of Berlin,
-      Roonstrasse 4, Berlin, N.W.
-
-  Hagerup, Professor F., LL.D. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Christiania).
-
-  Hall, Prof. I. H., Ph.D., Metropolitan Museum of Art, N.Y.
-
-  Hamilton, Rev. Thomas, D.D. (_Delegate_, Queen’s College,
-  Belfast).
-
-  Harland, Sir E. J., Bart., M.P.,
-      Baroda House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.
-
-  Harris, J. Rendel, M.A., Clare College, Cambridge.
-
-  Hermann, Prof. L., University of Königsberg.
-
-  Hill, G. W., Ph.D.,
-      Naval Observatory, Washington.
-
-  Hodgkin, Thomas, D.C.L.,
-      Bank, S. Nicholas Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
-
-  Holden, Rev. H. A., LL.D.,
-      20, Redcliffe Sq., South Kensington, London, S.W.
-
-  Holland, Professor Thomas E., LL.D.,
-      All Souls’ College, Oxford.
-
-  Horsley, Victor, M.B., F.R.S.,
-      25, Cavendish Square, London, W.
-
-  Humphry, A. P., M.A., Esquire Bedell of Cambridge.
-
-  Humphry, Prof. Sir George M., F.R.S.,
-      Grove Lodge, Cambridge.
-
-  Hutchinson, J., F.R.S.,
-      15, Cavendish Square, London, W.
-
-  Ince, Rev. William, D.D.,
-      Christ Church, Oxford.
-
-  Irving, Henry,
-      Lyceum Theatre, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C.
-
-  Iveagh, Lord, LL.D.,
-      80, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  James, Prof. E. J., Ph.D. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Pennsylvania).
-
-  Janssen, Jules,
-      L’Observatoire, Meudon, Seine-et-Oise.
-
-  Jebb, Prof. R. C., Litt.D., M.P.,
-      Springfield, Newnham, Cambridge.
-
-  Johnson, Prof. Alexander, LL.D., Vice-Principal M‘Gill University
-  (_Delegate_, M‘Gill University),
-      _Care of_ Richard Johnson, M.A., 28, Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Johnston, W. J., M.A. (_Delegate_, University College of Wales,
-  Aberystwith).
-
-  Jones, Ven. T. B., D.C.L., Archdeacon of Kingston (_Delegate_,
-  Trinity College, Toronto).
-
-  Jones, Prof. W. Carey (_Delegate_, University of California).
-
-  Joret, Prof. (_Delegate_ of Academy of Aix).
-
-  Judd, Prof. J. W., F.R.S.,
-      Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.
-
-  Kelvin, Lord, Professor, University of Glasgow, President R.S.
-
-  Kenyon, F. G., M.A.,
-      British Museum.
-
-  Kernan, James, Q.C. (_Delegate_, University of Madras),
-      56, Northumberland Road, Dublin.
-
-  Kidd, George H., M.D.,
-      58, Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  Kielhorn, Prof. Franz (_Delegate_, University of Göttingen).
-
-  Kocher, Prof. Th., University of Bern,
-      Villette 25, Bern.
-
-  Kollmann, Prof. J.,
-      University of Basle.
-
-  Knapp, Prof. (_Delegate_ of Strasburg).
-
-  Lafaye, Prof. Georges (_Delegate_, Univ. de France),
-      Rue Tournefort 43, Paris.
-
-  Lampertico, Prof. F.,
-      University of Padua.
-
-  Lanciani, Prof. R., University of Rome,
-      2, Via Goito, Rome.
-
-  Lannelongue, Prof. (_Delegate_, Univ. de France),
-      _Care of_ M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,
-      en Sorbonne, Paris.
-
-  Lecky, W. E. H., M.A., LL.D.,
-      38, Onslow Gardens, London, S.W.
-
-  Leighton, Sir Frederick, Bart., D.C.L., President R.A.,
-      2, Holland Park Road, London, W.
-
-  Leishman, Prof. W., M.D.,
-      11, Woodside Crescent, Glasgow.
-
-  Liveing, Prof. G. D., F.R.S.,
-      Newnham, Cambridge.
-
-  Lockyer, Prof. J. Norman, F.R.S.,
-      Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.
-
-  Londonderry, Marquis of, LL.D.,
-      Londonderry House, Park Lane, London, W.
-
-  Lounsbury, Prof. T. R. (_Delegate_ of Yale University).
-
-  Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., LL.D., F.R.S.,
-      High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.
-
-  Mabilleau, Prof. (_Delegate_ of Caen).
-
-  Macalister, Prof. A., M.D., F.R.S. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Cambridge),
-      Torrisdale, Cambridge.
-
-  M‘Clintock, Admiral Sir Leopold, LL.D., F.R.S.,
-      8, Atherstone Terrace, Gloucester Road, London, S.W.
-
-  Macnamara, Rawdon, M.D.,
-      95, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Magrath, Rev. J. R., D.D., Provost of Queen’s College, Oxford.
-
-  Marsh, Prof. O. C. (President and _Delegate_, National Academy
-  of Sciences of America),
-      Yale University.
-
-  Marshall, Prof. D. H., M.A. (_Delegate_, Queen’s University,
-  Kingston, Canada).
-
-  Martens, T. T., D.C.L., Privy Councillor (_Delegate_, University
-  of St. Petersburg).
-
-  Martineau, Rev. James, D.D.,
-      35, Gordon Square, London, W.C.
-
-  Masson, Prof. D., LL.D. (_Delegate_, University of Edinburgh),
-      58, Great King Street, Edinburgh.
-
-  Mathew, Right Hon. Justice, LL.D.,
-      46, Queen’s Gate Gardens, London, S.W.
-
-  Maurer, A., Rector University of Lausanne (_Delegate_, University
-  of Lausanne).
-
-  Mayor, Rev. Joseph B., M.A.,
-      Queensgate House, Kingston Hill, Surrey.
-
-  Meade, Right Hon. Joseph M., LL.D., Lord Mayor of Dublin.
-
-  Merx, Prof. A. (_Delegate_, University of Heidelberg).
-
-  Meyer, Prof. F., School of Mines, Clausthal, Hanover.
-
-  Mitchell, Sir Arthur, K.C.B., M.D.,
-      34, Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
-
-  Moffett, President T. W., LL.D. (_Delegate_, Queen’s College,
-  Galway).
-
-  Molloy, Very Rev. Monsignor, D.D., Rector (and _Delegate_) of
-  Catholic University, Ireland,
-      St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.
-
-  Monro, Rev. D. B., M.A., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford.
-
-  Morris, Right Hon. Lord, LL.D.,
-      18, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.
-
-  Muir, Principal Sir Wm., K.C.S.I., D.C.L. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Edinburgh),
-      Dean Park House, Edinburgh.
-
-  Mulholland, John, LL.D.,
-      Ballywalter Park, Greyabbey, County Down.
-
-  Müller, Prof. F. Max, LL.D.,
-      All Souls’ College, Oxford.
-
-  Nettleship, Prof. H., M.A.,
-      Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
-
-  Newbold, W. R., Ph.D., Clerk to the Delegation of
-      University of Pennsylvania.
-
-  Newcomb, Prof. S., LL.D., Naval Observatory,
-      Washington (_Delegate_, Johns Hopkin University).
-
-  Nicole, Prof. J. (_Delegate_, University of Geneva).
-
-  Nordenskjöld, Baron A. E.,
-      Stockholm.
-
-  Oakeley, Prof. Sir H., Mus. Doc.,
-      58, St. George’s Square, London, S.W.
-
-  Odling, Prof. W., F.R.S.,
-      15, Norham Gardens, Oxford.
-
-  Oort, Prof. H., Th.D., Rector, University of Leyden
-      (_Delegate_, University of Leyden).
-
-  Paget, Sir James, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Vice-Chancellor, London
-  University (_Delegate_, London University),
-      1, Harewood Place, Hanover Square, London, W.
-
-  Parry, Prof. H. C.,
-      Royal College of Music, London.
-
-  Parsons, Hon. R. C., M.A. (_Delegate_, King’s College, London),
-      18, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S.W.
-
-  Patton, President Rev. Fras. L., D.D. (_Delegate_ of College
-  of New Jersey, Princeton).
-
-  Peck, Prof. H. T., Ph.D. (_Delegate_, Columbia University).
-
-  Peile, John, LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, University of Cambridge
-  (_Delegate_, University of Cambridge),
-      Christ’s College Lodge.
-
-  Perry, Rev. Canon,
-      Lincoln.
-
-  Petrie, W. M. Flinders.
-
-  Plummer, Prof. Rev. Alfred, D.D. (_Delegate_ of Durham
-  University).
-
-  Pollock, Sir Frederick, Bart., M.A.,
-      48, Great Cumberland Place, London, W.
-
-  Porter, Right Hon. Andrew M., LL.D., Master of the Rolls, Ireland,
-      42, Merrion Square, Dublin.
-
-  Postgate, J.P., Litt.D.,
-      14, Hill’s Road, Cambridge.
-
-  Quain, Sir Richard, Bart., M.D.,
-      67, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.
-
-  Ramsay, Prof. G. G., LL.D., University of Glasgow.
-
-  Rattigan, Hon. W. H., LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, Punjaub University
-  (_Delegate_, Punjaub University),
-      _Care of_ Messrs. Allan Bros., Albion Place, London Wall,
-      London, E.C.
-
-  Rayleigh, Lord, D.C.L., Secretary F.R.S.,
-      Terling Place, Witham, Essex.
-
-  Reichel, Principal H. R., M.A. (_Delegate_, University
-      College of North Wales, Bangor).
-
-  Reid, J. S., Litt.D.,
-      Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
-
-  Renard, L’Abbé A. F.,
-      à Wetteren, Belgium.
-
-  Rendall, G. H., M.A., Vice-Chancellor of Victoria University;
-  Principal, University College, Liverpool (_Delegate_,
-  Victoria University).
-
-  Retzius, Prof. G.,
-      University of Stockholm.
-
-  Reusch, Prof. H.,
-      Norges Geologiske Undersögelse, Christiania.
-
-  Richet, Prof. (_Delegate_, Univ. de France),
-      _Care of_ M. Gréard. Recteur de l’Université de Paris,
-      en Sorbonne, Paris.
-
-  Richthofen, Baron F. von (_Delegate_ of Berlin).
-
-  Roberts, Isaac, F.R.S.,
-      Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex.
-
-  Roscoe, Sir H. E., M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., Owen’s College, Manchester,
-      10, Brahman Gardens, Wetherby Road, London, S.W.
-
-  Rosebery, The Earl of, LL.D.,
-      38, Berkeley Square, London, W.
-
-  Routh, E. J., LL.D., F.R.S.,
-      S. Peter’s College, Cambridge.
-
-  Russell, James A., Right Hon. The Lord Provost of Edinburgh,
-      Woodville, Canaan Lane, Edinburgh.
-
-  Russell, W. Howard, LL.D.,
-      63, Carlisle Mansions, Victoria Street, London, S.W.
-
-  Rutherford, Rev. W. G., LL.D.,
-      19, Dean’s Yard, Westminster, London, S.W.
-
-  Sandys, J. E., Litt.D., Public Orator, University of Cambridge,
-      St. John’s College, Cambridge.
-
-  Saxtorph, Prof. H. M., LL.D. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Copenhagen).
-
-  Say, Léon, Member de l’Académie Française,
-      21, Rue Fresnel, Quai de Billy, Trocadero, Paris.
-
-  Sayce, Prof. Rev. A. H., D.D., LL.D.,
-      Queen’s College, Oxford.
-
-  Schipper, Prof. Dr. J. (_Delegate_, University of Vienna),
-      34, Döblinger Strasse, Währing, Vienna.
-
-  Simpson, Maxwell, LL.D., F.R.S.,
-      Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.
-
-  Skeat, Prof. Rev. W. W., Litt.D.,
-      2, Salisbury Villas, Cambridge.
-
-  Slattery, President J. W., LL.D. (_Delegate_, Queen’s College,
-  Cork).
-
-  Smith, Very Rev. R. Payne, D.D., Dean of Canterbury,
-      The Deanery, Canterbury.
-
-  Smith, Prof. Rev. W. Robertson, M.A.
-      Christ’s College, Cambridge.
-
-  Smith, Wm., LL.D.,
-      94, Westbourne Terrace, London, W.
-
-  Snellen, H., Rector Magnificus, University of Utrecht (_Delegate_,
-  University of Utrecht).
-
-  Soubeiran, Prof. (_Delegate_, Académie de Montpellier).
-
-  Stainer, Prof. Sir John, Mus. Doc.,
-      Magdalen College, Oxford.
-
-  Stanford, Prof. C. Villiers, Mus. Doc.,
-      Trinity College, Cambridge.
-
-  Stephen, Leslie, M.A.,
-      22, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W.
-
-  Stewart, Prof. T. Grainger, M.D.,
-      19, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.
-
-  Stockley, Prof. W. F., M.A. (_Delegate_, University
-  of New Brunswick).
-
-  Stokes, Prof. Sir G. G., Bart., LL.D., M.P., F.R.S. (_Delegate_,
-  University of Cambridge),
-      Lensfield Cottage, Cambridge.
-
-  Stokes, Whitley, C.S.I., LL.D., D.C.L.,
-      15, Grenville Place, South Kensington, London, S.W.
-
-  Stouff, Prof. (_Delegate_, Académie de Montpellier).
-
-  Strachey, General R., F.R.S.,
-      69, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, London, W.
-
-  Struthers, John, M.D., Emeritus Professor,
-      24, Buckingham Terrace, Edinburgh.
-
-  Stubbs, Right Rev. William, D.D., LL.D., Lord Bishop of Oxford
-  (_Delegate_, University of Oxford),
-      The Palace, Cuddesdon.
-
-  Studer, Theoph., M.D., Rector, University of Bern
-      (_Delegate_, University of Bern).
-
-  Sully, James, LL.D.,
-      1, Portland Villas, East Heath Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.
-
-  Swete, Prof. Rev. H. B., D.D.,
-      56, Bateman Street, Cambridge.
-
-  Thayer, Rev. J. H., D.D., Harvard University,
-      _Care of_ Messrs. Baring, Bros., & Co., 8, Bishopsgate
-      Street Within, London, E.C.
-
-  Thompson, Rev. James (_Delegate_, University of Cape of
-  Good Hope).
-
-  Thomson, Prof. J. J., F.R.S.,
-      6, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
-
-  Thorpe, Prof. T. E., F.R.S., Royal College of Science,
-      South Kensington, London, S.W.
-
-  Thurston, Prof. R. H., Sibley College, Cornell University,
-  Ithaca, N.Y.
-
-  Tiele, Prof. C. P., Litt. D. (_Delegate_, University of Leyden).
-
-  Tilden, Prof. W. A., F.R.S., Queen’s College and Mason College,
-  Birmingham,
-      77, Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
-
-  Tisserand, Prof. F., Memb. de l’Inst. (_Delegate_, Univ.
-  de France),
-      22, Rue Gay Lussac, Paris.
-
-  Topinard, Dr. Paul,
-      105, Rue de Rennes, Paris.
-
-  Tucker, Prof. T. G., Litt.D. (_Delegate_, University
-  of Melbourne),
-      _Care of_ I. M‘Cosh Clark, The Tower, Lovelace Gardens,
-      Surbiton, Surrey.
-
-  Turner, Prof. Sir William, D.C.L., F.R.S.,
-      6, Eton Terrace, Edinburgh.
-
-  Twichell, Rev. J. H. (_Delegate_ of Yale University).
-
-  Vambéry, Prof. A., University of Buda-Pesth.
-
-  Veitch, Prof. J., LL.D. (_Delegate_, University of Glasgow).
-
-  Verrall, A. W., Litt.D.,
-      Selwyn Gardens, Cambridge.
-
-  Vinogradoff, Prof. P., University of Moscow.
-
-  Wace, Rev. H., D.D., Principal, King’s College, London,
-      King’s College, London.
-
-  Wagner, Prof. Adolf, University of Berlin.
-
-  Waldeyer, Prof. W., University of Berlin,
-      Lutherstrasse, 35, Berlin, W.
-
-  Walker, General F. A., LL.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
-  Boston, Mass., U.S.A.
-
-  Watson, P. H., M.D.,
-      16, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.
-
-  Wedenski, N. E., Zool. Dr., Councillor of State (_Delegate_,
-  University of St. Petersburg).
-
-  Wells, Sir Spencer, Bart., LL.D.,
-      3, Upper Grosvenor Street, London, W.
-
-  Wilkins, Prof. A. S., LL.D. (_Delegate_, Victoria University),
-      Victoria Park, Manchester.
-
-  Wilson, Col. Sir Charles W.,
-      Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, Hants.
-
-  Wordsworth, Right Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., Lord Bishop of Salisbury,
-      The Palace, Salisbury.
-
-
-_The following were received too late to appear in the alphabetical
-List of Subscribers_:--
-
-  Bridge, William, M.A.,
-      Millpark, Roscrea.
-
-  FitzGerald, C. E., M.D.,
-      27, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. (_Two Copies additional._)
-
-  Galloway, Joseph,
-      55, Upper Sackville Street, Dublin.
-
-  Gwynn, E. J., B.A.,
-      Temple Road, Rathmines, Dublin.
-
-  Homan, Rev. Canon,
-      Melbourne, Australia.
-
-  Hutton, T. Maxwell, D.L.,
-      Summer Hill, Dublin.
-
-  Jervis-White, Lieut.-Colonel H. J., M.A., T.C.D.,
-      Wasdale, Rathfarnham Road, Terenure, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Maxwell, T. H., B.A.,
-      21, Percy Place, Dublin.
-
-  Norwood, William, Sch.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Palmer, Rev. Robert, M.A.,
-      Bethersden Vicarage, Ashford, Kent.
-
-  Panton, Arthur W., D.Sc., F.T.C.D.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Rorke, George S.,
-      Magdala Road, Nottingham.
-
-  Roberts, Wm. C.,
-      16, Lower Hatch Street, Dublin.
-
-  Sheffield Central Free Library.
-
-  Smith, Charles, Sch., B.A.,
-      Trinity College, Dublin.
-
-  Strangways, L. R., M.A.,
-      74, St. Stephen’s Green S., Dublin.
-
-  Trouton, F., M.A., D.Sc.,
-      Killiney, Co. Dublin.
-
-  Thompson, Miss,
-      Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin. (_One Copy additional._)
-
-  Vicars, Arthur, F.S.A.,
-      St. Bartholemew’s Vicarage, Dublin.
-
-  Wright, C. T. H., LL.B.,
-      33, Mespil Road, Dublin.
-
-
-[Illustration:
-
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-  BY
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-  LIMITED.
-]
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-
-  TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
-
-  Footnote [173] is referenced twice from page 278.
-
-  Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
-  corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
-  the text and consultation of external sources.
-
-  Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
-  and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained: for example,
-  stonework, stone-work; woodwork, wood-work; decennium; papistical;
-  persistency; incaution; dulness; unennobled; criminate.
-
-  Pg 16: ‘was no insistance’ replaced by ‘was no insistence’.
-  Footnote [74] (anchored on page 56): ‘I may recal’ replaced by
-          ‘I may recall’.
-  Pg 128: ‘are now admissable’ replaced by ‘are now admissible’.
-  Pg 171: ‘Spaccio de le’ replaced by ‘Spaccio de la’.
-  Pg 246: ‘and “Oronooko” is’ replaced by ‘and “Oroonoko” is’.
-  Pg 295: ‘Lines 95-104.’ replaced by ‘Lines 95-114.’.
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-<pre>
-
-Project Gutenberg's The Book of Trinity College Dublin 1591-1891, by Various
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: The Book of Trinity College Dublin 1591-1891
-
-Author: Various
-
-Release Date: January 2, 2020 [EBook #61000]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOK OF TRINITY COLLEGE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by ellinora, John Campbell and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-
-
-<div class="transnote">
-<p><strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong></p>
-
-<p>Footnote anchors are denoted by <span class="fnanchor">[number]</span>, and the footnotes have been
-placed at the end of each chapter. Four digit items such as [1466] are
-not footnote anchors but refer to a year.</p>
-
-<p>Macrons over e and u are displayed correctly as ē and ū. Some latin
-abbreviations are shown in the original text with an overline, for
-example Hiberniæ when abbreviated is displayed in the etext as
-H<span class="over">ibni</span>æ, similarly to the original text.</p>
-
-<p>Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ¼ ¾; there are no other fractions
-in this book.</p>
-
-<p>Date ranges are displayed using &ndash; for example 1621&ndash;8, the same as the
-original text.</p>
-
-<p>Split-year dates are displayed similarly to the original text, for example
-160<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">0</span>
-  <span class="blka over">1</span>
-</span>.
-The dual dates indicate the Julian (1600) and the
-Gregorian (1601) year designation for dates between January 1st and
-March 25th. Prior to 1752 dates in documents in British dominions
-used the Julian calendar, in which the new year did not begin until
-March 25th.</p>
-
-<p class="handonly">On a handheld device the tables on <a href="#Page_288">pages 288</a> and 289
-are best displayed using a small font to avoid truncation of the columns.</p>
-
-<p>Some other minor changes to the text are noted at the <a href="#TN">end of the book.</a></p>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-<div class="tpage">
-
-<br /><br />
-<br /><br />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_001-red.jpg" width="125" alt="" />
-</div>
-<br />
-
-<p class="fs135">TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION</p>
-
-<p class="fs120">JULY, 1892</p>
-
-<hr class="r10a" />
-
-<p class="fs120 lsp2">PRESENTED</p>
-
-<p class="fs70">BY THE</p>
-
-<p class="fs120">PROVOST AND SENIOR FELLOWS</p>
-
-<p class="fs70">OF</p>
-
-<p class="fs120">TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN</p>
-<br /><br />
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<a name="FP" id="FP"></a>
-<img src="images/i_frontis.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-<div class="caption pg-brk" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-
-POSVI DEVM ADIVTOREM MEVM<br />
-
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mortua anno<br />
-MIserICorDIæ.</i><br />
-<br />
-HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE<br />
-<br />
-SEMPER EADEM<br />
-<br />
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nata Gronewiciæ<br />
-anno Christi<br />
-MDXXXIII.<br />
-6.Jd.Sept.</i><br /><br />
-
-ELISABET D.G. ANGLIAE, FRANCIAE, HIBERNIAE, ET VERGINIAE REGINA,
-FIDEI CHRISTIANAE PROPVGNATRIX ACERRIMA. NVNC IN <span class="over">DNO</span> REQVIESCENS.<br />
-
-<div class="textcol">
-<p class="noindent">
-<em>Virginis os habitumque geris, diuina virago,<br />
-Sed supra sexum dotes animumque virilem;<br />
-Quod sæpe altarum docuit rerum exitus ingens:<br />
-Vnde tibi et Regni populi debere fatentur,<br />
-Christiadumque cohors, odijs rumpantur vt hostes,<br />
-Quorum Diua tua rabies nil morte lucrata est.</em><br />
-</p>
-</div><div class="textcol">
-<p class="noindent">
-<em>Vasta Semiramiden Babylon super æthera tollat,<br />
-Efferat et Didona suam Sidonia tellus,<br />
-Gens Esthren Iudæa, Camillam Volsca propago,<br />
-Aut Constantini matrem Byzantion ingens,<br />
-Atqúe alias aliæ gentes: tete Anglia fortis<br />
-Vt quondam fructa est, sic nunc clarescat alumna.</em><br />
-</p>
-</div>
-
-<br />
-<em>Isaac Oliuier<br />
-effigiabat.</em><br />
-<br />
-<em>Crispin van de Passe<br />
-incidebat.</em><br />
-<br />
-<em>procurante Joanne<br />
-Waldnelio.</em><br />
-<br />
-<em>P.B.M.Q. ludeb.</em><br />
-
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-
-<h1>
-<span class="fs80">THE BOOK</span><br />
-<span class="fs30">OF</span><br />
-<span class="smcap">Trinity College</span><br />
-<br />
-DUBLIN</h1>
-
-<p class="pfs120">1591</p>
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_seal-red.jpg" width="200" alt="Seal of the College" />
-</div>
-<p class="pfs120">1891</p>
-
-<p class="p3 pfs100 lsp2">BELFAST</p>
-<p class="pfs90">MARCUS WARD &amp; CO., LIMITED, ROYAL ULSTER WORKS</p>
-<p class="pfs60">LONDON AND NEW YORK</p>
-<p class="pfs60 lsp2">DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS &amp; CO., LIMITED</p>
-<hr class="r5a" />
-<p class="pfs90">1892</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p class="p6" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_006-red.jpg" width="150" alt="" />
-</div>
-<p class="p6" />
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p class="p6" />
-
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_007.jpg" width="90" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The Committee appointed by the Provost and Senior Fellows of Trinity College,
-Dublin, to make arrangements for the celebration of the Tercentenary of the
-Foundation of the University of Dublin and of Trinity College, to be held in July,
-1892, requested the following to act as a Sub-Committee to superintend the bringing
-out of a volume in which there should be a record of the chief events of the College for
-the last three centuries, a description of its buildings, &amp;c.:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="noindent pad6">
-Rev. <span class="smcap">John W. Stubbs</span>, D.D.<br />
-Rev. <span class="smcap">Thomas K. Abbott</span>, B.D., Litt.D., Librarian.<br />
-Rev. <span class="smcap">John P. Mahaffy</span>, D.D., Mus. Doc.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Edward Dowden</span>, LL.D., Litt.D.<br />
-<span class="smcap">Ulick Ralph Burke</span>, M.A.<br />
-<span class="smcap">William MacNeile Dixon</span>, LL.B., and<br />
-<span class="smcap">E. Perceval Wright</span>, M.A., M.D.;<br />
-</p>
-
-<p class="noindent">the last named to be the Convener.</p>
-
-<p>Through illness, Professor E. Dowden was unable to take any active part in the
-preparation of this volume, the publication of which was undertaken by the firm of Messrs.
-Marcus Ward &amp; Co., Limited, of Belfast. The time at the disposal of the writers of the
-following chapters was extremely short, and they tender an apology for the want of
-completeness, which, on an exact scrutiny of their work, will, they fear, be only too
-conspicuous; but it is hoped that the volume may be acceptable as a sketch towards a
-History of the College.</p>
-
-<p>The name of the writer of each chapter is given in the Table of Contents, and
-each author is to be regarded as accountable only for his own share of the work. The
-Committee’s grateful thanks are due to Mr. Louis Fagan, of the Department of Prints and
-Drawings, British Museum, for the help he has given them in having reproductions made
-from rare engravings of some of the distinguished Graduates of the University.</p>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_009a.jpg" width="400" alt="(Decorative section heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2>
-
-<div class="center fs80">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="95%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3"></td><td class="tdrb fs70">PAGE</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Chapter</td><td class="tdrt">I.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">From the Foundation to the Caroline Charter, by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">II.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">From the Caroline Reform to the Settlement of William III., by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">III.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The Eighteenth Century up to 1758, by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">IV.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">From 1758 to the Close of the Century, by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">V.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">During the Nineteenth Century, by the Rev. J. W. Stubbs, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">VI.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The Observatory, Dunsink, by Sir Robert Ball, LL.D., Astronomer-Royal,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">VII.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The Library, by the Rev. T. K. Abbott, B.D., Litt.D., Librarian,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">VIII.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The Early Buildings, by Ulick R. Burke, M.A.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">IX.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">Distinguished Graduates, by William MacNeile Dixon, LL.B.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">X.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The College Plate, by the Rev. J. P. Mahaffy, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">XI.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The Botanical Gardens and Herbarium, by E. Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc">”</td><td class="tdrt">XII.&mdash;</td><td class="tdlsc">The University and College Officers, 1892,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc" colspan="3">Tercentenary Ode,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_009b.jpg" width="100" alt="(Decorative section ending)" />
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_011.jpg" width="400" alt="(Decorative section heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-<h2 class="no-brk fs100"><a name="LOI" id="LOI">LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.</a></h2>
-
-<hr class="r20" />
-
-<div class="center fs80">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="95%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdlsc"></td><td class="tdrb fs70">PAGE</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Queen Elizabeth,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#FP"><em>Frontispiece.</em></a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Oldest Map of the College,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Fac-simile of Provost Ashe’s Prayer,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Earliest extant College Seal,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The South Back of the Elizabethan College,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Fac-simile of Title-page, Archbishop Marsh’s “Logic,”</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Chapel Plate (dated 1632 and 1638),</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Title-page of the Centenary Sermon, January 9,
-169<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">3</span>
-  <span class="blka over">4</span>
-</span>,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The old Clock Tower,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Candelabrum, Examination Hall,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Dunsink Observatory,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">South Equatorial, Dunsink,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Meridian Room, Dunsink,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Old Print of Library, 1753,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Interior of Library, 1858,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">A Page from the “Book of Kells,”</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Satchel of the “Book of Armagh,”</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Shrine of the “Book of Dimma,”</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Book Recesses in Library,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Inner Staircase in Library,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Interior of Library, 1860,</td><td class="tdrb"><span class="screenonly"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></span><span class="handonly"><a href="#Pagex_178">178</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Library, 1891,</td><td class="tdrb"><span class="screenonly"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></span><span class="handonly"><a href="#Pagex_179">179</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Library Staircase and Entrance to Reading Room,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Royal Arms now placed in Library,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Front of Trinity College, 1728,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Ground Plan of Trinity College, from Rocque’s Map of Dublin, 1750,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc"><i>Ampelopsis veitchii</i>,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Trinity College&mdash;West Front,</td><td class="tdrb"><span class="screenonly"><a href="#Page_191">191</a></span><span class="handonly"><a href="#Pagex_191">191</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Provost’s House, from Grafton Street,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Drawing Room, Provost’s House,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Top of Staircase, Regent’s Hall,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_200">200</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Parliament and Library Squares,</td><td class="tdrb"><span class="screenonly"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></span><span class="handonly"><a href="#Pagex_201">201</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Library Square,</td><td class="tdrb"><span class="screenonly"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></span><span class="handonly"><a href="#Pagex_202">202</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Chapel,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Baldwin’s Monument,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Bell Tower, from the Provost’s Garden,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Dining Hall, viewed from Library Square,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Interior of Dining Hall,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Engineering School, from College Park,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_220">220</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Entrance to Engineering School,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Hall and Staircase, Engineering School,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Carvings at Base of Staircase,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Printing Office, from New Square,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">View in the College Park&mdash;Library&mdash;Engineering School,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Medical School,</td><td class="tdrb"><span class="screenonly"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></span><span class="handonly"><a href="#Pagex_229">229</a></span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Museum (Tennis Court),</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Dissecting Room,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The Printing Office,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Pulpit in Dining Hall,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Archbishop Ussher,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of William King, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Bust of Dr. Delany,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of William Molyneux,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Bust of Dean Swift,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Thomas Southerne,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of William Congreve,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Bishop Berkeley,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Earl of Clare,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Lord Plunket,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Fac-simile of Original MS. of “The Burial of Sir John Moore,”</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_260">260, 261</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Bust of James MacCullagh,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Portrait of Charles Lever,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Tomb of Bishop Berkeley,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Communion Cups&mdash;Meade, 1760; Garret Wesley, 1751; Caufield, 1690,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Salver&mdash;Gilbert, 1734,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">The College Mace,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Punch Bowls&mdash;Plunket, 1702; Meade, 1708,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Duncombe Cup, 1680; Palliser Cup, 1709,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Epergne (Reign of George II.),</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlsc">Botanical Gardens&mdash;The Pond. Winter,</td><td class="tdrb"><a href="#Page_281">281</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_012.jpg" width="100" alt="(Decorative section ending)" /></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_013a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER I.</a><a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">FROM THE FOUNDATION TO THE CAROLINE CHARTER.</span></h2>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry italic" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verse0">Laudamus te, benignissime Pater, pro serenissimis,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Regina Elizabetha hujus Collegii conditrice,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Jacobo ejusdem munificentissimo auctore,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Carolo conservatore,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Ceterisque benefactoribus nostris.</p>
-<p class="verse20"><span class="smcap fsnormal">The Caroline Grace.</span></p>
-</div></div>
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_013b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The origin of the University of Dublin is not shrouded in darkness,
-as are the origins of the Universities of Bologna and Oxford. The details
-of the foundation are well known, in the clear light of Elizabethan times;
-the names of the promoters and benefactors are on record; and yet when
-we come to examine the dates current in the histories of the University and the
-relative merits of the promoters, there arise many perplexities. The grant of the
-Charter is in the name of Queen Elizabeth, and we record every day in the
-College our gratitude for her benefaction; but it is no secret that she was urged
-to this step by a series of advisers, of whom the most important and persuasive
-remained in the background.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The project of founding a University in Ireland had long been contemplated, and the
-current histories record various attempts, as old as 1311, to accomplish this end&mdash;attempts which
-all failed promptly, and produced no effect upon the country, unless it were to afford to the
-Roman Catholic prelates, who petitioned James II. to hand over Trinity College to their control,
-some colour for their astonishing preamble.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> It is not the province of these chapters to narrate or
-discuss these earlier schemes. One feature they certainly possessed&mdash;the very feature denied them
-in the petition just named. Most of them were essentially ecclesiastical, and closely attached to
-the Cathedral corporations. There seems never to have been a secular teacher appointed
-in any of them&mdash;not to speak of mere frameworks, like that of the University of Drogheda.
-Another feature also they all present: they are without any reasonable endowment, the
-only serious offer being that of Sir John Perrott in 1585, who proposed the still current
-method of exhibiting English benevolence towards Ireland by robbing one Irish body
-to endow another. In this case, S. Patrick’s Cathedral, “because it was held in
-superstitious reverence by the people,” was to be plundered of its revenues to set up
-two Colleges&mdash;one in Armagh and one in Limerick. This plan was thwarted, not only
-by the downfall of its originator (Perrott), but by the active opposition of an eminent
-Churchman&mdash;Adam Loftus, the Archbishop of Dublin. The violent mutual hostility of these
-two men may have stimulated each to promote a public object disadvantageous to the
-other. Perrott urged the disendowment of S. Patrick’s because he knew that the Archbishop
-had retained a large pecuniary interest in it. Perhaps Loftus promoted a rival plan
-because he feared some future revival of Perrott’s scheme. Both attest their bitter feelings:
-for in his defence upon his trial Perrott calls the Archbishop his deadly enemy; and Loftus, in
-the Latin speech made in Trinity College when he resigned the Provostship, takes special credit
-for having resisted the overbearing fury of Perrott, and having gained for Leinster the College
-which the other sought to establish either in Armagh or Limerick, exposed to the dangers of
-rebellion and devastation.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> But before this audience, who knew the circumstances, he does not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>
-make any claim to have been the original promoter of the foundation. Even in his defence of
-S. Patrick’s, he had a supporter perhaps more persuasive, because he was more respected. It is
-mentioned in praise of Henry Ussher, “he so lucidly and with such strength of arguments
-defended the rights of S. Patrick’s Church, which Perrott meant to turn into a College, that he
-averted that dire omen.”<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> Nevertheless, the Archbishop is generally credited with being the
-real founder of Trinity College, and indeed his speeches to the citizens of Dublin, of which
-two are still extant, might lead to that conclusion. But other and more potent influences
-were at work.</p>
-
-<p>Some years before, Case, in the preface to his <cite>Speculum Moralium Quæstionum</cite> (1585),
-had addressed the Chancellors of Cambridge and Oxford conjointly on the crying want
-of a proper University, to subdue the turbulence and barbarism of the Irish. This appeal
-was not original, or isolated, or out of sympathy with the age. Such laymen as Spencer,
-and as Bryskett, Spencer’s host near Dublin, must have long urged similar arguments.
-In 1547, Archbishop George Browne had forwarded to Sir William Cecil a scheme for
-establishing a College with the revenues of the then recently suppressed S. Patrick’s.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a>
-Another scheme is extant, endorsed by Cecil, dated October, 1563, with salaries named, but not
-the source of the endowment. In 1571, John Ussher, in applying for the rights of staple at
-the port of Dublin, says in his petition that he intends to leave his fortune to found a
-College in Dublin. In 1584, the Rev. R. Draper petitions Burghley to have the University
-founded at Trim, in the centre of the Pale, as this site possessed a waterway to Drogheda,
-and was furnished with great ancient buildings, then deserted, and falling into decay.</p>
-
-<p>But in addition to these appeals of sentiment, there were practical men at work.
-Two successive Deputies, Sir Henry Sidney and Sir John Perrott, had urged the necessity
-of some such foundation (1565, 1585), and the former had even offered pecuniary aid.
-The Queen, long urged in this direction, had ultimately been persuaded, as appears<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>
-from her Warrant, that the City of Dublin was prepared to grant a site, and help in
-building the proposed College; and the City, no doubt, had been equally persuaded that the
-Queen would endow the site. The practical workers in this diplomacy have been set down in
-history as Cambridge men. This is one of those true statements which disguise the truth.
-The real agitators in the matter were Luke Challoner and Henry Ussher. A glance at Mr.
-Gilbert’s <cite>Assembly Rolls of the City of Dublin</cite> the reign of Elizabeth will show how both
-family names occur perpetually in the Corporation as mayors, aldermen, etc.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> The very
-site of the future College had been let upon lease to a Challoner and to the uncle of an Ussher.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>
-These were the influential City families which swayed the Corporation. Henry Ussher,<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> who
-had become Archdeacon of Dublin, went as emissary to Court; Challoner<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> superintended
-the gathering of funds and the laying out of the site, which his family had rented
-years before. It was therefore by Dublin men&mdash;by citizens whose sons had merely
-been educated at Cambridge, and had learned there to appreciate University culture&mdash;that
-Trinity College was really founded. They had learned to compare Cambridge and
-Oxford, with Dublin, life, and when they came home to their paternal city, they felt the
-wide difference.</p>
-
-<p>Queen Elizabeth, in her Warrant, puts the case quite differently. She does not,
-indeed, make the smallest mention of Loftus, but of the prayer of the City of Dublin, preferred
-by Henry Ussher, thus:</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-<p class="center"><em>December 29, 1592.</em></p>
-
-<p class="noindent smcap">Elizabeth, R.</p>
-
-<p>Trustee and right well beloved we greet you well, where[as] by your Lrēs, and the rest of our Councell
-joyned with you, directed to our Councell here, wee perceive that the Major and the Cittizens of Dublin
-are very well disposed to grant the scite of the Abbey of Allhallows belonging to the said Citty to the yearly
-value of Twenty pounds to serve for a Colledge for learning, whereby knowledge and Civility might be
-increased by the instruction of our people there, whereof many have usually heretofore used to travaile into<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>
-ffrance Italy and Spaine to gett learning in such forreigne universities, whereby they have been infected with
-poperie and other ill qualities, and soe became evill subjects, &amp;c.<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Usshers and the Challoners had no inclination to go to Spain or France, nor is it
-likely that they ever thought they would prevent the Irish Catholic priesthood from favouring
-this foreign education. They desired to ennoble their city by giving it a College similar to those
-of Oxford and Cambridge, and they succeeded.</p>
-
-<p>The extant speech of Adam Loftus, to which I have already referred, makes no allusion
-to these things. His argument is homely enough. Guarding himself from preaching the doctrine
-of good works, which would have a Papistical complexion, he urges the Mayor and Corporation
-to consider how the trades had suffered by the abolition of the monasteries, under the previous
-Sovereign; how the city of Oxford and town of Cambridge have flourished owing to their Colleges;
-how the prosperity of Dublin, now depending on the presence of the Lord Deputy and his retinue
-and the Inns of Court, will be increased by a College, which would bring strangers, and with them
-money, to the citizens. Thus it will be a means of civilising the nation and enriching the city,
-and will enable many of their children to work their own advancement, “and in order thereto ye
-will be pleased to call a Common Council and deliberate thereon, having first informed the
-several Masters of every Company of the pregnant likelihood of advantage,” etc. Again,
-“it is my hearty desire that you would express your and the City’s thankfulness to Her
-Majesty,” etc.</p>
-
-<p>This harangue, in which “our good Lord the Archbushopp” gives himself the whole credit
-of the transaction, is said to have been delivered “soon after the Quarter Sessions of St. John the
-Baptist”&mdash;viz., about July, but in what year I cannot discover. Mr. Gilbert says, “<em>after Easter</em>,
-in the year 1590.” In Loftus’ Latin speech occurs&mdash;“As soon as I had proposed it to the Mayor
-and Sheriffs, without any delay they assembled in full conclave and voted the whole site of the
-monastery.” But in the meetings of the Dublin Council there is no allusion whatever to this
-speech, no thanks to the Queen, no resolution on the matter whatever, till under the date
-“Fourth Friday after December, 1590” (33 Elizabeth), we find the following modest business
-entry:&mdash;“Forasmoch as there is in this Assembly by certayne well-disposed persons petition<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>
-preferred,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> declaring many good and effectual persuacions to move our furtherance for setting
-upp and erecting a Collage for the bringing upp of yeouth to learning, whereof we, having a
-good lyking, do, so farr as in us lyeth, herby agree and order that the scite of Alhallowes
-and the parkes thereof shalbe wholly gyven for the erection of a Collage there; and withall
-we require that we may have conference with the preferrers of the said peticion to conclude
-how the same shalbe fynished.”<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> The Queen’s Warrant is signed the 29th December, 1592
-(34 Elizabeth).<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> It is hard to find any logical place for the Archbishop’s speech, either before,
-between, or after these dates and documents.</p>
-
-<p>At all events, the Queen gave a Warrant and Charter, some small Crown rents on various
-estates in the South and West of Ireland, and presently, upon further petition, a yearly gift of
-nearly £400 from the Concordatum Fund, which latter the College enjoyed till the present
-century, when it was resumed by the Government. From the Elizabethan Crown rents the
-College now derives about £5 per annum. The Charter was surrendered for that of Charles I.</p>
-
-<p>Thus the benevolences of Elizabeth, like the buildings of her foundation, have dwindled
-away and disappeared.</p>
-
-<p>The Archbishop’s sounding words have had their weight in benefiting his own memory,
-as has been shown, beyond his merits in this matter.</p>
-
-<p>The modest gift of the Corporation of Dublin, consisting of 28 acres of derelict land<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>
-partly invaded by the sea, has become a splendid property, in money value not less than £10,000
-a-year, in convenience and in dignity to the College perfectly inestimable.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_019.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE OLDEST MAP OF THE COLLEGE (1610).</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The necessary sum for repairing the decayed Abbey of All Hallowes, and for what new
-buildings the College required, was raised by an appeal of the Lord Deputy Fitzwilliam (dated
-March 11, 1591) to the owners of landed property all over Ireland. The list of these
-contributions is very curious, and also very liberal, if we consider that the following sums
-represent perhaps eight times as much in modern days:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="center fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="96%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdly"></td><td class="tdrb"><em>£</em></td><td class="tdrb"><em>s.</em></td><td class="tdrb"><em>d.</em></td><td class="tdrb"></td><td class="tdrb"><em>£</em></td><td class="tdrb"><em>s.</em></td><td class="tdrb nowrap"><em>d.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">“The Lord Deputy,</td><td class="tdrb">200</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Advanced by his means in the Province of Munster,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Archbishop Adam Loftus,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Sir Francis Shane,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Sir Thomas Norreys, Vice-President of Munster,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx pad6">” <span class="pad3">”</span> &nbsp; a-year for his life,</td><td class="tdrb">20</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>
-                     Sir Warham St. Leger,</td><td class="tdrb">50</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Sir Henry Harrington,</td><td class="tdrb">50</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Sir Richard Dyer,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Thomas Jones, Bishop of Meath,</td><td class="tdrb">50</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Sir Henry Bagnall,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">The gentlemen of the Barony of Lecale,</td><td class="tdrb">59</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Sir Richard Bingham,</td><td class="tdrb">20</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Sir Hugh M‘Ginnis, with other gentlemen<br />of his county [Down],</td><td class="tdrb">140</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">The Province of Connaught by same,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">The clergy of Meath,</td><td class="tdrb">30</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">The County of Galway by same,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Thomas Molyneux, Chancellor of the Exchequer,</td><td class="tdrb">40</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">The town of Drogheda,</td><td class="tdrb">40</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Luke Chaloner, D.D.,</td><td class="tdrb">10</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">The city of Dublin,</td><td class="tdrb">27</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Edward Brabazon,</td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">A Concordatum from the Privy Council,</td><td class="tdrb">200</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Sir George Bourchier,</td><td class="tdrb">30</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Alderman John Foster <span class="nowrap">(for the Iron-work),</span></td><td class="tdrb">30</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Christopher Chartell,</td><td class="tdrb">40</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Lord Chief Justice Gardiner,</td><td class="tdrb">20</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdlx">Sir Turlough O’Neill,</td><td class="tdrb">100</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdly">Lord Primate of Ireland [Garvey],</td><td class="tdrb">76</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“These sums amount to over £2,000, and they must have been considerably supplemented, for we
-have a return made by Piers Nugent with respect to one of the baronies in the County of Westmeath, in
-which he gives the names of eleven gentlemen in that barony who are prepared to contribute according to
-their freeholds, proportionally to other freeholders of Westmeath.</p>
-
-<p>“Money, however, came in very slowly, specially from the South of Ireland; Sir Thomas Norreys
-informed Dr. Chaloner that the County of Limerick agreed to give 3s. 4d. out of every Plough-land, and
-he promised to do his best to draw other counties to some contribution, but he adds, ‘I do find devotion
-so cold as that I shall hereafter think it a very hard thing to compass so great a work upon so bare a
-foundation.’</p>
-
-<p>“Dr. Luke Chaloner seems to have been the active agent in corresponding with the several
-contributors, and to have been most diligent in collecting subscriptions.”<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p></div>
-
-<p>The coldness of Limerick&mdash;perhaps disappointed at the failure of Perrott’s scheme&mdash;contrasted
-with the zeal of Dublin. Dr. Stubbs quotes from Fuller, the Church historian, a
-statement which the latter had heard from credible persons then resident in Dublin, that during
-the building of the College&mdash;that is to say, for over a year&mdash;it never rained, except at night.
-This historically incredible statement is of real value in showing the feelings of the people who
-were persuaded of it. The great interest and keen hopes of the city in the founding of the
-College are expressed in this legendary way.</p>
-
-<p>Thus by the earnestness and activity of some leading citizens of Dublin, supported by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span>
-the voice of educated opinion in Cambridge, the eloquence of the Archbishop, and the sound
-policy of Queen Elizabeth’s advisers, Trinity College was founded. The foundation-stone was
-laid by the Mayor of Dublin, Thomas Smith, and for at least 150 years the liberality of the
-Corporation of Dublin was commemorated in our prayers.</p>
-
-<p>“We give Thee thanks for the Most Serene Princess Elizabeth, our most illustrious
-Foundress; for King James and King Charles, our most munificent Benefactors, and for our
-present Sovereign, our Most Gracious Conservator and Benefactor; for the Right Honourable
-the Lord Mayor, together with his brethren, the Aldermen, and the whole assembly of the
-citizens of Dublin, and all our other benefactors, through whose Bounty we are here maintained
-for the exercise of Piety and the increase of Learning,” etc.<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_022a.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE PRAYER BEFORE SERMON.<br />
-<p class="noindent"><em>Let thy merciful Ears, O Lord, be open
-to the Prayers of thy Humble Servants,
-and grant that thy</em> Holy Spirit <em>may direct
-and guide us in all our ways, and be
-more especially assistant to us in the Holy
-Actions of this day, in enabling us with</em> grateful Hearts
-<em>and</em> zealous Endeavors <em>to celebrate this Pious</em> Commemoration,
-<em>and to answer to our Studies and Improvements
-all the great and useful ends of our</em> Munificent Founders
-<em>and</em> Benefactors. <em>We render thee humble Praise
-and Thanks, O Lord, for the Most Serene Princess
-Queen</em> Elizabeth, <em>our</em> Illustrious Foundress; <em>for
-King</em> James <em>the</em> First, <em>our most</em> Liberal Benefactor;
-<em>King</em> Charles <em>the</em> First <em>and</em> Second, <em>our</em> Gratious
-<em>and</em> Munificent Conservators; <em>for the protection and
-bounty we have received from their present</em> Majesties, <em>our
-most</em> Indulgent Patrons <em>and</em> Restorers; <em>for the Favour
-of our present Governours, the</em> Right Honorable
-<em>the</em> Lords-Justices; <em>for the</em> Lord Mayor <em>and Goverment
-of this</em> City, <em>our Generous Benefactors</em>; <em>for the</em>
-Nobility, Clergy, <em>and</em> Gentry <em>of this Kingdom</em>; <em>thrô
-whose Bounty and Charitable Generosity we are here Educated
-and Established</em>; <em>for the Improvement of Piety and
-Religion, the advancement of Learning, and to supply
-the growing necessities of Church and State</em>; <em>beseeching thee
-to bless them all, their Posterity, Successors, Relations,
-and Dependants, with both</em> Temporal <em>and</em> Eternal <em>blessings,
-and to give us Grace to live</em> worthy <em>of these thy
-Mercies, and that as we grow in</em> Years <em>so we may</em> grow
-<em>in</em> Wisdom, <em>and</em> Knowledg, <em>and</em> Vertue, <em>and all that is
-praiseworthy thrô</em> Jesus Christ <em>our</em> Lord</p></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Such being the true history of the foundation of Trinity College, as the mother of an
-University, to be a Corporation with a common seal, it was natural that upon that seal the
-Corporation should assume a device implying its connection with Dublin. Accordingly,
-though there is no formal record of the granting of arms to the College, the present arms,
-showing it to be a place of learning, Royal and Irish, add the Castle of the Seal of the
-Corporation of Dublin. Dr. Stubbs quotes (note, p. 320) a description of it in Latin elegiacs,
-of which the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">arx ignita</i>&mdash;towers <em>fired proper</em>&mdash;are a modification of the Dublin arms,<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> which I
-have found on illuminated rolls of the age of Charles I. preserved by the City. But this
-description is undated, and although he ascribes it to the early years of the 17th century, it
-will be hard to prove it older than the seal extant in clear impressions, which bears the date
-1612 above the shield, and upon it the towers, not fired, but <em>domed and flagged</em>. This date
-may even imply that the arms were then granted, and that it is the original form.<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span>
-recurrence of the domes and flags upon some of our earliest plate (dated 1666) gives additional
-authority for this feature, nor have we any distinct or dated evidence for the <em>fired towers</em>,
-adopted in the 17th century by the City also, earlier than the time of Charles II., when
-they are given in a Heraldic MS. preserved in the Bermingham Tower. I have digressed
-into this antiquarian matter in proof of my opening assertion that the details of the
-foundation are often obscure, while the main facts are perfectly clear.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_023.jpg" width="475" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE EARLIEST EXTANT COLLEGE SEAL.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Let us now turn from our new-founded College to cast a glance at the City of Dublin
-of that day, as it is described to us by Elizabethan eye-witnesses, and as we can gather its
-features from the early records of the City and the College. Mr. Gilbert has quoted from
-Stanihurst’s account of Dublin, published in 1577, a curious picture of the wealth and
-hospitality displayed by the several Mayors and great citizens of his acquaintance; and that
-the Mayoralty was indeed a heavy tax upon the citizen who held it, appears from the
-numerous applications of Mayors, recorded in the City registers, for assistance, and the
-frequent voting of subsidies of £100, though care is taken to warn the citizens that this is
-to establish no precedent. The City is described as very pleasant to live in, placed in an
-exceptionally beautiful valley, with sea, rivers, and mountains around. Wealthy and civilised
-as it was, it would have been much more so, but that the port was open, and the river full
-of shoals, and that by the management of the citizen merchants a great mart of foreign
-traders, which used to assemble outside the gates and undersell them, had been abolished.
-The somewhat highly-coloured picture drawn by Stanihurst is severely criticised by Barnabe
-Rich,<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> who gives a very different account, telling us that the architecture was mean, and the
-whole City one mass of taverns, wherein was retailed at an enormous price, ale, which
-was brewed by the richer citizens’ wives. The moral character of the retailers is
-described as infamous. This liquor traffic, and the extortion of the bakers, are, to
-Rich, the main features in Dublin. The Corporation records show orders concerning
-the keeping of the pavements, the preserving of the purity of the water-supply, which
-came from Tallaght, and the cleansing of the streets from filth and refuse thrown out of
-the houses. These orders alternate with regulations to control the beggars and the swine
-which swarmed in the streets. Furthermore, says Stanihurst&mdash;“There are so manie other
-extraordinarie beggars that dailie swarme there, so charitablie succored, as that they make
-the whole civitie in effect their hospitall.” There was a special officer, the City beadle, entitled
-“master” or “warden” of the beggars, and “custos” or “overseer” of the swine, whose duty it
-was to banish strange beggars from the City, and keep the swine from running about the streets.<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p>
-
-<p>In one of the orders relating to this subject, dated the 4th Friday after 25th December,
-1601, we find the following:&mdash;“Wher[as] peticion is exhibitid by the commons, complaineing
-that the auncient lawes made, debarring of swyne coming in or goeing in the streetes of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>
-cittie, is not put in execution, by reyson whearof great danger groweth therby, as well for
-infection, as also the poore infantes lieing under stales and in the streetes subject to swyne,
-being a cattell much given to ravening, as well of creatures as of other thinges, and alsoe the
-cittie and government therof hardlie spoken of by the State, wherin they requirid a reformacion:
-it is therfore orderid and establyshid, by the aucthoritie of this assemblie, that yf eny sowe, hogge,
-or pigge shalbe found or sene, ether by daie or nyght, in the streetes within the cittie walles, it
-shalbe lawfull for everye man to kill the same sowe, hogge, or pigge, and after to dispose the same
-at his or their disposition, without making recompence to such as owneth the same.”</p>
-
-<p>Thus this present characteristic of the country parts of Ireland then infected the capital.
-I have quoted the text of the order for reasons which will presently appear.</p>
-
-<p>The City walls, with their many towers, and protected by a fosse, enclosed but a small
-area of what we consider Old Dublin. S. Patrick’s and its Liberty, under the jurisdiction of the
-Archbishop, who lived in the old Palace (S. Sepulchre’s) beside that Cathedral, was still outside
-the walls, which excluded even most of Patrick Street, and was apparently defended by ramparts
-of its own. Thomas Street was still a suburb, and lined with thatched houses, for we find
-an order (1610) that henceforth, owing to the danger of fire<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> in the suburbs, in S. Thomas
-Street, S. Francis Street, in Oxmantown, or in S. Patrick Street, “noe house which shall
-from hensforth be built shalbe covered with thach, but either with slate, tyle, shingle, or
-boord, upon paine of x.li. current money of England.” We may therefore imagine these
-suburbs as somewhat similar to those of Galway in the present day, where long streets of
-thatched cabins lead up to the town. Such I take to have been the row of houses outside
-Dame’s Gate, the eastern gate of the city, which is marked on the map of 1610. They
-only occupy the north side of the way, and for a short distance. There had long been a
-public way to Hogging or Hoggen Green, one of the three commons of the City, and the
-condition of this exit from Dublin may be inferred from an order made in 1571, which the
-reader will find below.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p>
-
-<p>The reader will not object to have some more details about the state of this College<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span>
-Green, now the very heart of the City, in the days when the College was founded. In 1576 the
-great garden and gate of the deserted Monastery of All Hallowes was ordered to be allotted for
-the reception of the infected, and the outer gate of All Hallowes to be repaired and locked. In
-the next year (and again in 1603), it is ordered that none but citizens shall pasture their cattle on
-this and the other greens. It is ordered in 1585 that no unringed swine shall be allowed to feed
-upon the Green, being noisome and hurtful, and “coming on the strand greatly hinder thincrease of
-the fyshe;” the tenant of All Hallowes, one Peppard, shall impound or kill them, and allow no flax
-to be put into the ditches, “for avoyding the hurte to thincrease of fyshe.” In the same year the
-use and keeping of the Green is leased for seven years to Mr. Nicholas Fitzsymons, to the end the
-walking places may be kept clean, and no swyne or forren cattle allowed to injure them. In 1602
-Sir George Carye is granted a part of the Green to build a Hospital, and presently Dr. Challoner
-and others are granted another to build a Bridewell; and this is marked on the map of 1610,
-near the site of the present S. Andrew’s Church.<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p>
-
-<p>This is our evidence concerning the ground between the College and the City&mdash;an interval
-which might well make the founders speak of the former as <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">juxta</i> Dublin. It was a place
-unoccupied between the present Castle and College gates, with the exception of a row of cottages,
-probably thatched, forming a short row at the west end and north side of Dame Street, and under
-that name; opposite to this was the ruined church of S. Andrew. On the Green were pigs and
-cattle grazing; refuse of various kinds was cast out in front of the houses of Dame Street,
-despite the Corporation order; a little stream crossed this space close to the present College
-gate, and the only two buildings close at hand, when the student looked out of his window
-or over the wall, were a hospital for the infected, by the river, and a bridewell on his way
-to the City.</p>
-
-<p>Further off, the view was interesting enough. The walled City, with its gates,
-crowned the hill of Christ Church, and the four towers of the Castle were plainly visible.
-A gate, over a fosse, led into the City, where first of all there lay on the left hand the Castle
-entrance, with the ghastly heads of great rebels still exposed on high poles. Here the
-Lord Deputy and his men-at-arms kept their state, and hither the loyal gentry from the
-country came to express their devotion and obtain favours from the Crown. In the far
-distance to the south lay the Dublin and Wicklow mountains, not as they now are, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span>
-delightful excursion for the student on his holiday, but the home of those wild Irish whose
-raids up to the City walls were commemorated by the feast of Black Monday at Cullenswood,
-whither the citizens went well guarded, and caroused, to assert themselves against the natives
-who had once surprised and massacred 500 of them close to that wood. The river, the sea,
-and the Hill of Howth, held by the Baron of Howth in his Castle, closed the view to the
-east. The upland slopes to the north were near no wild country, and therefore Oxmantown
-and S. Mary’s Abbey were already settled on the other bank of the river.</p>
-
-<p>We must remember also, as regards the civilisation of Dublin, that though the streets
-swarmed not only with beggars and swine, but with rude strangers from the far country, yet
-the wealthy citizens were not only rich and hospitable, but advanced enough to send their
-sons to Cambridge. This is proved by the Usshers and Challoners, and we may be sure
-these were not solitary cases. As regards education, there are free schools and grammar schools
-constantly mentioned in the records of the time. It is well known that one Fullerton, a very
-competent Scotchman, was sent over by James VI. of Scotland to promote that King’s interests,
-and that he had a Hamilton for his assistant, who afterwards got great grants of land for
-himself, as Lord Clandeboye, and also obtained for the College those Crown rents which
-resulted in producing its great wealth. Fullerton, a learned man, was ultimately placed in the
-King’s household. Both were early nominated lay Fellows of the College. These were
-people of education who understood how to teach.</p>
-
-<p>But most probably the great want in Dublin was the want of books. There must
-have been a very widespread complaint of this, when it occurred to the army which
-had defeated the Spaniards at Kinsale (in 1601) to give a large sum from their spoil for
-books to endow the new College.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> This sent the famous James Ussher to search for books in
-England, and laid the foundation for that splendid collection of which the Archbishop’s own
-books formed the next great increase, obtained by the new military donation of Cromwell’s
-soldiers in 1654. There is probably no other so great library in the world endowed by the
-repeated liberality of soldiers. Still we hear that, even after the founding of the collection,
-James Ussher thought it necessary to go every third year to England, and to spend in reading
-a month at Oxford, a month at Cambridge, and a month in London, for the purpose of adding
-to that mass of his learning which most of us would think already excessive. Yet it is a pity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span>
-that smaller men, in more recent days, did not follow his example, and so save the College
-from that provincialism with which it was infected even in our own recollection.</p>
-
-<p>Let us now turn to the internal history of the College. The great crises in the first
-century of its existence were the Rebellion under Charles I. and the civil war under James II.,
-ending with the Settlements by which Charles II. and William III. secured the future
-greatness of the Institution. This brief sketch cannot enter into details, especially into
-the tedious internal quarrels of the Provost and Fellows; we are only concerned with the
-general character of the place, its religion, its morals, and its intellectual tendencies. Upon
-all these questions we have hitherto rather been put off with details than with a philosophical
-survey of what the College accomplished.</p>
-
-<p>It has been well insisted on by Mr. Heron, the Roman Catholic historian of Trinity
-College, that the Charter of Elizabeth is neither exclusive nor bigoted as regards creed.
-Religion, civility, and learning are the objects to be promoted, and it is notorious that the great
-Queen’s policy, as regards the first, was to insist upon outward conformity with the State
-religion without further inquisition. A considerable number of the Corporation which endowed
-the new College were Roman Catholics, and we know that even the Usshers had near relations
-of that creed. There <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'was no insistance'">was no insistence</ins> that the Fellows should take orders&mdash;we know that
-Provost Temple, and Fullerton and Hamilton, among the earliest Fellows, were laymen,&mdash;and
-though in very early days the degree of Doctor conferred was apparently always that in
-Theology, the Charter provides for all the Faculties, and it was soon felt that Theology
-and the training of clergy were becoming too exclusively the work of the place. The
-constant advices from Chancellors and from other advisers to give special advantages to the
-natives, and the repeated attempts to teach the Irish language, and through its medium to
-educate the Irish, show plainly that they understood Elizabeth’s foundation as intended
-for the whole country, and more especially for those of doubtful loyalty in their creed, who
-were tempted to go abroad for their education.</p>
-
-<p>“A certain illustrious Baron,” says Father Fitz-Simons, writing in 1603, “whose lady,
-my principal benefactress, sent his son to Trinity College. Notwithstanding my obligations
-to them for my support, I, with the utmost freedom, earnestness, and severity, informed and
-taught them, that it was a most impious thing, and a detestable scandal, to expose their
-child to such education. The boy was taken away at once, and so were others, after that
-good example. The College authorities are greatly enraged at this, as they had never before
-attracted any [Roman Catholic] pupil of respectability, and do not now hope to get any for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span>
-the future. Hence I must be prepared for all the persecution which their impiety and
-hatred can bring down upon me.”<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p>
-
-<p>On the other hand, the early Provosts imported from Cambridge, Travers, Alvey, Temple,
-were men who were baulked in their English promotion by their acknowledged Puritanism&mdash;a
-school created or promoted by that desperate bigot Cartwright, who preached the most violent
-Genevan doctrines from his Chair of Divinity in Cambridge. But these men, who certainly were
-second to none in the intolerance of their principles, were themselves in danger of persecution from
-the Episcopal party in England. Complaints were urged against Temple for neglecting to wear
-a surplice in Chapel&mdash;a great stumbling-block in those days; the Puritanism of the College was
-openly assailed, so that its Governors were rather occupied in defending themselves than in
-attacking the creed of others. Any sect which is in danger of persecution is compelled so far to
-advocate toleration; we may be sure that the Irish Fellows who lived among Catholics in a
-Catholic nation curbed any excessive zeal on the part of the Puritan Provosts; and so we find
-that they did not scruple to admit natives whom they suspected, or even knew, to be Papists.
-Moreover, the Fellows and their Provost were very busy in constitution-mongering. They had
-the power by Charter of making and altering statutes&mdash;a source of perpetual dispute; and,
-besides, the Plantation of Ulster by James I. in 1610 gave them their first large estates, which
-were secured to them by the influence of Fullerton and Hamilton, already mentioned as Scottish
-agents of the King. Provost Temple spent most of his time either in framing statutes or in
-quarrelling about leases with his Fellows.</p>
-
-<p>A review of the various documents still extant concerning these quarrels shows that
-the first of the lay Provosts was not inferior in importance to his two successors in the eighteenth
-century, and that in his day all the main problems which have since agitated the Corporation
-were raised and discussed.</p>
-
-<p>In the first place we may name the distinction between University and College, one often
-attempted by theorists, and which may any day become of serious importance if a new College
-were founded under the University, but one which has practically had no influence in the history
-of Trinity College. We even find such hybrid titles as Fellow of the University, and Professor
-of the College, used by people who ought to have known the impropriety.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Temple, with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>
-consent of his Fellows, sought to obtain a separate Charter for a University, and drew up,
-for this and the College, Statutes which Dr. Stubbs has quoted.</p>
-
-<p>The second point in Temple’s policy was an innovation which took root, and transformed
-the whole history of the College. It was the distinction of Senior and junior Fellows, not merely
-into separate classes as regards salary and duties, but into Governors and subjects. It was
-rightly felt that, after some years’ constant lecturing, the Fellows who still adhered to the
-College should have leisure for their studies, and for literary work, as well as a better
-income, in reward of their services. But when Temple made a College Statute that the Seniors
-should govern not only the scholars and ordinary students, but also the Junior Fellows and
-Probationers (which last correspond somewhat to our present Non-Tutor Fellows), he soon came
-into conflict with the Charter, which gave many privileges&mdash;the election, for example, of the
-Provost&mdash;to all the Fellows without distinction; and on this question arose a great dispute
-immediately on Temple’s death, there being actually two Provosts elected&mdash;one (Mede) by the
-Seniors, the other (R. Ussher) by the Juniors. Bedell was only elected by a compromise between
-the two parties, with distinct protests on the part of the Juniors.<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> The Caroline Statutes finally
-decided the matter, and gave the whole control to the Seniors.</p>
-
-<p>Whether this great change, introduced by Temple, and certainly promoted by Ussher, has
-been a benefit or an injury to the College, is a question not easy to answer. There is no
-doubt that a small body, such as the Governing Board of Provost and Senior Fellows, is far more
-likely to carry out a consistent policy, and even to decide promptly, where discussion and
-divergence of opinion among a larger number cause delay and paralyse action. But, on the
-other hand, the concentration of power into the hands of a small and irremovable body sets
-temptations before its members to look after their own interests unduly, and cumulate upon
-themselves offices and emoluments to the damage of the Corporation.</p>
-
-<p>The reservation of a large number of offices to the Senior Fellows, and the consequent
-appointment, occasionally, of incompetent persons to discharge important duties, were the
-necessary result of such an arrangement, and might be of great injury to the Corporation.
-It might even result in the trafficking in offices, or in acts of distinct injustice towards the
-other members of the Corporation, which could not have been committed had the acts of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
-the Governing Body been subject to the public criticism and control of the whole body of
-Fellows.</p>
-
-<p>On the other hand, as some working Committee must be selected to administer the affairs
-of the College, nothing was more obvious to Temple or to Ussher than that those who had
-been Fellows for eight or ten years should be preferred to those who had just entered the
-Corporation. In a body, however, of celibates, with many good livings and other promotions
-around them, it never occurred to the framers of the Statute that new circumstances would arise
-which made a Fellowship practically a life office, and thus placed the government in the hands of
-a group of men, of whom many were disabled by age, and, moreover, distracted by family cares.
-We should not stare with more wonder at a Vice-Provost of 40, than would Ussher have stared
-at a Junior Fellow of 40 years’ standing. Had such things been even dimly foreseen, it would
-have been easy to avoid the danger of accumulating emolument and office upon incompetent
-persons by making the Governing Body elective from the whole Corporation.</p>
-
-<p>The third question which arose in Provost Temple’s day was the proper leasing of
-the College estates. The tendency to take present profit at the expense of our successors, or to
-postpone the interests of the abstract Corporation to the claims of private friendship, is nowhere
-more conspicuous than in the document Dr. Stubbs has printed (p. 32), in which the Provost, and
-two Senior Fellows, the greatest names at the foundation, and the most attached friends of the
-College, James Ussher and Luke Challoner, actually consent to lease for ever all the Ulster estates
-to Sir James Hamilton, their old personal friend and colleague, who had helped the College to
-obtain these lands from the King. Had the earnest endeavours of these two excellent Senior
-Fellows been carried out, the College would not have owned nearly so many hundreds, as it now
-owns thousands, in Ulster. This calamity was only averted by the active interference of the
-Junior Fellows, who obtained an order from the State forbidding the Board to give perpetual
-leases. Nevertheless, so long as the Senior Fellows divided the renewal fines, there was constant
-danger of the rents of the College being cut down, and the incomes of the lessors being increased:
-it redounds to the credit of this “Venetian Council” that, after such vast opportunities of
-plundering public property, only some few cases of breach of public trust can be asserted against
-them. One of the most manifest attempts has been just noticed. Another was partly carried through
-by Temple. He obtained a lease, and appointed his son Seneschal of the Manor of Slutmulrooney&mdash;a
-delightful title, but also a solid estate, which he evidently coveted for a family property.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>We turn with satisfaction from such things to the two great names in the College and the
-Irish Church which mark that period&mdash;Bedell and James Ussher.</p>
-
-<p>It was by rare good fortune that the nascent College secured such a student as James
-Ussher. He must have made a name in any case; yet the world is so apt to judge any system
-not by the average outcome, but by the best and worst, that one such name was at that moment
-of the last importance. He was the first great home growth, and, though he refused the Provostship,
-he was so closely connected with the College as Fellow, Lecturer in Divinity, as Vice-Provost
-and as Vice-Chancellor, that no one has ever thought of denying him and his fame
-to the College. His works and character will be discussed in another chapter. What I am
-concerned with is his attitude in the great ecclesiastical quarrels of the day. It was no easy course
-to steer the Church of Ireland between the “Scylla of Puritanism” and the “Charybdis of Popery.”
-Ussher well knew that both were dangerous enemies. In his youth, owing to his daily contact
-with Roman Catholic relatives, with Jesuit controversialists, with the temporising policy of King
-James, who offered further stages of toleration in return for subsidies of money from the Irish
-Catholics, he was strong against the danger on that side, and protested with prophetic wisdom
-that such concessions would lead to rebellion and ruin in Ireland. In his old age, when living
-constantly, either from his public importance or his persecutions, in England, when witnessing
-and suffering from the outrages of the English Revolution, he said in a conversation with Evelyn,
-“that the Church would be destroyed by sectaries who would in all likelihood bring in Popery.”
-The personal complexion of his religion, his constant preaching, his great liberality and good
-feeling towards pious Dissenting ministers, show that he was a strong Protestant, and he always
-showed the strongest apprehension of the ambitious policy of the Romish priesthood, which he
-feared as a pressing danger; but, nevertheless, he was so loyal a Churchman, that he was content
-to overlook many abuses in the system which he administered.</p>
-
-<p>It was this temper, so common in the Anglo-Irish Protestant, which separates him in
-his policy from his eminent and amiable contemporary, Bishop Bedell. But the latter was a
-stranger brought over from England to be Provost, who, with all the generosity and all the
-kindliness of his noble nature, set himself to instruct the native Irish, and to work out the regeneration
-of these barbarians by teaching them religion through the Irish language. So sterling and
-single-hearted was the Bishop, that even the excited rebels of 1641, amid their rapine and
-massacre, spared and respected the excellent old man, and at his death honoured him with a
-great public funeral. But it is plain from Primate Ussher’s dealings with him that this policy of
-persuading the natives was not to the Primate’s taste. Ussher probably believed that there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>
-were serious dangers in the policy of reclaiming the natives through kindness, and their priests
-through persuasion; and if the historians note it as curious that, of all those who ruled the
-College, those by far the most anxious to promote Irish studies were two Englishmen,<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> Bedell
-and Marsh, it will be replied by many in Ireland, that this contrast between the views of the
-English stranger, and of the English settler who knows the country, is still perpetuated.</p>
-
-<p>Such, then, was the attitude of the early rulers of the College, and such their controversies.
-All of them that were not complete Puritans felt what Provost Chappel says in his autobiographical
-(iambic) poem&mdash;<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ruunt agmine facto in me profana turba Roma Genevaque</i>. But
-from the very commencement the College was Puritanical enough to save it from Ecclesiasticism.
-There is therefore nothing strange in the habit of making lay Fellows read short
-sermons (commonplaces) in the Chapel as part of their duty&mdash;a practice only abandoned
-within the memory of our seniors in this century.<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p>
-
-<p>We turn to the few and meagre traditions concerning the moral condition and conduct of
-the students. It must be remembered that they came up at a very early age&mdash;12 to 14 years
-old are often mentioned&mdash;and were only supposed to be partly educated when they took their B.A.
-degree. There were special exercises and lectures for three years more, and only with the M.A.
-were they properly qualified. We may, indeed, be sure that the post-graduate studies were far
-the more important for the serious section of the lads. For they came up very raw and ignorant;
-they even had a special schoolmaster to teach them the elements of Latin and Greek, and of
-course the books they could command were both few and imperfect as educational helps. I do
-not think that from the first the College was at all abandoned to the poor or inferior classes. The
-very earliest lists of names contain those of the most respectable citizens; there were often
-favourite pupils of a Provost, or other Don, who came from England, brought over with their
-teacher. Very soon the Irish nobility began to send their sons. The Court of Wards,
-established by King James I. in 1617, ordered that the minors of important families in Ireland
-should be maintained and educated in English habits, and in Trinity College, Dublin; and the
-first instance of this kind is that of Farrall O’Gara, heir to Moy Gara, County Sligo, who was to
-remain at the College from his 12th to his 18th year. By this means many youths of quality,
-or at least of important family, were enrolled among the students. The Earl of Cork sent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span>
-two sons in 1630; the famous Strafford two in 1637; and we find Radcliffes, Wandesfords, and
-other aristocratic names. What strikes us in the face of this is the extreme economy&mdash;or
-rather the apparently very small prices mentioned in the various early accounts printed by
-Dr. Stubbs from the Bursar’s books.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></p>
-
-<p>This economy, however, only applies to the scholars supported by the House, especially
-the <em>natives</em>, who had various privileges. Fellow-Commoners, and Nobles, such as Strafford’s
-sons, were probably allowed various indulgences. It is interesting to notice that from the
-first a certain proportion of lads came, as they now do, from the counties of England
-(especially Cheshire) nearest to Dublin. On the other hand, while natives are carefully
-distinguished from lads born in Ireland, I cannot find what test was applied to determine
-a “native.” Even in 1613, 20 out of the 65 students are so denominated. The majority
-of the natives, says Archbishop Marsh two generations later, had been born of English
-parents, and were mostly of the meaner sort, but by having learned to speak Irish with their
-Irish nurses, or fosterers, had acquired some knowledge of the vernacular. But they could not
-read or write it. The names quoted by Bedell in 1628 suggest that this account of the parentage
-is true. Conway, Baker, Davis, and Burton are admonished for being absent from Irish prayers.
-These are not Irish names. It is also added by Marsh that most of these native scholars, bred
-in the College, turned Papists in James II.’s reign. This proves that they had Irish mothers,
-and would have afforded James Ussher a strong confirmation for his policy as against Bedell’s.</p>
-
-<p>This society of students was then, as it has ever since been, very various in race, social
-position, and parentage, and to this not a little of its great intellectual activity may be traced.
-It should also be added here that one of the strongest natural reasons for the great prominence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span>
-of the Anglo-Irish, and the extraordinary distinctions they have attained in every great development
-of the British Empire, is that the English settlers of Elizabethan and Jacobean
-days were the boldest adventurers, the young men (often of good family) of the greatest
-energy and courage, to be found among the youth of England. They came to incur great
-risks, to brave many dangers, but to attain great rewards. The rapidity of promotion among
-the ecclesiastics, for example, is quite astonishing: Bishops at 30, Archbishops and Chancellors
-at 40, are not uncommon. And if these daring adventurers were often unscrupulous, at all
-events they and their quick-witted Irish wives produced a most uncommon offspring.</p>
-
-<p>We do not find that any hereditary turbulence showed itself in disorders among the
-students. The early quarrels recorded are all among the Fellows, and upon constitutional
-questions. The main complaints against the boys were very harmless freaks, if we except the
-constant apprehensions of the Deans concerning ale or tippling houses in the city, which were
-assumed to be haunts of vice. Stealing apples and cherries from the surrounding orchards was
-a common offence, coupled, moreover, with climbing over the wall of the College. It shows
-Ussher’s hand when we find this local feature formally noted in the Caroline Statutes. A
-few of Bedell’s entries are the following:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><em>1628. July 16</em> and <em>18.</em>&mdash;At the examinations each forme was censured, and it was agreed that none
-shall ascend out of one forme to another, however absent, till he be examined.</p>
-
-<p><em>August 18.</em>&mdash;Examination for Scholars&mdash;Apposers, Mr. Thomas and Mr. Fitzgerald.</p>
-
-<p><em>August 21.</em>&mdash;The Bachelors to be hearers of the Hebrew Lecture, unless they that were
-able to proceed in that tongue by their private industry, and those are to help in the collation
-of the <span class="fs70">MSS.</span> of the New Testament in Greek. Twelve Testaments were given by Sir William Ussher
-for the Irish.</p>
-
-<p><em>August 24.</em>&mdash;A meeting about the accounts. Warning given of town haunting and swearing. The
-Deans requested to appoint secret monitors for them.</p>
-
-<p><em>September 13.</em>&mdash;The Dean may punish for going in cloaks by the consent of the Provost and greater
-part. Mr. Temple’s letters to the Provost and Fellows answered&mdash;his cause of absence to study in Oxford
-not <em>gravis</em> much less <em>gravissima</em>.</p>
-
-<p><em>September 22.</em>&mdash;The course for banishing boys, not students, by occasion of Mr. Lowther’s boy
-striking Johnson consented to, viz. that fire and water, bread and beer and meat be denied them by the
-butler and cook, under pain of 12d. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">toties quoties</i>.</p>
-
-<p><em>September 23.</em>&mdash;Deane and Wilson mulcted a month’s Commons for their insolent behaviour,
-assaulting and striking the butler, which was presently changed into sitting at the lower end of the Scholars’
-table for a month, and subjecting them to the rod.</p>
-
-<p>The order for placing the Fellow Commoners by themselves in the Chapel for having more room
-begins. Service books bought and bound for the natives.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><em>October.</em>&mdash;Election of Burgesses for Parliament. The Provost and Mr. Donellan, upon better advice,
-the Provost resigning, Mr. Fitzgerald was chosen.</p>
-
-<p><em>December 28.</em>&mdash;The Lord Primate dined in the College at the Hall, and the same Dr. James Ware
-presented the petition for renewing the lands of Kilmacrenny. Jo. Wittar admonished for playing at cards.</p>
-
-<p><em>January 28.</em>&mdash;Tho. Walworth refused to read Chapter, and enjoined to make a confession of his
-fault upon his knees in the Hall&mdash;which he disacknowledging&mdash;he had deserved expulsion.</p>
-
-<p><em>July 23, 1629.</em>&mdash;Sir Walworth said to have sold his study to haunt the town. Somers, Deane, and
-Elliott appointed to sit bare for going out of the Hall before grace, and not performing it, made to
-stand by the pulpit.</p>
-
-<p><em>April 2.</em>&mdash;The proclamation against Priests and Jesuits came forth.</p>
-
-<p><em>April 5.</em>&mdash;Easter day, at which the forms were used for conveniency about the Communion Table.</p>
-
-<p><em>April 11.</em>&mdash;Mr. Travers, for omitting his Common place the second time appointed, punished 13s.
-Mr. Tho. for omitting prayers reading, 5s.</p>
-
-<p><em>May 12.</em>&mdash;The Sophisters proposed supper to the Bachelors: prevented by sending for them and
-forbidding them to attempt it.</p>
-
-<p><em>July 11.</em>&mdash;The Fellow Commoners complain of Mr. Price for forbidding them to play at bowls in the
-Orchard; they were blamed, and it was shown that by Statute they could not play there.</p>
-
-<p><em>July 29.</em>&mdash;Six natives, Dominus Kerdiffe, Ds. Conway, Ds. Baker, Ds. Davis, Ds. Kerdiffe, jun.,
-and Burton, admonished for being often absent from Irish Prayers.</p>
-
-<p><em>August 19.</em>&mdash;The natives to lose their weekly allowance if they are absent from prayers on the
-Lord’s Day.</p>
-
-<p><em>August 29.</em>&mdash;Sir Springham said to keep a hawk. Rawley, for drunkenness and knocking Strank’s
-head against the seat of the Chapel, to have no further maintenance from the house.</p>
-
-<p>Booth, for taking a pig of Sir Samuel Smith’s, and that openly in the day time before many, and
-causing it to be dressed in town, inviting Mr. Rollon and Sir Conway (who knew not of it) was condemned
-to be whipped openly in the Hall, and to pay for the pig.</p>
-
-<p><em>August 6.</em>&mdash;Communion. Sermon upon Psalm 71. 16. The Articles of the Church of Ireland read.<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p></div>
-
-<p>The entries of the 29th August (1629) are peculiarly interesting, but have hitherto not been
-understood in their local connection. There is an entry in Mr. Gilbert’s <cite>Assembly Roll</cite> (ii., p. 82)
-awarding a citizen £8 for a goshawk he had purchased for the city, which hawk had died. This
-is a very large sum&mdash;perhaps equal to £70 now, and out of all proportion to the salaries and the
-prices of necessaries in the College. To keep a hawk was, therefore, somewhat like keeping an
-expensive hunter now, and a proof of great extravagance. As regards the story of the pig, it was
-nothing more than a comic carrying out of an order (above, <a href="#Page_13">p. 13</a>) frequently issued by the
-Corporation, whom Booth took at their word. It seems, therefore, that either such proclamations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>
-were a sham, or that they only referred to the right of citizens to interfere with the
-roving swine.</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_037.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE SOUTH BACK OF THE<br />ELIZABETHAN COLLEGE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The courts seem to have been in grass, as there is an early item for mowing, and 1s. 4d. for
-an old scythe. A vegetable garden was kept for the use of the College on the site of the present
-Botany Bay Square, and the further ground belonging to the precincts is called a firr park, which
-seems to mean a field of furze, much used for fuel in those days. There was neither room nor
-permission for the games and sports so vital to modern College life. The old and strict notion
-of a College life, still preserved in some Roman Catholic Colleges abroad, excluded all
-recreation as waste of time. The Caroline
-Statutes formally forbid playing or
-even loitering in the courts or gardens
-of the College. Nor was this any
-isolated severity. In the detailed
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">horarium</i> laid down for a proposed
-College at Ripon, to be founded by
-James I.’s Queen (Anne of Denmark)
-at this very time, every half-hour in
-the day is fully occupied with study,
-lectures, or prayers.<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> There was considerable
-license, however, allowed at
-Christmas, and it was perhaps from the
-old Monastery of All Hallowes that the
-fashion was transmitted of acting plays
-at that season in the College. The performance seems to have been undertaken by the several
-years or classes. In 1630 it was ordered that the play should be acted, but not in the College.
-The Lord Deputy constrained the unwilling Provost Ussher to permit it. Even in the Caroline
-Statutes, remains of this Christmas license appear in the permission to play cards&mdash;at other times
-strictly forbidden&mdash;in the Hall on that day. Every 17th March (S. Patrick’s Day), the town
-population came in crowds from the city to S. Patrick’s well at the southern limit of the College
-(now Nassau Street, opposite Dawson Street), there to test the miraculous powers of that holy
-well, which at that moment of the year worked strange cures of diseases. We can imagine the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span>
-furze bushes or trees around this well all hung with tattered rags, as may still be seen at wells of
-similar pretensions in the wild parts of Ireland. If the enclosed S. Stephen’s Green was still
-remarkable in the last century “for the incredible number of snipes” that frequented it, so the
-College Park must have contained them in abundance. But it was reserved for our grandfathers
-to boast that they had shot a snipe in the College precincts.<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p>
-
-<p>The intellectual condition of the average 16th century student is even harder to
-ascertain, and I have sought in vain for adequate materials. It does, indeed, appear that
-the Irish New Testament and Prayer Book had been printed. Sir H. Sidney’s <cite>Irish Articles
-of Religion</cite> were brought out in 1566. John Ussher had promoted Kearney’s <cite>Irish Alphabet
-and Catechism</cite>, produced in Dublin from type supplied by the Queen in 1571.<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> William
-Ussher had produced the New Testament in Francke’s printing, 1602. This printer is
-probably the man mentioned as the “King’s printer” in 1615 (for proclamations?). But
-though there is extant a proposed arrangement with the very printer of one of these books
-(Kearney) to live and work in the College,<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> there is no trace of his having done any
-real service. Even the Statutes were in MS., copied out by the hand of the Provost
-or Vice-Provost. The annals of Dublin show, I believe, none but isolated printing till
-about 1627;<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> it was in 1641, both in Kilkenny and Waterford, as well as in Dublin, that
-printing began to be used for disseminating political views. But the earliest students must have
-found it very difficult to obtain books, and there is no trace that any printing press started
-up to meet this urgent want. I am now speaking only of text-books for students,
-by which I mean such small and handy editions as the Latin <cite>Isagoge</cite> of Porphyry, printed
-at Paris in 1535, of which copies are often found in Dublin, as the work was diligently
-taught in the 17th century course. Dudley Loftus’ <cite>Logic</cite> and <cite>Introduction</cite>, printed in 1657
-(Dublin), seem to me the earliest books likely to have been used as text-books in
-Trinity College. Strange to say, there is no copy of either in our College Library. But<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span>
-the official teaching was strictly oral, and the students were merely required to write out in
-theses or reproduce in disputations what their tutors had told them. The College course, as
-laid down by Laud (or Ussher?) in the Caroline Statutes, is plainly not a course in books,
-but in subjects. Not a single text-book, unless it be the <cite>Isagoge</cite> of Porphyry, is specified,
-and this rather for the lecturer than the students. Whatever practical relaxations the course
-then laid down may have undergone, it was chiefly in the post-graduate studies; for the officers
-of the College had no power to alter or emend the programme of Laud till the year 1760,
-when a special King’s Letter gave them authority to do so. This accounts for the great
-quantity of lecturing which went on, each tutor giving three hours every day, not to speak of the
-efforts of the College Schoolmaster, who undertook those that were raw in Latin and Greek.
-Archbishop Loftus, indeed, in his parting address to the College (Armagh Library MS.), exhorts
-the new Provost (Travers)&mdash;“See that the younger sort be well catechised, and that you prescribe to
-the rest a catalogue of approved books to be read by them as foundations of learning, both human
-and divine.” But this alludes to post-graduate studies, for which the Library was then established,<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a>
-and not to the daily studies of the undergraduates. Logic was the chief subject, the
-system of Ramus being brought into fashion by the Cambridge Puritans, and especially by
-Provost Temple, who had written a book on the subject. Chappel was also a famous Ramist
-logician. Very little mathematics was taught, but, on the other hand, Hebrew was regarded as
-of equal importance with Greek; and in every subject we find the student’s knowledge tested,
-not by reproduction of his reading, but by disputations, which showed that he had so far grasped
-a subject that he could attack an adversary or defend himself when attacked.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_039.jpg" width="150" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" />
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> The writer of the first four chapters here acknowledges the generous help received from J. R. Garstin, Esq., B.D.,
-and the Rev. William Reynell, B.D., both in supplying him with facts and in correcting his proofs. This portion of the
-book was undertaken by him suddenly, in default of a specialist to perform it. Hence the large number of extracts
-inserted, in which the facts must rest upon the authority of the authors quoted, as there was no time to verify them. Of
-the three extant histories of the University, those of Taylor and of Dr. Stubbs are very valuable in citing many original
-documents, the former chiefly Parliamentary, the latter from the archives of the College. Heron’s work was written for
-a special purpose, which he pleads throughout, after the manner of his profession.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> “That before the Reformation it [the Royal College of Dublin] was common to all the natives of this
-country, ... and the ablest scholars of the nation preferred to be professors and teachers therein, without any
-distinction of orders, congregations, or politic bodies other than that of true merit,” etc. <em>Cf.</em> <cite>Dublin Magazine</cite> for August,
-1762. This golden age of Irish University education may well be relegated to the other golden ages of mythology.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> I quote the text (which has lately been printed), of which I owe my knowledge to the kindness of Mrs. Reeves,
-who lent me the late Bishop of Down’s MS. copy:&mdash;“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nolui enim Magnatum placitis me accomodare qui summo conatu, immo
-cæco impetu et consutis dolis, operam dederunt ut prope Civitatem Lymericensem vel Armachanam fundaretur, quasi piaculum
-non fuisset periculis belli incendii turbacionis et ruinæ exponere Academiam noviter fundatam, ... nulla alia forsan ratione quam
-uberioris proprii quæstus gratia. Quem et objeci viro eorundem præcipuo prænobili arteque militari conspicuo fascibusque tunc
-potito, non obstante quod nimis subitaneæ iræ impetu sæpius se monstraverat pronum ad furorem et verbera; is enim non semel
-se rapi sinebat æstuantis animi violentia in proclivitatem vim hujuscemodi inferendi aliis; notum enim est ... quam
-strenuum et fortem virum, sed tunc podagra laborantem pedibusque captum percussit ipse iræ infirmitate perculsus, etc. Non
-defui igitur mihi vel Academiæ obstando tanto viro,</span>” etc. In other words, he claims to have incurred great danger of being
-thrashed by Perrott for opposing him! And he retorts the very charge brought against himself, of having pecuniary interests in
-the background.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> I cite from Mr. Wright’s citation of Thomas Smith’s life of James Ussher, <cite>Ussher Memorials</cite>, p. 44.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> E. P. Shirley’s <cite>Original Letters, &amp;c.</cite>, London, 1851, for these and other details.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> Gilbert, <em>op. cit.</em> vol. ii., for Usshers, pp. 17, 22, 65, etc.; for Challoners, pp. 45, 64, 88, 259, etc.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> <em>Op. cit.</em> pp. 64, 88.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> He was uncle to the famous James Ussher, now commonly known as Archbishop Ussher. Henry Ussher, however,
-was also Archbishop of Armagh. He was educated both at Cambridge and at Oxford, as well as abroad.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> On application to Cambridge, I am informed, by the kindness of the Registrar and of Mr. W. A. Wright of Trinity
-College, that Luke Challoner (spelt Chalenor) matriculated as a pensioner October 13, 1582, took B.A. degree in 1585, and
-M.A. in 1589. He was never a Fellow, or even a Scholar, of Trinity College, Cambridge, and obtained his D.D. at one of the
-earliest Commencements in Dublin, probably in
-160<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">0</span>
-  <span class="blka over">1</span>
-</span>.
-</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Stubbs’ <cite>History of the University of Dublin</cite>, Appendix iii., p. 354. None of the histories note that there were
-foreign Colleges founded by Irish priests for the Irish at this very time in Salamanca (opened 1592), Lisbon (1593),
-Douai (1594). Thus there was an active policy to be counteracted by Elizabeth, and these proposed foundations were
-probably set before her by Henry Ussher as a pressing danger. Some account of the Constitution of the Salamanca
-seminary is given in Hogan’s <cite>Hibernia Ignatiana</cite>, Appendix, p. 238. The students were to be exclusively of Irish parentage.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Who these well-disposed persons were is beyond doubt. The Queen mentions Ussher in the Warrant; the College
-mentions Challoner on his tomb&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verseq">“Conditur hoc tumulo Chaloneri triste cadaver</p>
-<p class="verse0">Cujus ope et precibus conditur ista domus.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-James Ussher, in recommending a subsequent Provost (Robert Ussher), says&mdash;“He is the son of that father at whose instance,
-charge, and trust the Charter of the first foundation was obtained from Queen Elizabeth” (<cite>Works</cite>, i., 103). On the epitaph of
-Provost Seele we read&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verseq">“Tecta Chalonerus pia condidit; obruta Seelus</p>
-<p class="verse0">Instauravit.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-In the MS. at Armagh, written in praise of Loftus, and reporting his speeches, we have the following (p. 228):&mdash;“Among
-many prudent inducements suitable to polity and reason which moved the Queen to establish this University and College at All
-Hallowes, the humble peticion of Henry Ussher, Archdeacon of Dublin, in the name of the Citty of Dublin, faithfully and most
-zealously solicited by Dr. Luke Challoner, and as powerfully recommended and promoted by Adam Loftus, etc., was not held
-the least of efficacye as to extrinsicall impressions with the Queen in that behalf.” Here, then, <em>in a panegyric of Loftus</em>, Archbishop
-and Chancellor, his name is postponed to those of the two local men and the City of Dublin. This fact speaks for
-itself. I quote these various documents to correct the current impression that Loftus was the real founder.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Gilbert: <cite>Ancient Records of Dublin</cite>, ii., p. 240</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> The <cite>Book of Benefactions</cite> (first printed in the College Calendar of 1858) gives the date of the actual grant as
-July 21, in the 34th year of Elizabeth.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Stubbs, <em>op. cit.</em> pp. 10, 11.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> From a <cite>Book of Common Prayer</cite> printed in Dublin, 1721, where it appears among the “Prayers for the use of Trinity
-College, near Dublin.” “What authority there was for these prayers has not been ascertained. They certainly were not an
-integral portion of the book as adopted by the Irish Convocation, and in the Dublin-printed edition of 1700 they first appear
-interpolated, in the T.C.D. Library copy, between two of the Acts of Parliament which were then printed in some issues of the
-Church of Ireland Prayer-book.”&mdash;<em>J.R.G.</em> The prayer printed at the beginning of Provost Ashe’s <em>secular sermon</em>, of which
-an illustration is given on <a href="#Page_10">p. 10</a>, was possibly the model: it was printed in
-169<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">3</span>
-  <span class="blka over">4</span>
-</span>.
-</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> The old Dublin seal has men-at-arms shooting with cross-bows from the tops of the towers, which are five stories high.
-The cause of the change is, I believe, known, though I have not learned it.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> It occurs to me, as a solution of this difficulty, that in 1612 Temple and his Fellows were occupied in preparing
-a Charter and Statutes for the University, as distinguished from the College. This scheme, when almost complete, was
-adjourned <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sine die</i>. But if the original seal contained any allusion to Trinity College as an University, which is very
-possible, then this seal, dated 1612, is the first seal of the College as such, and there may have been another seal
-prepared for the University, which disappeared with the failure of the scheme.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Description of Dublin (1610).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> Gilbert’s <cite>Ancient Records</cite>, ii., 16, 63, 99, 142, 377, and on Stanihurst, p. 541.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> The other constant cause of fire mentioned is the keeping of ricks of furze and of faggots close to the houses.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> “It is agreed that no person or persons frome hensforthe shall place any dounge on the pavement betwyxt the
-Dames Gate and the Hoggen Greane; and that they shall suffer no dounge to remayne upon the saide pavement against
-ther houses or gardinges in the said streete above xxiv owres, and that they shall make clean before their gardinges of all
-ramaylie, dounge, or outher fylthe with all convenyent speade; and to place the same and all outher dounge that shalbe
-caryed to the saide greane, in the greate hole by Allhallowes, and not elsewheare upon the same greane, upon payne of
-vis viiid, halfe to the spier and finder, and thother halfe to the cyttie worckes.”&mdash;Gilbert, ii., p. 66.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> On the map of 1610, facsimiled on <a href="#Page_7">p. 7</a> (from Mr. Gilbert), the Hospital and the Bridewell, on the west and
-north of the College respectively, are interchanged in names or in numbers. The descriptions in the records of each,
-<em>op. cit.</em> pp. 390, 420, will prove this mistake in the map.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> The amount is usually stated at £1,800. Dr. Stubbs reduces it to £700. Even so, it was a very large sum. Dr.
-Stubbs also proves that there were some books in the College Library before 1600, <em>op. cit.</em> p. 170.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Fitz-Simons’ <cite>Life and Letters</cite>, translated and edited by E. Hogan, S.J., p. 56. “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Non sine Collegiatorum ingenti
-fremitu, qui hactenus nullum alicujus æstimationis ad se pellicere potuerunt,</span>” evidently refers to Roman Catholic boys, if
-we are to defend the learned Jesuit’s statement as one of fact.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Thus a window in the College Chapel, set up as a memorial of Bishop Berkeley, calls him a <em>Fellow of this University</em>.
-I need not point out how this blunder has been exalted into an official title by the Examining Body called the Royal University
-of Ireland, which has no Professors for its University, and no College for its Fellows.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> <em>op. cit.</em> p. 395. The decision of the Visitors had been for the latter, but reversed by the Chancellor (Archbishop
-Abbot), whose letter shows that he had not apprehended the important distinction between Statute and Charter; the Statutes,
-made by the College, being powerless to abrogate what the Charter had ordained.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> It is now known as Rosslea Manor, in Fermanagh, and pays the College about £2,000 a-year.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Robert Ussher was the only Irish Provost who adopted the same policy. But he was clearly a sentimental person, as
-appears from his cousin the Primate’s judgment, that he was quite too soft to manage the College, and also from the Latin
-letter to the Primate still extant (<cite>Ussher Memorials</cite>, p. 275), a very florid and tasteless piece of rhetoric.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> It also existed at Oxford. Wesley preached in this way as a layman.&mdash;<em>J. R. G.</em></p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> Here is a specimen of Provost Temple’s estimates:&mdash;“Allowed to each Scholar at dinner ¾d., at supper 1d. This
-allowance will be to each Scholar, out of the kitchen, 1s. 2½d. per week, or £2 13s. 1d. per annum. After this rate,
-there being seventeen and a-half messes of Scholars, and for each mess 3d. at dinner, and 4d. at supper, the allowance out
-of the kitchen, made to seventy Scholars, will amount to £185 15s. per annum. The allowance to a Scholar out of the
-buttery. To each Scholar allowed in bread, at dinner ½d., and at supper a ½d., and for his weekly sizings 4d., it cometh
-to 11d. per week; To each Scholar, in beer, ½d. per diem is per week, 3½d. At this rate a Scholar’s allowance, out of
-the buttery, in bread and beer is 1s. 2½d. per week, or £3 2s. 10d. per annum. Now the whole allowance of a Scholar,
-both out of the kitchen and buttery, being 2s. 2¼d. per week, and £5 15s. 11d. per annum, will amount for seventy
-Scholars, to £405 3s. 4d.
-</p>
-<p>
-“The allowance of a Fellow out of the kitchen, 1½d. per each meal, or 3d. per diem, will come to 1s. 9d. per
-week or £4 11s. per annum: according to this rate, there being four messes of Fellows, and for each mess, both dinner
-and supper, 6d., the allowance of the Fellows out of the kitchen will be £72 16s. per annum. The allowance of a Fellow
-out of the buttery at 1d. each for bread, and 1d. for beer, and for his weekly sizings 1½d., will be 1s. 3½d. each, and
-per annum £3 7s. 2d.: after this the allowances of the sixteen Fellows out of the buttery in bread, beer, and sizings, is
-£53 14s. 8d. per annum.”&mdash;<em>Op. cit.</em> p. 40. The details sorely need explanation.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Stubbs, pp. 58, 59.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> this very curious document in <cite>Desiderata Curiosa</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> “There is to be seen here (S. Stephen’s Green), during the winter, an incredible number of snipes, invited by the
-swampiness of the Green during that season, and to avoid their enemies the sportsmen: this is an agreeable and most
-uncommon circumstance not to be met with, perhaps, in any other great city in the world.”&mdash;Harris’s <cite>History of Dublin</cite> (1766),
-p. 481, note.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> <cite>Ussher Memorials</cite>, pp. 122, 128.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Stubbs, p. 22.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> There seem to have been a good many learned books by J. Ussher, Sir James Ware, James Barry, and Sir C.
-Sibthorp printed in Dublin between 1626 and 1636. Then there seems to be a pause till about 1650, when a continuous series
-of Irish prints begins.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The College Library, which forms the subject of another chapter in this book, was intended solely for graduates,
-and we hear that when the victors of Kinsale voted a large part of their prize-money for books, or when the College voted
-money for the same purpose, learned men like Ussher and Challoner were forthwith sent to England to purchase them.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_041a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER II.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">FROM THE CAROLINE REFORM TO THE SETTLEMENT OF WILLIAM III.</span></h2>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse10"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ruunt agmine facto</i></p>
-<p class="verse0"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">In me profana turba Roma Genevaque.</i></p>
-<p class="verse12"><span class="smcap">Provost Chappel’s Autobiography.</span></p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_041b.jpg" width="90" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The first fifty years of this History passed away without much apparent
-advance. The attempt to supply additional room by providing two
-residence-halls in the city (Bridge Street and Back Lane) turned out a complete
-failure.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> As the College grew richer by King James’ gifts of Ulster lands,
-the quarrels of the Fellows and Provost were increased by this new interest. They
-were also still constitution-mongering, and we do not find that the only Dublin man, Robert
-Ussher, who was Provost during this period, was more successful than the imported Cambridge
-men. Among the Fellows appointed, if we except the remarkable group of founders, not a single
-name of note appears save Joshua Hoyle, who came from Oxford, and who was afterwards
-Professor of Divinity, and Master of University College, Oxford. The rest supplied the Church<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span>
-of Ireland with some respectable dignitaries, but nothing more. We know that these things
-were weighing on the mind of the great Primate, who could remember the high hopes and
-the enthusiasm of Dublin when the College was founded. He was convinced that the
-Fellows wasted their energies in College politics, and that the Provost had insufficient
-powers to control them. Laud surely speaks the words of Ussher when he says that the
-College is reported to him as “being as ill-governed as any in Christendom.”
-Archbishop Ussher must have been determined to take from the Fellows the management
-of their own affairs, and entrust it to a Provost nominated by the Crown, administering
-Statutes fixed by the Crown, and only to be altered with its sanction. This great reform he
-carried out by having his friend Archbishop Laud appointed Chancellor, and so having a
-new Charter forced, in 1637, upon the College&mdash;the Caroline Statutes.<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a> It was indeed a
-strong measure to take from the College its self-government, but it was done after due
-deliberation by wise men; and the results have certainly answered their expectations. It
-should, however, be added, in fairness to those who failed during the first 45 years to
-maintain order, that the Crown, while professing to give absolute liberty by Statute, had
-constantly interfered in appointments, and violated the privileges granted by Elizabeth.
-Nor indeed did the Caroline Statutes, which much internal evidence shows to be the
-work of Ussher as well as Laud, succeed forthwith. The experiment was baulked at
-the outset by the unfortunate appointment of Chappel as Provost, a famous logician, but a
-weak and not very honest man,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> whose conduct was about to be impeached by the Irish
-Parliament, when the Rebellion of 1641 burst upon the land. Chappel was then Bishop of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span>
-Cork, but had refused to resign the Provostship. Ten years of misery supervened, when
-Chappel and the next Provost, Wassington, fled home to England, when Faithful Tate and
-Dudley Loftus strove as vice-regents to hold together the affairs of the starving College;
-when the estates were in the rebels’ hands, the valuable plate was pawned or melted,
-Provost Martin dying of the plague which followed upon massacre and starvation:<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a> the
-intellectual heart of Ireland suffered with its members, and responded to the agonies of
-the loyal population with sufferings not less poignant.</p>
-
-<p>Nevertheless, the appointment of the Lord Deputy, Ormonde (a great benefactor
-to the College at the worst moment), as Chancellor is dated the 12th March, 1644.
-He was chosen to succeed Laud. The actual deed is now at Kilkenny Castle.<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a> The
-appointment of the Chancellor was made by the Provost (Anthony Martin, Bishop of Meath)
-and a majority of the Senior Fellows. Ormonde came back with the Restoration, and in
-high favour.</p>
-
-<p>The horror of civil war in England was added to make the cup flow over. Charles, Laud,
-and Ussher were too engrossed with their own troubles to promote the regeneration of the
-College which they had commenced, and so we find that this decennium of anarchy was only
-ended by the strong hand of Cromwell, who undertook to establish order in Ireland. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span>
-“crowd of Geneva” were accordingly established in the College; but justice must admit that
-Henry Cromwell as Chancellor, and Winter as Provost, behaved with good sense and zeal in
-promoting the interests of learning. They, of course, pressed home their doctrines upon the
-students; Winter called to the College zealous controversialists of distinguished piety;<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a> private
-Christian meetings among the students were encouraged rather than official Chapels. Such of
-the former officers as acquiesced in these things&mdash;the Vice-Chancellor Henry Jones, who dropped
-his title of Bishop, and Stearne the physician&mdash;were continued for the sake of their learning. The
-care of outward neatness appears from the entries forbidding linen to be dried in the courts;
-they had washed it there long enough. The Provost undertook several journeys to the remote
-parts of Ireland, to recover the abandoned properties and collect the rents of the College. To
-the Commonwealth, moreover, is due the foundation (1652) of the School of Mathematics, which
-has since become so famous. This initial step was advanced by the bequest of Lord Donegal
-(1660), whose Lecturership is still known by his name.</p>
-
-<p>When the Restoration supervened, Winter and his intimates were expelled as intruders,
-and a new governing body and scholars appointed. But as Cromwell had taken care
-to keep up the traditions of the College by continuing some of the previous Fellows, so the
-Government of Charles II. reappointed several men who had stood by the College all through<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span>
-the interregnum, and saved the continuity of its teaching. Above all, the framers of the well-known
-Act of Settlement took special care of the College, securing to it all the estates to which
-it had a claim, and even endowing the Provost with charges upon forfeited lands in the Archbishopric
-of Dublin. Provisions were made for the founding of a second College under the
-University; presently Dr. Stearne obtained a Charter for the College of Physicians at Trinity
-Hall, close to the Green, in connection with the College. Ussher’s books, which were still lying
-in Dublin Castle, though long since purchased by Cromwell’s soldiers for the College, were now
-formally handed over to it; and in every way its interests were fostered and promoted. The
-Duke of Ormonde as Lord Deputy, and also as Chancellor of the University, and Bishop Jeremy
-Taylor as Vice-Chancellor, may be regarded as the main movers in this policy; whether other
-secret influences were at work I have not been able to ascertain.<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> How firm and wise a
-friend of the College Ormonde was, appears from the following protest he made to the then
-Secretary of State. An Englishman had just been nominated to an Irish bishopric. “It is fit
-that it should be remembered that near this city there is an University of the foundation of
-Queen Elizabeth, principally intended for the education and advantage of the natives of this
-kingdom, which hath produced men very eminent for learning and piety, and those of this
-nation, and such there are in the Church: so that, while there are such, the passing them
-by is not only, in some measure, a violation of the original intention and institution, but
-a great discouragement to the natives from making themselves capable and fit for preferment
-in the Church, whereunto, if they have equal parts, they are better able to do service than
-strangers; their knowledge of the country and relations in it giving them the advantage.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span>
-The promotion, too, of the already dignified or beneficed will make room for, and
-consequently encourage, students in the University, which room will be lost, and the inferior
-clergy much disheartened, if, upon the vacancy of bishopricks, persons unknown to the
-kingdom and University shall be sent to fill them, and be less useful there to Church and
-kingdom than those who are better acquainted with them.”<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a> The scandalous policy of setting
-obscure and careless Englishmen to govern competent Irishmen, which reached its climax
-under Primate Boulter’s influence, has now veered round so completely that there is an
-outcry if an incompetent Irishman is not preferred to any Englishman, however competent.
-Both extremes lead to the same mischief&mdash;estrangement in sentiment from England, and in
-consequence narrow provincialism, which lowers the standard to be expected in important
-posts, by selecting the best local man, instead of the best man in Great Britain and Ireland,
-or even (for scientific appointments) in Europe.</p>
-
-<p>But though the College was thus secured in ultimate material prosperity, there was for
-some years great difficulty in realising property, and we find elections postponed for want of
-funds in 1664 and 1666. A Fellow, William Leckey, was executed in Dublin for participation
-in the plot of 1663 against the King. Still worse, we still find in what Jeremy Taylor
-describes as “the little, but excellent University of Dublin,”<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> great poverty in profound
-scholarship. Two eminent men had indeed come out of Trinity College in this generation.
-Dudley Loftus and Henry Dodwell were second to none of their contemporaries in learning.
-Dodwell was offered a Chair at Oxford solely upon his general reputation. The catalogue of his
-and Loftus’ extant works is still astonishing. Loftus combined in him the blood of the talented
-adventurer Adam Loftus with the far sounder blood of the Usshers.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> But these men would not
-or could not be Provosts&mdash;so that high office fell to such men as Seele, the son of a verger at
-Christ Church, esteemed highly by his contemporaries,<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> and Ward, who was of the old Loftus
-type, having come over from England, and obtained five great promotions, ending with the See<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span>
-of Derry, in which he died, at the age of 39! No wonder that clever lads sought their fortune
-in Ireland. Ward “was esteemed a person of fine conversation and of great sagacity in
-dextrously managing proper conjunctures, to which qualities his rise to so many preferments
-in so short a time was ascribed.”<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p>
-
-<p>It was a very great improvement, and of great service to the College, when the Duke of
-Ormonde reverted again to Oxford, and brought over as Provost Narcissus Marsh, whose Library
-at S. Sepulchre’s still attests the learning and wide interests of the man. Like every Provost
-in those days, he was promptly advanced to the Episcopal Bench; the College then afforded a
-stepping-stone to the episcopal as it now does to the judicial Bench; and if its rulers are now
-usually very old, they were then very young. Marsh was only five years Provost before his
-promotion, and yet even in that short time he produced a lasting effect upon the College.
-What would such a man have accomplished in a lifetime of enlightened government! But
-he was essentially a student, and the duties of the Provost were not then, as they now are,
-compatible with a learned leisure.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>January 167<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;Finding the place very troublesome, partly by reason of the multitude of business
-and important visits the Provost is obliged to, and partly by reason of the ill education that the young
-scholars have before they come to the College, whereby they are both rude and ignorant, I was quickly
-weary of 340 young men and boys in this lewd, debauched town, and the more so because I had no
-time to follow my dearly beloved studies.<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>I have already noted that this enterprising Englishman was bent on promoting the study
-of the Irish language. Let me quote what Dr. Stubbs says&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“Among the Smith MSS. in the Bodleian Library is preserved a letter<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> from Marsh when Primate,
-in which he gives some account of the condition of the College during his residence as Provost. He was
-particularly anxious, as he states, that the thirty Irish-born Scholars, who then enjoyed salaries equal to
-those of the Junior Fellows, should be thoroughly trained to speak and write the Irish language. He
-desired that these should be a body from which the parochial clergy of Ireland might be recruited, in order
-that the people should have the ministrations of religion in their own language. The majority of the
-Natives knew nothing of the grammar of the language, and could make no attempt to read it, or to
-write it. In order to counteract this ignorance, Marsh determined that he would not elect to a native’s<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span>
-place any scholar who was not ready to learn the Irish language thoroughly, and that he would not allow
-them to retain their places unless they made satisfactory progress. To enable them to do this, he employed
-a converted Roman Catholic priest, Paul Higgins, who was a good Irish scholar, and who had been
-admitted as a clergyman of the Irish Church, to reside in his house, and to give instruction to the Scholars
-of the College,<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> at a salary of £16 a-year and his board. He had also the Church Service read in Irish,
-and an Irish sermon preached by Higgins in the College Chapel on one Sunday afternoon in every month,
-at 3 <span class="fs70">P.M.</span> These services seem to have been open to the public; and we learn from Marsh’s letters that
-the ancient Chapel was crowded by hearers on the occasion of the Irish sermons, the congregation
-numbering as many as three hundred. We have no record of the continuance of these Irish services after
-Marsh ceased to be Provost.”</p></div>
-
-<p>He also promoted the study of mathematics, hitherto of little moment in the College. He
-founded a Philosophical Society, as a sort of offshoot of the Royal Society of London, to which he
-contributed a learned paper on Musical Sounds. The curious collection of ancient music still
-extant in his Library (bequeathed for the use of the City of Dublin, but mainly intended for a
-Diocesan Library) shows that he had a special interest in this subject. He wrote for the
-students a sensible text-book of Logic (<em>see fac-simile of title-page, <a href="#Page_37">p. 37</a></em>). He got a new and
-larger Chapel built, which lasted till 1798. But he was still in the era when the College
-authorities had no idea of building ornamentally. The houses and halls were merely
-modest constructions for use, and Dr. Campbell is quoted as describing them:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>The Chapel is as mean a structure as you can conceive; destitute of monumental decoration within;
-it is no better than a Welsh Church without. The old Hall, where College exercises are performed, is in
-the same range, and built in the same style.&mdash;<em>Op. cit.</em> p. 117.</p></div>
-
-<p>This is, I think, to be said of all the buildings in Dublin during the seventeenth century.
-So far as I know, the earliest, and perhaps the best attempt at artistic architecture is the
-Library, which was not commenced till 1709.<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a> All the handsome houses in Dublin date from
-after the middle of the eighteenth century.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_049.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-FAC-SIMILE OF TITLE-PAGE, ARCHBISHOP MARSH’S “LOGIC.”<br />
-<br />
-<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Institutiones LOGICÆ.<br />
-<br />
-IN USUM <span class="smcap">Juventutis Academicæ</span> DUBLINIENSIS.<br />
-<br />
-DUBLINI, Apud S. HELSHAM ad <em>Insignia Collegii</em>,<br />
-in vico vulgò dicto <em>Castle-street</em>. 1681.</span><br />
-</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>When Marsh was promoted&mdash;he became ultimately Archbishop of Dublin and then
-Primate&mdash;Ormonde, the Chancellor, chose another Orientalist, Huntingdon of Merton College, to
-succeed him. But he was by no means so able a man; he came over with great reluctance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span>
-(1686), and immediately decamped upon the outbreak of the second great tumult, which turned
-out even worse for the College than 1641&mdash;the Revolution under James II., and the war which
-was only concluded by William’s victory at the Boyne. The Revolution was a sore blow for the
-College, which was now rapidly rising both in wealth and in intellectual position. The Senior
-Fellows did all they could to conciliate James II., without, however, denying their own
-Protestant character. The King, a weak man, gave them civil words; but they had to deal
-with his advisers, who varied widely in their aims and hopes from those of moderate men.
-The Acts passed by the brief Parliament of James II. have been recently brought into
-clear light by historians,<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> and the only wonder to be explained is the escape of the College
-from the secret Bill of Attainder which was to affect the liberties and properties of all
-Protestants, and from which not even the power of the Crown could grant remission. The
-anecdote how the members for the University kept out of the way, or sent the College
-butler out of the way,<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a> and managed to have the College names omitted, seems to be a
-romance invented to explain an accidental omission, and to gain credit for some worthy
-people who did not fly to England or betray their public trust.</p>
-
-<p>The first acts of aggression were demands to appoint creatures of Tyrconnell’s either to an
-Irish Lecturership which did not exist, or to Junior Fellowships, which required an oath of
-allegiance to the Crown and of adherence to the Church of England, as ordered by Charles II. in
-his <cite>Act of Uniformity</cite>. The Crown had been in the habit of appointing Fellows by mandamus,
-so that this proceeding was not so high-handed as it would be now-a-days. But the plain
-intention of James II.’s advisers, and especially of Tyrconnell, the Lord Deputy, was to force
-Roman Catholics into power and to dispossess Protestant interests. It is to the credit of the
-adventurers sent down to the College by Tyrconnell that they objected to take the oath. The
-Lord Deputy then stopped the Concordatum Fund of £400 a-year. It was a moment when the
-College so clearly felt its increasing numbers, that there was a proposal to sell some of the fast-accumulating
-plate to find funds in aid of new buildings. Apart from gifts made by the parents
-of pupils, there was a charge at matriculation for <em>argent</em>, as there still is in some Colleges at
-Oxford, and it seems to have been thought a convenient way of laying by money which could be
-easily realised in times of danger. How fast this plate had accumulated since the disasters of
-1641 may be inferred from the fact that the College actually embarked 3,990 ounces of silver to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span>
-be sent to London (7th February, 1687). On the 12th, Tyrconnell was sworn in Lord Deputy,
-and had the plate seized. The College reclaimed it, and ultimately recovered it on condition of
-laying out the money in the purchase of land. It seems to have brought 5s. per ounce, and
-is said to have been “profitably” invested. If the College now possessed it, the money value
-would not be less than £5 per ounce; its value in adding dignity to the establishment is not
-easily estimable. As Dr. Stubbs says, the succeeding events are best told from the College
-Register, which he quotes:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><em>January 9,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;The College stock being very low, and there being little hopes of the coming in
-of the rents, the following retrenchment of the College expenses was agreed upon by the Vice-Provost and
-Senior Fellows.</p>
-
-<p><em>January 24,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;The Visitors of the College did approve of the said retrenchment, which is as
-follows:&mdash;Ordered by the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows, because the College is reduced to a low condition
-by the infelicity of the times (no tenants paying any rents, and at present our stock being almost exhausted),
-it was ordered that there should be a retrenchment of our expenses according to the model following; the
-approbation of our Visitors being first obtained:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p><em>Inp.</em>&mdash;That there shall be but one meal a-day in the Hall, and that a dinner, because the supper is
-the more expensive meal by reason of coals, &amp;c. 2. That every Fellow be allowed but three pence in the
-Kitchen per diem, and one penny in the Buttery. 3. That the Scholars be allowed their full allowance
-according to the Statutes, but after this manner, viz.:&mdash;To each Scholar in the Kitchen two pence per diem,
-except on Friday, on which but three half pence. To each Scholar in the Buttery his usuall allowance, which
-was one penny half penny per diem. To each Scholar at night shall be allowed out of the Buttery one half
-penny in cheese or butter, except on Friday night, and that will compleat the Statute allowance. 4. That whereas
-the Statute allowance to each Fellow in Buttery and Kitchen is five shillings and three pence per week, and
-the present allowance comes but to two shillings and four pence, therefore it is ordered that whenever the
-College is able, the first payments shall be made to the Fellows to compleat their Statute allowance in
-Commons. All these clauses above mentioned are to be understood in relation to those that are resident.
-And if it shall happen that the Society shall be forc’t to break up, and quit the place through extreme
-necessity, or any publick calamity, that then all members of the said Society shall for the interim have full
-title and claim to all profits and allowances in their severall stations and offices respectively, when it shall
-please God to bring about a happy restoration. 5. That proportionable deductions be made from what was
-formerly allow’d to the Cooks for decrements, furzes, &amp;c. 6. That the additional charge of Saturday’s
-dinners be laid aside. 7. That for the future no Scholar of the House be allow’d Commons that is indebted
-to his Tutor, and that no Master of Arts, Fellow Commoner, or Pensioner, be kept in Commons that has
-not deposited sufficient caution money in the Bursar’s hands. 8. That whereas we are resolved to keep up
-the Society as long as possibly we can, therefore ’tis ordered that as soon as the College money shall fail,
-all the plate now in our custody be sold or pawned to defray the charges above mentioned. We, the Visitors
-of the College above mentioned, having considered the expediency of the above retrenchment, do allow and
-approve thereof.</p>
-
-<div class="pad6 smcap">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdl">Francis Dublin.</td><td class="tdl">Dive Downes.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Ant. Meath.</td><td class="tdl">John Barton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Richard Acton, <span class="fvnormal"><em>Vice-Provost</em>.</span></td><td class="tdl">Ben. Scroggs.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">George Brown.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><em>January 24,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;It was agreed upon by the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows that the Manuscripts
-in the Library, the Patents, and other writings belonging to the College, be transported into England. At
-the same time it was resolved that the remainder of the plate should be immediately sold, excepting the
-Chappel Plate. The same day the College waited on the Lord Deputy, and desired leave to transport the
-remainder of their plate into England, because they could not sell it here without great loss.</p>
-
-<p>The Lord Deputy refused leave.</p>
-
-<p><em>February 19,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;It was agreed on by the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows that two hundred
-pounds of the College money should be sent into England for the support of those Fellows that should be
-forc’t to fly thither. At the same time the dangers of staying in the College seemed so great that it was
-judged reasonable that all those that thought fit to withdraw themselves from the College for their better
-security might have free liberty so to do.</p>
-
-<p><em>February 25,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;All the Horse, Foot, and Dragoons, were drawn out and posted at severall
-places in the town, from whence they sent parties, who searcht the Protestant houses for arms, whilst others
-were employed in breaking into stables and taking away all their horses. Two Companies of Foot, commanded
-by Talbot, one of the Captains in the Royal Regiment of Foot Guards, came into the College,
-searcht all places, and took away those few fusils, swords, and pistols, that they found. At the same time a
-party of Dragoons broke open the College stables and took away all the horses. The Foot continued in the
-College all night; the next day they were drawn off. On the same day it was agreed on by the Vice-Provost
-and Senior Fellows that the Fellows and Scholars should receive out of the College trunk (the two hundred
-pounds not being sent into England as was design’d) their salaries for their respective Fellowships, Offices, and
-Scholarships, which will be due at the end of this current quarter, together with their allowance for Commons
-for the said quarter.</p>
-
-<p><em>March 1,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;Dr. Browne, Mr. Downes, Mr. Barton, Mr. Ashe, and Mr. Smyth, embark’t for
-England; soon after follow’d Mr. Scroggs, Mr. Leader, Mr. Lloyd, Mr. Sayers, and Mr. Hasset. Mr. Patrickson
-soon after died; and (of ye Fellows) only Dr. Acton, Mr. Thewles, Mr. Hall, and Mr. Allen, continued in the
-College.</p>
-
-<p><em>March 12,</em>
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">8</span>
-  <span class="blka over">9</span>
-</span>.&mdash;King James landed in Ireland; and upon the 24th of the same month, being
-Palm Sunday, he came to Dublin. The College, with the Vice-Chancellor, waited upon him, and Mr. Thewles
-made a speech, which he seemed to receive kindly, and promis’d ’em his favour and pretection;<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> [but upon
-the 16th of September, 1689, without any offence as much as pretended, the College was seized on for a
-garrison by the King’s order, the Fellows turned out, and a Regiment of Foot took possession and continued
-in it.<a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a>]</p>
-
-<p><em>June 13,</em> 1689.&mdash;Mr. Arthur Greene having petitioned the King for a Senior Fellowship, the case
-was refer’d to Sir Richard Nagle; upon which he sent an order to the Vice-Provost and Fellows to meet him
-at his house on Monday, the 17th, to shew reason why the aforesaid petition shud not be granted. The
-reasons offer’d were many, part of ’em drawn from false allegations in the petition, part from the petitioner’s
-incapacity in several respects to execute the duty of a Senior Fellow; and the conclusion was in these words:
-There are much more important reasons drawn, as well from the Statutes relating to religion, as from the
-obligation of oaths which we have taken, and the interests of our religion, which we will never desert, that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span>
-render it wholly impossible, without violating our consciences, to have any concurrence, or to be any way concerned,
-in the admission of him.</p>
-
-<p><em>July 24.</em>&mdash;The Vice-Provost and Fellows, with consent of the Vice-Chancellor, sold a peece of plate
-weighing about 30 ounces for subsistence of themselves and the Scholars that remained.</p>
-
-<p><em>September 6.</em>&mdash;The College was seized on for a Garrison by the King’s order, and Sir John Fitzgerald
-took possession of it. Upon Wednesday the 11th, it was made a prison for the Protestants of the City, of
-whom a great number were confined to the upper part of the Hall. Upon the 16th the Scholars were all
-turned out by souldiers, and ordered to carry nothing with ’em but their books. But Mr. Thewles and some
-others were not permitted to take their books with ’em. Lenan, one of the Scholars of the House, was sick
-of the small-pox, and died, as it was supposed, by removing. At the same time the King sent an order to
-apprehend six of the Fellows and Masters, and commit ’em to the main guard, and all this without any provocation
-or crime as much as pretended; but the Bishop of Meath, our Vice-Chancellor, interceded with the
-King, and procured the last order to be stopt.</p>
-
-<p><em>September 28.</em>&mdash;The Chappel-plate and the Mace were seized on and taken away. The plate was sent
-to the Custom-house by Colonel Lutterel’s order; but it was preserved by Mr. Collins, one of the Commissioners
-of the Revenue.</p>
-
-<p><em>October 21.</em>&mdash;Several persons, by order of the Government, seized upon the Chappel and broke open
-the Library. The Chappel was sprinkled and new consecrated and Mass was said in it; but afterwards being
-turned into a storehouse for powder, it escaped all further damage. The Library and Gardens and the Provost’s
-lodgings were committed to the care of one Macarty, a Priest and Chaplain to ye King, who preserved ’em
-from the violence of the souldiers, but the Chambers and all other things belonging to ye College were
-miserably defaced and ruined.<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></p>
-
-<p>We find in the <cite>Dublin Magazine</cite> for August, 1762, p. 54, the following petition of the Roman Catholic
-Prelates of Ireland, which was probably presented to James II. at this time:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Humbly Sheweth</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="pad8">“That</span> the Royal College of Dublin is the only University of this Kingdom, and
-now wholly at your Majesty’s disposal, the teachers and scholars having deserted it.</p>
-
-<p>“That before the Reformation it was common to all the natives of this country, as the other most
-famous Universities of Europe to theirs, respectively, and the ablest Scholars of this Nation preferred to be
-professors and teachers therein, without any distinction of orders, congregations, or politic bodies, other than
-that of true merit, as the competent judges of learning and piety, after a careful and just scrutiny did approve.</p>
-
-<p>“That your petitioners being bred in foreign Colleges and Universities, and acquainted with many of
-this Nation, who in the said Universities purchased the credit and renown of very able men in learning, do
-humbly conceive themselves to be qualified for being competent and proper judges of the fittest to be
-impartially presented to your Majesty, and employed as such directors and teachers (whether secular or
-regular clergymen) as may best deserve it, which as is the practice of other Catholic Universities, so it will
-undoubtedly prove a great encouragement to learning, and very advantageous to this Nation, entirely devoted
-to your Majesty’s interest.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>“Your petitioners therefore do most humbly pray that your Majesty may be graciously pleased to let
-your Irish Catholic subjects make use of the said College for the instruction of their youth, and that it may
-be a general Seminary for the clergy of this Kingdom, and that either all the bishops, or such of them as
-your Majesty will think fit (by your Royal authority and commission), present the most deserving persons to
-be directors and teachers in the said College, and to oversee it, to the end it may be well ruled and truly
-governed, and pure orthodox doctrine, piety and virtue be taught and practised therein, to the honour and
-glory of God, propagation of his true religion, and general good of your Majesty’s subjects in this realm, and
-as in duty bound they will ever pray,” &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>And the following petition from the heads of the College appears upon the Register:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="center">
-“<span class="smcap">To the King’s Most Excellent Majesty.</span><br />
-“<span class="smcap">The Humble Petition of the Vice-provost, Fellows, and Scholars of Trinity College,<br />
-Near Dublin</span>,</p>
-
-<p>“<span class="smcap">Humbly Sheweth</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="pad8">“That</span> your Petitioners have continued in the College under your Majesty’s most
-gracious protection, acting pursuant to the Statutes and Charters granted by your Majesty’s Royal Father
-and others your Royal Ancestors, And during your Majesty’s absence upon the 6th day of September last,
-by orders pretended to be derived from your Majesty, Guards were placed in the said College, That upon
-ye 16th of ye said month Sir John Fitzgerald came with a great body of armed men, and forceably dispossest
-your Petitioners, and not only dis-seized them of their tenure and freehold, but also seized on the private
-goods of many of your Petitioners, to their great damage and the ruin and destruction of that place; that
-upon the 28th of the said month, under pretence for a search for arms, seizure was made by one Hogan of
-the Sacred Chalices and other holy vessels belonging to ye Altar of the Chappel, and also of the Mace; that
-upon the 21st of October several persons pretending orders from the Government broke open the door of the
-Library, and possest themselves of the Chappel: by all which proceedings your Petitioners conceive themselves
-totally ejected out of their freehold, and despoiled of their propertyes and goods, contrary to your Majesty’s
-laws, tho’ your Petitioners have acted nothing against their duty either as subjects or members of ye College.
-May it therefore please,” &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p><em>November 20,</em> 1689.&mdash;The Vice-Provost and Fellows met together and elected the same officers that
-were chosen the year before.</p>
-
-<p><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Facta est hæc Electio a Vice Præposito et Sociis Junioribus locum Sociorum Seniorum supplentibus,
-quam Præposito et Sociis Senioribus (cum conveniat) vel confirmandam, vel irritam reddendam reliquimus.</span>
-R. Acton, G. Thewles, Js. Hall, J. Allen.</p>
-
-<p><em>December.</em>&mdash;About the beginning of this month Dr. Acton died of a fever.</p>
-
-<p>At the Court at Dublin Castle, April 11th, 1690. Present the King’s Most Excellent Majestie in
-Council.</p>
-
-<p>“Whereas His Majestie has been gratiously pleased to appoint the Right Honorable the L<sup>d</sup> High
-Chancellor of Ireland to visit and view Trinity College, near Dublin, and the Records and Library thereunto
-belonging, and whereas his Majestie is given to understand this day in Council that Mr. George Thewles
-and Mr. John Hall have several Keyes belonging to ye said College in their custody, and refuse to deliver
-the same to his Lordship in order to view the said College records and Library; his Majestie is gratiously
-pleased to order, and doth hereby order the said Mr. George Thewles and John Hall, or either of them,
-forthwith to deliver the said Keyes to the L<sup>d</sup> High Chancellor, as they shall answer the same at their peril.</p>
-
-<p class="right padr2">“<span class="smcap">Hugh Reily</span>, <cite>Copia Vera</cite>.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Upon receipt of this Mr. Thewles and Mr. Hall consulted the Vice-Chancellor and delivered the
-Keyes.</p>
-
-<p><em>April 15,</em> 1690.&mdash;Received from Mr. George Thewles and Mr. John Hall, by his Majesties order in
-Council, ten Keyes belonging to the trunks and presses in the repository of ye College of Dublin by me.</p>
-
-<p class="right padr2"><span class="smcap">Fytton</span>, <em>C.</em></p>
-
-<p><em>June 14,</em> 1690.&mdash;King William landed at Carrick Fergus, and the same day Mr. Thewles died of a
-fever.</p>
-
-<p><em>July 1,</em> 1690.&mdash;The armies of the English and Irish engaged at the Boyne, and the Irish being routed,
-King James returned that night to Dublin, and commanded his army not to plunder or do any harm to the
-city, which order was observed by ye Irish.</p>
-
-<p><em>July 15,</em> 1690.&mdash;Mr. Scroggs landed, and immediately after Dr. Browne, and then Mr. Downes, Mr.
-Reader, the Provost, &amp;c.<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Fellows and Scholars that returned were allowed their Commons, but their salary was reduced
-by agreement to the old Statute allowance, both for Fellowships and places, till the College revenues shall
-increase.</p>
-
-<p>Before King William left Ireland he gave order to ye College to seize upon all books that belonged
-to forfeiting Papists; but the order not being known till about half a-year after, the greatest part of the books
-were lost, but those which were recovered, and worth anything, were placed in the Countess of Bath’s library.<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a></p></div>
-
-<p>The interesting features in this crisis were, first, the steadfast and courageous behaviour
-of Dr. Acton and his three colleagues, two of whom sacrificed their lives for the good of the
-College; secondly, the excellent conduct of the two Roman Catholic priests, Moore and
-Macarthy, who not only exerted themselves with great humanity to save the Fellows and
-scholars and their property from outrage, but showed a real love and respect for learning, and
-a desire to maintain the College for the real objects of its foundation.<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> Thus, if it had not
-been for the narrowness of controversialists and the violence of soldiers, the assaults of Rome
-and Geneva were by no means so disastrous as might have been expected. Nevertheless,
-the College came out of the crisis of James II. with great loss of books, furniture, plate,
-rents&mdash;in fact, for the moment in great distress&mdash;but still the buildings were safe;<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a> the
-character of the College must have been greatly raised by the conduct of its Fellows; there
-had been no time to occupy the estates with new adventurers; and the policy of the new King,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span>
-in spite of his well-known Liberal instincts, must necessarily be strongly Protestant after the
-recent outburst of the opposite party under his opponent, and therefore made him a firm
-friend of the persecuted College.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_056.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-CHAPEL PLATE. (DATED 1632 AND 1638).</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Before closing this chapter, we may say a word upon the changing aspect of the College
-and its surroundings, especially College Green. The foundation of the College soon brought
-with it a desire to build houses in its neighbourhood. But in Bedell’s diary we find that
-the first permission given by the Corporation to build houses close to the gate was frustrated
-by the students raiding upon the works, and carrying the building-plant into the College. The
-builder, indeed, recovered it by the interference of the Provost, but whether the building
-proceeded is doubtful. Still, we hear of Archbishop Ussher lodging in College Green in 1632, a
-very few years after; and a lodging fit for the Primate can have been no mean dwelling.
-There were several sites granted on the north side of Dame Street by the Corporation to
-gentlemen of quality, who built houses, with gardens stretching behind them to the river.
-I have found mention of three of these before 1640. Presently two larger mansions were erected
-there&mdash;Clancarty House, at the foot of the present S. Andrew’s Street, and opposite it Chichester
-House, always a large mansion, often used for Courts, and even Parliaments, till the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span>
-remarkable building was set upon its site. It was one of the objections urged in 1668 to
-Trinity Hall (the site of the present S. Andrew’s Church) for holding students, that they
-could not hear the College bell owing to the number of intervening houses. Thus Dublin
-must have been rapidly growing out in this direction.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a> There are houses in Dawson Street and
-Molesworth Street whose gables show them to belong to the 17th century. So likewise in
-the streets off South Great George’s Street there are still many houses which bear the clear
-character of Dublin building from 1660 to 1700. All the churches were remodelled or rebuilt in
-the end of this or in the succeeding century. But, as I have already said, there was as yet no
-thought of stately or ornamental house architecture. The existing blocks of that date in Trinity
-College (Nos. 22-31) show what was accomplished, and though far better than the buildings
-of “Botany Bay,” which came a century later, are nevertheless mainly interesting from their date
-as marking an epoch in this History. There is no hint that the other lodgings for students,
-since taken down, were in any sense ornamental.</p>
-
-<p>I turn, in concluding this chapter, to the interesting question of the recognition of sports
-and games among the students&mdash;a recognition which reached its climax under Provost
-Hutchinson. The following passage gives us some facts and dates:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>There does not appear to have been any arrangement for the recreation of the Students inside the
-College until 1684, when we find the following entry on August 13:&mdash;“The ground for the Bowling-green
-was granted, and the last Commencement supper fees were allowed towards the making of it.” The
-bowling-green, which was near the present gymnasium and racquet-court, and probably on the site of the
-existing [lawn] tennis-courts, was maintained until early in this century, and a portion of the entrance fees of
-Fellow Commoners was applied to maintain it. On July 28, 1694, leave was given to build a fives-court at
-the east end of the Fellows’ garden. In Brooking’s map of Dublin there appears to have been, in 1728, a
-quadrangular walled-in court on the site of the present New Square, for the recreation of the Students.
-There were two gates giving access to this in the arches under numbers 23 and 25 in the Library Square,
-which is the oldest existing part of the College, and which was erected after [about] 1700. As the Students
-were prohibited from going out into the city without leave, it was obviously necessary that opportunities
-should be given for out-door amusements within the bounds; and the College Park had not been at this
-time laid out and planted. A number of small paddocks occupied at this period the site of the present
-Park; and the College Park, as we have it now, was first formed and planted with trees in 1722.<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a></p></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Some comment upon this passage seems desirable. In the Elizabethan and Jacobean
-College recreations for the students were not only ignored but forbidden. Young men
-came there and were maintained at the expense of the Institution, not to play, but to
-work, as I have above explained. This strictly theological notion was now giving way to
-a secular aspect of things, which tolerated the residence of students in the city,<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> and received
-wealthy young men, who came to spend, not to earn money. The facts just quoted are
-therefore interesting in showing that this change of spirit was now accomplished. For in
-colleges outward acts follow slowly upon new convictions.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_058.jpg" width="200" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" />
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> At the moment that Sir William Brereton visited Dublin (July, 1635), the College and Church of the Jesuits in
-Back Lane, with its carved pulpit and high altar, had lately (1633) been annexed to Trinity College, and lectures were held
-there every Tuesday, Lord Corke paying for the Lecturer. Brereton also saw a cloister and Chapel of the Capuchins,
-which had been turned into S. Stephen’s Hall, in which 18 scholars of the College were then accommodated. It is
-remarkable that all attempts, whether promoted by the College or not, to shape the University of Trinity College according
-to the peculiar model of Oxford and Cambridge have failed.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> It is, indeed, rehearsed with great care in these Statutes that they are approved of by the Provost and Fellows,
-and imposed with their consent; but that consent was extorted by interfering with the appointment of Provost, and
-choosing Chappel to carry out the new policy.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> He was Milton’s College Tutor, and is said to be the Damœtas in <cite>Lycidas</cite>. All the histories tell the anecdote
-of his pressing his adversary in a public disputation at Cambridge so keenly that the unfortunate man swooned in the
-pulpit, when King James, who was present, took up the argument, and presently confessed himself worsted. This kind of
-subtlety may have enabled him to reconcile his various breaches of statute with his sworn obligations. His holding of
-the Bishopric and Provostship together was, however, openly sanctioned by Laud. His Latin autobiography gives us a
-picture quite inconsistent with the complaints of the Fellows and the resolutions of the Irish Parliament against him. It is
-a string of pious lamentations, <em>e.g.</em>&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verseq">“Jam quindecim annos corpus vix ægrum traho</p>
-<p class="verse0">Estque jubilæum hic annus ætatis meæ.</p>
-<p class="verse0"></p>
-
-<hr class="r30a" />
-
-<p class="verse0">Subinde climactera nova vitæ meæ</p>
-<p class="verse0">Incipit et excutit reliquias dentium</p>
-<p class="verse0">Ante putrium, monetque mortis sim memor.”</p>
-</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> Martin seems to have been the best of the early Provosts. But he had special qualifications, being a Galway man,
-educated first in France, then at Cambridge, and then appointed a Fellow of the College, by competition, in 1610. Thus he
-added to his Irish blood and knowledge of the country a wide and various experience. But the terrible insurrection which swept
-over the land made these qualities of little import beside his moral strength. When driven from his Diocese of Meath, he was
-made temporary Provost, according to the petition of the Fellows, who found fault with Faithful Tate (Stubbs, appendix).
-He suffered further persecution from the Parliamentary Commissioners, but through all his adversities maintained the same
-constancy. “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Is est qualis alii tantum videri volunt, et in humaniori literatura, et in vitæ integritate germanissimus, certe
-Nathaniel sine fraude.</span>”&mdash;Taylor, p. 238.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> The reader will be glad to see the text of this document, which I have copied from the original in Lord Ormonde’s
-possession:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p>
-“<span class="smcap">Cum per Mortem</span> Reverendissimi in Christo Patris Guilielmi nup. Archiepi</p>
-
-<p>
-“Cantuariensis et totius Angliæ primatis Dubliniensis nostra Academia Cancellarii necessario et nobili præsidio
-immature</p>
-
-<p>
-“Sit orbata: nos Anthonius providentia divina Midensis E<span class="over">pus</span> Præpositus, et Socii Seniores Collegii <span class="over">sctæ</span> et
-individuæ</p>
-
-<p>
-“Trinitatis Reginæ Elizabethæ juxta Dublin, secundum licentiam et potestatem nobis per Chartam fundationis</p>
-
-<p>
-“Concessam, Honoratissimum Dominum, Dominum Jacobum Marchionem Ormoniæ, Comitem Ormoniæ et Ossoriæ,
-Vice-Comitem Thurles, Baronem de</p>
-
-<p>
-“Arcloe, Dūm Locumtenentem, et generalem Gubernatorem Regni H<span class="over">ibni</span>æ et Regiæ Majestati a secretioribus
-conciliis, Virum</p>
-
-<p>
-“Nunquam satis laudatum, de quo quicquid in laudem dicitur, infra meritum dicitur, Virum spectatæ integritatis et
-fidei erga principem et</p>
-
-<p>
-“Patriam veræ Religionis acerrimum Vindicem, Literarum et Literatorum Mæcenatem amplissimum et de nobis
-imprimis et Collegio <span class="over">nso</span> in hisce</p>
-
-<p>
-“Temporis angustiis optime meritum, quippe qui nos, et res nostras ad ruinam inclinantes adjutrice manu
-sustinuit, et ab internecione et</p>
-
-<p>
-“Interitu sæpius vindicavit, ut antehac dignissimum semper censuimus, qui ad Clavem Academiæ sederet, ita
-nunc Academiæ p’dictæ</p>
-
-<p>
-“Cancellarium junctis Suffragiis et Calculis eligimus, nominamus, et admittimus, Hancque dictionem nominationem
-et admissionem</p>
-
-<p>
-“Subscriptis nominibus et communi Sigillo, et per litt p’ntes confirmamus. Datum e Collegio nostro duodecimo
-die Martii, Anno Dni. millesimo</p>
-
-<p>
-“Sexcentesimo quadragesimo quarto.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="pad6 smcap">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdl">“Tho: Seele.</td><td class="tdl">Ant: Midensis,</td><td class="tdl">Jo: Kerdiff.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">“Gul. Raymond.</td><td class="tdc fvnormal">Coll: p<sup>r.</sup> p<sup>o.</sup></td><td class="tdl">Tho: Locke.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl">Ja: Bishopp.”</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p>
-There is appended the common seal&mdash;viz., on thick red wax the College Arms as usual, but with towers domed
-and flagged, each flag blowing outwards, the harp much larger than usual, and shield surrounded by an oval, and round it
-the usual legend, with APRILL added, and the date (1612) in the space over the shield. See <a href="#Page_11">page 11</a> for seal, with some
-of the signatures of the Senior Fellows. Three of them who had been driven from their livings had petitioned the Lord
-Deputy to be restored to their Senior Fellowships, and accordingly now show their gratitude. Seele was afterwards
-Provost.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> Several are mentioned by Dr. Stubbs, <em>op. cit.</em> p. 95.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> As regards the estates, <em>cf.</em> Stubbs, p. 111. I add the copy of the appointment of Jeremy Taylor by Ormonde, preserved
-among the Ormonde MSS.:&mdash;“To all Xian people to whom these presents shall come, greeting. Know yee that I James
-Marquis of Ormonde Earle of Ormond Ossory and Brecknock Visct Thurles Lord Baron of Arcloe and Lanthony Lord
-of the Regalities and Libertyes of the County of Tiperary one of the Lords of his Ma<sup>ties</sup> most Hon<sup>ble</sup> privy Councell
-of both Kingdoms of England and Ireland Lord [&amp;c., &amp;c.] and Chancellor of the University of Dublyn considering
-the great learning the eminent Piety and the exemplary good life and conversacon of the Reverend Father in God
-Jeremy Taylour Doctor of Divinity and now Lord Bpp Elect of the United Bishoprick of Downe and Connor and his
-wisdome ability and experience in manageing and governing all affaires incident to the office of a Vice-Chancellor of an
-university and necessary for the advancement of Piety and Learning doe therefore hereby nominate constitute and appoint
-the said Reverend Father in God Doctor Jeremy Taylour Vice-Chancellor of the University aforesaid and doe by these
-presents authorize him to doe execute &amp; performe all such act &amp; acts Thing and Thinges &amp; to exercise such powers &amp;
-authorityes &amp; to receive all such proffitts &amp; benefitts as to the said office of Vice-Chancellor appertaineth &amp; that as
-fully amply and beneficially to all intents &amp; purposes as any person or persons formerly holding or exercising the said
-office of Vice-Chauncellor held enjoyed or exercised, or ought to have held enjoyed or exercised the same. In witness
-whereof I have to these presents sett my hand and fixed my seall the one &amp; thirtieth day of August in the yeare of our
-Lord God 1660 &amp; in the twelfth year of the Rainn of our Soveraine Lord Charles the 2<sup>nd</sup> by the Grace [&amp;c.].&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ormonde.</span>”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Taylor’s <cite>History</cite>, p. 43.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> Preface to the London edition of his University Sermon, 1661.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> the interesting article on this eminent man by Professor G. Stokes in the <cite>Jour. R. S. of Antiq., Ireland, for
-1890</cite>, pp. 17, <em>seq.</em></p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> In the MS. preserved at Armagh, containing an account of Adam Loftus’ eloquence on the subject of Trinity
-College, the writer, who lived about the centenary of its foundation, says (p. 227)&mdash;“Of the old structure there remains
-no more than the steeple, which belonged to that said monastery [All Hallowes] which was lately restored and beautified
-under the Government of Thomas Seele, late Provost of this Colledge.” Seele began the enlargements of the College, which
-succeeded one another rapidly for the next century and a-half.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> Harris’ <cite>Ware</cite>. Loftus was made Archbishop of Armagh at the age of 28!</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> In his MS. autobiography, preserved in his Library. For an interesting account of Archbishop Marsh, see
-<cite>Christian Examiner</cite>, vol. xi., p. 647. 1831. The ill education of the young scholars has again become a grave difficulty
-in Trinity College, since the establishment of the so-called system of Intermediate Education. The old hedge-school
-masters sent us better pupils.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> Printed in the <cite>Christian Examiner</cite>, vol. ii., p. 762, 2nd series (1833).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> Bishop Dopping, in his letter to the Hon. Robert Boyle (Boyle’s <cite>Life and Correspondence</cite>, vol. i.), gives an
-interesting account of these classes, at which he states Fellows and Students attended to the number of eighty, and that
-they, following the Provost’s example, made considerable progress in the Irish language.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Dunton speaks of it in 1699 as about to be built. The present Royal Hospital at Kilmainham is the oldest
-secular building of any importance about Dublin. It was finished shortly before 1700, when it must have been quite unique.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> <em>e.g.</em>, Mr. Dunbar Ingram.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> It may be read in Taylor’s History (pp. 55, <em>seq.</em>) or in Dr. Stubbs’, who gives Archbishop King as the original
-authority. Mr. Heron tells us that one of these members was a Roman Catholic.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> “He promised that he would preserve them in their liberties and properties, and rather augment than diminish
-the privileges and immunities granted to them by his predecessors.”&mdash;Abp. King’s <cite>State of Protestants</cite>, sec. lxxix.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> This entry must have been made subsequently and separately.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> “Many of the chambers were turned into prisons for Protestants. The Garrison destroyed the doors, wainscots,
-closets, and floors, and damnified it in the building and furniture of private rooms, to at least the value of two thousand
-pounds.”&mdash;<em>King</em>, sec. lxxix.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> This entry requires further verification, for Huntingdon never resumed the office after his flight, and the new
-Provost was not yet appointed. On the piece of plate presented to the College in 1690 he calls himself <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">nuper Præpositus</i>,
-lately Provost.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> Stubbs, pp. 127-133.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> Moore, who retired to the Continent with James II., was important enough to be afterwards appointed Rector of
-the University of Paris.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> Wonderful to relate, the chalices which ran these and other terrible risks, and the flagons of the same date, figured
-on <a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a>, escaped, and are still in constant use in the College Chapel. They will be more fully described in another chapter.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> Brereton says in 1635 (<cite>Travels</cite>, p. 144)&mdash;“The cittie of Dublin is extending his boundes and limits very farr,
-much additions of buildings are lately made, and some of these very fair, stately and complete buildings. Every commodity
-is grown very dear.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> Stubbs, pp. 144, 145. The author does not explain what the supper Commencement fees were, nor does he state
-that some land was bought by the College to complete the Park.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> The proposal to recognise as students those who had matriculated, but lodged in the city of Dublin, is as old as Bedell’s
-time, who favours it. <em>Cf.</em> <em>College Calendar</em> for 1833, Introd., p. xxvi.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_059a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER III.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY UP TO 1758.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="pfs80"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Nec conclusisti me in manibus inimici: statuisti in loco spatioso pedes meos</i>.&mdash;<span class="smcap">Ps. xxx.</span> 9.</p>
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_059b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The great expansion of the College about the time of its first Centenary
-seems to have been rather the effect of circumstances than of a strong
-and able government. The Provosts were perpetually being promoted
-to Bishoprics, and were in any case not very remarkable men. Nevertheless,
-the Centenary was celebrated with great pomp, and in a manner
-widely different from that which is now in fashion at such feasts. Almost the
-whole day was occupied with various orations in praise of founders or of the
-studies of the place. We do not hear that any visitors but the local grandees of
-Dublin attended, nor is there any detail concerning the entertainment of the body,
-after the weariness inflicted upon the mind, of the audience. There may possibly be some
-details still concealed in the College Register, the publication of which among our historical
-records is earnestly to be desired. Dr. Stubbs (pp. 136-8) prints the following:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>In the morning there were the customary prayers in the Chapel and a sermon.</p>
-
-<p>At 2 p.m., after a musical instrumental performance, an oration was made by Peter Browne,
-F.T.C., containing a panegyric in honour of Queen Elizabeth: “Deus nobis hæc otia fecit.” Dominus
-Maude, Fellow Commoner, followed with a Carmen Seculare in Latin hexameters&mdash;</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verseq">“Aspice venturo lætentur ut omnia seclo</p>
-<p class="verse0">... sequitur ramis insignis olivæ.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Then Benjamin Pratt, F.T.C., followed with praise of King James the First: “Munificentissimi Academiæ
-auctoris;” “pariter pietate vel armis egregii.”</p>
-
-<p>George Carr, F.T.C., commemorated the Chancellors of the University during the preceding century&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">“Nec nos iterum meminisse pigebit Elissæ.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Sir Richard Gethinge, Bart., followed with an English poem in memory of the illustrious founder
-of the College.</p>
-
-<p>Robert Mossom, F.T.C., delivered a Latin oration in praise of Charles the First and Charles the
-Second&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“Heu pietas, heu prisca fides ...</p>
-<p class="verse0">... Amavit nos quoque Daphnis.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Then followed a recitation of some pastoral verses by Dr. Tighe and Dr. Denny, Fellow Commoners, bearing
-upon the revival of the University by William and Mary&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verseq">“Jam fides et pax, et honor pudorque</p>
-<p class="verse0">Priscus, et neglecta redire Virtus</p>
-<p class="verse0">Audet.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>A thanksgiving ode was then sung, accompanied by instrumental music.</p>
-
-<p>A grateful commemoration of the benefits which the City of Dublin had conferred upon the
-University, by Richard Baldwin, F.T.C.&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">“Laudabunt alii claram Rhodon aut Mitylenen.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Verses commemorating the hospitality shown to the members of the University when dispersed, by
-the sister Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, were recited by Benjamin Hawkshaw, B.A., William
-Tisdall, B.A., Jeremiah Harrison, B.A.&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">“ ... Quales decet esse Sorores.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Then there was a Latin debate on the subject, “Whether the Sciences and Arts are more indebted
-to the Ancients or the Moderns.”</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">For the Ancients&mdash;Nicholas Foster, B.A.</p>
-<p class="verse0">For the Moderns&mdash;Robert Cashin, B.A.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Then followed a “Carmen seculare lyricum,” recited by Anthony Dopping, son of the Bishop of Meath&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“Alterum in lustrum meliusque semper</p>
-<p class="verse0">... Proroget ævum.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>Concerning the increase of University studies, in a humorous speech by Thomas Leigh, B.A.</p>
-
-<p>Eugene Lloyd, Proctor of the University, closed the Acts.</p>
-
-<p>A skilled band of musicians followed the procession as they left the building.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>To this Dunton, writing from Dublin in 1699, while the memory of it was still fresh, adds
-some curious details&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>Leaving Dr. Phœnix’s house, our next visit was to the College of Dublin, where several worthy gentlemen
-(both Fellows and others) had been great benefactors to my auction. When we came to the College,
-we went first to my friend Mr. Young’s chamber; but he not being at home we went to see the Library,
-which is over the Scholars’ lodgings, the length of one of the quadrangles, and contains a great many choice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span>
-books of great value, particularly one, the largest I ever saw for breadth; it was an “Herbal,” containing the
-lively portraitures of all sorts of trees, plants, herbs, and flowers. By this “Herbal” lay a small book, containing
-about sixty pages in a sheet, to make it look like “the Giant and the Dwarf.” There also (since I
-have mentioned a giant) we saw lying on a table the thigh-bone of a giant, or at least of some monstrous
-overgrown man, for the thigh-bone was as long as my leg and thigh; which is kept there as a convincing
-demonstration of the vast bigness which some human bodies have in former times arrived to. We were next
-showed by Mr. Griffith, a Master of Arts (for he it was that showed us these curiosities), the skin of one Ridley,
-a notorious Tory, which had been long ago executed; he had been begged for an anatomy, and, being
-flayed, his skin was tanned, and stuffed with straw. In this passive state he was assaulted with some mice
-and rats, not sneakingly behind his back, but boldly before his face, which they so much further mortified,
-even after death, as to eat it up; which loss has since been supplied by tanning the face of one Geoghagan,
-a Popish Priest, executed about six years ago for stealing; which said face is put in the place of Ridley’s.</p>
-
-<p>At the east end of this Library, on the right hand, is a chamber called “The Countess of Bath’s
-Library,” filled with many handsome folios, and other books, in Dutch binding, gilt, with the Earl’s Arms
-impressed upon them; for he had been some time of this house.</p>
-
-<p>On the left hand, opposite to this room, is another chamber, in which I saw a great many manuscripts,
-medals, and other curiosities. At the west end of the Library there is a division made by a kind of wooden
-lattice-work, containing about thirty paces, full of choice and curious books, which was the Library of that
-great man, Archbishop Ussher, Primate of Armagh, whose learning and exemplary piety has justly made him
-the ornament, not only of that College (of which he was the first scholar that ever was entered in it, and the
-first who took degrees), but of the whole Hibernian nation.</p>
-
-<p>At the upper end of this part of the Library hangs at full length the picture of Dr. Chaloner,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> who
-was the first Provost of the College, and a person eminent for learning and virtue. His picture is likewise
-at the entrance into the Library, and his body lies in a stately tomb made of alabaster. At the west end of
-the Chapel, near Dr. Chaloner’s picture (if I do not mistake), hangs a new skeleton of a man, made up and
-given by Dr. Gwither, a physician of careful and happy practice, of great integrity, learning, and sound
-judgment, as may be seen by those treatises of his that are inserted in some late “Philosophical Transactions.”</p>
-
-<p>Thus, Madam, have I given you a brief account of the Library, which at present is but an ordinary
-pile of building, and cannot be distinguished on the outside; but I hear they design the building of a new
-Library, and, I am told, the House of Commons in Ireland have voted £3,000 towards carrying it on.<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p>
-
-<p>After having seen the Library, we went to visit Mr. Minshull, whose father I knew in Chester. Mr.
-Minshull has been student in the College for some time, and is a very sober, ingenious youth, and I do
-think is descended from one of the most courteous men in Europe; I mean Mr. John Minshull, bookseller
-in Chester.</p>
-
-<p>After a short stay in this gentleman’s chamber, we were led by one Theophilus, a good-natured sensible
-fellow, to see the new house now building for the Provost, which, when finished, will be very noble and
-magnificent.<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a> After this, Theophilus showed us the gardens belonging to the College, which were very pleasant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span>
-and entertaining. Here was a sun-dial, on which might be seen what o’clock it was in most parts of the
-world.</p>
-
-<p>This dial was placed upon the top of a stone representing a pile of books; and not far from this
-was another sun-dial, set in box, of very large compass, the gnomon of it being very near as big as a barber’s
-pole.</p>
-
-<p>Leaving this pleasant garden, we ascended several steps, which brought us into a curious walk, where
-we had a prospect to the west of the city and to the east of the sea and harbour; on the south we could
-see the mountains of Wicklow, and on the north the River Liffey, which runs by the side of the College.</p>
-
-<p>Having now, and at other times, thoroughly surveyed the College, I shall here attempt to give your
-Ladyship a very particular account of it. It is called Trinity College, and is the sole University of Ireland. It
-consists of three squares, the outward being as large as both the inner, one of which, of modern building, has
-not chambers on every side; the other has, on the south side of which stands the Library, the whole length of
-the square. I shall say nothing of the Library here (having already said something of it), so I proceed to tell
-you, Madam, that the Hall and Butteries run the same range with the Library, and separate the two inner
-squares. It is an old building, as is also the Regent-house, which from a gallery looks into the Chapel, which
-has been of late years enlarged, being before too little for the number of Scholars, which are now, with the
-Fellows, &amp;c., reckoned about 340. They have a garden for the Fellows, and another for the Provost, both neatly
-kept, as also a bowling green, and large parks for the students to walk and exercise in. The Foundation
-consists of a Provost (who at present is the Reverend Dr. George Brown, a gentleman bred in this house
-since a youth, when he was first entered, and one in whom they all count themselves very happy, for he is an
-excellent governor, and a person of great piety, learning, and moderation), seven Senior Fellows, of whom two
-are Doctors in Divinity, eight Juniors, to which one is lately added, and seventy Scholars. Their Public
-Commencements are at Shrovetide, and the first Tuesday after the eighth of July. Their Chancellor is His
-Grace the Duke of Ormonde. Since the death of the Right Reverend the Bishop of Meath<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a> they have had
-no Vice-Chancellor, only <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pro re nata</i>.</p>
-
-<p>The University was founded by Queen Elizabeth, and by her and her successors largely endowed,
-and many munificent gifts and legacies since made by several other well-disposed persons, all whose names,
-together with their gifts, are read publicly in the Chapel every Trinity Sunday, in the afternoon, as a grateful
-acknowledgment to the memory of their benefactors; and on the 9th of January, 1693 (which completed a
-century from the Foundation of the College), they celebrated their first secular day, when the Provost, Dr.
-Ashe, now Bishop of Clogher, preached, and made a notable entertainment for the Lords Justices, Privy
-Council, Lord Mayor and Aldermen of Dublin. The sermon preached by the Provost was on the subject of
-the Foundation of the College, and his text was Matthew xxvi. 13: “Verily I say unto you, Wheresoever this
-Gospel shall be preached in the whole world, there shall also this, that this woman hath done, be told for a
-memorial of her;” which in this sermon the Provost applied to Queen Elizabeth, the Foundress of the College.
-The sermon was learned and ingenious, and afterwards printed by Mr. Ray, and dedicated to the Lords
-Justices, who at that time were the Lord Henry Capel, Sir Cyril Wiche, and William Duncomb, Esq. In
-the afternoon there were several orations in Latin spoke by the scholars in praise of Queen Elizabeth and
-the succeeding Princes, and an ode made by Mr. Tate (the Poet Laureate), who was bred up in this College.
-Part of the ode was as this following:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="verse0">Great Parent, hail! all hail to Thee;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Who has the last distress surviv’d,</p>
-<p class="verse2">To see this joyful day arriv’d;</p>
-<p class="verse0">The Muses’ second Jubilee.</p>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<p class="verse0">Another century commencing,</p>
-<p class="verse2">No decay in thee can trace;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Time, with his own law dispensing,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Adds new charms to every grace,</p>
-<p class="verse2">That adorns thy youthful face.</p>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<p class="verse0">After War’s alarms repeated,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And a circling age completed,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Numerous offspring thou dost raise,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Such as to Juverna’s praise</p>
-<p class="verse0">Shall Liffey make as proud a name</p>
-<p class="verse0">As that of Isis, or of Cam.</p>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<p class="verse0">Awful Matron, take thy seat</p>
-<p class="verse2">To celebrate this festival;</p>
-<p class="verse0">The learn’d Assembly well to treat,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Blest Eliza’s days recall:</p>
-<p class="verse0">The wonders of her reign recount,</p>
-<p class="verse0">In strains that Phœbus may surmount.</p>
-<p class="verse2">Songs for Phœbus to repeat.</p>
-<p class="verse0">She ’twas that did at first inspire,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And tune the mute Hibernian lyre.</p>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<p class="verse0">Succeeding Princes next recite;</p>
-<p class="verse0">With never-dying verse requite</p>
-<p class="verse2">Those favours they did shower.</p>
-<p class="verse0">’Tis this alone can do them right:</p>
-<p class="verse0">To save them from Oblivion’s night,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Is only in the Muse’s power.</p>
-</div><div class="stanza">
-<p class="verse0">But chiefly recommend to Fame</p>
-<p class="verse0">Maria, and great William’s name,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Whose Isle to him her Freedom owes</p>
-<p class="verse0">And surely no Hibernian Muse</p>
-<p class="verse0">Can her Restorer’s praise refuse,</p>
-<p class="verse2">While Boyne and Shannon flows.</p>
-</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>After this ode had been sung by the principal gentlemen of the Kingdom, there was a very diverting
-speech made in English by the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terræ Filius</i>.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a> The night concluded with illuminations, not only in the College
-but in other places. Madam, this day being to be observed but once in a hundred years, was the reason
-why I troubled your ladyship with this account.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">The sermon preached by Dr. St.-G. Ashe, who presently resigned the Provostship, is still
-extant;<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a> so is the musical ode, but so scarce that there seems to be only one copy known,
-which the researches for the present feast have unearthed. Some of the text, which
-was composed by Nahum Tate, sometime (1672) a scholar of the House, is given above
-from Dunton; the rest, which is printed with the music, is of the same quality. It is
-chiefly a panegyric of the reigning sovereigns, William and Mary, justified by their recent
-indulgences to the College on account of its losses in the Revolution. The music of
-the ode was composed by no less a person than Henry Purcell, and would certainly have
-been repeated at our Tercentenary had it been equal to his standard works. But it is a
-curiously poor and perfunctory piece of work, whereas the anthem then recently composed
-by Blow, “I beheld, and lo, a great multitude,” still holds its place in our Chapel, and we<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span>
-gladly reproduce it in the present festival. The title-page of the score of the ode states that
-it was performed at Christ Church, whereas the accounts of the celebration speak of it in the
-College&mdash;a discrepancy which I cannot reconcile.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_064.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-TITLE-PAGE OF THE CENTENARY SERMON.<br />
-<br />
-A SERMON PREACHED IN Trinity-College Chappell,<br />
-BEFORE THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN<br />
-JANUARY the 9th,
-169<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">3</span>
-  <span class="blka over">4</span>
-</span>.<br />
-Being the First SECULAR DAY SINCE ITS FOUNDATION BY Queen ELIZABETH<br />
-<br />
-
-By <em>St. George Ashe</em>, D. D. Provost of <em>Trinity College, Dublin</em>.<br />
-Published by the Lords Justices Command.<br />
-Printed by <em>Joseph Ray</em> on <em>College Green</em>, for <em>William Norman</em><br />
-Bookseller in <em>Dames Street, Dublin</em>. 1694</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The series of Provosts to whom I have referred&mdash;Ashe (1692), G. Browne (1695),
-Peter Browne (1699), Pratt (1710)&mdash;were all promoted to Bishoprics, except the first
-Browne, who died of the blow of a brickbat which struck him in a College row, and
-Pratt, who was so insignificant that he could only obtain a Deanery as a bribe for
-his resignation. Of these but one man has left a name, Peter Browne<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a> who composed
-a work on the “Procedure of the Understanding,” evidently called forth by the recent
-Essay of Locke, which had been introduced into the post-graduate course by Ashe, and
-was then very popular. More celebrated, and more interesting in this history, is the
-well-known Charge to the clergy of Cork <em>on drinking healths</em>, in which the Bishop criticises
-“the glorious, pious, and immortal memory” so dear to Irish Protestants, and all such other
-toasts, as senseless, heathenish, and offensive. It was always understood by his contemporaries
-that this Charge showed the writer to be a Jacobite, and when we hear of the long
-struggle of Provost Baldwin in subduing this spirit in the College, we may fairly conjecture<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span>
-that during the reign of Browne (1699-1710) it was allowed to grow without active
-interference. It may indeed be thought that the declaration of loyalty to Queen Anne,
-drawn up and signed by the Senate in 1708 (Stubbs, Appendix xxxiv.), where Peter Browne’s
-name as Provost appears next to the Vice-Chancellor’s, is evidence against this statement. The
-declaration was caused by the speech of one Edward Forbes, who was deprived of his degrees.
-I do not, however, think this merely formal declaration can overcome the indirect, but serious
-evidence of the Bishop’s personal Charge. There seem to be very few details published
-concerning this remarkable man’s life. But a group of famous young men were then passing
-through the College&mdash;Swift, Berkeley, Delany; and King, an old scholar, was Archbishop of
-Dublin. Berkeley was a Fellow, but we hear nothing of him in the College politics of the
-day.<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Foundation, therefore, had now become strong enough to live and flourish in spite
-of, or in disregard of, its governors. There is now, indeed, much insubordination mentioned.
-There seem to have been many disturbances; the discipline of the place had doubtless
-suffered through constantly changing Provosts, who were probably counting upon promotion
-as soon as they were appointed. It was therefore of no small importance to the ultimate
-success of Trinity College, that for almost the whole of the eighteenth century it was
-ruled by three men who were not promoted, and who devoted a life’s interest to their
-duties. In the forty years preceding 1717 there had been (counting Moore) eight Provosts.
-In the eighty years succeeding there were only three, and of these the first, Baldwin, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span>
-probably the guiding spirit during the rule of his weak predecessor, since 1710. The
-reasons which prevented Baldwin going the way of all Provosts in those days, and
-passing on to a Bishopric, have never been explained. His contemporaries were more
-surprised at it (says Taylor) than we can be. And yet these reasons are manifest
-enough, and disclosed to us in one of the most obvious sources of information&mdash;the
-private correspondence of Primate Boulter. That narrow and mischievous Whig politician,
-whose whole correspondence is one vast network of jobbing in appointments,
-came into power in 1724, and was for eighteen years the arbiter of promotion, even
-of lay promotion, in Ireland. He was a man so tenacious of a few ideas, that he keeps
-repeating them in the same form with a persistency quite ludicrous, if it had not led
-to very mischievous effects. He shows the same earnestness, whether it be in
-importuning Bishops and Ministers for the promotion to a Canonry of an obscure
-friend whose eyesight was so defective that he was unfit for any post; or whether it be
-in urging his narrow policy that all the high offices in Ireland should be filled by
-Englishmen. “I hope, after what I have written in many letters before, I need not
-again urge the necessity of the See not being filled with a native of the country.”<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a> And
-it is remarkable that by <em>natives</em> he only means the Anglo-Irish who had now attained
-like Swift, some feeling for the rights of Ireland. Hence he shows in many letters a
-marked dislike and suspicion of Trinity College, which asserted its independence against
-him. This nettled his officious and meddling temper considerably. “I cannot help
-saying it would have been for the King’s service here if what has lately been transacting in
-relation to the Professors had been concerted with some of the English here, and not wholly
-with the natives, and that after a secret manner; that the College might have thought it
-their interest to have some dependence on the English” (i., 227). Swift and Delany he
-accordingly disliked exceedingly, and so persistent was his hostility to the Fellows, whom he
-calls a nest of Jacobites, that he kept hindering their promotion to the Bench during the whole
-of his unfortunate reign&mdash;for such we may call it&mdash;over Ireland. Twice he touches upon the
-claims of Baldwin, whom he confesses to be a strong Whig politician; he speaks of him
-with coldness. He mentions with alarm the rumour that the Provost is to be promoted,
-because he regards it impossible to find a safe man to succeed him in the College. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span>
-clearly urges this difficulty as a reason against his promotion. In another place&mdash;which has
-been called a recommendation of Baldwin&mdash;he uses the following words:&mdash;“Since my return
-the Bishop of Ossory is dead, and we [the Lords Justices] have this day joined in a letter
-to your Grace, mentioning the most proper persons here to be promoted to that See. But I
-must beg leave to assure your Grace that I think it is of great importance to the English
-interest that some worthy person should be sent us from England to fill this vacancy. <em>If
-any person here should be thought of</em>, I take the promotion most for the King’s service here
-will be the making Dr. Baldwin Bishop, and Dr. Gilbert Provost.” To this letter he
-receives a reply in ten days, to which he answers in his next&mdash;“I am glad to hear of the
-promotion of Dr. Edward Tenison to the See of Ossory, and thank your Grace for the news.”</p>
-
-<p>So successful, indeed, was this malefactor to the College in impressing his policy upon
-English ministers, that while the years 1703-20 had seen six future Bishops and three future
-Deans obtain Fellowships, from 1721 to 1763 but one Fellow was elected, Hugh Hamilton,
-who obtained either honour. The non-promotion of Baldwin was therefore a mere instance
-of Boulter’s policy, which prevailed for half-a-century. But the accident of this injustice was
-of great indirect benefit to the College. Instead of many Bishoprics, we obtained our first
-permanent Provost.</p>
-
-<p>The greatest luminary in the united Church of England and Ireland at the time was
-the modest and pious George Berkeley. How does Boulter accept his promotion, which he
-could not prevent? “As to a successor to the Bishop of Cloyne, my Lord Lieutenant
-looks upon it as settled in England that Dean Berkeley is to be made Bishop here on the
-first occasion. I have therefore nothing more to say on that point, but that <em>I wish the
-Dean’s promotion may answer the expectation of his friends in England</em>!”</p>
-
-<p>The next two Provosts were laymen and politicians, to whom promotion did not bar the
-retention of the Collegiate office. When the last of these three men passed away, the
-government of the College again lapsed into the hands of a series of Bishops-expectant,
-succeeding one another with monotonous obscurity, till the advent of Bartholomew Lloyd in
-1837 marks a new epoch, almost in modern times. The eighteenth century, therefore,
-stands out with great distinctness in this history. Almost all the buildings of the College
-that give it dignity date from this time. A new conception of what the country owed to
-the University, and the University promised to fulfil, entered into men’s minds. Grants of
-hundreds now became grants of thousands; salaries were no longer pittances but prizes;
-the Fellows of the College became dignitaries, not only on account of their position, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span>
-their wealth; and the much-tried and long-struggling College at length attained security,
-respect, and influence throughout the country. The external appearance of the buildings
-changed as completely as the spirit of the students. The College in 1770 was far more
-like that of 1892 than that of 1700.</p>
-
-<p>The first of these three Provosts, Baldwin, had probably more influence on the history
-of the College than any one since the founders. He was either a self-made man, or put
-forward by some influence which disguised itself, so that many varying traditions were
-current about his origin and youth. Taylor, who gives very explicitly the authorities for his
-story, tells us (p. 249) that Baldwin, being at school at Colne, in Lancashire, where he was born
-in 1672, killed one of his schoolfellows with a blow, and so fled to Ireland. On arriving
-in Dublin, being then twelve years of age, he was found crying in the streets, when a
-person who kept a coffee-house took pity on him, and brought him to his home, where
-he remained for some time in the capacity of a waiter. A few months after, Provost
-Huntingdon wanted a boy to take care of his horse, when Richard Baldwin was recommended
-to him, and the Provost had him instructed and entered at the College. Dr.
-Stubbs ignores this story altogether, apparently on the ground of the (not inconsistent)
-entry in Kilkenny College, that a boy of this name matriculated from that place in April,
-1685; the College admission book, however, gives the date April, 1684; indeed, most of the
-dates of his earlier promotions appear inaccurate, for though he may have been a scholar
-in 1686, how can he have been a B.A. in 1689, when he is known to have fled to England,
-and to have supported himself by teaching in a school in Chester? Dr. Barrett’s statements
-are evidently only hearsay. It is certain that grants of money were given to him as a
-refugee in England in 1688. At all events, he was made a Fellow in 1693, and a Senior
-Fellow in 1697, from which time he either helped in governing, or governed the College,
-till his death in 1758. He was Vice-Provost, under a lazy absentee Provost, from 1710;
-he was appointed Provost in 1717.</p>
-
-<p>Baldwin appears to have been in no sense a literary man, beyond what was necessary
-for his examinations; on the other hand, he was a strong and consistent Whig politician, a
-disciplinarian, and evidently very keen about the architectural improvement of the College.
-He accumulated a large fortune, which he left to endow it, and which various claimants of
-his name from England strove to appropriate for seventy years. In spite of all these merits
-towards the College, he is not remembered with affection. The extant portraits of him
-represent a stupid and expressionless face, suggesting severity without natural dignity or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span>
-good breeding, though he became so great a figure in the College from the mere duration of
-his influence. He did little to improve the intellectual condition of the students. His
-temper was morose, and his policy of crushing out not only political, but other opposition
-among both students and Fellows made him for a long time very unpopular. It is
-more than likely that his tyrannical conduct in politics increased rather than diminished the
-Jacobite spirit in the College, for the recalcitrant tendencies of youth were then as they now
-are, and neither Queen Anne nor George I. was ever likely to inspire the Irish students
-with any enthusiastic loyalty.</p>
-
-<p>But Baldwin may fairly be called the architect of the College. I do not include under
-that expression his vigilant supervision and enhancement of the College rents&mdash;a very important
-duty,&mdash;or his large bequests to the society, which have made the office of Provost one of
-wealth as well as of dignity. His claim to be remembered by the Irish public rests upon
-more obvious grounds. The undertaking of the present Library building coincides with his
-advent to power. It was actually commenced when, as Vice-Provost, he ruled for the easy-going
-Pratt. It was finished in the early and stormy years of his Provostship; and when
-we consider that of all the buildings which give Dublin the air and style of a capital not
-one then existed, we may better understand the largeness and boldness of the plan. The
-Royal Hospital at Kilmainham had indeed been recently erected, as the arms of the second
-Duke of Ormonde over the main door testify. This building, which a vague and probably
-false tradition in Dublin attributes to Wren, must have produced no small impression by its
-splendour. It was planned exactly as a college, with the hall and chapel <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in directum</i>,
-forming one side of a quadrangle, and surmounted by a belfry. Such is the plan of many
-colleges at Oxford. And such was still the plan of Chapel and Hall in Trinity College when
-the eighteenth century opened, and when larger ideas suggested themselves with the increase
-of wealth and the disappearance of danger from war or tumult. Building had never ceased
-in the College since the Act of Settlement secured the great College estates in the North
-and West. Seele had worked hard to restore and enlarge the buildings, dilapidated through
-age and poverty; Marsh and Huntingdon had built a new Chapel and Hall on the site of
-the present Campanile, but excessively plain and ugly; even Pratt proposed the building of
-a new belfry over the Hall, a plan which was carried out thirty years after his resignation.
-The Chapel is compared by a visitor to a Welsh church. The old tower at the north side
-of the College, which had lasted from the days of All Hallowes’ Abbey, was restored by
-Seele, who evidently strove to save this relic of the past. The Front Square was being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>
-rebuilt, when the dangerous interlude of James II.’s occupation beggared the College for a
-moment, after which the houses of the Library Square, which still stand there, were taken in
-hand. Perfectly plain they were, but solid, and have stood the wear and tear of nearly 200
-years, not to speak of the improving fury of occasional innovators, who, even in our day,
-have threatened them with destruction.<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a> They have been disfigured, as the Royal Hospital
-has been, with ugly grey plaster. If the original red bricks were uncovered, and a tile roof
-set upon them, the public would presently find out that they were picturesque. At all
-events, the west side, which was taken down in this century, was a better and more suitable
-building than those erected (“Botany Bay”) by way of compensation.</p>
-
-<p>The bold undertaking of building the present great Library, without possessing books
-enough to fill more than a corner of it, must have been Baldwin’s idea. It was no doubt
-he who hit upon the idea of soliciting the Irish Parliament for grants, although the College
-was rapidly increasing in wealth. £15,000 was obtained in this way between 1712 and
-1724, when the building was finished. The total cost is said to have been only £17,000!
-Dr. Stubbs deserves the credit of discovering the name of the architect, which was long
-forgotten, and which is not mentioned, I believe, in the College Register. He was Mr.
-Thomas Burgh, in charge of the fortifications of King William III. If the Royal Barracks,
-lately abandoned, were also his work, they offer a strange contrast to his plan for the
-Library. What his old Custom House in Essex Street was like I do not know.<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a> Neither do I
-know upon what authority Dr. Stubbs adds another detail, that the two small staircases
-inside the west door, which lead to the gallery, were transferred from the older library, where
-Bishop Jones had set them up in 1651. If so, these staircases are the oldest piece of
-woodwork in the College, unless it be the pulpit used for grace in the present Dining Hall,
-which bears evidences of being equally old. The further history of this Library, which was
-rapidly enriched by many valuable bequests, forms the subject of another chapter.</p>
-
-<p>The next improvement seems to have been the laying out and planting of the College
-Park, beyond a closed quadrangle behind the present Library Square, in which the students had
-their recreations. The walled-in court was probably thought sufficient, and most assuredly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span>
-until the whole College Park was enclosed, the unfortunate students would by no means
-have been allowed to wander through it. The lodge, built in 1722 for a porter, at the north-east
-end, seems to imply that the fencing was then in process.<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p>
-
-<p>These improvements were followed rapidly by the building of a new Dining Hall,
-commenced in 1740. A bequest of £1,000 seems to have been the only help required, and
-in 1745 it was even adorned with some of the portraits which still survive. But in 1758
-this Hall was so unsafe that it was taken down, and after dismissing the College bricklayer
-for his work,<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a> the present Hall was set up on the same site, and apparently without change of
-plan. It must be added, in extenuation of the bricklayer’s conduct, that the ground in that
-part of the College affords very insecure foundations, as we know from recent experiences.
-The present building has many great cracks in it, and the new rooms just added have had
-their foundations sunk to a great depth.<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a> What is, however, more interesting as history, is
-to note that the style of this Hall, not finished till after 1760, is rather the plain and
-panelled building of the preceding generation. The Theatre (Examination Hall) is decorated
-in a very different, but not, perhaps, a better style.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_074.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE OLD CLOCK TOWER.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>While this work was going on, bequests of £1,000 were left to build an ornamental
-front and tower at the west end of the old Hall; and the well-known architect, Cassels, did
-so, close to, but a little west of, the site of the present belfry, in 1745. In this the present
-great bell, cast at Gloucester in 1742, was hung.<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> The aspect of the court, therefore, upon
-entering the gate, was that of a small square, closed towards the east with a building much
-nearer than the present belfry. The centre of this east range had the ornamental front and
-belfry of Cassels’ design, which, according to the extant plan, must always have been ugly,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span>
-and looks very top-heavy.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a> The north and south sides of this Front Square (built 1685) were of
-inferior character; while the small quadrangle beyond, on the south side, including the Provost’s
-lodging, was still the original structure of Queen Elizabeth’s time. The bell tower was taken
-down as unsafe, and the Hall removed, at the
-close of the century. We see, therefore, that in
-this great building period there were many serious
-mistakes made. There was so much work of the
-kind going on all through the city, that there must
-have been a scarcity of competent artisans, and
-much hurry. The buildings which remain are
-indeed solid and well finished; but when we
-attribute these characteristics to all the Dublin
-buildings of that date, we forget that their bad
-work has long since perished&mdash;what was done well
-and carefully is all that has remained. While
-Cassels was building his unsound tower, he
-erected another pretty building according to a
-bequest of Bishop Stearne&mdash;the Printing-House,
-from which issued in 1741 an edition of seven
-dialogues of Plato, in a good though much-contracted
-type (which is still preserved in the
-office), and on good paper, but disfigured by
-a portentous list of errata. The book is now
-rare, and in request among bibliographers. A
-few years later, neat editions of Latin Classics issued from the same press.</p>
-
-<p>This architectural activity, based upon liberal but insufficient bequests, somewhat
-excuses the systematic begging petitions with which the College approached the Irish
-Parliament for the rebuilding of the Front Square, Theatre, and Chapel, petitions which that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span>
-Parliament seemed never tired of granting, and yet never able to satisfy. If the taste for fine
-building and the Parliament in College Green had not both expired with the end of the century,
-Trinity College would now be the most splendidly housed College in the world. Even as it
-is, intelligent visitors cannot but be struck with the massive and dignified character of its
-buildings. Queen Anne and George I. had already granted (in three sums) £15,000 for the
-Library. George II. granted £45,000 for the present Front Square and Examination Hall.
-George III., besides the relief of £70 yearly in pavement-tax, granted (in 1787) £3,000, in
-response to a petition for £12,000. So that, in all, the country granted the College at least
-£60,000 for building during the eighteenth century.<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a> It is set forth in these various petitions
-that the beauty of the metropolis is one of the objects to be attained, as well as the health
-of the students, and accommodation for increasing numbers.<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> There was a curious hesitation
-about the plan of the west front. A central dome and two cupolas at the north and
-south ends were designed; the south cupola was actually finished. Anyone who enters
-the present gateway will see clearly that it is designed to sustain a dome. But this dome
-was never built; the southern cupola was even taken down in 1758, and the front left as
-it now stands.<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a></p>
-
-<p>These buildings are still far the best and most comfortable in the College. All the
-bedrooms have fire-places, and even the inner walls are nearly three feet thick. The rooms
-in the towers and beside the gate are very spacious; and as we may presume that the
-streets in front of the College were not so noisy as they now are, were evidently intended
-as residences for Fellows, and were occupied by them exclusively till the rise of the various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span>
-societies, to which they have afforded excellent reading and committee rooms. Thus they
-remain to the present day a noble and practical monument of the enterprise shown by the
-College and the Irish Parliament in the eighteenth century. It is now no longer the city only,
-but the country which is interested in the College. Constant private bequests added to the public
-liberalities no small increments; and so far as material prosperity was concerned, the history
-of the College during the century is one of continued growth in popularity and importance.</p>
-
-<p>When we turn to the internal history, the estimate afforded us by the facts recorded
-is by no means so satisfactory. As has been already told, the Jacobite spirit at the opening
-of the century, and the violent efforts of Provost Baldwin to subdue it, produced the
-insubordination which usually accompanies tyrannical conduct among young men of spirit
-living in a free country. Dignified as the Provost affected to be, he was exposed to personal
-insults more than once, not only from Fellows, but from students. Some facts have been
-collected by Dr. Stubbs, from whose work I quote the following:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>During the reigns of Queen Anne and of the first two Georges, the annals of the College
-show that the Society suffered from much insubordination on the part of certain of the Students.
-This partly arose from laxity of discipline, and from the influence of some disorderly and violent
-Students, and partly from political causes which were connected with the party feelings which
-prevailed [as at Oxford] with regard to the Revolution and the Hanoverian Succession. It is quite clear
-that the great majority of the Fellows, especially of the Senior Fellows, were loyal to Queen Anne and
-to the House of Hanover. Yet it could not be expected that an unanimity of views should prevail
-among the Students. There appears to have been a small, but determined, body among them warmly
-attached to the fortunes of James the Second and his family, while the governing body of the
-College resolutely determined to suppress all manifestations of disloyalty to the reigning Sovereign.
-The earliest instance of this is a case which occurred in 1708. One Edward Forbes, on the same
-day on which he was admitted to the M.A. degree (July 12), took occasion to make a Latin speech,
-in which he asserted that the Queen had no greater right to sit on the throne than her predecessor
-had&mdash;that the title of each Sovereign <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">eodem nititur fundamento</i>. This speech is said to have been
-made at the Commencement supper. Forbes’ words, having been repeated to the authorities, gave
-great offence to the loyal feelings of the heads of the College, and to the leading members of the
-University, and the orator was consequently expelled from the College, and suspended from his
-degrees by the act of the Provost and Senior Fellows. On the 2nd of the following month, at a
-meeting of the Vice-Chancellor, Masters, and Doctors of the University, Forbes was deprived of his
-degrees, and degraded from his University rights; on the same occasion a declaration of loyalty was
-put forward by the leading members of the University Senate, and signed by the Vice-Chancellor, the
-Archbishop of Dublin, and the Provost. This document, with the names of the signatories, is
-preserved in the College Library. [<em>Cf.</em> Appendix xxxiv. of Dr. Stubbs’ work.]</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>A strong party of Graduates was dissatisfied with the action of the Provost and Senior Fellows
-in the case of Forbes, partly from political reasons, and partly, perhaps, from a feeling that the
-punishment awarded was more severe than the circumstances of the case required. There can be no
-doubt that the sentiments of the members of the Board agreed very closely with those of the Whig
-party. We learn, however, from Dr. Edward Synge, afterwards Archbishop of Tuam, that Forbes had
-a party of sympathisers in the University. He says in his pamphlet, which he wrote vindicating his
-well-known sermon on Toleration, preached in 1711:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>I remember particularly the constant efforts made in the University of Dublin (by persons without doors against
-the judgment of the Provost and Senior Fellows, who did all they could to oppose them, and, thank God, prevailed), at
-every Commencement for several years, to procure a repeal of the sentence against Forbes, and a rasure (namely, from
-the Register of the University) of those wicked words, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">eodem nititur fundamento</i>, which placed the title of the late Queen
-on the same foot with that of her glorious predecessor.</p></div>
-
-<p>There was still a small, but troublesome, party among the Students who agreed with Forbes in
-his political opinions, for we find from the College Register, under the date August 17, 1710, that
-Thomas Harvey, John Graffan, and William Vinicomes, were proved to have been intoxicated in the
-College, and to have crossed over the College walls into the city, and Harvey was convicted of
-inflicting an indignity on the memory of King William, by wrenching the baton out of the hand of
-his equestrian statue erected in College Green in 1701. The other two aided and abetted him in the
-act. They were all three expelled by the Board.</p>
-
-<p>The heads of the College, as well as the leading Doctors and Masters, found it necessary to
-clear the character of the College from the charges of disloyalty to Queen Anne which were
-persistently brought against it. Accordingly, we find in the records of the proceedings of the Provost
-and Senior Fellows, 14th July, 1712, that the Vice-Chancellor having signified that an address be
-presented to her Majesty from the congregation in the Regent Houses, leave was given that such an
-address be brought in.</p>
-
-<p>On the 8th of February,
-171<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">3</span>
-  <span class="blka over">4</span>
-</span>, Theodore Barlow was expelled for drinking in the rooms of one
-of the Scholars to the memory of the horse from which King William was thrown, to the great
-danger of his life, and also to the health of the Pretender, and for denouncing with a curse the
-Hanoverian Succession. The heads of the College still deemed it necessary to set forth their loyalty
-in the strongest terms, for the decree of expulsion of Barlow runs as follows. The words are
-evidently those of the Vice-Provost, Dr. Baldwin:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-
-<p>“Visum est igitur Vice-Præposito et Sociis Senioribus, quibus imprimis cara est Wilhelmi Regis Memoria, qui ex
-animorum suorum sententia juraverunt Annæ Serenissimæe Reginæ nostræ dignitatem et indubitatum Imperii titulum necnon
-successionem in Illustrissimâ domo Hanoveriensi per leges stabilitam pro virili defendere et conservare.”</p></div>
-
-<p>They had still to combat the hostile spirit of a portion of the University, who had now a new
-Vice-Chancellor, Dr. John Vesey [?], Archbishop of Tuam, a man at that time of the age of seventy-seven;
-and on the day after Barlow’s expulsion, at the Shrovetide Commencements, several Students
-were prepared to take their degrees; but some of the Graduates and non-resident Masters of Arts
-having caused a motion to be made to the Vice-Chancellor that the sentence of Forbes’ degradation<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span>
-should be read before any public business should be proceeded with, the Archbishop was in favour
-of having this done; but the Vice-Provost, Baldwin, believing that this was for the purpose of having a
-resolution passed repealing the sentence on Forbes, and relying on the College regulation that no grace
-could be presented to the Senate of the University without the consent of the Board, negatived the
-motion. The Vice-Provost’s negative was not allowed by the Vice-Chancellor, whereupon Baldwin
-withdrew from the Regent House into the Provost’s house, followed by the rest of the Senior Fellows,
-the Junior Proctor, and the Beadle. Then the Vice-Chancellor and Masters sent to them by two of
-the Doctors of Divinity the following message:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The Proctors, Registrar, and Beadle are cited and required to repair to the Regent House, under pain of contempt.”</p></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">To which message the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows sent the following reply:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The Proctors, Registrar, and Beadle, having communicated to the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows the message
-sent to them by the Reverend Doctors Hamilton and Gourney, with all humility offer their opinion that they hold that
-without the consent of the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows nothing can be safely done in this matter. And, moreover,
-the Vice-Provost and Senior Fellows notify that they, with their above-named officers, will return without further delay, if
-the Vice-Chancellor will proceed to confer degrees, and to transact the other business to which the Vice-Provost shall
-have consented. Otherwise they must humbly beg to be excused, being unwilling to do anything contrary to the Charter
-of Foundation, and the Laws and Customs of the University.”</p></div>
-
-<p>Upon receiving this reply, the Vice-Chancellor adjourned the Commencement to the 11th of
-February.</p>
-
-<p>A final outburst of political feeling took place in 1715. On the 8th of April in that year, a
-Student named Nathaniel Crump was expelled for saying that Oliver Cromwell was to be preferred to
-Charles I.; and five of the Students were publicly admonished for breaking out of the College at
-night, and attacking the house of one of the citizens. On the 31st of May, a Master of Arts, a
-Bachelor of Arts, and an Undergraduate, were publicly admonished for reading a scandalous pamphlet
-reflecting on the King, under the name of “Nero Secundus;” and a notice was placed upon the
-gates of the College denouncing this pamphlet, and threatening the expulsion of all Students who
-should read it or make a copy of it. The examinations for Scholarships and Fellowship proceeded
-as usual, and on Saturday, the 11th of June, two days before the election, an order came from the
-Lords Justices to the Provost and Senior Fellows forbidding the election, based upon a King’s Letter
-of the 6th of June, and stating as the grounds of this prohibition the several disputes and tumults
-in Trinity College, which disturbed the Students, and prevented them from studying for these
-examinations. The elections, consequently, were not held, although there was [were] one Fellowship
-and eleven Scholarships vacant.</p>
-
-<p>On the 27th of June a Master of Arts was expelled for making a copy of the pamphlet “Nero
-Secundus,” and two Bachelors of Arts were expelled for using language disrespectful to the King;
-and on the 3rd of August two more of the Students were expelled on a like charge. On the 12th of
-July the Provost and Senior Fellows petitioned King George I. with respect to the above-mentioned
-prohibition. They denied that there were any disputes or tumults in the College which prevented
-the Students for preparing for their several examinations, and stated that the number of candidates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span>
-for Fellowships was greater than usual, and the answering entirely satisfactory. They stated, moreover,
-than none of the candidates for the vacant Fellowship or Scholarships were either accused or suspected
-of any crime; but they had on all proper occasions expressed dutiful zeal to the King’s person and
-Government. They asked permission to hold the election. Mr. Elwood and Mr. Howard were sent
-to London to present this petition to the King.</p>
-
-<p>On the 16th of February,
-171<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">5</span>
-  <span class="blka over">6</span>
-</span>, the Prince of Wales was elected Chancellor, on the attainder
-of the Duke of Ormonde, and the Provost and Dr. Howard were sent to London to present to his
-Royal Highness the formal instrument of appointment.</p>
-
-<p>On the 28th of April a letter was received from the Lords Justices, enclosing a copy of a
-letter from the King, removing the prohibition to the election of Fellows and Scholars, and the
-statutable examinations were held in the usual manner. On Trinity Monday one Fellow and thirty-four
-Scholars were elected.</p>
-
-<p>The following extracts from the MS. letters of Archbishop King in the College Library will
-throw some light upon these proceedings:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p><em>June 4, 1715.</em> To Mr. Delafoy.&mdash;“The business of the College makes the greatest noise. Ten years ago I saw
-very well what was doing there, and used all means in my power to prevent it; but the strain was too strong for me, as
-you very well know, and ’twill be necessary to use some effectual means to purge that fountain, which otherwise may
-corrupt the whole kingdom. Their Visitors are only the Chancellor and I. We ought to visit once in three years, but I
-could never prevail on their Chancellor to join with me, though I often proposed it;<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a> nor is there any hope that I shall
-be able to do any good whilst I am under such circumstances. I take the Chancellor to be for life, and this makes an
-impossibility. I believe the Parliament when it sits will be inclined to look into this matter.”</p>
-
-<p><em>June 21, 1715.</em>&mdash;“The College readily submitted to his Majesty’s order to forbear their elections, and I hope will
-acquit themselves much better than the University of Oxford has done by their programme.”</p>
-
-<p><em>July 7, 1715.</em> To Mr. Addison.&mdash;“The business of the College gives a great deal of trouble to every honest man,
-and a peculiar pain to me. ’Tis plain there’s a nest of Jacobites in it: one was convicted last Term; two are run away;
-and I believe bills are found against one or two more. But we can’t as yet reach the fountains of the corruption; but I
-assure you no diligence is wanting, and everybody looks on it to be of the last consequence to purge the fountain of
-education. I believe next Parliament will look into the matter.”</p></div>
-
-<p>In addition to political feeling, there appear to have been from the beginning of the eighteenth
-century a few very disorderly Students in the College, who were always giving trouble to the
-authorities.</p>
-
-<p>During the Provostship of George Browne, one of the worst riots took place in the College,
-fortunately unattended at the time by loss of life. [The Provost died of its effects!] College discipline
-had become disorganised in the unsettled period which succeeded the battle of the Boyne, and the
-Provost and Senior Fellows resolved to subdue the disorderly spirit which had manifested itself in the
-College. They determined to admonish publicly three or four of the Students who had been particularly
-disorderly, and the heads of the College proceeded in a body to the Hall for that purpose. A few
-determined Students advanced resolutely, tore the Admonition paper out of the hands of the Dean, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span>
-turned the Provost out of the Hall. It was probably on this occasion that Provost George Browne
-received the blow which has been mentioned in a previous page. A later instance of similar insubordination
-occurred about thirty years afterwards, when the Provost and Senior Fellows proceeded to the
-Hall for the like purpose of punishing some turbulent Students. They were met on their way with
-unseemly affronts and reproaches. The doors of the Hall were locked against them by the Students,
-and they were obliged to break open the doors in order to promulgate their sentence.</p>
-
-<p>In 1733 the rooms of one of the Fellows were attacked by six or eight of the Students, and
-they perpetrated there disgraceful mischief and outrage. The rebellious spirit of some of the Students
-went so far that, when they were expelled, or rusticated, they refused to leave the College, and the
-authorities could not put them out without violence. One of the Students so expelled actually
-assaulted a Senior Fellow in the Hall while the sentence of his expulsion was being read out. These
-violent proceedings on the part of a few reckless Students were aided by outsiders, who always came
-into College when riots were expected. Thus the unhappy disorders in the College had become
-widely known, and were fast bringing the institution to the lowest disrepute.</p>
-
-<p>A contemporary pamphlet complains that while there were in the College from five hundred to
-six hundred Students between seventeen and twenty-four years of age, there were only twenty Masters
-to control them. The Scholars objected to the statutable custom of capping the Fellows, and it states
-that&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>When the Board meets to inquire into a violation of the Statutes on the part of the Students, the young gentlemen
-who are conscious of their guilt assemble in the courts below; they have secured a number of their friends; they are
-surrounded by a great crowd of their brethren; how many they may have engaged to be of their party is not to be
-discovered, and they give, perhaps, plain intimations that they will not suffer them to be censured. Trusting in their
-numbers, they will not suffer any one man to be singled out for an example.... Physical violence is consequently
-to be expected by the Provost, Senior Fellows, and the Dean proceeding to the Hall to read out censures.</p></div>
-
-<p>Primate Boulter’s letters throw some light upon the state of discipline in the College at this
-time. Baldwin, now become Provost, most likely from his known devotion to the Whig party and the
-Hanoverian Succession, and his efforts to subdue the Jacobite faction in College, was a man of a very
-arbitrary and determined character. He appears to have used the full authority which the Statutes
-gave him, and frequently summoned the two Deans, and removed from the College books the names
-of disorderly Students without consulting the Board. Some of the Senior Fellows, notably Dr. Delany,
-a strong Tory, whose politics were shared by his friend and colleague, Dr. Helsham, were opposed to
-these arbitrary proceedings, and took measures in London to bring the matter before the Council, in
-order to have the Provost’s statutable power in these matters curtailed. We learn from Boulter’s letters
-to the Duke of Newcastle, that early in 1725&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>Two Undergraduates of the College, one of them a Scholar, had company at their chambers till about an hour
-after the keys of the College were carried, according to custom, to the Provost. When their company was willing to
-go, upon finding the College gates shut, and being told the keys were carried to the Provost, the Scholars went to the Provost’s
-lodgings, and knocked there in an outrageous manner. Upon the Provost’s man coming to the door to see what was the
-matter, they told him they came for the keys to let out their friends, and would have them, or they would break open
-the gates. He assured them the keys were carried to his master, and that he durst not awake him to get them, and then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span>
-the man withdrew. Upon their coming again to knock with great violence at the Provost’s door, he was forced to rise,
-and came down and told them they should not have the keys, and bid his man and the porter take notice who they
-were. The next day he called the two Deans to his assistance, as their Statutes require, and sent for the lads to his
-lodgings. The Scholar of the house came, but not the other. To him they proposed his making a submission for his
-fault in the Hall, and being publicly admonished there. This he made a difficulty in doing; and upon their proceeding
-to the Hall, when he came out of the lodgings he put on his hat before the Provost and walked off. The Provost and
-Deans went on to the Hall, and after waiting there some time to see whether he would come and submit, they expelled
-them both.</p></div>
-
-<p>The Scholar’s name was Annesley, a relation of Lord Anglesea, and through his influence
-with the Lord Lieutenant (Lord Carteret) and the Visitors [and upon his apologising] he was
-restored.... We find that he took the B.A. degree in 1726, and that of M.A. in 1729.</p>
-
-<hr class="tb" />
-
-<p>We are told in a pamphlet, supposed to have been written by Dr. Madden, that one of the
-Students, after a long course of neglect of duties, as well as for a notorious insult [committed] upon
-the Junior Dean, was publicly admonished. In order to resent this punishment, ten or twelve of the
-Students behaved themselves in a most outrageous manner; they stoned the Dean out of the Hall,
-breaking into his rooms, and destroying everything in them. They continued to ravage other parts of
-the College until the middle of the night, evidently endangering the life of the person who was the
-object of their resentment. Dr. Madden adds that this was done “in a time of great lenity of
-discipline&mdash;perhaps too much so.” “The Board offered considerable rewards for the discovery of the
-perpetrators of these riotous proceedings; the Students retorted by offering higher rewards to anyone
-who would bring in the informer, dead or alive. A threatening letter was sent to the Provost.
-Strangers from town, as was usually the case, came into the College to assist in the pillage. One of
-these attempted to set fire to the College gates; and had not some of the well-disposed Students
-prevented this, they would have laid the whole College in ashes, as the flames would have caught
-hold of the ancient buildings, extravagantly timbered after the old manner, and would have reached
-the new buildings [the Library Square], and the flames could not then have been extinguished.”</p>
-
-<p>One of the Junior Fellows, named Edward Ford, who had been elected in 1730, had rendered
-himself particularly obnoxious to the Students. He was not Junior Dean; but he appears to have
-been an obstinate and ill-judging man, who took upon himself to restrain the Students in an imprudent
-manner. They resented this interference. He had been often insulted by them, and had received a
-threatening letter. This caused him much dejection of spirits; and as his rooms had suffered in the
-previous tumult, he kept loaded arms always by his side. One night he was asleep in his rooms
-(No. 25), over a passage which then led from the Library Square into the playground (a walled-in enclosure
-which at that time occupied the site of the present New Square). A loaded gun lay by his bedside.
-Some of the Students threw stones against his windows, which was the usual way in which they annoyed the
-College authorities. Ford rose from his bed and fired upon them from his window, which faced the playground.
-Determined to retaliate, the band of Students rushed to their chambers, seized the fire-arms, which
-they had persisted in keeping (although such had been forbidden, under pain of expulsion, by a decree
-of the Board, March 24, 1730), and they ran back to the playground. In the meanwhile one of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span>
-Scholars, who resided in the same house, seeing the danger in which Ford was placed, and knowing
-the character of the man, managed to get into his bedroom, and strongly urged him to remain in bed.
-Ford, with his characteristic obstinacy, would not listen to this advice, but went to the window in
-his nightdress, when the Students seeing him, fired at the window, and wounded him mortally. Poor
-Ford lingered in great agony for about two hours before he died. The Board immediately met and
-investigated the circumstances of the murder, and expelled Mr. Cotter, Mr. Crosby, Boyle, Scholes, and
-Davis, as being the authors of or participators in Mr. Ford’s murder. The Board employed Mr. Jones,
-an attorney, to prosecute them for murder at the Commission Court, at which trial, however, they
-were acquitted.</p>
-
-<p>We learn from contemporary pamphlets that the feeling among the upper classes in Dublin was
-greatly excited about this affair. Many, especially ladies, strongly took the part of the young men&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>The Fellows were the subjects of common obloquy; every little indiscretion of their former lives was ripped up;
-everything they said or did had a wrong turn given to it. Numberless false stories about them were spread throughout the
-kingdom. Some of them were publicly affronted in the Courts of Law by one of his Majesty’s servants for appearing to
-do the common offices of every honest man. One noble Lord declared that a Fellow’s blood did not deserve an inquisition
-which might detain a man one day from his ordinary business. However, the Judges (except one) all spoke loudly in
-favour of the College, and specially the Chief Baron.</p></div>
-
-<p>Primate Boulter is said to have often appeared astonished when he heard gentlemen talk as if
-they were determined to destroy the Irish seat of learning. It is added that “many did this for the
-purpose of injuring religion.” No doubt the true explanation of the animosity to the College is to be
-sought in the strong political feelings which prevailed at the time. The Fellows were mainly Whigs,
-and their opponents belonged to the Tory party.</p>
-
-<p>Early in March,
-173<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">4</span>
-  <span class="blka over">5</span>
-</span>, the Visitors cited the Provost, Fellows,
-and Scholars to appear at a Visitation on the 20th of that month.
-Primate Boulter wrote to the Duke of Dorset that&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>There have been such difficulties started from the College,
-and so much listened to by their Vice-Chancellor, the Bishop
-of Clogher [Dr. Stearne], that I fear the Visitation will
-not prove such as will answer expectation. I have taken all
-opportunities of desiring the Fellows and their friends to
-avoid all needless disputes and oppositions for fear of their
-falling into the hands of worse Visitors next Session of
-Parliament. I hope and fear the best; but things do not promise
-very well.</p></div>
-
-<p>The above cited pamphlet states that “at the late inquiry into
-the condition of the College, there could not be discovered more
-than two or three insignificant points in which the Statutes were
-deviated from by the Fellows.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>To this account we should add that Swift, who disliked and despised Baldwin, took a
-great interest in the Visitation of 1734, and went down to give his opinion concerning the
-management of the College, which he thought very bad. He also wrote to the Duke of
-Dorset on the subject (Jan. 14, 1735). But the fact added by Dr. Stubbs, that after the
-affair of Ford we hear no more of riots or of insubordination, shows that the mischief was
-not deep-seated, but caused by some small knot of rowdies. It does not appear that they
-were led by young men of the higher classes, for though many frequented the College at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span>
-that time, no names of prominence (save an Annesley) are mentioned in connection with
-any of the outrages. Such disorders have always been rather the fault of the Governors than
-of the students of the College. The course of Irish history is so uniform, the temper of the
-various classes in the nation is so unchanged (as every student of Irish history knows), that
-I do not believe the discipline which is so easily maintained now in Trinity College was ever
-seriously endangered, and the very fact that so many brilliant and learned men were being educated
-there at that period shows that its intellectual life was not impaired. The particular form of
-the studies pursued cannot be easily estimated. An examination of the Laudian Statutes
-shows that the authorities were not allowed in any way to change the subjects laid down
-for the course in 1637. The whole body of the teaching, as already explained, was
-oral, and each student reproduced in essays or disputations what he had been taught by
-his tutor during the week. Hence it was that such short books as those written by Dudley
-Loftus or Narcissus Marsh, though used by lecturers, were not formally proposed to the
-students. Locke’s Essay, as we know, was introduced into the post-graduate studies by
-the influence of Ashe and Molyneux before 1700, and has influenced the spirit of the
-University ever since; but this, too, was outside the prescribed course. It was not till 1760
-that, by a special statute, the Provost and Board were permitted to make such changes
-in the course as they thought expedient. This permission, conceded long after it was
-needed and indeed assumed,<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> marks an epoch in the history of the College. But
-it belongs to the reign, not of Baldwin, but of his enlightened and brilliant successor,
-Andrews.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_083.jpg" width="100" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" />
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> A mistake for Loftus, the first Provost. This full-length portrait is now in the Provost’s House. What has become of
-the second picture is uncertain. The tomb, alas, is now a mere ruin, to be described in another chapter.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> This shows how long the project was discussed. The money was not given till ten years later.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> The only mention of this house, which was replaced by the present mansion 70 years later.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Dr. Anthony Dopping.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> This character, intended to enliven the solemnity of public acts, appears to have been borrowed from the precedent
-of Oxford. In a curious book intitled <cite>Terræ Filius</cite> (London, 1726), which consists of a series of satires upon that University,
-the anonymous author says&mdash;“It has, till of late, been a custom, from time immemorial, for one of our family
-to mount the Rostrum at Oxford at certain seasons [during the Acts of the Term], and divert an innumerable crowd of spectators,
-who flocked to hear him from all parts, with a merry oration, interspersed with secret history, raillery, and sarcasm....
-Several indignities having been offered to the grave fathers of the University, they said to one another&mdash;‘Gentlemen, these are
-no jests; if we suffer this, we shall become the sport of freshmen and servitors. Let us expel him.’ And, accordingly, <cite>Terræ
-Filius</cite> was expelled during almost every Act.” And again (p. xi.)&mdash;“Though it has, of late years, been thought expedient
-to lay aside the solemnity of a <em>Publick Act</em>, and it is very uncertain when <cite>Terræ Filius</cite> will be able to regain his antient
-privileges.”
-</p>
-<p>
-There is a frontispiece to the book, signed W. Hogarth, which represents an enraged Don tearing in pieces the
-libel of the <cite>Terræ Filius</cite>, who is in the middle of an excited crowd of collegians and ladies. The author speaks of the
-seditious spirit of Oxford in the very way that the spirit of Dublin is censured at the same time; and just as the <cite>Terræ Filius</cite>
-of Oxford had been censured and persecuted when his jests became libellous, so in Swift’s day, just before the Centenary
-time, one Jones, an intimate of Swift’s, had been deprived of his degrees for a satire, which Barrett has published as possibly
-composed by Swift to aid his friend.&mdash;<em>Cf.</em> Barrett’s <cite>Early Life of Swift</cite> (London, 1808).
-</p>
-<p>
-The heads at Oxford, holding public acts in 1712, stopt the mouth of the <cite>Terræ Filius</cite> (who is called a <em>statutable</em> orator
-at this solemnity), having intelligence that he designed to utter something in derogation of the Reverend Mr. Vice-Chancellor,
-<em>op</em>. <em>cit</em>. p. 100. This is probably the affair spoken of in J. C. Jeaffreson’s <cite>Annals of Oxford</cite>, ii. 224, but referred to
-the year 1713. Mr. Jeaffreson has a whole chapter on the subject.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> I owe to the kindness of Mr. J. R. Garstin my knowledge of this rare tract, of which the title-page is reproduced
-on <a href="#Page_52">page 52</a>; the bidding prayer is given on <a href="#Page_10">page 10</a>. A passage which smacks of the 17th century is as follows. The
-preacher is arguing that Learning can amply satisfy all the aspirations and desires of human nature. He concludes&mdash;“Lastly,
-what Raptures can the <em>Voluptuous</em> man fancy, to which those of <em>Learning</em> and <em>Knowledge</em> are not equal? If he can relish
-nothing but the pleasures of his <em>Senses, Natural Philosophy</em> exposes the <em>beautiful bosome</em> of the <em>Universe</em>, admits him
-into <em>Nature’s</em> garden, &amp;c.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> The appointment of this Browne is the subject of various curious letters preserved in the Ormonde MSS. at Kilkenny
-Castle (Vol. 156). I give the first completely, and extracts from the others. They might have been written yesterday.</p>
-
-<p>9644 <span class="pad50pc">Trinity College, Dub., May 16, ’99.</span></p>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">&nbsp; May it Please Your Grace</span>,</p>
-
-<p><span class="pad30pc">Our</span> Provost in appearance is past recovery, yet I had not so soon made any
-application to succeed him, but that others have been beforehand with me by another Interest.</p>
-
-<p>Tho’ I have reason to hope for a recommendation of me by Government, yet I am not willing to use any
-endeavours without your Grace’s knowledge and concurrence. I am sensible it is a place of great trust and importance to
-the whole kingdom, and if your Grace upon inquiry shall find me qualified to discharge it, I do most humbly beg your
-Grace’s favour in recommending me to His Majesty for it.&mdash;That God may continue, &amp;c., &amp;c., Your humble &amp; obed.</p>
-
-<p class="right smcap">Peter Browne.</p>
-
-<p>9645. The Provost of this College being now near his end, which I am heartily sorry for, I presume amongst the
-many addresses, &amp;c. I beg to recommend the Restoring the same Person to it whom your Grace’s grandfather himself put
-in, I mean Dr. Huntington, who upon the Dispersion here was as a Father to all that then went over, and provided so
-well for some of them when they were in England, that 2 of your Bps., viz., Dr. Ashe and Dr. Smith, owe their Preferments
-in a manner entirely to him, for it was he who laid the foundation of them, tho’ he is now entirely neglected.</p>
-
-<p>This unfortunate Person, for so I must needs call him, except your G<sup>ce</sup> becomes his Patron, left the College upon
-the Revolution, or was rather by Providence sent over to provide for those who knew not what to do for themselves.
-Then he married, &amp;c., but is still capable of the Place by the King’s Dispensation, as Dr. Seele was, at the Restoration, and
-obtained it in that way. And because this Gentleman has already showed himself one of the most usefull men in that
-place, and the likelyhood to prove the most serviceable to it now it is in its Rubbish, I now take the confidence, who
-was employed by the late Duke, my master, to bring him over, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Will.</span> [Moreton, Bp. of] <span class="smcap">Kildare.</span></p>
-
-<p class="pad20pc">[Extracts.] <span class="pad40pc">Dub. 6 June, 1699.</span></p>
-
-<p>9648. The Provost of the Coll. being dead on Sunday night, it will import your G<sup>ce</sup> as Chancellor to interpose, &amp;c.
-I know Mr. Peter Browne, who is an eminent preacher &amp; Senior Fellow, &amp;c., will be recommended, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p class="right padr2">[Sir] <span class="smcap">Richard Cox</span>.</p>
-
-<p>9649. <span class="pad60pc">Ardhaccan, June 7th.</span></p>
-
-<p>Our excellent Provost being dead, &amp;c., that you will be pleased to recommend Dr. Owen Lloyd, who is our
-Div. Prof., or Dr. John Hall, who is Vice-Provost, to his Majesty, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>I hear the Lords Justices have recommended one Mr. Peter Browne, who is a S<sup>r</sup> Fellow, &amp; has a parish in the
-City of Dublin, &amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Nor is it my opinion alone, but that of the Bp. of Clogher (Ashe), who was formerly Provost, &amp; has now earnestly
-importuned me to address your G. &amp; the Arbp. of Cant. in Dr. Lloyd’s or Dr. Hall’s behalfe, and to Pray your G<sup>rce</sup> that
-Mr. Peter Browne, who is much their junior, may not have it, &amp;c., &amp;c. I have sent the Bp.’s letter to His G<sup>ce</sup> of Cant.,
-in which the late Provost’s opinion of Mr. Browne’s unfitness for the place is fully declared.</p>
-
-<p class="right padr2"><span class="smcap">Rich. Meath.</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> To him and to Swift in this generation, to Goldsmith, Sheridan, and Burke in the next, are due in great part
-the development of modern English prose. In this, as in so many other ways, the Anglo-Irish have been the masters of
-the English.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a>
-<ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'I may recal'">I may recall</ins> to the reader the dignified protest of the first Duke of Ormonde, against this very practice, in the
-interests of the University, above, <a href="#Page_33">p. 33</a>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> I remember being told by the late Provost to formulate my protest as soon as possible, for that the demolition
-of these buildings would be commenced within a fortnight. My argument in their favour was, that while they were perfectly
-sound, they were also historical evidences of the antiquity of the College, and of its condition in 1700. I remember
-adding that it might be a very long fortnight before the work of destruction began.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> Stubbs, p. 177.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> The petition to Parliament in 1787 states “that from an attention to the health and accommodation of their
-students, petitioners have expended considerable sums of money <em>in the purchase</em> of ground for the enlargement of their
-park, the enclosing and finishing of which will be attended with considerable expense” (Taylor, p. 95). The fact here
-officially stated, that the College increased its holding of land in Dublin by purchase during the eighteenth century, is very
-interesting, and is probably to be explained by searching the Register.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> This seems to me one of the boldest acts of Baldwin. We should have expected to find the incompetent workman
-either employed to repeat his work on the new Hall, or at least pensioned by the Board.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> The east end subsided in the present century, and was then rebuilt, in the memory of the present Vice-Provost,
-from whom I have learned the fact.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> The Dublin papers of June, 1744, speak with enthusiasm of the arrival of this great bell, “on which the mere
-import duty was £20, and which all lovers of harmony allow to be the largest, finest, and sweetest-toned bell in the
-kingdom. It was cast by the famous Rudhall of Gloucester.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> The picture given by Dr. Stubbs was possibly never realised. There are several extant views of the College
-subsequent to 1745 and up to 1797, which all represent the belfry as a dome without the lantern or the vane, “consisting
-of a harp and crown, copper gilt” (Stubbs, p. 187). A rare aquatint of 1784 does, however, give the vane, with other
-details which are highly improbable. It was a habit to print architects’ drawings of buildings in process of completion,
-as may be seen in Poole and Cash’s views, in which many plates give the intentions of the architect, which were never
-carried out.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Mr. Taylor, in his history, has given all the petitions and replies from the Journals of the House of Commons.
-The following is the summary:&mdash;Queen Anne and George I. for Library&mdash;in 1709, £5,000; 1717, £5,000; 1721, £5,000.
-George II. for Parliament Square&mdash;1751, £5,000; 1753, £20,000; 1755, £5,000 (£20,000 asked for in the petition):
-1757, £5,000; 1759, £10,000. George III., in 1787, £3,000. Between the last two dates considerable sums were
-obtained from the Board of Erasmus Smith.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> While the impossibility of defraying these expenses without a building fund is strongly urged in the various
-petitions, another set of documents, the King’s Letters, issued for the increase of salaries of Provost, Fellows, and other
-officers in 1758, 1759, 1761, and subsequently, state as the reason the great increase in the revenues of the College, which
-justify such changes. No one seems to have thought of comparing these statements with the begging petitions.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> No reasons are assigned by Dr. Stubbs, who reports these facts apparently from the Register; but we may
-infer that the large square Hall over the gate was thought necessary for a Regent House, or Hall for the disputations
-of the Masters, in place of the older room, which disappeared with the demolishing of decayed buildings; and by this
-title we know that that Hall was originally known. This alteration of plan would make a dome impossible. As soon
-as the central dome was abandoned, it would follow that the cupolas, one of which had been already finished, must
-also be abandoned.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> This cannot easily be reconciled with the statement above made (p. 65), that Archbishop Vesey was Vice-Chancellor
-in the previous year, and in the absence of the Chancellor could act as Visitor.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> The facts in Dr. Stubbs’ 10th chapter, especially the classical course of 1736, show that the 15th chapter of the old
-Statute was liberally interpreted. Indeed Greek and Latin are there prescribed, but the books not specified. In Logic the
-directions are far more precise. Nor was there any relaxation of the strict directions with regard to Latin Essays and summaries
-of work, or to Disputations, which certainly lasted till the close of the 18th century.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_085a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER IV.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">FROM 1758 TO THE CLOSE OF THE CENTURY.</span></h2>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Dedit ergo eis petitionem ipsorum,</i></p>
-<p class="verse0"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Et misit tenuitatem in animam eorum.</i></p>
-<p class="verse20"><span class="smcap">Psalm</span> cvi. 15.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_085b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">Provost Andrews, a layman, but a Senior Fellow, and one of a
-distinguished group of lay Fellows then in the College, succeeded less than
-two years before George III. became king. His Provostship is perhaps
-the most brilliant in the annals of the College. He was a man of elegant
-tastes, of large acquaintance, of scholarship quite adequate to his position, and he
-consequently did more than any of his predecessors or successors to bring the
-Society over which he presided into contact with the best and greatest throughout
-Ireland. Even under the stricter and more academic Baldwin, we learn from the
-Register that a large number of the highest classes in Ireland had begun to
-frequent the College.<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a> We may assume that under Andrews this tendency increased.
-It was only necessary to prove that the education of Dublin was equal to that of the older
-Universities, to induce men of property in Ireland to avoid the troubles and anxieties of
-sending their sons by the roads and boats of those days to Oxford and Cambridge; and
-thus we find that from the opening of the eighteenth century to the second decade of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span>
-the nineteenth the great body of the Irish aristocracy was educated in Dublin. It would
-have been so, even into recent days, if the Senior Fellows of the latter period had thought
-earnestly about the dignity of the College.</p>
-
-<p>The character of this Provost, according to his contemporaries and the historians of
-the College, was very different from that of Baldwin. He is indeed accused of good living,
-a great crime in a College Don, when it includes brilliant society and rich appointments;
-mere over-eating and drinking incur little censure. But Andrews could speak Latin with
-fluency and elegance, and we are glad to learn that in his day the Irish pronunciation did
-not make him incomprehensible in Italy or France. He built and occupied the noble
-Provost’s House,<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a> which still remains one of the mansions that give to Dublin its
-metropolitan aspect. He entertained handsomely, both in the new Dining Hall and at his
-own House. He must have been the promoter and founder of the School of Music, which
-has produced a series of excellent Professors, and created a distinct school of composition,
-starting from that fortunate accident, a musical Peer&mdash;the Earl of Mornington, father of the
-great Duke of Wellington. The principal Parliamentary grants for building were during
-the extreme old age of Baldwin, so that I suspect the influence of Andrews,
-who was then a Senior Fellow, and a member of the Irish House, must have been the
-chief cause of this sudden liberality; for after the completion of the Library in 1724, there
-is a pause in the Parliamentary grants till 1751, and again they disappear after 1759,
-when Andrews became Provost, till 1787. But it is asserted in Duigenan’s pamphlet that
-the grants of Baldwin’s time were not exhausted during the whole of Andrews’ Provostship.
-I take it, then, that Andrews had ample funds for the fine buildings erected during his
-office.<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a> Constant increase of the College rents and constant bequests made it possible to
-rebuild the Dining Hall in his time (1759-61), and no doubt much remained to be done
-in making the new front, finished in 1759, habitable. There was much hospitality, and
-good society was encouraged in the College. The greatest ceremony during his time was
-the installation of the Duke of Bedford as Chancellor, which is thus described by the
-Registrar:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>Friday, Sept. 9 [1768].&mdash;This day his Grace John Duke of Bedford was installed Chancellor of our
-University.</p>
-
-<p>The Hall had been previously prepared by erecting a platform at the upper end, and a gallery for
-the musicians at the lower end. The platform was erected 2 feet 6 inches from the floor and railed in. At
-the back in the middle, under a canopy of green damask, and upon a semicircular step raised six inches
-above the level of the platform, was placed a chair for the Chancellor, on the right hand a chair for the Vice-Chancellor,
-and on the left another for the Provost. From these chairs on each side along the back and sides
-down to the rails were raised seats and forms, and on the right side, advanced before those seats, were placed
-two chairs of state for the Lord Lieutenant and his Lady. Over the door of the Hall, and eight feet
-above the floor, was erected the gallery for the musicians, and along the sides of the Hall, between the
-platform and gallery, were seats raised and forms placed, leaving a passage in the midst seven feet wide.
-On the right side, next to the platform, part of the seats were enclosed as a box for the reception of such
-ladies of quality whom the Chancellor should invite. The platform with its steps, the gallery and the seats,
-were covered with green broadcloth. The passage through the midst of the Hall was covered with carpeting,
-and the semicircular step under his Grace’s chair ornamented with a rich carpet.</p>
-
-<p>When the Lord Lieutenant and his Lady, the Nobility, the Lord Mayor and Sheriffs of the city, the
-ladies of quality and fashion, and all who walked not in the procession, had taken their seats in the Hall,
-the procession moved solemnly from the Regent House, the chamber over the gateway, to the Hall in the
-following order, according to juniority:&mdash;Undergraduates, Bachelors of Arts, candidates for Degrees, Masters
-of Arts, Bachelors in Music, in Law, in Physic, in Divinity, Doctors in Music, in Law, in Physic, in Divinity,
-Senior Fellows, Noble Students, Vice-Provost, Beadle with his Mace, Proctors, Chancellor between the Vice-Chancellor
-on his right and the Provost on his left, Archbishops, Dukes, Earls, Viscounts, Bishops, Barons,
-&amp;c., &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>Every gentleman who walked in the procession was habited in the robes of his Order and Degree.
-The Undergraduates and Bachelors of Arts stopped at the Hall-door, opened to right and left, and after the
-Nobility entered the Hall according to seniority. The candidates for Degrees, Masters in Arts, and Bachelors
-in Music, Law, Physic, and Divinity, stopped at the steps of the platform. The Doctors, &amp;c., ascended the
-platform by four steps. During this procession the musicians played a solemn March composed on the
-occasion by the Earl of Mornington, Professor of Music.</p>
-
-<p>The music having ceased, the Registrar read the Act of the College constituting his Grace their
-Chancellor. Upon which the Vice-Chancellor and the Provost, assisted by the Seniors, led his Grace to the
-canopy and installed him. And the Vice-Chancellor having taken his place on the right, when the Mace and
-the University Rules were laid at his feet, the Provost, assisted by the Seniors, delivered into his Grace’s
-hand a printed copy of the College Statutes elegantly bound, promising for himself and the University all
-due and statutable obedience. His Grace then arising returned them thanks for the honour they had done
-him in electing him their Chancellor, expressing that it was more pleasing to him, as this mark of the
-confidence of a Body so distinguished by their learning, virtue, and loyalty, gave him reason to hope that
-his conduct during his administration was not disagreeable to the people of Ireland in general, whose
-prosperity and welfare, and particularly the honour and privileges of the University, he would seek every
-occasion to advance, &amp;c.</p>
-
-<p>The Provost having taken his place on the left, and the Seniors having retired to their seats, after a
-short pause the Provost rose and addressed the Chancellor and the University in a most elegant Latin
-oration, in the close of which he addressed himself particularly to the Professor of Music, who thereupon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span>
-gave the signal to the musicians, and gave copies of the Ode to the Lord Lieutenant and the Chancellor.
-The Ode was written on the occasion by Mr. Richard Archdale, an Undergraduate, and was set to music by
-the Professor, the Earl of Mornington.</p>
-
-<p>After the conferring of the Degrees by the Chancellor, the Commencement was closed, and the
-musicians played the March, as before, and the Procession, as before, attended his Grace to the Provost’s
-House.</p>
-
-<p>His Grace, with the Nobility, Fellows, Professors, &amp;c., dined in the Eating Hall. There were two
-chairs placed at the head of the table; the Lord Lieutenant sat on the right hand.</p>
-
-<p>Sunday, Sept. 11.&mdash;His Grace the Chancellor was sung into Chapel by the Choir. He sat in the
-Provost’s stall, the Provost in the Vice-Provost’s; the Vice-Provost, Nobility, and Professors, were seated in
-the adjoining seats. Two Senior Fellows read the Lessons, the Deans the Communion Service. The
-Professor of Divinity preached from Proverbs, chap. xv., verse 14. There were two Anthems. The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Te
-Deum</i> and the <em>Jubilate</em> were composed by the Earl of Mornington.</p>
-
-<p>On Tuesday, Sept. 13, the Chancellor, attended by the Provost, Fellows, and Professors, visited the
-Elaboratory, Anatomy School, Waxworks, &amp;c. In the Natural Philosophy School his Grace was addressed
-by Mr. Crosbie, a <em>Nobilis</em>, son of Lord Brandon, in English verse.... As his Grace was quitting the
-Library, the Professor of Oratory addressed him in an English farewell speech, which his Grace was pleased
-to answer with great politeness.</p></div>
-
-<p>The reader will remember that the Hall mentioned at the opening of this extract was
-the old Hall, then entered under the dome which appears in all the views of the College
-of that epoch. The date of the first edition of the Statutes (August 22, 1768), when
-compared with this account, also shows that they were first printed for the purpose of
-this ceremony. The Chancellor’s copy of these Statutes had probably been lost, or never
-perhaps handed over to the Royal Personages who had recently been Chancellors; and
-indeed we wonder, with a printing press now over twenty years established, that the work had
-not yet been issued in print. The difficulty lay in the Laudian Statute, which specially
-provided that three copies should exist, and implied that no more should be circulated.<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a>
-There is possibly some entry in the Registry which would explain how the Board evaded
-this obstacle. The printed copy bears opposite the title-page, in print, <em>vera copia, Theaker
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span>Wilder, Reg<sup>r</sup></em>.</p>
-
-<p>It is much to be regretted that the Ode, with Mornington’s music, has disappeared.<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a>
-It is stated by Dr. Stubbs that the Duke of Bedford’s fine portrait by Gainsborough,
-now in the Provost’s House, was presented upon this occasion. But there is an
-exactly similar picture in the Dublin Mansion House, which must surely have been
-presented by Bedford, or acquired by the city, while he was Lord Lieutenant, seven years
-earlier. The portrait, therefore, in the Provost’s House must be a replica, unless it was
-presented to Provost Andrews much earlier than the date of the Installation. Our Bursar, in
-his history, states with cold precision the large amounts spent upon dinners to the Viceroys
-in these hospitable days. It does not appear that the feast given to the Duke of Bedford
-was by any means as costly as some of those given in later years.<a name="FNanchor_92_92" id="FNanchor_92_92"></a><a href="#Footnote_92_92" class="fnanchor">[92]</a> Such are the gossiping
-details preserved concerning this Provost and his social doings in the College.</p>
-
-<p>It might be easily inferred, were it not stated expressly in the angry controversies
-with his successor, that the discipline of the College was much relaxed, and many
-abuses tolerated by this amiable man. The old Statutes regulating studies in the autumn
-(out of term) had fallen into desuetude; the Chapel was shut up in July, and all business
-ceased for six weeks. Residence was not enforced at this time, or indeed at other times,
-in the case of poor scholars, who went as tutors into country houses. Still worse, the
-marriage of several Fellows, in spite of their solemn oath of celibacy during their tenure,
-was connived at, and thus a habit tolerated of trifling with solemn obligations, which not only
-brought great scandal upon the College, but lowered the general dignity and respectability
-of the Governing Body. Most of them were in debt to the College, and with the
-expectation of never having payment enforced. It also appears accidentally, from a
-document printed by Taylor, that the Wide Street Commissioners, making a report to the
-Irish Parliament in 1799 on the condition of the College property extending from the north
-precinct to the river, found that the houses and land had, by some great oversight, been let
-on a long lease (60 years), at a small rent, to the Bishop of Raphoe.<a name="FNanchor_93_93" id="FNanchor_93_93"></a><a href="#Footnote_93_93" class="fnanchor">[93]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>We may assume that the great social successes of Andrews’ Provostship encouraged
-the Government, on his death, to promote another layman, and lawyer, into the vacant post.
-It was doubtless argued that, with the increase of wealth and splendour in the College, it
-must be represented by a public man, a man of the world, and a good speaker. But the
-new Provost, John Hely Hutchinson, lacked other and not less necessary qualifications
-which had made Andrews so successful. In the first place he had never been a Fellow, and
-thus was not only ignorant of the routine of College work, but also of the characters and
-susceptibilities of the Fellows. It was but natural that such of them as were baulked in
-their advancement by his appointment, and who thought themselves more worthy to hold it,
-resented the promotion of a stranger by political influence. Though Hutchinson managed
-to gain over certain members of the Board, he found others irreconcilable, and he is
-alleged to have dealt with them in unscrupulous fashion, both by attempted bribery and by
-open oppression. The moral standard of his profession, and indeed of the official classes
-throughout Ireland, was very low. Every successful man seems to have feathered his
-nest by obtaining or creating sinecures, nor was there any limit to the rapacity which
-accumulated them in the same hands. It was well that Hutchinson did not set himself to
-plunder the College for his family; the few cases of inferior officers whom he thrust upon
-the College, which his adversaries have exposed, are mere trifles.</p>
-
-<p>But he was ambitious of political power for his sons; and he certainly strove to make
-the College a pocket-borough. This attempt brought about him a nest of hornets. The
-fact was, that bribery or intimidation, which might be used with hardly any risk in
-constituencies of ordinary electors, was sure to stumble upon some young gentleman of
-high character and independence among the Fellows or Scholars, and thus be exposed.</p>
-
-<p>On the other hand, the abuses tolerated by Andrews gave the new Provost a great
-power of intimidation, which he could have used very effectually. Fellows with wives and
-large families, who had broken their solemn engagement to celibacy, and resided outside the
-College, contrary to the Statutes, who, moreover, owed to the College large sums of money
-for the purchase of rooms, which they could not pay, were practically in the Provost’s hands.
-It is much to be regretted that when a layman, an outsider, and a public man chanced to
-be set over the Society, he did not take in hand thorough reforms on these all-important
-points&mdash;reforms which could hardly be expected from an old member of the Corporation,
-promoted after years of acquiescence or participation in the growing laxities of discipline.</p>
-
-<p>But the school in which Hutchinson was educated was even morally worse than that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span>
-of the culpable Fellows. There must be substantial truth in the constant allegation, proved
-by two Parliamentary inquiries, that the Provost’s assertions of discipline were not just and
-uniform, but intended to promote his political power. Both in 1776 and in 1790, when
-Hutchinson secured the return of his elder and younger sons respectively by a very narrow
-majority, there were petitions against them on the ground of intimidation and bribery, and
-the evidence then given is the real ground of the severe judgment which the local historians
-have pronounced against the Provost. In the former petition his son was unseated; in the
-latter&mdash;remarkable for having Lord Edward Fitzgerald and the future Duke of Wellington
-among its members&mdash;the casting vote of the chairman saved the sitting member. The
-evidence in both cases is so very similar, that we cannot but wonder at the incaution of the
-Provost, who was probably saved from a second disgrace only by his personal influence
-with the Chairman of the Committee. In this latter case, however, Hutchinson disowned
-altogether the person who acted as go-between, and who made offers to the scholars. He
-was private tutor to the Provost’s family, but was dismissed, and excluded from the precincts
-of the College by order of the Visitors.</p>
-
-<p>The case is therefore strong against the Provost, though we should remember that in
-those days all Parliamentary elections in Ireland were carried on by similar means, and that
-bribery was only condemned by the law, not by the moral sense of the community.</p>
-
-<p>This public evidence has, however, not weighed in the minds of historians so strongly
-as the violent pamphlet called <cite>Lachrymæ Academicæ</cite>, written against the Provost by his bitter
-personal enemy, Dr. Patrick Duigenan, who as a Junior Fellow was at perpetual variance
-with his chief, and at last resigned his Fellowship to take a Chair of Law, which was
-increased in value (with the Provost’s consent) to induce his resignation. This exceedingly
-violent <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ex parte</i> statement seems to me chiefly valuable for its allusions to the internal
-affairs of the College not at issue in the dispute. The tone is scurrilous, and the confident
-prediction that a few more years of the Provost’s manipulation must ruin the College
-falsified by the facts. Instead of securing all the posts in the College for partizans of his
-own, the Provost met with more and more opposition, especially from the Junior Fellows, as
-years elapsed. In 1775, a scholar whom he had deprived insisted upon a Visitation, in
-which Primate Robinson, the Vice-Chancellor, decided against the Provost. In 1791,
-another Vice-Chancellor, Lord Clare, decided against him on the right of negative, which
-he claimed under the Statutes in every election. The sense of the Statute is plain
-enough. It ordains that the majority of Provost and Board shall decide elections; but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span>
-if such majority could not be obtained after two scrutinies&mdash;that is to say, if the Senior
-Fellows had divided their votes among three or more candidates, so that none of them had
-more than three&mdash;then the Provost’s vote, even if it stood alone, shall decide the election.
-This very reasonable Statute was, however, so worded, that another interpretation was
-possible, ordaining that even in an absolute majority of votes the Provost’s must be one.
-Lord Clare decided rightly that the disputed words <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">una cum Præposito, vel eo absente Vice-Præposito</i>,
-merely meant that the Senior Fellows could not elect without the presence of
-either of these officers.<a name="FNanchor_94_94" id="FNanchor_94_94"></a><a href="#Footnote_94_94" class="fnanchor">[94]</a></p>
-
-<p>This Visitation concludes the long history of the quarrels of the political Provost
-with his Fellows. He was then an old man, and though he showed considerable vigour in
-arguing his case, it is evident that the fire of his ambition was burning low, and his
-combativeness decreasing with the decay of his physical powers. It is a great pity that
-while a collection of scurrilous tracts&mdash;<cite>Pranceriana, Lachrymæ Academicæ</cite>, and others&mdash;were
-published and widely circulated, and are still quoted against him, his own account of the
-history of the College, of his own doings, and of the character of his opponents, has remained
-in MS., and even this MS. is not now in the Library, but in possession of Mr. Charles
-Todd. It is therefore only known through the few extracts which those writers have made
-who have had access to this source. The impression produced by these extracts is strongly
-in Hutchinson’s favour; he speaks with admiration of some of his opponents, and with great
-calmness of his own political mistakes. Until this important document is thoroughly
-examined, the case for Provost Hutchinson cannot be considered complete, nor can we
-determine all the motives of his policy. We can, however, infer from the public acts of
-his government the following conclusions.</p>
-
-<p>In the first place, he clearly desired to modernise the education of the students, not
-only by modifying their course of study (of which Dr. Duigenan says he was an incompetent
-judge), but by making them practise accomplishments quite foreign to old Collegiate
-discipline. The account of his improvements suggests that he advanced in the direction
-which Andrews had set for the College, but so rashly as to make his government a parody of
-that of his predecessor. Having himself called out his man, and fought a duel, he could not
-possibly interdict the use of arms among the students; and we hear strange and probably<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span>
-exaggerated accounts of the number of students killed or maimed in affairs of honour.<a name="FNanchor_95_95" id="FNanchor_95_95"></a><a href="#Footnote_95_95" class="fnanchor">[95]</a>
-Akin to the practice of arms was the practice of horsemanship, which brought upon him
-some ridicule when he desired to have a riding-school attached to the College. This idea
-was probably suggested to him by country gentlemen, who thought that their sons should
-receive a complete training for their after life in the University. The same ideas prompted
-him to found Chairs of Modern Languages, which have lasted to this day, and which
-proclaimed the startling novelty that not dead languages only, but the living languages of
-Europe are part of a liberal education. However late and imperfect the teaching of modern
-languages at the University may have been, we can here also infer that it was the
-solicitation of parents of the higher classes which made Hutchinson propose these changes,
-all of which tended to make the students men of the world.</p>
-
-<p>As regards his own office, he did many things to promote its permanent dignity.
-He persuaded the Board to give him a grant for enlarging the fine house which his
-predecessor had built, and this addition is one of its chief features; it is the stately
-Provost’s study, added at the north end of the main structure. He took care so to lease the
-Provost’s estate as to preserve its rental undiminished to his successors. The same principles
-appear in his improvement of the College. With the aid of a grant from the Erasmus
-Smith’s Board of £2,500, he built the noble Examination Hall, intended for a Theatre or
-Hall of public Academic performances, at the fortunate moment when our 18th century
-builders had just reached the zenith of their art. No room in Dublin is more perfect in its
-proportions, or more rich as well as chaste in its ornamentation. He also persuaded the
-Senior Fellows, who trembled for their renewal fines, to have the College estates re-valued, and
-thus added a permanent £5,000 a-year to the property of the Corporation. We are told that
-he could not carry out this eminently honest and practical reform without guaranteeing each
-of the persons who sat with him on the Board against loss of income. Not one of them
-was willing to risk one shilling for the future improvement of the College estate. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span>
-showed more questionable taste when he transformed a number of old silver cups into a
-service of dinner plates, which his enemies said he intended for his own use, and probably
-for that of his heirs; for he carried them to his suburban residence at Palmerstown [Park],
-and used them in his entertainments. The service is, however, still safe, and perhaps adds
-as much to the dignity of College entertainments as would the cups that were melted down.
-But we grieve to think what splendid old specimens of Caroline or Queen Anne plate
-have thus been lost.</p>
-
-<p>So far as Hutchinson was a politician&mdash;probably accepting the Provostship with the
-determination to have the University for a pocket-borough, and so to attain a position equal
-to that of the County magnates&mdash;so far his life and conduct are open to severe criticism.
-In every other respect his 20 years of rule were both brilliant and profitable to the College.
-He continued the great traditions of his two predecessors, and far surpassed the men who
-succeeded him for the next 40 years. But whether the opposition of the Fellows was really
-irreconcilable, or whether he was himself wanting in tact or fairness, the painful result is
-beyond question, that he lived all his life at war with his subjects.</p>
-
-<p>When his health began to fail in 1793, a full year before his death, intriguing for the
-succession to his place began in official circles. The Bar, who absorb so many posts outside
-their profession, began to speak of the Provostship as a political office; and had they
-succeeded in appointing another lawyer, we should presently have had it put forward as an
-axiom, that none but a lawyer is fit to hold a post which requires any knowledge of the
-law. We hear this absurd argument repeated every day with fatal effect. On the other hand,
-the Senior Fellows, who had considered this great post as their proper prize ever since the
-necessity of importing scholars from England had passed away, were equally zealous in
-counteracting these schemes. Four or five times did they send deputations to London to
-interview Pitt, Dundas, Portland, and perhaps with most effect Edmund Burke and the
-Marquis of Abercorn, both of whom exerted themselves warmly against the politicians and
-the lawyers in favour of an academical and clerical appointment. Even Burke himself was
-spoken of for the office, and then an English Bishop of Cloyne, Bennett, who was deterred
-by a threatening visit from some of the Fellows.</p>
-
-<p>Meanwhile, the moment for the celebration of the Bi-Centenary of the Foundation
-had arrived. The Centenary had been held in 1694, the 100th anniversary of the first
-taking of degrees. The more correct date would have been 1692. But neither date was
-debated for one moment by the creatures who were thinking of nothing but the loss of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>
-step in their promotion, or the chances of succeeding to a lucrative post. All remembrance
-of the dignity of the College and its historic position was obscured by these personal
-anxieties, to which was added, in the minds of better men, a keen sense of the inconvenience
-of having a stranger and a politician as the head of a place of learning. Had any of the
-three great Provosts been guiding the councils of the College, this disgraceful omission of
-so honourable a commemoration would not have been tolerated.</p>
-
-<p>But from this time onward, the College, having conquered in the great struggle
-concerning Hutchinson’s successor, obtained the practical nomination, and accordingly “the
-Senior Major of the Regiment,” or the next senior, was regularly promoted. By a curious
-coincidence, the influence of Primate Boulter’s policy, and the exclusion of Irishmen from
-Bishoprics, had also passed away, and so we find our Provosts passed on to the Episcopal
-Bench, leaving no mark upon the College, and taking no interest in ought beyond the
-decent management of the routine studies of the place. The history from the appointment
-of Murray to that of Bartholomew Lloyd, in 1837, is probably the least creditable in all the
-three centuries. No fine buildings were erected during these years. Even the belfry
-which was taken down was not rebuilt, and the great bell relegated to a shed in a remote
-corner of the College, where it lay for fifty years, till the munificence of a Chancellor
-educated at Oxford retrieved the disgrace. When the old Chapel was removed, so careless
-were these men of 1798 of the memories of the dead, that the alabaster monument of the
-pious founder, Luke Challoner, was thrust aside, not even into a shed, but into a corner,
-where the recumbent figure was defaced by the weather beyond recognition within thirty
-years. During the rule of the great Provosts there had been frequent bequests from rich
-members of the Society, who justly held that some practical expression of gratitude was
-due to the College which had conferred upon them wealth and dignity. That spirit died
-out with the century. From that day onward, many men drew £50,000 in salaries from the
-College, and did not return to it one farthing beyond their (often second-rate) official work.
-Constant gifts of plate from rich students, as well as Fellows, <em>for the use of the College</em>, had
-replaced the tax for <em>argent</em>, at one time levied (as it still is in some Oxford Colleges) on
-all who entered the College. These honourable gifts were no longer made, though any
-but a criminally supine set of rulers could easily have kept them up by example and
-advice. In fact, the existing plate was concealed in the safes of the Board-room, and never
-issued except for the Provost’s private use. During these disgraceful forty years no public
-display brought the College into notice except the lavish feast to George IV. (1821). At<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span>
-the same time, the number of students was very great, the incomes of Seniors in renewal
-fines, and of Juniors in Tutors’ fees, larger than they ever were before or since; yet these
-were the years which justly earned for the University of Dublin the now obsolete title of
-“Silent Sister.” There was a day when Oxford, for like reasons, had obtained the kindred
-name of “the Widow of Sound Learning.”</p>
-
-<p>And yet the moment when Murray succeeded was one more than likely to stimulate
-bright spirits to do brilliant work; it was the moment when revolutionary ideas from the
-Continent were making their way into Ireland; when hot-headed politicians were speaking
-of National Independence, of Republicanism, of the Rights of Man; it was the age that
-bore the great poets of the early nineteenth century. One of them, Thomas Moore, whom
-his greatest contemporaries have recognised and honoured as their peer, was actually a
-student of Trinity College. He was the last of a considerable series of playwrights and
-poets, which proves that English studies, at all events, were not neglected in the College
-course. Congreve, Swift, Goldsmith, Parnell, Sheridan, not to speak of Brady and Tate, and
-Toplady, prove what Burke mentions in acknowledging the honorary degree offered him by
-Hutchinson&mdash;“I am infinitely pleased that that learned body ... condescends to favour
-the unaltered subsistence of those principles of Liberty and Morality, along with some faint
-remains of that taste of Composition, which are infused, and have always been infused, into
-the minds of those who have the happiness to be instructed by it.”<a name="FNanchor_96_96" id="FNanchor_96_96"></a><a href="#Footnote_96_96" class="fnanchor">[96]</a> He might have
-added another all-important training in expression, which used to be a peculiarity of the
-Dublin Classical School, and which Chatham devised as a means of making his son the
-prince of debaters. It consisted in the practice of free <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vivâ voce</i> translation from Greek
-and Latin into English, wherein the fluency of expression was rated as of equal importance
-with grammatical accuracy. When we competed for Scholarships in the earlier half of the
-century, we were required to know a long course of authors in this way; and surely to express
-the thoughts of another language in fluent English is the best preparation for those
-who desire to express their own thinking in apt and ready words. So far, then, the
-narrowness of the Governors was not able to affect the students. Those who went into the
-world became practical orators of the first rank, while those who remained in the College
-sank into learned insignificance.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Yet the time, as I have said, was full of excitement, political and social. There were
-wars and rumours of wars, some men’s hearts failing them for fear, others beating with the
-expectation of a millennium of Liberty. It was impossible that the great agitation of the
-country should not reach the ardent spirits whom the late Provost had permitted or encouraged
-to mix in the world. They had, moreover, started a debating club, the Historical Society,
-which, after various modest beginnings and failures, became of recognised importance
-towards the waning of the century. The very essence of these debating societies is to
-transgress sober discipline; for while it is the duty of Governors of a College to keep their
-students’ attention upon abstract science, pure philosophy, and classical languages, it is the
-one aim of debaters to avoid such subjects, and choose those of present and burning
-interest. Moreover, in those days the modern engines of the press and the platform had not
-accustomed men to discount the mendacities, the false passion, the gross exaggerations
-of political oratory. Generous natures were more easily carried away than they now are,
-when the poison and the antidote succeed one another in the columns of the same newspaper.
-Wolfe Tone found even among the Fellows two distinguished men, John Stack and
-Whitley Stokes&mdash;these family-names have been for more than two centuries frequent in the
-honour-rolls of the College&mdash;who adopted the views of the United Irishmen, and admitted the
-principle of making Ireland an independent nation. It is hard to avoid the observation that
-Boulter’s policy of filling every post of importance with English placemen must have been
-a powerful agent in turning the opinions of the professional men in Ireland in this direction.
-Presently the College was seized with military ardour; a yeomanry corps was established, in
-which four companies were commanded by four lay Fellows, for the purpose of aiding the
-Government in the impending crisis. But along with the ardour for amateur soldiering so
-universal among civilians, there crept in the feeling that, with arms in their hands, men should
-secure not only peace and order in the country, but some recognition of the claims of Ireland,
-so long neglected and postponed to the most vulgar English interests. One of the captains
-was, in fact, already an United Irishman, though he seems to have been deterred from
-going as far as Wolfe Tone would lead him, by Tone’s open assertion that the liberties of
-the country must be attained even through arms and blood.</p>
-
-<p>Presently it became necessary to revive the dormant Statute forbidding students to
-attend any political meetings; and when some of the scholars went so far as to avow
-publicly that they were United Irishmen, in the sense then considered seditious, and one
-member at least of the Board, who was also M.P. for the University, openly declared himself<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span>
-opposed to taking extreme measures against them, the time seemed come for a formal Visitation.
-In all this difficult and dangerous passage of the history of the College the Provost is hardly
-mentioned. The result of the great battle between the Dons and the politicians upon
-Hutchinson’s death had resulted, as has been said, in the appointment of the Vice-Provost,
-Murray, a respectable, modest, benevolent old man,<a name="FNanchor_97_97" id="FNanchor_97_97"></a><a href="#Footnote_97_97" class="fnanchor">[97]</a> wholly unfit to guide the counsels of
-the Board, or to lead back the wilder students into the paths of discretion or common sense.
-Moreover, the ultra-Protestant party were in such panic at the state of the country as to
-make them cruel in their punishments. The Vice-Chancellor was Lord Clare, a very strong
-and uncompromising member of the Protestant ascendency, who all through his life was
-perfectly consistent in advocating the English supremacy, and in crushing out all Irish aspirations,
-even with the halter and the sword. He had been baulked in his policy of repression
-by the admission of Roman Catholics to Degrees in Trinity College, carried in 1793 by an
-Act of Parliament, but which would not have been put into effect in that year but for the
-stout action of Dr. Miller, who, as Senior Master Non-Regent, stopped all the conferring
-of Degrees till the Vice-Chancellor consented to remit the old oath against Popery. The
-facts, which are worth knowing in their details, are thus stated by Dr. Stubbs:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>When the first Commencement day after the passing of the Act of Parliament arrived, the
-Letters Patent altering the College Statutes had not been prepared, and consequently, although the
-declaration had been abolished by Act of Parliament, the corresponding oath remained. Lord Clare
-was well known to be opposed to the admission of Roman Catholics to Degrees, and he presided as
-Vice-Chancellor of the University, and it was expected that he would place every impediment in his
-power to the relaxation which had been granted by the change in the law. Mr. Miller, who was
-called upon to act as Senior Master Non-Regent, declined to take his place until he had been formally
-elected by the Senate, according to the letter of the University Regulations. After some opposition to
-this proceeding on the part of the Vice-Chancellor, this legal formality was carried out, and Mr. Miller
-took his seat as one of the Caput.</p>
-
-<p>The usual form at Commencements at that time was, that the Proctor should first supplicate
-for the Degrees to be conferred, and obtain the suffrages of the Senate, after which being done, the
-oath and the declaration were read. On this occasion the Vice-Chancellor called on the Proctor to
-commence by reading the statutable oath. So far no objection was made; but when that officer
-proceeded to recite the declaration as of old, Miller immediately interfered, and reminded Lord Clare
-that this declaration had been abrogated by Act of Parliament, and assured him that if it were then
-insisted on he would, in his capacity as a member of the Caput, prevent any Degrees from being
-conferred.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Lord Clare was unprepared for this proceeding, and threatened to adjourn the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Comitia</i>. However,
-after referring to the Act, which Mr. Miller had by him, and after a consultation with Mr. Wolfe,
-the Attorney-General, who was present in the Hall for the purpose of taking the Degree of Doctor of
-Laws, Lord Clare soon saw that the clause in question, although conditional in the preamble, was
-peremptory in its enactment, and that the Senior Master Non-Regent was right in point of law.
-The declaration was not read, and the Commencement proceeded. Letters Patent were shortly afterwards
-passed making the necessary alteration in the College Statutes, and from that time Roman
-Catholics have taken lay Degrees without restriction.</p></div>
-
-<p>It may therefore well be imagined that Lord Clare came in no very good humour
-to visit the College, and that he probably desired to show to the public that the Act of
-1793 had been followed by the consequences which the old ascendency party had foreseen,
-and therefore urged against it. The second Visitor was Dr. Duigenan, a man intimate with
-the College in former years, and a very good judge of the characters of the Fellows, now
-that the old quarrels and animosities with the late Provost and his party had been
-superseded by far graver questions. I will let Dr. Stubbs narrate the proceedings in his own
-words.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>The Vice-Chancellor, on opening the proceedings, intimated that the object of the Visitors was
-to inquire whether the disaffection imputed to the College was founded in reality, or was a mere
-rumour or surmise; and he announced his intention to punish with severity any of the members of
-the College who should be proved to be encouragers or abettors of treason or sedition. The roll of
-the College was called, and to every member, as he answered his name, an oath was tendered, and
-when sworn he was examined as to his knowledge of unlawful societies existing in College. Dr.
-Browne was asked as to his vote at the Board in the case of Ardagh and Power, and he acknowledged
-that he had considered expulsion too severe a measure, and therefore had, with two other Senior
-Fellows, voted for the rustication of the two Students for a year as a suitable punishment, and that he
-had publicly stated his opinion after the meeting of the Governing Body had terminated. For this
-open criticism of the decision of the Board he was strongly rebuked by Lord Clare.</p>
-
-<p>Whitley Stokes, when questioned by the Vice-Chancellor, denied that he knew of the existence
-of societies of United Irishmen in the College, or of any illegal or secret societies within the walls.
-He admitted that he had been a member of the Society of United Irishmen in 1791, before their
-revolutionary tendencies had been developed; but he stated that from that period he had altogether
-dissociated himself from them. He admitted that he had professionally visited, as a physician, a man
-who was well known for his treasonable proclivities, but who was very ill and very poor, but always
-in company of a third person, lest his action might be misrepresented. He had also subscribed to
-a fund which was formed to relieve the necessities of two members of the United Irishmen who were
-in prison. The most reliable evidence was given on Dr. Stokes’ behalf that he had used his influence
-among the Students, which was considerable, to induce some of them to withdraw from treasonable<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span>
-associations, and to enroll their names among the members of the College corps, and that his efforts
-had been successful. In fact, Lord Clare was forced to admit the concurring testimony of so many
-respectable and independent witnesses in Dr. Stokes’ favour; at the same time he stated that he was
-a well-meaning man who had been led into great indiscretions.</p>
-
-<p>The Students soon appeared to be reluctant to take the oath, partly because they declined to
-implicate others, partly because they were unwilling to make admissions which would criminate themselves.
-At the end of the first day there were fifty who had refused to be sworn. In consequence
-of this, Lord Clare intimated on the following day that if any of the Students who had been themselves
-implicated in the proceedings of these treasonable societies would come forward and admit the fact,
-and would promise that in future they would separate themselves from them, the Visitors would pass
-over their previous complicity with these associations. Among those who had first refused to take
-the oath was Thomas Moore. However, when the Vice-Chancellor had explained the matter to the
-Students, Moore complied, and denied that he had any knowledge of treasonable practices or societies
-in College. Many of the other Students who had at first declined to be sworn, on the second and
-third days of the Visitation came forward and confessed their errors. The result of the inquiry of the
-Visitors was the establishment of the fact that there were four committees of United Irishmen in the
-College, the secretaries of which were Robert Emmett, Peter M‘Laughlin, the younger Corbett, and
-Flynn. The sentence of the Visitors was to the effect that Thomas Robinson, Scholar, who had lent
-his rooms for the meetings of the United Irishmen, and who had in his sworn evidence before the
-Visitors prevaricated in his answers, was expelled from the College.</p>
-
-<p>William Corbett, Dacre Hamilton, John Carroll, and David Shea, Scholars; and Thomas Corbett,
-Peter M‘Laughlin, Arthur Newport, John Browne, and George Keough, Students, were also expelled
-for contumacy in refusing to be sworn, and because they had fallen into the gravest suspicion, in the
-opinion of the Visitors, of being acquainted with, and partakers in, a seditious conspiracy.</p>
-
-<p>Robert Emmett, Thomas Flynn, John Penefather Lamphier, Michael Farrall, Edward Barry,
-Thomas Bennett, Bernard Killen, and Patrick Fitzgerald, were expelled for contumacy in refusing to
-appear before the Visitors, and because there was the gravest suspicion that they were acquainted with,
-and had been partakers in, the conspiracy.</p>
-
-<p>Martin John Ferrall was expelled because he admitted that he was acquainted with, and had
-been engaged in, this conspiracy, and because he had not informed the authorities of it, nor had been
-willing to do so.</p>
-
-<p>As to Dr. Whitley Stokes, the Visitors decided that because he had confessed that he had
-some intercourse with the heads of the conspiracy he should be precluded from acting as College
-Tutor, and should for three years be disqualified from sitting as a member of the Board, and from
-being co-opted to a Senior Fellowship.</p>
-
-<p>These sentences were confirmed on the 1st of May, 1798, by the Duke of Gloucester, as
-Chancellor of the University.</p></div>
-
-<p>This drastic treatment, whether just or not, seems to have enabled the College to
-tide over the crisis of 1798, and to emerge after the Union into that period when it reflects<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>
-the dulness and prosperity of the country. The last Provost of the century, Kearney, is
-the type of his day. “This Provost,” says Taylor, with unconscious naiveté, “was always
-remarkable for his close attention to whatever might be considered for his improvement.”
-His only notable act was to refuse, <em>with tears in his eyes</em>, the resignation offered him, on
-the ground of religious difficulties, by the pious John Walker, and to expel him publicly
-next day. The same man connived at a number of his Fellows being married, in formal
-violation of their oath. Over against these unwholesome features, and the stagnation in
-the publishing of solid intellectual work, must be set the undoubted fact that there were
-men of sound learning and research among the Fellows. Mat. Young, Barrett, Thos.
-Elrington, Rich. Graves, Geo. Miller, were all men of respectable attainments in their day;
-and if the classical school produced no compeer of the expelled John Walker, it was at
-this apparently obscure period that the University of Dublin exchanged its reputation
-as a school of theology, of eloquence, and of style, for the reputation in Mathematics
-and Physics which was its only distinction in this century up to the reformations of
-Bartholomew Lloyd.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_101.jpg" width="150" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" />
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> Stubbs, p. 161.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Dunton speaks in 1699 of the Provost’s House as a fine structure in process of construction. This, if he
-reports correctly, must have been some residence intermediate between the old “Provost’s lodgings,” on the south side
-of the original quadrangle, and the present house. But there is no other allusion to such a house.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> He obtained from the Trust of Erasmus Smith, of which he was one of the administrators, large sums for
-the founding of new Chairs&mdash;nearly £800 per annum, which was distributed in salaries of £100 to £250.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> I conclude this from the last chapter (27) of the Statutes, which ordains that <em>three</em> authentic copies shall be
-deposited (1) as safely as possible in the archives of the College, (2) with the Lord Deputy of Ireland, (3) with the
-Chancellor of the University. The copy held by Strafford when Lord Deputy is now in private hands in Dublin. What
-has become of Laud’s copy we do not know; perhaps it is at Lambeth. There is no provision for taking any other copy
-from these; nay, rather, the opening sentence of the chapter ordains that lost any should offend against them from
-ignorance, they shall be read out publicly in the Chapel at the beginning of each Term by the Deans, in the presence of
-the whole College.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> So have Mornington’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Te Deum</i> and <em>Jubilate</em>, composed for the service on the following Sunday. The March,
-however, a trifling composition, survives.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_92_92" id="Footnote_92_92"></a><a href="#FNanchor_92_92"><span class="label">[92]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> the list in Stubbs’ <cite>History</cite>, p. 222.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_93_93" id="Footnote_93_93"></a><a href="#FNanchor_93_93"><span class="label">[93]</span></a> This was the lineal descendant of the Wm. Hawkins who in 1672 had got a 99 years’ lease of this land, then
-waste, for the purpose of reclaiming it and building a quay. The Bishop had interest enough with the Board in 1771
-to stay the resumption, and even to obtain a new lease of a valuable property from the College estate, which his descendants
-still enjoy. In 1799 this lease had yet 33 years to run&mdash;hence a 60 years’ lease.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_94_94" id="Footnote_94_94"></a><a href="#FNanchor_94_94"><span class="label">[94]</span></a> Provost Baldwin had asserted this right of veto, and had nominated against the majority, not without protest,
-but without being challenged at a Visitation.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_95_95" id="Footnote_95_95"></a><a href="#FNanchor_95_95"><span class="label">[95]</span></a> “The effects [of the Provost’s duel] are already visible; scarce a week passes without a duel between some of the
-students; some of them have been slain, others maimed; the College Park is publicly made the place for learning the
-exercise of the pistol; shooting at marks by the gownsmen is everyday practice; the very chambers of the College frequently
-resound with explosions of pistols. The Provost has introduced a fencing-master into the College, and assigned him the
-Convocation or Senate House [over the gate] of the College as a school, to teach the gownsmen the use of the sword,
-though this is strictly forbidden by the Statutes.”&mdash;<cite>Lachrymæ</cite>, p. 109. Is the first part of this true? Surely the names
-of students killed or maimed in duels would have been paraded before us in the pamphlets of the time. The Provost’s
-duel with Mr. Wm. Doyle, arising from anonymous attacks attributed to the latter, is described at length in the Dublin papers
-of 17th and 19th January, 1775.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_96_96" id="Footnote_96_96"></a><a href="#FNanchor_96_96"><span class="label">[96]</span></a> I quote from Dr. Stubbs, extract, <em>op. cit.</em> p. 264. It appears from Duigenan’s <cite>Lachrymæ</cite>, p. 145, that in
-Hutchinson’s time £200 a-year was voted by the Board of Erasmus Smith for Prizes in Composition only.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_97_97" id="Footnote_97_97"></a><a href="#FNanchor_97_97"><span class="label">[97]</span></a> He was so popular in Dublin as to receive the honorary freedom of the city.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_103a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER V.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">DURING THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.</span></h2>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Semel arreptos nunquam dimittet honores.</i>”</p>
-<p class="verse12"><span class="smcap">Motto from the Earliest Gold Medal.</span></p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="pfs80">1792-1892.</p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_103b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">Roman Catholics were not permitted to take Degrees in the University of
-Dublin up to the year 1793. By an Act of the Irish Parliament of that
-year, followed by a Royal Statute of the College in 1794, this disability
-was removed, but neither Roman Catholics nor Protestant Dissenters could
-at that time, nor for nearly eighty years after, be elected to Fellowships
-or Scholarships on the foundation of the College. In 1843 an attempt was
-made to contest the law on this point. Mr. Denis Caulfield Heron, a Roman
-Catholic Sizar, became a candidate for Scholarship in 1843, and was examined
-in conformity with the Statutes. There were sixteen vacancies, and his answering would
-have placed him fifth in order of merit, but the electors did not consider him to be
-eligible on account of his religion. Mr. Heron appealed to the Visitors, who declined to enter
-into an inquiry on the subject. He then, in Trinity Term 1844, applied to the Court of Queen’s
-Bench to grant a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mandamus</i> to force the Visitors to hear his appeal. This, after argument,
-was granted by the Court in June, 1845. In accordance with this command, the Visitors
-held a Court of Appeal in December, 1845, and they heard the arguments of eminent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span>
-counsel on both sides, aided by their assessor, the Right Hon. Richard Keatinge. Their decision
-was to the effect that, considering the precise and pointed language of the Act of 1793, and the
-whole body of College Charters and Statutes, it was the clear intention of the Crown, by the
-Royal Statute of 1794, merely to give to Roman Catholics the benefit of a liberal education and
-the right to obtain Degrees, but without allowing them to become members of the Corporation
-of Trinity College, or in any manner changing its Protestant character.</p>
-
-<p>In order that the students who were not members of the then Established Church should
-not be debarred from the advantages of Scholarships, the Board in 1854 decided to establish a
-class of “Non-Foundation Scholars,” which should not be restricted to any religious denomination.
-The Scholarships were awarded as the results of the same examination by which the Foundation
-Scholars were elected, and were confined to those whose answering at the Scholarship Examination
-was superior to that of the lowest of those who were elected to Foundation places. The
-tenure and the value of the Non-Foundation Scholarships was the same as of those on the
-Foundation, and they were awarded for good answering either in Mathematics or in Classics.</p>
-
-<p>Matters remained in this state until the year 1873, when the late Mr. Fawcett, afterwards
-Postmaster-General, succeeded in passing an Act of Parliament, 36 Vic. c. 21, with the full assent
-of the College authorities, which abolished Tests in the University of Dublin, except in the case
-of Professors and Lecturers in the Faculty of Theology, and opened all offices and appointments
-in the College to every person, irrespective of his religious opinions.</p>
-
-<p>At the time of the Union with Great Britain, in 1800, the University lost one of its two
-members, but it continued to return one member to the Imperial Parliament, the electors being,
-as before, the Provost, Fellows, and Foundation Scholars. This constituency, taking account
-of minors, fell much short of one hundred. By the Reform Act, in 1833, the second member
-was restored to the University of Dublin, but the constituency was enlarged so as to include
-ex-Scholars, Masters of Arts, and Doctors in the several faculties, and special Commencements
-were held in the following November, at which a very large number of Masters’ degrees were
-conferred; the number of registered electors at once rose to 1,570. The constituency now
-numbers 4,334.</p>
-
-<p>The history of Trinity College during the first half of the nineteenth century offers but
-little to note, apart from the great advances which were made in the studies of the University and
-the Professional Schools, and which will be hereafter detailed in their proper places. The increase
-in the funds of the College admitted, and the requirements of the College demanded, an
-augmentation in the number of Junior Fellows from fifteen to eighteen. This increase was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span>
-made by a Royal Statute in 1808. It was enacted that there should be no election to any of
-these Fellowships in any year in which there was a natural vacancy, and that in the case of no such
-vacancy happening, one of these new Fellowships should be filled until the number of three was
-in this way completed. These three additions were made in the years 1808, 1809, and 1811. In
-the years 1802, 1803, 1804, and 1806 there had been no Fellowship vacant at the time of the
-annual elections, and, but for this addition, from 1802 to 1811 there would have been seven years
-without a Fellowship Examination.</p>
-
-<p>At this period, although the Statutes of the College forbade the marriage of the Fellows,
-yet it was well known that for a good many years many of them more or less openly violated the
-law of the College in this respect. In some cases their wives continued to be known by their
-maiden names; and the public understood this, and did not discountenance it. In 1811 a new
-and very stringent Statute was enacted, which required every Fellow on his election to swear that
-he was then unmarried, and that, should he marry at any time of his tenure of Fellowship, he
-would within three months inform the Provost. This practically required all future married
-Fellows to resign. An exception, however, was made in favour of the existing Fellows, whether
-married or not in 1811. The Celibacy Statute, as it was called, remained in force until 1840,
-when it was repealed, and all restrictions upon marriage removed. This repeal was not effected
-without considerable agitation, which commenced in 1836. The value of the benefices in the gift
-of the College had fallen at least twenty-five per cent., in consequence of the commutation of
-tithe payable by the occupier of land into a rent charge payable by his landlord. In the greater
-part of the South of Ireland where the anti-tithe war had raged, and where the clergy had found
-it impossible to collect the revenues of their benefices, the change was decidedly advantageous.
-In the North of Ireland, however, where the College livings lay, no such resistance to the
-payment of tithes had been experienced, and consequently the change was a loss to the clergy.
-This, added to the poor’s rate, which was then introduced, and the ecclesiastical tax upon livings,
-which was at that time first imposed, had so greatly reduced the value of the College benefices,
-that many of them failed to attract the Fellows. In addition to this, the income of the Junior
-Fellows had become more equable and more certain, and their labours had diminished in consequence
-of the change which was effected by the adoption of a division of tutorial fees and of
-tutorial lectures in 1835; consequently few of the Junior Fellows were disposed to change an
-agreeable literary life in Dublin for a retirement in the country, even though they should be thus
-enabled to marry.</p>
-
-<p>In February, 1836, the Provost and Senior Fellows, two only dissenting, agreed to join the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span>
-Junior Fellows in an application to the Lord Lieutenant for a repeal of the obnoxious Statute,
-suggesting, however, that the six most Junior of the Fellows should be exempted from the
-permission to marry. The Earl of Mulgrave, then Viceroy, declined to recommend the change.
-At the end of 1838 a further memorial was presented to the representative of the Crown, praying
-that the Fellows above the lower nine of the body should be allowed to marry. The Provost
-and Senior Fellows concurred in the prayer of the memorial, stipulating, however, that the plan
-should be accompanied by such measures as would prevent the College livings from being
-declined by the whole body of Fellows. On the arrival of a new Viceroy (Lord Fortescue) in
-1839, a memorial was presented to him by the College asking for a repeal of the Celibacy Statute.
-To this there was a considerable opposition on the part of the great body of the Scholars and
-prospective Fellowship candidates, on the ground that the existing Fellows would be settled for
-life in the College, and the vacancies for fresh elections would become very rare, and thus the
-highest mathematical and literary studies in the College would suffer. It was known, also, that
-the Archbishop of Armagh, Lord John George Beresford, who was then Vice-Chancellor, and who
-took a warm interest in the welfare of the College, was strongly opposed to the repeal of this
-Statute. In the end the Government was guided by the advice of Dr. Dickinson, afterwards
-Bishop of Meath, and in 1840 the Celibacy Statute was repealed; ten new Fellowships were
-added, one to be elected each year; the six junior of the Fellows were excluded from the
-emoluments of the tutors, and restricted to the statutable emoluments of a Junior Fellow (about
-£37 a-year, with rooms and dinner in the Hall); and the number of Tutor Fellows was
-increased from fifteen to nineteen, the average income of the tutors being thus diminished
-by 21 per cent.</p>
-
-<p>It could scarcely be expected that an institution like Trinity College, which at that time
-had many political enemies, should escape a searching inquiry at the hands of a Royal Commission;
-and accordingly, in April, 1851, a full and minute investigation was made into the
-working of the College, the Commissioners being Archbishop Whately, Lord Chancellor Brady,
-the Earl of Rosse, the Bishop of Cork, Doctor Mountiford Longfield, and Edward J. Cooper,
-Esq. The Commissioners reported in April, 1853, and in a manner highly favourable to the
-College. They found “that numerous improvements of an important character have been from
-time to time introduced by the authorities of the College, and that the general state of the
-College is satisfactory. There is great activity and efficiency in the different departments, and
-the spirit of improvement has been especially shown in the changes which have been introduced
-in the course of education, to adapt it to the requirements of the age.” They ended in recommending<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span>
-some twenty-five changes. But they took care to add that these recommendations did
-not involve any great or fundamental alteration in the arrangements of the University, or in the
-system of education pursued in it. “From its present state,” they add, “and from what has
-already been effected by the authorities of the College, we do not believe such changes to be
-required.”</p>
-
-<p>Most of these recommendations have since that time been carried out by Royal Statutes,
-which were obtained at the request of the Provost and Senior Fellows, and in the application for
-which they were strengthened by the report of the Commissioners. 1. The Statutes underwent
-a complete revision. 2. Senior Fellows ceased to hold Professorships. 3. The Board obtained
-power to vary, with the consent of the Visitors, the subjects prescribed for the Fellowship
-Examinations, and to regulate the mode in which the Examination should be conducted, so that
-any Junior Fellow who holds a Professorship may now be summoned to examine in the subject
-of his Professorship. 4. Each vacancy for Fellowship or Scholarship is now filled by a separate
-vote of the electors, and the successful candidates are placed in the order of merit. 5. The fees
-payable to the tutors are no longer divided irrespectively of the number of pupils of each tutor,
-but a proportion of the fees paid by each student is paid directly to his College tutor, and the
-remainder paid into a common fund, from which certain Professorships are endowed, which are
-tenable by Junior Fellows alone. 6. The general obligation to take Holy Orders is no longer
-imposed on the Fellows, the number of Lay Fellows being at first increased from three to five.
-7. Ex-Fellows are now eligible for the Regius Professorship of Divinity. 8. The Professors of
-Modern Languages are now elected as other Professors, and these languages may now be selected
-by students of the Sophister Classes and for the B.A. degree in lieu of Greek and Latin. 9. The
-Board and Visitors have now the power of altering the subjects for the Scholarship Examination,
-and by a recent Statute the tenure of the Scholarship has been limited to five years. 10. Twenty
-Senior and twenty Junior Exhibitions of £25 each tenable for two years have been founded, and
-they are open to students without respect to creed. 11. No distinction is now made between
-Pensioners, Fellow Commoners, and Noblemen as to the course of education required for the
-B.A. degree. 12. The formal exercises then required for the different degrees have been discontinued,
-and (except the M.A. degree) all the higher degrees have been made real tests of
-merit. 13. Full power to admit readers to the College Library has been conferred upon the
-Provost and Senior Fellows. 14. An auditor of the College is now appointed by the Visitors,
-and an audited balance sheet and account of income and expenditure is annually presented to
-them, and is open to the inspection of all members of the Corporation. 15. The Bursar is now<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>
-paid by salary and not by fees, and local land agents have been appointed in cases in which the
-occupying tenants hold directly from the College. 16. The College officers formerly paid by
-fees are now paid by salaries in proportion to the services performed by them. 17. There has
-been a gradual reduction in the number of Non-Tutor Fellows created by the Statute of 1840.
-These form the great majority of the recommendations of the Royal Commissioners.</p>
-
-<p>In addition to these alterations some considerable improvements were effected by the
-Royal Statute of the 18th Victoria. The whole of the College Statutes were carefully revised,
-and the obsolete and injurious enactments were repealed. The power of assigning or of transferring
-pupils from one tutor to another, which Provost Hutchinson attempted to exercise in an
-arbitrary manner, was removed from the Provost and vested in the Board; and to the Board, with
-the consent of the Visitors, was given the power, which they had not before, of founding new
-Professorships and offices, and of assigning salaries to be paid to them from the revenues of the
-College.</p>
-
-<p>Immediately after these powers had been granted by Letters Patent, the Board and
-Visitors acted in conformity with their new authority. In 1855 a decree was passed dividing the
-subjects of the Fellowship Examination into four&mdash;Mathematics, Classics (including Hebrew),
-Mental and Moral Sciences, and Experimental Physics; the time for the examination was
-greatly extended. Science scholarships were founded, and the number of days of examination,
-both for classical and science scholarships, increased; and in the same year a similar decree
-regulated the salary and duties of the Regius Professor of Greek, and founded new Professorships
-of Arabic and of English Literature. In 1856 certain salaries of College officers were fixed, and the
-salaries of the Professor of Geology and of Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Natural Philosophy
-(when held by a Junior Fellow) were regulated. In 1858 a decree was passed which transferred
-all fees hitherto payable to College officers to the general funds of the College, and assigned fixed
-salaries in lieu of them. Two Senior Tutorships, each with a salary of £800, were founded; the
-salary of the Examinerships held by Non-Tutor Fellows was raised to £100 per annum;
-Classical Honour Lectureships were instituted, and a Professorship of Sanscrit and Comparative
-Philology. In 1862 two Professorships of Modern Languages were established, the salaries of
-the holders being paid out of the funds of the College&mdash;the Act of Parliament 18 and 19 Victoria,
-cap. 82, having deprived the College of two annual sums of £92 6s. 2d. each, which had been
-granted by the 41 George III., cap. 32, out of the Consolidated Fund for this purpose. The same
-Act dispossessed the College of its earliest, and only, subvention from the State, which was
-granted by Queen Elizabeth&mdash;an annual charge of £358 16s. on the revenues of Ireland; the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span>
-grounds assigned for this deprivation being the removal of the stamp duties on Degrees,<a name="FNanchor_98_98" id="FNanchor_98_98"></a><a href="#Footnote_98_98" class="fnanchor">[98]</a> which
-had been imposed on the College only thirteen years before. These duties (which have long
-since been abolished in England) were £1 on matriculation, £3 for the degree of B.A., and
-£6 for any other degree.</p>
-
-<p>The University&mdash;consisting of the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor, Doctors in the several
-faculties, and Masters of Arts&mdash;having been governed for more than two hundred years by certain
-rules or Statutes which had, by lapse of time, become in many respects obsolete and unsuited to
-the present state of the University, and doubts having been raised as to whether the Provost and
-Senior Fellows of the College had the power to alter or amend these rules, Letters Patent were
-asked for and granted by the Crown (July 24, 1857), confirming all former powers, usages, and
-privileges, giving the Board power to make laws concerning the conferring of Degrees, provided
-that such laws should be afterwards confirmed by the University Senate, enacting that no “grace”
-should be proposed to that body which had not been first adopted by the Board; incorporating
-the University Senate under the name of the Chancellor, Masters, and Doctors of the University
-of Dublin, and giving the Senate power to elect the Chancellor from three names to be submitted
-to them by the Board, who relinquished their old right in this respect. Further Letters Patent
-were obtained in 1858, which enabled the Board to commute the fees of certain offices for lesser
-salaries, and to forego fees hitherto payable to them for Degrees which were in future to be applied
-to the benefit of the College; and out of the funds so transferred fourteen Studentships were
-founded, at a salary of £100 per annum for each, tenable for seven years, to be given every year at
-the Degree Examination; two new offices (Senior Tutorships), to be held by Junior Fellows, were
-created; two of the Non-Tutor Fellowships were merged among the Tutor Fellowships, and the
-remaining four were gradually discontinued. The Board was given power to sanction new rules
-for the distribution of the tutorial fees, and a clause was added enabling candidates for Fellowships
-to attend only on the days on which the courses in which they compete are examined in,
-and giving other powers to the Board.</p>
-
-<p>In conformity with the powers granted to the Board by the Letters Patent of 1857, in
-December of the following year they remodelled, with the approval of the Senate, all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span>
-University rules with respect to Degrees. Further Letters Patent were obtained in 1865,
-rectifying defects in the existing Statutes, specially with respect to the examination for
-Fellowships, and in 1868 for the creation of a Regius Professor of Surgery. In 1870 the Provost
-and Senior Fellows founded a Professor of Latin, under the same regulations which prevailed
-with regard to the Professor of Greek; and at the same time they founded forty Exhibitions of
-£25 each, tenable for two years, twenty Senior and twenty Junior, to aid deserving students in
-the prosecution of their undergraduate course. In 1871 the Professorships of Ancient History
-and of Zoology were founded, and in 1872 a Professorship of Comparative Anatomy.</p>
-
-<p>The Act of Parliament amending the law with regard to promissory oaths, and that of
-1873 abolishing religious tests in the University of Dublin, necessitated further changes in the
-Royal Statutes of the College, and these were effected by Letters Patent of 1874, which also
-founded the Academic Council, and transferred to it, from the Provost and Senior Fellows, the
-nomination to Professorships, and gave to it, concurrently with the Board, the power to regulate
-the studies of the College.</p>
-
-<p>This Council consists of sixteen members and the Provost&mdash;four elected by the Senior
-Fellows, four by the Junior, four by the Professors who are not Fellows, and four by the Senate
-at large (excluding those who are already represented). The representatives of each class hold
-office for four years, are elected at the same time, and vacate office in rotation. The electors can
-give all their votes to one candidate, or they may distribute them among the candidates as they
-think fit. The election to Professorships in the Divinity School, of Medical Professors founded
-by Act of Parliament, and of Professors of private foundation the appointment of which is by
-the wills of the founders vested in the Provost and Senior Fellows, remains with the Board.</p>
-
-<p>In 1851 a very important Act of Parliament was passed, which extended the leasing
-powers of the College in respect to the estates belonging to the Corporation. Prior to that year
-it was precluded from giving leases of the lands belonging to the College for a longer period
-than twenty-one years, except in cities, where sites for building might be leased for forty years.
-The rent to be reserved should be equal to one-half of the true value of the lands, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">communibus
-annis</i>, at the time of making the lease. The Provost and Senior Fellows, however, might grant
-leases for twenty-one years at a rent equal to that which was hitherto payable out of the lands,
-even though it was less than half the value. The custom was for the College to renew these
-leases when a few years had expired, on the payment of fines which were in some cases
-considerable, and which were divided among the members of the Governing Body of the College.
-These renewal fines formed the principal part of the incomes of the Senior Fellows. By the Act<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span>
-of 1851 (14 and 15 Victoria, cap. 128) additional powers of leasing were granted up to ninety-nine
-years without fines, reserving a minimum rent of three-fourths of the annual value; making,
-however, a reduction in respect to the tenant’s interest in an unexpired lease when it was
-surrendered. Also, powers of granting leases in perpetuity were given to the Board on the
-surrender by the tenants of the existing leases. These perpetuity rents were fixed by a regulation
-contained in the Statute, and were variable from time to time, at intervals of ten years,
-according to the changes in the prices of certain agricultural commodities. Renewal fines were
-abolished, and the Provost and Senior Fellows were compensated for the loss of them by a fixed
-annual sum of £800 paid to each of them out of the revenues of the College. Consequent upon
-the changes which have been indicated above, the Senior Fellows relinquished their claims to an
-annual sum, which, according to the Report of the University Commissioners, amounted to about
-£2,650, their official salaries being now fixed at sums according to the duties of the office; and, on
-the whole, the income of each Senior Fellow is on the average about £363 less than it was in
-1851. The difference has been employed in the foundation of Studentships and Exhibitions,
-the annual charge for which is about £2,000.</p>
-
-<p>The most serious danger with which Trinity College has been threatened during the
-present century arose from an attempt which the Government of the day made in 1873 to
-deprive it of its University powers, and of a large portion of its endowments. A Bill was
-introduced into the House of Commons by Mr. Gladstone for the purpose of establishing one
-University in Ireland, and an essential part of its proposals was that Trinity College should
-cease to be the University of Dublin, and that another Mixed Body should take its place. That
-the power of conferring Degrees and regulating Professorships in this University, and of
-appointing and dismissing the Professors, should be vested in a Council of twenty-eight
-members, of which Trinity College should have the power of nominating only two. It proposed
-that there should be a number of affiliated Colleges in the country, and that they too should be
-represented on this Council, so that a College able to matriculate fifty students should send one
-representative, and a College able to matriculate one hundred and fifty should send two members,
-and that no College, however numerous its students, should be represented by a larger
-number of members. It was, moreover, another essential part of this measure, that neither
-Mental and Moral Science nor History should form any part of the Professorial instruction or of
-the University Examinations. In order to assist in making up an endowment of £50,000 per
-annum for the purposes of this University, it was proposed to suppress Queen’s College, Galway,
-and allocate the £10,000 a-year of its endowment; to put a charge of £12,000 annually on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span>
-the estates of Trinity College; and to transfer, moreover, the Degree fees, which are now paid
-into the general funds of this College, to the Governing Body of the new University. The
-buildings, the library, and the remainder of the endowments were to belong to the College,
-which in other respects should remain, as at present, as a teaching institution.</p>
-
-<p>It is needless to say that this Bill, if carried into a law, would have ruined Trinity
-College. A large number of its students would have been withdrawn, for they could have
-the prestige of the Degree of the University of Dublin without being members of the
-College, and the fees which they at present pay to the support of the College and its
-teachers would have been no longer available. It is not too much to assert that the College
-would have lost 33 per cent. of its available revenue, and that it would have been impossible
-to maintain it on the income which remained.</p>
-
-<p>Fortunately for the College, the Roman Catholic Bishops opposed the plan of the
-Government, which did not include the endowment of a Roman Catholic College, and which
-did not meet their demand for a Roman Catholic University. After a debate lasting for four
-nights, the Government proposal was rejected on the 11th of March, 1873, by a majority
-of three.</p>
-
-<p>There were two important occasions upon which entertainments on a scale of
-considerable grandeur were given during the present century in the Hall of Trinity College.
-The first was in 1821, on the occasion of the visit of George the Fourth to Ireland, when
-the King honoured the College with his presence at a great banquet. His Majesty was
-received in the Library, where addresses were presented to him, and after receiving them
-most graciously he was conducted through a passage made for the occasion into the
-Examination Hall, where were collected at dinner a considerable number of the Irish
-nobility, the Bishops of the Irish Church, the Judges, and many of the most influential
-persons in the country, along with the distinguished suite which attended the King.</p>
-
-<p>His Majesty afterwards expressed himself as much gratified by the reception which
-he met with in the College. On this occasion the scholars were entertained at the same
-time in the Dining Hall, under the presidency of Dr. Sadlier, then a Junior Fellow, and
-afterwards Provost. It was in connection with this visit of the King that the University
-of Dublin asserted and secured its right of precedency after the Corporation of the City.</p>
-
-<p>The second occasion was in August, 1835, when the British Association made its
-first visit to Dublin; Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd, then Provost, was the President of the
-Association, and some of the leading scientific men of England and of the Continent were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span>
-present. A considerable number of these were accommodated during the meeting with
-chambers in the College, and had their breakfasts and dinners in the Hall. A great
-banquet was, moreover, given to the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (the Earl of Mulgrave), and
-to about 300 members of the Association, in the Examination Hall. The guests assembled
-before dinner in the College Library, and His Excellency took the opportunity of conferring
-the honour of Knighthood upon the Professor of Astronomy, William Rowan Hamilton.
-This was the first instance in which an Irish Viceroy had so honoured an individual for
-eminent scientific merit. At the dinner which followed, Professor Whewell of Cambridge
-remarked in his speech that it was then just one hundred and thirty-six years since a
-great man in another University knelt down before his Sovereign and rose up Sir Isaac
-Newton. Among the foreign visitors were De Toqueville, Montalembert, Barclay de Tolly,
-L. Agassiz, and many others.</p>
-
-<p>The general history of Trinity College during the nineteenth century would be incomplete
-if some reference were not made to a matter which elicited considerable public feeling at
-the time, but which is now almost forgotten. On the 12th of March, 1858, the Earl of
-Eglinton, who had been very popular as Viceroy of Ireland on a previous occasion, returned
-as Lord Lieutenant on a change of Ministry. It was quite a holiday in Dublin. Several
-hundreds of the students had assembled within the enclosed space in front of the College
-(which was at that time larger than it is now), and had crowded out into the street, for the
-purpose of witnessing the procession in its progress up College Green and Dame Street to
-the Castle. For some time previous to the approach of the Lord Lieutenant, they amused
-themselves by letting off squibs and crackers, and by throwing orange peel and other similar
-missiles at the crowd outside, as well as at the police. The Junior Dean, apprehending
-some ill results if the disposition and temper of the students were misunderstood by the
-people and by the police, went out amongst them, and begged that they would not resent
-these demonstrations on the part of the students. No political display was intended by them,
-and consequently if good humour were preserved on both sides all would pass off quietly.
-Colonel Browne, who was in command of the police, on two or three occasions went inside
-the railings to reason with the students; his reception on each occasion was courteous, and
-he was cheered by the College men. From the period when the Viceregal procession came
-in sight, there was a suspension of the bombardment from within the College rails. As the
-Lord Lieutenant passed by, there was very little political manifestation by the students.
-After the procession had passed, those within the railings commenced again to throw<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span>
-crackers, squibs, and oranges, and the confusion increased. Colonel Browne rode up, and
-in vain endeavoured to be heard. He was struck in the face by an orange, amidst a shout
-of laughter from the students and from the crowds in the street. At this time he seemed
-to lose his temper, and went to Colonel Griffiths commanding the Scots Greys, who were
-posted near the Bank of Ireland, and asked him to charge. Colonel Griffiths laughed, and
-asked whom he was to charge&mdash;was it a parcel of schoolboys? Colonel Browne then
-brought a party of the mounted police in front of the soldiers, and drew up immediately
-in their rear a body of the foot police, with their batons in their hands. At this juncture
-the Junior Dean, foreseeing that something serious was likely to ensue if the students did
-not at once disperse, called on such of them as were outside the College railings to come
-within the College gate, and he succeeded in getting a considerable number of them inside
-the College, and had the gates closed. Many of the students, however, were unable to get
-inside&mdash;some were with the Junior Dean inside the railings and some in the street.
-Immediately after this Colonel Browne ordered the mounted police to Charge. The outer
-gates of the enclosure were forced open; the police, mounted as well as on foot, at once
-rushed on the students within the railings (the statues of Burke and Goldsmith had not at
-that time been erected); they cut at them with their sabres, rode over them, and the unmounted
-men used their batons in every direction and indiscriminately as regarded the persons with
-whom they came in contact. The students had no means of defending themselves, the
-Junior Dean having early in the proceedings induced them to give up to him the sticks
-which they carried. Several of them were struck down, and deliberately batoned again
-and again while on the ground by the foot police in a most inhuman manner. The Junior
-Dean then went outside the railings, and, addressing Colonel Browne, said that he would
-engage to withdraw the students if the Colonel would withdraw the police. This was
-assented to, but the foot police for a considerable time waited within the enclosure. So great
-was the violence of the assault of the mounted men that, in following the students who
-rushed into the College through the open wicket gate, they used their swords with such
-vigour against the wooden gate that it showed several marks of their sabres, large pieces
-being cut off in some places. Among the students whose lives were endangered by the
-onslaught of the police were Mr. Leeson, Mr. J. W. Gregg, Mr. Pollock, Mr. Fuller, Mr.
-Leathem, Mr. Brownrigg, Mr. Kennedy, Mr. Lyndsay, and Mr. Chadwick. Some of them
-suffered very severe injuries. Mr. Clarke was wounded in the back with a sabre cut while
-he was stretched on the ground from the blow of a baton. The College authorities prosecuted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span>
-Colonel Browne and some of the police criminally for an assault on the students, but they
-were acquitted by a jury at the ensuing Commission. It is pleasing to add that since that
-time the best relations have existed between the students and the Metropolitan police;
-indeed, the feelings of the latter body were supposed at the time to have been excited by
-some strong observations which were made in the columns of a Dublin newspaper which
-appeared on the morning of the occurrence.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">The Divinity School of Trinity College.</span>&mdash;The institution of a special school
-designed for the instruction of the future clergy of the Church of Ireland did not take effect
-until the close of the eighteenth century. The students of Trinity College, under instruction,
-were at the beginning of this century either undergraduates or Bachelors of Arts. The
-undergraduates were lectured in classics and mathematics by public lecturers appointed by
-the College, and their religious training was specially entrusted to the Catechist. After
-they took the B.A. degree they still continued under instruction by the several Professors
-of the mathematical and physical sciences, of Greek, and of the several faculties, while their
-religious instruction was under the special care of the Regius Professor of Divinity, and
-of a Lecturer of early but uncertain foundation, which latter post was afterwards endowed
-with the interest of £1,000 by Archbishop King. Junior Bachelors attended the prelections
-of this Lecturer, and Middle and Senior Bachelors the prelections of the Regius Professor;
-and this attendance was compulsory upon all graduates in residence. Many ex-Scholars of
-Trinity College remember well that until recent times all Scholars who were graduates
-were obliged to attend, at their choice, certain courses of lectures with the Professors of
-Greek or Oratory or Mathematics or Law, but all were, without distinction, under pain of
-losing their salaries, obliged to attend lectures with either the Regius Professor of Divinity
-or Archbishop King’s Lecturer. In the year 1790, at a meeting of the Irish Bishops,
-it was determined that they would in future not ordain any candidate who had not the B.A.
-degree and a certificate of having attended lectures in Divinity for one academic year (at
-that time consisting of four terms), and they forwarded to the Board a list of books in
-which the Bishops had decided that candidates for Holy Orders should be examined prior
-to ordination. The Board, in reply, informed the Bishops that they would direct the
-assistant to Archbishop King’s Lecturer to prepare the students in these books. From
-1790 to 1833 Divinity students attended the lectures of the assistants to Archbishop King’s
-Lecturer (the Regius Professor had not at that time any assistants) on two days in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span>
-week, Tuesdays and Thursdays, from eight to nine in the morning. They were put through
-Burnet on the Thirty-nine Articles, and if any student attended three-fourths<a name="FNanchor_99_99" id="FNanchor_99_99"></a><a href="#Footnote_99_99" class="fnanchor">[99]</a> of the lectures
-in each of the four terms of the Junior Bachelor year he received a certificate, which was
-inserted in the testimonium of his degree, and on this he was entitled to present himself for
-the Ordination Examination. The Rev. Richard Brooke, in his <em>Recollections of the Irish
-Church</em>, gives a very vivid account of his experience as a Divinity student in 1827. The books
-he then read&mdash;they could not have been all lectured on (and there is no record of any compulsory
-Divinity examination)&mdash;were Burnet, Pearson, Mosheim, Paley’s Evidences, Magee on the
-Atonement, Wheatley on the Common Prayer, Tomline on the Articles, Butler’s Analogy, and
-the Bible and Greek Testament, with Patrick Lowth and Whitby’s Commentary. It is believed,
-from the testimony of clergymen who were students at that period, that the lectures were
-confined very much to Burnet and Butler.</p>
-
-<p>At that time, Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity was an annual office poorly endowed,
-and, like the Professorships of Greek, of Mathematics, and of Civil Law, held always by a
-Senior Fellow. Such was the condition of things up to 1833. The Divinity Professors were
-mainly engaged in prelecting to graduate Scholars, and to such graduates as desired to attend their
-lectures. In that year the Divinity School was arranged upon its present basis. Dr. Elrington
-was, in 1833, Regius Professor of Divinity; and the annual office of Archbishop King’s Lecturer
-was separated from a Senior Fellowship, was endowed with £700 a-year from the funds of the
-College, and was given to Dr. O’Brien, afterwards Bishop of Ossory, but at that time a Junior
-Fellow, as a permanent Professorship. The course was extended to one of two years’ length,
-compulsory examinations were instituted, assistants to the Regius Professor were then first
-appointed, and he and they had the care of the Senior class, consisting only of those who had
-passed the B.A. examination. Archbishop King’s Lecturer and his assistants had the instruction
-of the Junior class of Divinity students entrusted to them. These were for the most part Senior
-Sophisters.</p>
-
-<p>The Divinity course now comprises two years’ study of Divinity, each consisting of three
-academic terms. Students generally begin to attend lectures at the beginning of their third
-year in Arts. In the Junior year they are lectured by Archbishop King’s Lecturer on the
-Evidences of Natural and Revealed Religion, and in the Socinian Controversy; and by his
-assistants in the Greek of the Gospels and of the Epistle to the Romans, and in Pearson on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span>
-Creed. There are three days set apart for composition of sermons and essays each term, when
-the students are brought into the Hall, and are given either a text of Scripture, or a subject
-connected with the Professor’s lectures for that term, to write upon; two such compositions at
-least, in each term, are obligatory. During the Christmas and Easter recesses the students are
-obliged to study one of the Epistles in Greek, and a portion of Ecclesiastical History, in
-which they are examined on the first lecture-day of the following term. Having completed
-three terms’ lectures, they pass an examination in certain text-books connected with the
-studies of the Junior year, and in the English New Testament; in specified portions of the Greek
-Testament, and in the Professor’s prelections. Having passed this examination, they are
-permitted to attend the lectures of the Regius Professor of Divinity and his assistants for the
-next three terms. The lectures of the Regius Professor are upon the Book of Common Prayer,
-the Canon of Holy Scripture, and the Roman Catholic Controversy; and his assistants lecture
-upon Bishops Burnet and Browne on the Thirty-nine Articles, and upon the Greek of the Second
-Epistle to the Corinthians and the Epistle to the Hebrews. The rules with regard to study in
-the intervals between the terms and composition are nearly the same as those of the Junior
-year; and when the student has completed his sixth term of study, he presents himself at the
-examination for the Divinity Testimonium, after he has, in nearly every case, taken his B.A.
-degree. Lectures in Ecclesiastical History, in Hebrew, in Pastoral Theology, and in Biblical
-Greek are provided, but they are not compulsory. The number of Divinity Testimoniums
-granted for each of the last five years averaged 35, and for each of the previous five years
-the average was 32.<a name="FNanchor_100_100" id="FNanchor_100_100"></a><a href="#Footnote_100_100" class="fnanchor">[100]</a></p>
-
-<p>The subjects of the Divinity lectures for the Junior year were arranged in reference to the
-controversies which were most prevalent in the Irish Church in the year 1833, and also in reference
-to the special theological aptitudes of Dr. O’Brien. He was peculiarly fitted to treat of the
-evidences of natural and revealed religion, and to reply to the objections to both which were
-then current. Those who remember his prelections can bear testimony to the wonderful ability
-and skill with which he dealt with the infidel controversy of his time, and the light which he
-threw upon the well-known arguments of Bishop Butler. The Socinian controversy at that
-period occupied the serious attention of the Irish clergy, and it was necessary that all the young<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span>
-ministers of the Church should be prepared to deal with the arguments of the Unitarian when
-they entered upon their duties as curates.</p>
-
-<p>Prior to 1814 the Regius Professor of Divinity held no public examination in the subjects
-of his course. In 1813 Dean Graves, who at that time held the office, submitted to the Board a
-plan for the improvement of Divinity lectures, and a new Royal Statute was obtained regulating
-the duties of the Professor. He was bound to deliver prelections during term, but they were
-practically confined to the first week in Michaelmas term, the first and second weeks in Hilary
-term, and the first week in Easter term. He was also bound to hold an examination once a-year,
-open to Bachelors of Arts. The subjects of this examination were fixed by Statute. On the
-first morning it was the Old Testament, the first afternoon the New; on the second morning
-in Ecclesiastical History, and the second afternoon in the Articles and Liturgy of the Church of
-England. In 1814 the Board instituted prizes at this examination, which was otherwise voluntary.
-On the first occasion thirty graduates entered their names for the examination, but only
-five attended, and it ended in only three or four highly prepared Divinity students presenting
-themselves each year for a searching examination in an extended course. In 1859 these Divinity
-prizes were enlarged into Theological Exhibitions, two of which, of £60 and £40 a-year, tenable
-for three years, are now awarded as the result of this examination, greatly enlarged and extended
-by the addition of selections from the writings of the Fathers and specified portions of the
-Hebrew text of the Old Testament. Prizes also at the end of the first Divinity year, called after
-the name of Archbishop King, were founded in 1836. Both these stimulants to theological study,
-aided by annual prizes at examinations held by the Professors of Biblical Greek and of
-Ecclesiastical History, have very widely extended the reading of the best class of Divinity
-students. Candidates for the degree of Bachelor of Divinity are now required to pass an
-examination in the whole of the extended range of theological subjects required of candidates
-for the Exhibitions; but as those who seek Divinity degrees are generally clergymen who are
-engaged in the duties of their calling, they are allowed to divide the examination into parts and
-to pass it in detail instead of on one occasion. Few of the modern arrangements have been so
-successful as this. By directing and encouraging a wide course of theological reading among the
-younger clergy, it has produced an excellent effect, and the popularity of the arrangement is
-manifested by the large increase in the number of candidates for the B.D. degree by examination.</p>
-
-<p>It would give an incomplete account of the preparation of candidates for Holy Orders in
-Trinity College, Dublin, if we were to omit the mention of the important training which the
-College Theological Society affords to the students. Once in each week during term the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span>
-members meet under the presidency of either the Regius Professor or of Archbishop King’s
-Lecturer in Divinity; essays on theological subjects, or on one of the important religious
-questions of the day, are read by the students in turn; a debate upon the essay follows, which is
-watched over and moderated by the President, who, at the conclusion, makes such observations
-as he thinks fit. The students are in this manner practised in thoughtful and carefully prepared
-composition, and in extempore speaking; and the great benefits derived by Divinity students
-from this voluntary society are universally admitted&mdash;advantages which have been mainly due to
-the unremitting care of the late Bishop Butcher, formerly Regius Professor, and his successors
-in that chair.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">The Medical School.</span>&mdash;The marked and rapid growth of the Medical School of the
-University of Dublin has been one of the most notable events in its history during the nineteenth
-century. Although it was in existence in Trinity College since 1711, it was only in 1786 that it
-was placed on its present footing by an Act of the Irish Parliament, which united the College of
-Physicians with Trinity College in the joint management of the instruction given in this school.
-Five of the teachers are appointed by the Provost and Senior Fellows, and four (designated
-King’s Professors) by the College of Physicians, the Trustees of Sir Patrick Dun’s estates. This
-Statute further required that all who shall be in attendance on medical lectures, whether students
-of Trinity College or extern students in Medicine, shall be matriculated by the Senior Lecturer.</p>
-
-<p>For the first fifteen years these matriculations averaged only 4·7 each year. The numbers
-gradually increased, until in the years 1809-1813, inclusive, the average reached 41·4 each year;
-from 1814 to 1824 they rose to an average of 66·5. In the next quinquennial period they
-increased to the large number of 90·8 annually. In the years from 1831 to 1835 the average fell
-to 63, and in the following two years the number barely exceeded 28 each year. The great
-increase of medical students in the period between 1814 and 1835 is to be attributed mainly to
-the eminence of the University Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery&mdash;James Macartney<a name="FNanchor_101_101" id="FNanchor_101_101"></a><a href="#Footnote_101_101" class="fnanchor">[101]</a>&mdash;a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span>
-man of the greatest powers both as an anatomist, a biologist, and surgical teacher. On his ceasing
-to hold the Professorship, the number of students in the Medical School fell to what it had been
-before his appointment; and having continued at a low level for thirty years, it suddenly rose to
-an average of nearly 80 entrances in 1864, in which year Doctor Edward H. Bennett, the present
-Professor of Surgery, was appointed to the office of University Anatomist&mdash;an office which had,
-after being in abeyance for a century, been revived in 1861. From this time the numbers have
-gradually risen until they amounted to more than they were in the most flourishing period of
-Doctor Macartney’s teaching. Doctor Macartney held the Chair of Anatomy for twenty-four
-years, until July, 1837, when he resigned the office, very much because he was unwilling to submit
-to the rules laid down by the governing body of the College. In the year 1834 a complaint was
-made to the Provost and Senior Fellows, by the other Professors of the Medical School, that he
-had fixed his lectures at an hour, from 3 to 4 p.m., which interfered with those of the other
-Professors of that school. In December, 1835, the Board informed him that they would permit
-him to continue his lectures during that session at the hour which he had announced, but that
-this privilege would not be further continued. In November, 1836, Dr. Macartney persisted in
-lecturing at 3 o’clock. He was ordered by the Board to lecture at another hour, and this
-order was conveyed also to the College of Physicians. Dr. Macartney persisted; and the Board
-took the advice of counsel as to their powers, and, as a result, they ordered the Anatomy House
-to be closed from 3 to 4 o’clock. In the end the Professor yielded. But another cause of dispute
-soon rose. In April, 1836, the Board received a letter from the Registrar of the School of Physic,
-which stated that Doctor Macartney wished to have his lectures advertised as being two in
-Anatomy and two in Surgery each week. This was held by the Board to be insufficient, inasmuch
-as the University of Edinburgh required five lectures in each of these subjects every week, and
-would require from the Dublin Professors certificates to that effect. Notwithstanding the
-remonstrance of the Provost and Senior Fellows, Doctor Macartney persisted in his advertisement.
-Doctor Sandes, one of the Senior Fellows, undertook at their request to write to the
-Professor in the hope that he would be able to induce him to change his decision, but his attempt
-was not followed by success. A case was laid before Mr. Pennefather, K.C., and as a result of
-his opinion, on November 26, 1836, Doctor Macartney was required to deliver five lectures in each
-week at one o’clock during the session. On July 13, 1837, he resigned the Professorship&mdash;four
-years before his tenure of office would otherwise have expired.</p>
-
-<p>In consequence of his quarrel with the authorities of Trinity College, all Doctor
-Macartney’s valuable collection of preparations became the property of the University of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span>
-Cambridge. That learned body agreed with Macartney that he should transfer his collections
-to them in consideration of an annuity of £100 for a period not exceeding ten years. In
-making arrangements with Doctor Harrison, his successor, the Board took care to renew the
-understanding which they had made in 1802 with Dr. Hartigan, but which they had, through
-an oversight, omitted to establish on Doctor Macartney’s election&mdash;that all such preparations
-should become the property of the College.</p>
-
-<p>It should be added, in justice to Dr. Harrison, who succeeded Macartney, and who was
-an excellent human anatomist and a most painstaking and attractive lecturer, that the great
-falling off of medical students in his time must be attributed to many causes beyond his
-control: first, the refusal of the Irish College of Surgeons to receive certificates of his
-lectures, very much through professional jealousy; secondly, the opening of large medical
-schools in the central parts of England, which drew away all the Welsh students who had
-before that time come to Dublin in considerable numbers, and the opening of the Ledwich School
-of Medicine in Dublin; and thirdly, to the institution of the Queen’s Colleges in Belfast,
-Cork, and Galway, which retained in those towns the students in Medicine who had previously
-been in the habit of coming to Dublin for lectures.</p>
-
-<p>The old Anatomy House, situated between the College Park and the Fellows’ Garden, was
-a small and inconvenient building. It became altogether unsuited to the numbers attending
-Doctor Macartney’s classes. In 1815 space was made for them by the removal of the wax
-models from the room in which they had been placed to that over it, and a small building was
-erected in the Fellows’ Garden adjacent to the old house. This was but a temporary expedient,
-for we find that in 1820 the floor of the lecture-room was reported to be in a dangerous condition,
-and the Board directed that, in future, lectures in Anatomy and Chemistry should be delivered in
-the public lecture-room in No. 22 of the Library Square. A committee was appointed to arrange
-for a new site for the Medical School. That which was at first fixed upon was at the east side
-of the Fellows’ Garden, between the old Anatomy House and Nassau Street; but on further
-consideration it was changed to the ground, hitherto the Bowling Green, at the remote extremity
-of the College Park. On April 1, 1823, estimates were laid before the Board for the building of
-an anatomical and chemical theatre on the above site. The estimates ranged between £3,980
-and £5,350, and a contract was made for the work. Macartney seems to have taken a great
-interest in the selecting of the site. Thus we find him writing to the Registrar, Dr. Phipps,
-from Newry, in May, 1822:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“As our interest, and that of our successors, and the future prosperity of the Medical School, will be affected
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span>
-by the situation and mode of erecting of the building intended for the Anatomical and Chemical instruction, we
-beg leave to lay our opinions before the Board on this subject. (1.) With respect to situation, we consider any part of
-that side of the Park next Nassau Street as being eligible, but if we were to select a particular place on this line it
-would be opposite to Kildare Street, showing the front towards the street. The Bowling Green we think a
-disadvantageous situation, as being damp, and the entrance being through a private yard, which has been proposed
-by the architect, we think would be highly injurious to the respectability of the School. The distance of the
-Bowling Green would be very inconvenient to students in Arts, of whom our classes are chiefly composed. The
-above objection equally applies to the side of the Park next Brunswick Street. (2.) We are of opinion that, to
-make the buildings distinct, however contiguous in situation to each other, would much facilitate and simplify the
-plans, and expedite their erection, and would add greatly to the respectability of both establishments; as the shape
-and disposition of the apartments in the two houses might be different, we are satisfied that less expense would be
-incurred by adopting a separate plan for each house.”</p></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">And while the building was being erected he wrote about the light, sending the following
-characteristic letter to the Board (29th March, 1823):&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The light we want in the lecture-room may still be had without displacing a single timber of the roof as
-it at present stands, but after the copper is put on, any change will be attended with delay and expense, and I am
-satisfied that the Board (if not now) will hereafter be disposed to yield to the just complaints of the pupils with
-respect to the want of light. I think it will be generally acknowledged that, after the experience of teaching in
-different lecture-rooms for twenty-five years, my opinion ought to have more weight than that of any architect. I
-wish to add that I have no direct interest in the matter; whether there be good or bad light would not increase or
-diminish my class, as is fully proved by the number of pupils who attend in my present room, where one half of
-the objects used at lecture cannot be seen for the want of light, and where, from want of space, some are obliged to
-stand in the lobby; but I should think myself deficient in public duty if I did not persist in stating to the Board
-the inconvenience and injury that will be sustained by the pupils, of what they have now for several years
-anticipated the removal, by the erection of a suitable building for carrying on the business of the School.”</p></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">These Medical School buildings were in use from 1825 for more than fifty years. When
-of late years the number of medical students increased so largely, and it was found that
-this latter building was altogether unsuited for the modern requirements of the school, the
-present chemical laboratory and dissecting-room were erected, and a histological laboratory
-and physiological lecture-room were added. In 1884 a bone-room, a preparation room,
-and private laboratories were built. In the same year the new chemical theatre was opened,
-and in the following year the new anatomical theatre was completed, which is fitted for a
-class of 230 students. Since that time the entire of the new great Medical Schools have
-been finished, which, in addition to Professors’ rooms and lecture-rooms, contain a fine chamber
-specially fitted up for the great pathological collection originally purchased from the late Doctor
-Robert Smith, whose lectures as Professor of Surgery had a large share in the great recent success
-of the school. This collection has been largely added to by the indefatigable labours of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>
-successor, Doctor Edward H. Bennett. The anatomy and chemistry lecture-rooms of 1824 were
-completely removed, in order to make a space for part of the present range of buildings,
-which have been completed at a cost of over £20,000.</p>
-
-<p>In a lecture delivered in 1837, the Professor of the Practice of Physic (Doctor Lendrick)
-attributed to Provost Bartholomew Lloyd the improvements which were even at that time
-beginning to be effected in the medical education of the members of the College. “The
-candidate for a medical degree,” he said, “no longer finishes his medical education in a single year,
-nor is he compelled to complete a septennial period of (perhaps) idleness before being permitted
-to practise his profession.” In the years 1832-42, inclusive, the average number of degrees of
-Bachelor of Medicine annually conferred by the University was 18. In the next decade this
-number fell to 11·7. After the great improvements in the medical education and the appointment
-of more attractive lecturers, this number rapidly increased. In the decade 1872-1881 the
-average was 39, in the following ten years the annual average was 43·6, being nearly four
-times that of forty years before the present time.</p>
-
-<p>During the first half of the present century the University conferred degrees in Medicine
-only. The Irish College of Surgeons, towards the end of that period, refused to recognise the
-lectures delivered in the Medical School of Trinity College as a part of the professional education
-required for a surgical diploma, although two of the Trinity College Professors had previously
-occupied a similar position in the College of Surgeons’ School. The University of Dublin was
-consequently, in 1851, obliged to institute for their medical graduates a diploma or license in
-Surgery. This they did, following the best legal advice, under the clause in their charter
-which gave them authority to grant degrees “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in omnibus artibus et facultatibus</i>.” This was
-followed by the institution, in 1858, of the degree of Master of Surgery. This degree was, by the
-Act 21 and 22 Victoria, chap. 90, recognised as a qualification for the holder to be placed in the
-Medical Register&mdash;a privilege which was afterwards, by the Act 23 Victoria, chap. 7, extended to
-diplomas or licenses in Surgery. In 1872 the degree of Bachelor of Surgery was instituted, and
-placed on the basis of Bachelor of Medicine. To be admitted to either of these degrees the
-candidate must have previously graduated in Arts, and must have spent four years in the study
-of Medicine and Surgery. Degrees are now given also in Obstetric Art. The University of
-Dublin was the first in modern times to institute degrees in Surgery, and its example has
-been since followed by Cambridge and other English, Irish, and Scotch Universities.</p>
-
-<p>The change of opinion in the Universities with respect to the status of the profession of
-Surgery is well illustrated by a correspondence, which has been preserved in the College Register,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span>
-between the University of Cambridge and the authorities of Trinity College, Dublin. On June
-30, 1804, a letter was received from the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, in which it was stated that
-that University had declined to consider any student who had, subsequently to his admission,
-practised any trade or profession whatsoever as qualified for a degree, and consequently had
-refused this to Frederick Thackeray, who, since the time of his admission as an undergraduate,
-had been constantly engaged in the practice of surgery. The Provost and Senior Fellows, in
-reply, informed the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge that, after consideration of his letter, they had
-agreed to adopt the same regulation.</p>
-
-<p>In the early part of this century, before Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital was erected, great
-difficulty was experienced in the clinical instruction of the medical students. In 1800 the
-Governors of Stevens’ Hospital permitted Dr. Crampton to give reports of medical cases under
-his care in the Hospital for the winter six months to matriculated medical students, and to none
-others. Attendance on these lectures was required for medical degrees. In 1804 clinical lectures
-by Dr. Whitley Stokes at the Meath Hospital were considered to be adequate for this purpose.
-In 1806, attendance for six months with Doctor Crampton at Stevens’ Hospital was sanctioned
-by the College of Physicians as adequate for a medical degree. On the completion in 1808 of
-the west wing of Dun’s Hospital, which had been commenced in 1803, the clinical instruction
-connected with the School of Physic was given in the wards and lecture-rooms of the Hospital;
-and in 1835 candidates for medical degrees were required to present a certificate of one year’s
-attendance at this institution. Sir Patrick Dun’s Hospital was originally intended for medical
-cases only, but in 1864 the College of Physicians, which had hitherto occupied the central position
-of the building as a library and Convocation Hall, transferred this part of the building to the
-Governors of the Hospital, and it was enlarged and changed into a medico-chirurgical institution
-for the complete instruction of the students both in Medicine and Surgery. Attendance at this
-hospital is no longer compulsory on the candidates for degrees; nine other Dublin hospitals are
-joined with it, and the student may, if he wishes, receive his clinical teaching in any of these.</p>
-
-<p>In the early part of the century, Trinity College for a short time granted diplomas in
-Medicine to matriculated students who were not students in Arts, but who attended the same
-lectures and passed the same examinations as were required of Bachelors of Medicine. This
-system prevailed up to 1823, when the Board received a letter from the College of Physicians in
-London, in which it was stated that that College did not consider such a diploma as sufficient to
-warrant them to grant an examination for a license to practise physic in England. The issue of
-these diplomas was then discontinued. For a short period the degree of Bachelor of Medicine<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span>
-was granted to students who had completed two years’ study in Arts, but this was found to be so
-unsatisfactory, that the University decided that no one should be admitted to a degree in Medicine
-or in Surgery who had not previously graduated as Bachelor of Arts.</p>
-
-<p>As to the method of conducting examinations for degrees in Medicine, we gather some
-curious information from a letter which the College of Physicians sent to the Provost and Senior
-Fellows in October, 1814, in which they informed the Board that they had ordered the King’s
-Professor not to be present at any examination for medical degrees in the University in
-which any question may be put, or answer received, in the English language. The Registrar
-was directed to write to the Regius Professor of Physic (Dr. Hill) to inquire whether these
-examinations were conducted in Latin. In reply, Dr. Hill assured the Board that he would
-not, under any circumstances, examine in English. It may be conjectured that the newly-elected
-Professor of Anatomy (Mr. Macartney), who was not a University man, broke through the old
-rule as to the language in which he examined.</p>
-
-<p>The great growth of medical and surgical studies in the University may be gathered from
-the number of the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine which have been conferred at different
-periods of the present century. In nearly all cases, students of the University who now
-graduate in Medicine take also degrees in Surgery and the Obstetric Art. The number of
-Medical Matriculations for the last three years has been as follows:&mdash;1889&mdash;Students in Arts,
-55, Externs, 28; 1890&mdash;Students in Arts, 61, Externs, 26; 1891&mdash;Students in Arts, 100,
-Externs, 28. During the five years previous to 1889 these numbers averaged&mdash;Students in Arts,
-62; Externs, 34; total of each year, 96. The religious professions of the medical students
-who were matriculated in 1891 were as follows:&mdash;Church of Ireland, 85; Church of England,
-10; Presbyterian, 12; Roman Catholics, 12; Methodists, 6; other denominations, 3;&mdash;total, 128.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">Arts Course.</span> 1792-1892.&mdash;At the beginning of this period, and for some years
-after, there were four academic Terms each year, during which the students, both undergraduates
-and graduates, attended lectures. In each Term two days were set apart, according to the
-directions of the Statutes, for the general examinations of all the undergraduate classes. It
-was found that the increasing number of students could not be properly examined in this
-limited time. Application was made to the Crown for a Royal letter giving power to the
-Provost and Senior Fellows to increase the number of days for this purpose in each Term,
-and a Statute to that effect was enacted in 1792. In the following year a new and greatly
-improved list of the subjects for each examination in all the parts of the Undergraduate<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span>
-Course was adopted.<a name="FNanchor_102_102" id="FNanchor_102_102"></a><a href="#Footnote_102_102" class="fnanchor">[102]</a> At the same time, a scheme was devised for stimulating the study
-of the Greek and Latin Classics, and for extending the cultivation of Latin Composition, both
-in prose and verse, by special prizes at these examinations.<a name="FNanchor_103_103" id="FNanchor_103_103"></a><a href="#Footnote_103_103" class="fnanchor">[103]</a> The subjects for the examination
-for admission to the College were also carefully re-modelled and set out for the use of
-schools; and in 1794 a well-devised system of examinations and of prizes for proficiency
-in Hebrew was instituted. Yet at this period there were no special lectures for advanced
-students, either in Mathematics or in Classics. The dull and the clever student were taught
-together, both at the public lectures and by the College Tutor; and at the Term Examinations
-all the students in each division were taken together, the Examiner having at the same time,
-in a very limited number of hours, to satisfy himself of the progress which each undergraduate
-had made in his studies, to distinguish between the idle and the diligent, between
-the badly and the well-prepared, and at the same time to pick out and reward the best
-answerer in each division of about forty students.</p>
-
-<p>The first earnest attempt to provide Classical instruction of a higher order for the
-better class of students was devised by Provost Kearney in 1800. Special Classical Lectures
-were arranged to be given by the ablest scholars among the Fellows twice a-week, at 7 a.m.
-The first special Lecturers appointed for this purpose were&mdash;Dr. Miller in Greek, and Mr.
-Walker in Latin. These lectures appear to have been instituted for the purpose of advancing
-the classical studies of such graduates as intended to devote themselves to the instruction of
-boys in schools; for it was arranged, at the same time, that every graduate, who should
-appear to the Provost and Senior Fellows to merit such encouragement, was to be entitled
-to a certificate under the College Seal testifying that he was “qualified to instruct youth in
-the grammatical principles, the classical idioms, and the prosody of the Greek and Latin
-languages.” The salary of each of these Lecturers was fixed at £40 annually. In 1804, Dr.
-Miller was succeeded by Mr. Kyle as Lecturer in Greek, and Mr. Walker by Mr. Nash as Lecturer
-in Latin. In 1801 the Professor of Oratory was authorised to give prizes for excellent answering
-at the lectures delivered by him and his assistants; and, in order to stimulate the study
-of the Hebrew language at school, prizes for good answering in that subject, at the monthly
-entrance examinations, were instituted; and in order to encourage further the study of
-composition, both in Greek, Latin, and English Prose and Verse, in 1805 the Vice-Chancellor
-assigned that portion of the fees for Degrees which was then payable to him, to form a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span>
-fund for prizes, to be given at the time of the Commencements, for the best compositions in
-each branch. In 1808 Catechetical Lectures and Examinations in Holy Scripture for the two
-Freshmen classes on the basis of the ordinary Term Examinations were first instituted, and,
-at the same time, regular weekly instruction by the Clerical Fellows in a fixed course of
-Holy Scripture and religious knowledge was arranged. On the same occasion Algebra was
-for the first time made a part of the Undergraduate Course, the only Mathematics which all
-the students had been taught before that time being four books of the Elements of Euclid.</p>
-
-<p>In order to stimulate the more advanced students to an increased pursuit of Mathematical
-Physics, Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd was appointed to deliver lectures on Mechanics at
-a salary of £100 annually, on the condition that he should resign his claims to any other
-Professorship, Lectureship, or Assistant’s place, except that of Catechetical Lecturer. In 1815
-a new scheme of Mathematical Lectures was promulgated. The following distribution of the
-work to be done by the Professor and his assistants was arranged by the Provost and
-Senior Fellows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>The Junior Assistant to lecture on Arithmetic and Algebra to Biquadratic Equations, including
-Newton’s Method of approximation to roots of Equations, also on the application of Algebra to Geometry
-as given by Newton. The Senior Assistant to lecture on Logarithms, Analytical Trigonometry, with
-its application to Terrestrial Measurement, application of Algebra to Geometry managed by the equations
-of figures. The Professor to lecture on the more advanced parts of Mathematics, including the
-Method of Indeterminate Coefficients, with its application to the management of Series, and other
-matters not contained in the Course of the Assistant, also Differential and Integral Calculus and the
-Method of Variations.</p></div>
-
-<p>The programme of the subjects of these lectures shows that there was a large advance
-in the mathematical education of the students made at this time. Analytical Geometry
-and Trigonometry were taught to the Honour men among the undergraduates, and the
-Differential and Integral Calculus and the higher branches of Mathematics were expounded
-by the Professor of Mathematics to the candidates for Fellowship. Hitherto the mathematical
-studies of the members of the College were mainly geometrical. The great start in
-analytical science, which has developed itself so largely in the University, seems to date
-from this time, and is due very much to the influence of Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd, who had
-in 1813 been appointed to the Chair of Mathematics. It was not until 1830 that a similar
-progress was made in the study of Mixed Mathematics. We find that in November of that
-year a committee, consisting of the Professors of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span>
-Dr. Wall, was appointed to recommend to the Board a proper course of Mixed Mathematics,
-and they were instrumental in introducing the Mechanics of Poisson into the subjects for
-examination for the higher mathematical honours. A small but important improvement in
-the existing method of conducting the Term Examinations of ordinary students was made
-at the same time. Hitherto some of the classes were submitted to be tested by the same
-Junior Fellow in Science and in Classics. In 1831 it was decided that these branches of
-studies should be judged by separate examiners in every case. At this time there was no
-special examination for the degree of Bachelor of Arts. Senior Sophister students who
-answered in an unsatisfactory manner at the Michaelmas Term Examination were “sent to
-the Regent House” to be examined.</p>
-
-<p>In 1807 it was decreed that every student who is “cautioned to the Regent House”
-shall be examined in every part of the Undergraduate Course for which he has got a
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mediocriter</i> at his last examination. It was not until October, 1838, that this examination
-in the Regent House was formally discontinued, although it had fallen into disuse. It was
-then arranged that one <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vix mediocriter</i> for the B.A. degree should subject the candidate to
-another examination.</p>
-
-<p>This is the suitable occasion upon which to mention in detail the great services which
-the mild energy and enlightened views of Dr. Bartholomew Lloyd performed in the reformation
-of the studies and the literary work of Trinity College. To no one man during the
-present century does the University owe so much. A native of the County of Wexford, he
-was elected a Fellow in 1796, and after a service of twenty years as College Tutor, which
-he discharged with zeal and ability, he was co-opted to a Senior Fellowship in 1816, and he
-was appointed to the Provostship in 1831. Dr. Lloyd held the Professorship of Mathematics
-from 1813 to 1822, when he exchanged this chair for that of Natural Philosophy. He occupied
-the latter office until he was made Provost, and he was thus for eighteen years engaged in
-the direction of the highest studies of the most advanced classes in the branches of Pure and
-Mixed Mathematics. He quickly saw the need of introducing a more complete knowledge
-of the more advanced analytic methods which prevailed on the Continent, and he compiled
-a course of lectures, as we have seen, in order to introduce them to his class; and partly by
-his lectures and partly by his writings<a name="FNanchor_104_104" id="FNanchor_104_104"></a><a href="#Footnote_104_104" class="fnanchor">[104]</a> he completely revolutionised the mathematical and
-physical studies of the University, and was the means of directing the researches of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span>
-higher class of thinkers to the methods which have rendered the Dublin school of mathematicians
-so celebrated in Europe.</p>
-
-<p>Shortly after his appointment to the Chair of Natural Philosophy, he published his
-well-known treatise on Mechanical Philosophy, which supplied a want widely felt by students
-of that science in this and the sister country, and which was the means of introducing to
-them the researches of the French labourers in the field of Applied Mathematics.</p>
-
-<p>During the six years of his Provostship he was the means of effecting very large and
-beneficial changes in the College. Up to 1831 all the important Professorships were held
-by Senior Fellows, and in most cases (except in those on the foundation of Erasmus Smith)
-they were held, like other College offices, as the result of an annual election. Dr. Lloyd saw
-the necessity of setting apart some of the Junior Fellows for the fixed and exclusive work
-of Professorial study and teaching. For this purpose he influenced the College Board to set
-apart three of the Junior Fellows, whose tastes were specially directed to these particular
-studies, to the Professorships of Mathematics, of Natural Philosophy, and the office of
-Archbishop King’s Lectureship in Divinity. Mr. M‘Cullagh was elected to the first of these
-chairs, Mr. Humphrey Lloyd to the second, and Dr. O’Brien to the third. They were freed
-from all the distracting cares of College Tutors, and the salaries were fixed at something
-rather below the average value of a Junior Fellowship. The tenure of the Professorship
-was terminated by the co-option of the holder to a place among the Senior Fellows. The
-Fellowship Examination was improved by a Royal Statute which was then obtained, and
-which enabled the Professors of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy to be called up to
-undertake the examination in the courses belonging to their respective chairs.</p>
-
-<p>Provost Bartholomew Lloyd saw also the necessity of fostering the study of Mental
-and Moral Philosophy among the members of the College. Prior to 1833 the study of these
-sciences was joined with that of Mathematics and Physics under the common designation of
-<em>Science</em>. But for the attainment of prizes and other University distinctions, the Mathematical
-part of the examination placed that of the Logical and Ethical portions of the curriculum
-completely in the background. In 1833 a new system of awarding Honours and Medals at
-the Degree Examination was instituted, and in addition to the distinctions in Mathematics
-and Classics, which had been in existence since the year 1815, a third course was fixed for
-a separate examination in Ethics and Logics, and gold and silver medals were awarded for
-distinguished answering in these subjects, in addition to the similar rewards for merit under
-the designation of Senior and Junior Moderatorships in Mathematics and in Classics. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>
-arrangement was carried out in 1834, and the first name in the list of Ethical Moderators
-of that year was that of William Archer Butler&mdash;a brilliant and afterwards most distinguished
-man, both as a writer and a preacher, who was taken away by death from the service of the
-Church and of the University at the early age of thirty-four.</p>
-
-<p>Provost Lloyd had long seen the necessity of a separate Professorship of the Moral
-Sciences, and in 1837 he induced the Governing Body of the University to found it. On the
-day on which it was instituted Archer Butler was appointed to the Professorship, which he
-held for ten years, much to the benefit of the class of thinkers to whom these studies
-were interesting. By these arrangements Dr. Lloyd may be well said to be the founder of
-the distinguished school of Metaphysics which has taken such deep root in the College, and
-has borne much fruit. In 1850, mainly through the exertions of his son, Dr. Humphrey
-Lloyd, a fourth Moderatorship in Experimental Physics was founded.<a name="FNanchor_105_105" id="FNanchor_105_105"></a><a href="#Footnote_105_105" class="fnanchor">[105]</a> But it was not only
-with the advancement of higher class education that Provost Lloyd was engaged: he
-effected enormous improvements in the lectures and examinations of the undergraduates at
-large. To this he was stimulated by a remarkably thoughtful and searching pamphlet, written
-in 1828 by Dr. Richard MacDonnell, who was then a Junior Fellow, and had an experience of
-twenty years of the great defects in the method of conducting the Term Examinations.
-Most of the suggestions in this pamphlet were adopted in course of time. Before the year
-1833 the work of the College was distributed over four separate Terms, at the beginning of
-each of which the students were examined in the subjects in which they had been
-instructed during the previous Term. These Terms were of unequal and variable length.
-The Easter Term was far too short for the appointed course of study; and the Trinity
-Term, depending on the movable feasts, was often merely nominal. In order to obviate
-these inconveniences, the Provost and Senior Fellows applied for and obtained a Royal Statute
-reducing the number of Academic Terms from four to three, and fixing them so that they
-would be generally of equal length. The hours of examination for each class of students
-were altered so as to meet the change of social habits; and while it was formerly the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span>
-custom to have the first part of the examination of each day to continue from 8 a.m. to 10
-a.m., followed by a breakfast at the chambers of the College Tutors, in 1833 the change
-was made to the present hours of examination&mdash;from 9.30 to 12 in the morning of the first
-day, and from 10 to 12 in the morning of the second day of each Term Examination.
-The subjects of the Undergraduate Course were in the same year submitted to a very
-wide-reaching review.</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1793, great improvements had been made in the Classical Course set out
-for the studies of the undergraduates. These were, it is said, largely due to the influence of
-Dr. Thomas Elrington. On that occasion the works of the great Greek historians, Herodotus
-and Thucydides, were brought for the first time under the attention of the classical students
-in Trinity College; but, during the forty years which followed, little change had been made
-in the classical authors which were read by the undergraduates. In 1833, for the first time, a
-distinct and shorter course was arranged for students who were not candidates for Honours,
-while a larger portion, generally of the same authors, was set out for candidates for Honours,
-and a wider course of classical studies was appointed for those who competed for Classical
-Moderatorships at the Degree Examination. Similar arrangements were adopted for the
-students in the Mathematical and Physical portion of their curriculum.</p>
-
-<p>Before this time the students of the same division, of from thirty to forty men, were
-examined together, and they had no opportunity of competing with other men of their year
-in the Sciences; and in classical studies at the Scholarship Examination only, at which they
-rarely competed until the third year. It was now arranged that those who answered well at
-each Term Examination in Science or in Classics should be returned by the Examiner to
-compete at a more searching examination in an extended course, at which all the best men
-in the class should be examined together, on days separate from those of the Term
-Examinations, by three Examiners in Science and three in Classics set apart for that purpose;
-and so by this means each student was able to measure himself each Term, not only with
-those who happened to be in his own division, but with all the men of his year; and in this
-way the undergraduates were incited to continued study by healthy competition. Premiums
-in books, which were formerly awarded at each examination to the best answerer in each
-division, but which could be obtained only once in the year, were confined to that of the
-Michaelmas Term, at which there were two orders of prizes, first and second&mdash;the number
-of the first rank prizes being restricted to one fortieth of the class, and that of the second to
-one twentieth.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>There was another and a very important improvement in the teaching of the undergraduates
-which Provost Lloyd was mainly instrumental in effecting. Hitherto the lectures of
-each Tutor were given to his own pupils. He was supposed to instruct all the men of each of
-the three Junior Classes at the least for an hour every day. Each Tutor received the fees of
-his own pupils, and those who had a large number in what was technically called his “chamber”
-had a considerable income, but others who were not so popular had but a scanty support.</p>
-
-<p>In 1835 the Tutors, under the persuasion of the Provost, agreed to adopt a new system.
-The fees paid by the pupils were put into a common fund, and the Tutors were divided into
-three grades, in the order of seniority, and their dividends were fixed, not in relation to the
-number of their pupils, but of the standing of the Tutor among the Fellows; each of them was
-thus assured of a certain and increasing income&mdash;the only advantage accruing to the Tutor from
-the number of his pupils arose from the arrangement that, when he ceased from any cause to be
-a Tutor, the payments of the Tutorial fees of his existing pupils, as long as they remained in
-College, instead of being paid into the common fund, were paid to the Tutor himself or to his
-representatives.</p>
-
-<p>A corresponding division of Tutorial labour, as far as lectures were concerned, was
-effected at the same time. Each Tutor was required to lecture only two hours every day,
-except on Saturday; and the efficacy of the lectures was greatly increased, and the regularity of
-the attendance of the lecturer in the instruction of his class guarded by stringent rules. Every
-student in the two Freshman Classes was now lectured for two hours instead of one; under the
-old arrangement the lecture in Classics was often a mere form, not always observed; by the new
-system an hour’s lecture in Latin was secured to each undergraduate in these classes. The
-Junior Sophisters were lectured by the Tutors in Mathematical Physics and Astronomy only.
-In addition to the Tutorial Lectures, the undergraduates attended, as they did before, the
-Public Science Lectures, the hours of the lecture being changed from 6.15 to 7.30 a.m.,
-and the lectures of the assistants to the Greek Professor on Mondays, Wednesdays, and
-Fridays, which were delivered at 9 a.m. Again, there was a great improvement effected
-with respect to the attendance of the undergraduates at Tutorial Lectures. At this time
-these lectures were not obligatory; Terms were not kept by attendance at them, nor did the
-College keep any record of them. A student did not advance in any way his College
-standing by seeking the instruction given by his College Tutor. No cognizance was taken
-of irregularity, either on the part of the lecturer or of the lectured. A Tutor was often
-absent from his class, and the class was oftener absent from the Tutor. An important rule<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span>
-was adopted to counteract this: a weekly return was required to be made to the Tutorial
-Committee of the attendance upon his lectures, which was to be transmitted to the Provost,
-and the Tutor had an opportunity of judging of the regularity of the studies of his pupils,
-who were, according to this inter-tutorial system, in attendance on the lectures of other
-Tutors. In a very few years the lectures were much better arranged, some of the Tutors
-being set apart to lecture the candidates for Honours in each class, while others devoted
-themselves to the greater drudgery of instructing the mere pass-men.</p>
-
-<p>In order to secure the diligent discharge of the duties assigned to each Tutor, the
-Tutorial Committee was bound to employ deputies to lecture in his place in case of his
-failure from any cause, and to remunerate the deputies out of the income of the defaulting Tutor.</p>
-
-<p>That this division of labour added very much to the ease of the conscientious Tutors
-is quite evident. Doctor Romney Robinson, who was a Fellow and Tutor under the old
-system, wrote as follows in the preface to his treatise on Mechanics, published in 1820:&mdash;“The
-Fellows of Trinity College can scarcely be expected to devote themselves to any
-work of research, or even of compilation; constantly employed in the duties of tuition, which
-harass the mind more than the most abstract studies, they can have but little inclination at
-the close of the day to commence a new career of labour.... In the present case
-the author happened to be less occupied than most of his brethren, yet he was engaged
-from seven to eight hours daily in academical duties, for the year during which he composed
-this work.”</p>
-
-<p>Had Bartholomew Lloyd lived, he would no doubt have originated many other
-improvements in the Arts Course, and in the other studies of the College which have been
-effected since his time. He was, however, suddenly removed by death from his exertions
-in reforming the College, on the 24th November, 1837, at the age of 65, having held the
-Provostship for only six years. He was succeeded by Dr. Franc Sadleir, and during the
-fourteen years of his mild sway the improvements originated by his predecessor were
-gradually carried into effect. Dr. Richard MacDonnell succeeded him in the office of
-Provost. He had been long engaged in the work of the College as an able and painstaking
-Tutor, and a vigorous administrator of the College Estates. Dr. MacDonnell had long seen
-the necessity of large reforms in the education of the students, and had ably pointed out
-the abuses which required to be remedied, in the pamphlet which has been already mentioned.
-Most of these defects he lived to see corrected, and the most important of which were
-removed when he was himself Provost.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>One of the events which, beyond question, stimulated intellectual exertions among the
-undergraduates in the University of Dublin, was the opening of the appointments in the Civil
-Service of India, and of the Army and Navy Medical Service, to public competition in
-1855. A number of the ablest students had a new career opened to them, and they were
-afforded an opportunity of measuring their attainments with students of similar calibre from
-Oxford and Cambridge. The course of study was at once widened. Classical studies
-received an impetus which roused the teachers from their old routine. The English
-Language and Literature, and Modern History, as well as foreign languages, became important
-parts of Collegiate education. The heads of the College at once saw the necessity of largely
-remodelling the instruction given to the undergraduates. The Greek Professorship was very
-soon separated from the offices which were restricted to Senior Fellows; a Professor was
-elected from among the Tutors under the same arrangements which had been carried out in
-the cases of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics. He was enabled to give his entire time
-to the duties of his chair. Similar arrangements were made as to the Professorships of
-Geology and of Experimental Physics. A Professor of Arabic and Hindostanee was
-established, and soon after one of Sanskrit as well. The Professorship of Oratory was
-virtually changed into one of English Language and Literature. The immediate effect
-of these changes was at once visible in the great and remarkable success of the Dublin
-candidates at the open competitions for the Indian Civil Service and the Army Medical
-Services. In the first seven years, fifty-three succeeded from the Dublin University for
-the former and twenty-nine for the latter appointments. The new regulations with regard
-to the study of English Literature which were made in 1855 have produced very widely
-felt effects in the intellectual life of the University. It was not for the first time that a
-want of the means of being acquainted with this important branch of knowledge was felt
-by the students; and in order to remedy it, in October, 1814, during the Provostship of
-Dr. Thomas Elrington, the Board directed that lectures in the English Language and
-Literature should be regularly delivered by the assistant to the Professor of Oratory, and
-elaborate rules were made as to the means of carrying this course into effect, but it seems
-to have ended in failure; at any rate, during the next forty years there was no public
-instruction given to the students in this important subject. The plan adopted in 1855 of
-making History and English Literature a distinct branch, in which honours and medals at
-the Degree Examination can be obtained, aided by the special prizes which are given for
-proficiency in these subjects during the Undergraduate Course, has created a widely felt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span>
-interest among the students, and has eventuated in the spread of a refined taste for these
-subjects among the members of the College. The subjects in which the student can
-distinguish himself at the B.A. Degree Examination have now been increased to seven&mdash;1,
-Mathematics, pure and mixed; 2, Classics; 3, Mental and Moral Science; 4, Experimental
-Physics; 5, Natural Sciences; 6, History, Law, and Political Economy; 7, Foreign Languages
-and Literature. Frequent and well-considered changes in the courses for the ordinary
-students, and in the subjects read by the candidates for Honours, have been made since that
-period, and they have been on the whole successful.</p>
-
-<p>One of the most marked developments in the intellectual life of the College during
-the present century has been the growth of the great Classical School for which it is now
-so well known. This may be mainly attributed to the separation of Classics from the other
-branches which form the subject of competition for Fellowships. A keen competition among
-Classical men for those highly-coveted prizes has been the consequence. The tone of
-Classical Scholarship has been raised among the best of the candidates for University
-Honours, and some of the ablest men devote themselves to stimulate the knowledge of the
-Greek and Latin Languages and Literature among the students. There has, moreover, a
-higher Critical School grown up in the University, limited in numbers, being composed of
-Classical Graduates who are engaged in reading for Fellowship, or who have competed for
-the Berkeley Medals in Greek, or for the Vice-Chancellor’s Medals in Latin. This school,
-exclusive of the Fellows and Professors, never numbers more than ten or twelve in the
-College at one time, but from the ability and classical culture of its members it has more
-influence in giving a tone to the studies which are pursued in the University than its
-numbers would at first sight render probable. The causes of the growth of this school are&mdash;1st,
-the Critical Examination for the highest Classical distinctions; 2nd, the fact that there
-is an examination for Fellowship every year; 3rd, the annual publication of <cite>Hermathena</cite>;
-4th, the publication of critical editions of the Classics by the Fellows of the College.</p>
-
-<p>We can trace the growth of the Mathematical studies to the wonderful genius of MacCullagh
-and Hamilton, and to the labours of Townsend, of Jellett, of Roberts, and of others
-who have passed away. Fortunately for the College, all the creators of the revived School
-of Classics are still spared to the College, and their names are therefore not here mentioned.</p>
-
-<p>Another vast improvement effected was in the method of conducting all examinations in
-the College. Prior to 1835 they were (with the solitary exceptions of those for gold medals
-at the B.A. Degree Examinations) altogether oral. The examination for Fellowships was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span>
-public <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vivâ voce</i> trial of the candidates, and in the Latin language, without any use whatever
-of writing. Greek authors were translated into Latin, and Latin authors were interpreted
-in the same language. This continued to be the practice down to the year 1853. Now, all
-this is changed. The Fellowship Examination, which is spread over a much longer period,
-is mostly conducted in writing, although there is in every course a public examination of the
-candidates <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">vivâ voce</i> and in English. The examinations for Honours (except in Classical
-subjects) are now altogether written, and at the ordinary Term Examinations students are
-tested orally and by written questions by separate Examiners. At the general Term
-Examination at the end of the second year, and at the B.A. Degree Examination at the
-end of the fourth year, the candidates are arranged according to their answering in three
-classes, and those whose marks do not entitle them to be classed, but who satisfy the
-Senior Lecturer, are passed without any mark of distinction. This method of examination
-for the B.A. degree was adopted in July, 1842, at the suggestion of the then Senior Lecturer,
-Dr. Singer, afterwards Bishop of Meath. It was found to work in such a satisfactory
-manner that, in 1845, it was adopted at the other public University Examination, at the
-end of the second or Senior Freshman year.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">Engineering School.</span>&mdash;The University of Dublin was the first to establish a course
-of education and degrees in the art of Civil Engineering. Shortly after the construction of
-railways in Ireland was undertaken, there was a necessity found for properly educated men
-to carry on the required work; and the plan of an Engineering School originated with
-Doctor Humphrey Lloyd, Professor of Natural Philosophy; Doctor MacCullagh, Professor of
-Mathematics; and Doctor Luby, Assistant Professor of Natural Philosophy. These three
-gentlemen laid a memorial before the Provost and Senior Fellows on April 3rd, 1841,
-recommending the foundation of a Professorship of Civil Engineering, and giving a plan for
-the studies of the proposed school for teaching that branch of education. This was finally
-approved by the Board early in the following June. The length of the course as first
-proposed was two years, and on July 9th, 1842, Mr. M‘Neill (afterwards Sir John M‘Neill) was
-elected to the Professorship. It was arranged that the business of the School of Engineering
-should be conducted by five lecturers&mdash;viz., the assistant to the Professor of Mathematics,
-the Professor of Natural Philosophy and his assistant, together with a Professor of Chemistry
-and of Geology applied to the art of Construction, and a Professor of the practice of
-Engineering.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Mr. M‘Neill was so completely occupied with his large works in the construction of
-railways that he could give only a general superintendence to the school, and on the 5th of
-November, 1842, Mr. Henry Rennie, formerly a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, was
-appointed Assistant Professor and Lecturer. After holding the office for two years he
-resigned, and Mr. Thomas Oldham, B.A., was appointed in his room. Doctor Apjohn was
-elected to the joint Professorships of Chemistry and Geology; but in 1843 it was found
-necessary to appoint a distinct Professor of Geology, and on December 30th, 1843, Mr. John
-Phillips, the eminent geologist, was elected to this chair at a salary of £200, to be increased
-to £400 on the death of Doctor Whitley Stokes, then an old man, which took place in
-1845. In the latter year Mr. Phillips resigned the Professorship, and he was succeeded by
-Mr. Thomas Oldham, afterwards Director of the Geological Survey of India. In 1846 Mr.
-Samuel Downing was appointed to the Professorship of Engineering, which he continued
-to hold until his death in 1882.</p>
-
-<p>It was soon found that a two years’ course in Engineering was insufficient, and in
-1845 it was extended to one of three years. The studies of the first year are in the main
-theoretical; in the second and third years they are practical&mdash;viz., drawing and office work,
-levelling, surveying and general engineering, and chemistry as taught in the laboratory.</p>
-
-<p>At first, diplomas in Engineering were granted to students who had passed successfully
-through this school. In 1860 it was resolved by the University Senate that in lieu of these
-the license of the University should be conferred publicly at the Commencements; and in
-1872 it was further resolved that the degree of Bachelor in Civil Engineering should be
-created, and that it should be conferred on Bachelors of Arts who were entitled to the
-license by having completed the full course in Engineering. From the year 1860 to 1891
-inclusive, 352 students obtained degrees and licenses in Engineering. The degree of
-Master of Engineering is conferred on those who, after taking the degree of Bachelor of
-Engineering, have practised for three years in the work of their profession.</p>
-
-<p>At each final examination in Engineering, special certificates are awarded to students
-who answer in a distinguished manner in the following subjects:&mdash;I. Practical Engineering;
-II. Mechanical and Experimental Physics; III. Mining, Chemistry, Geology, and Mineralogy.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">School of Law.</span>&mdash;The lectures of the Professor of Feudal and English Law remain
-very much as they were in 1792. The Professorship of Civil Law was then and for many
-years afterwards held by a Senior Fellow, often by a clergyman; the duties were nearly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span>
-nominal, and the salary small. In the year 1850, however, the Board, being anxious to
-found an effective Law School in Dublin, decided that in future the Professorship of
-Civil Law should be held only by a Doctor of Laws, and a Barrister of at least six years
-standing; and as such he was required to regulate the courses and lectures in the Civil Law
-class, and bound to deliver at least twelve lectures in each Term.</p>
-
-<p>The Law School of the University of Dublin is under the control of the Provost and
-Senior Fellows of Trinity College, who, however, act in concurrence with the Benchers of
-the King’s Inns.</p>
-
-<p>The Regius Professor of Laws delivers lectures on Roman Law, Jurisprudence, and
-International Law. The Regius Professor of Feudal and English Law delivers lectures on
-the subject of Real Property; a third professor, whose chair was founded in 1888 by Mr.
-Richard T. Reid for the study of “Penal Legislation, including principles of prevention,
-repression, and reformation,” delivers lectures on&mdash;(1) Penal Legislation; (2) Constitutional
-and Criminal Law; (3) the Law of Evidence. These lectures are open to the public and
-King’s Inns students, who have credit for the Term’s lectures, and those who have credit
-for the academic year have their names reported to the Benchers.</p>
-
-<p>The Law Professors also examine all candidates for degrees in Law. These degrees,
-like those in the other professional schools, can only be obtained after a course of legal
-study or strict examinations in Law.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE COLLEGE SOCIETIES.</h3>
-
-<p><span class="smcap">The College Historical Society</span>, which was formed in 1770, had in 1794 come
-into collision with the Governing Body of the College, in consequence of the action of
-many of the Graduates of some years’ standing, who, though they were no longer subject to
-College discipline, continued to be active members of the Society, and acted without respect
-to the orders of the Board. The Society was consequently excluded from the College, and
-a new Association of the Students, under the same name, was organised. Their meetings for
-debate were permitted by the Board, on the distinct understanding that they would not
-choose for discussion any question of modern politics, or admit into their proceedings any
-allusion to such subjects. They continued to meet in the old rooms, now the Common
-Room of the Fellows and Professors, until 1815, when they again got into trouble with the
-College authorities, who insisted that they should expel, without discussion, two of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span>
-members of the Society whose conduct in its debates was disapproved of by the Board.
-The discussions upon the private business of the Society became imbued by party spirit,
-and the younger members, who exceeded in number the seniors, who had greater experience
-and wisdom, took upon themselves the management of the Historical Society, and it became
-continually engaged in angry debates. The Board consequently insisted that Junior
-Sophisters should be no longer admitted as members, and ordered a committee of five to be
-appointed to settle all private business of the Society. Four of the five refused to act, and
-the result was that on the 5th of February, 1815, the last debate was held. It is a strange
-coincidence that, shortly afterwards, similar difficulties arose between the Cambridge <em>Union</em>
-and the Cambridge University authorities. In the month of March, 1817,<a name="FNanchor_106_106" id="FNanchor_106_106"></a><a href="#Footnote_106_106" class="fnanchor">[106]</a> Mr. Whewell
-was President. Dr. Wood, at that time Vice-Chancellor, took with him the Proctors,
-together with a Tutor from Trinity College, and another from St. John’s: they proceeded
-to the place of meeting for debate, at the Red Lion Inn. The Proctors were sent into the
-room to desire the members to disperse, and to meet no more. The President requested
-the Proctors to retire, in order that the Society might discuss the subject. This they
-refused to do. At last a deputation, consisting of Mr. Whewell (afterwards Master of
-Trinity), Mr. Thirlwall (afterwards Bishop of St. David’s), and Mr. Sheridan, was permitted
-to have an interview with the Vice-Chancellor. The deputation urged their claims strongly,
-but the Vice-Chancellor insisted that, while they might conclude the present debate, they
-should not meet again for a similar purpose.</p>
-
-<p>After frequent petitions to the Board, supported by the Junior Fellows, the Historical
-Society was again, on the 16th November, 1843, permitted to meet within the walls of the
-College, on which occasion William Connor Magee, Scholar, afterwards Archbishop of York,
-delivered, as Auditor of the Society, an opening address of remarkable eloquence and of
-great promise, which produced an effect such as has never yet been equalled in the Society.
-Since that period the College Historical Society continues to meet regularly for debate
-within the College walls. Junior Sophisters are again admitted as members, but the subjects
-for discussion must always, in the first instance, receive the approval of the Board. The
-Society has been allowed, moreover, to have Reading and Committee Rooms within the
-College. During the half-century which has elapsed since the restoration of the Society,
-perfect harmony has existed between the members and the Governing Body of the College.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">The Philosophical Society.</span>&mdash;During the year 1842, some of the students of
-Trinity College whose age and reputation did not warrant their seeking admission into the
-leading scientific societies of Dublin, but who were anxious to improve themselves in
-knowledge and in the art of composition, combined to form a Society called the Dublin
-Philosophical Society, the object of which was the reading of papers on scientific and
-literary subjects, and the discussion of these papers by the members after they were read.
-The first meeting was held in November, 1842, in a room in Marlborough Street, and the
-first volume of their transactions was published at the end of 1843.</p>
-
-<p>In the beginning of 1845, after the Historical Society had been received back within
-the walls of the College, the Committee sought permission to have the use of one of the
-lecture-rooms for the purposes of their meetings. This was granted. The name of the
-Society was changed into “The Dublin University Philosophical Society,” and new rules
-were adopted, which were required by the closer connection of the Society with Trinity
-College. The members were nearly all graduates, and although junior students were by no
-means excluded from the Society, few of them were disposed to join in the proceedings.
-The Society continued to exist for some years, but the members, being generally senior
-men, were too soon called away from aiding in its meetings by the requirements of
-professional or official duties. This Society published five volumes of Transactions,
-containing papers by young men, many of whom afterwards became distinguished in science
-and literature.</p>
-
-<p>The Society having fallen too much into the hands of graduates, in the year
-1854 the undergraduates, feeling the want of a similar organisation which should give
-them free scope for their own literary exertions, formed a new Society called “The
-Undergraduate Philosophical Society,” the ruling body of which was composed of students
-who had not taken their B.A. degrees. The new Society became rapidly popular among
-the students of the College, and its numbers largely increased. The first Philosophical
-Society having been at length discontinued, that which was managed by the undergraduates
-took its place as the University Philosophical Society. All undergraduates <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'are now admissable'">are now
-admissible</ins> as members, and at present it so happens that the majority of the officers of
-the Society and the Committee are graduates.</p>
-
-<p>At the first, the spirit which actuated the former Philosophical Society influenced its
-younger sister, and scientific subjects formed the main topic of discussion. After one or
-two sessions, essays and discussions on literary subjects were introduced, followed by poetry,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span>
-fiction, biography, and history; so that ultimately questions of abstract science disappeared
-from the proceedings of the Philosophical Society, and questions of pure science are now
-discussed at the meetings of the University Biological Association and the University
-Experimental Science Association.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<p><span class="smcap">The Theological Society.</span>&mdash;Shortly after the Divinity School was placed upon
-its present basis, it was found that a place of meeting was required where theological
-students could discuss the important questions which formed the subjects to which their
-attention was directed. The Society was founded outside the College on November 23,
-1838. Its first presidents were Rev. Doctor Singer, then a Junior Fellow, the Rev. Robert
-J. M‘Ghee, and the Rev. Charles M. Fleury. The Society met in a room in Upper
-Sackville Street, and the discussions of the members were very much confined to the Roman
-Catholic controversy. It was soon found necessary that the Society should be brought more
-under the control of the teachers in the Divinity School, and in 1860 the then Regius
-Professor of Divinity was appointed President; the other Professors in the Divinity School,
-along with the assistant Divinity teachers, were made Vice-Presidents; and since that year the
-Society meets in a public room in the College. Dr. Butcher, the then Regius Professor,
-always presided at the weekly meetings up to 1866, when he became Bishop of Meath.
-His successor, Dr. Salmon, gave the same unwearied attention to the Society until he
-became Provost, and the discussions of the Society, which now take a much wider range in
-Theology, are always conducted under the control of the Regius Professor, or of Archbishop
-King’s Lecturer in Divinity.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_141.jpg" width="100" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" />
-</div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_142.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-CANDELABRUM. EXAMINATION HALL.<br />
-CARVED OAK&mdash;GILT.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_98_98" id="Footnote_98_98"></a><a href="#FNanchor_98_98"><span class="label">[98]</span></a> These stamp duties had been imposed on the English Universities by an English Act of Parliament (55 Geo. III.,
-cap. 184), but were not exacted in Ireland. In 1842, when Sir Robert Peel imposed an Income Tax on England, from which
-Ireland was exempted, he assimilated the stamp duties in the two countries in order to make up for the relaxation of the Income
-Tax in the case of Ireland. A few years afterwards, when the Income Tax was extended to Ireland, the stamp duties were still
-exacted.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_99_99" id="Footnote_99_99"></a><a href="#FNanchor_99_99"><span class="label">[99]</span></a> In the case of scholars not students in Divinity, two-thirds of these lectures sufficed for the term. At the present,
-Divinity students are obliged to attend every lecture in the term, except one, in each subject.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_100_100" id="Footnote_100_100"></a><a href="#FNanchor_100_100"><span class="label">[100]</span></a> From a calculation made in 1880, there were at that time 2,322 names of holders of Divinity Testimoniums in the
-University Calendar for that year. Of these there were then serving as clergymen in Ireland, 841; in England, 638; in the
-Colonies, unaccounted for, and dead, 843. Of holders of Divinity Testimoniums from the disestablishment of the Irish Church
-in 1869 to 1880, 89 were clergymen in England, 121 in Ireland, and 30 were unaccounted for. Of those who obtained the
-Divinity Testimonium from 1866 to 1880, 170 were in England, 187 in Ireland serving as clergymen, and 67 unaccounted for.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_101_101" id="Footnote_101_101"></a><a href="#FNanchor_101_101"><span class="label">[101]</span></a> James Macartney was a native of the County of Armagh. He pursued his studies partly in Dublin, but mostly in
-London. He was not a graduate of the University, nor does he appear to have ever been a student in Arts. He became in
-1800 a member of the London College of Surgeons, and shortly afterwards commenced to lecture on Anatomy and Physiology
-in St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London. Macartney died March 6, 1843, aged 73 years. He left a sum of money to defray the
-cost of editing and publishing an account of his life and labours. This task was committed to the care of his nephew, at one
-time his Demonstrator, Hugh Carlile, or Carlisle, who died in 1860, as Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, at Queen’s College,
-Belfast, before he made any marked progress in this work. The executors then handed the material left partly sorted by Carlisle
-to Dr. E. Perceval Wright, but on the decease of the executors, while the work was in preparation, it was found that the money
-for the book was not forthcoming, and the wishes of Macartney have not yet been carried into effect.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_102_102" id="Footnote_102_102"></a><a href="#FNanchor_102_102"><span class="label">[102]</span></a> See Dr. Stubbs’ <cite>History of the University of Dublin</cite>, p. 257.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_103_103" id="Footnote_103_103"></a><a href="#FNanchor_103_103"><span class="label">[103]</span></a> <em>Ibid.</em>, p. 258.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_104_104" id="Footnote_104_104"></a><a href="#FNanchor_104_104"><span class="label">[104]</span></a> He published his treatise on Analytic Geometry in 1819.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_105_105" id="Footnote_105_105"></a><a href="#FNanchor_105_105"><span class="label">[105]</span></a> It may be well to remark that the University of Dublin was really in advance of Cambridge in encouraging new
-studies at the B.A. Degree Examination. In 1816 the examination for gold medals in Classics was established in Dublin;
-eight years afterwards Cambridge instituted the Classical Tripos. In 1834 the examination for Moderatorships in Ethics
-and Logics was founded in Dublin; seventeen years after that date the Moral Sciences Tripos was instituted at Cambridge.
-In 1833 Theological Examinations, as they are at present, were first established in Dublin; this example was followed by
-Cambridge in 1856. In the latter year the Provost and Senior Fellows founded a Moderatorship in Law and History.
-Cambridge did the same twelve years after. In one case the two Universities acted simultaneously, in founding in 1851
-the Honour Degree Examination in the Natural Sciences.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_106_106" id="Footnote_106_106"></a><a href="#FNanchor_106_106"><span class="label">[106]</span></a> <cite>William Whewell</cite>, by Isaac Todhunter, vol. i., page 8.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_143a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER VI.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">THE OBSERVATORY, DUNSINK.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_143b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">Provost Baldwin held absolute sway in this University for forty-one
-years. His memory is well preserved here. The Bursar still dispenses the
-satisfactory revenues which Baldwin left to the College. None of us ever
-can forget the marble angels round the figure of the dying Provost on which
-we used to gaze during the pangs of the Examination Hall.</p>
-
-<p>Baldwin died in 1758, and was succeeded by Francis Andrews, a Fellow
-of seventeen years’ standing. As to the scholastic acquirements of Andrews, all I
-can find is a statement that he was complimented by the polite Professors of Padua on
-the elegance and purity with which he discoursed to them in Latin. Andrews was also
-reputed to be a skilful lawyer. He was certainly a Privy Councillor and a prominent
-member of the Irish House of Commons, and his social qualities were excellent. Perhaps
-it was Baldwin’s example that stimulated a desire in Andrews to become a benefactor to
-his College. He accordingly bequeathed a sum of £3,000 and an annual income of £250
-wherewith to build and endow an Astronomical Observatory in the University. The figures
-just stated ought to be qualified by the words of cautious Ussher (afterwards the first
-Professor of Astronomy), that “this money was to arise from an accumulation of a part
-of his property, to commence upon a particular contingency happening in his family.”
-The astronomical endowment was soon in jeopardy by litigation. Andrews thought he had
-provided for his relations by leaving to them certain leasehold interests connected with the
-Provost’s estate. The law courts, however, held that these interests were not at the disposal of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span>
-the testator, and handed them over to Hely Hutchinson, the next Provost. The disappointed
-relations then petitioned the Irish Parliament to redress this grievance by transferring to them
-the monies designed by Andrews for the Observatory. It would not be right, they contended,
-that the kindly intentions of the late Provost towards his kindred should be frustrated for the
-sake of maintaining what they described as “a purely ornamental institution.” The authorities
-of the College protested against this claim. Counsel were heard, and a Committee of the
-House made a report declaring the situation of the relations to be a hard one. Accordingly,
-a compromise was made, and the dispute terminated.</p>
-
-<p>The selection of a site for the new Astronomical Observatory was made by the Board
-of Trinity College. The beautiful neighbourhood of Dublin offered a choice of excellent
-localities. On the north side of the Liffey an Observatory could have been admirably placed,
-either on the remarkable promontory of Howth or on the elevation of which Dunsink is
-the summit. On the south side of Dublin there are several eminences that would have been
-suitable: the breezy heaths at Foxrock combine all necessary conditions; the obelisk hill
-at Killiney would have given one of the most picturesque sites for an Observatory in the world;
-while near Delgany two or three other good situations could be mentioned. But the Board of
-those pre-railway days was naturally guided by the question of proximity. Dunsink was
-accordingly chosen as the most suitable site within the distance of a reasonable walk from
-Trinity College.</p>
-
-<p>The northern boundary of the Phoenix Park approaches the little river Tolka, which
-winds through a succession of delightful bits of sylvan scenery, such as may be found in the
-wide demesne of Abbotstown and the classic shades of Glasnevin. From the banks of the Tolka,
-on the opposite side of the park, the pastures ascend in a gentle slope to culminate at Dunsink,
-where at a distance of half-a-mile from the stream, of four miles from Dublin, and at a height
-of 300 feet above the sea, now stands the Observatory. From the commanding position of
-Dunsink a magnificent view is obtained. To the east the sea is visible, while the southern
-prospect over the valley of the Liffey is bounded by a range of hills and mountains extending
-from Killiney to Bray Head, thence to the Little Sugar Loaf, the Two Rock and the Three
-Rock Mountains, over the flank of which the summit of the Great Sugar Loaf is just perceptible.
-Directly in front opens the fine valley of Glenasmole, with Kippure Mountain, while the range
-can be followed to its western extremity. The climate of Dunsink is well suited for astronomical
-observation. No doubt here, as elsewhere in Ireland, clouds are abundant, but mists or haze
-are comparatively unusual, and fogs are almost unknown.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p>
-
-
-    <div class="screenonly">
-
-<div class="fs70 pad2">DUNSINK OBSERVATORY</div>
-
-<div class="i_145">
-    <div id="block145-1">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block145-2">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<p>The legal formalities to be observed in assuming occupation exacted a delay of many
-months: accordingly, it was not until the 10th December, 1782, that a contract could be made
-with Mr. Graham Moyers for the erection of a meridian room and a dome for an Equatorial, in
-conjunction with a becoming residence for the Astronomer. Before the work was commenced at
-Dunsink, the Board thought it expedient to appoint the first Professor of Astronomy. They
-met for this purpose on the 22nd January, 1783, and chose the Reverend Henry Ussher, a Senior
-Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin The wisdom of the appointment
-was immediately shown by the assiduity with which Ussher
-engaged in founding the Observatory. In three years he had
-erected the buildings and equipped them with instruments, several
-of which were of his own invention. On the 19th of February,
-1785, a special grant of £200 was made by the Board to
-Dr. Ussher as some recompense for his labours. It happened that the Observatory was
-not the only scientific institution which came into being in Ireland at this period: the
-newly-kindled ardour for the pursuit of knowledge led, at the same time, to the foundation
-of the Royal Irish Academy. By a fitting coincidence, the first memoir published in the
-Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy was by the first Andrews Professor of Astronomy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span>
-It was read on the 13th of June, 1785, and bore the title, “Account of the Observatory
-belonging to Trinity College,” by the Reverend H. Ussher, D.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.S. This
-communication shows the extensive design that had been originally intended for Dunsink,
-only a part of which was, however, carried out. For instance, two long corridors running
-north and south from the central edifice, which are figured in the paper, never developed into
-bricks and mortar. We are not told why the original scheme had to be contracted; but
-perhaps the reason may be not unconnected with a remark of Ussher’s, that the College had
-already advanced from its own funds a sum considerably exceeding the original bequest.
-A picture of the building, showing also the dome for the South Equatorial, which was
-erected many years later, is given on <a href="#Page_133">page 133</a>.</p>
-</div>
-    </div>
-
-
-        <div class="handonly">
-
-    <div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/i_145.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-    <div class="caption">
-    DUNSINK OBSERVATORY.</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <p>The legal formalities to be observed in assuming occupation exacted a delay of many
-    months: accordingly, it was not until the 10th December, 1782, that a contract could be made
-    with Mr. Graham Moyers for the erection of a meridian room and a dome for an Equatorial, in
-    conjunction with a becoming residence for the Astronomer. Before the work was commenced at
-    Dunsink, the Board thought it expedient to appoint the first Professor of Astronomy. They
-    met for this purpose on the 22nd January, 1783, and chose the Reverend Henry Ussher, a Senior
-    Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin The wisdom of the appointment
-    was immediately shown by the assiduity with which Ussher
-    engaged in founding the Observatory. In three years he had
-    erected the buildings and equipped them with instruments, several
-    of which were of his own invention. On the 19th of February,
-    1785, a special grant of £200 was made by the Board to
-    Dr. Ussher as some recompense for his labours. It happened that the Observatory was
-    not the only scientific institution which came into being in Ireland at this period: the
-    newly-kindled ardour for the pursuit of knowledge led, at the same time, to the foundation
-    of the Royal Irish Academy. By a fitting coincidence, the first memoir published in the
-    Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy was by the first Andrews Professor of Astronomy.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_134" id="Pagex_134">[134]</a></span>
-    It was read on the 13th of June, 1785, and bore the title, “Account of the Observatory
-    belonging to Trinity College,” by the Reverend H. Ussher, D.D., M.R.I.A., F.R.S. This
-    communication shows the extensive design that had been originally intended for Dunsink,
-    only a part of which was, however, carried out. For instance, two long corridors running
-    north and south from the central edifice, which are figured in the paper, never developed into
-    bricks and mortar. We are not told why the original scheme had to be contracted; but
-    perhaps the reason may be not unconnected with a remark of Ussher’s, that the College had
-    already advanced from its own funds a sum considerably exceeding the original bequest.
-    A picture of the building, showing also the dome for the South Equatorial, which was
-    erected many years later, is given on <a href="#Page_133">page 133</a>.</p>
-        </div>
-
-<p>Ussher died in 1790. During his brief career at the Observatory, he observed eclipses,
-and is stated to have done other scientific work. The minutes of the Board declare that
-the infant institution had already obtained celebrity by his labours, and they urge the claims
-of his widow to a pension on the ground that the disease from which he died had been
-contracted by his nightly vigils. The Board also promised a grant of fifty guineas as a help
-to bring out Dr. Ussher’s sermons. They advanced twenty guineas to his widow towards
-the publication of his astronomical papers. They ordered his bust to be executed for the
-Observatory, and offered “The Death of Ussher” as the subject of a prize essay; but, so
-far as I can find, neither the sermons nor the papers, neither the bust nor the prize essay,
-ever came into being.</p>
-
-<p>There was keen competition for the Chair of Astronomy, which the death of Ussher
-vacated. The two candidates were Rev. John Brinkley, of Caius College, Cambridge, a Senior
-Wrangler (born at Woodbridge, Suffolk, in 1763), and Mr. Stack, Fellow of Trinity College,
-Dublin, and author of a book on Optics. A majority of the Board at first supported Stack,
-while Provost Hely Hutchinson and one or two others supported Brinkley. In those days the
-Provost had a veto at elections, so that ultimately Stack was withdrawn, and Brinkley was
-elected. This took place on the 11th December, 1790. The national press of the day
-commented on the preference shown to the young Englishman, Brinkley, over his Irish rival.
-An animated controversy ensued. The Provost himself condescended to enter the lists, and
-to vindicate his policy by a long letter in the <cite>Public Register or Freeman’s Journal</cite>, of 21st
-December, 1790. This letter was anonymous, but its authorship is obvious. It gives the
-correspondence with Maskelyne and other eminent astronomers, whose advice and guidance
-had been sought by the Provost. It also contends that “the transactions of the Board ought<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span>
-not to be canvassed in the newspapers.” For this reference, as well as for much other
-information, I am indebted to my friend the Rev. John W. Stubbs, D.D.</p>
-
-<p>The next event in the history of the Observatory was the issue of Letters Patent
-(32 Geo. III., <span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1792), in which it is recited that “We grant and ordain that there shall be for
-ever hereafter a Professor of Astronomy, on the foundation of Dr. Andrews, to be called and
-known by the name of the Royal Astronomer of Ireland.” The letters prescribe the various duties
-of the Astronomer, and the mode of his election. They lay down regulations as to the conduct
-of the astronomical work, and as to the choice of an assistant. They direct that the Provost
-and Senior Fellows shall make a thorough inspection of the Observatory once every year, in
-June or July; and this duty was first undertaken on the 5th of July, 1792. It will thus be
-noted that the date fixed for the celebration of the Tercentenary of the University happens
-to be the centenary of the first Visitation of the Observatory. The Visitors on the first
-occasion were&mdash;A. Murray, Matthew Young, George Hall, and John Barrett. They record
-that they find the buildings, books, and instruments in good condition; but the chief feature
-in this report, as well as in many which followed it, related to a circumstance to which we
-have not yet referred.</p>
-
-<p>In the original equipment of the Observatory, Ussher, with the natural ambition of a
-founder, desired to place in it a telescope of more magnificent proportions than could be
-found anywhere else. The Board gave a spirited support to this enterprise, and negotiations
-were entered into with the most eminent instrument-maker of those days. This was
-Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800), famous as the improver of the sextant, as the constructor of the
-great Theodolite used by General Roy in the English Survey, and as the inventor of the
-Dividing Engine for graduating astronomical instruments. Ramsden had built for Sir George
-Schuckburgh the largest and most perfect Equatorial ever attempted. He had constructed
-mural quadrants for Padua and Verona, which elicited the wonder of astronomers, when Dr.
-Maskelyne declared he could detect no error in their graduation as large as two seconds
-and a-half. But Ramsden maintained that even better results would be obtained by superseding
-the entire quadrant by the circle. He obtained the means of testing this prediction when he
-completed a superb circle for Palermo of five feet diameter. Finding his anticipations were
-realised, he desired to apply the same principles on a still grander scale. Ramsden was in
-this mood when he met with Dr. Ussher. The enthusiasm of the Astronomer and the
-instrument-maker communicated itself to the Board, and a tremendous circle, to be ten feet
-in diameter, was forthwith projected.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Projected, but never carried out. After Ramsden had to some extent completed a
-ten-foot circle, he found such difficulties that he tried a nine-foot, and this again he
-discarded for an eight-foot, which was ultimately accomplished, though not entirely by
-himself. Notwithstanding the contraction from the vast proportions originally designed, the
-completed instrument must still be regarded as a colossal piece of astronomical workmanship.
-Even at this day I do not know that any other Observatory except Dunsink can show
-a circle eight feet in diameter graduated all round.</p>
-
-<p>I think it is Professor Piazzi Smyth who tells us how grateful he was to find a large
-telescope he had ordered finished by the opticians on the very day they had promised it. The
-day was perfectly correct; it was only the year that was wrong. A somewhat remarkable
-experience in this direction is chronicled by the early reports of the Visitors to the Dunsink
-Observatory. I cannot find the date on which the great circle was ordered from Ramsden,
-but it is fixed with sufficient precision by an allusion in Ussher’s paper to the Royal Irish
-Academy, which shows that by the 13th June, 1785, the order had been given, but that the
-abandonment of the ten-foot scale had not then been contemplated. It was reasonable that
-the Board should allow Ramsden ample time for the completion of a work at once so
-elaborate and so novel. It could not have been finished in a year, nor would there have
-been much reason for complaint if the maker had found he required two or even three
-years more.</p>
-
-<p>Seven years gone, and still no telescope, was the condition in which the Board found
-matters at their first Visitation in 1792. They had, however, assurances from Ramsden that
-the instrument would be completed within the year; but, alas for such promises! another
-seven years rolled on, and in 1799 the place for the great circle was still vacant at Dunsink.
-Ramsden had fallen into bad health, and the Board considerately directed that “inquiries
-should be made.” Next year there was still no progress, so the Board were roused to
-threaten Ramsden with a suit at law; but the menace was never executed, for the malady
-of the great optician grew worse, and he died that year.</p>
-
-<p>Affairs had now assumed a critical aspect, for the College had advanced much money
-to Ramsden during these fifteen years, and the instrument was still unfinished. An appeal
-was made by the Provost to Dr. Maskelyne, the Astronomer-Royal of England, for his
-advice and kindly offices in this emergency. Maskelyne responds&mdash;in terms calculated to
-allay the anxiety of the Bursar&mdash;“Mr. Ramsden has left property behind him, and the
-College can be in no danger of losing both their money and the instrument.” The business<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span>
-of Ramsden was then undertaken by Berge, who proceeded to finish the great circle quite
-as deliberately as his predecessor. After four years Berge promised the instrument in the
-following August, but it did not come. Two years later (1806) the Professor complains
-that he can get no answer from Berge. In 1807 it is stated that Berge will send the
-telescope in a month. He did not; but in the next year (1808), about twenty-three years
-after the great circle was ordered, it was erected at Dunsink, where it is still to be seen.</p>
-
-<p>The following circumstances have been authenticated by the signatures of Provosts,
-Proctors, Bursars, and other College dignitaries:&mdash;In 1793 the Board ordered two of the clocks
-at the Observatory to be sent to Mr. Crosthwaite for repairs. Seven years later, in 1800,
-Mr. Crosthwaite was asked if the clocks were ready. This impatience was clearly unreasonable,
-for even in four years more, 1804, we find the two clocks were still in hands. Two years
-later, in 1806, the Board determined to take vigorous action by asking the Bursar to call
-upon Crosthwaite. This evidently produced some effect, for in the following year, 1807, the
-Professor had no doubt that the clocks would be speedily returned. After eight years
-more, in 1815, one of the clocks was still being repaired, and so it was in 1816, which is the
-last record we have of these interesting timepieces. Astronomers are, however, accustomed
-to deal with such stupendous periods in their calculations, that even the time taken to
-repair a clock seems but small in comparison.</p>
-
-<p>The long tenure of the Chair of Astronomy by Brinkley is divided into two nearly
-equal periods by the year in which the great circle was erected. Brinkley was eighteen
-years waiting for his telescope, and he had eighteen years more in which to use it. During
-the first of these periods Brinkley devoted himself to mathematical research; during the latter
-he became a celebrated astronomer. Brinkley’s mathematical labours procured for their
-author some reputation as a mathematician. They appear to be works of considerable
-mathematical elegance, but not indicating any great power of original thought. Perhaps it
-has been prejudicial to Brinkley’s fame in this direction that he was immediately followed
-in his chair by so mighty a genius as William Rowan Hamilton.</p>
-
-<p>After the great circle had been at last erected, Brinkley was able to begin his astronomical
-work in earnest. Nor was there much time to lose. He was already 45 years old, a year older
-than was Herschel when he commenced his immortal career at Slough. Stimulated by the
-consciousness of having the command of an instrument of unique perfection, Brinkley loftily
-attempted the very highest class of astronomical research. He resolved to measure anew
-with his own eye and with his own hand the constants of aberration and of nutation. He<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>
-also strove to solve that great problem of the universe, the discovery of the distance of a
-fixed star.</p>
-
-<p>These were noble problems, and they were nobly attacked. But to appraise with justice
-this work of Brinkley, done seventy years ago, we must not apply to it the same criteria as we
-would think right to apply to similar work were it done now. We do not any longer use
-Brinkley’s constant of aberration, nor do we now think that Brinkley’s determinations of the
-star-distances were reliable. But, nevertheless, his investigations exercised a marked influence
-on the progress of science: they stimulated the study of the principles on which exact
-measurements were to be conducted.</p>
-
-<p>Brinkley had another profession in addition to that of an astronomer. He was a divine.
-When a man endeavours to pursue two distinct occupations concurrently, it will be equally easy
-to explain why his career should be successful, or why it should be the reverse. If he succeeds,
-he will, of course, exemplify the wisdom of having provided two strings to his bow. Should he
-fail, it is, of course, because he has attempted to sit on two stools at once. In Brinkley’s case,
-his two professions must be likened to the two strings rather than to the two stools. It is true
-that his practical experience of a clerical life was very slender. He had made no attempt to
-combine the routine of a parish with his labours in the Observatory. Nor do we associate a
-special eminence in any department of religious work with his name. If, however, we are to
-measure Brinkley’s merits as a divine by the ecclesiastical preferment which he received, his
-services to theology must have rivalled his services to astronomy. Having been raised step by
-step in the church, he was at last appointed to the See of Cloyne in 1826 as the successor of
-Bishop Berkeley.</p>
-
-<p>Now, though it was permissible for the Archdeacon to be also the Andrews Professor, yet
-when the Archdeacon became a Bishop it was understood that he should transfer his residence
-from the Observatory to the Palace. The Chair of Astronomy accordingly became vacant.
-Brinkley’s subsequent career seems to have been devoted entirely to ecclesiastical matters,
-and for the last ten years of his life he did not contribute a paper to any scientific society.
-Arago, after a characteristic lament that Brinkley should have forsaken the pursuit of
-Science for the temporal and spiritual attractions of a Bishopric, pays a tribute to the
-conscientiousness of the quondam astronomer:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“A partir du jour ou il fut revêtu de l’episcopat, l’homme dont toute la vie avait été
-consacrée jusque-là à la contemplation du firmament et à la solution des questions sublimes qui
-recèlent les mouvements des astres, divorca complétement avec ces douces, avec ces entraînantes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span>
-occupations, pour se livrer sans partage aux devoirs de sa charge nouvelle, afin d’échapper, je
-suppose, à la tentation, l’ex-Directeur de l’Observatoire Royal d’Irlande, l’ex-Andrews Professor
-d’Astronomie de l’Université n’avait pas même dans son palais la plus modeste lunette. On doit
-la révélation de se fait presque incroyable, à l’indiscrétion d’une personne qui s’étant trouvée
-chez l’évêque de Cloyne un jour d’éclipse de Lune, eut le déplaisir, faute d’instruments, de ne
-pouvoir suivre la marche du phénomène qu’avec ses yeux.”</p>
-
-<p>The good Bishop died on the 13th September, 1835. He was buried in the Chapel of
-Trinity College, and a fine monument to his memory is a familiar object at the foot of the noble
-old staircase of the library. The best memorial of Brinkley is his admirable book on the
-<cite>Elements of Plane Astronomy</cite>. It passed through many editions in his lifetime, and even at
-the present day the same work, revised first by Dr. Luby and more recently by the Rev. Dr.
-Stubbs and Dr. Brünnow, has a large and well-merited circulation.</p>
-
-<p>On the 4th August, 1805, a few years before the great circle was erected at the
-Observatory, William Rowan Hamilton was born in No. 36, Dominick Street, Dublin. He
-was educated by his uncle, the Rev. James Hamilton, at Trim, and his aunt, Jane Sidney
-Hamilton. The astounding precocity of the child is thus described by his biographer, Mr.
-Graves, to whose laborious and painstaking execution of his great task I must here make
-my acknowledgments. Of William Rowan Hamilton it is asserted that, “continuing a
-vigorous child in spirits and playfulness, he was, at three years of age, a superior reader
-of English and considerably advanced in arithmetic; at four, a good geographer; at five,
-able to read and translate Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and loving to recite Dryden, Collins,
-Milton, and Homer; at eight he has added Italian and French, and given vent to his
-feelings in extemporised Latin; and before he is ten he is a student of Arabic and Sanskrit.
-And all this knowledge seems to have been acquired, not indeed without diligence, but
-with perfect ease, and applied, as occasion arose, with practical judgment and tact.”<a name="FNanchor_107_107" id="FNanchor_107_107"></a><a href="#Footnote_107_107" class="fnanchor">[107]</a></p>
-
-<p>When Hamilton was seventeen years old (1822), he had written original mathematical
-papers, and with two of these&mdash;entitled respectively, “Osculating Parabola to Curves of Double
-Curvature,” and “On Contacts between Algebraic Curves and Surfaces”&mdash;he paid a visit to Dr.
-Brinkley at the Observatory. The Royal Astronomer was impressed by their value, and desired
-to see them in a more developed form. Thus originated an acquaintance between the scientific
-veteran, soon to be a Bishop, and the brilliant lad about to enter college.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>After Brinkley had been appointed Bishop of Cloyne in 1826, Hamilton was immediately
-mentioned as his probable successor. Mr. Graves, to whom I am indebted for these particulars,
-assures us that Hamilton never put himself forward until a week before the election, when he
-received an urgent letter from his tutor, Mr. Boyton, to say that the Board were favourably
-disposed towards him. On the 16th June, 1827, the undergraduate of twenty-two, William
-Rowan Hamilton, was unanimously elected to the Chair of Astronomy. Nor was he without
-formidable competitors. Airy was a candidate, and so were some of the Fellows of Trinity
-College; yet a general approval, almost unanimous, ratified the choice of the Board. We say
-almost unanimous, because there was at least one weighty opinion on the other side. Bishop
-Brinkley thought that Hamilton had acted imprudently in accepting the post, and that it would
-have been wiser for him to have sought a Fellowship. With Hamilton’s life before us, we
-can now see that the Bishop was not right. The leisure and the seclusion of the Observatory
-were necessary conditions for Hamilton’s colossal labours. After his election to the Chair of
-Astronomy, Hamilton proceeded to his degree in the usual manner; but before doing so, he
-had, as an undergraduate, to perform the somewhat anomalous duty of examining graduates
-in the higher branches of mathematics for Bishop Law’s mathematical premium.</p>
-
-<p>The history of Dunsink Observatory for the next 38 years may be epitomised in a single
-word&mdash;Quaternions. It will be unnecessary to refer in any detail to the great career of our
-great mathematician. The early promise of the marvellous child and the brilliant career
-of the unparalleled student soon bore fruit in the congenial atmosphere of the Observatory.
-Conical Refraction, the Theory of Rays, the general method of Dynamics&mdash;any one of these
-researches would have conferred fame of which the greatest mathematician might have been
-proud, but with Hamilton these were merely incidental to the great work of his life. With
-huge industry he cultivated his powers, he wrought his mighty system of Quaternions, and
-found in it a weapon adequate to deal with the most profound mathematical problems of
-nature. It is not Hamilton’s fault if others have found that to wield this sword of a giant
-the arm of the giant is also necessary. Most of us feel satisfied if we know enough to be
-able to reverence the two awful volumes which every mathematician likes to see on his
-shelves, and which he generally leaves there.</p>
-
-<p>So great a personality as Hamilton has naturally gathered around itself much biographical
-interest. The intimacy between Hamilton and Wordsworth has given many interesting pages
-to Mr. Graves’ book, and how intimate the friendship became may be conjectured from
-the account of their first meeting. We are told how Hamilton walked back with Wordsworth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span>
-to see him home after a delightful evening, and how Wordsworth then turned to see Hamilton
-back, and how the process was repeated I know not how often. It appears that Hamilton
-submitted his poetic effusions to his friend, and they were returned with gentle criticism,
-though with an occasional admission by Wordsworth that the mathematician’s verses possessed
-genuine feeling. Then there is the visit of Wordsworth to Dunsink, where to this day a beautiful
-shady walk bears his name. Hamilton enjoyed the privilege of intimacy with many cultivated
-intellects. He knew Coleridge; with Sir John Herschel he was in frequent communication;
-and he had many lady correspondents, including Maria Edgeworth. The bulk of Hamilton’s
-scientific correspondence was with the late Professor De Morgan, a man whose intellectual
-endowments were of such a different type to those of Hamilton, that, except in being both
-mathematicians, they had but little in common. On the death of Hamilton, De Morgan
-writes to Sir John Herschel (Sept. 13, 1865):&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>“W. R. Hamilton was an intimate friend whom I spoke to once in my life&mdash;at Babbage’s
-about 1830; but for 30 years we have corresponded. I <em>saw</em> him a second time at the dinner
-you got at the Freemason’s when you came from the Cape, but I could not get near enough
-to speak.”<a name="FNanchor_108_108" id="FNanchor_108_108"></a><a href="#Footnote_108_108" class="fnanchor">[108]</a></p>
-
-<p>The Observatory had the usual equipment of a transit instrument, a circle, and an
-equatorial, but no further additions were made to the instruments during the long sojourn of
-Hamilton. Observations were made by the assistant, Mr. Thomson, who, after a life passed in
-the service, retired in 1874, and lived a few years to enjoy the pension conferred on him by
-the Board. Just before Sir W. Hamilton’s death an important donation was received by the
-College. I shall here mention the circumstances under which it was made. The particulars
-were related to me partly by the donor himself, and partly by the late Earl of Rosse. The
-chief incidents in the narrative may be found in the life of De Morgan<a name="FNanchor_109_109" id="FNanchor_109_109"></a><a href="#Footnote_109_109" class="fnanchor">[109]</a> to which I have
-already referred.</p>
-
-<p>Sir James South was a medical man who acquired considerable wealth early in life, and
-then devoted himself with great assiduity to astronomy. He became an expert observer, and
-in conjunction with Sir John Herschel formed a series of double star measures that obtained
-much fame. Honours flowed in upon South; he received a pension and a knighthood; and
-he prepared for further astronomical work. His first care was to procure a superior telescope,
-and from Cauchoix, a French optician of renown, he procured an object-glass 12 inches in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span>
-diameter, and possessing great optical perfection. For this lens, or rather pair of lenses, he paid
-either £800 or £1,000. South returned with this prize to his observatory at Campden Hill,
-Kensington, and commenced to have the mounting executed in a manner befitting the optical
-excellence of the lens. Brunel designed the revolving dome; it was made of mahogany, and
-cost, I believe, £2,000; and inside
-this building the eminent firm of
-Troughton &amp; Simms were called
-upon to erect the telescope. But
-sad troubles followed, of which an
-entertaining account is given in
-De Morgan’s Life (p. 61), and the
-mounting was a dismal failure.</p>
-
-<p>Sir James South, at all events
-in the later part of his career, dearly
-loved a fray. He commissioned a
-friend to bear a hostile message to a
-distinguished scientific contemporary.
-The duel never came off. Perhaps,
-even if it had, the results might not
-have been sanguinary, for it had been
-suggested that the two astronomers
-would, of course, have been placed
-at telescopic distances apart. But
-to those to whom he was attached
-his loyalty and devotion were unbounded;
-his purse and his influence
-were alike at their disposal. To
-these characteristics of South we owe the great equatorial telescope now at Dunsink
-Observatory.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_154.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-SOUTH EQUATORIAL, DUNSINK.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The precious object-glass remained in his possession for about thirty years, until such
-time as the late Earl of Rosse was installed as Chancellor of the University. The Earl
-was one of Sir James’ warm friends, and he celebrated the occasion by presenting the great
-object-glass to the University of Dublin. The date of the gift is 17th February, 1863.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>It was thus only a few years before Sir W. R. Hamilton’s death that Dunsink Observatory
-possessed a really fine objective; but it was only an objective, it was not a telescope. The
-engrossing labours of Sir W. R. Hamilton’s mathematical work, his advancing years, and his
-declining health, did not permit him to undertake the arduous labour of its erection. Sir
-James South found in this a sad grievance. I have heard him denounce this inaction with
-that vigorous language which he was accustomed to use. He had even offered to contribute
-liberally to the expenses of mounting, if the College authorities would put it in hands. It
-was not, however, until Sir W. R. Hamilton’s successor was appointed (1865) that the work
-was done. South lived just long enough to know that the great instrument was at last
-being erected. A view of the instrument, named the South Equatorial, after the donor, is
-shown in the adjoining illustration.</p>
-
-<p>The successor of Sir William Rowan Hamilton as Andrews Professor of Astronomy
-was Dr. Francis Brünnow. He was a German by birth, who had distinguished himself by
-various astronomical researches, and by an excellent work on Practical Astronomy. He
-had previously occupied the Chair of Astronomy at the University of Michigan. When
-Brünnow came to Dunsink, his first care was the mounting of the great South Equatorial.
-A building was erected on the lawn, surmounted by a dome, and fitted with revolving
-machinery by Messrs. Grubb, who also constructed the tube and stand. A micrometer, from
-the Berlin firm of Messrs. Pistor &amp; Martin, was added, and thus the South object-glass, forty
-years after it was made, came into actual use.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Brünnow devoted himself chiefly to the investigation of the Parallax of Stars. In
-this he was, indeed, following the traditions of the Observatory as laid down by Brinkley.
-Brünnow published two parts of his researches on this difficult subject. These papers are
-now regarded as a classical authority in this branch of astronomy. The pains which he took
-to eliminate error, and the consummate manner in which he has discussed his results, show
-him to have been both a skilful observer and an ingenious computer.</p>
-
-<p>The fundamental equipment of the modern Observatory must include an equatorial and a
-meridian circle. Dunsink was now provided with the former, but there was no meridian circle.
-The great Ramsden instrument had become obsolete. The old transit had also seen more than
-half-a-century of service, and could not be relied on for accurate work. A splendid meridian
-circle was therefore ordered, by the liberality of the Board, from Messrs. Pistor &amp; Martin, of
-Berlin. It was erected in 1872-1873, at a cost of £800. The aperture of this instrument is
-6·4 inches and the length is 8 feet. The circles are divided to two-minute spaces, and read by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span>
-eight microscopes, four on each side. The instrument can be reversed, and has north and south
-collimators. The Meridian Room and the fine instrument just described are shown in the
-subjoined illustration.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_156.jpg" width="350" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-MERIDIAN ROOM, DUNSINK.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In 1874 Dr. Brünnow resigned, and was succeeded by the present writer; and about
-the same time Dr. Ralph Copeland was appointed assistant. In the following year Dr.
-Copeland went to the Earl
-of Crawford’s Observatory
-at Dunecht, and he now
-fills the distinguished position
-of Royal Astronomer of
-Scotland. Dr. Copeland was
-succeeded as assistant at
-Dunsink by Mr. C. E. Burton.
-Failing health caused Mr.
-Burton’s resignation in 1878,
-and Dr. J. L. E. Dreyer then
-came to Dunsink, where he
-remained till the death of the
-late Dr. Romney Robinson
-in 1882 created a vacancy in
-the post of Astronomer at
-Armagh, to which Dr. Dreyer
-was then appointed. His
-place at Dunsink was filled
-by Dr. Arthur A. Rambaut,
-the present assistant.</p>
-
-<p>Among the additions
-made to the Observatory
-under my direction may be mentioned an electric chronograph for recording transits. A time
-service has also been in operation for many years, by which the standard mean time clock in
-the Observatory controls, on Jones’ system, the Front clock and the Board-room clock in the
-Port and Docks Office, Westmoreland Street, Dublin. The ball falls at this office at 1 p.m.,
-Greenwich time, and the fact of falling reports itself automatically at Dunsink, while the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span>
-Front clock reports itself at Dunsink every minute. But the chief addition to the
-Observatory in late years is the superb reflecting telescope for photographic purposes, which
-is the gift of Isaac Roberts, Esq., F.R.S., of Crowborough, Sussex. This instrument has been
-established in the small dome on the top of the Observatory.</p>
-
-<p>The last chronicle of Dunsink that it may be necessary here to mention is that Sir
-Robert Ball was appointed, on 20th February, 1892, to succeed Professor J. Couch Adams as
-Lowndean Professor of Astronomy in the University of Cambridge.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_157.jpg" width="200" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_107_107" id="Footnote_107_107"></a><a href="#FNanchor_107_107"><span class="label">[107]</span></a> Graves’ <cite>Life of Hamilton</cite>, vol. i., p. 46.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_108_108" id="Footnote_108_108"></a><a href="#FNanchor_108_108"><span class="label">[108]</span></a> Life of De Morgan, by his wife, p. 333.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_109_109" id="Footnote_109_109"></a><a href="#FNanchor_109_109"><span class="label">[109]</span></a> <em>Ibid.</em></p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_159a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER VII.</a><br />
-<span class="hidden">THE LIBRARY.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="pfs80">“<em>The Books, but especially the Parchments.</em>”</p>
-
-<p class="pfs100 lsp">THE LIBRARY.</p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_159b.jpg" width="90" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The Library had its beginning in 1601, from a subscription by the
-officers and soldiers of Queen Elizabeth’s army in Ireland. Prior to
-that, indeed, there were a few books; a list (dated 1600) of forty books,
-ten of which were MS., has been preserved, and was printed by Dr. J. K.
-Ingram in an appendix to his <cite>Address to the Library Association</cite>. It
-includes&mdash;of classical authors&mdash;Euripides, Plato, Aristotle, Cicero. In 1601, however, in
-order to commemorate the battle of Kinsale, in which the Spanish troops and their
-Irish allies were defeated, the troops subscribed £700<a name="FNanchor_110_110" id="FNanchor_110_110"></a><a href="#Footnote_110_110" class="fnanchor">[110]</a> to purchase books for the newly-founded
-College. “Then souldiers,” says Dr. Bernard, “were for the advancement of
-learning.” Possibly; but it is significant that the money was subscribed “out of the arrears
-of their pay.” However, the example, as we shall see, proved fruitful. The money was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span>
-entrusted to Luke Challoner and James Ussher (afterwards Primate), who accordingly went
-to London to make their purchases. It happened that Sir Thomas Bodley was at the same
-time buying books for his library at Oxford, and he and Ussher consulted, to their mutual
-advantage.</p>
-
-<p>It may be asked, What notable books did they buy, and what prices did they pay?
-As to the first, there exists a rough shelf-list of books in the Library which must have been
-drawn up very soon after this. It is in Challoner’s handwriting, and shows that rarities
-were not sought for, but books useful for study and research. The prices are not recorded,
-but Challoner has left a list of the prices he paid for his own books a few years earlier. A
-few specimens of these may be interesting. <cite>Scapulæ Lexicon</cite> cost him 12s.; a Hebrew Bible
-in 4to, 16s.; an English Bible, 8vo, 6s.; <cite>Stephani Concordantiæ</cite>, 14s.; Cicero: <cite>Opera Omnia</cite>,
-8vo, 6s. 8d.; Homer: <cite>Iliad</cite> and <cite>Odyssey</cite>, each 2s. 6d.; an 8vo <cite>Virgil</cite>, 1s. 4d.; another, in
-16mo, 10d. The most expensive books are&mdash;<cite>Mercator’s Tabula</cite>, £3, and <cite>Vatablus</cite>; <cite>Biblia
-Sacra</cite> (Hebrew, Greek, Latin), £3 10s. The average price was about 5s. A few years later
-we find Challoner and Ussher again in London buying books for the Library. Chiefly, no
-doubt, in consequence of their purchases, the number of books in 1610 was about 4,000. In
-1635 the Library is already mentioned as a matter of pride to the College by Sir W.
-Brereton. He specifies a MS. of Roger Bacon, which, he says, they highly esteem, considering
-it to be the only copy of that great man’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Opus Majus</i>. Brereton, however, professes
-himself sceptical, on the ground that the MS. is so very clean and newly bound. How the
-latter fact could militate against the antiquity of the MS. is not very clear. Brereton also
-pronounces the Library to be not well furnished with books. The building, too, he reports
-as not large or well contrived.<a name="FNanchor_111_111" id="FNanchor_111_111"></a><a href="#Footnote_111_111" class="fnanchor">[111]</a></p>
-
-<p>It was, however, at the Restoration that the Library was at once raised to the first
-class, at least as regards MSS., by the accession of Archbishop Ussher’s library. The
-fortunes of this were rather remarkable. During the rebellion of 1641 it was in Drogheda,
-the seat of the Archiepiscopal residence, where it was in great peril of destruction, that place
-being besieged for four months. Shortly after the raising of the siege it was transferred to
-Chester, and subsequently to Chelsea College. Here, however, it was not much safer than
-in Ireland, for the Archbishop having preached against the authority of the Assembly of
-Divines, the House of Commons confiscated his library, the severest punishment they had it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span>
-in their power to inflict. Happily, there were two men in the Assembly of nobler sentiments&mdash;Dr.
-Featley, formerly chaplain to Archbishop Abbot, and the learned John Selden.<a name="FNanchor_112_112" id="FNanchor_112_112"></a><a href="#Footnote_112_112" class="fnanchor">[112]</a> By
-Selden’s help, Dr. Featley either obtained a grant of the library or was enabled to purchase
-it for a small sum, and so preserved it for the Primate; but part had already been
-embezzled.</p>
-
-<p>When Ussher was appointed by the Benchers preacher at Lincoln’s Inn, apartments
-were appropriated to his use, in which he was able to place his library, or rather pack up
-as much of it as remained. It was his intention to bequeath it to Trinity College, as a
-token of gratitude to the place where he had received his education; but having lost all
-his other property in the disturbances of the time, he was obliged to give up this purpose
-and to leave it to his daughter, Lady Tyrrell, wife of Sir Timothy Tyrrell. Ussher died
-in 1656. The library was famous, and Parr, in his <cite>Life of Ussher</cite>, states that “the King
-of Denmark and Cardinal Mazarin endeavoured to obtain it, offering a good price through
-their agents in England; but Cromwell having, by an Order in Council, prohibited its being
-sold without his consent, it was bought by the soldiers and officers of the then army in
-Ireland, who, out of emulation to the previous noble action of Queen Elizabeth’s army, were
-incited by some men of publick spirits to the like performance, and they had it for much
-less than it was really worth, or what had been offered for it before by the agents above-mentioned
-[viz., for £2,200]; they had also with it all his manuscripts (which were not of his
-own handwriting), as also a choice, though not numerous, collection of ancient coins. But when
-this library was brought over into Ireland, the usurper and his son, who then commanded
-in chief there, would not bestow it on the Colledge of Dublin, least perhaps the gift should
-not appear so considerable as it would do by itself; and therefore they gave out that they
-would reserve it for a new Colledge or Hall which they said they intended to build and
-endow; but it proved that as those were not times, so they were not persons capable of
-any such noble or pious work; so that this library lay in the Castle of Dublin unbestowed
-and unemployed all the remaining time of Cromwell’s usurpation; but where this treasure
-was kept being left open, many of the books and most of the best manuscripts were stolen
-away or else imbezled (<em>sic</em>) by those who were intrusted with them; but after his late<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span>
-Majesty’s Restauration, when they fell to his disposal, he generously bestowed them on the
-Colledge for which they were intended by the owner, where they now remain.”</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Parr’s account may perhaps require to be modified by comparison with the
-following document:&mdash;“June 29, 1659.&mdash;The Commissioners of Parliament for the Government
-of Ireland referred to ‘certain persons named’ to take a view of the gallery at Cork
-House and the armory-room near the Castle, and to consider with workmen which place
-may be most convenient for placing Dr. Ussher’s Library, and to present an estimate of
-the charge for making Presses and Chains for the Books in order to their use and security.”
-On 1st November following it was ordered “that the Trustees for Trinity College, as also
-Dr. Watson, Dr. Gorges, and Mr. Williamson, be desired to attend the Board and to
-consider together how the Library formerly belonging to Dr. Ussher, purchased by the
-State and army, may be disposed and fitted for Publick use. And also to take into consideration
-a Letter from Dr. Berners [query, Bernard], as also a Paper delivered by Dr.
-Jones, concerning the publishing of some part of the said Library or manuscripts, and of
-recovering some part of the said Library being at present abroad in some men’s hands,
-albeit they ought to have been returned hither with the Books as were purchased, or such
-only as were sent hither and are in the custody of Mr. Williamson or others. And to
-inform themselves in what condition the said Library at present is. Whether since the
-coming of the said Books hither any of them have been lent out or otherwise disposed of&mdash;to
-whom, when, and by whose order, with what else may concern the Business.”<a name="FNanchor_113_113" id="FNanchor_113_113"></a><a href="#Footnote_113_113" class="fnanchor">[113]</a></p>
-
-<p>With respect to the part which the King had in sending the books to the College,
-Dr. Ingram seems to suspect that Dr. Parr’s “effusively loyal spirit led him erroneously to
-attribute this act of restitution to Charles II. His Majesty’s consent,” he adds, “would
-perhaps be formally necessary, but it seems to have been really the Irish House of
-Commons that moved in the matter. In the Journals of the House under that date, 31
-Maii, 1661, appears an order ‘that the Vice-Chancellor and Provost of the College of
-Dublin, and Mr. Richard Lingard, with such others as they will take to their assistance,
-be decreed and are hereby empowered, with all convenient speed, to cause the Library
-formerly belonging to the late Lord Primate of Armagh, and purchased by the army, to be
-brought from the Castle of Dublin, where they now are, into the said College, there to be
-preserved for public use; and the said persons are likewise to take a catalogue of all the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span>
-said Library, both manuscripts and printed books, and to deliver the same into this House, to
-be inserted in the Journals of the House.’”<a name="FNanchor_114_114" id="FNanchor_114_114"></a><a href="#Footnote_114_114" class="fnanchor">[114]</a> I may add that in the catalogue of MSS. drawn
-up by George Browne (afterwards Provost) in 1688 (and printed by Dr. Bernard in his <cite>Catalogus
-Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ</cite>), these MSS. are stated to have been given by the
-“Conventus generalis habitus Dublinii an. 1666.” It seems probable, too, that Dr. Parr has
-somewhat exaggerated the losses from the Library when he says that most of the MSS.
-were lost. As far as we can judge in the absence of a catalogue earlier than the Restoration,
-the best MSS. would seem to be still in the collection. It still contains, happily, the
-most beautiful book in the world, to be presently described more particularly.</p>
-
-<p>In 1671 the Countess of Bath, whose husband, Henry Bourchier, had been a Fellow,
-presented a collection of books purchased for the express purpose, some of them handsomely
-bound, and with her arms on the sides. Dr. Ingram has quoted from the <cite>Life and Errors</cite>
-of John Dunton an interesting notice of the Library in 1704. From this we learn that
-there was nothing to distinguish the building externally; “it is,” says he, “over the scholars’
-lodgings, the length of one of the quadrangles, and contains a great many choice books of
-great value, particularly one, the largest I ever saw for breadth; it was an Herbal, containing
-the lively portraitures of all sorts of Trees, Plants, Herbs, and Flowers.” The Library at
-that time served as a Museum as well, for he says that he was shown in the same place
-“the skin of a notorious Tory which had been tanned and stuffed with straw.” This
-interesting relic does not now exist, which is not surprising, considering the state of
-dilapidation in which it was at the time of Dunton’s visit.<a name="FNanchor_115_115" id="FNanchor_115_115"></a><a href="#Footnote_115_115" class="fnanchor">[115]</a> Not very long after Dunton’s
-visit the foundation stone of the present Library was laid (1712), the House of Commons
-having granted considerable sums for the purpose. It was completed in 1732. The print on
-next page, dated 1753, gives an illustration of this building as it then appeared. In the
-interim we obtain an unsatisfactory glimpse of the state of things in a letter from Berkeley,
-then a Fellow, which mentions that the Library “is at present so old and ruinous and the
-books so out of order that there is little attendance given.”</p>
-
-<p>The new building speedily received large accessions of books. In 1726 Dr. William
-Palliser, Archbishop of Cashel, bequeathed to the College all such books and editions in his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span>
-library as the College did not already possess. This gift amounted to about four thousand
-volumes. He made it a condition that these books should always be kept next to those of
-Archbishop Ussher.</p>
-
-<p>A still greater benefactor to the Library was Dr. Claudius Gilbert, who had been
-Vice-Provost and Professor of Divinity. In forming his library he had in view the purpose
-of presenting it to the College, and applied great knowledge and judgment to the selection
-of books. His collection, the fruit of many years of such care, contained nearly thirteen
-thousand volumes, many of them early and rare texts. His bust was placed near the books
-in 1758.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_164.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-OLD PRINT OF LIBRARY, 1753.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Nearly at the same time as Gilbert’s gift, the MS. collection was largely augmented
-by the bequest of Dr. John Stearne, Bishop of Clogher and Vice-Chancellor of the
-University. This collection included that of Dr. John Madden (President of the College of
-Physicians), a catalogue of which was printed in Dr. Bernard’s <cite>Catalogus Manuscriptorum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span>
-Angliæ et Hiberniæ</cite>. Amongst the MSS. thus acquired was the collection in thirty-two
-folio volumes of the Depositions of the Sufferers by the Rising in 1641. These records had
-been in the custody of Matthew Barry, Clerk of the Council, and at his death were purchased
-by Dr. John Madden, at the sale of whose books they were purchased by Dr. Stearne.
-From the same collection we obtained a considerable number of letters and other documents
-relating to military and judicial proceedings in Ireland, especially from 1647 to 1679.</p>
-
-<p>In 1786 there was added to the Library an extremely valuable collection of Irish
-(Celtic) books formerly belonging to the celebrated Edward Lhuyd,<a name="FNanchor_116_116" id="FNanchor_116_116"></a><a href="#Footnote_116_116" class="fnanchor">[116]</a> at whose death they
-were purchased by Sir John Sebright. At the suggestion of Edmund Burke, Sir John
-presented the books to Trinity College in 1786. They include <cite>Brehon Law Commentaries</cite>,
-the <cite>Book of Leinster</cite>, and other important volumes.</p>
-
-<p>A large and valuable acquisition was made in 1802, when the Library of M. Greffier
-Fagel, Pensionary of Holland, consisting of more than 20,000 volumes, was purchased by
-the Board of Erasmus Smith and presented to the College. The books had been removed
-to England for sale in 1794, when the French invaded Holland, and had been advertised by
-Mr. Christie for sale by auction March 1, 1802, and twenty-nine following days.</p>
-
-<p>In 1805 a very choice collection of books, including many <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Editiones Principes</i>, as
-well as books remarkable for the beauty of their printing or their binding, was bequeathed
-by Henry George Quin. In this collection are found some splendid specimens of printing
-and binding which will be mentioned by-and-by. In more recent times, also, we have
-received some valuable and interesting donations. In 1854, the <cite>Book of Armagh</cite>, a MS. of
-singular interest (to be referred to more particularly hereafter), was purchased for £300 by
-the Rev. W. Reeves, afterwards Bishop of Down and Connor. As he could not afford to
-retain the book himself, and only desired that it should be in safe custody in our Library,
-he parted with it for the same sum to the Archbishop of Armagh, Lord John George
-Beresford, who presented it to Trinity College.</p>
-
-<p>In the same year Dr. Charles Wm. Wall, Vice-Provost, purchased, through Rev. Dr.
-Gibbings, several volumes of the original Records of the Inquisition at Rome, which had
-been removed to Paris by Napoleon I. Extracts from these have been published by Dr.
-Gibbings.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_166.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-INTERIOR OF LIBRARY, 1858.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Amongst more recent benefactors to the Library the Rev. Aiken Irvine and Dr.
-Neilson Hancock deserve to be noticed, the former of whom bequeathed about 1,000 volumes,
-and the latter about 250, in 1881 and 1885 respectively. Space forbids the enumeration of
-less important donations.</p>
-
-<p>The College authorities, meanwhile, were liberal in granting money for the purchase
-of books. Between November, 1805, and March, 1806, we find them giving fifty guineas
-for the <cite>Complutensian Polyglot</cite>, sixty-two for Prynne’s <cite>Records</cite>, and twenty-two and a-half
-for the first folio Shakespeare. Again, in the first six months of 1813 we find £126
-spent on purchases at auctions, including some fifteenth-century books, and an Icelandic
-Bible which cost £14 15s. 9d. In addition to these purchases, the booksellers’ bills paid
-amounted to £230. Coming to a later period, we find for the ten years commencing with
-1846 the average annual expenditure on purchases and binding was £668. After 1856,
-however, it was found necessary to contract the expenditure. The fixed sum now set apart
-annually for these purposes is £400. Extra grants are, however, made occasionally for
-special purchases. As the expense of the personal staff has considerably increased, the
-whole expenditure on the Library is larger than in 1856, and now amounts to about £2,000.
-The expense of administration may appear out of proportion to the amount available for
-the purchase of books. This is accounted for by the fact that English publications are
-received without cost.</p>
-
-<p>The chief source of the growth of the Library in the present century has been the
-privilege granted by Act of Parliament in 1801&mdash;viz., the right to a copy of every book
-(including every “sheet of letterpress”) published in the United Kingdom. This privilege
-this Library shares with the British Museum, the Bodleian, that of Cambridge University,
-and the Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh.<a name="FNanchor_117_117" id="FNanchor_117_117"></a><a href="#Footnote_117_117" class="fnanchor">[117]</a> To the British Museum publishers are obliged
-to send their publications unasked; the other Libraries forfeit their right to any book not
-claimed by them within twelve months of publication. Accordingly, they jointly employ
-an agent in London for the purpose of claiming and forwarding books. The principal firms,
-however, send their publications as a matter of course, without waiting to be asked.</p>
-
-<p>This obligation cannot be thought to be a grievance to authors and publishers, when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>
-we reflect to what an extent authors, and therefore publishers, are dependent on the resources
-of these Libraries. What work of research could be produced without the aid they give?
-We benefit by the generosity of our forefathers; we are only asked to hand on the torch and
-help to do for posterity what antiquity has done for us. A money grant, however satisfactory
-to the Libraries, would not accomplish the same public end, namely, the preservation
-of the literature of the time, independently of the particular tastes or predilections of the
-successive librarians. Even in the case of very expensive works, of which only a small
-number of copies is issued, publishers take the obligation into account, and the result is a
-relatively slight increase of price not felt by the purchasers of such works.</p>
-
-<p>The number of printed books in the Library in 1792 was about 46,000. In 1844 it
-had risen to 96,000, a large part of the increase being due to the acquisition of the Fagel
-Library. When the books were last counted (August, 1891), the printed books numbered
-222,648, the MSS. 1,938, giving a total of 224,586. It should be remembered that we
-count volumes, not separate publications, hence a volume containing say thirty pamphlets
-counts only as one book. Many of the older volumes contain two or more books of
-considerable size bound in one.</p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_168.jpg" width="90" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">This may suffice for the history of the Library: I now proceed to speak of its
-contents. If precedence is given to antiquity, the first objects to claim our
-attention are the Egyptian papyri. These were presented by Lord Kingsborough
-about 1838, and a catalogue of them was published by Dr. Edward Hincks. One
-of these is very finely embellished with pictures representing the history of a departed soul;
-several resemble the corresponding pictures in the papyrus of Ani, of which a fac-simile was
-recently published by the British Museum. Some of the pictures wanting in this (our)
-papyrus are supplied in others of the collection, such as the weighing of the soul, the
-ploughing, sowing, and reaping in the fields of Elysium.</p>
-
-<p>It is, chronologically, a great step from these Egyptian MSS. to the oldest of our
-Greek and Latin MSS. Of Greek Biblical MSS. we have indeed few, but two of these
-are of considerable importance. One is the celebrated palimpsest codex of St. Matthew’s
-Gospel, known amongst Biblical critics as Z. The original text of this, in a beautiful large
-uncial character, was written not later than the sixth century. But at a later date (about
-the 13th century) this ancient writing was partially erased, and extracts from some of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span>
-Greek Fathers written over it. The old writing was detected by Dr. John Barrett, formerly
-Librarian, who published the text in what was called “engraved fac-simile,” which gives a
-very correct idea of the original writing, although the form of each individual letter may not
-always be exactly represented. Dr. Barrett added a learned dissertation on both the more
-ancient and the later contents of the MS. Dr. Tregelles, with the help of chemical
-applications, was enabled to read some letters which had escaped Dr. Barrett, and he
-published an account of his discoveries in a quarto tract. He also entered his new readings
-in a copy of Barrett’s work. Strange to say, these two records of Tregelles differed
-considerably, and accordingly, when the present writer undertook to re-edit Barrett’s text
-with Tregelles’ additions, he found it necessary to examine the MS. throughout. In so
-doing, he was able to read several hundred letters and marks (such as marks of quotation,
-numbers of sections and canons, etc.) which had escaped both Barrett and Tregelles, besides
-correcting a few errors. The additions and corrections were made on Barrett’s plates, and
-the new edition was published in 1880.<a name="FNanchor_118_118" id="FNanchor_118_118"></a><a href="#Footnote_118_118" class="fnanchor">[118]</a></p>
-
-<p>There is also a palimpsest fragment of Isaiah, apparently of somewhat earlier date, of
-which a lithographed fac-simile was included in the volume just mentioned. This fac-simile
-enabled Dr. Ceriani, of Milan, to identify the recension to which a certain group of MSS.
-of the Septuagint belongs.<a name="FNanchor_119_119" id="FNanchor_119_119"></a><a href="#Footnote_119_119" class="fnanchor">[119]</a></p>
-
-<p>Of the Gospels, there is a copy (63) in a cursive hand of the tenth century
-with scholia. Under a portrait of St. Matthew is traceable a palimpsest fragment of a
-Greek Evangelistarium. There was anciently another copy of the Gospels (64), which,
-however, was reported missing in 1742. Most probably it had been lent to Bulkeley (a
-Fellow), who in fact collated it for Mill. It is now in the library of the Marquis of Bute.</p>
-
-<p>Another important though not very ancient MS. of the New Testament is the
-celebrated <cite>Codex Montfortianus</cite>, historically notable as being pretty certainly the actual
-MS. on whose authority the verse <span class="fs70">I</span> John v. 7 was admitted into Erasmus’ third
-edition, and thence into the received text. It is not older than the fifteenth century. A
-collation of the text of the Epistles is given by Barrett in his volume, <cite>Codex Rescriptus<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span>
-S. Matthæi</cite>. Dr. Orlando Dobbin in 1854 devoted a volume to the MS., giving a complete
-collation of the Gospels and Acts. According to his researches, the text of the Epistles
-is copied from a MS. in Lincoln College, Oxford, the verse <span class="fs70">I</span> John v. 7 being interpolated
-by the copyist.</p>
-
-<p>This manuscript has the distinction that we know the names of nearly every person
-through whose hands it passed. On folio 56 is the note, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sum Thomae Clementis, olim
-fratris Froyhe</i>,” and on a leaf at the end is “Mayster Wyllams, of <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Corpus Christi</i>....”
-After Clement it came into the possession of William Chark, from him to Dr. Thomas
-Montfort, and then to Ussher. Professor Rendel Harris, in his book on “The Origin of
-the Leicester Codex,” has discussed the history of the Montfort Codex. He makes the
-suggestion that Froyhe is an error for Roye, the accidental repetition of a letter changing
-“<em>fratris</em> Roye” into “<em>fratris</em> Froye” or “Froyhe.” There is proof that the MS.
-was in Franciscan hands (the names Ἰησους, Μαρία, ϕρἀγκωκος, are scribbled in it more
-than once). Barrett, for example, shows that Williams was a Franciscan, and <em>frater</em> Froyhe,
-or Roye, was probably of the same order. Now there was a very remarkable member of
-the Franciscan order, named William Roye, educated at Cambridge, who, however, in 1524,
-forsook the order, and joined Tyndale at Hamburg. It is not impossible that the codex in
-question was actually written by him. These, with a fragment (14th century) of the Epistle
-to the Romans, and a small Psalter dated 1533, exhaust our Greek Biblical manuscripts.</p>
-
-<p>Of Latin Biblical manuscripts we have a considerable number, including several
-remarkable either for their text or their artistic execution. The most important for its
-text is that classed A. 4, 15, and called <cite>Codex Usserianus</cite>; a manuscript of the Gospels
-written probably in the sixth century, and exhibiting an old Latin text of the
-Hiberno-British Recension. It is defective at the beginning and the end; every leaf also
-is mutilated, so that no line remains complete. With the exception of a rude cross at
-the end of St. Luke’s Gospel, there is no attempt at ornament. Here and there are
-interlinear glosses scratched as with a needle point&mdash;as, for example, in reference to the
-paralytic who was “borne of four,” the four are interpreted as the four evangelists. It is
-remarkable that the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">pericopa de adultera</i> is given in a text agreeing with the Vulgate.
-From this we may conclude&mdash;first, that the passage was not in the archetype; secondly,
-that the scribe had a copy of the Vulgate at hand; and thirdly, that it was from choice,
-not from necessity, that he copied the old Latin. The full text of this manuscript was
-published in <cite>Evangelia Ante-hieronymiana</cite>. Its history is unknown.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Another MS., called <cite>The Garland of Howth</cite>, exhibits in St. Matthew’s Gospel a
-similar text, but elsewhere the Vulgate, or, in some parts, a mixed text. It is probably
-not earlier than the ninth century, or perhaps the tenth. Pictures of two of the evangelists
-remain&mdash;the others are lost. The MS. is coarsely written, and on very coarse parchment.
-The omissions in it, chiefly from homœoteleuton, are frequent and instructive. Some of
-the scribe’s blunders are curious. Thus, Matthew xxii. 42, “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">quid vobis videtur de operibus
-fidelis,</span>” for “de χρο cuius filius;” Mark ii. 3, “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">qui iiii rotis portabatur;</span>” xi. 12, “a bethania
-cum x essurivit ii;” xiv. 50, “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">discipuli omnes relinquentes eum cruci[fi]xerunt.</span>” In Matthew
-xxvii. 5, an Irish gloss has got into the text&mdash;“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">proiectis arcadgabuth c.,</span>” for “argenteis.” In
-Luke xxiii. 12 another gloss appears in the text&mdash;“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">opus malum malos in unum coniungunt.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>Remarkable both for text and ornament is the <cite>Book of Durrow</cite> (so called from Durrow,
-in King’s County, where St. Columba founded a monastery), a MS. of the Gospels (with
-the prologues, &amp;c.), written perhaps in the seventh century. The text is a tolerably pure
-Vulgate. The colophon contains a prayer that whoever shall hold the book in his hand
-may remember the writer, Columba, who wrote this Gospel in the space of twelve days.
-There were many Columbas besides the Saint, and it is pretty certain that the present book
-was not written by Saint Columba. It is morally certain also that it was not written in
-twelve days. But there is good reason to believe that the scribe has merely copied the
-colophon from the book he was transcribing,<a name="FNanchor_120_120" id="FNanchor_120_120"></a><a href="#Footnote_120_120" class="fnanchor">[120]</a> and if so, the archetype may have been written
-by Saint Columba, who has the reputation of being a scribe.</p>
-
-<p>Except at the beginning of each Gospel, the only attempt at ornament is a series of
-red dots round the initial letters; but the letters of the first words of each Gospel are
-elaborately embellished in the characteristic Celtic style. Prefixed also to each Gospel is a
-page covered with interlaced ornament of great beauty, as well as another page with the
-symbol of the Evangelist. These pages have been represented in fac-simile (admirably as
-regards the tracing, but not with accurate reproduction of the colours) in Prof. Westwood’s
-<cite>Fac-similes of Irish and Anglo-Saxon Manuscripts</cite>. The volume was formerly enclosed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span>
-a silver cover, which has long since disappeared; but a note in the book (written in 1677)
-gives the inscription, which stated that the cover was made by Flann, son of Mailsechnal,
-King of Ireland (who died in the year 916).<a name="FNanchor_121_121" id="FNanchor_121_121"></a><a href="#Footnote_121_121" class="fnanchor">[121]</a></p>
-
-<p>This MS. was presented to the Library by Henry Jones, Bishop of Meath, Vice-Chancellor
-(1646 to 1660), the same whose gift of stairs, etc., to the Library in 1651 is
-commemorated on a brass plate just inside the door.</p>
-
-<p>Conall MacGeoghegan relates of Saint Columba, “hee wrote 300 bookes with his one
-[own] hand, they were all new testaments, left a book to each of his churches in the
-kingdome w<sup>ch</sup> Bookes sunck to the bottom of the Deepest waters, they would not lose one
-letter signe or character of them, w<sup>ch</sup> I have seen partly my selfe of that book of them w<sup>ch</sup>
-is at Dorow, in the K<sup>s</sup> County, for I did see the Ignorant man that hath the same in
-his custody, when sickness came upon cattle, for their Remedi putt water on the booke and
-suffered it to rest there a while and saw alsoe cattle returne thereby to their former or
-pristinate and the book to receave noe loss.”<a name="FNanchor_122_122" id="FNanchor_122_122"></a><a href="#Footnote_122_122" class="fnanchor">[122]</a> In earlier times, indeed, even in England, the
-scrapings of these Celtic manuscripts were believed to have medicinal virtues.</p>
-
-<p>The <cite>Book of Durrow</cite> is far surpassed in beauty by the <cite>Book of Kells</cite>, so called from
-Kells in Co. Meath, in which monastery it had been preserved and doubtless written. This
-is also a MS. of the Gospels containing a mixed text, <em>i.e.</em>, the Vulgate modified by additions,
-etc., from the old Latin. No words can convey an adequate idea of the beauty of this MS.
-This does not consist, as in some Oriental MSS., in a profusion of gilding&mdash;there is no gold
-whatever&mdash;nor in the addition of paintings independent of the text, but in the lavish variety
-of artistic adornment applied to the letters of the text, which justifies Professor Westwood
-in calling it “the most beautiful book in the world.” The ornament consists largely of ever-varying
-interlacing of serpents and of simple bands, with countless spirals alternately
-expanding and contracting in the peculiar “trumpet-shaped pattern.” The initial of every
-sentence throughout the Gospels is an artistic product, some of them exquisite, and no two
-precisely the same. In addition to this decoration, which adorns every page, there are many
-pages (about thirty) entirely full of ornament, showing the utmost skill and accuracy in
-almost microscopic detail. In fact, the detail is so minute that it often requires a lens to
-trace it; yet these minute lines are as firm as if drawn by a machine, and as free as if they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a><br /><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span>
-were the growth of nature. The exquisite harmony of the colouring is as admirable as the
-elegance of the tracery. Little wonder that it was said to have been written at the dictation
-of an angel. “If you look closely,” says Giraldus Cambrensis, “and penetrate to the secrets
-of the art, you will discover such delicate and subtile lines, so closely wrought, so twisted
-and interwoven, and adorned with colours still so fresh, that you will acknowledge that all
-this is the work rather of angelic than of human skill. The more frequently and carefully
-I examine it, I am always amazed with new beauties, and always discover things more and
-more admirable.”<a name="FNanchor_123_123" id="FNanchor_123_123"></a><a href="#Footnote_123_123" class="fnanchor">[123]</a> Some pages originally left blank contain charters in the Irish language,
-conveying grants of lands to the Abbey of Kells, the Bishop of Meath, the Monastery of
-Ardbraccan, by Melaghlyn, King of Meath, and other monarchs in the eleventh and twelfth
-centuries.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_173.jpg" width="550" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-A PAGE FROM THE BOOK OF KELLS.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>There are fine examples of the same school of Art in English Libraries, especially
-the <cite>Book of Lindisfarne</cite>, in the British Museum; the <cite>Book of St. Chad</cite>, in Lichfield, the
-writing in which is extremely like that in the <cite>Book of Kells</cite>; the <cite>Gospels of MacRegol</cite>, in
-the Bodleian; and the <cite>Gospels of MacDurnan</cite>, in Lambeth. Of these Irish and Hiberno-Saxon
-works Dr. Wangen says:&mdash;“The ornamental pages, borders, and initial letters
-exhibit such a rich variety of beautiful and peculiar designs, so admirable a taste in the
-arrangement of the colours, and such an uncommon perfection of finish, that one feels
-absolutely struck with amazement.” None of these, however, equals the <cite>Book of Kells</cite> in the
-number, the fulness, or the perfection of detail of the great pictorial pages, while the
-prodigality with which ornament is bestowed on every page and every paragraph is a feature
-peculiar to it.</p>
-
-<p>There is nothing in the <cite>Book of Kells</cite> itself to indicate its date, the last leaf&mdash;which
-may have contained the name of the scribe&mdash;being lost. The <cite>Book of Lindisfarne</cite> contains
-a note (of the tenth century) naming the scribe and the illuminator, the former being
-Eadfrith, Bishop of Lindisfarne (died 721), and the latter his successor in the See, Aethelwald
-(died 737 or 740). MacRiagoil, scribe, and Abbot of Birr (King’s County), died in 820.
-The <cite>Gospels of MacDurnan</cite> appear from the character of the writing to be coeval with the
-<cite>Book of Armagh</cite>, which is known to have been written in 807. From a comparison of the
-<cite>Book of Kells</cite> with these MSS., it may be inferred that it belongs to the eighth century.</p>
-
-<p>The volume was anciently enclosed in a golden cover, and the <cite>Annals of the Four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span>
-Masters</cite> record, under the year 1006, that in that year it was stolen from the Church of
-Kells, and was found after twenty nights and two months with its gold stolen off and a sod
-over it. It is in that passage called the great Gospel of Columbkille&mdash;<em>i.e.</em>, St. Columba. It
-owes that name, probably, to its connection with Columba’s Monastery at Kells, where, no doubt,
-it was written, and where it remained until the dissolution of the monasteries. From Richard
-Plunket, the last Abbot, it passed to one Gerald Plunket, and from him to Ussher.</p>
-
-<p>A very interesting and important MS. is the <cite>Book of Armagh</cite>, containing the entire
-New Testament (in Latin), being the only complete copy which has come down to us from
-the ancient Irish Church. In it the Gospels are followed immediately by St. Paul’s Epistles,
-including the fictitious Epistle to the Laodiceans. It contains also memoirs of St. Patrick,
-with his Confession, and a Life of St. Martin of Tours, by Sulpicius Severus. The name
-of the scribe was written in several places, but in every instance has been more or less
-effectually erased. However, the Bishop of Limerick (Dr. Charles Graves) succeeded in
-deciphering it sufficiently to identify the name as Ferdomnach. But there were several
-scribes of that name, and how to decide which was the one in question? Dr. Graves found
-another note, only partly legible, and that with extreme difficulty, which appeared to have
-contained the name Ferdomnach, with the words, “dictante herede Patricii &mdash;&mdash;bach.”
-“Heres Patricii” was the title of the Archbishop of Armagh. The only one who satisfied
-the conditions of time, and whose name ended in “bach,” was Torbach, who only occupied
-the See for one year. In this way the actual year in which the MS. was written was
-determined&mdash;viz., <span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 807.<a name="FNanchor_124_124" id="FNanchor_124_124"></a><a href="#Footnote_124_124" class="fnanchor">[124]</a> Prof. Westwood thinks the same scribe wrote the Gospels of
-MacDurnan, now at Lambeth. There is a note of later date in the volume relating
-to certain privileges of the Church of Armagh, and written “in the presence of Brian,
-imperator Scotorum”&mdash;<em>i.e.</em>, Brian Boru, who visited Armagh in 1004 and 1006, and died 1014.
-The writer of this note calls himself Calvus Perennis&mdash;a Latin rendering of his name,
-Maolsuthain.<a name="FNanchor_125_125" id="FNanchor_125_125"></a><a href="#Footnote_125_125" class="fnanchor">[125]</a> He was Brian’s private confessor. The book was in high esteem, being
-regarded as the actual writing of St. Patrick, and called the <cite>Canon of Patrick</cite>. Oaths taken<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>
-upon it were considered peculiarly obligatory, and the violation of such an oath brought on
-him the vengeance of the Saint, as well as extreme civil penalties. The book was entrusted
-to the care of a hereditary keeper, whose family derived their name, “Maor” or “Moyre,”
-from the office, to which, moreover, an endowment of land was attached. The book remained
-in the possession of this family until the end of the seventeenth century, when, having been
-pawned by the keeper, it came by purchase into the hands of Arthur Brownlow, from whose
-lineal representative it was bought, as above related, by Rev. Dr. Reeves.<a name="FNanchor_126_126" id="FNanchor_126_126"></a><a href="#Footnote_126_126" class="fnanchor">[126]</a> An interesting
-object connected with the <cite>Book of Armagh</cite> is its leather satchel, finely embossed with
-figures of animals and interlaced work. It is formed of a single piece of leather, 36 in. long
-and 12½ broad, folded so as to make a flat-sided pouch, 12 in. high, 12¾ broad, and 2¼
-deep. Part of it is doubled over to make a flap, in which are eight brass-bound slits,
-corresponding to as many brass loops projecting from the case, in which ran two rods,
-meeting in the middle, where they were secured by a lock. In early times, in Irish
-monastic libraries, books were kept in such satchels, which were suspended by straps from
-hooks in the wall. Thus it is related in an old legend that “on the night of Longaradh’s
-death all the book satchels in Ireland fell down.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span></p><div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_176.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-SATCHEL OF THE BOOK OF ARMAGH.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Few of these ancient satchels have come down to us. When Dr. Reeves wrote, he
-knew of only one other, namely, that now in Dublin, in the Franciscan Monastery, whither
-it has come from the Monastery of St. Isidore in Rome. A third, however, much ruder, is
-in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, enclosing an Irish Missal (illustrated in Gilbert’s <cite>Irish
-Historical MSS.</cite>); a fourth is described and illustrated by Miss Stokes in <cite>Archæologia</cite>, vol.
-xliii., No. xiv.; a fifth is at Milan, containing a Syro-hexaplar codex, and a full-size
-illustration of it is given in Dr. Ceriani’s reproduction of that codex. A similar satchel,
-containing an Ethiopic book, is in St. John’s College, Oxford. In Abyssinia, indeed, they
-are frequent; all the books in the Monastery of Suriani are so enclosed.<a name="FNanchor_127_127" id="FNanchor_127_127"></a><a href="#Footnote_127_127" class="fnanchor">[127]</a> A figure of
-monks with their satchels, as represented on an ancient sculptured stone, is given in the
-<cite>Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland</cite>, New Series, vol. iii., 1881.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_177.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-SHRINE OF BOOK OF DIMMA.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The <cite>Annals</cite> record that in the year 937 a cover was made for the <cite>Canon of Patrick</cite>
-by Donnchadh, son of Flann. This was doubtless a metal case. The satchel was clearly
-not made for it.</p>
-
-<p>We have seen that the ancient cases of the Books of Kells and Durrow were
-lost long since. Two such shrines (“cumdachs”) are in our Library&mdash;one enclosing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span>
-<cite>Book of Dimma</cite>, the other the <cite>Book of Mulling</cite> or <em>Moling</em>. These books are named from
-their scribes, who, according to the <cite>Annals</cite>, lived in the seventh century. Both these are
-copies of the Gospels; both, however, contain also a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Missa Infirmorum</i> of later date.<a name="FNanchor_128_128" id="FNanchor_128_128"></a><a href="#Footnote_128_128" class="fnanchor">[128]</a> The
-case of the <cite>Book of Dimma</cite> is of silver, beautifully wrought with Celtic tracery. It bears an
-inscription which runs as follows:&mdash;“Tatheus O’Kearbuill beideev meipsum deauravit,
-dominus domnaldus O Cuanain converbius ultimo meipsum restauravit, Tomas Ceard dachorig
-in mindsa.” Thady O’Carroll Boy was Prince of Ely in the middle of the twelfth century;
-Donald O’Cuanain was Bishop of Killaloe from 1230 to 1260.</p>
-
-<p>The ends of the case are obviously more ancient, apparently much more ancient, than
-the sides. It will be observed that the inscription says nothing about the original maker of
-the case.</p>
-
-<p>This book, long kept in the monastery at Roscrea, disappeared at the dissolution of
-the monasteries, and is said to have been found again in 1789 by boys hunting rabbits in
-Devil’s Bit Mountains in Tipperary. The boys tore off part of the silver plate, and picked
-out some of the lapis lazuli.<a name="FNanchor_129_129" id="FNanchor_129_129"></a><a href="#Footnote_129_129" class="fnanchor">[129]</a> The MS. was purchased from Sir W. Betham by the College
-for £200.</p>
-
-<p>The case or shrine of the <cite>Book of Mulling</cite> appears to have been originally plain,
-except for some small pieces of crystal and lapis lazuli inserted on one side. In 1402, however,
-a very large crystal set in fine niello work was inserted in the same side. In 1891,
-thinking I saw trace of a letter under this crystal, I raised it, and thereby revealed a brass
-plate hitherto concealed by dust, and bearing the inscription: “<span class="antiqua">Artturus | ver domin | us &amp;
-lageniae | rinsdabe | tilia &amp; baroni | anno &amp; dni | millio | quadrin | gentesi | mo sedo |</span>.” This Arthur
-was Arthur or Art MacMurrough Kavanagh, who opposed Richard II. This inscription, no
-doubt, has reference to the insertion of the crystal and the niello work, not to the original
-construction of the case. This MS. also contains a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Missa Infirmorum</i> (published by Bishop
-Forbes with that in the <cite>Book of Dimma</cite>).</p>
-
-<p>Another beautiful Latin MS. of Irish origin is the <cite>Psalter of Ricemarch</cite>, so called
-because it was formerly in the possession of that prelate (Bishop of St. David’s, d. 1099),
-who has written in it some Latin verses. It is perhaps not much older than his time. The
-book was the property of Bishop Bedell, whose autograph it bears, and was lent by him to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span>
-Archbishop Ussher, and to this circumstance it owes its preservation, Bedell’s library having
-been destroyed in the troubles of the time.</p>
-
-<p>The last of these Latin Biblical MSS. which I shall mention is not Irish, but is
-somewhat of a curiosity. It is a single leaf of the <cite>Codex Palatinus</cite>, a fifth-century MS.
-of the old Latin version of the Gospels written in silver letters on purple vellum. The rest
-of the MS. (so far as it has been preserved) is in the Imperial Library at Vienna, which
-acquired it at some unknown period between 1800 and 1829. Our leaf was purchased by
-Dr. Todd in 1843. It is not improbable that the MS. was abstracted from some monastic
-library during the Napoleonic wars, and that this leaf, becoming separated from the rest,
-came into the hands of an Irish soldier. This dispersion of a MS. is less unusual than
-might be supposed. The <cite>Book of Leinster</cite>, to be presently mentioned, furnishes a notable
-example.<a name="FNanchor_130_130" id="FNanchor_130_130"></a><a href="#Footnote_130_130" class="fnanchor">[130]</a> I recently received from a correspondent two leaves of a Syriac MS., which, by
-the help of Wright’s catalogue, Dr. Gwynn identified as two of the missing leaves of a
-MS. in the British Museum, the MS. having been imperfect when purchased for that
-Library.</p>
-
-<p>The <cite>Book of Hymns</cite> (11th century) deserves mention both for the beauty of its initial
-letters and for the interest of its contents. Some of the hymns are Latin, some Gælic;
-the greater part of both has been published by the Irish Archæological Society, with learned
-notes by Dr. Todd, and with reproductions of the initial letters. The remainder of the
-Gælic hymns has been published by Dr. Whitley Stokes in his <cite>Goidilica</cite>.</p>
-
-<p>I may appropriately mention here a remarkable Pontifical formerly belonging to the
-Church of Canterbury, and, as Bishop Reeves remarked to me, probably “contrectatus
-manibus S. Thomae de Becket.” In this the sentence of ordination of priests is in the old
-form, and in the margin is added, in a much later hand, the new form as adopted by the
-Church of Rome before the Reformation, and retained in our Ordinal.<a name="FNanchor_131_131" id="FNanchor_131_131"></a><a href="#Footnote_131_131" class="fnanchor">[131]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>In Celtic literature we are tolerably rich. Part of our collection came to us, as already
-mentioned, by gift from Sir John Sebright, who had purchased the books at Edward Lhuyd’s
-sale. Amongst these is the <cite>Book of Leinster</cite>, a large folio of about the twelfth century, of
-very varied contents&mdash;historical, romantic, genealogical, and hagiological. The entire text has
-been published in lithographed fac-simile at the joint expense of Trinity College and the
-Royal Irish Academy, with a preface by Professor R. Atkinson. When this MS. was
-presented to our Library, eleven leaves were missing. These were found, however, and
-identified by Dr. Todd, in the Monastery of St. Isidore in Rome, whither they had gone
-from the Irish College in Louvain. They are now deposited in the Franciscan Monastery
-in Dublin.</p>
-
-<p>The history of the <cite>Book of Lecain</cite> or <em>Leacan</em>, another important Irish MS., forms a
-curious counterpart to that of the <cite>Book of Leinster</cite>. The former was included in Ussher’s
-collection, and was in our Library in 1688 when the catalogue was compiled. It is there
-recorded, however, that nine leaves were wanting. It is stated by Nicolson (<cite>Irish Historical
-Library</cite>, p. 39), on the authority of Dr. Raymond, that the book was lodged in Paris by
-Sir John Fitzgerald in the time of James II. If so, this must have been very soon after
-the catalogue was compiled. In 1787, through the Abbé Kearney of Paris, it was sent to
-the Royal Irish Academy, then recently founded, and in their Library it is now preserved.
-The nine missing folios were found by O’Curry in one of the Sebright volumes (H. 2, 17).
-Although the original <cite>Book of Lecain</cite> has thus passed from us, we possess a beautiful copy
-(on vellum) written by Eugene O’Curry in the old Irish hand. It is worth noting that the
-professional scribe still exists in Ireland, and writes a hand undistinguishable from that of
-his predecessors many centuries ago.</p>
-
-<p>In connection with the history of these two volumes, it is not inappropriate to
-mention that of another important volume, the <cite>Book of Ballymote</cite>. This was formerly in
-Trinity College Library, but was lent in 1720 to Dr. Raymond, and for a time disappeared.
-In 1769 it turned up at Drogheda, and being purchased by Chevalier O’Gorman, was by
-him presented to the Royal Irish Academy in 1785. We possess a paper copy of a portion
-of it, including one folio which is now missing from the original volume.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Here is preserved the MS. already mentioned from which Jebb published Roger
-Bacon’s <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Opus Majus</i>, also the two MSS. from which Howard published the <cite>Chronicle of
-Florence of Worcester</cite>; the original MS., as prepared for press, of Spottiswoode’s <cite>History of the
-Church of Scotland</cite>; the original draft of Berkeley’s <cite>Principles of Human Knowledge</cite>; also
-the originals of Sir Thomas Roe’s <cite>Correspondence</cite> (Ambassador to the Ottoman Porte,
-1621-8, published London, 1740).</p>
-
-<p>Of MSS. bearing on Irish history we have a fair collection. First may be mentioned
-a volume of <cite>Letters of Queen Elisabeth on Public Affairs in Ireland, 1565 to 1570</cite>, each
-letter having her sign-manual. There is also a volume of <cite>Correspondence of Sir Arthur
-Chichester, Lord Deputy, with the English Government, 1612-1614</cite>; the thirty-two volumes
-already mentioned of the <cite>Depositions relative to the Rising of 1641</cite>; thirteen volumes of
-the <cite>Correspondence of Geo. Clarke, Secretary of War, 1690-1694</cite>; as many of <cite>Archbishop
-King’s Correspondence, 1696-1729</cite>; <cite>Irish Treasury Accounts, 1714-1719</cite>; and twelve volumes
-of Major Sirr’s papers, letters, etc., chiefly connected with the Rebellion in 1798. We have
-also Dr. R. R. Madden’s large collection of papers relating to the United Irishmen.</p>
-
-<p>There are several important volumes of Waldensian literature, which have been
-catalogued and described by Todd in his <cite>Books of the Vaudois</cite>. With Wyclif literature
-also we are well supplied, and we have one of the two known copies of the first complete
-<cite>English Prose Psalter</cite>, recently published by Dr. Karl Bülbring for the Early English
-Text Society. We have two MSS. of Piers Plowman, five of Rolle’s <cite>Pricke of Conscience</cite>,
-and several hymns by Rolle (published by Todd in the <cite>British Magazine</cite>, vol. ix.). Dr.
-Ingram, a few years ago, identified the earliest English translation of the <cite>De Imitatione</cite>,
-disguised under the title the book occasionally bore&mdash;<cite>Musica Ecclesiastica</cite>.</p>
-
-<p>Nor must I omit to mention the <cite>Life of St. Alban</cite> in Norman-French, probably in
-the handwriting of Matthew Paris, the text of which has been published, with glossary, etc.,
-by Professor Atkinson. The original MS. is adorned with pictures on nearly every page.</p>
-
-<p>Illustrative of French history we possess statistical accounts of the French provinces
-and cities of about the year 1698, filling thirty-two volumes; also a collection, in twenty-five
-volumes, of <cite>Memoirs</cite> (some called “Secret”) <cite>of the Foreign and the Financial Affairs of France
-in the Reign of Louis XV</cite>. These formed part of the Fagel Library. The same library
-contains a large collection of maps, printed and MS., some of great rarity. Copies of two
-or three of these have lately been made for the Colonial Office, as of value with respect to
-a question of the boundary of British Guiana.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Our Oriental manuscripts include a magnificent <cite>Koran</cite> from the Library of Tippoo,
-presented by the East India Company; also a very fine copy of the <cite>Shâh Nâmeh</cite> from the
-same library, likewise presented by the Company; some beautiful books from the Royal
-Library at Shiraz, presented, with other Oriental MSS., by W. Digges Latouche; and many
-fine Persian MSS., purchased from Sir W. Ouseley. An interesting and important Syriac
-MS. has been lately identified by Prof. Gwynn. It contains, besides a treatise of Ephraim
-Syrus, those parts of the New Testament which are not found in the <cite>Peshitto</cite> or Syriac
-Vulgate; and Dr. Gwynn has demonstrated that it is the actual MS. referred to by De
-Dieu and Walton as belonging to Ussher, and usually described erroneously as containing
-the whole New Testament. This is the MS. from which De Dieu, and subsequently Walton,
-printed the <cite>Pericopa de Adultera</cite>.<a name="FNanchor_132_132" id="FNanchor_132_132"></a><a href="#Footnote_132_132" class="fnanchor">[132]</a></p>
-
-<p>To come to printed books. We have but one example of a block book&mdash;the <cite>Ars
-Moriendi</cite>&mdash;and that imperfect. So far as it goes, it agrees with the British Museum copy
-published by Mr. Rylands. We have a copy of the first German Bible [1466]; a single
-leaf (on vellum) of the famous Mazarin Bible; and a copy of the Latin Bible printed at
-Cologne by Nic. Goetz de Schletzstadt [1474].</p>
-
-<p>The Quin collection includes the first edition of Petrarch: <cite>Sonetti e Trionfi</cite> (1470);
-the first of the <cite>Divina Commedia</cite> (1472), and the first of Boccaccio’s <cite>Theseide</cite> (1475), very
-rare; also a splendid copy, on vellum, of the second edition of <cite>Virgil</cite> (Venice: Vindelin
-de Spira, 1470); also, <cite>Ystoria de re Karlo Imperatore</cite> (1473), exceedingly rare; the only
-known vellum <cite>Elsevir</cite> (Heinsius: <cite>De Contemptu Mortis</cite>, 1621); <cite>Dita Mundi</cite>, by Fazio
-degl’ Uberti; and the <cite>Adventures of Tewerdanck</cite>, on vellum (Nuremberg, 1517), a magnificent
-specimen of printing. In the Fagel Library is an extremely fine Latin Plutarch, also on
-vellum (Jenson, 1478). We have only one Caxton: <cite>Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers</cite>
-(1477); unless we reckon a single leaf (an <em>Indulgence</em>), which Mr. Bradshaw considered to
-be from Caxton’s press.</p>
-
-<p>Amongst rare books may be enumerated&mdash;a Sarum <cite>Horae</cite> (Paris: Poitevin, about
-1498, unique); a Sarum <cite>Breviary</cite> (Paris: Levet. 1494, unique), which seems to have been in
-early times mistaken for a manuscript, and is consequently kept and catalogued among the
-MSS. We have a copy of Werner Rolevinck’s <cite>Fasciculus Temporum</cite> in Dutch, printed at
-Utrecht by Veldener, 1480&mdash;one of the earliest books with woodcuts in the text (coloured).</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>A book of some interest exhibited in the glass case is Theseus Ambrosius: <cite>Introductio
-in Chaldaicam Linguam</cite> (1539). It is of interest as being the first book in which Syriac types
-were used, and next as containing a specimen of spirit-writing dating from the sixteenth
-century. It seems that a question having arisen about some property of a deceased lady
-which was supposed to be concealed, it was resolved to evoke a demon to answer the
-question. A sheet of paper and a pen were placed on the table, and the proper incantation
-being gone through, the pen rose up, without anyone seeing the hand that held it, and wrote
-the characters of which Ambrosius gives a fac-simile, and which, unfortunately, no one has
-been able to decipher. I am informed that in the copy of this book in the Bodleian Library
-this particular leaf is pasted down, the “devil’s autograph,” no doubt, being deemed uncanny.</p>
-
-<p>But to enumerate our rare books, or even our fifteenth-century books, would be
-tedious, if it were possible. I must not, however, omit to refer to some fine specimens of
-binding, most of which are in the Quin collection. We have six of Grolier’s books<a name="FNanchor_133_133" id="FNanchor_133_133"></a><a href="#Footnote_133_133" class="fnanchor">[133]</a>&mdash;namely,
-Erasmus: <cite>Pacis Querella</cite>; Palladius: <cite>Coryciana</cite>; Greek Psalter (Aldus); <cite>Il Nuovo Cortegiano</cite>;
-<cite>Cynthio degli Fabritii</cite>; <cite>Della Origine delli Volgari Proverbi</cite>; and (perhaps the finest)
-Guilelmus Tyrius: <cite>Belli Sacri Historia</cite> (folio). Of Maioli we have&mdash;Ori Apollinis <cite>de Sacris
-Notis et Sculpturis</cite>, Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius; one by Monnier&mdash;<cite><ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'Spaccio de le'">Spaccio de la</ins>
-Bestia Trionfante</cite>; and last, but not least, a copy of <cite>Quintus Calaber</cite>, which belonged to
-Henry II. of France and Diane de Poitiers.</p>
-
-<p>There are in the Library a few interesting objects other than books which deserve
-notice. The satchel of the <cite>Book of Armagh</cite>, and the shrines of the <cite>Books of Dimma and
-Mulling</cite>, have been already noticed. A very remarkable object is a Mosque Staff, presented
-by Dr. Jolliffe Tufnell, who professionally attended Omar Pasha’s army in 1854. Such a
-staff is used where there are no mosques, and being set up on a temporary structure, as a
-heap of stones, it represents a mosque. On each of the four sides is carved a sentence from
-the Koran. “I am in the house of the Lord.” “Evil and good are sent by God; be
-content with your lot.” “Every day we offer our prayers to Thee.” “Forgive us all our
-sins.” “With heart and soul we believe in Thee.”</p>
-
-<p>An ancient Irish harp attracts the attention of visitors from the repute attaching to
-it, of being the harp of Brian Boroimhe (pron. Boru, d. 1014). It is elegantly carved, and
-in form much resembles the harp of Queen Mary, an engraving of which is exhibited beside<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span>
-it. It had thirty strings. The following is the tradition respecting this harp, as quoted
-in the <cite>Ulster Journal of Archæology</cite>, vol. vii., p. 99, from a MS. by Ralph Ouseley, 1783.<a name="FNanchor_134_134" id="FNanchor_134_134"></a><a href="#Footnote_134_134" class="fnanchor">[134]</a>
-“It had been taken to Rome, and remained there until Innocent XI. sent it as a token of
-good will to Charles II., who deposited it in the Tower. Soon afterwards, the Earl of
-Clanricarde, seeing it, assured the King that he knew an Irish nobleman (meaning O’Brien,
-Earl of Thomond) who would probably give a limb of his estate for this relic of his great
-ancestor; on which his Majesty made him a present of it. Lord Clanricarde brought the
-instrument to Ireland; but Lord Thomond, being abroad, never became possessed of it.
-Some years after, a Lady Henley purchased it by barter, in exchange for twenty rams
-and as many ewes of English breed, in order to give it to her son-in-law, Henry
-M‘Mahon, Esq., of Clunagh, County Clare; from whom it passed through other hands to
-an accomplished gentleman, the Right Hon. William Conyngham,” who presented it
-to Trinity College. Conyngham seems to have been given the harp by Chevalier
-O’Gorman, who gave a history of it (published in Vallancey’s <cite>Collectanea</cite>, vol. iv. 7)
-differing from that just quoted. According to O’Gorman’s story, Brian’s son Donogh,
-on being deposed, took the harp (with the crown and regalia) to Rome, and gave them
-to the Pope.<a name="FNanchor_135_135" id="FNanchor_135_135"></a><a href="#Footnote_135_135" class="fnanchor">[135]</a> He adds the fiction that it was on the ground of possessing these
-regalia that Pope Adrian claimed the right to dispose of the lordship of Ireland.
-The story goes on to say that a later Pope gave the harp to Henry VIII., who presented
-it to the first Earl of Clanricarde.<a name="FNanchor_136_136" id="FNanchor_136_136"></a><a href="#Footnote_136_136" class="fnanchor">[136]</a> The celebrated antiquary, Dr. George Petrie, considered
-that our harp dated from about <span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1400, and was a portable instrument used for
-ecclesiastical purposes. One strong objection to the earlier date he based on the fact
-that it bore a silver badge with the arms of O’Neill, armorial bearings not having
-been in use much earlier than the date he assigned. This badge disappeared for some
-time, and fortunately came into the possession of a distinguished antiquary, Mr. Robert
-Day, of Cork, affixed to a piece of armour found in some recent excavations in the
-Phœnix Park. As soon as Mr. Day learned the history of the badge, he promptly
-presented it to the Library. In its absence it was easy to observe that the carving was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span>
-continuous, so that the badge must have been a later addition. Petrie’s first argument,
-therefore, fell to the ground. It is true, however, that the figures of two wolf-dogs are
-carved on the harp itself. His second objection was founded on the occurrence of the
-letters IHC, which may be traced in a peculiar angular form near the top of the front
-arm. But this also, in the opinion of good judges, is later than the rest of the carving.
-The harp, therefore, may possibly be older than Petrie’s date. The sound-board is of oak
-(as ascertained by microscopical examination), but very much decayed.</p>
-
-<p>The same case which contains the harp contains also a few gold and silver ornaments
-of elegant workmanship, and a large spear brooch, which, however, has none of the
-characteristic Irish work, and is in fact very similar to a Scandinavian brooch figured in
-M. Du Chaillu’s <cite>Viking Age</cite>, vol. ii., p. 329, but has more ornament. It is 13¾ in. long,
-5½ wide across the circle, and weighs 18 oz. It is figured in Vallancey’s <cite>Collectanea</cite>, vol. i.,
-where it is stated that it had recently (1786) been found near Cashel.</p>
-
-<p>In the Librarian’s room is the largest of the gold ornaments yet found in Ireland. It
-is in form like the small fibulae, but weighs 33 oz. 4 dwt. It is adorned with groups of
-concentric circles and a series of acute angles, with no trace of the spirals so characteristic
-of Celtic art in Christian times. From this it is inferred that it is of older date. This
-ornament was found at Clones in 1820, and purchased by the College. The Charter horn
-of the Kavanaghs, after being in the Library for a century, was a few years ago surrendered
-to the family. A cast of it is exhibited.</p>
-
-<p>A small bas-relief which hangs on one of the pillars calls for some notice. It
-represents Demosthenes at the altar of Calaureia, where he took the fatal poison. The
-whole posture, but especially the head, expresses the utmost dejection. The position of the
-right hand also should be observed; instead of clasping the knee, it hangs idly on one side.
-There is an engraving of this work in Winckelmann’s <cite>History of Art</cite>, but the engraver, by
-raising the chin, has quite lost the aspect of dejection, and rather gives the impression that
-the orator is meditating a speech. It is also engraved in Allen’s <cite>Demosthenes</cite> and
-in Stock’s <cite>Demosthenes</cite>. This relief belonged to Dr. Richard Mead, and is said to have
-been found in the ruins of Hadrian’s Villa. After Mead’s sale in 1755, where it was
-purchased by a London dealer, it disappeared from view until about 1885, when I
-had the good fortune to identify it in the centre ornament of a mantelpiece in the room
-which formerly contained the Museum (now the Front Hall), and which was built in
-1759. Certain errors in the arrangement of the drapery have suggested doubts as to its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span>
-genuineness.<a name="FNanchor_137_137" id="FNanchor_137_137"></a><a href="#Footnote_137_137" class="fnanchor">[137]</a> On the other hand, in its favour is the fact that the features resemble those
-of the bust found in Herculaneum in 1753; but it was known in 1737, before the discovery
-of that bust, and at a time when a wholly different type of face was accepted as that of
-Demosthenes. Possibly even ancient artists may have erred sometimes.</p>
-
-<p>Another objection is the misspelling of the name&mdash;viz., ΔΗΜΩΣΘΕΝΗΣ. But would not
-a modern sculptor, who would presumably be too ignorant of Greek to substitute Ω for Ο,
-be less likely to commit this error than a Roman sculptor of Hadrian’s time, who would
-probably know a little Greek?</p>
-
-<p>Just inside the entrance to the building are two Medallion Busts which were brought
-from Smyrna in 1707. They are mentioned by Gudius and Boeckh.<a name="FNanchor_138_138" id="FNanchor_138_138"></a><a href="#Footnote_138_138" class="fnanchor">[138]</a> They were made
-the subject of a learned dissertation by Dr. Kennedy Bailie (<cite>Transactions, Royal Irish
-Academy</cite>, vol. xxii.). He concludes that the larger medallion represents Plautilla, wife of
-Caracella, deified under the title ΝΕΑ ἩΡΑ, but afterwards deposed and banished.</p>
-
-<p>Our collection of Coins is not very large. Of Roman coins, silver and copper, we
-have a fairly good collection&mdash;about 1,300 silver and a couple of thousand copper. A
-selection of these is exhibited. The collection ought to be better, but unfortunately, about
-a hundred years ago (viz., in 1788), the room where the coins were then kept (now the
-Fagel) was burglariously entered, and the most valuable coins and medals stolen. Recently,
-the late Rev. Dr. R. F. Littledale bequeathed a small collection of English coins and
-medals.</p>
-
-<p>An old Minute Book of the Library, chiefly in the handwriting of Dr. Barrett,
-contains occasional items of interest. Here we read of a ship with books for the Library
-cast away, the books, however, being recovered, but damaged, some irrecoverably. Again,
-we find some books which had been stolen restored through the Roman Catholic priest to
-whom the thief had made confession. On another occasion a parcel of stolen books is thrown
-into the Provost’s courtyard. An amusing entry occurs, in which Dr. Barrett states his
-intention to ask permission to lock up a certain <cite>Narrative of a Residence in Ireland</cite>, by
-Mrs. Anne. Plumptre (1815), stating that it is too silly and too ill-mannered for a public
-library. “Hospitably entertained by the good-natured, blundering Irish, and introduced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span>
-(perhaps for the first time in her life) into good company, she takes care to let [the] world
-know it by publishing all the little tea-table talk they had indulged in to amuse her, and
-many of whom are probably now blushing at seeing it embodied in a pompous quarto,
-illustrated with engravings. Travel in savage countries, Mrs. Anne, and publish their
-conversations if you can, but spare the feelings of those who are accustomed to the rules
-and decencies of civilised life.”</p>
-
-<p>An account of the Library would be incomplete if the Catalogue were left unnoticed.
-The first printed Catalogue was issued about 1710 in one thin volume, folio. We have now
-a printed Catalogue in nine folio volumes, which includes all the printed books in the
-Library at the end of the year 1872. The first volume of this Catalogue (A and B) was
-prepared under the direction of Dr. Todd, and issued in 1864. The work was then
-suspended, and not resumed until 1872, when a special editor, Mr. H. Dix. Hutton, was
-appointed, the time of the Library staff being fully employed otherwise. The Catalogue was
-completed Jan. 1, 1887, the expense of printing and paper alone having been £4,500. Since
-that time Mr. Hutton has been engaged in preparing a Supplementary Catalogue, to contain
-the subsequent accessions. When this has been completed up to the present time, it is
-intended to make it a Desk Catalogue, in which all new accessions will be inserted on
-printed slips. The Catalogue is primarily an author’s catalogue&mdash;that is to say, books are
-arranged under the names of their authors, where known. But by the liberal use of cross
-references and secondary entries, some of the advantages of a subject catalogue are
-obtained. In the Desk Catalogue now in preparation, the method adopted by the editor,
-Mr. Hutton, is as follows:&mdash;One copy of the printed slip is taken, and in the upper left-hand
-corner the proper subject heading is type-written by him, and this slip is then inserted
-in alphabetical order, according to this heading. This saves the expense of printing a fresh
-title for the secondary entry.</p>
-
-<p>Of our MSS. the earliest existing catalogue is that of 1688, which was compiled
-with great care. This is also the only catalogue at present accessible to readers at a
-distance, having been printed in Bernard’s <cite>Catalogus Manuscriptorum Angliæ et Hiberniæ</cite>.
-In the Library itself the catalogue most commonly used is one drawn up by Dr. John
-Lyon about 1745, which, however, only extends to Classis G. A more complete catalogue,
-extending to Classis M, was prepared by Dr. Henry J. Monck Mason, about the year 1814,
-for the Irish Commissioners of Public Records, with a view to publication. The terms
-proposed by Dr. Monck Mason and his specimen of the work were approved, and when the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span>
-rough copy (in five volumes) was finished he was required to hand it over to the Board.
-Then the question of remuneration was raised, and it was discovered that no minute had
-been entered of the original engagement; and as some of the members of the Board had
-been changed, the engagement, in the absence of a written vote, was not held to be
-sufficient to outweigh considerations of public economy.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_188.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-BOOK RECESSES IN LIBRARY.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Dr. Monck Mason devoted much conscientious labour and intelligence to the work.
-He was assisted in the department of Irish MSS. by Edward O’Reilly; in that of Oriental
-MSS. by Edward Hincks, then sub-librarian;
-and in the Icelandic MSS. by George Cash.
-It is much to be lamented that the work
-was not published as designed. The MSS.
-in the Irish language have been catalogued
-by Dr. O’Donovan in one thick folio
-volume. There exists also a card catalogue,
-consisting of about 20,000 cards, prepared
-under the direction of Dr. Benjamin Dickson,
-assistant librarian. He employed, at his
-own expense, a person acquainted with the
-Irish vernacular, but otherwise not as well
-qualified as might be wished (the inevitable
-result of want of means to pay a qualified
-scholar).</p>
-
-<p>It is in contemplation to print a
-summary catalogue much briefer than Dr.
-Monck Mason’s, but containing sufficient
-information about each volume to indicate
-to students at a distance what they may expect to look for in it. A catalogue of this
-kind need not occupy more than one volume, and might be sold at such a price as
-would make it generally accessible.</p>
-
-<p>It may interest librarians to learn how the accommodation has been from time to time
-enlarged. Up to the end of the eighteenth century, the room in the east wing, now occupied
-by the Fagel Library, was set apart as the MSS. Room. In the stalls in the Long Room,
-where the short bookcases are at present, there were seats like settles, the ends of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>
-still remain. From the high cases projected sloping desks, below which there were no books.
-The engraving in Malton’s <cite>Views of Dublin</cite> represents this
-state of things. These seats and desks were removed in
-1817. The Reading Room was the upper room in the west
-wing, now the Clerks’ Room. The whole of the ground
-floor, except in the wings, was an open ambulatory, divided length-wise
-by a central wall, the south side being used by the Fellows.
-The rooms on the ground floor in both wings were Lecture
-Rooms&mdash;that at the west for Law, that at the east end for
-Divinity. The Law Lecture Room also contained the Lending
-Library. There were no bookcases in the gallery.</p>
-
-
-    <div class="screenonly">
-
-<div class="fs70 pad2">INNER STAIRCASE IN LIBRARY.</div>
-
-<div class="i_189">
-    <div id="block189-1">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block189-2">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<p>In 1802 the Fagel Library was placed in the East Room,
-and the MSS. were removed to the
-room above it. The next step was
-the erection of the short bookcases in
-the stalls. In 1844 Dr. Todd introduced
-the ingenious device of low
-bookcases in the windows of the
-gallery, revolving on hinges, and
-with shelves on both sides. In the
-central part of the building, where the
-walls are thicker, there were two of
-these&mdash;one outside the other&mdash;so that, with the fixed
-shelves at the back, there were five shelves in
-depth and four in height. In the shallower windows
-these were but three in depth. In 1860 it had become
-necessary to reconstruct the roof, and then bookcases
-were placed on the gallery over those below, and reaching
-to the roof. Most of the revolving cases had then to
-be removed.</p>
-
-<p>Meantime, in 1848, the room on the ground floor in the east wing had been
-made a Reading Room, and heated by hot-water pipes. A spiral staircase connected
-it with the room above. When it became necessary to have a means of communication<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span>
-with the gallery at this end, it was proposed either to continue this staircase, or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span>
-construct a similar one at the other end of the room. The objection to this scheme
-was a remarkable one: it would give too great vent for the heated air, and so cause
-draughts; in other words, it would help to ventilate the Reading Room&mdash;the very thing
-that was wanted!</p>
-
-<p>When the new Lecture Rooms and Museum were built, the MSS. were removed to
-their present place on the ground floor near the entrance, and some twenty-five years after
-that, bookcases were constructed in the upper east room. A few years ago these were in
-their turn nearly filled, and it became necessary to enclose the ground floor of the Library.
-This work was completed this year (1892). The western third of this space constitutes the
-new Reading Room.</p>
-</div>
-    </div>
-
-
-        <div class="handonly">
-
-    <div class="figcenter">
-    <img src="images/i_189.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-    <div class="caption">
-    INNER STAIRCASE IN LIBRARY.</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <p>In 1802 the Fagel Library was placed in the East Room,
-    and the MSS. were removed to the
-    room above it. The next step was
-    the erection of the short bookcases in
-    the stalls. In 1844 Dr. Todd introduced
-    the ingenious device of low
-    bookcases in the windows of the
-    gallery, revolving on hinges, and
-    with shelves on both sides. In the
-    central part of the building, where the
-    walls are thicker, there were two of
-    these&mdash;one outside the other&mdash;so that, with the fixed
-    shelves at the back, there were five shelves in
-    depth and four in height. In the shallower windows
-    these were but three in depth. In 1860 it had become
-    necessary to reconstruct the roof, and then bookcases
-    were placed on the gallery over those below, and reaching
-    to the roof. Most of the revolving cases had then to
-    be removed.</p>
-
-    <p>Meantime, in 1848, the room on the ground floor in the east wing had been
-    made a Reading Room, and heated by hot-water pipes. A spiral staircase connected
-    it with the room above. When it became necessary to have a means of communication<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_178" id="Pagex_178">[178]</a></span>
-    with the gallery at this end, it was proposed either to continue this staircase, or to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_179" id="Pagex_179">[179]</a></span>
-    construct a similar one at the other end of the room. The objection to this scheme
-    was a remarkable one: it would give too great vent for the heated air, and so cause
-    draughts; in other words, it would help to ventilate the Reading Room&mdash;the very thing
-    that was wanted!</p>
-
-    <p>When the new Lecture Rooms and Museum were built, the MSS. were removed to
-    their present place on the ground floor near the entrance, and some twenty-five years after
-    that, bookcases were constructed in the upper east room. A few years ago these were in
-    their turn nearly filled, and it became necessary to enclose the ground floor of the Library.
-    This work was completed this year (1892). The western third of this space constitutes the
-    new Reading Room.</p>
-
-        </div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_190.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-INTERIOR OF LIBRARY, 1860.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Only graduates (of Dublin, Oxford, or Cambridge) have the right of admission to the
-Library; but the privilege has always been freely granted to persons properly introduced,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span>
-whether graduates of a university or not, so that it is, in fact, a public library. In 1856 it
-was resolved by the Board and Visitors to grant admission to students who have entered
-on their third year, that being the usual period for commencing professional studies; but
-admission is always granted at an earlier period to a student whose studies are such as to
-make it desirable.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_191.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE LIBRARY, 1891. (SEE <a href="#Page_213">PAGE 213</a>.)</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_192.jpg" width="400" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-LIBRARY STAIRCASE AND ENTRANCE TO READING ROOM.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Previously to 1843, readers were allowed to take books from the shelves themselves,
-but in that year this privilege was limited to the Fellows and Professors, except in the
-Reading Room, where books of reference and other books in frequent demand are accessible
-to all readers. This change caused a considerable diminution in the number of readers. A
-similar resolution had been passed in 1817, but rescinded a few months after, it being thought
-to be contrary to the Statutes, which forbade readers to replace a book anywhere except in
-its place on the shelves. The Provost (Elrington) protested against the rescission, alleging,
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">inter alia</i>, that free access to the shelves led to the reading of indecent books, and he had
-even known books of magic to be read.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The hours during which the Library was open were formerly eight to ten, and
-eleven to one. We read once or twice of permission being given to readers to remain
-locked in between ten and eleven. The hour of closing was afterwards postponed to two
-o’clock. At present, the Reading Room is open from ten to six; the Library itself is closed
-at three in winter, and four in summer.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_193.jpg" width="200" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-ROYAL ARMS NOW PLACED IN LIBRARY.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_110_110" id="Footnote_110_110"></a><a href="#FNanchor_110_110"><span class="label">[110]</span></a> This is the amount stated in the <cite>Book of Benefactors</cite> (MS.). Dr. Bernard, in his <cite>Life of Ussher</cite>, makes the sum
-£1,800.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_111_111" id="Footnote_111_111"></a><a href="#FNanchor_111_111"><span class="label">[111]</span></a> Brereton’s <cite>Travels</cite>, published by the Chetham Society in 1844.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_112_112" id="Footnote_112_112"></a><a href="#FNanchor_112_112"><span class="label">[112]</span></a> When the House of Commons was debating whether they should admit Ussher to the Assembly of Divines
-Selden said, “They had as good inquire whether they had best admit Inigo Jones, the King’s architect, to the company
-of mouse-trap makers.”&mdash;Elrington’s <cite>Life of Ussher</cite>, p. 231.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_113_113" id="Footnote_113_113"></a><a href="#FNanchor_113_113"><span class="label">[113]</span></a> MS., of which a copy was given to the Library by Mr. Edward Evans, 1887.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_114_114" id="Footnote_114_114"></a><a href="#FNanchor_114_114"><span class="label">[114]</span></a> The Library of Trinity College, Dublin. An address delivered at the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Library
-Association, by John K. Ingram, LL.D., F.T.C.D., President.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_115_115" id="Footnote_115_115"></a><a href="#FNanchor_115_115"><span class="label">[115]</span></a> A separate room was provided for the Museum in 1777.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_116_116" id="Footnote_116_116"></a><a href="#FNanchor_116_116"><span class="label">[116]</span></a> In the judgment of the learned Dr. Rudolph Siegfried, formerly Professor of Sanskrit in this University, the
-name of Edward Lhuyd as a comparative philologist deserved to stand “right after” that of Bopp.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_117_117" id="Footnote_117_117"></a><a href="#FNanchor_117_117"><span class="label">[117]</span></a> The Bodleian was the first Library to acquire this privilege, James I. having induced the Company of Stationers
-to give it a copy of every work entered at their Hall. In the reign of Anne the Royal Library acquired the privilege,
-and when George II., in 1757, gave his library to the British Museum, he transferred this privilege with it. The Act of
-1801 granted it to eleven libraries, but most of these have commuted it for an annual grant.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_118_118" id="Footnote_118_118"></a><a href="#FNanchor_118_118"><span class="label">[118]</span></a> Lithography would have had the appearance of greater exactness, but to a great extent only the appearance, for
-some of the pages are so obscure that the lithographic artist would have been unable of himself to trace the letters, and
-would be as dependent on a scholar for guidance as the engraver was. The errors of even so practised a decipherer at
-Tregelles suffice to prove this.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_119_119" id="Footnote_119_119"></a><a href="#FNanchor_119_119"><span class="label">[119]</span></a> <cite>Rendiconti del R. Istitecto Lombardo</cite>, ser. ii., vol. xix., fasc. 4.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_120_120" id="Footnote_120_120"></a><a href="#FNanchor_120_120"><span class="label">[120]</span></a> See Hermathena, No. xviii., 1892. The colophon is as follows:&mdash;“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Rogo beatitudinem | tuam <span class="over">sce</span> præsbiter |
-patrici ut quicumque | hunc libellum manu te | nuerit meminerit colum | bae scriptoris qui hoc scripsi | himet evangelium per
-xii dierum spatium gtia <span class="over">dni</span> <span class="over">nri</span> s.s.</span>” The only doubtful letters are “hi” before “met.” If I read them rightly, the
-colophon must be a copy, the syllable “mi” being omitted. Moreover, the book is copied from one in which the leaves
-containing the summaries or “breves causæ” were somewhat disordered, and the copyist had not sufficient knowledge to
-correct the disorder. There are blunders, too, which could hardly have been committed by Saint Columba.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_121_121" id="Footnote_121_121"></a><a href="#FNanchor_121_121"><span class="label">[121]</span></a> “<span lang="gd" xml:lang="gd">Oroit agus bendacht cholumb chille do Flaund mace mailsechnaill do Righereim la sa ndernada cumddach so.</span>”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_122_122" id="Footnote_122_122"></a><a href="#FNanchor_122_122"><span class="label">[122]</span></a> MacGeoghegan: <cite>Annals of Ireland</cite> (MS. T.C.D.), an. 590, p. 52.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_123_123" id="Footnote_123_123"></a><a href="#FNanchor_123_123"><span class="label">[123]</span></a> <cite>Topographia Hiberniæ</cite>, ii., c. 38.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_124_124" id="Footnote_124_124"></a><a href="#FNanchor_124_124"><span class="label">[124]</span></a> Graves: <cite>Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy</cite>, vol. iii., pp. 316, 356.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_125_125" id="Footnote_125_125"></a><a href="#FNanchor_125_125"><span class="label">[125]</span></a> The note is as follows (the contractions expanded):&mdash;“<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sanctus Patricius iens ad coelum | mandauit totum
-fructum | laboris sui tam babtismi tam causarum et elemoisina | rum deferendum esse apos | tolicae urbi quae scotice |
-nominatur arddmacha | sic reperi in beblioticis | scotorum ego scripsi | id est caluus perennis in con | spectu briani
-imperato | ris scotorum et quod scripsi | finivit pro omnibus regibus maceriae</span>” (<em>i.e.</em>, of Cashel). The scribe originally
-wrote “finit” for “finivit;” he then expunged the “t” by a point under. This is the origin of O’Curry’s ridiculous
-“figuivit.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_126_126" id="Footnote_126_126"></a><a href="#FNanchor_126_126"><span class="label">[126]</span></a> On the <cite>Book of Armagh</cite>, see Sir W. Betham: <cite>Irish Antiquarian Researches</cite>; Petrie: <cite>Essay on the Round
-Towers</cite>; Bishop Graves, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ubi supra</i>; and Bishop Reeves, <cite>Proc. R. I. Acad.</cite>, ser. iii., vol. ii., p. 77.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_127_127" id="Footnote_127_127"></a><a href="#FNanchor_127_127"><span class="label">[127]</span></a> See a drawing in Curzon’s <cite>Monasteries of the Levant</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_128_128" id="Footnote_128_128"></a><a href="#FNanchor_128_128"><span class="label">[128]</span></a> Published by Bishop Forbes in his <cite>Liber Ecclesiæ de Arbuthnott</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_129_129" id="Footnote_129_129"></a><a href="#FNanchor_129_129"><span class="label">[129]</span></a> This is the story as told to and by Monck Mason, from whom Sir W. Betham bought the MS., and who had
-himself bought it from a Mr. Harrison of Nenagh. Sir W. Betham not unreasonably questions the truth of the story.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_130_130" id="Footnote_130_130"></a><a href="#FNanchor_130_130"><span class="label">[130]</span></a> A remarkable instance is the <cite>Codex Purpureus</cite> N of the Gospels, of which four leaves are in the British
-Museum, two in Vienna, six in the Vatican, and thirty-three at Patmos.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_131_131" id="Footnote_131_131"></a><a href="#FNanchor_131_131"><span class="label">[131]</span></a> The MS. is B.3.6. On fol. cxxx. <em>a</em> we read: “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Expletis benedictionibus faciat Episcopus Crucem in manus
-singulorum de oleo et chrismate dicens orationem. Consecrare et sanctificare digneris quaesumus Domine manus istas per
-istam unctionem et nostram benedictionem ut quaecunque consecraverint consecrentur, et quaecunque benedixerint
-benedicantur et sanctificentur per Christum Dominum nostrum. Deinde patenam cum oblatis et calicem cum vino det
-singulis dicens ad eos lenta voce. Accipite potestatem offerre sacrificium Deo missamque celebrare tam pro vivis quam
-et pro defunctis in nomine Domini. Sequitur ultima benedictio: Benedictio Domini Patris et Filii et Spiritus Sancti
-descendat super vos ut sitis benedicti in ordinem sacerdotalem, offerentes placabiles hostias pro peccatis atque offensionibus
-populi omnipotenti Deo, cui est honor et gloria in saecula saecularum. Amen. Et osculetur singulos et omnes qui ordinati
-sunt, deferant oblationes ad manus episcopi.</span>” Opposite this in the margin, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">secunda manu</i>, is a series of different rubrics
-and prayers, of which the most notable is “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Post benedictionem imponat manum super capita ordinatorum dicendo:
-Accipite Spiritum Sanctum, et quorum remiseritis peccata remissa sunt, et quorum retinueritis retenta sunt.</span>” Then follows,
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">secunda manu</i>, the “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Finalis Benedictio.</span>”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_132_132" id="Footnote_132_132"></a><a href="#FNanchor_132_132"><span class="label">[132]</span></a> On a Syriac MS. belonging to the collection of Archbishop Ussher, by the Very Rev. John Gwynn, D.D.,
-<cite>Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy</cite>, vol. xxvii.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_133_133" id="Footnote_133_133"></a><a href="#FNanchor_133_133"><span class="label">[133]</span></a> None of them mentioned by M. Le Roux de Lincy in his <cite>Recherches sur Grolier, sa vie, et sa bibliothèque</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_134_134" id="Footnote_134_134"></a><a href="#FNanchor_134_134"><span class="label">[134]</span></a> Bibl. Egerton, Brit. Mus., MS. No. 75, p. 371.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_135_135" id="Footnote_135_135"></a><a href="#FNanchor_135_135"><span class="label">[135]</span></a> Conall MacGeoghegan, in his <cite>Annals of Ireland</cite> (1627, MS.), under 1063, makes the same statement as to the
-crown, but says that Pope Adrian gave it to Henry II.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_136_136" id="Footnote_136_136"></a><a href="#FNanchor_136_136"><span class="label">[136]</span></a> On this and other Irish harps see O’Curry: <cite>Manners and Customs of the Ancient Irish</cite>, vol. iii., p. 266. Petrie’s
-remarks are in Bunting’s <cite>Ancient Irish Music</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_137_137" id="Footnote_137_137"></a><a href="#FNanchor_137_137"><span class="label">[137]</span></a> See <cite>Classical Review</cite>, May, 1888.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_138_138" id="Footnote_138_138"></a><a href="#FNanchor_138_138"><span class="label">[138]</span></a> Gudius: <cite>Inscriptiones Antiquæ</cite>, ed. Hessel; Boeckh: <cite>Corpus</cite>, ii., p. 778, n. 3346. See a paper by Dr. Todd&mdash;<cite>Proceedings
-of the Royal Irish Academy</cite>, vol. ii., p. 49.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_195a.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-FRONT OF TRINITY COLLEGE,<br />
-from Brooking’s Map of Dublin,<br />
-1728.</div>
-<p class="p2" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER VIII.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">THE EARLY BUILDINGS.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_195b.jpg" width="90" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap">When Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin, had induced Queen Elizabeth to
-grant a Charter of Incorporation to a University to be established in Dublin,
-he addressed himself to the Mayor and Corporation of the City with a view to
-obtaining a suitable site. And, happily for the success of the scheme which he
-and the more academic Luke Challoner so successfully carried out, and for the
-future welfare of the new Institution, a site the most suitable and the most admirable that
-could have been found in Ireland was at that moment at the disposal of the Corporation of
-Dublin&mdash;the old Augustinian Monastery of All Hallows, lying to the eastward, and just outside
-the City. As far as we can gather from the recitals in the lease of the monastic buildings
-and site made by the Mayor and Sheriffs in the year 1591 to John Spensfield, the precincts,
-besides a church, consisted of “a steeple, a building with a vault under it, the spytor, otherwise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span>
-called the hall, with appurtenances all along to the north cheek of the Bawn Gate.” We find
-that there were also within the precincts of the Monastery the sub-prior’s orchard and the common
-orchard, and a field called the Ashe Park, wherein the prior and the monks had their haggard
-and cistern, with the western storehouse by the Great Bawn, together with a vestry cloister, a
-little garden within the precincts, and a tower over the gate adjoining Hoggen Green. The
-buildings, without the lands, appear to have been let to John Pepard, merchant, for sixty-one
-years, at ten shillings a-year, with a clause restraining him from taking stones, or slates, or
-timber out of the precincts; the materials thereon were to be used only for building on the
-site. Another lease was made to Edward Pepard, in 1584, of a small orchard in All Hallows
-for thirty-one years, at twenty-four shillings a-year; and in 1583 Edward Pepard had sub-let,
-for twenty-one years, to Peter van Hey and Thomas Seele, a garden with a vault at the
-north side of All Hallows, at a yearly rent of forty shillings, with a covenant that they
-should keep up the garden wall and the vaults. It would thus appear that at this time
-the Pepards had acquired the site of the buildings and a small orchard, possibly that
-formerly occupied by the sub-prior, as tenants on a terminable lease. During the fifty years
-which elapsed from the suppression of the Monastery, the buildings must have suffered very
-considerable dilapidation. Most likely they had not been originally erected in a very
-substantial and durable manner; and as little care seems to have been taken as to the
-maintenance of the church, the hall, and the monastic dwellings, they must have been for
-the most part in a ruinous condition. The total value of the site and precincts is stated
-in a letter from Queen Elizabeth to have been £20 a-year. At the close of the Queen’s reign
-the City of Dublin did not extend towards the east beyond St. George’s Lane, now called
-South Great George’s Street. An open space of ground stretched from thence to All Hallows,
-with paths diverging to different parts of a small stream, beyond which lay the site of the
-old Monastery. The whole of the precincts at that time covered about twenty-eight acres,
-of which twelve were in meadow, nine in pasture, and seven in orchard. On the north,
-towards the river, there was a boggy strip of ground covered by the water at high tide,
-and bounded on the south by the path leading to St. Patrick’s Well, near the present
-entrance to Kildare Street, and bounded on the east by lands formerly belonging to the
-Abbey of the Blessed Virgin, but then in the tenure of John Dougan, on the site of the
-modern Westland Row.<a name="FNanchor_139_139" id="FNanchor_139_139"></a><a href="#Footnote_139_139" class="fnanchor">[139]</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>And such was the influence of the Archbishop, supported by his Archdeacon, Henry
-Ussher, and by Luke Chaloner, of Trinity College, Cambridge, and two Scotch schoolmasters,
-James Hamilton and James Fullerton, who were at the time in Dublin, that the
-Corporation convened the citizens to a general assembly at the Tholsel, where they, after
-due deliberation upon the proposal to grant the site of the monastery for the intended
-College, immediately proceeded to make the grant. A Charter of Incorporation had in
-the meantime been obtained from the Queen, on the petition of Henry Ussher. The
-letter of Elizabeth to Sir William Fitzwilliam, Lord Deputy, and to the Irish Council,
-announcing her consent to this arrangement, is dated December 21st, 1591; and, on the 3rd
-of the following March, Letters Patent passed the Great Seal.<a name="FNanchor_140_140" id="FNanchor_140_140"></a><a href="#Footnote_140_140" class="fnanchor">[140]</a> The first stone of the new
-building was laid on March 13th, 1592. Subscriptions from the gentry in every part of
-Ireland were received for the building, and on January 9th, 1594, the new College was
-completed. No remains of this structure exist at the present day; indeed, no buildings
-prior to the reign of William III. are now to be found in Trinity College. The Elizabethan
-edifice consisted of a small square court, which was always familiarly called The
-Quadrangle, and which was removed early in the latter half of the eighteenth century. Some
-parts of the old monastery were no doubt utilised in the new building. As the visitor
-approached from Hoggen Green he crossed an outer enclosed court, which formed an
-entrance to the College; he then entered through the great gate, and found himself in a
-small square, probably on the site of the southern portion of the great main square of the
-College, then surrounded by buildings constructed of thin red Dutch brick, with probably a
-good deal of wooden framework inserted. On the north side lay the old steeple of the
-monastery, having the porter’s lodge on the ground floor, and a chamber over it; and on the
-second loft was hung the College bell. Towards the east of the steeple lay the Chapel;
-on the same side of the quadrangle was the Hall, paved with tiles, with a gallery, and a
-lantern in the roof. The hall was separated from the kitchen by a wooden partition, and
-in the same range with them was placed the Library. This room was over the scholars’
-chambers, and had a gallery, and the lower part of it was fitted with ten pews for readers.
-The Regent House seems to have been between the Chapel and the Hall, and a gallery in
-the Regent House looked into the Chapel. This range of buildings extended to the east
-side of the court, beyond the site of the present Campanile. On the north of this range<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span>
-lay the kitchen, buttery chamber, and the storehouse. The east and west sides of the
-quadrangle contained students’ chambers, and on the south side were placed houses for the
-Fellows. The three sides composed in all seven buildings for residence&mdash;three on the south
-side, and two on each of the east and west sides. The upper story was lightened by
-dormer windows, with leaden lattices, and in the centre of the quadrangle stood the
-celebrated College pump.<a name="FNanchor_141_141" id="FNanchor_141_141"></a><a href="#Footnote_141_141" class="fnanchor">[141]</a></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE ELIZABETHAN COLLEGE.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">For this interesting section as to the Elizabethan College, the writer is indebted to the
-Rev. J. W. Stubbs, D.D., S.F.T.C.D.:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>For a long period it was impossible to form an accurate idea of the size and
-arrangements of the buildings of the original College. The very foundations have long
-since been obliterated. Speed’s map gives a rough idea of its site and general shape; and
-Rocque’s map, which was constructed in 1751, before the structure was removed, shows
-its position with regard to the present Library and some of the portions of the College
-which remain. Dunton’s <cite>Life and Errors</cite> gives a description of the buildings as they stood
-one hundred years after their erection, yet his details are in some respects misleading.</p>
-
-<p>In the present year, a paper in the handwriting of Sir William Temple, Provost in
-1523, has been found, giving the distribution of the chambers in the College among the
-Fellows and students in that year, and which, with the aid of the preceding authorities
-and letters of the period, enables us to form a fairly accurate conception of the buildings as
-they existed in the time of James the First.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_199.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-FROM ROCQUE’S MAP OF DUBLIN, 1750.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The College was a quadrangle, the eastern and western sides being longer than those
-on the north and south. The approach was through a tower which lay on the north side,
-and which was the “steeple” of the old Monastery, having the porter’s lodge on the ground
-floor, and a chamber over it. In the second story was placed the College bell. The
-remainder of the north side was occupied by the Chapel and the Hall; the Chapel lay towards
-the east, and the Hall towards the west, of the entrance. There appears to have been an
-attic over one of these buildings, which contained four “studies” for undergraduates. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span>
-Regent House seems to have been located between the Chapel and the Hall, for candidates
-for degrees passed through the Hall into the Regent House, and a gallery in the Regent
-House looked into the Chapel. The Hall was paved with tiles, had a lantern in the roof,
-and had a gallery, probably communicating with the room over the porter’s lodge. On
-the south side of the quadrangle, which lay between the present Library and the
-centre of the present Examination Hall, there were four houses; the ground floors of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span>
-these houses were occupied by students’ rooms, there being ten “studies” occupied
-by fourteen students. The house on the east of the south side had no other chambers
-occupied, and the first and second stories probably contained the library, which we may
-learn from the College accounts of the period had a gallery and a lower story which was
-fitted up with ten “pews” for readers. The next house had two students resident on the
-ground floor, and two Fellows on the first floor. The third house had three “studies” on
-the ground floor, but the first and second stories were not occupied by students or by Fellows.
-Possibly it was in this house that Ussher’s books were afterwards placed. The fourth house
-had two “studies” on the ground floor, and a Fellow and a student occupied the first floor.</p>
-
-<p>On the east side of the quadrangle there were six houses, each having “studies” for
-three students on the ground floor. In the first of these houses the remaining floors were
-unoccupied. In the second, three students occupied the attic. Chambers were there assigned
-also to one Fellow, one Master of Arts, and to the Professor of Divinity. In the third
-house there were three “studies” on the ground floor, but the remaining floors were not
-assigned for chambers. In the fourth house there were three “studies” on the ground floor&mdash;two
-Fellows and two Masters of Arts occupied the first floor, and a Master of Arts the
-attic. The fifth house had three “studies” on the ground floor&mdash;three Fellows and one
-student had chambers on the first floor, and five students resided in the attic story. The
-sixth house had three “studies” on the ground floor, and three graduates resided over
-them.</p>
-
-<p>On the west side there were three houses, with three “studies” on the ground floor
-of each. The first house had no occupied chambers over the ground floor. In the second
-house one Fellow and two Masters of Arts had chambers on the first floor; one Master of
-Arts and two students resided in the attic. The first floor of the third house on this side
-was occupied by two Fellows and by one Master of Arts, and the attic by two students,
-apparently brothers. The remainder of the west side was possibly occupied by the
-Provost’s chambers.</p>
-
-<p>There was no approach to the interior of the College from Hoggen Green, nor did
-the ground on the west side of the College at that time belong to it. We find in 1639 a letter
-from Provost Bedell to Ussher giving an account of a riot among the students, which arose
-from an attempt of one Arthur to make an enclosure on that side of the College on land
-which he had leased from the City of Dublin. A petition was forwarded from the College
-to the Council complaining of Arthur’s proceeding to erect a building on that side of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span>
-College, by which a passage would be taken away where there was in former times a
-gate or way leading into the site upon which the College was built, which, although at
-that time closed, was intended to be opened again by the College. It ended in the College
-acquiring Arthur’s interest in the plot, and so preserving a right of way.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">COLLEGE GREEN.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The ground at present known as College Green was once the site of a considerable
-village outside the walls of the City of Dublin, known as Hog or Hogges.<a name="FNanchor_142_142" id="FNanchor_142_142"></a><a href="#Footnote_142_142" class="fnanchor">[142]</a> A convent for
-nuns of the rule of St. Augustine was founded on les Hogges in 1146 by Dermot
-MacMurchard, King of Leinster, and the open space obtained the name of Hoggen Green.<a name="FNanchor_143_143" id="FNanchor_143_143"></a><a href="#Footnote_143_143" class="fnanchor">[143]</a>
-How the nunnery of St. Mary atte Hogge was dissolved, and the buildings granted to the
-citizens of Dublin in 1534; how it was proposed to turn the buildings into a jail or
-bridewell; how, in consequence of some dispute with the builder, the property was handed
-over to the University, and became a second College or High School under the name of
-Trinity Hall; and how at length, in 1667, thanks to the efforts of Dr. Stearne, the
-President, Trinity Hall was converted into the College of Physicians of Ireland, is all very
-interesting, but it is quite outside the scope of the present chapter. The modern Trinity
-Street marks the site of Trinity Hall, which was only demolished about the year 1700.
-Hogges Gate, the eastern gate of the City of Dublin opening upon Hoggen Green, facing
-the College, and standing somewhere near the site of the modern Forster Place, was removed
-in 1663 as being not only useless, but ruinous. The equestrian statue of King William
-III., that is now so prominent a feature of College Green, was erected by the Corporation of
-Dublin, and unveiled with great pomp on the 1st of July, 1801. The figure of Henry
-Grattan was executed by J. H. Foley, R.A., an Irish artist, and placed in its present
-position in January, 1876. The fine bronze statues of Edmund Burke and Oliver
-Goldsmith, truly distinguished students of Trinity College, which are also the work of
-Foley, stand within the College railings on either side of the Grand Entrance. That of
-Goldsmith was placed in its present position in January, 1864; and that of Burke in April,
-1868. They are both admirable. The statue of Goldsmith especially is one of the finest,
-if not the finest work of the sculptor.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span></p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE MODERN COLLEGE.</h3>
-
-
-    <div class="screenonly">
-
-<div class="left fs70 pad4"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelopsis veitchii.</i></div>
-
-<div class="i_202">
-    <div id="block202-1">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block202-2">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">The most distinguishing characteristic, from a material point of view, of Trinity College as
-it now stands in the heart of the City of Dublin, is perhaps that of spaciousness. It is the
-College of magnificent distances; for a space of over twenty-eight acres is enclosed by the
-outermost walls&mdash;twenty-eight acres of granite and of green sward, of park and plantation,
-of shrubbery and wilderness, of noble buildings and of uninteresting enclosures. Like most
-people and many places, Trinity College has what the French call <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">les défauts de ses qualités</i>.
-With abundant elbow-room, yet not
-without a touch of dreariness; with a
-site unsurpassed in any modern city, and
-needing nothing but variety in elevation,
-and running water, to make it unrivalled
-in the world&mdash;its very vastness makes
-it somewhat bare, its very dignity makes
-it somewhat cold, its very spaciousness
-makes it somewhat scattered. The
-granite of its buildings is grey; the
-limestone and freestone are grey; the
-slated roofs are grey. It would require a regiment of
-scarlet Lancers to give colour to the quadrangle.<a name="FNanchor_144_144" id="FNanchor_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnote_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>
-To compare is usually idle, and is often impertinent;
-but it is obviously impossible to find, in an <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">enceinte</i>
-of hard upon thirty acres, the warmth and wealth of
-treatment, the perfection of finish, the fulness and
-richness of detail, that are so happily realised when
-the tender care of half-a-dozen centuries has been
-devoted to the adornment of a single quadrangle, to
-the artistic treatment of two or three acres of ground. And it must be remembered that all
-that we now see in Trinity College is the work of little over a century of most diligent and
-most faithful care. For some hundred and fifty years after the foundation of the University,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span><br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span>
-the buildings of the new College seemed to have sufficed for the accommodation of the
-students; but in October, 1751, a petition of the Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of the
-College of Dublin to the Irish Parliament set forth “That the said College does not contain
-chambers sufficient for lodging the number of young gentlemen who, for several years past,
-have been sent thither for education, and that many of the buildings of the said College
-are, from length of time, become ruinous, and are not capable of being restored; that by
-the Statutes of the College no provision is made for new buildings, or for any other than
-the annual repairs of the buildings originally provided, notwithstanding which the petitioners
-have expended several large sums, which by great care they have saved out of the ordinary
-expenses of the College, on necessary public buildings, and to increase the number of
-chambers for the reception of students.” Five thousand pounds were granted by Parliament
-in response to this petition, and the money was expended on the necessary buildings. Two
-years afterwards (1753) we find a further sum of ten thousand pounds placed at the disposal
-of the College authorities by the Irish Government. The money was spent, and well spent,
-on building. And a further petition, on the 1st of November, 1755, was presented to
-George II., and a further grant of twenty thousand pounds made to the College to enable them
-to rebuild the West Front. In 1757, the College authorities appear once more as petitioners
-to Parliament, stating that they have, with all possible expedition and care, finished the
-said north side for which former grants had been made, and are now rebuilding the front,
-for which further funds were needed; and a further and final sum of ten thousand pounds
-was then placed at their disposal by His Majesty’s Government. And the College accounts
-show that between 1752 and 1763 a gross sum of £48,820 had been expended on the work
-of construction.</p>
-</div>
-
-    </div>
-
-
-        <div class="handonly">
-
-    <div class="figleft">
-    <img src="images/i_202.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-    <div class="caption">
-    <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelopsis veitchii.</i></div>
-    </div>
-
-    <p class="noindent">The most distinguishing characteristic, from a material point of view, of Trinity College as
-    it now stands in the heart of the City of Dublin, is perhaps that of spaciousness. It is the
-    College of magnificent distances; for a space of over twenty-eight acres is enclosed by the
-    outermost walls&mdash;twenty-eight acres of granite and of green sward, of park and plantation,
-    of shrubbery and wilderness, of noble buildings and of uninteresting enclosures. Like most
-    people and many places, Trinity College has what the French call <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">les défauts de ses qualités</i>.
-    With abundant elbow-room, yet not
-    without a touch of dreariness; with a
-    site unsurpassed in any modern city, and
-    needing nothing but variety in elevation,
-    and running water, to make it unrivalled
-    in the world&mdash;its very vastness makes
-    it somewhat bare, its very dignity makes
-    it somewhat cold, its very spaciousness
-    makes it somewhat scattered. The
-    granite of its buildings is grey; the
-    limestone and freestone are grey; the
-    slated roofs are grey. It would require a regiment of
-    scarlet Lancers to give colour to the quadrangle.<a name="FNanchorx_144_144" id="FNanchorx_144_144"></a><a href="#Footnotex_144_144" class="fnanchor">[144]</a>
-    To compare is usually idle, and is often impertinent;
-    but it is obviously impossible to find, in an <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">enceinte</i>
-    of hard upon thirty acres, the warmth and wealth of
-    treatment, the perfection of finish, the fulness and
-    richness of detail, that are so happily realised when
-    the tender care of half-a-dozen centuries has been
-    devoted to the adornment of a single quadrangle, to
-    the artistic treatment of two or three acres of ground. And it must be remembered that all
-    that we now see in Trinity College is the work of little over a century of most diligent and
-    most faithful care. For some hundred and fifty years after the foundation of the University,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_191" id="Pagex_191">[191]</a></span>
-    the buildings of the new College seemed to have sufficed for the accommodation of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_192" id="Pagex_192">[192]</a></span>
-    students; but in October, 1751, a petition of the Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of the
-    College of Dublin to the Irish Parliament set forth “That the said College does not contain
-    chambers sufficient for lodging the number of young gentlemen who, for several years past,
-    have been sent thither for education, and that many of the buildings of the said College
-    are, from length of time, become ruinous, and are not capable of being restored; that by
-    the Statutes of the College no provision is made for new buildings, or for any other than
-    the annual repairs of the buildings originally provided, notwithstanding which the petitioners
-    have expended several large sums, which by great care they have saved out of the ordinary
-    expenses of the College, on necessary public buildings, and to increase the number of
-    chambers for the reception of students.” Five thousand pounds were granted by Parliament
-    in response to this petition, and the money was expended on the necessary buildings. Two
-    years afterwards (1753) we find a further sum of ten thousand pounds placed at the disposal
-    of the College authorities by the Irish Government. The money was spent, and well spent,
-    on building. And a further petition, on the 1st of November, 1755, was presented to
-    George II., and a further grant of twenty thousand pounds made to the College to enable them
-    to rebuild the West Front. In 1757, the College authorities appear once more as petitioners
-    to Parliament, stating that they have, with all possible expedition and care, finished the
-    said north side for which former grants had been made, and are now rebuilding the front,
-    for which further funds were needed; and a further and final sum of ten thousand pounds
-    was then placed at their disposal by His Majesty’s Government. And the College accounts
-    show that between 1752 and 1763 a gross sum of £48,820 had been expended on the work
-    of construction.</p>
-
-        </div>
-
-
-<p>Of the buildings that were erected in Trinity College at the end of the sixteenth
-century, we have neither roof nor foundation now remaining. Of the still older buildings
-that stood on Hoggen Green in 1583, we have neither trace nor exact record, beyond
-that they contained a church, a steeple, a building with a vault under it, and the spytor
-already alluded to.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_203.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-TRINITY COLLEGE&mdash;WEST FRONT.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In a curious old print, however, of the beginning of the eighteenth century, some
-buildings are figured abutting upon the Library, and running westwards in the direction of
-the present Theatre, which were probably a portion of the old buildings erected in 1594.
-The lines of the Cistercian Monastery are supposed by Mr. Drew, the accomplished
-architect of the University, to have been a square, of which the south side occupied the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span>
-site now partially covered by the Theatre, and extending to the north about half way across
-the present main quadrangle of Parliament Square. That a sixteenth-century College should
-retain no stone of sixteenth-century masonry is certainly regrettable. But what is far more
-remarkable is, that of the presumably more appropriate and substantial structures which
-were in existence when William of Orange landed at Torbay, not a vestige is standing
-at the present time. And of the noble buildings which now compose the College, by far
-the greater part is no older than the reign of King George III.</p>
-
-<p>The University has ever been, as it is, one of the few entirely satisfactory and
-successful institutions planted by England in the sister isle, and it has ever promoted
-sound learning and religious education; but architecture, or even good building, was for the
-first century and a-half of its existence most certainly not its strong point. Nor has Irish
-artistic feeling at any time been commonly expressed in Architecture. Ireland has given to
-the Empire soldiers and statesmen, poets and orators, philosophers and divines, men of
-science and men of action, governors, ministers, judges, in numbers and in eminence quite
-out of proportion to her population and her advantages. But of architects of the first or
-even of the second class, no Irishman has inscribed his name on the roll of honour as a
-designer of great works at home or abroad. The domestic architecture and the national
-ecclesiastical style of building is poor, mean, and uninteresting; and although Dublin to-day
-is adorned with many handsome structures, none of them can be said to have any peculiarly
-national characteristics, and of the most important now existing, none are the work of
-native architects. Gandon, who built the Custom House and part of the Houses of
-Parliament, was a Frenchman; Cooly, who designed the Exchange and the Four Courts,
-was an Englishman;<a name="FNanchor_145_145" id="FNanchor_145_145"></a><a href="#Footnote_145_145" class="fnanchor">[145]</a> Cassels, who did some of the best eighteenth-century work in Trinity
-College, was a German; Sir William Chambers, who designed the Theatre and the Chapel
-in Parliament Square, and who was perhaps the greatest British architect of the eighteenth
-century, was a Scotchman.<a name="FNanchor_146_146" id="FNanchor_146_146"></a><a href="#Footnote_146_146" class="fnanchor">[146]</a> Nor does the architect, native or foreign, appear to have been
-held in honour at the University a hundred and fifty years ago. The very name of the
-designer of the admirable west front of the College is forgotten, unrecorded even in the
-College accounts; and the architect of the Provost’s House, who bore the very Saxon name<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span>
-of Smith, is stated to have received a fee of £22 15s. for his services. The art could
-scarcely flourish on such very slender patronage! But whoever the designers may have
-been, and however remunerated, the College builders of the seventeenth century must have
-been grossly incompetent. For though work of various kinds seems to have been in
-constant progress from 1592 to the beginning of the eighteenth century, we find in 1751
-that many of the buildings had, from length of time, become ruinous, and were not even
-capable of being restored. Nor does any great improvement appear even in the eighteenth
-century. The new Dining Hall, put up in 1740, had to be taken down to prevent its tumbling
-about the students’ ears in 1750; and the Bell Tower, completed only in 1746, at a cost of
-nearly £4,000, was “removed” in 1791, as already, after a life of only five-and-forty years,
-it was “entirely unsafe.” But in the last half-century very different work has been done.
-The noble Campanile, erected in 1853, is at once admirable in design and most solid in
-construction, and, above all, most appropriately placed. The New Square, which covers a
-part of what was once suggestively termed the Wilderness, is irreproachable, if not very
-interesting in design and workmanship; and the Venetian Palace that forms its southern
-side affords some of that colour and variety which is so sadly wanting in other parts of
-the College, and is in itself a structure that would command admiration in any town or
-country. And the new buildings of the Medical School, if plain and unpretentious, are
-simple and appropriate and dignified in design, and their cut granite looks well fitted to
-last for a thousand years.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_207.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE PROVOST’S HOUSE, FROM GRAFTON STREET.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE PROVOST’S HOUSE.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Provost’s House is commonly said to be a copy of a design by Lord Burlington
-for General Wade’s house in Piccadilly. General, or rather Field-Marshal Wade was a
-notable person in his day. He put down the Glasgow Riots in 1727, and did much towards
-the pacification of Scotland by the construction of the celebrated military roads in the
-Highlands. He also commanded the English army in Lancashire and Yorkshire at the
-time of the Pretender’s invasion of England in 1745. His house, which was built in 1723,
-was not in Piccadilly, nor in any street leading out of it, but in Cork Street, extending back
-as far as Old Burlington Street; and on Marshal Wade’s death in 1748 it was sold by
-auction, according to Horace Walpole,<a name="FNanchor_147_147" id="FNanchor_147_147"></a><a href="#Footnote_147_147" class="fnanchor">[147]</a> to Lord Chesterfield, and seems afterwards to have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span>
-been the town house of the Marquess Cornwallis, and known as Cornwallis House.<a name="FNanchor_148_148" id="FNanchor_148_148"></a><a href="#Footnote_148_148" class="fnanchor">[148]</a> And in
-1826 it was added to, and included with Sir Thomas Neaves’ house, next door, as the
-Burlington Hotel, now Nos. 19, and 20, Cork Street.<a name="FNanchor_149_149" id="FNanchor_149_149"></a><a href="#Footnote_149_149" class="fnanchor">[149]</a> The façade and ground plan of
-Lord Burlington’s design is given by Campbell, Moore, and Gandon in their <cite>Vitruvius
-Britannicus</cite>, vol. iii., plate 10; and the house is there said to be in Great Burlington Street
-(now Old Burlington Street), a much older street than Cork Street. Marshal Wade’s house
-has been scarcely altered since it was built in the eighteenth century; his arms are still
-over the front entrance in the court, and the interior is characteristic and interesting.<a name="FNanchor_150_150" id="FNanchor_150_150"></a><a href="#Footnote_150_150" class="fnanchor">[150]</a> The
-working plans of the Dublin house were prepared by a local architect of the name of
-Smith; and he received for his work, as already mentioned, the modest sum of £22 15s., as
-is shown by the College accounts for 1759.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The mansion stands on the east side of Grafton Street, about twenty yards from the
-western side of the Parliament Square. The main entrance is from Grafton Street, through
-a spacious courtyard, enclosed by a granite wall 310 feet in length, and is entered by a
-handsome gateway. There is a private corridor, or covered way, which connects the house
-directly with Parliament Square within the walls of the College. The façade is of granite,
-finely ashlared. The ground story is of icicled and rusticated work, over which a range of
-Doric pilasters, with their architrave, frieze, and cornice supporting a high pitched roof with
-no eave. In the principal story are five windows, with balusters beneath, arranged two on
-either side of a large Venetian window, with columns and ornaments of the Tuscan order.
-The interior of the house is original and interesting; the hall and ante-hall are spacious
-and dignified; the circular staircase, which is lighted by a lofty domed skylight, leads up
-to a fine suite of apartments. On the ground floor, with an entrance from the hall, and
-approached through an ante-room, is the large dining-room, which is now used as the
-Provost’s Library and as the Board-room, where the Provost and Senior Fellows assemble
-in council to deliberate upon the administration and government of the College. In this
-room and in the ante-room is a collection of portraits of all the Provosts, from the time of
-Adam Loftus to Dr. MacDonnell, and of many of the distinguished Fellows and Professors
-of the College, and other important personages connected with the University. On the
-staircase is a portrait of George I., by Sir Godfrey Kneller; another of George III., by
-Allan Ramsay; and one of Hugh Boulter, Archbishop of Armagh, painted by Bindon for
-the Foundling Hospital. All these are full-length portraits. The most interesting picture
-in the house is, perhaps, a half-length portrait of Queen Elizabeth, by Zucchero, hanging
-in the large drawing-room; where there is also a full-length portrait by Gainsborough&mdash;the
-artistic gem of the collection&mdash;of John Russell, Duke of Bedford, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,
-1757, and Chancellor of the University of Dublin. There is also in the drawing-room a
-half-length portrait of Archbishop Ussher, one of the earliest Fellows of the College
-(Professor of Divinity, 1607; Vice-Chancellor of the University, 1614; and Archbishop of
-Armagh, 1624), and buried, like Primate Boulter, in Westminster Abbey. In the Provost’s
-apartments on the ground floor is a picture of Adam Loftus, Archbishop of Dublin and
-Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1567, and first Provost of Trinity College, 1592, by an unknown
-artist, as well as a copy of the same by Cregan; and a head of Archbishop Ussher. There
-are two portraits said to be of Samuel Winter, the Puritan Provost appointed by Cromwell
-in 1562, but possibly portraits of Luke Challoner, one of the more distinguished founders<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span>
-of the University. There are also portraits of Sir William Temple, Provost of Trinity
-College, 1609; John Stearne, M.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1660; Michael Ward, D.D.,
-Provost, 1674, Vice-Chancellor of the University, 1678; Anthony Dopping, D.D., Fellow of
-Trinity College, 1662; Narcissus Marsh, Provost of Trinity College, 1678; St. George Ashe,
-D.D., Provost, 1692; Peter Browne, D.D., Provost, 1699; H.R.H. George, Prince of Wales,
-Chancellor of the University of Dublin, 1715; Sir Hans Sloane, Bart., M.D. of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span>
-University of Dublin, who died in 1752; Sir Philip Tisdall, Privy Councillor and M.P. for
-the University, 1739; William Clements, M.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1733, M.P. 1761;
-Francis Andrews, LL.D., Provost, 1758, by Antonio Maroni; Bryan Robinson, M.D., Regius
-Professor of Physic in the University, 1745, by Wilson; John Hely Hutchinson, LL.D.,
-Provost, 1774, and Secretary of State for Ireland, by Peacock; Richard Murray, D.D.
-Provost, 1795, by Cumming; Hugh Hamilton, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1751; Henry
-Dalzac, D.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1760; John Forsayeth, D.D., Fellow of Trinity
-College, 1762; John Kearney, D.D., Provost, 1799, by Cumming; Matthew Young, D.D.,
-Fellow of Trinity College, 1775; George Hall, D.D., Provost, 1806, by Cumming; Arthur
-Browne, LL.D., Fellow of Trinity College, 1777, by Hamilton; Thomas Elrington, D.D.,
-Provost, 1811, by Foster; Bartholomew Lloyd, D.D., Provost, 1831, by Campanile; Samuel
-Kyle, D.D., Provost, 1820; Franc Sadleir, D.D., Provost, 1837; Richard MacDonnell, D.D.,
-Provost, 1852, by Catterson Smith.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_209.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-DRAWING ROOM, PROVOST’S HOUSE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The various offices attached to the house are conveniently disposed in the wings, the
-height of the ground story. The rooms at the back of the mansion look out upon a large
-lawn and pleasure-ground, beyond which are the Fellows’ Garden and the College Park.
-From the windows of the house to the Cricket Pavilion at the further end of the Park is
-nearly a quarter of a mile of green sward, a noble expanse in the heart of a great city.
-The only intervening structure is a small building of Portland stone, of pseudo Greek or
-classical design&mdash;the Magnetical Observatory. This little temple of modern science was
-built in the year 1837 at the instigation of the celebrated mathematician, Dr. Humphrey
-Lloyd, afterwards (1867) Provost of Trinity College; and at the time of its completion in
-1838 it was the only observatory specifically devoted to magnetic research&mdash;with the
-exception of that at Greenwich, under the direction of the Astronomer-Royal&mdash;in the United
-Kingdom. And it was here that Dr. Lloyd conducted those numerous and most interesting
-experiments, of which the results were communicated to many successive meetings of the
-British Association. The building itself, in the Doric order of architecture, was erected
-under the superintendence and from the design of Mr. Frederic Darley, of Dublin. The
-front elevation is not ungraceful, being partly copied from an Athenian model. But the
-architectural beauty of the rest of the building has been sacrificed to the scientific necessities
-of the interior, and the result is very far from satisfactory as a work of art. It stands in
-latitude 53° 21′ N. and longitude 16° 6′ W. It is forty feet in length by thirty feet in width,
-constructed of Portland stone, the interior being of the calpe, or argillaceous limestone of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span>
-the valley of Dublin. Several specimens of each of these stones were submitted to severe
-tests, and found to be entirely devoid of any magnetic influence. To preserve a uniform
-temperature, and also as a protection from damp, the walls are studded internally. The nails
-employed in the wood-work are all of copper, and all locks and metal work of every kind
-throughout the building of brass or gun metal. No iron, of course, was used in any part
-of the work. The interior is divided into one principal room and two smaller rooms,
-lighted by a dome at the top, and by one window at either end of the building.</p>
-
-<p>A complete account of this Observatory within and without, and of the numerous and
-most interesting instruments which it contains, will be found in <cite>An Account of the Magnetical
-Observatory of Dublin, and of the Instruments and Methods of Observation employed there</cite>, by
-the Rev. Humphrey Lloyd, D.D., University Press, 1842.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">WEST FRONT.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The principal or west front of Trinity College, looking on to Grafton Street, College
-Green, and the old Houses of Parliament, now occupied by the Bank of Ireland, is a
-Palladian façade three hundred feet in length and sixty-five feet in height, occupying the
-whole of the eastern side of the large paved space which is still called College Green. The
-centre or principal <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">corps de logis</i> is one hundred feet in length. The entablature is
-supported by four detached columns with Corinthian capitals; and a bold but simple
-pediment surmounts the whole. At either corner is a square pilaster with a Corinthian
-capital. The building is continued on either side of this centre to a distance of seventy feet
-of plain and unadorned construction; the ground story of rustic ashlar, the remainder of
-fine cut granite. The north and south extremities of this great front are formed by two
-square pavilions rising above the height of the wings, and projecting about ten feet from
-the curtain line. The pavilions are pierced by four handsome Palladian windows, in the
-north and west and in the south and west fronts respectively; and the construction is
-ornamented at the projecting angles by coupled pilasters of the Corinthian order, supporting
-an attic story, surmounted by a very satisfactory balustrade. In the entire façade are fifty-one
-windows regularly disposed, giving light to four stories of rooms. According to the original
-plan the centre of the building was to have been crowned by a dome, and the abandonment
-of what might have given additional nobility to the whole is said to have been merely due<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span>
-to want of sufficient funds. But the elevation as it is, is not wanting in dignity; and though
-somewhat severe in its outlines, it gives the impression at once of simplicity without
-meanness, of solidity without heaviness, and of richness without extravagance of detail.</p>
-
-
-    <div class="screenonly">
-
-<div class="left fs70 pad4">TOP OF STAIRCASE, REGENT’S HALL.</div>
-
-<div class="i_212">
-    <div id="block212-1">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block212-2">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<p>The principal masonry is of finely grained and dressed granite, quarried in the
-mountainous district of the County Dublin.
-The columns and pilasters which support
-the entablature are throughout of Portland
-stone. The ashlaring is entirely of fine
-granite. The only independent ornamentation
-is in the form of rich wreaths of fruit
-and flowers, carved in bold relief above and
-below the large centre window and the
-windows in the pavilion. In the centre of
-this west front is a handsome doorway,
-surmounted by a circular arch, and immediately
-within is an octagonal
-vestibule with a groined and
-vaulted roof. On the left of
-the entrance is the porter’s
-lodge. The entire length of
-this doubly vaulted gateway is
-seventy-two feet. The interior
-or eastern front of the building,
-facing the quadrangle, is
-simpler, but on similar lines to
-that already described as facing
-the street. The pavilions, however,
-are wanting in the eastern
-front, their place being taken
-by the adjoining buildings looking to the north and the south, forming an angle with the
-front, and making three sides of the incomplete quadrangle to which the principal doorway
-affords an entrance. Above the great gateway, in the centre of the façade, with windows
-looking both to the west over College Green and to the east over the great square of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span><br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span>
-College, is a large room or hall, at first used as a Regent House for the meetings of Masters
-of Arts, afterwards as a Museum, and from the transfer of the specimens to the new Museum
-in the College Park in 1876 as an Examination Hall. This fine room is reached by a
-spacious staircase from the great gateway of the College. It is sixty-two feet long by
-forty-six feet broad, well lighted, but somewhat bare. Three pictures are hung on the
-walls&mdash;one of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Napier, Lord Chancellor of Ireland and
-Vice-Chancellor
-of the University
-in 1867, in his
-state robes; a
-poor picture of
-the great Bishop
-Berkeley; and a
-pleasant portrait
-of Dr. William
-Hales, sometime
-Fellow of Trinity College, painted
-in 1769.</p>
-</div>
-
-    </div>
-
-
-        <div class="handonly">
-
-    <div class="figleft">
-    <img src="images/i_212.jpg" width="350" alt="" />
-    <div class="caption">
-    TOP OF STAIRCASE, REGENT’S HALL.</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <p>The principal masonry is of finely grained and dressed granite, quarried in the
-    mountainous district of the County Dublin.
-    The columns and pilasters which support
-    the entablature are throughout of Portland
-    stone. The ashlaring is entirely of fine
-    granite. The only independent ornamentation
-    is in the form of rich wreaths of fruit
-    and flowers, carved in bold relief above and
-    below the large centre window and the
-    windows in the pavilion. In the centre of
-    this west front is a handsome doorway,
-    surmounted by a circular arch, and immediately
-    within is an octagonal
-    vestibule with a groined and
-    vaulted roof. On the left of
-    the entrance is the porter’s
-    lodge. The entire length of
-    this doubly vaulted gateway is
-    seventy-two feet. The interior
-    or eastern front of the building,
-    facing the quadrangle, is
-    simpler, but on similar lines to
-    that already described as facing
-    the street. The pavilions, however,
-    are wanting in the eastern
-    front, their place being taken
-    by the adjoining buildings looking to the north and the south, forming an angle with the
-    front, and making three sides of the incomplete quadrangle to which the principal doorway
-    affords an entrance. Above the great gateway, in the centre of the façade, with windows
-    looking both to the west over College Green and to the east over the great square of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_201" id="Pagex_201">[201]</a></span>
-    College, is a large room or hall, at first used as a Regent House for the meetings of Masters<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_202" id="Pagex_202">[202]</a></span>
-    of Arts, afterwards as a Museum, and from the transfer of the specimens to the new Museum
-    in the College Park in 1876 as an Examination Hall. This fine room is reached by a
-    spacious staircase from the great gateway of the College. It is sixty-two feet long by
-    forty-six feet broad, well lighted, but somewhat bare. Three pictures are hung on the
-    walls&mdash;one of the Right Honourable Sir Joseph Napier, Lord Chancellor of Ireland and
-    Vice-Chancellor
-    of the University
-    in 1867, in his
-    state robes; a
-    poor picture of
-    the great Bishop
-    Berkeley; and a
-    pleasant portrait
-    of Dr. William
-    Hales, sometime
-    Fellow of Trinity College, painted
-    in 1769.</p>
-
-        </div>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_213.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-PARLIAMENT AND LIBRARY SQUARES.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-    <div class="screenonly">
-
-<div class="p1 left fs70 pad4">LIBRARY SQUARE.</div>
-
-<div class="i_214">
-    <div id="block214-1">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block214-2">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block214-3">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<p>The name of the accomplished
-architect who designed the west
-façade of the College is, strange to
-say, lost to history; but we know
-at least that Sir William Chambers,
-the architect of Somerset House, designed the buildings
-looking on Parliament Square, as well as the fronts of
-the Theatre and Chapel, and that the work was carried
-out from his drawings&mdash;for he never visited Ireland&mdash;by
-his very accomplished assistant, a Lancashire artist of the name of Mayers, who also designed
-and superintended the internal decorations of the Theatre and the Chapel. There is good
-reason to suppose that some of the ornamental work of the façade, by whomsoever originally
-designed, was carried out by Smith, the modest architect or handicraftsman who prepared
-the plans for the Provost’s House in 1759. There are two large clocks&mdash;separate timepieces&mdash;placed
-over the inner and outer pediments of the façade respectively, showing the time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>
-within and without the College. They are built upon horizontal cast-iron plates, with 7in.
-main wheels, dead beat escapements, and electro-magnetic seconds. The pendulums are
-connected by wire with the Observatory at Dunsink. The time is indicated upon cast-iron
-dials, enamelled dark blue, and each 6ft. 6in. in diameter. Both these clocks were placed
-in their present position in 1878.</p>
-</div>
-
-    </div>
-
-
-        <div class="handonly">
-
-    <div class="figleft">
-    <img src="images/i_214.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-    <div class="caption">
-    LIBRARY SQUARE.</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <p>The name of the accomplished
-    architect who designed the west
-    façade of the College is, strange to
-    say, lost to history; but we know
-    at least that Sir William Chambers,
-    the architect of Somerset House, designed the buildings
-    looking on Parliament Square, as well as the fronts of
-    the Theatre and Chapel, and that the work was carried
-    out from his drawings&mdash;for he never visited Ireland&mdash;by
-    his very accomplished assistant, a Lancashire artist of the name of Mayers, who also designed
-    and superintended the internal decorations of the Theatre and the Chapel. There is good
-    reason to suppose that some of the ornamental work of the façade, by whomsoever originally
-    designed, was carried out by Smith, the modest architect or handicraftsman who prepared
-    the plans for the Provost’s House in 1759. There are two large clocks&mdash;separate timepieces&mdash;placed
-    over the inner and outer pediments of the façade respectively, showing the time<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_203" id="Pagex_203">[203]</a></span>
-    within and without the College. They are built upon horizontal cast-iron plates, with 7in.
-    main wheels, dead beat escapements, and electro-magnetic seconds. The pendulums are
-    connected by wire with the Observatory at Dunsink. The time is indicated upon cast-iron
-    dials, enamelled dark blue, and each 6ft. 6in. in diameter. Both these clocks were placed
-    in their present position in 1878.</p>
-
-        </div>
-
-
-<p>The noble expanse of ground that is enclosed by the principal buildings of the
-College is too large to be called a quadrangle, being six hundred and ten feet long, by
-three hundred and forty feet broad, at the widest part, and it is too irregular in shape to
-be called a square. It is the survival of at least five more ancient and less spacious
-enclosures&mdash;(1) the Old Square,<a name="FNanchor_151_151" id="FNanchor_151_151"></a><a href="#Footnote_151_151" class="fnanchor">[151]</a> built in 1685, and taken down in 1751 to make room for the
-present handsome granite buildings known as Parliament Square, in grateful memory of
-the source from which the funds had been provided for the building; the Library Square, built
-in 1698, and the oldest portion of the College buildings now in existence, and which was
-itself divided into two quadrangles (2 and 3) by some new buildings standing east and west,
-which were taken down in the middle of the eighteenth century. The space between the
-present Dining Hall and the Fellows’ Garden was also divided into two quadrangles (4 and 5)
-by the old Hall and the old Chapel, which formed a continuation of these departed “New
-Buildings” to the westward, as far as the centre of Parliament Square.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE CHAPEL.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The front of the Chapel, designed by Sir William Chambers, and erected between
-1787 and 1789, at a cost of £22,000, is similar to that of the Theatre that stands opposite.
-Facing due south, it is ninety-six feet wide, with a deep and very handsome tetrastyle
-portico, forty-eight feet wide, of the Roman Corinthian order, immediately within which is
-a narthex or ante-chapel, in which is the main doorway of the building. The interior of
-the Chapel is eighty feet in length, exclusive of a semicircular apse six feet in diameter,
-at the north end. It is forty feet wide and forty-four feet high, having an organ loft and
-semicircular gallery over the entrance, of good carved oak. In the choir are four ranges
-of seats, rising gradually from the aisle to the side walls. The back row of stalls at the west<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span>
-and east sides are appropriated to the Fellows and Professors. The walls are wainscoted
-with finely polished oak panels to the height of twelve feet, over which is a broad surbase,
-from which spring the plain round-headed windows. The woodwork is elaborately carved,
-and cost over £5,300. The piers between the windows are ornamented with coupled pilasters,
-fluted, of the Ionic order, surmounted by an ornamented frieze and cornice. From the latter
-springs the coved and groined ceiling, which is painted and enriched with florid stucco
-ornaments of Italian design, similar to those employed in the same position in the Theatre.
-The ceiling of the Chapel is, however, somewhat more elaborate in design. In the year
-1817, the number of students resident within the walls of the College increased to such an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span>
-extent, that to afford accommodation for the necessarily increased attendance at Chapel, an
-iron gallery was put up along the east and west walls of the building. This was removed
-in 1872, when the floor of the Chapel was laid in black and red tiles of good design,
-and the marble steps and rails before the Communion Table were presented by the Provost,
-Dr. Humphrey Lloyd. At the same time, the oil lamps that were fitted to the fine brass
-chandeliers that hung from the east and west walls were replaced by gas burners. In
-the apse are three large round-headed windows, without tracery or ornamentation, which
-have recently been filled with painted glass. That on the north-west, representing the
-Recapitulation of the Law by Moses, and the Restoration under Solomon, was erected in
-memory of Dr. Richard Graves, by his son and other relations, in 1865. The window
-facing north-east was erected in memory of the great Bishop Berkeley by the Right
-Hon. R. R. Warren, when Attorney-General for Ireland, in 1867.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_216.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE CHAPEL.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The central window directly over the Communion Table was erected in memory of
-Archbishop Ussher by Dr. Butcher, Bishop of Meath, in 1869. This window was painted
-in Munich, and the price, £300, which was paid by Dr. Butcher, was one quarter’s salary
-of the Regius Professorship of Divinity, of which office he continued for three months to
-perform the duties, after his consecration as Bishop of Meath. Partly over the narthex or
-ante-chapel, in the deep recess under the portico, and partly over the stalls of the
-Provost and Senior Fellows, is the spacious organ gallery, in which is placed the organ.
-When the present Chapel was approaching completion, a commission was given to Green,
-the favourite organ-builder of George III., to provide an instrument suitable for the new
-building. The price was to be five hundred guineas. And an instrument sweet rather
-than powerful in tone, like most of Green’s, was accordingly placed in the organ loft. All
-that now remains of this organ of Green’s is the present choir manual of only four stops.
-On account of the beauty of its stopt diapason (deep, and not deformed by the usual
-quintation effect), the Board retained this choir organ manual, but they were induced in
-1838 to abandon the remainder to Telford, a local builder, who sold it to the Church at
-Durrow, Queen’s County, where Mr. Flower, subsequently Lord Ashbrook, maintained for
-some time a choir and the Cathedral service. In its place in the College Chapel, Telford
-put up a Great Organ and Swell Organ, which were used in conjunction with Green’s older
-manual and an imperfect pedal organ. In 1879 these two manuals and the pedals were
-enlarged, altered, and greatly improved, and further additions were made by Hill &amp; Son,
-of London; and the mahogany cases of Green’s instrument were enlarged to admit of this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>
-augmentation. The organ as it stands at present contains the following stops, all effective
-and brilliant, but with none of the harshness to be heard in so many organs of the
-present day:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">No. 1.&mdash;Swell Organ (Upper Row of Keys). Compass, double C to F.</td>
-    <td class="bl"></td>
-    <td class="tdc" colspan="2">No. 2.&mdash;Second Manual or Great Organ, CC to F Compass.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Soft Bourdon,</td><td class="tdlz">16 feet&nbsp;tone.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Open Diapason,</td><td class="tdl">8 feet.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Open Diapason,</td><td class="tdl">8 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Stopt Diapason,</td><td class="tdl">8 feet tone.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Dulciana,</td><td class="tdl">8 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Delicate Gamba,</td><td class="tdl">8 (to tenor C only).</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Flute,</td><td class="tdl">4 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Flute,</td><td class="tdl">4 feet.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Principal,</td><td class="tdl">4 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Principal,</td><td class="tdl">4 feet.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Fifteenth,</td><td class="tdl">2 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Fifteenth,</td><td class="tdl">2 feet.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Piccolo,</td><td class="tdl">1 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Mixture (bright tone),</td><td class="tdl">3 ranks.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="2">Soft Mixture of 3 ranks, 12, 15, 17.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Sesqui altera (soft tone),</td><td class="tdl">3 ranks.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Oboe,</td><td class="tdl">8 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Clarionet (to tenor C),</td><td class="tdl">8 feet tone.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Vox humana,</td><td class="tdl">8 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Contra-fagotto,</td><td class="tdlz">16 feet (throughout).</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Trumpet,</td><td class="tdl">8 &nbsp; ” &nbsp; &nbsp; ”</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Trumpet,</td><td class="tdl">8 feet.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">No. 3.&mdash;Old Choir Organ, by Green. Compass, GGG, 12 feet to E in Alt.</td>
-    <td class="bl"></td>
-    <td class="tdc" colspan="2">No. 4.&mdash;Two Octaves and a third, in Compass (Pedal Organ) CC to E.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Stopt Diapason,</td><td class="tdl pad4">8</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Sub-Bass,</td><td class="tdlz">32</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Dulciana,</td><td class="tdl pad4">8</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Double Open Diapason,</td><td class="tdlz">16</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Principal,</td><td class="tdl pad4">4</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Double Stopt Diapason,</td><td class="tdlz">16 feet tone.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Fifteenth,</td><td class="tdl pad4">2</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Open Diapason,</td><td class="tdl">8 feet.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p>Among accessory stops, &amp;c., may be counted three coupling actions, great b pedals,
-swell to pedals, swell to great organ, tremolo by a horizontal bar, three hand-levers for
-shifting stops of the great organ, labelled “<em>ff</em>,” “<em>mf</em>,” and “<em>p</em>.” The choir organ is placed
-behind the performer, like the “Ruck-positif” of Continental examples.</p>
-
-<p>In the ante-Chapel, on either side of the entrance door, are two slabs of white marble
-let into the wall, with the following names inscribed:&mdash;Fr. Sadleir, 1851; Ric. Macdonnell,
-1867; Carol. Wall, 1862; Sam. Kyle, 1848; Henric. Wray, 1847; Thom. Prior, 1843; Steph.
-Sandes, 1842; Francis C. Hodgkinson, 1840; Bart. Lloyd, 1835; Richd. Murray, 1799; Gul.
-Newcome, 1800; Matt. Young, 1800; John Brinkley, 1835; Thom. Elrington, 1835; Geo.
-Hall, 1811; John Law, 1810. These are all buried within the precincts of the Chapel; and
-the slabs were put up by Provost Lloyd, when it was determined that intra-mural burial
-should cease. There are also in this wall ten mural tablets, with Latin inscriptions, to the
-memory of Henricus Wray, ob. 1846; George Hall, 1811; Thomas Elrington, 1835; Geo.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span>
-Longfield, 1818; Stephen Creagh Sandes, 1842; Thos. Prior, 1843; Bartholomew Lloyd,
-1837; Samuel Kyle, 1848; Sam. John McClean, 1829. The only inscription of any peculiar
-interest is to the memory of Bishop Newcome, and runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-
-<p>Ut singularem qua bonas literas literatosque omnes per totum vitæ decursum est prosecutus charitatem
-signaret reliquias suas in cellula huic vestibulo supposita condi voluit amplissimus præsul Gulielmus
-Newcome, D.D., Archiepiscopus Armachanus; Coll. Hertford apud Oxonienses cujus per novennium negocia
-Vice-Præses feliciter administravit. Ab Hiberniæ pro Rege illust. comite de Hertford ad dignitatem evocatus
-episcopalem sedem obtinuit; Dromorensem, Feb., 1766; Ossoriensem, Ap. 1775; Waterford et Lismore, Oct.
-1779; Ardmach totiusque ecclesiæ Hiberniæ Primatum, Mense Januario, 1795. Natus Abingdonæ in com.
-Oxon, April 19, 1729. Educatus in coll. Pembroch Oxon. Decessit, Dublini, Jan. 11, 1800. Pietatem summe
-venerandi antiscitis vitæ morumque sanctitatem ætas in qua vixit agnovit, ingenium scripta declarant.</p></div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">CEMETERIUM.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">In a neglected corner on the outside of the Chapel, looking towards the east, railed in,
-but unprotected from the weather, is a little burying-ground, where may be seen the
-tombs of some few of the Provosts and other distinguished Fellows of the College. Simple
-stone slabs on the ground mark the last resting-place of Dr. Temple, Provost in 1609, and
-of other unnamed and forgotten dignitaries, whose remains were removed from the old
-Chapel when the new building was consecrated in 1798. The inscription on the plain flag
-nearest the entrance is as clear as the day it was cut, and runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">Piae memoriæ sacrum Gulielmi Temple, LL.D., armigeri.</p>
-<p class="verse8">hujusce Collegii Propositi <span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1609</p>
-<p class="verse8">atque aliorum quorum reliquiæ</p>
-<p class="verse8">sub antiquo sacello sepultæ</p>
-<p class="verse8">in hoc Cœmeterium translatæ fuere</p>
-<p class="verse8">Anno Domini 1799.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Next to him lies Richard Andrews&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">Cujus beneficio Observatorium</p>
-<p class="verse0">Astronomicum conditum atque in</p>
-<p class="verse0">perpetuo constitutum fuit.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">He was Provost in 1758, and died in 1774.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The third slab is&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">Piæ Memoriæ sacrum</p>
-<p class="verse0">Ricardi Baldwin S.T.P.</p>
-<p class="verse0">hujusce collegii socii</p>
-<p class="verse0">deinde Prœpositi</p>
-<p class="verse0">postremo munificentissimi benefactoris</p>
-<p class="verse0">In præposituram electus fuit</p>
-<p class="verse6"><span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1717.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Obiit die 30 Septembris</p>
-<p class="verse6"><span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1758.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>A large mural tablet with Corinthian columns and alabaster mantlings, and bearing a
-long and not particularly interesting inscription, is raised to the memory of Dr. Browne, the
-Provost who is said to have been killed by a brickbat thrown in a College riot in 1699.
-The long inscription to his many virtues is silent on this point.</p>
-
-<p>On the left-hand side of Dr. Browne’s pompous monument is a plain stone slab in
-memory of Dr. Stearne, who built the University Printing House, and was in other ways a
-distinguished benefactor of the College. The very curious inscription runs as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="pfs90">
-ΚΑΤΑΡΑ ΕΣΤΙ ΜΗ ΑΠΟΘΑΝΕΙΝ<a name="FNanchor_152_152" id="FNanchor_152_152"></a><a href="#Footnote_152_152" class="fnanchor">[152]</a></p>
-
-<p class="pfs80">Dixit Epictetus, Credidit<br />
-Johannes Stearne<br />
-M. &amp; J. U. D. Collegii SS Indiv.<br />
-Trinitatis Dublin Socius Senior.</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verse0">Medicorū ibidem Præses primus qui natus</p>
-<p class="verse0">fuit Arbrachæ 26 Novembris 1624</p>
-<p class="verse0">Denatus fuit Dublin 18 Novembris 1669,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Cujus exuviæ olim resumendæ hic depositæ sunt.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Philosophus Medicus Sumūs Theologus idem</p>
-<p class="verse2">Sternius hâc, nullus jam, requiescit humo</p>
-<p class="verse0">Scilicet ut regnet, Natura quod edidit unum,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Dividit in partes Mors inimica duas,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Sed modo divisus coalescet Sternius, atque</p>
-<p class="verse2">Ibit ab extremo, totus in astra, die.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>On the right-hand side, and like all the other monuments removed from the old
-Chapel in 1798, is a slab with the following interesting inscription in Latin verse:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="pfs80" lang="la" xml:lang="la">P.M.S. Thomæ Seele, S.T.D. Hujusce Collegii Dignissimi præsidis et instauratoris qui obiit
-Feb 11, Anno Domini MDCLXXIV. Ætatis Suæ LXIII.</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verse0">Nuper ab exilio cum Principe Regna redibant,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Et posuere suas Prælia lassa minas.</p>
-<p class="verse0">His solis deerant tam publica commoda tectis,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Exilium Ars passa est, exiliumque Fides.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Præposuit Seelum Carolus, quo præside Musæ</p>
-<p class="verse2">Proscriptæ veteres incoluere Lares.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Tecta Chalonerus pia condidit, obruta Seelus</p>
-<p class="verse2">Instauravit, erat forte creasse minus.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Magna viri doctrina, modestia magna, ruberet</p>
-<p class="verse2">Si sua perlegeret carmine iusta cinis.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Convenit urna loco, debebaturque Sacello.</p>
-<p class="verse2">Non alio sterni pulvere templa decet.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>And lastly, there is a large tomb, surmounted by a ghost-like effigy of Luke
-Challoner, the real founder of the College in 1592, which occupies the most important place
-in the cheerless little enclosure. The monument, houseless on the destruction of the old
-Chapel, could not apparently find shelter in the new building of 1798. The recumbent
-figure of soft alabaster may once have been a work of art; at a later stage it may have
-been interesting to the antiquarian; at the present day it is merely remarkable as a
-geological specimen, a curious illustration of the grotesque result of the action of water upon
-alabaster, under certain conditions. The simple inscription on the tomb reads as follows:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="pfs80">
-P.M.S.<br />
-Lucæ Chaloner<br />
-qui inter primos socios<br />
-Collegii S.S. Trinitatis.<br />
-A Regina Elizabetha<br />
-Constitutus fuit.<br />
-<span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1592.<br />
-obiit die 27 aprilis, <span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1613.</p>
-
-<p>The shorter the epitaph the greater the man!</p>
-
-<p>The vaults under the Chapel were closed in 1867. Several of the Provosts and
-Senior Fellows were buried in them; the last burial was that of Provost MacDonnell.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE THEATRE.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Examination Hall, or Theatre, as it is more correctly called, was designed by
-Sir William Chambers in 1777, and corresponds in its external appearance exactly with
-that of the Chapel, although its interior arrangement is naturally very different. Ten
-pilasters, with feeble capitals of a tasteless composite order, are disposed round the walls,
-standing each one singly at intervals of twelve feet on a rustic basement ten feet high, and
-supporting a handsome stucco frieze and bold cornice, the work of Italian artists. The
-pilasters themselves are ornamented with stucco scroll-work of florid Roman character. From
-the cornice springs the ceiling, which is also very richly ornamented in stucco, designed,
-modelled, and painted in the same style as the ceiling of the Chapel, by Mayers, under the
-direction of Sir William Chambers. In the five panels on the east side of the Hall are
-placed full-length portraits of Queen Elizabeth, the foundress, in her state robes; of
-Archbishop Ussher, Archbishop King, Bishop Berkeley, and Provost Baldwin.<a name="FNanchor_153_153" id="FNanchor_153_153"></a><a href="#Footnote_153_153" class="fnanchor">[153]</a> In four of
-the panels on the opposite side are portraits of Edmund Burke&mdash;not by Sir Joshua Reynolds,
-as is usually asserted, but by Hoppner; of William Molyneux; of Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare,
-by Stewart (an American artist of some reputation); and of Dean Swift. Under the centre
-panel is placed an elaborate monument (which is represented in the accompanying engraving)
-to Provost Baldwin, who died in 1758. The monument is some nine feet long and about
-six feet high and four feet in depth from the wall, and consists of three figures in white
-marble standing over a sarcophagus of dark porphyry. It is the work of a Dublin artist of
-the name of Hewetson, who executed it at his studio at Rome. The Hall is seventy feet
-long to the base line of the semicircular apse, which extends to a further distance of twenty
-feet, and is forty feet wide and forty-four feet high. It is lighted by three windows in the
-circular apse at the upper end, and by a range of small fan-shaped windows placed over
-the cornice. An elaborate gilt chandelier, designed to hold sixty wax candles, remarkably
-light and graceful in character, and which belonged to the old House of Commons in College
-Green, hangs in the centre of the Hall (<em>see page</em> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>). At the lower end, and over the deep
-portico and doorway, is a room in which is placed a small organ that formerly stood in the
-old Chapel, and which is traditionally said to have been taken out of a Spanish ship which
-formed part of the Armada, and was wrecked on the coast of Ireland.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_223.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-BALDWIN’S MONUMENT.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>But the legend is without form or foundation. The true history of the organ and
-its acquisition, however, is sufficiently interesting to be worth recording. On the 11th of
-October, 1702, a fleet of twenty-five English and Dutch ships of war, under the supreme
-command of Admiral Rooke, having been foiled in an attack on Cadiz, sailed into Vigo
-Bay, where the combined French and Spanish fleets were then collected. A body of 2,500
-soldiers, under the command of Richard, second Duke of Ormonde,<a name="FNanchor_154_154" id="FNanchor_154_154"></a><a href="#Footnote_154_154" class="fnanchor">[154]</a> landed under some
-fortifications eight or nine miles from the town of Vigo, silenced the batteries, and captured
-no less than forty pieces of cannon. A large number of the enemy’s ships were burned and
-sunk by the British fleet, including six great galleons with treasure on board to the extent
-of 14,000,000 pieces of eight; and a number of vessels of all kinds were taken as prizes.
-Among them was a ship containing, carefully packed as part of her freight, an organ
-destined in all probability for Mexico or Peru&mdash;the gift, it may be, of his most Catholic
-Majesty Philip the Fifth to some favoured church in Spanish America. Rooke declined to
-attack the town, and sailed away with his prizes to England. He was tried by court-martial
-on his arrival, and honourably acquitted, and lived to earn undying fame two years later
-by the taking of Gibraltar. But the Duke of Ormonde enjoyed all the credit of the victory
-at Vigo,<a name="FNanchor_155_155" id="FNanchor_155_155"></a><a href="#Footnote_155_155" class="fnanchor">[155]</a> and was soon after appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1703), when he
-presented the organ, so strangely acquired, to Trinity College, Dublin. There was a solemn
-Thanksgiving Service at St. Paul’s in honour of Ormonde’s victory, at which Queen Anne
-was present, and a medal was struck in commemoration of the event, of which an example
-may be seen in the College Library. The organ is said to have been originally built in the
-Spanish Netherlands, and was repaired and enlarged in Dublin by Cuvillie in 1705, before
-it was placed in the old Chapel. But the instrument that now stands in the gallery of the
-Theatre is not the organ as it was presented by the Duke of Ormonde, or even as it left
-the hands of Cuvillie. “When the University Choral Society,” writes Sir Robert Stewart,
-“was founded (1837), they resolved to erect an organ for their accompaniments; and by the
-aid of the Lord Primate, who contributed £50 to the cost, this was done, and an instrument
-of two rows of keys and pedals was placed at the north end of the Commons Hall about
-1839. But the Society, finding it useless for their purpose, sold it to the Board, who were
-glad to remove it from the space which was required for Commons, Examinations, and
-Lectures. The organ case which stands in the gallery of the Examination Hall contains at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>
-present the pipes of the organ built by Telford for the University Choral Society in 1839.
-All the old Spanish pipes having been removed from its interior, the case closely resembles
-all those organs built in the eighteenth century, a familiar type abounding in cherubs,
-heraldic mantlings, rococo scroll-work, all being surmounted by the Royal Arms.”<a name="FNanchor_156_156" id="FNanchor_156_156"></a><a href="#Footnote_156_156" class="fnanchor">[156]</a></p>
-
-<p>Another more modern legend connected with this Theatre may be worth recording.
-When George IV. visited Dublin, he was entertained, as it was fitting that he should be, by
-the University. And to make his way plainer from the Provost’s House to the Theatre,
-where the Degrees were conferred in his presence, a part of the wall of the apse facing the
-Provost’s House, where his Majesty was received, was removed, and the grand procession
-entered the Hall without the necessity of going round to the main doorway. The masonry
-on the outside of the Hall still bears evidence of the destruction and restoration that was
-necessitated by this most loyal smoothing of the path of the royal guest.</p>
-
-<p>One of the greatest improvements of recent times in the College precincts&mdash;a happy
-artistic inspiration&mdash;has been effected at comparatively small cost either of money or of
-trouble. In matters of art and taste, when the right thing is done, the result is commonly
-quite out of proportion to the material magnitude of the work. In the spring of 1892, the
-low granite wall, with its high iron railing, which ran from the north-east corner of the
-Library Buildings to the side of the Examination Hall, was moved back some fifty feet. As
-it stood before, it not only broke in upon the fine eastern façade of the Examination Hall,
-ninety feet in length, but it entirely concealed the lower story of the western end of the
-Library, and blocked up the main door of that building; and its lines were as meaningless
-and inappropriate as they are now harmonious and satisfactory. The actual amount of
-ground thus thrown into the quadrangle is only about five hundred square yards, or perhaps
-one-fiftieth part of the total area of the great square of the College. But it would be
-difficult to find a unit to express the magnitude of the improvement.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE CAMPANILE.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The old Hall, which extended from the present Campanile in the direction of the
-College gate, and parallel to the Library, had a plain end towards the west, in which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span>
-the doorway. The view of the Hall from the gateway being somewhat unsightly, a sum
-of £600 was bequeathed to the College by Dean Pratt, formerly Provost, for the purpose of
-having an ornamental front erected at this end of the Hall; and Dr. Gilbert had also left
-by his will a further sum of £500 towards the building of a new Belfry. The Board
-accordingly employed Mr. Cassels to furnish a design for the combination of the two objects.
-The building was commenced in 1740, and in 1746 the new front to the Hall, with a Bell
-Tower surmounted by a dome and lantern, was completed, at a total cost of £3,886: and in
-1747 the great Bell of the College, which had been cast at Gloucester in 1742, and which
-weighs nearly 37 cwt., was then hung in this Tower.<a name="FNanchor_157_157" id="FNanchor_157_157"></a><a href="#Footnote_157_157" class="fnanchor">[157]</a> The upper portion of this Belfry
-was removed in 1791, having been condemned as unsafe, and the entire front was taken
-down in 1798. The present Belfry, or <em>Campanile</em>, as it is usually called, is the gift of
-Lord John George Beresford, when Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of all Ireland,
-in 1852. It is an isolated monumental building in the centre of Parliament Square&mdash;an
-architectural composition of three stages. The lower or basement stage is square in plan,
-and of the Doric order, elevated on a bold podium or sub-basement of rusticated granite
-ashlar. Each side presents an open archway between two pairs of Doric pilasters, the
-pilasters being raised on pedestals, and the whole surmounted by a Doric entablature.
-The keystones of arches have carved heads, representing Homer, Socrates, Plato, and
-Demosthenes. This story is built of granite, with chamfered joints and raised panels,
-the alternate courses of pilasters being raised in the same manner. From the blocking
-of the entablature rises a stage of circular steps, the angles of blocking being occupied
-by pedestals supporting figures representing Divinity, Science, Medicine, and Law. From
-the upper step of this chamber rises the bell-chamber&mdash;circular in plan, and formed by
-eight Corinthian columns, attached, and raised on pedestals. The space between each
-pair of columns is pierced by a semicircular-headed opening, filled with ornamental ironwork.
-The Corinthian entablature above is broken over each column. From this level rises the
-dome, divided vertically by bands in continuation of the columns below, the intervals being
-carved to resemble overlapping leaves. This dome is surmounted by a small open lantern,
-formed by piers and arches; above these is a small dental cornice, finished by a smaller
-dome, carved like the one below. The whole is surmounted by a gilt cross. Portland stone
-is used from the upper circular step; the rest is cut granite. The total height is about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a><br /><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>
-one hundred feet.<a name="FNanchor_158_158" id="FNanchor_158_158"></a><a href="#Footnote_158_158" class="fnanchor">[158]</a> The gradation of the composition from the square basement to the
-circular belfry stage is designed with remarkable artistic ability. It is by a series of
-stepped courses, and the angles or “broaches” are happily filled by the sitting figures,
-adapted to their place with great skill by the late Mr. Thomas Kirke, R.H.A., the
-sculptor. The whole design, while of refined and “correct” classic detail, is of an original
-character, skilfully adapted to its isolated position. The architect engaged in its erection in
-1852-3 was the late Sir Charles Lanyon, R.H.A., then Mr. Lanyon, and, associated with
-him, Mr. W. H. Lynn, R.H.A., both of whom continued to design buildings in the Roman
-Classic manner with skill and refinement throughout a period known as that of the Gothic
-revival, when this style was for a time under undeserved popular disfavour. Few architects
-of the day would have been found to adapt a design, with such good judgment and
-restraint, to the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">genius loci</i> of Trinity College, and to the surrounding architecture, the
-work in the previous century of Sir William Chambers. The foundation-stone of the
-Campanile was laid by the donor, His Grace Lord John George Beresford, Lord Primate
-of all Ireland, who was also Chancellor of the University, on the 1st of December, 1852;
-and the great Bell was first rung in the new Belfry before Divine Service on Sunday,
-November 26th, 1854.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_227.jpg" width="550" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE BELL TOWER, FROM THE PROVOST’S GARDEN.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE HALL.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">In the early part of the eighteenth century, the want of a commodious and appropriate
-Dining Hall for the use of the members of the College began to be seriously felt. In a
-pamphlet of the year 1734, it is stated that attendance of the Fellows at Commons was never
-as good as could be wished, and that this was attributed to the uncomfortable condition of
-the then existing Hall, which was a large and spacious room, flagged, open to the air at both
-ends, never warmed by fire&mdash;“in fact, the coldest room in Europe.” There was, moreover, no
-Common Room in the College, in which the Fellows could pass the evening together. In
-1740, Dr. Elwood, the Vice-Provost, bequeathed £1,000 for the use of the College, which the
-Board determined to apply to the purpose of building a Hall. Plans were prepared by
-Mr. Cassels, and the work at once put in hand; and the new building was completed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span>
-in 1745. But the Hall, so erected at a total cost of £3,020, must have been unusually badly
-built, for we find that at a meeting of the Board&mdash;November 13, 1758&mdash;it was ordered that
-the Dining Hall should be pulled down, the foundation walls having sagged to a dangerous
-extent on the laying of the new kitchen; and “Mr. Plummer, the bricklayer”&mdash;the name reads
-like a jest&mdash;was dismissed from the service of the College for his negligence in connection
-with the execution of the work. Mr. Plummer was apparently replaced by a better workman.
-A new building was at once commenced, and although Mr. Cassels, the architect, had unfortunately
-died while superintending the construction of the Duke of Leinster’s new house at
-Carton, his plans were carefully followed, and the Dining Hall as we now see it was
-finished about 1761, and is apparently as solid as it was the day Mr. Plummer’s successor
-laid the last stone of the edifice.<a name="FNanchor_159_159" id="FNanchor_159_159"></a><a href="#Footnote_159_159" class="fnanchor">[159]</a> It is a detached building, in the lower part of which are
-the kitchen, cellars, and other offices. It presents a handsome front, fifty feet wide, of granite,
-with an angular pediment supported by six Ionic pilasters of cut granite. The main door
-is approached by a broad flight of ten steps, rising to a height of five feet from the base
-line, the whole width of the front.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_230.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE DINING HALL, VIEWED FROM LIBRARY SQUARE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The clock in the pediment was for a long time the only public dial in the College,
-and though it neither is nor was of any particular interest as a timepiece, it was, until
-October 15th, 1870, somewhat remarkable as timekeeper, the College time being a quarter
-of an hour behind the world in Dublin.<a name="FNanchor_160_160" id="FNanchor_160_160"></a><a href="#Footnote_160_160" class="fnanchor">[160]</a> Within the building, and approached through a
-spacious outer hall or vestibule, is the Dining Room or Hall proper, a fine room 70 ft.
-long, 35 ft. broad, and 35 ft. high; it is wainscoted to the height of 12 ft. with oak panels
-surmounted by a plain moulding. Over this, on the east side, are four large plain round-headed
-windows carried quite up to the cornice, which, together with a handsome Venetian
-window at the north or upper end, opposite to the entrance, and over the Fellows’ tables,
-gives abundant light to the Hall. The west side is without windows, but in their place are
-seven recesses, in each of which hangs a full-length portrait of some one of the many
-distinguished graduates of the University. The niches are finished with broad mouldings in
-stucco, and immediately over them runs a bold deep cornice, of Italian design. From this
-cornice springs the ceiling, which is coved for about 10 ft. from the cornice, and flat in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a><br /><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span>
-middle throughout its whole length. In this uppermost rib have lately been fixed two fine
-sunlights for gas, by which the Hall is brilliantly illuminated without heat or glare.</p>
-
-<p>Round the room hang the following pictures:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="fs80">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdl">1.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Frederick, Prince of Wales, by Hudson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">2.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Provost Baldwin.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">3.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Archbishop Price.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">4.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl">{ Viscount Avonmore,</td><td class="tdl">}</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">5.</td><td class="tdl">} &nbsp; Four Judges,</td><td class="tdl">{ Lord Downes,</td><td class="tdl">} all by Joseph.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">6.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl">{ Viscount Kilwarden,</td><td class="tdl">}</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">7.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl">{ Chief Baron Hussey Burgh,</td><td class="tdl">}</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">8.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Primate Lord John Beresford, by Catterson Smith.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">9.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Lord Chancellor Cairns, by Duncan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlz">10.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Henry Grattan, by Hill.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlz">11.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Henry Flood.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlz">12.</td><td class="tdl" colspan="3">The Earl of Rosse, Chancellor of the University, by Catterson Smith.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_231.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-INTERIOR OF DINING HALL.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Common Room
-over the great Entrance Hall
-is fifty feet long by nearly
-thirty feet broad, with a number
-of pictures of distinguished
-Fellows hung round the walls&mdash;Provost
-Barrett, by Joseph,
-and Provost Wall, by Catterson
-Smith; the great Bishop
-Berkeley, by Lathem, with an
-engraving of the same by
-Brooks, and a letter relating
-thereto framed and hung under
-the portrait;<a name="FNanchor_161_161" id="FNanchor_161_161"></a><a href="#Footnote_161_161" class="fnanchor">[161]</a> Dr. Townsend;
-the present Provost&mdash;Dr.
-Salmon, Dr. Haughton, and
-Dr. Longfield, by Miss Purser;
-the late Provost, Dr. Jellett,
-by Chancellor; Dr. Magee,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a><br /><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span>
-Archbishop of Dublin, and grandfather of the late Bishop of York, by Sir Martin Archer
-Shee, P.R.A.; Archbishop Palliser, by an unknown artist. A copy of a portrait of the
-Earl of Mornington, sometime Professor of Music in the University, and father of the great
-Duke of Wellington: the original, by Yeats, is now at Apsley House. And the last
-acquisition is a portrait of the first Provost, Adam Loftus,<a name="FNanchor_162_162" id="FNanchor_162_162"></a><a href="#Footnote_162_162" class="fnanchor">[162]</a> presented to the College by Lord
-Iveagh in 1891. There is also hung in the ante-room another smaller portrait of Provost
-Loftus in an oval frame.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_232.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE ENGINEERING SCHOOL, FROM COLLEGE PARK.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE ENGINEERING SCHOOL.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The modern Venetian Palace in which the Engineering School of the College is so
-nobly lodged&mdash;a building which called forth the hearty commendation of Mr. Ruskin&mdash;was
-designed by the firm of Sir Thomas Deane, Son &amp; Woodward, who subsequently were the
-architects of the University Museum at Oxford. The contractors were Gilbert Cockburn &amp;
-Son. The building was erected in 1854-5, at a cost of £26,000. The carving of the capitals
-and other stone-work was done by two Cork workmen of the name of O’Shea, who were
-afterwards employed by the architects in the elaborate carvings executed for the Oxford
-Museum. The style has been described as Byzantine Renaissance of a Venetian type; but
-the building is in truth a highly original and beautiful conception worked out into a
-harmonious and satisfactory whole. The base is, critically considered, perhaps the best part.
-The exterior may suggest Venice, and the interior certainly suggests Cordova; and yet
-there is nothing incongruous with the very different surroundings, nor is there in the work
-any of that patchiness so often apparent in adaptations of foreign styles. It is something
-in itself complete, dignified, and appropriate. The general dimensions are&mdash;length, 160ft.;
-width, 91ft.; height, 49ft. to the eaves. The building is faced with granite ashlar, with
-Portland stone dressings elaborately carved. The building, as is shown in the accompanying
-drawing of the southern façade, looking on the College Park, is of two stories, with a broad
-and richly carved string course marking the division. The round-headed windows are
-disposed most effectively in groups: in the façade there is a group of four in the centre,
-one on either side, and a group of three at either end; in the east and west fronts there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span>
-a group of three in the centre, and one on either side. The arches of all these spring from
-square pilasters carved in florid style in Portland stone, and under the windows of the
-upper story are low balustrades. Between the groups of windows in either façade are discs
-of coloured marble let into the masonry, and with a circular bordure of carved Portland
-stone and smaller pieces of marble; the whole harmonising with the windows and forming
-a most effective ornament&mdash;simple, original, and interesting. At each corner of the building
-are scroll pilasters of great beauty. The roof is low pitched, and an Italian cantilever
-cornice forms the eaves.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_235.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-HALL AND STAIRCASE, ENGINEERING SCHOOL.</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_234.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-ENTRANCE TO ENGINEERING SCHOOL.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The accompanying illustration represents
-the main doorway opening on to the
-New Square, and looking to the north.
-Within the building is a spacious Hall lined
-with Bath stone ashlar, with low marble
-pillars and rich stone capitals, twenty-four
-in number, disposed at different levels, and
-supporting Moorish arches; the whole suggestive,
-at least, of the architecture of
-Moslem Spain. The first floor is reached
-by a broad staircase of Portland stone, with
-a handrail. Irish marble is used in the
-pillars and Irish Serpentine in the handrail
-of the staircase. Two pillars of Penzance
-Serpentine are the only pieces of marble not
-of Irish production.<a name="FNanchor_163_163" id="FNanchor_163_163"></a><a href="#Footnote_163_163" class="fnanchor">[163]</a> The whole is lighted
-by two low pendentive domes constructed of
-coloured enamelled bricks, arranged in geometric patterns, and singularly light and free in
-construction. The height from the floor is 46ft. 6in. The illustration on next page shows
-the Hall and Staircase looking east. Half-way up the staircase, facing the main entrance, is
-the clock in magnetic connection with the Observatory at Dunsink. It is a Regulator,
-fitted with an electro-magnetic pendulum; and was put up in March 1878. An electric
-current is sent out automatically every second by the standard clock at Dunsink Observatory.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span>
-This current goes first through and controls the clock which releases the Time Ball
-at the Port and Docks Offices, then through the public clock in front of that office,
-and on to the standard clock in Trinity College. From this clock the current is
-sent out through the two timepieces over the Entrance Gate within and without the
-College, and then on to the Royal Dublin Society, where it controls the clock in the
-Entrance Hall. The Time Ball at the Port and Docks Office is furnished with an
-electrical arrangement, designed by Sir Robert Ball,<a name="FNanchor_164_164" id="FNanchor_164_164"></a><a href="#Footnote_164_164" class="fnanchor">[164]</a> which automatically signals at Dunsink
-the moment the Time Ball falls, so that any error in time is immediately known to the
-person in charge. All the electrical arrangements were made and fitted up by Messrs.
-Yeates &amp; Son of Grafton Street.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_236.jpg" width="325" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-CARVINGS AT BASE OF STAIRCASE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In addition to a fine Drawing
-School and numerous
-Lecture Rooms, some of which
-are used by the Professors of
-Divinity and Law, this building
-also contains the Geological
-and Mineralogical collections,
-a series of engineering models,
-and a collection of instruments
-for Natural Philosophy
-researches. For the workshops
-attached, the motive
-power is supplied by an Otto
-gas engine.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE PRINTING HOUSE.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Printing House, a charming little antique temple standing at the extreme north-east
-of the Library Square, was designed by Cassels, and built between 1726 and 1734,
-at a cost of about £1,200, which was almost entirely provided by Dr. Stearne, Bishop of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a><br /><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span>
-Clogher. The tetrastyle portico is of Roman Doric, nearly 8 ft. in width, with a bold cornice
-and triglyphs, and a plain metope, all in fine Portland stone. And the smoke of a hundred
-and fifty years has already sufficed to give it a somewhat venerable appearance. Underneath
-the portico and immediately over the door is the following inscription:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<p class="pfs80" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-R. R. Joannes Stearne,<br />
-Episcopus Clogherensis,<br />
-Vice-Cancellarius hujus Academiæ,<br />
-Pro benevolentia quam habuit<br />
-In Academiam et rem literariam<br />
-Posuit, <span class="fs70">A.D.</span> 1734.</p>
-
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_237.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE PRINTING OFFICE, FROM NEW SQUARE.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">BOTANY BAY.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">Botany Bay Square, said by Mr. Wright<a name="FNanchor_165_165" id="FNanchor_165_165"></a><a href="#Footnote_165_165" class="fnanchor">[165]</a> to have been designed by Provost Murray,
-lies to the extreme north, and behind the northern buildings of Library Square. It was built
-in 1812, and is a cold and somewhat neglected-looking quadrangle without any architectural
-pretensions. It encloses just one statute acre and a-half of ground, with some grass in the
-centre, fenced in by a poor railing, and planted with the scarlet flowering hawthorn. Were
-the buildings covered with ivy, the square enlivened with trim green sward and flowering
-shrubs, and the present railing removed, Botany Bay would still be a long way behind
-picturesque Port Philip. But its name would be somewhat better justified than it is at
-present.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE LIBRARY.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">As regards the Library, one of the most ancient of the existing buildings in the College
-precincts, and in many ways the most interesting, not only as regards the books which
-it contains, but the very admirable and satisfactory structure in which the volumes are so
-worthily housed, a full and detailed account will be found in <a href="#CHAPTER_VII">Chapter VII</a>.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_241.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-
-VIEW IN THE COLLEGE PARK&mdash;LIBRARY&mdash;ENGINEERING SCHOOL.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">ST. PATRICK’S WELL LANE&mdash;THE COLLEGE PARK.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">In the year 1688, a most interesting monument of antiquity in Dublin was demolished
-to make way for City improvements. The old Danish <em>Thingmote</em>, or Parliament Hill, an
-artificial mound some forty feet high, that stood on the spot now partially occupied by
-the new Ulster Bank, and not a hundred yards from the Provost’s House, was levelled with
-the ground.<a name="FNanchor_166_166" id="FNanchor_166_166"></a><a href="#Footnote_166_166" class="fnanchor">[166]</a> And the earth of the old mound, as it was removed, was carted away and
-thrown down in front of a poor street, St. Patrick’s Well Lane, facing the dreary and
-neglected expanse of waste land that is now the College Park. The street so widened
-and levelled was called&mdash;in honour of William of Orange Nassau, Protestant King of
-England&mdash;Nassau Street. The College authorities soon afterwards built a high brick wall
-on the boundary between the City and the College property; and the level of the street,
-in consequence of the immense accumulation of added soil from the <em>Thingmote</em>, was left,
-as it now is, some six feet higher than that of the College land which adjoins it. The
-College Park was first laid out and planted with elm and plane trees in 1722; and in the
-same year a wall was built on the north-eastern boundary of the College grounds, with a
-gateway and lodge for a porter.<a name="FNanchor_167_167" id="FNanchor_167_167"></a><a href="#Footnote_167_167" class="fnanchor">[167]</a></p>
-
-<p>For over a hundred years there was no great change of any kind, either in the Park
-or in its surroundings; but in 1842, one of the greatest improvements that has been made
-for the last half-century in the Dublin streets was effected by the College authorities, who
-pulled down the ugly brick wall of 1688, and supplied its place by the present fine granite
-wall, surmounted by a round coping and a handsome iron railing, which marks the boundary
-of the College Park on the north side of Nassau Street. The stonework is four feet six inches
-in height; the railing rises about seven feet higher, and is the work of the once well-known
-firm of William Turner &amp; Co. And about the time this most admirable change was made,
-Nassau Street was still further improved by the demolition of some houses and shops, of
-which the leases fell in to the College, at the north-west corner of the street, and a
-considerable slice of ground was given up by the College to the City to widen and improve
-the street. The new stables&mdash;of fine cut granite&mdash;attached to the Provost’s House were
-erected at the same time. Nassau Street, thus raised, as it were, by favour of the University,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span>
-from a third-rate to a first-rate street, became and continued for some considerable time
-to be the chosen afternoon resort of fashionable Dublin. But of late, although the street
-has been greatly improved by new buildings and high-class shops, it is neglected by the
-smart pleasure-seekers, who have to a great extent abandoned the town for more attractive
-residences in the suburbs. And a place of public meeting&mdash;like Hyde Park or the
-Boulevards, the Prater or the Prado, the Corso or the Rambla, Unter den Linden or even
-“Under the Trees”&mdash;is one of the most marked wants of modern social Dublin.</p>
-
-<p>Under the granite wall and railings of 1842, just within the Fellows’ Garden, and
-opposite the northern end of Dawson Street, is the old Holy Well of St. Patrick, a sacred
-spring from which St. Patrick’s Well Lane took its earlier name; now neglected and ill-cared
-for, but once the most celebrated holy well in Dublin, and the resort of numerous pilgrims
-and devotees from all parts of Ireland. At the extreme south-east corner of the College
-precincts, opening on to Lincoln Place, is a handsome granite gateway, with large iron
-gates and a porter’s lodge in cut stone, erected in 1855, in place of a mean doorway familiarly
-known as “The Hole in the Wall.” This entrance, which affords the most convenient access
-to all Collegians residing in the east and south-east, at present the more fashionable quarters
-of the town, is of special advantage to the Medical students, whose Lecture Rooms and
-Laboratories are situated just inside the gate. When these were completed in 1888, the
-ground between them and the gate was newly laid out and planted. And it is proposed,
-on the falling in of the leases of the row of houses between the Lincoln Place gate and
-the east end of the granite wall and railings in Nassau Street, to pull down the houses
-and shops, and continue the railings up to the gate in Lincoln Place, a distance of 120
-yards; an improvement which will be equally great both to the College and the adjacent
-City property. One of the most striking views of the College grounds is from the windows
-of Kildare Street Club, the finest house in Nassau Street, and itself a striking object as
-seen from the College Park.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.</h3>
-
-
-
-    <div class="screenonly">
-
-<div class="left fs70 pad2">THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.</div>
-
-<div class="i_243">
-    <div id="block243-1">&nbsp;</div>
-    <div id="block243-2">&nbsp;</div>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Medical School, which is shown in the illustration on <a href="#Page_229">p. 229</a>, was built in 1886, from
-the designs of Mr. J. M‘Curdy (who died in that year), developed by Mr. Thomas Drew,
-under whose supervision the entire work was carried out. The site is one of the finest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>
-and would be, perhaps, the finest in the College, were it not for the ugly back view of a
-building in dull grey cement, put up for the accommodation of the Cricket Club, that shuts
-off the view of and from the College Park. The Medical School has a frontage of 140 feet
-to the west, and two wings, extending 150 feet eastward, at right angles to the façade.
-The whole of this 440 feet is in fine cut granite. The main door is in the centre of the
-principal elevation, and three tiers of fourteen windows, those in
-the first and third stories being square, those in the second story
-round-headed, are disposed in pairs, without ornamentation or special
-architectural feature of any kind. Yet the building, if somewhat
-severe in character, is appropriate to the objects for which it
-is destined, and is, as a whole,
-entirely satisfactory. For six
-feet from the ground the
-masonry is of rustic ashlar;
-from thence to the eaves, fine
-cut granite. Behind the
-building, and enclosed by the
-wings, is a yard containing the
-pumping engine, by which the
-Park is kept dry even in the
-wettest weather. The water
-is drained into a reservoir, and
-pumped from thence through
-iron pipes into the river Liffey,
-which at low tide only is some
-feet below the College Park.
-In comparatively recent times
-all this part of the grounds
-was swampy, and in wet winters impassable. And that part of the Park between the
-Museum and the New Square is still called the Wilderness. To the north of the yard of
-the Medical School, and separated by six feet from the north wing of the Museum, is the
-Histological Laboratory, built in 1880. It is 85 feet long by 30 feet broad, with two tiers
-of seven windows, alternately square and round headed, looking to the north.</p>
-</div>
-
-    </div>
-
-
-        <div class="handonly">
-
-    <div class="figleft">
-    <img src="images/i_243.jpg" width="325" alt="" />
-    <div class="caption">
-    THE MEDICAL SCHOOL.</div>
-    </div>
-
-    <p class="noindent">The Medical School, which is shown in the illustration on <a href="#Pagex_229">p. 229</a>, was built in 1886, from
-    the designs of Mr. J. M‘Curdy (who died in that year), developed by Mr. Thomas Drew,
-    under whose supervision the entire work was carried out. The site is one of the finest,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Pagex_229" id="Pagex_229">[229]</a></span>
-    and would be, perhaps, the finest in the College, were it not for the ugly back view of a
-    building in dull grey cement, put up for the accommodation of the Cricket Club, that shuts
-    off the view of and from the College Park. The Medical School has a frontage of 140 feet
-    to the west, and two wings, extending 150 feet eastward, at right angles to the façade.
-    The whole of this 440 feet is in fine cut granite. The main door is in the centre of the
-    principal elevation, and three tiers of fourteen windows, those in
-    the first and third stories being square, those in the second story
-    round-headed, are disposed in pairs, without ornamentation or special
-    architectural feature of any kind. Yet the building, if somewhat
-    severe in character, is appropriate to the objects for which it
-    is destined, and is, as a whole,
-    entirely satisfactory. For six
-    feet from the ground the
-    masonry is of rustic ashlar;
-    from thence to the eaves, fine
-    cut granite. Behind the
-    building, and enclosed by the
-    wings, is a yard containing the
-    pumping engine, by which the
-    Park is kept dry even in the
-    wettest weather. The water
-    is drained into a reservoir, and
-    pumped from thence through
-    iron pipes into the river Liffey,
-    which at low tide only is some
-    feet below the College Park.
-    In comparatively recent times
-    all this part of the grounds
-    was swampy, and in wet winters impassable. And that part of the Park between the
-    Museum and the New Square is still called the Wilderness. To the north of the yard of
-    the Medical School, and separated by six feet from the north wing of the Museum, is the
-    Histological Laboratory, built in 1880. It is 85 feet long by 30 feet broad, with two tiers
-    of seven windows, alternately square and round headed, looking to the north.</p>
-
-        </div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_244.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE MUSEUM (TENNIS COURT).</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE ANATOMICAL MUSEUM.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Anatomical Museum, built in 1875-6 from the design of Mr. J. M‘Curdy, for a
-long time architect to the College, is placed some seventy feet to the north of the Medical
-School, has a façade of 150 feet looking west, and a depth of forty-five feet. It is
-constructed of cut granite, without ornament or special features. Two doors and nine
-windows on the ground floor are surmounted by eleven windows on the upper story, all
-square, simple, solid, and harmonious. In this building are found the Museum collections
-both of Anatomy and of Natural History, and on the ground floor is the Anthropometric
-Laboratory, where measurements and records are taken on a somewhat more extended
-plan than that introduced by Captain Francis Galton at South Kensington. And a metric
-system of notation has been adopted similar to that in use on the Continent of Europe,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span>
-especially in Paris, and lately introduced into the Anthropometric Department of the
-Military Medical School at
-Washington.</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_245.jpg" width="325" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE DISSECTING ROOM.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Anatomical School
-presents the great advantage of
-having all its Lecture Rooms
-and Laboratories on the ground
-floor.</p>
-
-<p>The Dissecting Room is
-large, well lighted, and well
-ventilated&mdash;so spacious and so
-well arranged that three hundred
-students can work at the same
-time without inconvenience. It
-is in every respect well suited
-for the work that is carried on,
-and presents none of that dinginess
-so generally characteristic
-of rooms of the kind. It is
-lighted by the electric light.
-The floor is of oak parquet.
-Round the walls are a series
-of cases, in which are placed
-permanent typical specimens,
-which are largely used by the
-students. Every inch of wall
-space above these cases is made
-use of for framed plates and
-diagrams appropriate to the
-subjects, and in the centre of
-the room on lofty pedestals
-stand two statues, the Venus of Milo and the Boxer, bearing witness to the fact that
-Anatomy has artistic as well as medical aspects.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The Bone Room and the Lecture Theatre are entered directly from the Dissecting
-Room. The Bone Room is a lofty room surrounded by a gallery. On the floor, osteological
-specimens are arranged in revolving cases on long narrow tables. Few anatomical
-departments can boast of so numerous and so varied an assortment of teaching preparations.
-The gallery is chiefly devoted to specimens which bear upon the applications of anatomy
-to the practice of medicine. It is here also that are displayed (1) the large series of
-models prepared in the department to illustrate cerebral growth and the cranio-cerebral
-topography of the child and the adult; (2) the series of models representing the anatomy
-of inguinal hernia, also prepared in the department; (3) the mesial sections of the four
-anthropoid apes&mdash;gorilla, chimpanzee, orang, and gibbon&mdash;preparations which are unique.
-The Theatre is capable of seating 400 students. It is not handsome; but it is comfortable
-and, most important of all, its acoustic property admirably well adapted for the purpose
-for which it was designed. There are also a Museum of Surgical and Medical Pathology,
-and one of Materia Medica.</p>
-
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE CHEMICAL SCHOOL.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">The Chemical Department adjoins the Medical School, and is in the southern part
-of the buildings, just within the Lincoln Place gate of Trinity College. The new Lecture
-Theatre of the School is situated between two groups of Laboratories, and is fitted with all
-modern appliances for lecture-illustration in the various branches of Chemical Science. The
-seats are numbered, and are assigned in the order of entry for the different courses of lectures.
-Behind the Lecture Theatre is a large Demonstration Room, fitted with Assay and Cupelling
-furnaces and other apparatus, and beyond are the Laboratories for Qualitative Analysis
-and Preparation. These consist of four lofty and well-ventilated rooms, capable of
-accommodating 112 students, who work at compartments fully provided with the necessary
-apparatus tests and materials. Off the larger room of this series are (1) a special
-sulphuretted-hydrogen chamber, with separate ventilation, (2) a general store, and (3) cases
-of apparatus used at lectures. These Laboratories, as well as the Lecture Theatre and other
-rooms, are heated by means of hot water pipes, and the special ventilation required for
-carrying off fumes, &amp;c., from the different compartments is obtained by the powerful draught
-of a chimney stack, sixty feet high, connected with the furnace of the heating apparatus.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span>
-The Quantitative and Research Laboratories and their related rooms are at the east front
-of the new buildings. The main Laboratory is a fine room, provided with all modern
-appliances, and adjoining it are special rooms for (<em>a</em>) Balances and other instruments of
-precision, together with the special apparatus required for Quantitative Analysis; (<em>b</em>) for
-Organic Analysis; (<em>c</em>) for Pressure Tube work; (<em>d</em>) for Gas and Water Analysis, and for
-Spectrum Analysis. In addition to all these there is a Chemical Museum, containing a
-great variety of specimens for use at lectures, and everything that is required for the
-prosecution of the various researches conducted in the School. The Professor’s Rooms and
-private Laboratory are on the floor immediately above the Quantitative Laboratory, and
-in direct communication with all the departments.<a name="FNanchor_168_168" id="FNanchor_168_168"></a><a href="#Footnote_168_168" class="fnanchor">[168]</a></p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_247.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE PRINTING OFFICE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_248.jpg" width="200" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-PULPIT NOW IN DINING HALL, ONCE<br />
-IN OLD CHAPEL.</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_139_139" id="Footnote_139_139"></a><a href="#FNanchor_139_139"><span class="label">[139]</span></a> Stubbs’ <cite>History of the University of Dublin</cite>, pp. 5, 6.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_140_140" id="Footnote_140_140"></a><a href="#FNanchor_140_140"><span class="label">[140]</span></a> Stubbs, <em>op. cit.</em> p. 7.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_141_141" id="Footnote_141_141"></a><a href="#FNanchor_141_141"><span class="label">[141]</span></a> Stubbs, <em>op. cit.</em> pp. 11, 12.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_142_142" id="Footnote_142_142"></a><a href="#FNanchor_142_142"><span class="label">[142]</span></a> Derived by Gilbert from a Hoge&mdash;a small sepulchral mound.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_143_143" id="Footnote_143_143"></a><a href="#FNanchor_143_143"><span class="label">[143]</span></a> Hoggen Green was long the Tyburn of Dublin.&mdash;Gilbert, iii. 3.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote screenonly">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_144_144" id="Footnote_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchor_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelopsis veitchii</i> planted on the eastern front in 1887 by G. L. C. &amp; E. P. W., as seen in summer and
-autumn, has done wonders for the New Square. The hawthorns in every quadrangle brighten the whole face of the
-College in early summer.</p></div>
-
-    <div class="footnote handonly">
-
-    <p><a name="Footnotex_144_144" id="Footnotex_144_144"></a><a href="#FNanchorx_144_144"><span class="label">[144]</span></a> The <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ampelopsis veitchii</i> planted on the eastern front in 1887 by G. L. C. &amp; E. P. W., as seen in summer and
-    autumn, has done wonders for the New Square. The hawthorns in every quadrangle brighten the whole face of the
-    College in early summer.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_145_145" id="Footnote_145_145"></a><a href="#FNanchor_145_145"><span class="label">[145]</span></a> He began life as a house carpenter.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_146_146" id="Footnote_146_146"></a><a href="#FNanchor_146_146"><span class="label">[146]</span></a> There are in Dublin, at the present day, accomplished architects who have done, and are doing, good work
-both within and without the College walls. It is obvious that these remarks have no application nor reference to them,
-save in so far that even their best work has in it nothing peculiarly Irish.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_147_147" id="Footnote_147_147"></a><a href="#FNanchor_147_147"><span class="label">[147]</span></a> Letter to Montagu, May 18th, 1748.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_148_148" id="Footnote_148_148"></a><a href="#FNanchor_148_148"><span class="label">[148]</span></a> <em>Graphic</em>, May 29th, 1886.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_149_149" id="Footnote_149_149"></a><a href="#FNanchor_149_149"><span class="label">[149]</span></a> Milizia: <cite>Lives of Architects</cite>, p. 295.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_150_150" id="Footnote_150_150"></a><a href="#FNanchor_150_150"><span class="label">[150]</span></a> I am obliged to Mr. George Cook, the manager of the Burlington Hotel, for this information, and for afterwards
-showing me over the house.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_151_151" id="Footnote_151_151"></a><a href="#FNanchor_151_151"><span class="label">[151]</span></a> The Old Square of 1685 occupied apparently the site of two yet older quadrangles.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_152_152" id="Footnote_152_152"></a><a href="#FNanchor_152_152"><span class="label">[152]</span></a> “It is an accursed thing not to die.” This strange saying will be found in Epictetus, Diss. II. VI. 12, where
-the philosopher adds that man, like corn, having once been sown, must look forward with satisfaction to the harvest when
-he shall also be reaped. The slave moralist may perhaps have met St. Paul at Rome.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_153_153" id="Footnote_153_153"></a><a href="#FNanchor_153_153"><span class="label">[153]</span></a> These are modern pictures of no value or interest. There is an authentic and most interesting portrait of Bishop
-Berkeley in the Common Room.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_154_154" id="Footnote_154_154"></a><a href="#FNanchor_154_154"><span class="label">[154]</span></a> Born 1665; died 1745.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_155_155" id="Footnote_155_155"></a><a href="#FNanchor_155_155"><span class="label">[155]</span></a> Vigo Street, built at this time, takes its name from this most popular victory.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_156_156" id="Footnote_156_156"></a><a href="#FNanchor_156_156"><span class="label">[156]</span></a> Sir Robert Stewart, Mus. Doc., Professor of Music in the University, and Organist of the College Chapel, to
-whom my best thanks are due, not only for this information, but for many details as to the Chapel Organ kindly
-communicated in MS.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_157_157" id="Footnote_157_157"></a><a href="#FNanchor_157_157"><span class="label">[157]</span></a> The clapper weighs 2 cwt. 13 lbs., and the total cost was £230.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_158_158" id="Footnote_158_158"></a><a href="#FNanchor_158_158"><span class="label">[158]</span></a> The belfry stage is not of sufficient size to admit of the swinging of so great a bell as that of the College; it
-is accordingly rung by chiming only.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_159_159" id="Footnote_159_159"></a><a href="#FNanchor_159_159"><span class="label">[159]</span></a> One corner, indeed, had to be strengthened about the middle of the present century.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_160_160" id="Footnote_160_160"></a><a href="#FNanchor_160_160"><span class="label">[160]</span></a> The clock was made by Chancellor in the year 1846; it has a duplex escapement, and strikes the hours and
-half-hours. It was repaired and added to by Dobbyn in 1870.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_161_161" id="Footnote_161_161"></a><a href="#FNanchor_161_161"><span class="label">[161]</span></a> See <cite>Notes and Queries</cite>, I., vii., 428.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_162_162" id="Footnote_162_162"></a><a href="#FNanchor_162_162"><span class="label">[162]</span></a> This portrait was purchased by Lord Iveagh at Messrs. Christie &amp; Manson’s, at a sale of some of the present
-Marquess of Ely’s pictures, in 1891.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_163_163" id="Footnote_163_163"></a><a href="#FNanchor_163_163"><span class="label">[163]</span></a> Cork, Midleton, Armagh, Kilkenny, Clare, and Connemara are all represented.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_164_164" id="Footnote_164_164"></a><a href="#FNanchor_164_164"><span class="label">[164]</span></a> Now Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_165_165" id="Footnote_165_165"></a><a href="#FNanchor_165_165"><span class="label">[165]</span></a> <cite>Historical Guide to Dublin</cite>, Rev. G. N. Wright, 1821.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_166_166" id="Footnote_166_166"></a><a href="#FNanchor_166_166"><span class="label">[166]</span></a> St. Andrew’s Church appears in old documents as <cite>Parochia Sancti Andrea de Thengmothe</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_167_167" id="Footnote_167_167"></a><a href="#FNanchor_167_167"><span class="label">[167]</span></a> Stubbs: <cite>History of the University of Dublin</cite>, p. 145.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_168_168" id="Footnote_168_168"></a><a href="#FNanchor_168_168"><span class="label">[168]</span></a> A Grace passed the Senate of the University on the 20th of June, 1890, authorising admission to the degree
-of Doctor in Science of those who shall have been engaged in Scientific Investigation for not less than three years after
-graduating in Arts, and published results of independent work tending to the advancement of any branch of Science, and
-judged of sufficient merit by the Provost and Senior Fellows. Graduates of Trinity College who desire to devote
-themselves to the pursuit of any branch of Science can therefore now obtain a Scientific Degree on the ground of
-research. Facilities are afforded in the various schools for those who desire to acquire experience in conducting scientific
-researches, either by assisting in carrying out investigations actually in progress, working independently, or pursuing
-inquiries arising out of those recently conducted in the Schools.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_249a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER IX.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60 lsp2">DISTINGUISHED GRADUATES.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="pfs80"><i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Felix prole virum.</i>&mdash;<span class="smcap">Virgil.</span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_249b.jpg" width="90" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The close of the sixteenth century was a brilliant period in the history
-of the English people. Three years before the measure for the
-foundation in Dublin of a College “whereby knowledge and civility might
-be increased” passed the Great Seal, the “Invincible Armada” had suffered
-disastrous defeat at the hands of English seamen. The Queen, who had
-“confirmed to her people that pillar of liberty, a free press,” had shown herself possessed of
-a deeper sympathy with her subjects than enemies were willing to allow her, and the
-determined spirit of her ancestors&mdash;determined whether in the good cause or the bad&mdash;had
-been displayed at a crisis of supreme gravity. It was a good omen for the future of the
-“College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity,” that it could write beneath the portrait of
-this sovereign, “<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Hujusce Collegii Fundatrix.</i>”</p>
-
-<p>The history of the University founded by Elizabeth is the history of the greatest
-institution in this country, which, amidst so much failure, has been a permanent and
-indisputable success. During the dark ages of Ireland’s confusion and misery, the lamp of
-learning and culture was here kept alight. No small achievement will this seem in the eyes
-of those to whom the social and political condition of the country, during the two hundred
-years which followed the granting of the Charter to the “mother of a University” in Dublin,
-are even superficially known.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>In 1591, the meadow land and orchards of the Monastery of All Hallows, near the
-city, which had become the property of the Corporation upon the dissolution of all such
-establishments by Henry VIII., were transferred to the Provost and Fellows appointed
-under the Royal Seal; and where, fifty years before, the brotherhood of Prior and Monks had
-passed their days in the quiet seclusion of a life apart from the busy world of ambitious
-men, there now began the quick and vivid play of thought and feeling which mark a
-University in which the minds of the future leaders of the people are moulded and exercised.
-The more prominent names in the list of the graduates of Elizabeth’s College are abundant
-proof of the paramount position of influence from the first maintained by it in every
-department of the public life of the country, and the importance of its work in training the
-men who have been in the van of progress in culture and science, and among the leaders
-of every political movement in Ireland; many of them, too, in the wider field offered by
-England, and, in these later days, in the still wider field of the colonies and dependencies
-under the Crown. The traditions and prestige attached to such an institution are inalienable,
-and it will indeed be strange if any statesman attempt, as is sometimes apprehended, the
-impossible task of disturbing or transferring them. The greater part of the history of
-Ireland since the opening of the seventeenth century can be read in the more public lives
-of the alumni of Trinity College.</p>
-
-<p>Oxford, it is said, has been the University of great movements; Cambridge, of great
-men. Genius indeed is not the outcome or resultant of academic life and traditions, while
-intellectual and social movements may in a measure be traced to such sources. Thus may
-Oxford fairly claim for herself influences more wide-reaching than her sister, although she
-cannot boast an equally distinguished family. It must indeed be remembered that genius is
-resentful of restrictions, and the debt acknowledged to any University by its greatest sons
-is usually but a limited one. To her poets, Landor and Shelley, Oxford was a harsh
-stepmother, and many a young man, afterwards to be famous, left the banks of Cam
-without gratitude and without regret. Nevertheless, a distinctive type of culture, often of
-directing power, even though resisted, prevails at every great centre of learning. If the
-dignity of a seat of learning is to be determined by the intellectual splendour of the names
-associated with it, Oxford must give place to Dublin as well as to Cambridge. There is
-no Oxonian to rank with Swift or Burke.</p>
-
-<p>But all such comparisons are idle; the Irish sister of the two great English Universities
-has had a far different career, and her type of culture is essentially distinctive, and not that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span>
-of another. Oxford, “the home of lost causes and forsaken beliefs and impossible loyalties,”
-has a charm all her own. The old Irish College does not lie, like that “Queen of
-Romance, steeped in sentiment, and whispering from her towers the last enchantments of
-the middle ages.” To sentiment she has ever been a stranger, and she lies at the heart of
-a metropolis. But perhaps the atmosphere of sentiment is not compatible with that of reason,
-and Dublin has been the home of intellectual sanity. Unadorned by creeper or “ivy
-serpentine,” no quaint windows or secluded cloisters bring to the thoughtful student of “Old
-Trinity” visions of the monks of the Monastery of All Saints; and no one who knows her
-history, or has breathed her keen disillusionising air, would conceive as possible the fostering
-of an intellectualism such as that of Newman under the shadow of her Greek porticoes.
-Like her architecture, the mind of the University of Dublin has been more Greek than that
-of her English sisters. The spirit of Plato dwelt in Berkeley as it never could have done
-in a thinker educated in a University dominated by the methods of Bacon. In Edmund
-Burke the philosophical statesmanship of the Athenian Republic was revived as the “last
-enchantments of the middle ages,” with all their witchery, could never have revived it.
-Dublin has never given herself over to the idols of the forum or the market-place, nor
-worshipped at the shrine of utilitarian philosophies. She has not swung incense in the
-chapel of Hobbes or Herbert Spencer, nor bowed the knee to a dictator in the Vatican of
-science. She has betrayed as little enthusiasm for the cause of the Stuarts as for that of
-Pusey and Keble. When we call to mind her position in the heart of a country misunderstood
-and misgoverned for centuries, we cannot but marvel that she has so serenely kept
-the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">via media</i> between political, philosophical, and social extremes. At once less conservative
-and less radical than her sisters, a dry intellectual light has been her guide. It may be that
-the native humour of the soil has preserved her from the follies of dogmatism&mdash;ecclesiastical,
-scientific, political, or literary,&mdash;and equally so from frenzied devotion to hopeless causes or
-extravagant theories. Stranger to sentiment, and no “Queen of Romance,” I cannot think
-that an enemy could deny beauty to the solemn stateliness of her quadrangles. In the quiet
-of moonlit nights, or when the summer sun shines upon the grey walls and the green of
-grass and foliage in her courts and park, there are few so unimpressionable as to remain
-insensible to her dignity and loveliness. But her truest dignity is in the intellectual honour
-of her sons.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_252.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-JACOBUS USSERIUS,<br />
-ARCHIEPISCOPUS ARMACHANUS,<br />
-TOTIUS HIBERNIÆ PRIMAS</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Among the very first batch of graduates in these the infant days of the College a
-great personality appears. At the first Public Commencements held in 1601, on Shrove<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span>
-Tuesday, in St. Patrick’s Cathedral, “Sir Ussher,” one of the students entered at the first
-matriculation examination, was admitted to his Master’s degree. James Ussher was of a
-family that had been resident in Ireland since the time of King John, and on both sides
-of the house his ancestors had held important public offices. His grandfather had been
-Speaker of the Irish House of Commons,
-and his uncle, afterwards Primate of Ireland,
-while Archdeacon in Dublin had had much
-to do with the foundation of the Irish
-University. “Sir Ussher” became Fellow
-and Proctor in due time, and while still
-under age was by a faculty ordained Priest
-and Deacon. His first recorded visit to
-England was that upon the errand in which
-he met with Sir Thomas Bodley buying
-books for the Oxford Library which now
-bears his name. Two of the greatest
-Libraries of the United Kingdom were thus
-associated in their foundation. The energy
-and extraordinary abilities of Ussher were
-soon very widely recognised, and he was
-offered the Provostship in 1609, which position,
-however, he declined. On the occasion
-of his next visit to England, he bore a
-letter of recommendation to King James
-from the Lord Deputy and Council, it being
-supposed that the King was prejudiced
-against him. The gifts and learning which
-had made him so conspicuous a figure in
-Ireland did not fail to impress the King, who
-appointed him Bishop of Meath, “a Bishop of his own making,” as he said. He preached,
-while in London, before the Commons and at St. Margaret’s. During his tenure of the
-Bishopric he was very prominent in public affairs, and in 1625 he was raised to the
-Primacy. While occupied with the high civil and episcopal duties of his many offices,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span>
-he was extending that learning which placed him at the head of the scholars of the
-day, and for which he is still read and honoured. Burnet writes of him as a man “of a
-most amazing diligence and exactness, joined with great judgment. Together with his
-vast learning, no man had a better soul and a more apostolical mind. In his conversation
-he expressed the true simplicity of a Christian, for passion, pride and self-will, and the
-love of the world seemed not so much as in his nature; so that he had all the innocence
-of the dove in him. He was certainly one of the greatest and best men that the age,
-perhaps the world, has produced.” Selden spoke of him as “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">vir summa pictate, judicio
-singulari, usque ad miraculum doctus.</span>”</p>
-
-<p>To compass, even in a volume, the bare record of the important public acts of Ussher
-while Archbishop of Armagh, would be a difficult task. He is the towering figure of his time,
-and seems to stand as centre to its history, overshadowing both churchmen and statesmen of
-ordinary stature, a period which reckoned among its prominent men educated in Dublin such
-scholars as Dudley Loftus, and such antiquarians as Sir James Ware. In 1640 the Primate
-was forced by the troubles of the time to go for a sojourn to England, which proved to be
-for the rest of his life. He was taken into the counsels of King Charles about the
-modification of Episcopal government such as to satisfy Presbyterians, and propounded a
-scheme with that view. From this time he was one of the King’s confidential advisers, and
-warned him against the signing of the Bill of Attainder against Strafford. When he knew
-that it had been done, Ussher broke out with “O sir! what have you done? Pray God your
-Majesty may never suffer by signing this Bill!” He bore the King’s last messages to
-Strafford, and attended him in prison and to the scaffold, bearing back the report of his
-execution to Charles.</p>
-
-<p>At this period of his life, an unhappy and stormy one, he had many invitations from
-abroad; among others, from Cardinal Richelieu, who offered him a pension and free exercise
-of his religion in France. After the manner of the Greek heroes, these two princes of the
-Church interchanged gifts, the Cardinal sending Ussher a gold medal, and the Primate, in
-return, two Irish-greyhounds. The invitation to settle in France was renewed by the Queen
-Regent, Anne of Austria; but this, among other offers, such as that of a Chair in the
-University of Leyden, he declined. During the civil war his experiences were most unhappy,
-and although reverenced by the chiefs of the Parliamentary party as a man of astonishing
-genius and unswerving rectitude, his property was frequently plundered, and his life, if not
-actually endangered, rendered hopeless and miserable by the uncertainties and distress of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span>
-condition. He suffered, indeed, at the hands of the Government; for when summoned to the
-Assembly of Divines at Westminster by Parliament, he declined to present himself, and
-was, as a consequence, denounced, and his library confiscated; but by the help of influential
-friends it was restored to him. Ussher’s learning was so wide and deep, especially in
-theology, that in many instances the researches and discoveries of modern scholars have only
-served to confirm his judgments. A striking example of his acumen is to be found in his
-edition of Ignatius and Polycarp. Observing that three English writers of the thirteenth
-and fourteenth centuries cite Ignatius in a different form from what was then known, but
-agreeing with citations made by Eusebius and others, he was led to divine the existence of
-copies of the different form in England. Search was accordingly made, and his forecast
-was verified by the discovery of two Latin versions&mdash;one in Caius College, Cambridge,
-while a Greek text corresponding was recovered in Florence. This is the text of Ignatius
-now generally received, and has recently been established as the true text, as against that
-current before Ussher’s time, by the late Bishop Lightfoot, who speaks of this work as
-“showing not only marvellous erudition, but also the highest critical genius.” The great
-Primate’s sagacity, not only in matters of scholarship but in matters of State, was regarded
-in his own day as approaching that of inspiration, and a volume of his predictions
-respecting public affairs was actually published.</p>
-
-<p>The Parliament relented towards Ussher so far as to vote him a pension in his later
-years, which was, however, but irregularly paid. The death of his royal master was a great
-blow to Ussher, and he ever after kept the momentous day of execution as a fast. A
-few years before his death he published his <cite>Old Testament Chronology</cite>, whence is taken the
-Table commonly inserted in Bibles. The great Protector sent for him, treated him with
-marked courtesy, and was indeed almost persuaded by him to grant a certain toleration to
-the Episcopal worship, but finally refused any such boon to his “implacable enemies;”
-showing himself, as Ussher tersely described him, a man possessed of “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">intestina non viscera.</span>”
-At his death the honours of a public funeral were ordered by Cromwell, who, with all his
-sternness against his foes, could not but reverence the moral grandeur of the man; and
-the service of his own church was read over the grave of the greatest churchman of his
-time, in the chapel of St. Erasmus.</p>
-
-<p>While Dodwell, that prolific author, whose name is also connected with the Camden
-Professorship bestowed on him by the University of Oxford, was a Fellow of Trinity
-lecturing in logic, his most brilliant pupil, soon to become a friend, was William King.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>
-Among his contemporaries several names of note occur in the College records&mdash;Tate and
-Brady; Dillon, Earl of Roscommon; Leslie, Denham, Peter Browne, Robert Boyle, and Wilson,
-the author of <cite>Sacra Privata</cite>. But King has claims to more than passing notice. A
-churchman of whom Swift, a warm admirer, could write as follows, can have been no
-common man&mdash;“He spends his time in the practice of all the virtues that can become
-public or private life. So excellent a person may justly be reckoned among the greatest
-and most learned prelates of this age.”</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_255.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-The most Reverend Father in <span class="smcap">God</span><br />
-William King D.D.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>King was of a Scotch Presbyterian family, his father having settled in Ulster
-after his excommunication for refusal to sign
-the Covenant. He betrayed in his infant
-years an aversion to the mechanical lessons
-of his schoolmistress, and suffered much
-whipping as a consequence. The art of
-reading came upon him later quite as a
-surprise, as he suddenly found himself able
-to make sense of the combinations of letters
-which had baffled him under the tuition of
-an orthodox school <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">régime</i>. During his
-career in College he lived as a Spartan.
-“I scarce had twenty pounds,” he tells us
-in an unpublished autograph memoir preserved
-in Armagh Diocesan Library, “in all
-the six years I spent in College, save from
-the College (Scholarship). Yet herein do I
-acknowledge God’s providence that I was
-able to appear <em>nearly</em> all that time decently
-drest and sufficiently fed.” Although without
-definite religious opinions, since as a child
-he had received no instruction, by study and conversation with men of weight and learning
-in the University he came to have that settled faith which drew him to the ministry of the
-Church, and remained with him all through life. Thus King’s debt to Trinity College was
-a large one; he owed to her not only the intellectual but the spiritual training which
-determined his life and character. When ordained Priest, he was appointed Chaplain to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span>
-Archbishop of Tuam. The change from the narrow fare of his life in College to that of
-the Palace, where a “dinner of sixteen dishes and a supper of twelve, with abundant
-variety of wines and other generous liquors,” were the usual diet, affected his health.
-“The issue was, that before I had begun to dream of ill effects,” he says quaintly, “I was
-taken with the gout.”</p>
-
-<p>Archbishop Parker, who had formed a high estimate of King’s powers, appointed him,
-soon after his own translation to Dublin, to the Chancellorship of St. Patrick’s, at that
-juncture of affairs when the Duke of York, heir-presumptive to the Crown, declared himself
-a Roman Catholic. In 1683 he was sent to Tunbridge Wells to try a course of the waters
-for his health, and fell into acquaintance with many political persons. Party spirit was then
-running very high, and considerable excitement prevailed over the revocation of the charters
-of certain cities. He felt it to be his duty to support the King, so that he might not be
-driven to seek support from the unprincipled politicians of the day. This support was,
-however, only conditional upon rational and legal action on the King’s part. When the
-crisis came in the next reign, and it was imperative that some side should be taken in the
-contest between James and the Prince of Orange, King came to the conclusion that in the
-illegal and unjustifiable action of James there was ample reason for the transference of his
-allegiance to the champion of the Protestant party.</p>
-
-<p>At this time, when the confusion and apprehensions of the clergy drove many of
-them to England for refuge, the affairs of the Church in Ireland were wholly managed by
-King and Bishop Dopping, an ex-Fellow of Trinity. Archbishop Marsh, indeed, left
-everything in the hands of King as his commissary, and the latter’s position became one of
-great responsibility and danger. With many others, he was thrown into prison in Dublin
-Castle, and, although released in a few months, was again in the following year imprisoned,
-until the victory of the Boyne set him at liberty. As Dean of St. Patrick’s he preached at
-a thanksgiving service for the victory in his Cathedral, at which the King was present; and
-when it was told his Majesty, in answer to enquiry, that the preacher’s name was William
-King, he remarked, smiling, that their names were both alike&mdash;King William and William
-King. On his appointment to the Bishopric of Derry, which followed close upon the
-Revolution, he showed his great administrative abilities in the government of the See, which
-had been terribly impoverished by the war. As he had been the first to declare in public
-speech to which king his allegiance was due, so was he the first author of a history of
-the time, <cite>State of the Protestants in Ireland</cite>, in which he vindicated the lawfulness of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span>
-William’s interposition between James and his subjects; a book spoken of by Burnet as “a
-copious history of the government of Ireland during the reign, which is so well received,
-and so universally acknowledged to be as truly as it is fairly written, that I refer my
-readers to the account of these matters which is fully and faithfully given by that learned
-and zealous prelate.”</p>
-
-<p>As Archbishop of Dublin, King proved himself statesman no less than prelate, as the
-history of the times clearly evidence. When in his seventy-fifth year, the See of Armagh
-became vacant. To Swift, who wrote warmly expressing his hope that King would be
-promoted to Armagh, he replied: “Having never asked anything, I cannot now begin to
-do so, when I have so near a prospect of leaving the station in which I am another way.”
-But there is little doubt that the appointment of Boulter, an Englishman, was not
-acceptable to him, for he received the Primate at his first visit, seated, with the words&mdash;in
-which the jest did not disguise their bitterness,&mdash;“My Lord, I am sure your Grace will
-forgive me, because you know I am too old to rise.” This practice of importing Englishmen
-to fill the greater Sees of Ireland prevailed until a few years ago, and can scarcely be
-described as other than gratuitously insulting to the clergy of that Church in this Country.
-King was eminently ecclesiastic and prelate, wise, strong, and masterful, possessed of many
-of the gifts which go to make up a great statesman. Not such
-a scholar as Ussher, he was more fitted by nature to play a
-part among living men, although, as his great work, <cite>De Origine
-Mali</cite>, proves, he was a subtle thinker no less than a far-sighted
-man of action.</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_257.jpg" width="175" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-<span class="transnote">(bust of Dr. Delaney)</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Bishops Downes and St. George Ashe and Dr. Delany
-are among the prominent Churchmen of this period who were
-ex-Fellows of Trinity. This is the Dr. Delany frequently
-mentioned in Primate Boulter’s letters, and in the works of
-Dean Swift. Of the Scholars of the day, William Molyneux,
-the philosophical friend of Locke, was in the first rank. He it
-was who founded the Society in Dublin on the plan of the Royal
-Society in London, which, although dispersed during the troubles of the war between James
-and William, may rightly be considered the parent of the present Royal Society of Ireland.
-He represented the University in Parliament, and was a public man of mark, although by
-natural bent of mind a mathematician and philosopher. Against Hobbes he carried on a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span>
-controversy in support of Theism. Molyneux wrote many scientific works of great value,
-and one political pamphlet which is historical&mdash;<cite>The Case of Ireland’s being bound by Acts
-of Parliament made in England</cite>.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_258a.jpg" width="200" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-MOLYNEUX.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Like his own Gulliver among the Liliputians, the
-gigantic figure of Swift dominates his age. There is no
-man in history whose character and life is a more
-fascinating study, or whose personality awakens such
-powerful and varied emotions. We are awed by the
-splendour of the intellectual achievement which created
-and peopled a new world in the travels of <cite>Gulliver</cite>,
-which dominated from Laracor Parsonage the counsels
-of statesmen and the fortunes of governments, and which
-could, in the <cite>Drapier’s Letters</cite>, fan the imagination of a
-people to the white heat of revolutionary action. We
-turn to his private life and read his letters, and awe
-gives place to pity, not far removed from affection, for
-the proud heart, sore with all unutterable and measureless
-desires, and of gentlest tenderness to a simple girl. Too proud to be vain; too conscious
-of the vanities of the things of ambition to be ambitious; too constant and open a friend
-to care for the friendships of the shallow or conceited&mdash;in short,
-too consummate master of the world to care for the things
-of the world, like Alexander, despair took hold on him because
-the inexorable limits of time and space left him without a sphere
-worthy the exercise of the power he felt within him. There was
-something more than misanthropy in the man to whom the
-gentle Addison, in sending a copy of his <cite>Travels in Italy</cite>, could
-write:&mdash;“To Jonathan Swift, the most agreeable companion, the
-truest friend, and the greatest genius of his age, this work is
-presented by his most humble servant, the author.”</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_258b.jpg" width="175" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-<span class="transnote">(bust of Dean Swift)</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>There was little in the eighteenth century of spiritual
-fervour or moral enthusiasm. The mental fashion of the times
-was a cynical rationalism, of no depth, because unsupported by any genuine desire for truth.
-Swift, while he hated the shallowness of the prevailing mood of mind, caught the contagion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span>
-and could not altogether shake himself free from its effects, but became in his far more
-honest and more terrible cynicism profoundly contemptuous of the cynics. Stella’s smile
-alone, like a ray of light, ever broke the leaden grey of the sky over his head. When that
-star faded, there was nothing left for which to live, “the long day’s work was done,” and
-death was a friend leading to a rest&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“Ubi saeva indignatio</p>
-<p class="verse0">Cor ulterius lacerare nequit.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Swift&mdash;in name ecclesiastic, in reality statesman and leader of men&mdash;marks the transition
-period from churchmen to poets, orators, and
-men of letters, in the remarkable grouping of
-the great names among the graduates of
-Dublin. Boswell records Johnson’s estimate
-of three of the “Irish clergy” of whom I have
-spoken. “Swift,” said he, “was a man of
-great parts, and the instrument of much
-good to his country; Berkeley was a profound
-scholar, as well as a man of fine
-imagination; but Ussher,” he said, “was the
-great luminary of the Irish Church, and a
-greater no Church could boast of&mdash;at least
-in modern times.”</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_259.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-Thomas Southerne Esq<sup>r</sup>.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The great churchmen of the early years
-of the University were followed by the great
-dramatists. Save to the faithful in matters
-of literature, the name of Southerne, like that
-of many of his predecessors of the age of
-Elizabeth, is a name alone&mdash;“stat nominis
-umbra,”&mdash;and that although he counted Gray
-and Dryden among his admirers, and was the first author whose plays were honoured by a
-second and third night of representation, Shakespeare himself not excepted. In Southerne is
-to be found the last flicker of the passion and fervour of the great dramatic period of our
-literature. As we read, we are startled here and there by the “gusto of the Elizabethan
-voice,” the unmistakable tone which has “somewhat spoiled our taste for the twitterings” of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span>
-modern verse. The great actress still lives, Helen Faucit, Lady Martin, whose impersonation
-of Isabella in the “Fatal Marriage” is vividly remembered by our older playgoers as one of
-the most powerful of her parts. But we of this generation can know nothing of Southerne
-save in the study. To the best known of his plays a place of unique honour belongs.
-The poet is ever foremost in the holy cause of freedom, <ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'and “Oronooko” is'">and “Oroonoko” is</ins> the first work
-in English which denounced the slave trade. The story of the tragedy is said to be literally
-true down to the minutest details. Much court was paid to this “Victor in Drama” in
-his old age; and his person, no less than his reputation, seems to have demanded it, for
-he was “of grave and venerable aspect, accustomed to dress in black, with silver sword and
-silver locks.” To him, on his 81st birthday, Pope wrote:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“Resigned to live, prepared to die,</p>
-<p class="verse0">With not one sin but poetry;</p>
-<p class="verse0">This day Time’s fair account has run</p>
-<p class="verse0">Without a blot to eighty-one.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Kind Boyle before his poet lays</p>
-<p class="verse0">A table with a cloth of bays,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And Ireland, mother of sweet singers,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Presents her harp still to his fingers.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>In the Dublin class-rooms two of the comic dramatists of the Restoration obtained
-their scholarship. The intellectual splendour of William Congreve did not more indisputably
-place him at the head of that coterie of letters than his learning and culture
-made him the most courted gentleman of the period&mdash;“the splendid Phœbus Apollo of the
-Mall.” “His learning,” says Macaulay, “does great honour to his instructors. From his
-writings, it appears not only that he was well acquainted with Latin literature, but that
-his knowledge of the Greek poets was such as was not in his time common, even in a
-College.” For those who feel with Charles Lamb, when he says, speaking of the comedy of
-the last century&mdash;“I confess, for myself, I am glad for a season to take an airing beyond
-the diocese of the strict conscience,” Congreve must always remain prince of wits. He is
-as absolute master of his domain as Shakespeare of his. We do not now rank him, as
-Dryden and Johnson did, with the world’s master-mind&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“ ... Heaven, that but once was prodigal before,</p>
-<p class="verse0">To Shakespeare gave as much, she could not give him more;”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">but we cannot refuse him an absolute supremacy in the narrower sphere of his genius,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span>
-Congreve’s laurels were all reaped at the age of thirty. The “Old Bachelor” was produced
-when the author was but twenty-three, and that most perfect of English comedies of
-manners, “Love for Love,” when he was twenty-five. No such dialogue, for brilliancy, subtlety,
-intellectual finish, and flavour, was ever before heard. We who read cannot feel surprised
-that its sparkle should have dazzled the critics into the language of exaggerated panegyric.
-The “Mourning Bride” was the only essay in tragedy made by the man who, in Voltaire’s
-words, “raised the glory of comedy to a
-greater height than any English writer before
-or since.” Such a genius as Congreve could
-not fail absolutely, and though most of us
-know it only in its first line&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">“Music hath charms to soothe the savage breast;”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">or perhaps by the passage which Johnson
-overpraised as “the most poetical passage
-from the whole mass of English poetry,”
-beginning&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verse0">“How reverend is the face of this tall pile,”&mdash;</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">the “Mourning Bride” is a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tour de force</i>
-in dramatic art.</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_261.jpg" width="275" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-M<sup>r</sup> William Congreve.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Congreve’s career is a striking contrast
-to that proverbially assigned by fortune to
-the man of letters. Patronage from rival
-ministers placed him in various sinecure
-offices, and he died possessed of a large
-fortune. His funeral was that of a Prince.
-His body lay in state in the Jerusalem Chamber, and the greatest Peers of England
-were the bearers of the pall.</p>
-
-<p>Farquhar’s career was less happy than that of Congreve, if indeed success be happiness.
-The genial Irish spirit of the gallant gentleman could not carry his life beyond its thirtieth
-year. Over-exertion, necessitated by the impecuniosity inevitable to a nature akin to
-Goldsmith’s, undermined his health, and, like many another, in seeking to save his life he lost
-it. To Wilks, the actor, he wrote in a characteristic vein during his last illness:&mdash;“Dear<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span>
-Bob, I have not anything to leave thee to perpetuate my memory but two helpless girls.
-Look upon them sometimes, and think of him that was, to the last moment of his life,
-thine, George Farquhar.”</p>
-
-<p>In the “Beaux’ Stratagem” and the “Recruiting Officer,” there is far less of the prurient
-indecency characterising the period than in the comedies of any other member of the famous
-group. Farquhar’s broad humour resembles that of Chaucer and Shakespeare; it bears no
-relation to that of Wycherley. A gentleman of letters, he carried with him into his
-plays the happy lovable disposition of the land of his birth, and the gay indifference to
-fortune’s buffets of the military adventurer. “He was becoming gayer and gayer,” said
-Leigh Hunt, “when death, in the shape of a sore anxiety, called him away as if from a
-pleasant party, and left the house ringing with his jest.”</p>
-
-<p>Among the poets patronised by Frederick, Prince of Wales, at the beginning of the
-eighteenth century was Henry Brooke, afterwards better known as a novelist by his <cite>Fool of
-Quality</cite>, published in the same year as the now famous <cite>Vicar of Wakefield</cite>. Brooke, in a
-remarkable poem entitled “Universal Beauty,” wherein every aspect of Nature is described
-with scientific exactness, anticipating the manner of Darwin in the “Loves of the Plants,” gave
-promise of a poetic future and fame to which he never attained. In early life a friend of
-Swift, Pope, and Chesterfield, as a man of letters he was widely known and respected
-for his public spirit and generous disposition, as well as for the high merit of his work.</p>
-
-<p>Ireland has never produced a more truly original poet than Thomas Parnell, the
-author of “The Hermit.” After he had acquired in Trinity College the classical training
-which, in the estimation of Goldsmith, placed him among the most elegant scholars of the
-day, a country parsonage received him into an oblivion which would have been final but for
-the kindly encouragement of Swift and Pope. So modest and diffident a man could never
-have emerged from the obscurity of his position in life unaided by some helping hand. As
-it was, his poems were not published, except in a posthumous edition by his great
-contemporary last mentioned. Although unable wholly to effect escape from the influences
-of the artificial school of the poetry of the so-called Augustan age, there is more real feeling
-naturally expressed, more genuine poetic sweetness, in Parnell’s “Hymn to Contentment,” or
-his “Night Piece on Death,” than in any other verse of his time. Without Pope’s incisive
-vigour or precision, he sounds a note more pure and exquisite, a note which appeals to
-the modern lover of poetry as Pope’s keen intelligence and perfection of phrase can
-never do.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_263.jpg" width="275" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-Berkeley.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>At Kilkenny School, the Eton of Ireland, where Congreve and Swift had also been
-pupils, George Berkeley received his early education <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">sub ferula</i> a Dr. Hinton. At the age
-of fifteen he entered Trinity, and soon after became Scholar and Fellow of the house.
-Mathematics chiefly occupied the
-attention of the more eminent
-scholars of the day, but the larger
-problems claimed Berkeley’s allegiance.
-The philosophical issues
-raised by Locke and Malebranche
-had given a new impulse to the
-study of metaphysics, now emancipated
-from the fetters of scholasticism.
-Dublin was abreast of the
-thought of the time, for Locke’s
-<cite>Essay</cite> was adopted as a text-book
-immediately on its publication, and
-is still a part of the course in Logics.
-On accepting the Deanery of Derry
-in 1724, Berkeley resigned all his
-College offices, but before that time
-his best known work had been done.
-<cite>The New Theory of Vision</cite> and
-<cite>The Principles of Human Knowledge</cite>
-are the direct outcome of his
-thought while a Junior Fellow of
-Trinity. The originality of Berkeley’s
-mind was equalled by its
-purity. The “good Berkeley,” as
-Kant calls him, charmed, as some
-rare spirits have the power to charm society which cared nothing for his theories, no less
-than philosophical friends and foes. To him the satiric vivisector Pope ascribed “every virtue
-under Heaven;” and Swift, misanthropist and scorner of friendship, made him a confidential
-friend. In some men, as has often been remarked, there resides a nameless power, the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span>
-effluence of a character at once strong and good. No less a philosopher in life than in
-theory, no word of bitterness has ever been breathed against one of the fairest fames in
-history. In what exquisite words he declined, when Bishop of Cloyne, to apply for the
-Archiepiscopal See of Armagh: “I am no man’s rival or competitor in this matter. I am
-not in love with feasts, and crowds, and visits, and late hours, and strange faces, and a
-hurry of affairs often insignificant. For my own private satisfaction, I had rather be master
-of my time than wear a diadem.” But in the interest of others he was willing to spend
-that time. Like every other idealist thinker, he had his Utopia. “He is an absolute
-philosopher,” wrote Swift to Lord Carteret, “with regard to money, titles, and power, and
-for three years past has been struck with a notion of founding a University at Bermudas
-by a charter from the Crown.”</p>
-
-<p>On May the 11th, 1726, the Commons voted “That an humble address be presented
-to his Majesty, that out of the lands in St. Christopher’s, yielded by France to Great Britain
-by the Treaty of Utrecht, his Majesty would be graciously pleased to make such grant for
-the use of the President and Fellows of the College of St. Paul in Bermuda as his Majesty
-shall think proper.” The College, though here named, was never established, but the glow
-of anticipated success was the inspiration of prophetic and noble verse&mdash;such verse as Mr.
-Palgrave tells us is written by thoughtful men who practise the art but little.</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="verseq">“In happy climes, the seat of innocence,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Where nature guides and virtue rules,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Where men shall not impose for truth and sense</p>
-<p class="verse2">The pedantry of courts and schools;</p>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="verseq">“There shall be sung another golden age,</p>
-<p class="verse2">The rise of Empire and of Arts,</p>
-<p class="verse0">The good and great inspiring epic rage,</p>
-<p class="verse2">The wisest heads and noblest hearts.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="verseq">“Not such as Europe breeds in her decay;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Such as she bred when fresh and young,</p>
-<p class="verse0">When heavenly flame did animate her clay,</p>
-<p class="verse2">By future poets shall be sung.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="verseq">“Westward the course of Empire takes its way;</p>
-<p class="verse2">The four first acts already past,</p>
-<p class="verse0">A fifth shall close the drama with the day;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Time’s noblest offspring is the last.”</p>
-</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Most of the critics have omitted to mention Berkeley among the stylists, probably
-because of the subject-matter of his work; but as a master of language he alone of the
-philosophers ranks with Plato. A felicity of style, consisting in perfect naturalness and
-perfect fitness in the choice of words, has been a birthright of great Irishmen. There
-is perhaps no surer test of delicacy of moral fibre or of intellectual precision than a
-refinement of touch in language, such as that of Goldsmith and Berkeley.</p>
-
-<p>After the disappointment in the matter of the University in Bermuda, Berkeley
-devoted himself once more to Philosophy. With Queen Caroline he was so great a favourite
-that the royal command frequently brought him to the Palace; and when through some
-official hitch he was disappointed of the Deanery of Down, the Queen signified her pleasure
-that, since “they would not suffer Dr. Berkeley to be a Dean in Ireland, he should be
-a Bishop,” and in 1734 appointed him to the See of Cloyne.</p>
-
-<p>His letter to the Roman Catholic Bishops of Ireland shows the large spirit of charity
-with which he exercised his episcopal office. Traditions of his loved and cherished presence
-still linger about the Palace of Cloyne, now a ruin; and a beautiful recumbent figure
-recently placed in the Cathedral perpetuates his memory there. But as he advanced in
-years, feeble in health, and long desirous of ending his days in a quiet retirement, he made
-Oxford his choice, and wrote to the Secretary of State (in 1752) to ask leave to resign his
-Bishopric. So unusual a desire as that of voluntary retirement, involving the loss of the
-episcopal revenue, led the King, George II., to enquire who it was that preferred such
-a request, and on learning that it was his old friend, Dr. Berkeley, declared that he should
-die a Bishop in spite of himself, but might reside where he pleased. Before he left Ireland,
-he instituted in his old College the two medals which bear his name for proficiency in
-Greek. In Oxford he died, and was buried in the Cathedral of Christ Church. Markham,
-the Archbishop of York, wrote his epitaph:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“Si Christianus fueris</p>
-<p class="verse2">Si amans patriæ</p>
-<p class="verse0">Utroque nomine gloriari potes</p>
-<p class="verse2">Berkleium vixisse.”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">Of the three portraits in our College perhaps none can be regarded as accurate. Probably
-the somewhat idealised outlines of the Cloyne monument convey a true image of Berkeley
-as his own generation knew him. “A handsome man,” it is said, “with a countenance full
-of meaning and benignity.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>It would be out of place to attempt here to estimate Berkeley’s philosophical rank.
-If Hamann’s verdict be just&mdash;“Without Berkeley no Hume, without Hume no Kant,” we
-owe to the gentle wisdom of our great countryman a metaphysical debt difficult to overestimate;
-but quite apart from the importance of his position in the evolution of the
-critical idealism, the figure of that serene thinker, modest, tender, without reproach, will ever
-win and hold the admiration and reverence of all lovers of the beautiful in life and character.</p>
-
-<p>One of Berkeley’s most remarkable Episcopal brethren was Bishop Clayton, the mover
-of a motion in the Irish House of Lords proposing that the Nicene and Athanasian Creeds
-should be expunged from the Liturgy of the Church of Ireland&mdash;a somewhat bold proposal
-on the part of a dignitary of the Church. Mention should also here be made of Philip
-Skelton, a contemporary of Clayton, and a scholar of wide repute.</p>
-
-<p>In 1744 two remarkable boys entered Trinity College, strangely unlike in disposition
-and genius, both heirs of Fame, but destined to reach her temple by very different avenues.
-Their names were Edmund Burke and Oliver Goldsmith. The life of the tender-hearted,
-vain, improvident, generous, altogether lovable author of the <cite>Vicar of Wakefield</cite> and the
-<cite>Deserted Village</cite>, with all its vicissitudes, its hours of extravagant luxury, and years
-of hopeless poverty, is as well known to most children as are the works which his exquisite
-art left the world for “a perpetual feast of nectared sweets.” There is nothing to tell of
-him which has not been told and re-told, read and re-read, from the story of the young aspirant
-for ordination presenting himself to his Bishop in a pair of scarlet breeches, to that simple
-sentence of Johnson’s, when he heard of his death and his debts, “Let not his frailties be
-remembered; he was a very great man.”</p>
-
-<p>Goldsmith’s College career, like that of Swift, was not a brilliant one. Set him to
-turn an ode of Horace into English verse, and you might count on a version that would
-surprise the scholars; but give him a mathematical problem to solve, and he was a disgrace
-to his University. It was the same until the end. The mathematics of life&mdash;the simple
-additions and subtractions&mdash;were too much for him; but those marvellous versions of the
-tales of his experience or imagination we still delight in and wonder at. The charm of that
-delicate simplicity and ease of style has never been surpassed. Addison is justly honoured,
-and as a writer of English generally appraised higher than Goldsmith; but I cannot think
-that the Magdalen Scholar has a lightness of touch or a grace at all comparable to the poor
-Sizar of Trinity. In Addison’s best essays a fastidious critic, while he admires their chastened
-correctness, will observe a certain primness, an over-studied perfection of diction. Addison<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>
-is a finished artist; but Goldsmith’s freedom gives greater pleasure, for he wrote under the
-direct inspiration of Nature. Posterity, too, has given its inexorable decree in favour of the
-Irishman. <cite>Cato</cite> is forgotten, but <cite>She Stoops to Conquer</cite> is with us still. The <cite>Spectator</cite> is
-read in the study of the student of literature, but the <cite>Vicar of Wakefield</cite> in every English
-home. “To be the most beloved of English writers”&mdash;as Thackeray says&mdash;“what a title
-that is for a man!”</p>
-
-<p>The Earl of Mornington, whose more illustrious son, the great Duke, vanquished the
-“World’s Victor” at Waterloo, was a contemporary of Goldsmith, and the first Professor
-of Music in the University. Malone, the editor of Shakespeare, and Toplady, the hymn-writer,
-graduated about the same time as the Earl, then a <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">filius nobilis</i>.</p>
-
-<p>In connection with the name of Edmund Burke, some mention must be made of the
-Historical Society, which claims him as its founder. Its splendid traditions date from the
-inauguration of Burke’s Historical Club in 1747. Throughout its chequered career it has
-preserved a peculiar pride and independence of spirit, intolerant of interference on the part
-even of the authorities of the University, which not infrequently resulted in serious disagreement
-affecting its existence inside the College walls, and on two occasions led to periods of
-exile from the University, during which it found a home in the city. No other debating
-society in the world, perhaps, can claim to rank with it as a cradle of orators. It has been
-the palæstra of many of the most eloquent speakers of the English tongue. Besides its
-founder Burke, Grattan and Curran, Plunket and Bushe, Sheil and Butt, and many another
-master of rhetoric, practised at the debates of the “Historical” the art which has made
-Ireland no less famous as mother of orators than she was formerly as mother of saints.
-Throughout its career this Society has given to the Irish Bench and Bar their most
-distinguished leaders, and many to England and the dependencies of the Crown. Three
-of the members of the present Government were officers of the Society in their student
-days; and the most recent loss it has sustained was by the death of William Connor Magee,
-the late Archbishop of York, the first Auditor after its reconstitution in 1843.</p>
-
-<p>The objects of the Club at its foundation, as appears from the minutes, were
-“speaking, reading, writing, and arguing in Morality, History, Criticism, Politics, and all the
-useful branches of Philosophy.” There are many points of interest in the earliest minute-book
-of the Society, of which the greater part is in Burke’s handwriting. A critical
-discrimination on the part of the members, remarkable in the light of later history, is
-recorded in the minute of April 28, 1747, when “Mr. Burke, for an essay on the Genoese,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>
-was given thanks for the matter, but not for the delivery.” The Club, consisting of a very
-few members, grew in numbers until, at the period in which an Irish Parliament sat in
-College Green, it was an assembly of six hundred, many of its prominent members being
-also Members of Parliament. An ordinary excuse for the absence of a speaker from his
-place seems to have been compulsory attendance in the Commons. The influence of such
-a Society upon political opinion in Ireland was naturally considerable, and the expression of
-the revolutionary views of many of its members, such as Emmet and Wolfe Tone, gave great
-uneasiness to the Board of the College. It is only in comparatively recent years that the
-feeling of suspicion with which the Society was regarded by the authorities has disappeared,
-and it is far indeed from probable that occasion for it will ever again arise. There are few
-pages of mere chronicle of names more potent in arousing patriotic enthusiasm in a lover
-of Ireland, than those in the proceedings of this Society which are a record of its officers.</p>
-
-<p>Although the oratory of Burke signally failed, on the great occasions upon which it
-was displayed, to alter the determination or the policy of the majority of those to whom it
-was addressed, he stands by general consent&mdash;to make no wider comparison&mdash;at the head of
-the orators who spoke the English tongue. “Saturated with ideas” and magnificent in
-diction as Burke’s oratory was, it is not as orator merely that he claims the attention of
-students of history, nor as “our greatest English prose writer” (as Matthew Arnold calls
-him) the attention of students of literature; the nobility of the man commands a deeper
-admiration. “We who know Mr. Burke know that he will be one of the first men in the
-country,” said Dr. Johnson, with that magnanimous appreciation of merit so characteristic of
-him; and the estimate was not an exaggerated one. By far the most sagacious and
-chivalrous statesman of his time, the high-minded disinterestedness and moral fervour of the
-man, in an age such as that in which his lot was cast, give him a far-shining pre-eminence.
-Again and again in his utterance rings the splendid note that stirs the blood as with the
-sound of a trumpet&mdash;the note which only the brave man to whom belongs the <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">mens conscia
-recti</i> can dare to utter. Take this: “I know the map of England as well as the noble Lord
-or any other person, and I know that the path that I take is not the way to preferment;”
-or this, when a purblind electorate complained of his Parliamentary policy: “I do not here
-stand before you accused of venality or of neglect of duty. It is not said that in the long
-period of my service I have, in a single instance, sacrificed the slightest of your interests
-to my ambition or to my fortune&mdash;No! the charges against me are all of one kind, that
-I have pushed the principles of general justice and benevolence too far&mdash;further than a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>
-cautious policy would warrant, and further than the opinions of many would go along with
-me. In every accident which may happen through life&mdash;in pain, in sorrow, in depression
-and distress&mdash;I will call to mind this accusation, and be comforted.” To read the speeches
-of Burke is, I think, a liberal education in literature, in ethics, and in political philosophy.
-No man can rise from a study of them uninstructed or unennobled.</p>
-
-<p>To say that in his later years many of the finest qualities of his head and heart
-failed him, is but to give trite expression to the familiar fact that man too has his “winter of
-pale misfeature.” There is no figure in the history of English politics at once so great
-and so noble as that of Edmund Burke.</p>
-
-<p>As has been remarked, any record of the alumni of Trinity College must take note
-of the remarkable grouping of the great names. The brilliant oratorical group belongs to
-the period of the history of Ireland when her circumstances in a special sense called for
-the public speaker, assigning to him patriotic duties and a noble theme. When Dublin
-became the seat of a Parliament of real political power, it was the natural ambition of every
-young Protestant Irishman of talent to make for himself a name and fame within its walls.
-The responsibility of self-government brought in its train a national enthusiasm and zeal
-which gave a new life to the country so long hopelessly misgoverned. For the first time
-became possible in Ireland great public service in the cause of Ireland. In 1746 was born
-Henry Grattan, the man destined by an ironical fate to gain by the splendour and force
-of his advocacy an honourable independence for the legislature of his country, and to live
-long enough to see the whole edifice, raised with so many fervent prayers and hopes, crumble
-to pieces, undermined by the sustained effort of unexampled treachery and fraud in power.
-In pathetic words Grattan described, when all was over, his relations to the Irish
-Parliament&mdash;“I watched by its cradle; I followed it to the grave.”</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_270.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-EARL OF CLARE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The story of the Irish orators of this fascinating epoch has been told by the most
-judicial of living historians, Mr. W. E. H. Lecky, himself, like them, a son of the Dublin
-<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Mater Universitatis</i>. As he tells us, however divided political opinion in our day may
-be over the vexed question of the government of this island, “the whole intellect of the
-country” was bitterly opposed to the measure for a Union introduced by Lord Castlereagh.
-The only man of ability and position in Ireland to whom it was not intolerable was
-Fitzgibbon, Earl of Clare. Sheridan, the champion of the Irish cause in the English
-Parliament, could scarcely find words strong enough to express the intensity of his feelings.
-“I would have fought for that Irish Parliament,” he said, “up to the knees in blood.” It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span>
-may be difficult for the student of history to understand the fierceness of the opposition
-with which Grattan, Flood, and Plunket met the proposal of the English Ministers, but in
-the fire and force of their utterances a very sincere and determined spirit manifests itself.
-The purity of their patriotism has never been questioned. Flood, the first of the Irish orators
-who rose to prominence in the House, was described by Grattan as “the most easy and
-best-tempered man in the world, as well as the most sensible.” Grattan, though fearless
-in the open advocacy of his principles, was himself a man of modest and courteous
-disposition. There was nothing of the political bully or blustering demagogue in the
-champions of the cause of legislative independence.
-While Grattan and Flood were devoting
-all their energies to a common cause, they were
-separated by a quarrel which no reconciliation
-ever brought to an end. Standing apart from each
-other, they nevertheless, with the native generosity
-of the country which gave them birth, recognised
-each the mental and moral worth of the other.
-As speakers, Flood was admitted to be the more
-convincing reasoner of the two; but Grattan,
-rapid and epigrammatic, whose sentences were
-always forged to a white heat, was irresistible.
-His was “an oracular loftiness of words which
-certainly came nearer the utterance of inspiration
-than any eloquence, ancient or modern.” Both
-were, in youth, unwearied students of the art
-of which they became masters, and like Demosthenes also in this, that they thought
-no pains too great to accomplish their ends, believing, like him, that pains so taken
-were such as show “a kind of respect for the people.” Flood was a diligent pupil in the
-school of classic oratory; while Grattan, no less persevering, in manner, in tone, in
-everything that characterises a speaker, was peculiarly original and alone; for it cannot be
-said that in any important particular he resembled any other great speaker. Comparing
-him with other orators Mr. Lecky says&mdash;“It was left for Grattan to be profound while he
-was fascinating, and pointed while he was profound.”</p>
-
-<p>Although he had retired from public life, and was seriously ill when the measure<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span>
-which resulted in legislative union with Great Britain was introduced, Grattan stood for a
-vacant constituency, and re-entered the House whose independence he had gained while the
-debate affecting its existence was in progress. There have been few more pathetic scenes
-in the history of Parliaments than that which, in the final debate, shows us the old man
-eloquent, too feeble to stand, and addressing the House by its leave seated, pleading for
-the last time in the cause of his country. It was that he might spend his latest years in
-support of the bill for the removal of the disabilities of Roman Catholics, whose
-emancipation had been one of the objects of his political career, that Grattan consented to
-enter the British Parliament. The keynote of his plea sounds in the words he used in one
-of the speeches upon the question: “Bigotry may survive persecution, but it can never
-survive toleration.” Like Edmund Burke, the path he chose in life was not one which led
-to preferment; and it is best perhaps that his resting-place in the Abbey beside Pitt and
-Fox is undistinguished by name or stone. What epitaph could England write for Henry
-Grattan? The full-length portraits of Grattan and Flood possessed by the College hang
-upon the same wall in the Dining Hall. That of Grattan represents him in the hour of
-his triumph, moving the Declaration of Independence. Flood, a striking figure, stands
-defiantly out, as if replying to a hostile speaker in the measured invective for which he
-was famous. Flood’s name is to be found in the list of the benefactors of Trinity College.
-He left an estate of five thousand pounds, to be devoted to the purchase of Irish MSS., and
-for the encouragement of the study of that language.</p>
-
-<p>In the minutes of the Irish Parliament, as moving and seconding motions for the
-removal of the political disabilities of the Roman Catholics, appear frequently in combination
-the names of two peers educated in Dublin University&mdash;Lords Mountjoy and O’Neill.
-Parliamentary friends when the insurrection of Ninety-Eight plunged the country into civil
-war, they became brothers in arms. Alike in fate, O’Neill fell at the battle of Antrim,
-Mountjoy at New Ross.</p>
-
-<p>Another illustrious Irish name among the Dublin graduates of the period is that of
-Sir Lucius O’Brien, a leading statesman and financier in the Lower House, a man of much
-practical ability and of unblemished honour. As leader of the “Country Party,” he was
-foremost in the successful struggle to relieve Irish finance from waste and corruption, and
-to free Irish trade and legislation from unjust restriction.</p>
-
-<p>Plunket, by some considered Grattan’s equal as an orator, must be regarded as one
-of the most remarkable men of his age. At the Bar, as in the Senate, he made a profound<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span>
-impression upon men who, like Lord Brougham, his warm friend and admirer, were keen
-critics and trained lawyers. The severity of his style distinguishes him from all other
-speakers of the period. The grace and beauty of Plunket’s oratory are not to be found in
-any wealth of ornamental diction. Its texture was logical; every phrase, whether direct or
-involving illustration, was uttered with but one end in view&mdash;that of persuasion. To
-dazzle without producing conviction is not a part of the aim of any sincere man. Plunket
-made no effort to captivate the sense; he
-addressed himself to the reason, and to
-honourable victory.</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_272.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-PLUNKET.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Curran, afterwards Master of the Rolls
-under Fox during his short administration,
-made his reputation as a speaker by his
-defence of the prisoners in the trials of
-Ninety-Eight. The speech&mdash;a masterpiece&mdash;in
-which he defended Hamilton Rowan, was,
-in the estimation of Brougham, “the most
-eloquent speech ever delivered at the Bar.”
-Curran’s eloquence is florid and passionate,
-more typical of Irish oratory, as that phrase
-is usually understood, than that of the
-greater men of the time. He appealed
-more directly to the emotions, and was a
-consummate master in that difficult art&mdash;the arousing and controlling the feelings of his
-audience. In this art his younger contemporary, Richard Lalor Sheil, also excelled.
-Although of undignified figure, and denied by nature the gifts of voice and manner
-which fascinate public assemblies, he overcame all obstacles to the attainment of that
-power which, unlike that of the poet or philosopher, is always a witness of its own
-triumph.</p>
-
-<p>Thomas Moore was one of the first Roman Catholics to take advantage of the Act
-of 1793, which threw open to them the University of Dublin. Although his co-religionists
-now obtained the privilege of attending the College classes, they were debarred until many
-years later from the higher academic honours, and Moore, who was entitled to a Scholarship
-on his answering, could not profit by it. He was, however, recognised by the authorities<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span>
-as a youth of promise, and was the recipient on one occasion of a special prize for a set
-of English verses, the prize being a copy of the <cite>Travels of Anacharsis</cite>, with the inscription,
-“<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Propter laudabilem in versibus componendis progressum</i>.” Moore’s recollections of the
-debates in the Historical Society, of which he was a prominent member, are full of interest.
-He became a close friend of Emmet, who was, he tells us, at this time “of the popular side
-in the Society the chief champion and ornament.” In 1798, when Lord Clare, the Vice-Chancellor
-of the University, held a solemn Visitation, with the view of discovering whether any
-treasonable persons or factions had been at work among the students, Moore was examined
-as a witness. At first he refused to take the oath, but, on learning that such refusal would
-lead to expulsion, submitted, and gave his evidence, which disclaimed all knowledge of
-any secret societies within the University. Moore acknowledges that the Visitation, though
-somewhat of an arbitrary proceeding, was justified in its results. There were, he tells us, a
-few, among them Robert Emmet, “whose total absence from the whole scene, as well as
-the dead silence that day after day followed the calling out of their names, proclaimed
-how deep had been their share in the unlawful proceedings inquired into by this tribunal.”
-The modern critics of the psychological school seem to have agreed to place “Anacreon”
-Moore far down on the roll of the “followers of the narrow footsteps of the bards.” They
-are unable to find, in <cite>Lalla Rookh</cite> or the <cite>Irish Melodies</cite>, the intellectual mastery of life
-without which poetry has for them no real value. They complain that in Moore the
-sense of</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-<p class="verseq">“The heavy and the weary weight</p>
-<p class="verse2">Of all this unintelligible world”</p>
-</div></div>
-
-<p class="noindent">is not sufficiently emphasised, and that he must therefore take rank as a poet of society
-upon whom the eternal problems did not press heavily enough to make him a poet-philosopher.
-The indictment may indeed be partially true; but there is poetry which has
-as little of the character of a profound philosophy as have the cravings of the human heart.
-“The Meeting of the Waters” or “She is far from the land,” though unweighted by any
-profound or subtle thought, will outlive&mdash;to venture on prediction&mdash;the splendid unravelling
-of intellectual complexities in “Mr. Sludge, the Medium.” There is not, I believe, to be
-found in any literature more melodious utterance of real emotion than in the songs of this
-true poetic brother of Oliver Goldsmith&mdash;like him, and unlike many of his contemporaries,
-possessed of “the great poetic heart,” the possession of which, we have been told, is “more
-than all poetic fame.” The charm, as I have already observed, of the greater part of the
-poetry and prose of Ireland, lies in its unaffected purity and naturalness. The lyrical cry
-we hear in the music-marvels&mdash;“I saw from the beach” and “Oft in the stilly night”&mdash;has
-a piercing sweetness unrivalled by greater poets of vastly wider range. For the creator
-of a nation’s songs there is little need to fear, despite the critics, the verdict, in a phrase
-of Archer Butler’s, of “the incorruptible Areopagus of posterity.”</p>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_274.jpg" width="550" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-“THE BURIAL OF SIR JOHN MOORE.”<br />
-<br />
-FAC-SIMILE FROM ORIGINAL LETTER IN THE LIBRARY OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY.<br />
-(<em>By Permission.</em>)</div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_275.jpg" width="550" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-<span class="transnote">(second page)</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>Yet other members of the Historical Society were found among the leaders of the
-revolutionary party in the troublous times of the Irish Rebellion. Wolfe Tone, the leader of
-the United Irishmen, had sat in the chair of the Society, obtained three of its medals, and
-delivered the closing address of one of the sessions. His place in history has been
-accurately defined by a brilliant young Irish University man of the present generation,
-Mr. T. W. Rolleston: “He found national sentiment the property of a small aristocratic
-section; he left it the dominant sentiment of the millions of the Irish democracy.”</p>
-
-<p>The author of “A Battle of Freedom,” Thomas Davis, may rightly be called the
-Tyrtæus of the national party. He too held the premier office, that of Auditor, in the
-Society above mentioned, and might, had he lived, have reached a high place, not only
-among Irish but among English poets.</p>
-
-<p>Dublin claims many other names of literary note&mdash;Sir Samuel Ferguson, recently
-lost to us, whose themes were the ancient traditions and legends of his native land; and
-(to go a generation further back) that poet who has earned the laurel by adding to the
-treasury of literature one poem not to be forgotten&mdash;“The Burial of Sir John Moore.”
-(<em>See fac-simile</em>, <a href="#Page_260">pp. 260, 261</a>.)</p>
-
-<p>It is not part of my task to write contemporary history, of the Senate or the Bar,
-in the careers of Butt or Napier or Whiteside or Cairns. With students of philosophy
-Archer Butler is a name to be reverenced, and Stokes and Graves gave to the School of
-Medicine in Dublin a European reputation, as witness such a passage as this from
-Professor Trousseau: “As Clinical Professor in the Faculty of Medicine of Paris, I have
-incessantly read and re-read the work of Graves; I have become inspired with it in my
-teaching; I have endeavoured to imitate it in the book I have myself published on
-the Clinique of the Hotel-Dieu; and even now, though I know almost by heart all that
-the Dublin Professor has written, I cannot refrain from perusing a book which never leaves
-my study.” In theology, Magee&mdash;Archbishop of Dublin, O’Brien, Lee, and Fitzgerald,
-and in Irish antiquarian research Todd and Reeves, have made for themselves an abiding
-reputation.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_277a.jpg" width="150" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-<span class="transnote">(bust of James MacCullagh)</span></div>
-</div>
-
-<p>Mathematicians will not need to be reminded of the
-importance of the work done in their province by Hamilton
-and MacCullagh. Sir William Rowan Hamilton ranks with
-the greatest of the explorers of new scientific territory. To
-name the author of the <cite>General Method in Dynamics</cite> and
-the inventor of the method of Quaternions is sufficient; it is
-impossible here to do more. The position held by Trinity
-College in this century as a seat of mathematical learning is
-largely due to MacCullagh. He it was who introduced here
-a more comprehensive study of the work of Continental
-mathematicians, under the auspices of Provost Lloyd.</p>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_277b.jpg" width="250" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-LEVER.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>The Irish novelists, Maxwell and Le Fanu, have been
-overshadowed by the greater Lever. Lever’s descriptions of College life in <cite>Charles O’Malley</cite>
-and other of his novels are a faithful reproduction of his own experiences. Take him all
-in all, he is one of the best story-tellers we
-have had or shall ever have; a romancer
-who holds his readers breathless till the
-last page is turned in his stories of adventure,
-and a dramatist whose situations are
-among the most powerful in fiction. The
-underlying melancholy which Thackeray saw
-in Lever gives to his later books, from which
-the high boyish spirits of the earlier tales
-are absent, a graver and deeper human
-interest. But he is the most cheerful companion
-of all the great story-tellers; and
-who does not feel a relief in taking up
-Lever after the motive-grinding and mental
-dissections of the modern novel of purpose?</p>
-
-<p>With the last mentioned name I shall
-close this review, for I must not enter the
-world of to-day. The careers which we
-or our fathers have watched in person have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span>
-been too lately followed to be spoken of here. They must read many books who seek to
-know the fortunes and achievements of the graduates of Dublin in recent years, for a
-record of them will carry the reader into the political, military, and literary history of the
-English-speaking peoples in all the continents.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_278.jpg" width="400" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-BERKELEY’S TOMB.</div>
-</div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum pg-brk"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_279.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative section heading)" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<h3 class="no-brk">DISTINGUISHED GRADUATES</h3>
-
-<p class="pfs80"><em>Referred to in <a href="#CHAPTER_IX">Chapter IX</a>.</em></p>
-
-<hr class="r15" />
-
-<div class="fs80">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdr"></td><td class="tdr fs80">PAGE</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdr"></td><td class="tdr fs80">PAGE</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Ashe, St. George</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">King, William</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Berkeley, George</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Leslie, Charles</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Boyle, Robert</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Lever, Charles</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Brady, Nicholas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Le Fanu, Sheridan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Brooke, Henry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Loftus, Dudley</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Browne, Peter</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">M‘Calmont, Hugh, Earl Cairns</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Burke, Edmund</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">MacCullagh, James</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Bushe, Charles Kendel</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Magee, William (Dublin)</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Butler, William Archer</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Magee, William Connor (York)</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Butt, Isaac</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Malone, Edmund</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Clayton, Robert</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Maxwell, William</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Congreve, William</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_246">246</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Molyneux, William</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Conyngham, William, Lord Plunket</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Moore, Thomas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Curran, John Philpot</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Napier, Sir Joseph</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Davis, Thomas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">O’Brien, Sir Lucius</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Delany, Patrick</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Parnell, Thomas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Denham, Sir John</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Sheil, Richard Lalor</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Dillon, Earl of Roscommon</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Skelton, Philip</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Dodwell, Henry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Southerne, Thomas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_245">245</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Dopping, Anthony</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Swift, Jonathan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_244">244</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Emmet, Robert</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Tate, Nahum</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Farquhar, George</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Tone, Theobald Wolfe</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Ferguson, Sir Samuel</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Toplady, Augustus</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Fitzgibbon, John, Earl of Clare</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Ussher, James</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Flood, Henry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Ware, Sir James</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Goldsmith, Oliver</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Whiteside, James</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Grattan, Henry</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Wilson, Thomas</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Graves, Robert James</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Wolfe, Charles</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_260">260-261</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Hamilton, Sir William Rowan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Wellesley, Garrod, Earl of Mornington</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_281a.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-MEADE. <span class="pad15pc">GARRET WESLEY.</span> <span class="pad15pc">CAUFIELD.</span><br />
-1760. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="pad20pc">1751.</span> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="pad20pc">1690.</span></div>
-</div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER X.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">THE COLLEGE PLATE.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_281b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">The earliest mention of any acquisition of Plate seems to be the list of
-subscriptions (in 1600) for the College Mace, which cost £12, a large sum
-in those days. I have heard Provost Humphrey Lloyd say that this ancient
-relic of the first days of the College was extant in his time, and sometimes
-used, but, being in the charge of the Bedell, disappeared when the larger and
-handsomer mace, now still in use, came to be habitually produced. This
-regrettable loss dates from that period in the history of the College when all
-ancient things were neglected.</p>
-
-<p>The next entry in the Registry seems to occur in the negotiations concerning
-a lease with John Richardson, Bishop of Ardagh, a friend of James Ussher. In addition to
-his rent, he promised to give Communion Plate to the value of £30&mdash;“a chalice, paten,
-and stoup of silver.” This precious gift (<em>cf.</em> <a href="#Page_44">p. 44</a>) is still in use, having escaped all
-the violences, the negligences, the ignorances of many generations. The set contains more
-articles than those given by Richardson, some far later in date (1700, 1764, &amp;c.), but all
-imitated from his gift as a model. The chalice bears the inscription&mdash;</p>
-
-<p class="pfs80" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-“1632. Johs. Richardson, S.T.P., hujus Collegii quondum socius,<br />
-&nbsp;&nbsp; Esse sui dedit hoc monumentum et pignus amoris.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="noindent">The flagons are of the finest Caroline design, perfectly simple, with slight <em>entasis</em> like a
-Greek pillar. One of them (of the year 1638) bears the inscription&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry" lang="la" xml:lang="la">
-<p class="verse0">Par fratrum pariles fecerunt esse lagenas</p>
-<p class="verse0">Moses et Eduardus Hill generosi.<a name="FNanchor_169_169" id="FNanchor_169_169"></a><a href="#Footnote_169_169" class="fnanchor">[169]</a></p>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_282.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-SALVER&mdash;GILBERT, 1734.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>It is remarkable that the two silver-gilt chalices now in use at S. Canice’s Cathedral,
-Kilkenny, are exactly the same in design, and dated (from the hall mark) 1635. They have
-been recently regilt, while ours has the gilding worn almost completely away. That this
-gift was not the first, or a solitary
-act, is proved by the note in a letter
-of Lord Cork, dated May, 1630: “I
-give my chaplain 50s. to pay the
-ffees to the officers of Trynitie
-Colledge, near Dublin, for the admittance
-of my two sons, Lewis and
-Hodge, into that house, and must
-also present plate.”<a name="FNanchor_170_170" id="FNanchor_170_170"></a><a href="#Footnote_170_170" class="fnanchor">[170]</a> It would seem,
-therefore, that such gifts were still
-merely voluntary, whereas at some
-very early date the practice was
-adopted of taxing each student at
-matriculation for <em>argent</em>. In an
-account of the year 1628 occurs,
-“From Mr. Floyd, in lieu of two
-pieces plate to be bestowed on the
-College, £4.” If this was a matriculating
-Fellow Commoner, we can see that the custom was just then passing, like other
-“Benevolences” known in history, from being purely voluntary into the class of duties.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>But of all these early gifts, only the Communion Plate survives. What became of
-the rest appears from the following record (from the days of the great Irish Rebellion), which
-I quote from Dr. Stubbs:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>[In] the College [there] had accumulated a considerable amount of valuable plate, which had been
-presented to it from time to time by noblemen and wealthy commoners, whose sons had entered as
-students. In one of the early books there is an inventory of the plate, “8 Potts; 14 Goblets;
-2 Beakers, 9 Bowles; 3 Standing Pieces”; and the names of the donors are preserved.</p>
-
-<p>In the Bursar’s books we find the following entries:&mdash;</p></div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="95%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3"></td><td class="tdl"><em>£.</em></td><td class="tdl"><em>s.</em></td><td class="tdl"><em>d.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1642.</td><td class="tdrt nowrap">Sept. 15&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Borrowed from Jacob Kirwan (for which there was deposited with him in lieu thereof, for the space of nine months,
-                     the worth thereof in plate, the names whereof are written in the College book of plate),</td><td class="tdrb">50</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Nov. 24&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Borrowed from Anne Hinson, Widow (for which there is deposited with her a parcel of plate, the particulars
-                     whereof are written in the plate book&mdash;the moneys were borrowed for twelve months),</td><td class="tdrb">50</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1642.</td><td class="tdrt">Nov. 24&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for some small pieces of plate&mdash;viz., gold spoons,</td><td class="tdrb">2</td><td class="tdrb">7</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Dec. 24&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Borrowed from Abraham Butts and John Rice, Executors of John Allen, Bricklayer, for twelve months,
-                     at 8 per cent., on a mortgage of 273 oz. 14 dwts. of plate (viz. 4 Bowles, 7 Tankards, and 4 College Potts),</td><td class="tdrb">50</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1643.</td><td class="tdrt">July 22&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for some broken pieces of plate which were coined,</td><td class="tdrb">19</td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Oct. 24&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received the overplus which arose out of the coining of the plate pawned to Dr. Roak and the Widow Hinson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1644.</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 20&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for some parcels of plate which were coined,</td><td class="tdrb">12</td><td class="tdrb">6</td><td class="tdrb">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1645.</td><td class="tdrt nowrap">&nbsp; April 19&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">The plate which had been pawned, as above, to Abraham Butts and John Price, was made over by them to Mr. Stout
-                     in 1643, who, upon non-payment of the moneys, had the plate coined, and the principal and interest being retained, handed over to the Bursar the balance,</td><td class="tdrb">6</td><td class="tdrb">8</td><td class="tdrb">4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Dec. 12&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for two College potts, weighing 67 oz. 3 dwts.,</td><td class="tdrb">16</td><td class="tdrb">1</td><td class="tdrb">8</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 24&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for one College pott,</td><td class="tdrb">7</td><td class="tdrb">14</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">164<span class="blkb">
-                           <span class="blka">5</span>
-                           <span class="blka over">6</span>
-                        </span>.</td><td class="tdrt">Jan. 17&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for two parcels of plate, weighing 39 oz. 4 dwts.,</td><td class="tdrb">9</td><td class="tdrb">1</td><td class="tdrb">8</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Feb. 12&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for three parcels of plate,</td><td class="tdrb">10</td><td class="tdrb">19</td><td class="tdrb">9</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1646.</td><td class="tdrt">May 28&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for a Spanish cup coined,</td><td class="tdrb">6</td><td class="tdrb">8</td><td class="tdrb">6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Aug. 16&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for Mr. Courtenay’s flagon, which was coined,</td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">16</td><td class="tdrb">6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Oct. 3&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for a piece of plate which was broken up and coined to supply the College with provisions against the
-                     approaching siege (it had been presented by Sir Robert Trevor of Trevillin, Co. Denbigh, Governor of Newry, a former benefactor of the College),</td><td class="tdrb">30</td><td class="tdrb">19</td><td class="tdrb">8</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 10&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for Sir Richard Irven’s College pott,</td><td class="tdrb">18</td><td class="tdrb">3</td><td class="tdrb">6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 17&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">A candlestick coined,</td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">17</td><td class="tdrb">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Nov. 30&mdash;</td><td class="tdl pad4">do. <span class="pad3">do.,</span></td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 27&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Certain parcels of plate coined (viz. 94 oz. 5 dwts. toucht plate, 16 oz. 12 dwts.
-                     uncertain plate),</td><td class="tdrb">26</td><td class="tdrb">10</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">164<span class="blkb">
-                            <span class="blka">6</span>
-                            <span class="blka over">7</span>
-                        </span>.</td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl">Received for Sir William Wentworth’s basin and ewer, weighing 128 oz. 4 dwts.,</td><td class="tdrb">30</td><td class="tdrb">19</td><td class="tdrb">8</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1647.</td><td class="tdrt">April 17&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for some parcels of plate,</td><td class="tdrb">15</td><td class="tdrb">7</td><td class="tdrb">9</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">May 25&mdash;</td><td class="tdl pad4">do. <span class="pad5">do.,</span></td><td class="tdrb">18</td><td class="tdrb">14</td><td class="tdrb">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">June 12&mdash;</td><td class="tdl pad4">do. <span class="pad5">do.,</span></td><td class="tdrb">11</td><td class="tdrb">18</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 29&mdash;</td><td class="tdl pad4">do. <span class="pad5">do.,</span></td><td class="tdrb">1</td><td class="tdrb">4</td><td class="tdrb">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">July 22&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for some parcels of plate coined,</td><td class="tdrb">22</td><td class="tdrb">12</td><td class="tdrb">7</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span>
-                     1647.</td><td class="tdrt">Sept. 4&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for a dozen of spoons coined,</td><td class="tdrb">3</td><td class="tdrb">16</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Oct. 21&mdash;</td><td class="tdl pad4">do. <span class="pad5">do.,</span></td><td class="tdrb">6</td><td class="tdrb">1</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">Nov. 13&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">In part from Mr. Tounge for a gilt salt and six spoons, toucht plate,</td><td class="tdrb">5</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 20&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">The balance of same,</td><td class="tdrb">1</td><td class="tdrb">10</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 27&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">For Adam Ussher’s double gilt salt coined,</td><td class="tdrb">3</td><td class="tdrb">13</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1647/8.</td><td class="tdrt">Feb. 7&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received for Mr. Alvey’s College pott and salt, which were pawned for ten pounds,</td><td class="tdrb">10</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1648.</td><td class="tdrt">April 12&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received in lieu of a silver bowl from Mr. Taylor,</td><td class="tdrb">4</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &mdash;</td><td class="tdl">Received from the Provost on a piece of plate, for covering the House,</td><td class="tdrb">2</td><td class="tdrb">5</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">&nbsp;&nbsp; ”</td><td class="tdrt">May 20&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">From Mr. Van Syndhoven for a gilt bowl, pawned,</td><td class="tdrb">6</td><td class="tdrb">0</td><td class="tdrb">0</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdlt">1649.</td><td class="tdrt">”&nbsp;&nbsp; 24&mdash;</td><td class="tdl">For Mr. Alvey’s plate, from Alderman Huitcheson,</td><td class="tdrb">11</td><td class="tdrb">10</td><td class="tdrb">4</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p>The whole exceeds £500, then a very large sum. Yet there must have been much more
-besides, for it seems impossible that in the subsequent thirty years 5,000 ounces had again
-accumulated. It is not likely that Winter and his associates encouraged such donations, and
-we may assume that they commenced again with the Restoration. There remain from the
-Restoration time only two relics, both of which escaped the wreck to be presently related
-as being consecrated to the service of the Chapel, viz., a very handsome alms-plate (15·7),
-in <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">repoussé</span> work (hall mark A.R., with a figure under them, enclosed in a heart-shaped oval),
-given by Nehemiah Donelan in 1666; and a far larger (31·05), perfectly plain alms-plate, of
-great simplicity and beauty, given by Richard Bellingham in 1669. There are four later
-copies (1746, 1814?) of this plate in the set now used in the Chapel.</p>
-
-<p>We now come to the disastrous days of James II. I again quote from Dr. Stubbs.</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>We find in the College Register of January 17,
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">6</span>
-  <span class="blka over">7</span>
-</span>:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The Provost and Senior Fellows considered that at this time materials for buildings are cheap, and that workmen
-may be hired at easy rates, have agreed on to finish the buildings, where the foundation is laid on the south side of the
-Great Court, and to that end they have resolved to ask leave of the Visitors of the College to sell so much of the plate
-as will be sufficient to defray the charge of the said buildings.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>A memorial was presented to the Visitors, and their answer was received by the 24th January,
-permitting the sale of the plate for the purpose of either building or of purchasing land. On the
-26th of January a petition was presented to the Earl of Clarendon, then Lord Lieutenant, asking
-permission to sell the plate in London, instead of in Dublin, “since exchange runs so high at
-present.” On the 29th of January the Lord Lieutenant granted leave to the College to transport into
-England 5000 ounces of wrought plate, duty free. On the 7th of February 3999 ounces of plate were
-shipped on board the “Rose” of Chester, consigned to Mr. Hussey, a merchant of London, who was
-directed to insure a considerable portion of it. On the 12th of February Lord Tyrconnell was sworn
-into office as successor to the Earl of Clarendon; and on the 14th he gave directions to have the
-College plate seized on board ship; and it was brought on shore, and lodged in the Custom
-House by order of the Lord Deputy. Whereupon the College made application to have the property
-belonging to the Body given back to it; to which the Lord Deputy’s reply was, that he had written
-to the King concerning it, and that he had no doubt they should have it ultimately restored to them.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_285.jpg" width="80" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-THE COLLEGE<br />MACE.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>On the 2nd of April the plate was restored to the College on a promise
-that they would “no otherwise employ it but for the public use, benefit, and
-improvement of the College, nor transport it from Ireland without the permission
-of the authorities;” and on the 7th it was brought from the Custom House, and
-deposited for safe keeping “in a closet in the Provost’s lodging;” and the Board at
-once decided that the produce of the plate should be laid out in the purchase of
-land, and that such purchase should be inquired after.</p>
-
-<p>On the 8th of June an offer was made by Mr. John Sandes, in the Queen’s
-County, to sell land in that county (the estate now called Monaquid and Cappeneary),
-to the College for £1150. On the 5th of July the Board offered to Mr. Sandes to
-pay him £1000 in money from the sale of the College plate, and to give him a
-twenty-one years’ lease of the lands at £80 a-year. If he refused, the Board
-decided to offer Sir George St. George eight years’ purchase for his land in the
-county of Kilkenny. On the 21st of November the plate was ordered to be sold
-to Mr. Benjamin Burton, at 5<em>s.</em> per ounce, to purchase Monaquid from John Sandes.
-On the first day of April following Burton purchased 3960½ ounces, for which he
-gave his bond to pay £990 2<em>s.</em> 6<em>d.</em> On the 7th of February,
-168<span class="blkb">
-  <span class="blka">7</span>
-  <span class="blka over">8</span>
-</span>, the Lord
-Deputy sent for the Provost about the sale of the plate by the College, which he
-said was “against his command, and their former obligations.” The Provost told
-him that it was to purchase £80 a-year for the College. The Lord Deputy said
-that “he did not know but £80 a-year might be as good for the College as the
-plate,” but he directed them to hold their hands until he had consulted the
-Attorney-General (Nagle).</p>
-
-<p>It is clear that Nugent, having now become Chief Justice, was a bitter enemy
-of the College, and at the bottom of all this trouble, for we find that he took upon
-himself to send for Mr. Burton, and to examine him as to the purchase of the plate.
-Burton admitted that he had done so, and the Chief Justice charged him with having
-bought stolen plate which belonged to the King, and bound him over to prosecute
-the Provost and Senior Fellows at the next Term.</p>
-
-<p>The Provost afterwards consulted the Attorney-General, who, upon hearing
-the whole matter, approved of the design of the College to buy land with the
-proceeds of the plate, and promised to give a true representation of the affair to
-his Excellency. On the 17th February the Lord Deputy told the Provost that he
-had discoursed with the Lord Chancellor and some of the Judges about it, and
-thought that matter might be accommodated. He bid the Provost to beware of
-the title of the land, and to consult the Attorney-General, which the College afterwards
-did; and Nagle gave his advice and assistance in the drawing up of the deeds
-relating to the purchase of the land; and on the 12th of April, 1688, the purchase
-of Mr. Sandes’ estate was completed at £1150, the balance of the plate money
-being paid out of the common chest.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span></p>
-
-<p>The terrible risks to which the old Communion Plate was presently exposed have
-been mentioned (<em>cf.</em> <a href="#Page_41">p. 41</a>) in a former chapter.</p>
-
-<p>From the period of the 2nd Restoration, a great series of gifts commences with the
-salver given by Provost Huntingdon, which is stated to be worth £30. This estimate is far
-above the value, and can never have been paid for it. I think it not unlikely that it was
-the very piece given by the College to him, in testimony of his kindness to the exiled
-members of the College in 1690. He was afterwards, by their influence, made Bishop
-of Raphoe, but died in a few days after his consecration. This present may have been
-bequeathed back again to the College.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_286.jpg" width="450" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-PLUNKET, 1702. <span class="pad30pc">MEADE, 1708.</span><br />
-PUNCH BOWLS.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>With the increase of prosperity, after William III. had conquered at the Boyne, we find
-the habit arising of presenting forks, spoons, and other plate for ordinary table use, by Fellow
-Commoners. There is a considerable stock of this kind, now hidden in the College safes,
-dated from 1693 to 1705, and some of it a good deal later; and with these simpler articles
-are eighteen silver candlesticks of very good design, all of Queen Anne’s period. The finest
-and largest were given for the use of the altar by Pierce Butler, the 4th Viscount
-Ikerron (now the 2nd title of the Earl of Carrick) in 1693. Of nearly the same period
-are a number of handsome salvers and cups, fluted, as Irish silver so often was at that
-period, ranging from 1690 to 1708. The handsomest cups are those given by Archbishop
-Palliser and Mr. Duncombe, of Cork, respectively, which are reproduced on <a href="#Page_272">p. 273</a>. The best
-of the salvers are a pair given by the Marquis of Abercorn, at the entrance of his elder two
-and his younger two sons, whose arms and names are engraved upon the centre. An
-epergne of George II.’s time is given on <a href="#Page_274">p. 274</a>. But the number of these beautiful gifts,
-and their variety, is such that it would require a volume to reproduce them, and a specialist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span>
-to describe them. Of the cups we have given several specimens on <a href="#Page_267">p. 267</a>. The punch-bowls,
-and the beautiful ladles made for them subsequently (1746), are not easily to be surpassed.
-But on a par with them may be placed the College mace (<em>see</em> <a href="#Page_271">p. 271</a>), with the hall mark of
-1707, of which there is no mention made, unless it be in the College Register. The gilt
-silver salver from the bequest of Claud. Gilbert in 1734 (<em>see</em> <a href="#Page_268">p. 268</a>) is the last great addition
-to the Communion Plate. What was since made or given is mere copying of the old models.</p>
-
-<p>We should have imagined that these are only a few specimens of the large gifts now
-received by the College from its increasing classes, and from the increase in the wealth of
-its members; yet we hear the following curious story:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="figleft">
-<img src="images/i_287a.jpg" width="140" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-DUNCOMBE CUP,<br />1680.</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="figright">
-<img src="images/i_287b.jpg" width="140" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-PALLISER CUP,<br />1709.</div>
-</div>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“Lord Mornington, for Plate, £659 11s. 7d.”
-Whether this sum represents the price of the plate
-purchased from him by the College, or that which
-he was authorised to expend for the College, we
-cannot say. In eight years from 1758, a sum of
-close upon £1250 was expended in purchases of
-this description. No doubt the College had at
-this period many large cups presented to it from
-time to time, but in respect to ordinary table
-silver it appears to have been in Provost Baldwin’s
-time very deficient. When the Lord Lieutenant
-was entertained by the College, plate had to be
-hired of the silversmiths for the occasion; but
-as each Fellow-Commoner had been for a long
-period charged £6 at his entrance for plate, and
-each Pensioner 12s., a very considerable sum must
-have accumulated which was applicable for this
-purpose.</p></div>
-
-<p>Looking carefully into the plate chests
-to see how this large sum of money was spent, we only find a number of large dishes for
-turbot, joints of meat, &amp;c., and their covers, all of solid silver, together with side cover
-dishes, and thirty-three open dishes of various sizes, which can account for it. The supply
-of knives and forks, which is large, all comes from special and named bequests. The designs
-are not very good, and the plate of a kind not easy to use now-a-days.<a name="FNanchor_171_171" id="FNanchor_171_171"></a><a href="#Footnote_171_171" class="fnanchor">[171]</a> When the next
-misfortune happened to the College Plate, it is a pity that the large and now useless dishes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span>
-had not gone out of fashion. Provost Hutchinson, desiring to have a set of plates to
-match the dishes, got leave to melt down old cups and pots to make the set which we
-still possess, and which are really handsome (<em>circ.</em> 1780). A MS. is preserved among
-the College documents specifying the cups so destroyed, as well as the coats of arms
-upon them. They mostly dated from the reign of George I., and were in many cases
-one of a pair given by the same donor, of which the second still survives. But with
-this act of his Provostship, long before the close of the century, all public spirit in the
-matter seems suddenly quenched. The tax for <em>argent</em> had been abandoned, we know not
-when. Provost Murray and his successors had no taste for display, still less for adding
-material dignity to the College, and it has been left for our own generation to re-discover
-the beauty and the value of this series of ancient gifts, which for three generations were only
-seen at dinners in the Provost’s House. The feelings of generous young men were probably
-damped by seeing that what their predecessors had given <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">in usum Collegii</i> had disappeared
-from sight, and was lost out of mind. Possibly the tutors may have fanned the indignation
-of their pupils at the appropriation of the gifts intended for the College Hall by the
-Provost for the adornment of his country seat. The Fellow Commoners could no longer
-obtain plate for their breakfasts or luncheons, as the students of Oxford or Cambridge
-Colleges did, and still do. With the return of greater respect for these bequests will return
-again to the members of the College the desire to leave this very tasteful record of
-gratitude for the daily contemplation and use of succeeding generations.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_288.jpg" width="400" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-EPERGNE (REIGN OF GEORGE II.).</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_169_169" id="Footnote_169_169"></a><a href="#FNanchor_169_169"><span class="label">[169]</span></a> The first line is a hexameter, as is the second line of the previous inscription. Moses is a traditional Christian
-name in Lord Downshire’s family (Hill).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_170_170" id="Footnote_170_170"></a><a href="#FNanchor_170_170"><span class="label">[170]</span></a> <em>Cf.</em> Stubbs, <em>op. cit.</em> p. 83, who quotes from the Lismore Papers, iii., p. 80. I also presume that Mr. Alvey’s
-plate, mentioned in the list on page 3, must mean Provost Alvey’s donation, which would be as old as 1609. “Sir William
-Wentworth’s basin and ewer,” in the same list, would point to his government of Ireland as a date.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_171_171" id="Footnote_171_171"></a><a href="#FNanchor_171_171"><span class="label">[171]</span></a> A pair of these soup tureens and covers were given as early as 1722 by William Fitzgerald, Bishop of Clogher.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_289a.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER XI.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">THE BOTANICAL GARDENS AND HERBARIUM.</span></h2>
-
-<p class="pfs80">“<em>The spleen is seldom felt where Flora reigns.</em>”</p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div><img class="drop-capx" src="images/i_289b.jpg" width="100" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p class="drop-capx">In the year 1711 there was a Lecturership of Botany in connection with the
-Medical School of Trinity College, and there was apparently a “Physic
-Garden” near the School, extending from the Anatomy House towards Nassau
-Street, as seen on Rocque’s Map (<em>ante</em>, <a href="#Page_186">p. 187</a>). Dr. Nicholson was the first
-Lecturer; he published a pamphlet of some 40 pages, entitled <cite>Methodus plantarum,
-in horto medico collegii Dublinensis, jamjam disponendarum</cite>, Dublini, 1712,
-which the writer has not seen. The garden could not have been on a very large
-scale, but it would appear to have supplied the needs of the School for over
-fifty years, for it is not until during the Lecturership of Edward Hill that we find that the
-garden was transferred to the neighbourhood of Harold’s Cross, where it was in part the
-private property of the Lecturer on Botany, but assisted by a grant in aid from the College.
-Dr. Stubbs<a name="FNanchor_172_172" id="FNanchor_172_172"></a><a href="#Footnote_172_172" class="fnanchor">[172]</a> tells us that “in 1801 a Curator was appointed, and that in March, 1805, his salary
-was fixed at £130 yearly, out of which he was to employ two labourers all the year round,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span>
-and two additional labourers from March to December.” Mr. Hill retired from the Lecturership
-in 1800, which, on the passing of the Act 25 George III. (1785), “for establishing a complete
-School of Physic in Ireland,” had been made into a University Professorship. There was
-some difference of opinion between Hill and the College authorities as to the value of the
-plants and houses, and in the College accounts for 1803 there occurs the following entry:&mdash;“Dr.
-Hill, allowed him by the award of the arbitrators, to whom the cause between the
-College and him concerning the Botany Garden was referred, £618 19s. 8d.”</p>
-
-<p>The two last decades of the last century were noteworthy, from a botanical point of
-view, for the immense interest that was taken in Great Britain and Ireland about the
-cultivation of exotic plants; the latter voyages of Captain Cook, and those of Captain
-Vancouver, had, through the zeal of Banks, Solander, and Menzies&mdash;to mention only a trio
-of the worthies of that period&mdash;been the means of bringing to the Kew Gardens many most
-interesting plants; the publication by Aiton of his <cite>Hortus Kewensis</cite>, a catalogue of the
-plants cultivated in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and of Francis Bauer’s <cite>Delineations
-of Exotic Plants</cite> cultivated in the same gardens, had given a fresh impetus to their study,
-and from about this date the period of the scientific Botanic Garden may be said to date,
-and the day of the “Physic Garden” to end.</p>
-
-<p>The subject of having a Botanical Garden in Dublin began to be debated about
-1789, and in 1790 the Irish House of Commons voted a sum of £300 to the Dublin
-Society “in aid of the cost of providing a Botanic Garden;” this Society, which took an
-active interest in everything tending to promote the welfare of the country, at once appointed
-a Committee, consisting of Drs. Perceval, Hill, and Wade, to consider the question. Dr.
-Perceval had just retired from the Secretaryship of the Royal Irish Academy. Dr. Hill
-was the Dublin University Professor of Botany. Dr. Wade was the Lecturer on Botany
-to the Dublin Society, and the author of the first published catalogue of Dublin plants, and
-of <cite>Plantæ rariores in Hibernia inventæ</cite>. On the report of this Committee, the Royal
-Dublin Society resolved that letters should be written to the University of Dublin and the
-College of Physicians requesting their advice and assistance, and hoping that they would
-approve of the measure and have money granted towards the scheme. This letter was sent
-in June, 1791, and after the long vacation the Board of Trinity replied through their
-Registrar as follows:&mdash;“That it had been of a long time the anxious wish of the Board
-of Trinity College to co-operate in any scheme by which a Botanic Garden may be
-established on the most useful principles; that for this purpose they had allocated an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>
-annual sum at present exceeding £100, and in order to expedite the plan they had
-appointed a Select Committee of the Senior Fellows, who were ready at the most
-convenient time to meet any deputation from the Dublin Society and the College of
-Physicians, and to report their proceedings to the Board.” At this time the College of
-Physicians had not replied to the invitation of the Dublin Society; but on December
-8th, 1791, they also intimated that they had appointed a Select Committee, consisting of
-Sir W. G. Newcomen, Bart., Andrew Caldwell, and Patrick Bride, to consider the subject.</p>
-
-<p>What negotiations may have taken place during 1792 are not known, but we find
-that in 1793 a Bill was brought in to the House of Commons, by the Right Hon. the
-Secretary of State, “to direct the application of certain sums of money heretofore granted
-towards providing and maintaining a Botanic Garden to the Dublin Society, and for the
-appointment of Trustees for that purpose;” whereupon the Provost and Board of Senior
-Fellows presented the following petition:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p class="center">“MARTIS, 11 DIE JUNII, 1793.</p>
-
-<p>“A petition of the Provost, Fellows, and Scholars of the College, under their common seal,
-was presented to the House and read, setting forth, that the Petitioners and their predecessors have
-for a long series of years used their best endeavours to promote the study and improve the faculty of
-Physic in said College, and considerable sums of money have been, and are annually and otherwise
-applied by them for that purpose.</p>
-
-<p>“That an Act having passed in this kingdom for the establishment of a complete School of
-Physic, of which the University Professors make a part, namely, the Professors of Botany, Chemistry,
-and Anatomy, the petitioners, for the encouragement of science, and without obligation from the
-charter or statutes so to do, have continued to make a liberal provision for the support of those
-professorships; that a Botanic Garden is indispensably necessary for the success of that science, but
-the funds of said College are totally inadequate to the establishment or support of such an institution,
-they have exerted their utmost efforts to promote it by allocating for that purpose a fund, which in
-the last year amounted to £112, but which will be insufficient for the establishment or maintenance
-of such an institution; that the Legislature having been pleased to grant several sums of money to
-the Dublin Society towards providing and maintaining a Botanic Garden, that society caused application
-to be made to the petitioners for their advice, assistance, and contributions, and, as the petitioners are
-informed, applied to the College of Physicians for the like purposes, and the members of the College
-have, as far as in them lay, granted the annual sum of £100 for the purpose out of funds vested in
-them for medical purposes; the petitioners apprehend that by the application of the said several funds,
-and by the co-operation of a certain number of persons out of the said three bodies, the success of
-said scheme will be most effectually promoted; that the copy of a bill for these purposes having been
-laid before the petitioners, they are humbly of opinion that the said bill, if passed into a law, would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span>
-tend to promote the success of the said institution, which they consider as necessary to a complete
-School of Physic, and useful to the University, and whatever regulations may be made in respect to
-the said establishment, they humbly hope that the wisdom of the Legislature will provide that medical
-and other students shall have the full benefit of it, the petitioners having nothing in view but their
-advantage, the success of said School of Physic, and the advancement of science.</p>
-
-<p>“Ordered, that the said petition be referred to the committee of the whole House, to whom it
-was referred to take into consideration a Bill for directing the application of certain sums of money
-heretofore granted towards providing and maintaining a Botanic Garden, and for the appointment of
-trustees for that purpose.”[173]</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>A petition from the President and Fellows of the King’s and Queen’s College of
-Physicians in Dublin, under the common seal, was presented to the House and read, setting
-forth&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“That in the year 1758 the House was pleased to appoint a committee to inquire into the
-best means for the establishment of a complete School of Physic in this kingdom, and to refer a petition
-from the petitioners for that purpose to the said committee, before which several of said College were
-examined, who, on such examination, declared their opinion that a Botanic Garden was necessary to
-such an institution; and the said committee was pleased to enter into a resolution to that effect: that
-in the year 1790 the Legislature was pleased to grant to the Dublin Society, towards providing and
-maintaining a Botanic Garden, and the said society, &amp;c.”<a name="FNanchor_173_173" id="FNanchor_173_173"></a><a href="#Footnote_173_173" class="fnanchor">[173]</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>It then proceeds in a manner similar to the petition from the College, and it was
-ordered for consideration with it. With what immediate result is not apparent; but on the
-20th of June in the next year (1794) the Dublin Society petitioned the Irish House of
-Commons that “they might have the sole management of the sums granted by Parliament
-for the purposes of a Botanic Garden, and that such sums may not be invested in trustees
-contrary to the grant already made to it, and further, that no other body may be joined with
-said society in the execution of the trusts reposed in it.”</p>
-
-<p>The influence of the Society proved to be stronger in the House of Commons than
-that of the University of Dublin or the College of Physicians, and the Dublin Society
-was intrusted with the sole management of the sums voted, and so the conjoint scheme
-ended. The Dublin Society, in February, 1792, had appointed a Committee, consisting of
-the Speaker of the House of Commons, the Lord Bishop of Kilmore, Sir W. G. Newcomen,
-S. Hayes, Th. Burgh, And. Caldwell, and Col. C. Eustace, with powers to take ground<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span>
-for a Botanical Garden for the Society; and on the decision of the House of Commons
-being known, the Society, on the 26th February, 1795, took possession of sixteen acres
-of ground near the “town of Glasnevin, which Major Tickell held by a Toties Quoties
-Lease from the Dean and Chapter of Christ Church.”</p>
-
-<p>In July, 1806, the Board of Trinity College took a lease of a small piece of ground
-near Ball’s Bridge, about a mile from the College, containing over three acres; in 1832
-they acquired about two acres adjoining in addition, alongside the Pembroke Road. In
-1848 about two acres more as a shelter belt along the Lansdowne Road were added, so that
-the garden now consists of something more than eight acres in all. The first-mentioned plot
-was surrounded by a high wall, and in 1807 the laying out of the ground was commenced
-by the newly-appointed Curator, J. T. Mackay. Some twenty years after, we find Mackay
-writing as follows about “several foreign plants naturalised under the climate of Ireland,
-chiefly in these gardens”:&mdash;</p>
-
-<div class="blockquot">
-
-<p>“The College Botanic Garden, which was established in 1807, is situated on the Black Rock road
-about half-a-mile from Dublin. The soil is a deep sandy loam.</p>
-
-<p>“It may be necessary to remark in order the degree of cold the plants were subjected to. Although
-the winters in Ireland are in general very mild, the intensity of the frost during the last five winters has
-been occasionally very great, as in December, 1819, the thermometer once fell to 15° Fahr.; in January,
-1820, to 16° Fahr.; in February, 1821, to 16° Fahr.; in December, 1822, to 25° Fahr.; in January, 1823, to
-15° Fahr.; and on December 3, 1824, to 18° Fahr.”</p>
-
-<p>He gives a list of thirty-seven plants, chiefly natives of Chili, China, New South Wales, and the
-South of Europe, planted in the open air, and among them “<em>Veronica decussata</em>, a native of the Falkland
-Islands, the only shrubby species of the genus. <em>Olea europea</em>, which was unprotected for the last seven
-years. <em>Ligustrum lucidum</em>: one plant in the open border was now six feet high [it is now twenty feet].
-<em>Pittosporum tobira</em>, lately introduced, stood without protection. <em>Solanum bonariense</em> stood planted near a wall.
-<em>Cassia stipulacea</em> stood out by a wall, in a south-east exposure, for the last eight years, and produced copiously
-its showy blossoms in April and May, but required some mat protection in severe weather. <em>Aristotelia
-Macqui</em>: one specimen is now fourteen feet high; it retains its leaves in mild winters, but drops them in
-spring before another set is produced. <em>Mespilus japonica</em> (Loquat) grows to a large size, retains its leaves
-throughout the winter, but never flowers; and <em>Melaleuca alba</em> stood out on a south-east wall for the last
-five years, and blossomed last summer.”<a name="FNanchor_174_174" id="FNanchor_174_174"></a><a href="#Footnote_174_174" class="fnanchor">[174]</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p>James Townsend Mackay was the author of the <cite>Flora Hibernica</cite>, published in
-Dublin in 1836. He was made an honorary LL.D. of the University of Dublin in
-1849. He was an excellent botanist, and his name is still kept in grateful and pleasant
-memory in the Gardens which he laid out, and which he so ably managed for over forty<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span>
-years. Harvey named after him a beautiful acanthaceous plant, <em>Mackaya bella</em>. On his
-decease Mr. John Bain was appointed Curator, and on his retirement on an annuity Mr.
-Frederick Moore was appointed, on whose succeeding his well-known father, Dr. David
-Moore, in the care of the Botanical Gardens, Glasnevin, the post was given to F. W.
-Burbidge, M.A.&mdash;about all of whom, as happily still living, we cannot write.</p>
-
-<p>The outer garden, which runs along two sides of the ground originally enclosed, is
-surrounded by a lofty iron railing. This space has been most judiciously planted with trees
-and shrubs. Hollies in variety are especially luxuriant. Advantage has also been taken of
-the wall, which is now covered with many choice plants, among which may be mentioned
-fine plants of <em>Magnolia grandiflora</em>, which in some years flower profusely; <em>Colletia ferox</em>
-and <em>C. cruciata</em>, large specimens of <em>Pyrus japonica</em>, <em>Wistaria sinensis</em>, <em>Chimonanthus fragans</em>,
-<em>Choisya ternata</em>, <em>Smilax latifolia</em>, and many such like.</p>
-
-<p>The inner garden contains a well-arranged collection of the principal natural orders
-of plants, a large stove-house, two green-houses, an orchid and a fern house. Opposite
-one of the green-houses there is a small pond, the water for which is brought in from
-the River Dodder; but, in addition to this water-supply, the garden has a supply under
-pressure from the City of Dublin Water Works.</p>
-
-<p>The Gardens are open during daylight to the officers and students of the College,
-and to others on orders to be obtained from any of the Fellows or the Professor of
-Botany. Lectures are delivered in the Gardens during Trinity Term to the Medical
-School Class, and to students working for the Natural Science Medal.</p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-
-<h3 class="no-brk">THE HERBARIUM.</h3>
-
-<p class="noindent">Between 1830 and 1840 there was a small collection of plants kept in presses in No. 40
-College, which chiefly consisted of a series of specimens gathered in Mexico and California
-by Dr. Coulter; but it was not until 1844, when the late Dr. W. H. Harvey was appointed
-Curator, while Dr. G. J. Allman was elected to the Professorship of Botany, that the
-foundation of the present Herbarium was really laid. Dr. Harvey, prior to 1841, had spent
-several years in an official position at the Cape of Good Hope, where he had succeeded in
-making large collections of the native plants, and he had from time to time published<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a><br /><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span>
-(chiefly in Hooker’s <cite>Journal of Botany</cite>) many descriptions of new and rare forms. Compelled
-by the state of his health to return to Europe in the spring of 1842, in the following year
-his health was sufficiently restored to make him wish for some active employment. The
-Professorship of Botany became vacant in 1843, and Harvey was a candidate. To qualify him
-for the post, Harvey was made a M.D. <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Honoris Causa</i>; but it was contended that this was
-not sufficient, and that a properly qualified medical man alone could occupy the chair. As
-a result, Allman was elected to the Professorship, and the post of Curator of the Herbarium
-was specially endowed for Harvey, who presented his collection of dried plants to the College,
-and received some increased pay therefor, with a proviso that, should other provisions be
-made, and that as a result he were to lose the post, a certain sum that was agreed upon
-should be paid to Harvey by the College. He entered upon his duties in March, 1844, and
-for a little over twenty years the Herbarium was yearly increased by his zeal and labour.
-In September, 1844, we find a record of his adding 4,000 species at “one haul” to the
-collection, from Sir W. Hooker’s duplicates; a few weeks later were added 1,400 species
-from the interior of the Swan River Colony, collected by Drummond. Soon the couple of
-rooms in No. 40 became too small, and room after room was added until the whole of the
-first or floor flat was filled. With this increase of specimens came the necessary demands
-on the Bursar for money, not only to pay for new plants, but for the necessary paper on
-which to mount them. At first an annual sum of £10 was placed at Harvey’s disposal; then
-on his urgent entreaties, supported by those of John Ball, who from the first days of the
-Herbarium to the last of his own was ever a faithful friend of Trinity College, this sum was
-increased to £30 (this to include the ten). Next we find serious objection taken to a special
-charge of £34 for paper, and Harvey was obliged to promise that he would be content if
-allowed to spend an average annual sum of £10 on this most important adjunct to a
-Herbarium.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_295.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-BOTANICAL GARDENS&mdash;THE POND. WINTER.</div>
-</div>
-
-<p>In spite of all these little drawbacks, by the year 1850 the Board’s confidence in
-Harvey had so increased, and the Bursar had become so sympathetic, that we find a
-yearly sum of £108 paid as Herbarium expenses, and collections were bought from Spruce,
-Bowker, Wright, Fendler, Jameson, and many others.</p>
-
-<p>The year 1858 was rendered notable by the purchase of Count Limingan’s Herbarium
-for £237, the duplicates of which were disposed of to the Melbourne University Herbarium
-and to the Queen’s College, Cork. During 1849-50 Harvey visited the United States, and
-by this visit greatly added to the College collections; and his lengthened tour in Australia<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span>
-and the South Sea Islands during 1853-55, chiefly made for the purpose of collecting <em>Algæ</em>,
-resulted in making the College Herbarium so rich in these forms that it has become a
-necessary resort for all students of this group of plants, containing as it does the types as
-well as the finest series of specimens collected by one who was during his lifetime the chief
-authority upon these plants. Harvey died on the 15th of May, 1866, at Torquay. To the
-very last the College Herbarium was in his thoughts. To the writer of these lines he
-dictated a letter, signed by him in pencil, and dated the 12th May, 1866, giving directions
-about certain packages of plants:&mdash;“The six bundles of <em>Erica</em> belong to the Cape Government
-Herbarium, and should be put with the others in the box, so that they may not be forgotten
-when the packing time comes. On the table you will find in an old marble paper cover
-the MSS. of the new edition of the <cite>Genera of South African Plants</cite>, which put by carefully,
-and which Dr. Hooker will probably inquire about;” and so on with four pages of last
-words, for the letter concludes, “I tell you all these things because I never expect to see
-the Herbarium again, and I wish to leave all things as straight as I can.”</p>
-
-<p>In 1878 the Herbarium was transferred from No. 40 College, these rooms being
-required for students, to the large room over the great staircase leading to the Front or
-Regent’s Hall; but since then, as no money is allowed for the purchase of new specimens,
-the increase of the collection has depended exclusively on donations, and some very generous
-ones have been received, among which may be mentioned as among the more important
-those from Dr. Grunow, of Vienna; Professor Farlow, of the Harvard University; Dr. E.
-Bornet, of Paris; Professor A. G. Agardh, of Upsala; and Baron F. Mueller, of Melbourne.</p>
-
-<p>The general collection in the Herbarium is a fairly representative one. There is still
-kept as a distinct collection the one made by Harvey for the purpose of writing the <cite>Flora
-Capensis</cite>. The British Collection is also kept by itself. There is a very fine series of
-<em>algæ</em> and of mosses, and a small collection of lichens and fungi. A commencement has
-been made of a collection of woods, fruits, and seeds in the Botanical Museum.</p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_297.jpg" width="175" alt="(Decorative chapter ending)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_172_172" id="Footnote_172_172"></a><a href="#FNanchor_172_172"><span class="label">[172]</span></a> <cite>History of the University of Dublin</cite> (1591 to 1800), p. 270.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_173_173" id="Footnote_173_173"></a><a href="#FNanchor_173_173"><span class="label">[173]</span></a> Taylor: <cite>History of the University of Dublin</cite>, pp. 101-2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_174_174" id="Footnote_174_174"></a><a href="#FNanchor_174_174"><span class="label">[174]</span></a> <cite>Dublin Philosophical Journal</cite>, vol. i., 1825, p. 211.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span><br />
-   <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p1" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_299.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk"><a name="CHAPTER_XII" id="CHAPTER_XII"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">CHAPTER XII.</a><br />
-<br />
-<span class="fs60">THE UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE OFFICERS, 1892.</span></h2>
-
-<div class="center fs70 lht">
-
-THE CHANCELLOR.<br />
-The Right Hon. Laurence, Earl of Rosse, LL.D., K.P.<br />
-<br />
-THE VICE-CHANCELLOR.<br />
-The Right Hon. John Thomas Ball, LL.D., P.C.<br />
-<br />
-THE PROVOST.<br />
-The Rev. George Salmon, D.D., D.C.L.<br />
-<br />
-THE VISITORS.<br />
-The Lord Chancellor and The Lord Chief Justice.<br />
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="p1 fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="80%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2">THE SENIOR FELLOWS (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Classis Prima</i>).</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">CO-OPTED</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Joseph Carson, D.D., <em>Vice-Provost</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1866</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Thomas Stack, M.A., <em>Catechist and Senior Dean</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1869</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D., D.C.L., <em>Senior Proctor</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1881</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. John William Stubbs, D.D., <em>Bursar</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1882</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">John Kells Ingram, LL.D., Litt.D., <em>Senior Lecturer</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1884</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Hewitt Robert Poole, D.D., <em>Auditor</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1890</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">George Ferdinand Shaw, LL.D., <em>Registrar</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1890</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="p3 fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="5">THE JUNIOR FELLOWS (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Classis Secunda</i>).</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">ELECTED</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">ELECTED</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. James William Barlow, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1850</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">George Francis FitzGerald, M.A., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Richard Mountifort Conner, D.D.,<br /><em>Junior Bursar and Registrar of Chambers</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1851</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Frederick Purser, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1879</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Benjamin Williamson, M.A., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1852</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Louis Claude Purser, M.A., Litt.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1881</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, B.D., Litt.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1854</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">William Ralph Westropp Roberts, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1882</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. Thomas Thompson Gray, M.A., <em>Junior Dean</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1862</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Edward Parnall Culverwell, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">The Rev. John Pentland Mahaffy, D.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1864</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. John Henry Bernard, B.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1884</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Anthony Traill, LL.D., M.D., M.Ch.</td><td class="tdc">1865</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">John Bagnell Bury, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1885</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Francis Alexander Tarleton, LL.D., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1866</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Alexander Charles O’Sullivan, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1886</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Arthur Palmer, M.A., Litt.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1867</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">John Isaac Beare, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1887</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, M.A., Litt.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1868</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Robert Russell, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1888</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">George Lambert Cathcart, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1870</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Matthew Wyatt Joseph Fry, M.A., <em>Junior Proctor</em>,</td><td class="tdc">1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">William Snow Burnside, M.A., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1871</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">William Joseph Myles Starkie, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1890</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">William Smyth M‘Cay, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1872</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">George Wilkins, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Arthur William Panton, M.A., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1873</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Henry Stewart Macran,</td><td class="tdc">1892</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<div class="p3 fs70 pad2">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="90%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="5">PROFESSORS WHO ARE NOT FELLOWS (<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Classis Tertia</i>).</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">ELECTED</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">ELECTED</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Edward Perceval Wright, M.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1858</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Sir John Thomas Banks, K.C.B., M.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1880</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Mir Aulad Ali, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1861</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Charles Francis Bastable, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1882</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Sir Robert Prescott Stewart, Mus. Doc.,</td><td class="tdc">1862</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Daniel John Cunningham, M.D., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Albert Maximilian Selss, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1866</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">William Johnson Sollas, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Robert Atkinson, LL.D., Litt.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1867</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. George Thomas Stokes, D.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Edward Dowden, LL.D., Litt.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1867</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Thomas Alexander, M.A.I.,</td><td class="tdc">1887</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Edward H. Bennett, M.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1873</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Richard Robert Cherry, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1888</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Sir Robert Ball, LL.D., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1874</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. John Gwynn, D.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1888</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">James Emerson Reynolds, M.D., Sc.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1875</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. Samuel Hemphill, B.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1888</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Henry Brougham Leech, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1878</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. Frederick Richards Wynne, D.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1888</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. James Goodman, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1879</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">George Vaughan Hart, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1890</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1879</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Sir George Hornridge Porter, Bart., M.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="5">UNIVERSITY REPRESENTATIVES IN PARLIAMENT.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">ELECTED</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdc fs80">ELECTED</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Right Hon. David Robert Plunket, LL.D.,</td><td class="tdc">1870</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Right Hon. Dodgson H. Madden, M.A.,</td><td class="tdc">1887</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="p3 fs70 pad2">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="70%" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3">THE UNIVERSITY PREACHERS FOR THE YEAR.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc"><em>Ordinary.</em></td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc"><em>Select.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. John W. Stubbs, D.D.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. Thomas Lucas Scott, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. Hewitt R. Poole, D.D.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. Samuel Hemphill, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. Thomas K. Abbott, B.D.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. Arthur Gore, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3">EVENING PREACHERS.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. Richard M. Conner, M.A.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. John H. Bernard, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. Thomas T. Gray, M.A.</td><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">Rev. Henry W. Carson, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="3">Rev. James G. Carleton, B.D.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<h3 class="fs90">UNIVERSITY AND COLLEGE PROFESSORS AND LECTURERS.</h3>
-
-<p class="pfs70"><em>Arranged in Chronological order according to the date of Foundation.</em></p>
-
-<p class="pfs70">[Those marked (*) are elected annually.]</p>
-
-
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Regius Professor of Divinity.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1607 (? 1600) as Professorship of Divinity;<br />made a Regius Professorship, 1761.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl fs80">ELECTED</td><td class="tdl"></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">John Gwynn, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad5"><em>Assistants</em>:</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2h">Thomas D. Gray, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2">*George T. Stokes, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2">*James Walsh, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2">*Henry W. Carson, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Regius Professor of Physic.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1637.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1880.</td><td class="tdl">Sir John Thomas Banks, K.C.B., M.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Regius Professor of Laws.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1668.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">Henry Brougham Leech, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Donegal Lecturer in Mathematics.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1675.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl">Arthur William Panton, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Anatomy and Chirurgery.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1711.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1883.</td><td class="tdl">Daniel John Cunningham, M.D., Sc.D. </td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-    </div>
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Botany.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1711.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl fs80">ELECTED</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1869.</td><td class="tdl">Edward Perceval Wright, M.A., M.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Chemistry.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1711.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1875.</td><td class="tdl">James Emerson Reynolds, M.D., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2"><em>Assistant</em>: <span class="pad2">E. A. Werner.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2"><em>Demonstrator</em>: William Early.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">*<em>University Anatomist.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1716.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1892.</td><td class="tdl">Henry St. John Brooks, M.D., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Archbishop King’s Lecturer in Divinity.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1718.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">John Henry Bernard, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad5"><em>Assistants</em>:</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2h">Richard M. Conner, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2h">Thomas K. Abbott, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2">*Charles Irvine Graham, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2">*James G. Carleton, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad2">*H. Jackson Lawlor, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl">&nbsp;</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-    </div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span></p>
-<p class="p2" />
-
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Hebrew.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded by the Board of Erasmus Smith, 1724.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1879.</td><td class="tdl">Thomas Kingsmill Abbott, B.D., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad5"><em>Lecturers in Hebrew.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad4">Richard M. Conner, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad4">Thomas T. Gray, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad4">Arthur Palmer, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1724.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1881.</td><td class="tdl">George Francis FitzGerald, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad5"><em>Assistants</em>:</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad3">Frederick F. Trouton, B.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl pad3">John Joly, M.A., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Oratory.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1724 as a Professorship of Oratory and Modern History; the Modern History was made a separate Chair in 1762.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1867.</td><td class="tdl">Edward Dowden, LL.D., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Regius Professor of Greek.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1761.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1880.</td><td class="tdl">Robert Yelverton Tyrrell, M.A., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Regius Professor of Feudal and English Law.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1761.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1890.</td><td class="tdl">George Vaughan Hart, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Mathematics.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1762.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1879.</td><td class="tdl">William Snow Burnside, M.A., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Erasmus Smith’s Professor of Modern History.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1762.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1860.</td><td class="tdl">James William Barlow, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Music.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1764.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1862.</td><td class="tdl">Sir Robert Prescott Stewart, Mus. Doc.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of the Romance Languages.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1778 as Professorship of Italian and Spanish.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1867.</td><td class="tdl">Robert Atkinson, LL.D., Litt. D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of German.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded in 1778 as Professorship of French and German;
-                                      the Chair of French is now merged in that of Romance Languages.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1866.</td><td class="tdl">Albert Maximilian Selss, LL.D.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-    </div>
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Royal Astronomer of Ireland, on the Foundation of Dr. Andrews.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1783.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1874.</td><td class="tdl">Sir Robert Stawell Ball, LL.D., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl pad3" colspan="2"><em>Assistant</em>: Arthur A. Rambaut, M.A., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">*<em>Donnellan Lecturers.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1794.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1889.</td><td class="tdl">Frederick Falkiner Carmichael, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1890.</td><td class="tdl">Thomas Lucas Scott, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Political Economy.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1832.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1882.</td><td class="tdl">Charles Francis Bastable, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Moral Philosophy.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1837.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1889.</td><td class="tdl">John Isaac Beare, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Biblical Greek.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1838.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">Samuel Hemphill, B.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Irish.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1840.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1879.</td><td class="tdl">James Goodman, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Geology and Mineralogy.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1844.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1883.</td><td class="tdl">William Johnson Sollas, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>University Professor of Natural Philosophy.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1847.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1890.</td><td class="tdl">Francis Alexander Tarleton, LL.D., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl pad7" colspan="2"><em>Assistant</em>: Anthony Traill, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Surgery.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1849.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1873.</td><td class="tdl">Edward H. Bennett, M.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Ecclesiastical History.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1850.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1883.</td><td class="tdl">George Thomas Stokes, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Regius Professor of Surgery.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1852.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1891.</td><td class="tdl">Sir George H. Porter, Bart., M.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Civil Engineering.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1852.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1887.</td><td class="tdl">Thomas Alexander, M.A.I.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl pad7" colspan="2"><em>Assistant</em>: Walter E. Lilly.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-    </div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span></p>
-<p class="p2" />
-
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Arabic, Persian, and Hindustani.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1856.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1861.</td><td class="tdl">Mir Aulad Ali, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Zoology.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1857.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1879.</td><td class="tdl">Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1858.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1871.</td><td class="tdl">Robert Atkinson, LL.D., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of English Literature.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1867.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1867.</td><td class="tdl">Edward Dowden, LL.D., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Ancient History.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1869.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1869.</td><td class="tdl">John Pentland Mahaffy, D.D., Mus. Doc.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Latin.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1870.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1880.</td><td class="tdl">Arthur Palmer, M.A., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Comparative Anatomy.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1872.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1883.</td><td class="tdl">Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Public Orator.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1879.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">Arthur Palmer, M.A., Litt.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Professor of Pastoral Theology.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1888.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">Frederick Richards Wynne, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Reid Professor of Penal Legislation, Constitutional and Criminal Law, and the Law of Evidence.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc fs80" colspan="2">[Founded 1888.]</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1888.</td><td class="tdl">Richard Robert Cherry, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Auditor.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1890.</td><td class="tdl">Hewitt R. Poole, D.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>External Auditor.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">1875.</td><td class="tdl">Amos M. Vereker.</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-    </div>
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="fs70">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Librarian.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1887.</td><td class="tdl">Thomas K. Abbott. B.D., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Assistant Librarian.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl"></td><td class="tdl">Thomas V. Keenan, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Secretary of the Senate.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1890.</td><td class="tdl">George F. Shaw, LL.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">*<em>Precentor.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1870.</td><td class="tdl">John P. Mahaffy, D.D., Mus. Doc.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">*<em>Registrar of the Law School.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1877.</td><td class="tdl">Robert Russell, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">*<em>Registrar of the School of Physic.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1879.</td><td class="tdl">Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">*<em>Registrar of the Engineering School</em>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl">1880.</td><td class="tdl">George F. FitzGerald, M.A., Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Curator of the Museum.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Henry W. Mackintosh, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Law Agent and Keeper of the Records.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">John H. Nunn, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Assistant to Registrar of University Electors.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Charles Henry Miller, M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Accountant.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">A. Grahame Bailey.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Organist.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2">Sir Robert P. Stewart, Mus. Doc.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdc" colspan="2"><em>Choristers.</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td class="tdl lht" colspan="2">Benjamin Mullen, John Hemsley, T. Grattan Kelly, Thomas Gick, Mus. Doc.;
-                                        Walter Bapty, William S. North, Melfort D’Alton, Benjamin Mullen jun., M.A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="bl"></td><td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-    </div>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_303.jpg" width="250" alt="(Decorative section ending)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum pg-brk"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3 class="fs90 no-brk">MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL.</h3>
-
-<div class="fs80">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdl smcap">The Provost.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">David Richard Pigot, M.A.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">Elected by</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. Joseph Carson, D.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; the <em>Classis</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Rev. Samuel Haughton, M.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Prima</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">John K. Ingram, LL.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; (1891).</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Rev. James William Barlow, M.A., <em>Secy.</em></td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">Elected by</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Anthony Traill, LL.D., M.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; the <em>Classis</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Francis A. Tarleton, LL.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Secunda</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Robert Y. Tyrrell, M.A.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; (1888).</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-<div class="fs80">
-<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
-<tr><td class="tdl">Edmund T. Bewley, LL.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">Elected by</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Edward Dowden, LL.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; the <em>Classis</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Edward H. Bennett, M.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Tertia</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl">Ed. Perceval Wright, M.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; (1889).</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td></tr><tr><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">The Rev. John Gwynn, D.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">Elected by</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">The Very Rev. Henry Jellett, D.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; the <em>Classis</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">Sir Robert S. Ball, LL.D.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; <em>Quarta</em></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="tdl" colspan="3">George F. FitzGerald, M.A.</td><td class="tdl">}</td><td class="tdl fs80">&nbsp;&nbsp; (1890).</td></tr>
-</table></div>
-
-
-<div class="p2 fs70">
-<p>Every fourth year the members elected by one of the <em>Classis</em> retire. The election for four representatives of the
-<em>Classis Secunda</em> will take place on the 28th October, 1892.</p>
-
-<p>The Council nominate to all Professorships, except those the nomination of which is vested in some other body or
-persons by Act of Parliament, or by the directions of private founders, and except also the following Professorships in
-the School of Divinity; that is to say, the Regius Professorship of Divinity, Archbishop King’s Lecturership in Divinity,
-and the Professorship of Biblical Greek. Such nominations shall be subject to the approval of the Provost and Senior
-Fellows.</p>
-
-<p>In the event of the said Provost and Senior Fellows refusing their approval to the nomination of the Council,
-the Chancellor shall decide whether the grounds for such refusal are sufficient. If they shall appear to him to be
-insufficient, he shall declare the person nominated by the Council duly elected; if not, the Council shall proceed to a
-fresh nomination. If no election shall take place within the space of six calendar months from the date of the vacancy,
-or from the time of the creation of any new Professorship, the right of nomination and election for the purpose of filling
-up such vacancy, or of appointing to such new Professorship, shall lapse to the Chancellor. No person, being at the time
-a member of the Council, shall be nominated by the Council to any Professorship.</p>
-
-<p>And, except so far as is otherwise provided by Act of Parliament, or by direction of private founders, any proposed
-new rules or regulations respecting Studies, Lectures, and Examinations, save and except any Studies, Lectures, or
-Examinations in relation to or connected with the School of Divinity (with which the said Council shall not have authority
-to interfere); and also any proposed new rules or regulations respecting the qualifications, duties, and tenure of office of
-any Professor in any Professorship now existing, or hereafter to be constituted, except the Professors and Professorships
-connected with the said School of Divinity; and any proposed alterations in any existing rules or regulations respecting
-such Studies, Lectures, and Examinations, qualifications, duties, and tenure of office, save as aforesaid, shall require the
-approval both of the Provost and Senior Fellows, and of the Council. All such new rules or regulations, and
-alterations in any rules or regulations, may be originated either by the Provost and Senior Fellows or by the Council.
-No new Professorship shall be created or founded by the Provost and Senior Fellows without the consent of the Council.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_304.jpg" width="300" alt="(Decorative section ending)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_305.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative chapter heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk fs120"><a name="ODE" id="ODE"></a><a href="#CONTENTS">ODE FOR THE TERCENTENARY FESTIVAL</a></h2>
-
-<p class="pfs60">OF</p>
-
-<p class="pfs120">TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN,</p>
-
-<p class="pfs60">BY</p>
-
-<p class="pfs90">GEORGE FRANCIS SAVAGE-ARMSTRONG, M.A., <span class="smcap">Litt.D.</span><a name="FNanchor_175_175" id="FNanchor_175_175"></a><a href="#Footnote_175_175" class="fnanchor">[175]</a></p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<p class="p1" />
-
-
-<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry">
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">I. 1.</p>
-<p class="verse0">The hallowed Light the Druid bore</p>
-<p class="verse2">Through darkness to our lonely Isle.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Locked in his heart his cryptic lore</p>
-<p class="verse2">Beneath the ruined altar-pile</p>
-<p class="verse0">Was quenched in dust. ’Mid Uladh’s hills<span class="linenum">5</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">A clearer ray the Herdsman-Slave</p>
-<p class="verse0">Allured, as by the limpid rills</p>
-<p class="verse2">He mused above the Pagan’s grave,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Or, standing on the mountain-scaur,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Beheld the Angel of his Dream<span class="linenum">10</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Through sunlit flying storms afar</p>
-<p class="verse2">Fade into heaven, a phantom gleam.</p>
-<p class="verse0">His holier fire with sleepless hand,</p>
-<p class="verse2">By shadowed lake, in sheltering woods,</p>
-<p class="verse0">The Saints, while blood embathed their land,<span class="linenum">15</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Preserved amid its solitudes;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Or often from their silence rose,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And, strong in selfless ardour, sought</p>
-<p class="verse0">The Saxon heaths, the Alpine snows,</p>
-<p class="verse2">To preach the gentle rede the Celtic Herdsman taught.<span class="linenum">20</span></p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">I. 2.</p>
-<p class="verse0">The rugged Chief in richer cell</p>
-<p class="verse2">The cresset hung by field or foam,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Where hermit pure in peace might dwell,</p>
-<p class="verse2">The exiled sage forget his home.</p>
-<p class="verse0">On islets of the inland seas,<span class="linenum">25</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">On stormy cape, in valley lone,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Or folded deep in verdant leas,</p>
-<p class="verse2">The scattered haunts of Learning shone.</p>
-<p class="verse0">But ev’n the Norman’s victor palm,</p>
-<p class="verse2">By carven arch or soaring spire,<span class="linenum">30</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Could ill secure the cloistral calm,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And feebly guard the living fire.</p>
-<p class="verse0">What larger flame De Bicknor fed</p>
-<p class="verse2">The royal Edwards fanned in vain.</p>
-<p class="verse0">The lamp in Drogheda’s dimness dead<span class="linenum">35</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Not Sidney’s touch revived again.</p>
-<p class="verse0">And nowhere towered the sovereign shrine,</p>
-<p class="verse2">The central altar’s temple wide,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Till Loftus waved a wand divine,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And here by Edar’s Firth it rose in radiant pride.<span class="linenum">40</span></p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">I. 3.</p>
-<p class="verse0">In the Earth’s exultant hour,</p>
-<p class="verse2">When the age-long twilight, shifting,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Showed, beneath its fringes lifting,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Rosy seas and realms of endless flower;</p>
-<p class="verse0">When high on new-found isle or continent<span class="linenum">45</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">The roving seaman-warrior travel-spent</p>
-<p class="verse2">First the cross of Europe planted;</p>
-<p class="verse4">When in rapt expectancy</p>
-<p class="verse2">Men amid a world enchanted</p>
-<p class="verse4">Seemed to wander fancy-free,<span class="linenum">50</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Along our life’s horizon-bound</p>
-<p class="verse0">So bright a promise broke from underground;</p>
-<p class="verse4">In that delicious dawn</p>
-<p class="verse0">Here to her lasting home was Wisdom drawn,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Here her island-shrine was wrought,<span class="linenum">55</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Whence evermore, with armèd Night contending,&mdash;</p>
-<p class="verse4">In act, in labouring thought</p>
-<p class="verse0">One brilliance,&mdash;we our toil with hers unending</p>
-<p class="verse2">Might mingle; with her calm advance,</p>
-<p class="verse4">The conquests of her widening reign,<span class="linenum">60</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Her heavenward aims and ceaseless operance,</p>
-<p class="verse0">We too might drink the hope and reap the gain;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Might feel the vast elation, share</p>
-<p class="verse0">The peril of her conflict and the care,</p>
-<p class="verse4">The triumph and the dole,<span class="linenum">65</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">All that doth exalt the human soul;</p>
-<p class="verse4">Arrayed in Learning’s panoply,</p>
-<p class="verse4">Refreshed from Truth’s pellucid springs,</p>
-<p class="verse4">Beneath her wide imperial wings</p>
-<p class="verse0">Might prosper with her boundless destiny,<span class="linenum">70</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Life and heavenly Freedom bearing</p>
-<p class="verse2">Where her might and dauntless daring</p>
-<p class="verse0">Strike the heart of Tyranny tame,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Or over Grossness steals the glamour of her name.</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="r10" />
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">II. 1.</p>
-<p class="verse0">He who with heart unmoved can tread<span class="linenum">75</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">The peaceful Squares, the pictured Halls,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Where first within his soul was shed</p>
-<p class="verse2">The Light that heals where’er it falls,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Where first he felt the sacred glow</p>
-<p class="verse2">Of young ambition fire his breast,<span class="linenum">80</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">And watched a broadening Future grow</p>
-<p class="verse2">More gorgeous than the burning west&mdash;</p>
-<p class="verse0">The vision (ah, too soon to fade!)</p>
-<p class="verse2">Of splendours,&mdash;honour, virtue, truth,&mdash;</p>
-<p class="verse0">That o’er his life its magic laid,<span class="linenum">85</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">And godlike purpose waked in youth;</p>
-<p class="verse0">He who with languid pulse can view</p>
-<p class="verse2">The scenes where first he quaffed the springs</p>
-<p class="verse0">Of Hope and Knowledge, whence he drew</p>
-<p class="verse2">The strength to soar with fearless wings,<span class="linenum">90</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Is void as night, is cold as clay,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Is dead in spirit, shrunk and sear ...</p>
-<p class="verse0">Hail, hail, ye walls and portals grey</p>
-<p class="verse2">With holiest memories wound,&mdash;we love you and revere!</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">II. 2.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Behold, the men are with us still<span class="linenum">95</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Who here have reaped immortal fame;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Their words, their varying fancies, thrill</p>
-<p class="verse2">Our hearts, their deeds our zeal inflame.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Yes, Ussher’s voice is in our ear,</p>
-<p class="verse2">It whispers from our waving trees;<span class="linenum">100</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">And hark! blithe Congreve’s laughter clear</p>
-<p class="verse2">Is mingling with our harmonies;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And Farquhar’s jests around us fly,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Mementos of a merrier time;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And Swift is near, with piercing eye<span class="linenum">105</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">And mouth of gall, who stung with rhyme</p>
-<p class="verse0">And crushed with iron clubs of prose;</p>
-<p class="verse2">And Berkeley, with his angel brow;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And Burke, who high as eagle rose;</p>
-<p class="verse2">And gentlest Goldsmith, jovial now<span class="linenum">110</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">As when he lipped his flute in France;</p>
-<p class="verse2">And he who sang of Erin’s wrong</p>
-<p class="verse0">In lays that listening Time entrance;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Poet, priest, warrior, wit, smile on our jubilant throng.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">II. 3.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Mother, since the lion-Queen<span class="linenum">115</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Set thy name in jewelled story,</p>
-<p class="verse2">How the beam of Learning’s glory</p>
-<p class="verse0">Still has rested on our Island green,</p>
-<p class="verse0">O, fair as are the ruddy morns that rise</p>
-<p class="verse0">O’er her wild hills, and flush her stormy skies!<span class="linenum">120</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">How thy sons, thy faiths upholding,</p>
-<p class="verse4">Victors, firm in peace or strife,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Toil, thy gifts of Truth unfolding,</p>
-<p class="verse4">Weave the web of human life!</p>
-<p class="verse0">Here in these shades, with straining sight<span class="linenum">125</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Through many a fretful day and weary night</p>
-<p class="verse4">Bent o’er the baffling page,</p>
-<p class="verse0">How have they won the wealth of seer and sage</p>
-<p class="verse0">Wrung from gloom with Titan-power,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Thou to the labouring mind thy lustres lending,<span class="linenum">130</span></p>
-<p class="verse4">Till, armed with all thy dower,</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span>
-<p class="verse0">From the lone chamber to the loud world wending,</p>
-<p class="verse2">They’ve ploughed the homely field and sown</p>
-<p class="verse4">The seed that bears a deathless grain;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Afar o’er belts of blustering ocean blown,<span class="linenum">135</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">In lands of scathing sun and ruthless rain,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Have held the dusky hordes at bay,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And tempered empire with a softer ray;</p>
-<p class="verse4">Or, strong in battle, borne</p>
-<p class="verse2">Britain’s streaming banner pierced and torn<span class="linenum">140</span></p>
-<p class="verse4">But trampled not by any foe;</p>
-<p class="verse4">Or, dauntless in a direr war,</p>
-<p class="verse4">Have wrested spoil from earth and star;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Till now, three centuries past of joy and woe,</p>
-<p class="verse2">We, our hope and youth renewing,<span class="linenum">145</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Here, the votive chaplet strewing,</p>
-<p class="verse0">At thy feet our homage lay,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Beneath a later Queen of happier, milder sway!</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="r10" />
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">III. 1.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Guardian of Light, with pomp to-day</p>
-<p class="verse2">We celebrate thy splendour’s birth.<span class="linenum">150</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Lo, doomed in distant paths to stray,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And whirled about the chequered earth,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Back to thy peaceful fane we wend,</p>
-<p class="verse2">We bear thee gifts of love and praise,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Beneath thy sovereign brows we bend,<span class="linenum">155</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">And high our echoing anthems raise.</p>
-<p class="verse0">From east and west, where’er the fire</p>
-<p class="verse2">Of Science, fenced by faithful hands,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Abides, and hearts of men aspire,</p>
-<p class="verse2">We greet the learned of other lands<span class="linenum">160</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Who seek across the alien seas</p>
-<p class="verse2">Our Island bright’ning ’mid her showers,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And come to spread before thy knees</p>
-<p class="verse2">Their garlands intertwined with ours;</p>
-<p class="verse0">While, close with these, a blithesome crowd,<span class="linenum">165</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Thy young-eyed votaries move along,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Breathe on the wind their raptures loud,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And mix their strains of joy with Age’s sombrer song.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">III. 2.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Aurora of the conquering Sun</p>
-<p class="verse2">Of Knowledge, scarer of the Night,<span class="linenum">170</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">How nobly has thy race been run,</p>
-<p class="verse2">How fair the pageant of thy flight!</p>
-<p class="verse0">From every cloudy trammel freed,</p>
-<p class="verse2">With dreams of boundless venture fraught,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Billowing the shadows in thy speed,<span class="linenum">175</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Thou risest, robed in gleaming Thought.</p>
-<p class="verse0">The steeds of empyrean strain</p>
-<p class="verse2">The wafture of thy hand obey,</p>
-<p class="verse0">As, scattering fire from hoof and mane,</p>
-<p class="verse2">They flash o’er peak and field and spray.<span class="linenum">180</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Thick as the northern meteors sweep</p>
-<p class="verse2">Adown the clear autumnal skies,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Through airy dews o’er plain and steep</p>
-<p class="verse2">Thy florets fall in rainbow-dyes,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And where they rest take root and spread,<span class="linenum">185</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Till all the barren ways are sweet,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And all the desert-breezes shed</p>
-<p class="verse2">Their honeyed blossom-breath around the wanderer’s feet.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">III. 3.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Ever young and strong to dare,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Darkness to thy will subduing,<span class="linenum">190</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Thou, thy lustrous path pursuing,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Onward movest, girt with all things rare,&mdash;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Radiant in victory, from thine orient gate</p>
-<p class="verse0">Issuing with front to heaven and heart elate,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And in gorgeous triumph guiding<span class="linenum">195</span></p>
-<p class="verse4">Through the deeps, a lucid throng,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Round the car Phœbœan gliding,</p>
-<p class="verse4">Forms ethereal. Art; and Song;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And mild Religion hand-in-hand</p>
-<p class="verse0">With fearless Reason,&mdash;loveliest of the band;<span class="linenum">200</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">And, linked in circling train,</p>
-<p class="verse0">She who delights to roam the starry main,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Breaks the flesh’s narrowing bond,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And tracks the whirling suns amid their courses;</p>
-<p class="verse4">And She with potent wand<span class="linenum">205</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Who tames to kindlier use Earth’s deathful forces;</p>
-<p class="verse2">And She who cleaves the crust and solves</p>
-<p class="verse4">The secrets shut from mortal view;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And the witch Maid whose magic hand evolves</p>
-<p class="verse0">From Nature’s essence nature ever new;<span class="linenum">210</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">And that all gentle Ministress</p>
-<p class="verse0">Who wars on pain and waits on weariness;</p>
-<p class="verse4">And She whose wreathen shell</p>
-<p class="verse2">Rings of Latian lawn or Dorian dell;</p>
-<p class="verse4">And the strong Spirit whose subtle skill<span class="linenum">215</span></p>
-<p class="verse4">Controls the night of storms and takes</p>
-<p class="verse4">The lightning prisoner, or breaks</p>
-<p class="verse0">The cliff, or spans the flood, or moves the hill,&mdash;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Where the effulgent wheels are glancing,</p>
-<p class="verse2">O’er the shrunken mists advancing,<span class="linenum">220</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Follow in thy kindling way</p>
-<p class="verse2">Thee heavenward heralding the clear-eyed golden Day.</p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span>
-</div>
-<hr class="r10" />
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">IV. 1.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Our triumph is the victory</p>
-<p class="verse2">Of Thought, the Mind’s high festival.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Ah, cold and bleak at times will be<span class="linenum">225</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">The mists of Doubt that round us fall;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And keen the wounds of him who wars</p>
-<p class="verse2">With Ignorance, the eyeless foe</p>
-<p class="verse0">That balks us with his girdling bars.</p>
-<p class="verse2">Our task is great, our labour slow;<span class="linenum">230</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">And Truth is oft a maddening gleam</p>
-<p class="verse2">That mocks the eye in mazy flight;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And where the rays of promise teem</p>
-<p class="verse2">Earth’s Shadow moves across their light.</p>
-<p class="verse0">The ways are rough, the night is near,<span class="linenum">235</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">The winds are loud in field and sky;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And Death awaits with levelled spear;</p>
-<p class="verse2">And wrecks of lives around us lie;</p>
-<p class="verse0">But blue-eyed Hope with bosom warm</p>
-<p class="verse2">Beside us stands serenely fair,<span class="linenum">240</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Lifts to the hills her snowy arm,</p>
-<p class="verse2">And bids us upward scale and still the Vast to dare.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">IV. 2.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Yes, frail of hand and faint of eye,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Our lives the glimmer of a wing</p>
-<p class="verse0">That glistens in the summer sky,<span class="linenum">245</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Shines and is gone,&mdash;in vain we cling</p>
-<p class="verse0">To Time, in vain we grasp the veil</p>
-<p class="verse2">That hides the mystic Source of All.</p>
-<p class="verse0">We strive; the founts of being fail;</p>
-<p class="verse2">The terrors of the Deeps appal;<span class="linenum">250</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Amid the dim uncertain shows</p>
-<p class="verse2">And symbols of the things that are</p>
-<p class="verse0">We falter; blinding vapour grows</p>
-<p class="verse2">About our paths; the pilot-star</p>
-<p class="verse0">Of Faith is folded from our sight;<span class="linenum">255</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Yet, still be ours the purpose pure,</p>
-<p class="verse0">For us to seek the larger Light,</p>
-<p class="verse2">To cope with Darkness and endure.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Arise, and following Her, whose face</p>
-<p class="verse2">Is radiant with the roseate day,<span class="linenum">260</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Explore the trackless realms of Space;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Hark to her rallying-cry, and fearlessly obey.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="stanza">
-<p class="center wsp2">IV. 3.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Forward! Let the venturous Mind,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Still its spectral foes assailing,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Ridge on ridge of danger scaling,<span class="linenum">265</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Front its battle! What though, faint and blind,</p>
-<p class="verse0">We stumble through the stifling wilderness,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Though failure chill our hearts, though griefs oppress,</p>
-<p class="verse2">Rich hath been the Spirit’s treasure</p>
-<p class="verse4">Won by those whose story told<span class="linenum">270</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">Makes the music of our pleasure</p>
-<p class="verse4">Ringing through these cloisters old.</p>
-<p class="verse0">Shall we not fight as they have fought,</p>
-<p class="verse0">And work as they with tireless brain have wrought?</p>
-<p class="verse4">O, follow still the fleet<span class="linenum">275</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Faint glint of Truth where’er it leads your feet;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Gather in with reverent toil</p>
-<p class="verse0">The sheaves of Knowledge wheresoever scattered</p>
-<p class="verse2">O’er whatsoe’er soil;</p>
-<p class="verse0">And dare the loneliest peak with tempest shattered<span class="linenum">280</span></p>
-<p class="verse2">For any gladdening glimpse it yields</p>
-<p class="verse4">Of any unknown gulf or shore,</p>
-<p class="verse0">Purge the fair world of Ill through all its fields;</p>
-<p class="verse0">Uplift the Race in wisdom more and more;</p>
-<p class="verse2">With breast undaunted boldly range<span class="linenum">285</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">The ever-widening ways of ceaseless Change;</p>
-<p class="verse4">Thwart not the powers that roll</p>
-<p class="verse2">Freedom’s chariot thundering to the goal;</p>
-<p class="verse4">Nor fly the Spirit’s pain; nor crave</p>
-<p class="verse4">The crutch of creeds foredone; nor fear<span class="linenum">290</span></p>
-<p class="verse4">The New upon the Old to rear;</p>
-<p class="verse0">But Nature’s nobler life from bondage save;</p>
-<p class="verse2">Till, to flawless beauty moulded,</p>
-<p class="verse2">All her wealth of good unfolded</p>
-<p class="verse0">’Mid the beams of Liberty,<span class="linenum">295</span></p>
-<p class="verse0">Earth into Eden break and bloom from sea to sea!</p>
-</div></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Footnote_175_175" id="Footnote_175_175"></a><a href="#FNanchor_175_175"><span class="label">[175]</span></a> The words, with Music by Professor Sir Robert Stewart, Mus. Doc., have been published by Novello, Ewer &amp; Co., London.</p></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span></p>
-
-<h3 class="fs90"><a name="ANALYSIS" id="ANALYSIS">ANALYSIS OF THE ODE.</a></h3>
-<hr class="r20" />
-
-
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="blockquotx">
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 1-12.</span></p>
-
-<p>The dawn of Learning in Ireland. The legendary
-visions of St. Patrick, antecedent to his conversion
-to Christianity, while a captive and a swineherd
-among the Ulster Hills.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 13-20.</span></p>
-
-<p>The cultivation and propagation of Christian philosophy
-and religion by the early Irish monks,
-whose humble cells were reared as described.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 21-28.</span></p>
-
-<p>The monasteries founded by the native-Irish chiefs.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 29-32.</span></p>
-
-<p>The statelier erections of the Anglo-Norman conquerors.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 33-40.</span></p>
-
-<p>The successive attempts (by Archbishop de Bicknor
-in 1320, Edward III., Edward IV. at Drogheda
-in 1465, Sir Philip Sidney in 1568) to establish
-or develop a University in Ireland up to the time
-of Queen Elizabeth, when the citizens of Dublin,
-under the auspices of Archbishop Loftus, secured
-the final establishment of the National University
-beside the shores of the “Firth of Edar” (Dublin
-Bay, so called from the hero or heroine Edar,
-who gave his or her name to its northern boundary
-and most striking feature&mdash;Ben Edar, or Howth).</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 41-52.</span></p>
-
-<p>The Elizabethan Age, with its varying hopes and
-achievements, the propitious birth-date of the
-University.</p>
-</div>
-
-    </div>
-    <div class="textcol">
-
-<div class="blockquotx">
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 53-74.</span></p>
-
-<p>The purpose and appointed work of the University
-in the service of Wisdom.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 75-94.</span></p>
-
-<p>The bond of union between Trinity College and its
-<em>alumni</em>.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap"><ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'Lines 95-104'">Lines 95-114</ins>.</span></p>
-
-<p>Representative great men whom the University has
-produced&mdash;Ussher; Congreve and Farquhar,
-dramatists; Swift, master of invective and sarcasm
-in prose and verse; Berkeley, the idealist;
-Goldsmith; Moore, &amp;c.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 115-148.</span></p>
-
-<p>The vast and multiform work actually accomplished
-by the University, and the labours and triumphs
-of its sons, during the three hundred years of its
-existence, from the reign of Queen Elizabeth to
-the reign of Queen Victoria.</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 149-222.</span></p>
-
-<p>Apostrophe to the University on its day of jubilee&mdash;the
-guardian and precursor of the Light of
-Wisdom, the “Aurora of the Sun of Knowledge,”
-followed and attended by the various Arts and
-Sciences, typified by the Hours around the
-chariot of Phœbus. (From line 195 to line 222 are
-personified the numerous branches of Learning&mdash;Theological,
-Scientific, Artistic, Classical, &amp;c.&mdash;fostered
-by the University.)</p>
-
-
-<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Lines 223-296.</span></p>
-
-<p>The true nature of the triumph celebrated. The
-battle of Intellect with Darkness, waged and still
-to be waged. Exhortation to continue the struggle
-with fearless resolution and unconquerable hope.</p>
-</div>
-    </div>
-
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_309.jpg" width="100" alt="(Decorative section ending)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_311.jpg" width="600" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN, 1892.</div>
-</div>
-<p class="p4" />
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter pg-brk">
-<img src="images/i_312.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative section heading)" />
-</div>
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk fs90">LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.</h2>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<div class="fs80 pad10pc">
-
-Abel, Sir Fredk. Aug., K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Cadogan Place, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Alexander, George J., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Victoria House, Dalkey.</span><br />
-<br />
-Alexander, Thomas, M.E., Professor of Engineering,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Allen, Rev. Alfred,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fortess Road, London, N.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Allman, George, LL.D.,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 2.5em;">St. Mary’s, Galway.</span><br />
-<br />
-Anderson, Henry, LL.B.<br />
-<br />
-Anderson, W., Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">22, Upper Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Anderson, Rev. M. J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Hockering Rectory, East Dereham.</span><br />
-<br />
-Andrews, The Hon. Mr. Justice, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">51, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Andrews, J. T., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">88, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ardilaun, The Right Hon. Lord,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Anne’s, Clontarf, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ashbourne, The Right Hon. Lord, LL.D., Q.C., Lord Chancellor
-of Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Askin, Rev. W. B., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Harold’s Cross, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Askin, Paul,<br />
-<span class="pad4">67, Northumberland Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Atkinson, Robert,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Beaumont, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Atkinson, Rev. A. W., M.A., Principal, Lawrence Asylum,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ootacamund, Madras, India.</span><br />
-<br />
-Austin, H. Evans, M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Pump Court, Temple, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bailey, A. G.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">55, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Balfour, The Right Hon. A. J., LL.D., M.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">4, Carlton Gardens, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ball, The Right Hon. J. T., LL.D., D.C.L., P.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Taney House, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ball, Sir Robert Stawell, LL.D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Observatory, Dunsink, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ball, Valentine, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., Director of Museum of
-Science and Art, Dublin.<br />
-<br />
-Beatty, Wallace, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">21, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Beere, J. J., M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Beevor, Rev. W. S.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span><span class="pad4">Somersham Vicarage, St. Ives.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bennett, Joseph,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Blair Castle, Sundayswell, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bennett, E. H., M.D., F.R.C.S.I.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">26, Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bernard, Rev. John H., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">32, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Best, Richard, Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">25, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bewley, The Hon. Mr. Justice,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bigger, Francis Joseph,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ardrie, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bluett, Rev. Richard Tenison, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carlingford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bolster, Rev. Canon,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Rectory, Castlemartyr, Co. Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bourke, Rev. John H., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kilkenny.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bowell, Rev. Wm., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Sissinghurst Vicarage, Staplehurst.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bowles, Spotswode Robert, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">54, Wellington Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Boyd, W. H., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ballymacool, Letterkenny.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brabazon, Lady Kathleen,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kilruddery, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bradshaw, Rev. W. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Vernon Terrace, Booterstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brambell, Samuel E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Library, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brandon, Rev. A. O. B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">206, Amherst Road, West Hackney, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bredon, A. M., M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Millicent Terrace, Portadown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bridge, William, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Millpark, Roscrea.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brien, Charles H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">54, South Richmond Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brien, Edward H., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">485, New Chester Road, Rock Ferry, Cheshire.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brien, John W., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Wilton House, Wilton Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brooks, H. St. John, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">52, Lower Mount Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brownlow, Rev. Duncan J., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ardbraccan, Navan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brownrigg, W. B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Moor Hill, Brannoxtown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bulmer, Richard, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Marston Street, Iffley Road, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bunbury, Rev. Thomas, D.D., Dean of Limerick,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Limerick.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burbidge, Frederick William, M.A., F.L.S., M.R.I.A., Curator
-of College Botanic Gardens,<br />
-<span class="pad4">91, Haddington Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burgess, Rev. H. W., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Clonmore, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burnes, Rodolph A. C., B.A., M.B., B.Ch.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">1, Conyngham Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burroughs, Rev. Wm. E., B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bute, The Most Hon. The Marquis of,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. John’s Lodge, Regent’s Park, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Byrne, E. M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">143, Strand Road, Merrion, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Byrne, Very Rev. James, Dean of Clonfert,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ergenagh Rectory, Omagh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Callwell, Nathaniel,<br />
-<span class="pad4">39, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Campbell, C. T.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Vesey Place, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Campbell, Rev. R. S. D., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Rectory, Athlone.</span><br />
-<br />
-Campbell, Very Rev. Theophilus, D.D., Dean of Dromore,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lurgan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Campbell, Arthur J., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rose Villa, Uley, Gloucestershire.</span><br />
-<br />
-Carmichael, Rev. Canon, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, Sallymount Avenue, Ranelagh, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Carolin, Rev. Sinclair,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Wyvenhoe Rectory, near Colchester.</span><br />
-<br />
-Carson, Rev. Joseph, D.D., Vice-Provost,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Carson, Rev. Thomas W., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">85, Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Carter, Rev. H. B., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Derryloran Rectory, Cookstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Carton, R. P., Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rutland Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cathcart, Rev. Nassau,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity Vicarage, Guernsey.</span><br />
-<br />
-Chambers, George, J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span><span class="pad4">12, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Charles, James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">61, Middle Abbey Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Chatterton, The Right Hon. Hedges Eyre, LL.D., Vice-Chancellor
-of Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newtown Park Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Chatterton, Rev. Eyre, B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Hazarabagh, Chota Nagpur, Bengal.</span><br />
-<br />
-Chester, The Right Rev. William Bennett, D.D., Lord Bishop
-of Killaloe,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Clarisford House, Killaloe.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clare, Henry L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ducie, Chapelton, Jamaica, West Indies.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clarke, Rev. W. J., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Limerick.</span><br />
-<br />
-Classon, W. H., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">11, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clements, H. J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Killadoon, Celbridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clibborn, William, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dorset House, Bridport, Dorset.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clive, W. B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">5, Carlyle Road, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Close, Rev. Maxwell H., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cochrane, Rev. J. H. D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Liscard Vicarage, Birkenhead.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cochrane, Sir Henry, D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Woodbrook, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cogan, The Right Hon. W. H. F., D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">93, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cole, Grenville A. J., F.G.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Montrose, Cabra Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Collins, A. Tenison,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Hibernian Bank, College Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Colquhoun, David, Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">66, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cooke, John, B.A.<br />
-<span class="pad4">51, Morehampton Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cooke, Rev. John Digby, M.A., Chaplain of Female Orphan House,<br />
-<span class="pad4">North Circular Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cooper, Rev. J. Sisson, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Killanne Rectory, Enniscorthy.</span><br />
-<br />
-Corbett, Daniel, M.R.C.S.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">12, Clare Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Corless, Thomas,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Burlington Hotel, St. Andrew Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cosgrave, Rev. W. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Vicarage, West Hartlepool.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cotter, W. E. Pearson,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Balmoral, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cowan, S. W. P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Craigavad, County Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Craig, Rev. Herbert Newcome, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bandon, Co. Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Craig, Thomas,<br />
-<span class="pad4">30, South Frederick Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Craig, William J., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Charleville House, West Kensington, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Crawley, W. J. Chetwode, LL.D., D.C.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Châlet, Temple Road, Rathmines.</span><br />
-<br />
-Creek, Ven. William, D.D., Archdeacon of Kilmore,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kildallon, Ardlogher.</span><br />
-<br />
-Creery, John T., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Riverton, Coleraine.</span><br />
-<br />
-Crowe, Rev. E. D., A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Drumkeeran, Carrick-on-Shannon.</span><br />
-<br />
-Crozier, Rev. J. B., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Holywood, Co. Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Culverwell, Edward P., M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Culwick, James C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">28, Leeson Park, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cunningham, D. J., M.D., Professor of Anatomy,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-D’Alton, Melfort C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">9, Merrion Row, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dames-Longworth, Francis T.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Glynwood, Athlone.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dames, R. J. Longworth,<br />
-<span class="pad4">21, Herbert Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dane, Richard M., Barrister,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Percy Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Darby, Very Rev. J. L., D.D., Dean of Chester,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Deanery, Chester.</span><br />
-<br />
-Darcus, Solomon H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Holywell Park, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Darley, His Honour, Judge,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fernhill, Kilgobbin, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Darley, Miss,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Daunt, Rev. Canon, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span><span class="pad4">Queenstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Davidson-Houston, Rev. B. C., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">51, Park Avenue, Sandymount, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Davidson, Rev. J. H., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Rectory, Batterstown, Co. Meath.</span><br />
-<br />
-Davis, Sydenham,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Richmond Park, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Davis, Rev. Wm. Sampson, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Embleton Vicarage, Cockermouth.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dawson, Ven. Abraham, Archdeacon of Dromore,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Seagoe Rectory, Portadown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Day, Rev. Maurice, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Killiney, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Day, Robert, J.P., F.S.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Sidney Place, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Deane, Joseph W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Longraigue, Foulkes Mills, Wexford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Deed, Rev. John George, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Germain’s, St. Albans, Herts.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dixon, A. Francis, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dixon, Henry H., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dixon, W. V., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">82, Waterloo Road, Dublin. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Dixon, W. M., LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dobbin, Francis William, B.A., M.B.<br />
-<br />
-Dobbin, Rev. Frederick, A. M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carrigrohane Rectory, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dobbin, Samuel.<br />
-<br />
-Dobbin, William Sinclair, B.A., M.B.<br />
-<br />
-Dobson, James, T.C., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Doherty, Rev. A. Percival, M.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Oakridge Vicarage, Stroud, Gloucestershire.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dorey, Matthew,<br />
-<span class="pad4">8, Berkeley Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dowden, Right Rev. John, Lord Bishop of Edinburgh,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lynn House, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Downing, A. M. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">74, Vanbrugh Park, Blackheath, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Doyle, C. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Kildare Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Drapes, Rev. Lambert, B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newtownbarry. (<em>Three copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Drury, James W., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Willows, Terenure, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dudgeon, H. J., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Priory, Stillorgan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dudgeon, W. J., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Chapelizod, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Duignan, W. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Ronan’s, Walsall.</span><br />
-<br />
-Duke, Rev. J. H., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Craigavad, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Duncan, James F., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">8, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Durham University Library.<br />
-<br />
-Dwyer, Mrs.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Belvedere, Lisburn.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dwyer, Rev. Philip, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Huntspill Rectory, High Bridge, Somerset.</span><br />
-<br />
-Eason, Charles, jun.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">80, Middle Abbey Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Eaves, Rev. James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Heavitree, Exeter.</span><br />
-<br />
-Edgeworth, Rev. Essex, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kilshrewly, Edgeworthstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Edgeworth, Rev. F. G.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Edwards, Charles Grey, M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">11, Castle Street, Beaumaris, Anglesey.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ellis, W. E., M.A., LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">39, Pembroke Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ellis, W. H. M., M.A. (Cantab),<br />
-<span class="pad4">University Club, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Emanuell, Barrow,<br />
-<span class="pad4">36, Orsitt Terrace, Hyde Park, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ewart, Sir Wm. Quartus, Bart.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Schomberg, Strandtown, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ewart, R. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">New York.</span><br />
-<br />
-Falconer, John B., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">44, Merrion Square East, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Falkiner, C. L., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">36, Molesworth Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Falls, Thomas,<br />
-<span class="pad4">33, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Fausset, Rev. Andrew R., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span><span class="pad4">St. Cuthbert’s Rectory, York.</span><br />
-<br />
-Fayle, Gerald S., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, South Circular Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Field, Rev. H. S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">35, Alwyn Villas, Canonbury, London, N.</span><br />
-<br />
-Figgis, Edward K.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">New York.</span><br />
-<br />
-Figgis, Wm. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">New York.</span><br />
-<br />
-Figgis, Edmund J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Glen-na-Smoil, Upper Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Figgis, Samuel, J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">104, Grafton Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Figgis, T. F., LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newlands, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Finny, John Magee, M.D., President, Royal College of Physicians,
-Dublin.<br />
-<br />
-Fitzgibbon, Right Hon. Justice, A.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-FitzGerald, C. E., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">27, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-FitzGerald, Rev. Wm., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Grange Con, Co. Wicklow.</span><br />
-<br />
-FitzGerald, Edward, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">24, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Fleming, Very Rev. Horace Townsend, D.D., Dean of Cloyne,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Deanery, Cloyne.</span><br />
-<br />
-Forster, Major,<br />
-<span class="pad4">63, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-French, Thos. Henry,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College Library, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-French, J. A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Fry, M. W. J., M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">37, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Galway, Rev. Canon W. J., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">24, Summer Hill, St. Luke’s, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gardner, Robert, J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ashley, Clyde Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Garvey, John,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Riverslade, Ballina, Co. Mayo.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gaussen, Perceval C., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">13, Warrington Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Geale-Wybrants, W., M.A., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">45, Raglan Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gibbons, Joseph,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, North Frederick Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gibbs, Charles,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Wicklow Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gibson-Black, Mrs.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Blackheath, Clontarf, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gibson, J. Surgeon-Captain, Medical Staff,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Jubbulpore, Central Provinces, India.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gilbert, Rev. F. W. Pakenham,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Church House, Dewsbury, Yorks.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gillespie, T. R., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Addabari, Balipara P.O., Tezpur, Assam.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gillmor, Rev. W. G., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dunmore East, Waterford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gilmore, John E., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fairy Hill, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gilmore, John, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">8, Herbert Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gladstone, J. H., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.C.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Panbridge Square, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Glenn, J. Barber,<br />
-<span class="pad4">67, Parkhurst Road, Holloway, London, N.</span><br />
-<br />
-Glenn, W. B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">67, Parkhurst Road, Holloway, London, N.</span><br />
-<br />
-Goodman, Rev. James, M.A., Professor of Irish,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gordon, Thomas, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Royal School, Armagh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gordon, S., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">13, Hume Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gordon, T., M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">21, Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gort, Right Hon. Viscount,<br />
-<span class="pad4">1, Portman Square, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gould, Edmund J., D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, Longford Terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Governors of Armagh Public Library,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Armagh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Graham, Rev. Charles J., B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Celbridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Graham, Rev. G. R., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Portarlington.</span><br />
-<br />
-Graves, Right Rev. Charles, D.D., Lord Bishop of Limerick,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Henry Street, Limerick.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gregg, Right Rev. Robert Samuel, D.D., Lord Bishop of Cork,
-Cloyne, and Ross,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Greene, Surgeon-Major J. J.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span><span class="pad4">16, Clare Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Greene, Very Rev. W. C., Dean of Christ Church, Dublin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">49, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Greene, Thomas, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">49, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Grierson, Rev. F. J., A.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Rectory, Oldcastle, Meath.</span><br />
-<br />
-Griffith, Rev. George C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Parsonage, Castledermot, Co. Kildare.</span><br />
-<br />
-Griffith, J. P., C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Temple Road, Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gwynn, Rev. John, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Hamilton, Mrs. Thomas,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Appian Way, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hamilton, Right Hon. Ion Trant, P.C., D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Abbotstown House, Castleknock, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hamilton, Edwin, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">97, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hamilton, Henry A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Hampton, Balbriggan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hammond, Rev. J., D.D,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Old Helvet, Durham.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hanan, Rev. Denis, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Tipperary.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hanna, W. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">52, North Front Street, Philadelphia, U.S.A.</span><br />
-<br />
-Harden, Henry, LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">84, Lower Gloucester Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Harden, John M., Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Harding, Rev. Canon, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Vicarage, Gilford, County Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Harkin, C. F., M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Chiltern, Victoria, Australia.</span><br />
-<br />
-Harley, Rev. Canon, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">3, Belgrave Place, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hart, H. C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carrablagh, Croaghross, Letterkenny.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hart, Geo. Vaughan,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Lower Pembroke Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hartrick, Rev. Edw. J., Precentor,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ballynure Rectory, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hatchell, John, D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fortfield House, Terenure, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Haughton, Rev. Samuel, M.D., S.F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">12, Northbrook Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Haughton, S. Wilfred,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Greenbank, Carlow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Haydn, Rev. Canon, LL.D., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Nantenan Glebe, Askeaton, Co. Limerick.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hayes, William,<br />
-<span class="pad4">12, Grafton Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hemphill, Edward,<br />
-<span class="pad4">29, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hemphill, Charles G. Cathcart, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">11, Ely Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hemphill, Rev. Professor,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rectory, Westport, Co. Mayo.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hemsley, John,<br />
-<span class="pad4">62, Wellington Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hime, Maurice C., M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Foyle College, Londonderry.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hinkson, H. A., Sch. and B.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hipwell, Lieut.-Colonel A. G., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Army Service Corps, Devonport.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hodges, R. W., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Queenstown, Co. Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hogan, C. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Sleedagh House, Murrintown, near Wexford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Holmes-Forbes, A. W., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">15, Barton Street, West Kensington, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hopkins, William,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Nassau Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Horgan, D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Houston, Arthur, LL.D., Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">52, Fitwilliam Square W., Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hughes, W. G.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">4, Hampton Terrace, Lisburn Road, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hughes, Rev. S. C., M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">13, Adelaide Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hurst, Rev. F., A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Margaret’s Vicarage, Fivemiletown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ingram, John K., LL.D., S.F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">38, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Irwin, Rev. Benjamin, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kilconnell Rectory, Ballinasloe.</span><br />
-<br />
-Irwin, Rev. C. K., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span><span class="pad4">Derrynoose Rectory, Keady.</span><br />
-<br />
-Irwin, Rev. Henry, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newtown, Mountkennedy.</span><br />
-<br />
-Iveagh, The Right Hon. Lord,<br />
-<span class="pad4">80, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Jackson, James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Palmerston Park, Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-James, Rev. George,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Michael’s Rectory, Gloucester.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jeffares, Rev. Danby, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Vicarage, Lusk.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jellett, Very Rev. Henry, D.D., Dean of St. Patrick’s, Dublin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Deanery, Kevin Street.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jellett, Hewitt Poole, Q.C., Sergeant-at-Law,<br />
-<span class="pad4">32, Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jellett, W. M., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">92, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jemison, Rev. W. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Stillington Vicarage, Easingwold, Yorks.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jennings, Rev. J. A., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Navan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnson, W. Forbes, Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Tullylost, Kildare.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnson, W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Clonony, Banagher.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnston, Rev. A. E., B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Paul’s Divinity College, Allahabad,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">North-West Provinces, India.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnston, F. Boyd,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnston, Rev. H. F., A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Merrion Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnston, J. P., M.A., T.C.D., and B.A., Cantab,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Churchtown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnston, W. Ker, LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Churchtown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Joly, John, C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">39, Waterloo Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jones, Rev. L. Wynne, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Llanmynech Rectory, Oswestry.</span><br />
-<br />
-Joy, Rev. Henry, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Gretford Rectory, Stamford, England.</span><br />
-<br />
-Joynt, Albert, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">43, Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Joynt, William Lane, J.P., D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">43, Merrion Square East, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kavanagh, Michael,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Stephen’s Green East, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Keenan, Thomas V., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College Library, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kelly, His Honour Judge,<br />
-<span class="pad4">34, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kelly, G. Newenham, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Roscommon.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kelly, W. E., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Helen’s, Westport.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kemmis, Thomas, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bellevue Place, Clonmel, Co. Tipperary.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kennedy, William, Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">28, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kenney, Plunkett,<br />
-<span class="pad4">24, Suffolk Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kenny, William, Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">35, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kidd, Rev. R., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rathvilly, Co. Carlow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kinahan, Thomas W., M.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">24, Waterloo Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-King, Gilbert,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Jamestown, Drumsna.</span><br />
-<br />
-King, William,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-King’s Inns, The Hon. Society of,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kingstone, Alexander,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Mosstown, Longford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Knox, The Most Rev. Robert, D.D., Lord Archbishop of Armagh and
-Primate of All Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Armagh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lamb, W., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">31, Grosvenor Place, Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Large, Rev. W. Somerville,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carnalway Rectory, Kilcullen, Co. Kildare.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lawlor, Rev. H. J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">8, Clarinda Park East, Kingstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lawrenson, Harman L., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dunlavin, Co. Wicklow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Leech, Henry Brougham, LL.D., Regius Professor of Laws in University of Dublin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Yew Park, Clontarf, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Leeper, Alexander,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span><span class="pad4">Trinity College, Melbourne.</span><br />
-<br />
-Leeper, Rev. Canon, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Upper Pembroke Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lett, Rev. H. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Aghaderg Glebe, Loughbrickland, Co. Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lewis-Crosby, Rev. E. C., B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">83, Ranelagh Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lindesay, Rev. Wm. O’N., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Baronscourt, Newtownstewart.</span><br />
-<br />
-Little, Rev. E. G. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">All Saints’, Inverary, Argyleshire, N.B.</span><br />
-<br />
-Littledale, Richard W. W., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Liverpool Free Public Library,<br />
-<span class="pad4">William Brown Street.</span><br />
-<br />
-Livingstone, Rev. Robert G., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Pembroke College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lockwood, Crosby,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Stationers’ Hall Court, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Long, Rev. Thomas, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Appian Way, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Low, Rev. John, B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bansha, Tipperary.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lunham, Col. T. A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ardfallen, Douglas, Co. Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Luther, Edward L., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lennox Street, Maryborough, Queensland, Australia.</span><br />
-<br />
-Maccartney, Very Rev. H. B., Dean of Melbourne,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Deanery, Melbourne, Australia. (<em>Four copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-MacIvor, James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">King’s Inns Library, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Macintosh, Professor H. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mack, Rev. A. W. Bradshaw, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Swords, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-MacManus, Rev. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4"><ins class="corr" title="Transcriber's Note&mdash;Original text: 'Somerby Vicarge'">Somerby Vicarage</ins>, Oakham.</span><br />
-<br />
-Macran, Henry S., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">30, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Macrory, R. A., A.B., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Eia, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Macrory, Edmund, M.A., Q.C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Fig Tree Court, Temple, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Madden, Right Hon. D. H., Q.C., M.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">41, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Maffett, Rev. R. S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Wellington Place, Clyde Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Magee College Library,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Derry.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mahony, William A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">74, Morehampton Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Malet, J. C., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carbery, Silchester Road, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Manchester Public Library.<br />
-<br />
-Marchant, Charles G., Mus. Bac.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">41, Palmerston Road, Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Marchant, John,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, Dagmar Road, Camberwell, London, S.E.</span><br />
-<br />
-Martin, E. D., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Killoskehane Castle, Templemore.</span><br />
-<br />
-Martin, Surgeon Lieutenant-Colonel J. W. O’M., M.B.<br />
-<span class="pad4">United Service Club, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Matheson, C. L., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">20, Fitzwilliam Square South, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Matson, J. Agar, B.A., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. John’s Park, Upper Holloway, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mattinson, W. E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Maunsell, Henry W., M.A., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">37, Stanhope Gardens, Queen’s Gate, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mayne, E. J., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Herbert Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Meredith, Richard E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">49, Upper Mount Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Meredyth, Rev. F., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Crecora, Limerick.</span><br />
-<br />
-Miller, Hon. Judge,<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Rutland Square East, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Miller, Sir Alex. Edward.<br />
-<br />
-Miller, Rev. R. M., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Mitchelstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Miller, Charles H., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Hazlehurst, Glenageary, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Minchin, H., M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">56, Dominick Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moffett, T. W., LL.D., President of Queen’s College,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Galway.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mollan, Lieut.-Colonel William Campbell, C.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newtown House, Thomastown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Monahan, Rev. James Hunter, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">44, Rutland Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Montgomery, H. de F., M.A. Oxon,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span><span class="pad4">Blessingbourne, Fivemiletown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Montgomery, James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Derry. (<em>Three copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Mooney, Edmund, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Elm Green, Blanchardstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moore, Joseph Fletcher, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Manor, Kilbride, Co. Wicklow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moore, William, Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-More, A. G., F.L.S., M.R.I.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">74, Leinster Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Morgan, Thomas,<br />
-<span class="pad4">35, Grand Parade, Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moriarty, Very Rev. Thomas, D.D., Dean of Ardfert,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Drishane Rectory, Millstreet, Co. Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moriarty, Matthew D., M.D., Surgeon-Major I.M.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Meerut, N.W. Provinces, India.</span><br />
-<br />
-Morley, Rev. T. V., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Pembroke Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moses, Marcus Tertius,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kilbride Tower, Herbert Road, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Murdock, Rev. James C., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">12, Trafalgar Terrace, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Murray, W. B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">39, North Strand, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Bride, Robert,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Gilford, Co. Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-“M. C.”<br />
-<br />
-M‘Cann, Thomas S., Sch. and B.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">84, Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-MacCarthy, John George, Land Commissioner,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Ailesbury Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Carte, James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">51, St. George’s Hill, Everton, Liverpool.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Clelland, Rev. Thomas,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Foochow, China.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Creery, Rev. W. J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Stamer Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Cutchan, Rev. George, M.A., B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kenmare.</span><br />
-<br />
-MacDermott, Joseph E., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">64, Mountjoy Square, Dublin. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-MacMaster, George, M.A., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Simmonscourt, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Neile, Rev. N. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Brafferton Vicarage, Helperby, York.</span><br />
-<br />
-National Library,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Neligan, Rev. M. R., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Chilworth Street, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Neville, W. N., B.A., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Southville, Bristol.</span><br />
-<br />
-Newland, Rev. Arthur,<br />
-<span class="pad4">3, West Park Villas, Southampton.</span><br />
-<br />
-Nicholson, Rev. J. N., M.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">170, Osborne Road, Forest Gate, London, E.</span><br />
-<br />
-Norman, L. A. Lee, D.L., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Corbollis, Ardee, Ireland.</span><br />
-<br />
-Norman, Robert G.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Kenilworth Square, Rathgar, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-O’Connell, John Robert, LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Mountjoy Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-O’Dwyer, M., Surgeon-Major,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Jullundur City, Punjaub, India.</span><br />
-<br />
-O’Grady, Standish,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carrig, Queenstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-O’Keeffe, Dixon C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Richmond House, Templemore, Co. Tipperary.</span><br />
-<br />
-Oldham, C. H., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">116, Grafton Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Oliver, Rev. Dr.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Garston Vicarage, Aigburth, Liverpool.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ormsby, Rev. Edwin R., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rectory, Hartlepool.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ormsby, Rev. W. K.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Summerside, Chislehurst, Kent.</span><br />
-<br />
-Orpen, J. R., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Leonard’s, Killiney, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Orr, Rev. A. B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Denby Vicarage, Huddersfield.</span><br />
-<br />
-O’Sullivan, Right Rev. James, D.D., Lord Bishop of Tuam,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Tuam.</span><br />
-<br />
-Palles, Right Hon. Christopher, LL.D., P.C., Lord Chief Baron
-of the Exchequer,<br />
-<span class="pad4">28, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Palmer, Rev. Henry, A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Eirènè, Killiney, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Parker, Rev. Canon J. F., A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rectory, Kilmacthomas.</span><br />
-<br />
-Parker (James) &amp; Co.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span><span class="pad4">Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Parry, Wm. Kaye, M.A., B.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Charlemont Terrace, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Patrick, Rev. T., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">30, Grove Street, Liverpool.</span><br />
-<br />
-Patton, Alexander, A.B., M.B., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Farnham House, Finglas.</span><br />
-<br />
-Peacocke, Charles, J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Belmont, Wexford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Peacocke, Rev. Canon J. F., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Belgrave Square South, Monkstown, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Peet, S. V.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Evergreen Lodge, Ballybrack, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pennell, Rev. C. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Stadhampton Vicarage, Wallingford, Berks.</span><br />
-<br />
-Perry, George,<br />
-<span class="pad4">81, Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Phillips, H. H., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">45, London Road, Reading.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pigot, David R., Master of the Court of Exchequer,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Churchtown House, Dundrum, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pitt, Arthur Percy, Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">30, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Plunket, His Grace the Most Rev. Lord, D.D., Lord Archbishop
-of Dublin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Plunket, Right Hon. David Robert, LL.D., Q.C., M.P. for Dublin
-University,<br />
-<span class="pad4">12, Mandeville Place, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Plunkett, Wm. George, C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Zion Terrace, Rathgar, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pollock, James F., A.M., M.D., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Avoca House, Blackrock, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Poole, Rev. Hewitt R., D.D., S.F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">15, Lower Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pooler, Rev. J. T., D.D., Canon of St. Patrick’s, Dublin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rectory, Newtownards.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pope, Henry Brougham, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Hollies, Kington, Herefordshire.</span><br />
-<br />
-Porter, Sir George H., Bart., Surgeon to the Queen in Ireland, &amp;c.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">3, Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Potter, Rev. Beresford,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Wellesbourne, Warwick.</span><br />
-<br />
-Powell, G. W., M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">272, Hagley Road, Birmingham.</span><br />
-<br />
-Powell, Rev. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Crispin’s Vicarage, Southwark Park Road, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Power, James Talbot, D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Leopardstown Park, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Powerscourt, The Right Hon. Viscount,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Powerscourt Castle, Enniskerry, Co. Wicklow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pratt, Rev. Precentor, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Durrus, Co. Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Pratt, Rev. J., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">3, St. James’ Terrace, Clonskeagh, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Prenter, J. R.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Blessington Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Preston, Thomas, M.A., F.R.U.I.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Prideaux, Rev. Walter C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Saviour’s Vicarage, 116, Hampton Road, Bristol.</span><br />
-<br />
-Prior, H. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Oakhurst, Leamington.</span><br />
-<br />
-Purcell, His Honour Judge,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Purser, Frederick, M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rathmines Castle, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Purser, John, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Queen’s College, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Purser, Louis C., M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">11, Harcourt Terrace, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Quill, Albert W., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">42, Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reeves, Very Rev. J. M., M.A., Dean of Ross,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ross Carbery.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reeves, Richard S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rosendale, Shankill, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reeves, Robert S., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reichel, The Most Rev. Charles P., D.D., Lord Bishop of Meath,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dundrum, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reichel, H. R.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">University College of North Wales, Bangor.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reid, J. Hamilton,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Holmston, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Revington, Geo., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Central Asylum, Dundrum, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Roberts, Rev. R. J., A.B.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span><span class="pad4">Kuper Island, Chemaines, British Columbia.</span><br />
-<br />
-Roberts, W. R. Westropp, F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Robertson, W. C. F., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">34, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Robinson, C. Lowes, Sen. Mod., B.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lichfield Theological College, Lichfield.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rogers, Henry S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Cliff Castle, Dalkey, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rooney, James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Suffolk Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rosse, Right Hon. Earl of,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Birr Castle, Parsonstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ross, John, Q.C., LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">66, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Royal Library, The,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Windsor Castle.</span><br />
-<br />
-Royal Dublin Society’s Library.<br />
-<br />
-Royal Irish Academy,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rutherford, Henry E., Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rutherford, Rev. W. Gunion, M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Dean’s Yard, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ryan, John Henry, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">3, Lower Merrion Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Salmon, Rev. George, D.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., Provost of Trinity College,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Provost’s House, Dublin. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Samuels, Arthur W., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">29, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Savage-Armstrong, G. F., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">1, Sydenham Villas, Bray. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Schoales, George, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Pembroke Lodge, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Scott, Ven. J. G., M.A., Archdeacon of Dublin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Rectory, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Scott, W. R.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Scovell, Miss,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, Prince of Wales Terrace, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Scriven, W. B. B., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">33, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Scully, Vincent, B.A. Christ Church, Oxford,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Seaver, Rev. Jonathan,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Mary’s Vicarage, Peckham, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Seymour, Rev. John Hobart, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newcastle, Co. Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Shackleton, Rev. T.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Broomy Hill, Hereford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Shaw-Hamilton, Rev. R., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Rectory, Tynan, Co. Armagh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Shaw, George Ferdinand, LL.D., S.F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Sheehan, J. J., LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">93, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Shirley, Paul Wm. Nassau,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Shone, Right Rev. Samuel, D.D., Lord Bishop of Kilmore,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kilmore House, Cavan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Silcock, A., Surgeon-Captain, Indian Medical Service.<br />
-<br />
-Simpson, S., M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Northumberland House, Finsbury Park, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Slattery, James W., President Queen’s College,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Cork.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smith, George Hill,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Killooney House, Armagh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smith, G. N.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Duneske, Caher, Co. Tipperary.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smith, Rev. R. Travers, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Vicarage, Clyde Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smith, Walter G., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">34, Lower Baggot Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smyly, Philip Crampton, M.D., T.C.D., F.R.C.S.I.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">4, Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smyth, Brice, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">13, College Square East, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smythe, Rev. George C., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Carnmoney, Belfast.</span><br />
-<br />
-Spence, Miss,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Clarinda Park East, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stack, Right Rev. Charles Maurice, D.D., Lord Bishop of Clogher,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Knockballymore, Clones.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stanley, John, LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Starkie, M. W. J., M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Staveley, Rev. Robert,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Vicarage, Killiney, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Steele, Rev. J. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Crom Castle, Newtownbutler.</span><br />
-<br />
-Steele, Lawrence E., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span><span class="pad4">18, Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stewart, Sir Robert P., Mus. Doc.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Upper Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stewart, Rev. Joseph A., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Pond Park, Lisburn. (<em>Two copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Stoney, Rev. R. B., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Irishtown, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Strasburg Imperial University.<br />
-<br />
-Strickland, Rev. W. J., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. John’s Vicarage, East Dulwich Road, London, S. E.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stuart, Lieutenant-Colonel Villiers,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Castletown, Carrick-on-Suir.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stubbs, Rev. E. T.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">4, Springfield Place, Bath.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stubbs, Henry, M.A., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Danby, Ballyshannon.</span><br />
-<br />
-Studdert, Rev. George,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Kildemock Rectory, Ardee, Co. Louth.</span><br />
-<br />
-Sullivan, Sir Edward, Bart.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Supple, Rev. William Rathborne, B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">8, Clyde Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Swanzy, Rev. T. B., A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Greencastle, Co. Donegal.</span><br />
-<br />
-Swift, Very Rev. Francis, M.A., Dean of Clonmacnois,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Mullingar.</span><br />
-<br />
-Sykes, George H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Albert Square, Clapham Road, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tait, Ven. Andrew, LL.D., Archdeacon of Tuam,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Moylough Rectory, Co. Galway.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tagart, Rev. W. R.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Oaks Vicarage, Loughborough, Leicestershire.</span><br />
-<br />
-Talbot-Crosbie, W. D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Mount Talbot, Roscommon.</span><br />
-<br />
-Taylor, Rogers, W. G. T., M.D., &amp;c.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Verona, Oberon, New South Wales.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thomas, W. J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Mullingar.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thompson, Miss,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thompson, Wm., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">54, Stephen’s Green East, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thrift, William Edward, Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">27, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tisdall, Miss,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Sunnyside, Clontarf, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tisdall, Rev. C. E., D.D., Chancellor of Christ Church,<br />
-<span class="pad4">22, Herbert Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tittle, Isaac, M.A., LL.D., T.C.D., B.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Margaret’s, North Circular Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Todd, W. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Torrance, Geo. W., M.A., Mus. Doc., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Balaclava, Melbourne, Australia.</span><br />
-<br />
-Townsend, Very Rev. W. C., D.D., Dean of Tuam,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Deanery, Tuam.</span><br />
-<br />
-Townsend, Rev. J. H., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Mark’s House, Tunbridge Wells.</span><br />
-<br />
-Trench, Geo. F., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Abbeylands, Ardfert, Co. Kerry.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tuckey, Davys, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Lower Pembroke Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tuthill, Alfred, M.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ashbourne, Derby.</span><br />
-<br />
-Twigg, Rev. Canon, A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Swords, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-University Club,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Vanston, Geo. T. B., M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Hillden Park, Terenure.</span><br />
-<br />
-Venables, Rev. W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Vicarage, Scofton, Worksop.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wade, Gustavus Rochfort,<br />
-<span class="pad4">28, Upper Fitzwilliam Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wade, Surgeon-Capt. George Augustus,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Medical Staff, Bray.</span><br />
-<br />
-Waldron, Laurence A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">58, Wellington Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Walsh, Rev. O. W., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newton Tartullagh Rectory, Tyrrells Pass, Co. Westmeath.</span><br />
-<br />
-Warren, Rev. Saml. P., A.M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Laragh, Balbriggan, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Warren, James W., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">39, Rutland Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Waterhouse, Samuel S., J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dame Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Weldrick, George,<br />
-<span class="pad4">University Press, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Welland, Right Rev. T. J., D.D., Lord Bishop of Down, Connor,
-and Dromore,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span><span class="pad4">Ardtullagh, Holywood, Co. Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Welland, Rev. C. W., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rochestown Avenue, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Went, Rev. James,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Wyggeston School, Leicester.</span><br />
-<br />
-Westropp, Thomas J., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">77, Lower Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Whelan, Rev. Percy S., Ex-Sch., M.A., T.C.D., Warden of
-St. Columba’s College,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rathfarnham, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Whelan, W. B., Sch.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-White, Henry Kirke,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Abbeylands, Ballybrack, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-White, Rev. Hill Wilson, D.D., LL.D., Warden and Chaplain of
-Wilson’s Hospital,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Multyfarnham.</span><br />
-<br />
-White, Rev. Newport J. D., B.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilkins, Rev. George, M.A., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilkins, W., M.A., Head Master of High School of Erasmus Smith,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Harcourt Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Williams, Rev. A. Acheson, Chaplain,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bangalore, India.</span><br />
-<br />
-Williamson, Benjamin, F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Williamson, Rev. C. A., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">4, Wood Street, Longford, Hudderfield. (<em>Three copies.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilson, Colonel,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Clane, Naas.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilson, George Orr,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dunardagh, Blackrock, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilson, John, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Streete, Rathowen.</span><br />
-<br />
-Winter, James S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Agher, County Meath.</span><br />
-<br />
-Winter, Richard, B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">60, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wolseley, The Right Hon. Lord, K.C.B., LL.D, &amp;c., &amp;c., General
-Commanding the Forces in Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Woollcombe, R. L., M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Waterloo Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Woods, W. St. Leger, J.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Whitestown House, Balbriggan.</span><br />
-<br />
-Worthington, Thomas B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">County Asylum, Knowle, Fairharn, Hants.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wright, Edward Perceval, M.D., Professor of Botany,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wright, Rev. Charles H. H., D.D., Ph.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">44, Rock Park, Rockferry, Birkenhead.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wright, Rev. Ernest A., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bridge Street, Banbridge, Co. Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wright, Rev. C. T. H., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">33, Mespil Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wright, Rev. W. B., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Athleague.</span><br />
-<br />
-Yeates, S. M.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Grafton Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Zetland, His Excellency the Earl of, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Viceregal Lodge, Dublin.</span><br />
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_324.jpg" width="125" alt="(Decorative section ending)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum pg-brk"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span></p>
-
-<p class="p3" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_325.jpg" width="500" alt="(Decorative section heading)" /></div>
-<p class="p3" />
-
-
-<h2 class="no-brk fs90">LIST OF DELEGATES AND GUESTS</h2>
-<p class="pfs70">EXPECTED TO BE PRESENT AT THE TERCENTENARY CELEBRATION IN JULY, 1892.</p>
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<p class="pfs80"><em>The Board of Trinity College have subscribed for 275 copies, to be presented to each of the
-following Delegates or Guests</em>:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<div class="fs80 pad10pc">
-
-Abel, Sir F., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">40, Cadogan Place, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Acland, Prof. Sir H., Bart., K.C.B., F.R.S. (<em>Delegate</em>,
-University of Oxford).<br />
-<br />
-Adams, Prof. W. G., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">King’s College, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Alexander, Right Rev. W., D.D., Bishop of Derry and Raphoe,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Londonderry.</span><br />
-<br />
-Alma-Tadema, L., R.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Grove End Road, London, N.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Anderson, W., F.R.S., Director-General of Ordnance, Woolwich,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lesney House, Erith, Kent.</span><br />
-<br />
-Armstrong, Lord, F.R.S., Memb. Inst. C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Cragside, Rothbury, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ashbourne, Lord, LL.D., Lord Chancellor of Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ashley, Prof. Wm. James, M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of
-Toronto),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lincoln College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Baker, Sir B., F.R.S., K.C.M.G., Vice-Pres. Inst. C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Queen’s Square Place, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Baldwin, Prof. James, M.A., Ph.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of<br />
-Toronto),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> Messrs. Lazard Frères et Cie., 17, Boulevard</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">Poissonière, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Balfour, Right Hon. A. J., M.P., F.R.S., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">4, Carlton Gardens, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ball, Valentine, LL.D., F.R.S., C.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Museum of Science and Art, Kildare Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Barff, H. E., M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Sydney),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> the Agent-General for N.S.W., 5, Victoria Street,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">Westminster.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bavaria, the Duke Charles of,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Tegernsee, München, Bavaria.</span><br />
-<br />
-Beare, Prof. Hudson (<em>Delegate</em> of Adelaide).<br />
-<br />
-Beaulieu, Leroy, Memb. de l’Inst.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">27, Avenue du Bois de Boulogne, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Beljame, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ. de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">en Sorbonne, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bell, Sir I. Lowthian, Bart., F.R.S., Memb. Inst. C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rounton Grange, Northallerton, Yorks.</span><br />
-<br />
-Beöthig, Prof. Zsolt (<em>Delegate</em> of Buda-Pesth).<br />
-<br />
-Billings, J. S., M.D., Surgeon-General U.S.A. Army<br />
-<span class="pad4">(<em>Delegate</em>, University of Pennsylvania).</span><br />
-<br />
-Blass, Prof. F., University of Kiel.<br />
-<br />
-Blaydes, Rev. F. H. M., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">26, Vernon Terrace, Brighton.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bonet-Maury, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ. de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,</span><br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span><span class="pad4">en Sorbonne, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bonney, Prof. Rev. T. G., F.R.S., University College, London,<br />
-<span class="pad4">23, Denning Road, Hampstead, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bouchard, Prof., Memb. de l’Inst. (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ. de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">en Sorbonne, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bowen, Right Hon. Lord Justice,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Albert Hall Mansions, Kensington Gore, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Boyd, Rev. Henry, D.D., Vice-Chancellor University of Oxford;
-Principal Hertford College, Oxford (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Oxford).<br />
-<br />
-Bramwell, Sir F., Bart, F.R.S., Memb. Inst. C.E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">5, Great George Street, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Briggs, Prof. Rev. C. A., D.D., Union Theol. Sem., N.Y.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">120, W. 93, New York.</span><br />
-<br />
-Brioschi, Prof. F., Istituto di Scienze, Milan.<br />
-<br />
-Brodrick, Hon. G. C., D.C.L., Warden of Merton College, Oxford.<br />
-<br />
-Bryant, Thomas, M.D., President Royal College of Surgeons.<br />
-<span class="pad4">65, Grosvenor Street, Grosvenor Square, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Bryce, Prof. J., M.P., D.C.L. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Oxford),<br />
-<span class="pad4">54, Portland Place, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burbidge, F. W., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Botanic Gardens, Ball’s Bridge, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burdon-Saunderson, Prof. J., M.D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">64, Banbury Road, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burke, Sir Bernard, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Tullamaine House, Upper Leeson Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Burton, Sir F. W., LL.D., Director of the National Gallery, London,<br />
-<span class="pad4">43, Argyll Road, Kensington, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Butcher, Prof. S. H., LL.D., University of Edinburgh,<br />
-<span class="pad4">27, Palmerston Place, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Butler, Rev. H. M., D.D., Master of Trinity College,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Cambridge (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Cambridge).</span><br />
-<br />
-Bywater, I., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Exeter College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Castletown, Lord,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Granton Manor, Abbeyleix, Queen’s County.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clark, Sir Andrew, M.D., F.R.S., President Royal College
-of Physicians,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Cavendish Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Clifton, Prof. R. B., F.R.S., Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Portland Lodge, Parktown, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Colles, William, M.D., M.Ch.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">21, Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Copeland, R., Ph.D., Astronomer-Royal of Scotland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">University of Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Corson, Prof. Hiram, LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, Cornell University).<br />
-<br />
-Creighton, Right Rev. M., D.D., Lord Bishop of Peterborough,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Peterborough.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cremona, Prof. L., University of Rome,<br />
-<span class="pad4">5, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome.</span><br />
-<br />
-Crookes, W., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">7, Kensington Park Gardens, Notting Hill, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Cunningham, Rev. J., D.D., LL.D., Principal, St. Andrews University,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Mary’s College, St. Andrews.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dallinger, Rev. W. H., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ingleside, Lee, London, S.E.</span><br />
-<br />
-Darwin, Prof. G. H., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newnham Grange, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Davidson, Prof. Rev. A. B., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">New College, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-De Ceuleneer, Prof. A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Ghent).<br />
-<br />
-D’Hondt, Prof. V. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Ghent).<br />
-<br />
-De Jonquières, Admiral de Fauque, Memb. de l’Inst.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Avenue Bugeaud, 2, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-De Vere, Aubrey T., LL.D.<br />
-<br />
-Donaldson, Principal James, LL.D.<br />
-<span class="pad4">(<em>Delegate</em>, University of St. Andrews).</span><br />
-<br />
-Dowden, Right Rev. J., D.D., Bishop of Edinburgh,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lynn House, Gillsland Road, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Driver, Prof. Rev. S. R., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Christ Church, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Drummond, Rev. J., LL.D., Principal, Manchester New College,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Dufferin and Ava, Marquis of, LL.D., British Embassy, Paris<br />
-<span class="pad4">(<em>Delegate</em>, Royal University of Ireland).</span><br />
-<br />
-Dyer, W. Thistleton, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<br />
-<br />
-Edgeworth, F. Y., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span><span class="pad4">Balliol College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ellis, Robinson, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Erichsen, President J. E., F.R.S. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-College, London),<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Cavendish Place, Cavendish Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, Herts.</span><br />
-<br />
-Farlow, Prof. W. G. (<em>Delegate</em>, Harvard University),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> Messrs. Drexel, Morgan &amp; Co., London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Faucett, Hon. Peter, B.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Sydney).<br />
-<br />
-Ferguson, H. Linde (<em>Delegate</em>, University of New Zealand).<br />
-<br />
-Ferguson, Prof. J., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Glasgow).<br />
-<br />
-Ferrier, Prof. D., M.D., F.R.S., King’s College, London,<br />
-<span class="pad4">34, Cavendish Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Fitzgerald, Hon. Francis A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">50, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Flint, Prof. Rev. R., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Johnstone Lodge, Craigmillar Park, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Foster, Prof. M., Sec.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Froude, Prof. J. A., LL.D., University of Oxford,<br />
-<span class="pad4">5, Onslow Gardens, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gairdner, Prof. W. T., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">9, The College, Glasgow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Garnett, R., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">British Museum.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gaudenzi, Prof. Aug., Litt.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Bologna).<br />
-<br />
-Geddes, Principal Sir W. D., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Aberdeen).<br />
-<br />
-Geikie, Sir A., F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Survey,
-England,<br />
-<span class="pad4">28, Jermyn Street, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gibson, Right Hon John, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">38, Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gide, Prof. C., Les Facultés de Montpellier.<br />
-<br />
-Gilman, President D. C. (<em>Delegate</em>, Johns Hopkins University).<br />
-<br />
-Gladstone, J. H., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">17, Pembridge Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Glaisher, J. W. L., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gomperz, Prof. Th., University of Vienna,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Wien, Reisner Strasse, 9a.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gordan, Prof. P. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Erlangen).<br />
-<br />
-Graves, Rev. Robert P., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">1, Winton Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Grubb, Sir Howard, M.I., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">51, Kenilworth Square, Rathgar.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gusserow, Prof. A., University of Berlin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Roonstrasse 4, Berlin, N.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hagerup, Professor F., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Christiania).<br />
-<br />
-Hall, Prof. I. H., Ph.D., Metropolitan Museum of Art, N.Y.<br />
-<br />
-Hamilton, Rev. Thomas, D.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, Queen’s College,
-Belfast).<br />
-<br />
-Harland, Sir E. J., Bart., M.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Baroda House, Kensington Palace Gardens, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Harris, J. Rendel, M.A., Clare College, Cambridge.<br />
-<br />
-Hermann, Prof. L., University of Königsberg.<br />
-<br />
-Hill, G. W., Ph.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Naval Observatory, Washington.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hodgkin, Thomas, D.C.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bank, S. Nicholas Square, Newcastle-on-Tyne.</span><br />
-<br />
-Holden, Rev. H. A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">20, Redcliffe Sq., South Kensington, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Holland, Professor Thomas E., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">All Souls’ College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Horsley, Victor, M.B., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">25, Cavendish Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Humphry, A. P., M.A., Esquire Bedell of Cambridge.<br />
-<br />
-Humphry, Prof. Sir George M., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Grove Lodge, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hutchinson, J., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">15, Cavendish Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ince, Rev. William, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Christ Church, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Irving, Henry,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lyceum Theatre, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C.</span><br />
-<br />
-Iveagh, Lord, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">80, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-James, Prof. E. J., Ph.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Pennsylvania).<br />
-<br />
-Janssen, Jules,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span><span class="pad4">L’Observatoire, Meudon, Seine-et-Oise.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jebb, Prof. R. C., Litt.D., M.P.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Springfield, Newnham, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnson, Prof. Alexander, LL.D., Vice-Principal M‘Gill University
-(<em>Delegate</em>, M‘Gill University),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> Richard Johnson, M.A., 28, Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Johnston, W. J., M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University College of Wales,
-Aberystwith).<br />
-<br />
-Jones, Ven. T. B., D.C.L., Archdeacon of Kingston (<em>Delegate</em>,
-Trinity College, Toronto).<br />
-<br />
-Jones, Prof. W. Carey (<em>Delegate</em>, University of California).<br />
-<br />
-Joret, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em> of Academy of Aix).<br />
-<br />
-Judd, Prof. J. W., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kelvin, Lord, Professor, University of Glasgow, President R.S.<br />
-<br />
-Kenyon, F. G., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">British Museum.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kernan, James, Q.C. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Madras),<br />
-<span class="pad4">56, Northumberland Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kidd, George H., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">58, Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kielhorn, Prof. Franz (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Göttingen).<br />
-<br />
-Kocher, Prof. Th., University of Bern,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Villette 25, Bern.</span><br />
-<br />
-Kollmann, Prof. J.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">University of Basle.</span><br />
-<br />
-Knapp, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em> of Strasburg).<br />
-<br />
-Lafaye, Prof. Georges (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ. de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Rue Tournefort 43, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lampertico, Prof. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">University of Padua.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lanciani, Prof. R., University of Rome,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Via Goito, Rome.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lannelongue, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ. de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> M. Gréard, Recteur de l’Université de Paris,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">en Sorbonne, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lecky, W. E. H., M.A., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">38, Onslow Gardens, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Leighton, Sir Frederick, Bart., D.C.L., President R.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Holland Park Road, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Leishman, Prof. W., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">11, Woodside Crescent, Glasgow.</span><br />
-<br />
-Liveing, Prof. G. D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Newnham, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lockyer, Prof. J. Norman, F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Royal College of Science, South Kensington, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Londonderry, Marquis of, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Londonderry House, Park Lane, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Lounsbury, Prof. T. R. (<em>Delegate</em> of Yale University).<br />
-<br />
-Lubbock, Sir John, Bart., LL.D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">High Elms, Farnborough, Kent.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mabilleau, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em> of Caen).<br />
-<br />
-Macalister, Prof. A., M.D., F.R.S. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Cambridge),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Torrisdale, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-M‘Clintock, Admiral Sir Leopold, LL.D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">8, Atherstone Terrace, Gloucester Road, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Macnamara, Rawdon, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">95, St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Magrath, Rev. J. R., D.D., Provost of Queen’s College, Oxford.<br />
-<br />
-Marsh, Prof. O. C. (President and <em>Delegate</em>, National Academy
-of Sciences of America),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Yale University.</span><br />
-<br />
-Marshall, Prof. D. H., M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, Queen’s University,
-Kingston, Canada).<br />
-<br />
-Martens, T. T., D.C.L., Privy Councillor (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of St. Petersburg).<br />
-<br />
-Martineau, Rev. James, D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">35, Gordon Square, London, W.C.</span><br />
-<br />
-Masson, Prof. D., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Edinburgh),<br />
-<span class="pad4">58, Great King Street, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mathew, Right Hon. Justice, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">46, Queen’s Gate Gardens, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Maurer, A., Rector University of Lausanne (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Lausanne).<br />
-<br />
-Mayor, Rev. Joseph B., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Queensgate House, Kingston Hill, Surrey.</span><br />
-<br />
-Meade, Right Hon. Joseph M., LL.D., Lord Mayor of Dublin.<br />
-<br />
-Merx, Prof. A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Heidelberg).<br />
-<br />
-Meyer, Prof. F., School of Mines, Clausthal, Hanover.<br />
-<br />
-Mitchell, Sir Arthur, K.C.B., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">34, Drummond Place, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Moffett, President T. W., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, Queen’s College,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span>Galway).<br />
-<br />
-Molloy, Very Rev. Monsignor, D.D., Rector (and <em>Delegate</em>) of
-Catholic University, Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Stephen’s Green, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Monro, Rev. D. B., M.A., Provost of Oriel College, Oxford.<br />
-<br />
-Morris, Right Hon. Lord, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">18, Grosvenor Place, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Muir, Principal Sir Wm., K.C.S.I., D.C.L. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Edinburgh),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Dean Park House, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Mulholland, John, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ballywalter Park, Greyabbey, County Down.</span><br />
-<br />
-Müller, Prof. F. Max, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">All Souls’ College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Nettleship, Prof. H., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Corpus Christi College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Newbold, W. R., Ph.D., Clerk to the Delegation of<br />
-<span class="pad4">University of Pennsylvania.</span><br />
-<br />
-Newcomb, Prof. S., LL.D., Naval Observatory,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Washington (<em>Delegate</em>, Johns Hopkin University).</span><br />
-<br />
-Nicole, Prof. J. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Geneva).<br />
-<br />
-Nordenskjöld, Baron A. E.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Stockholm.</span><br />
-<br />
-Oakeley, Prof. Sir H., Mus. Doc.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">58, St. George’s Square, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Odling, Prof. W., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">15, Norham Gardens, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Oort, Prof. H., Th.D., Rector, University of Leyden<br />
-<span class="pad4">(<em>Delegate</em>, University of Leyden).</span><br />
-<br />
-Paget, Sir James, Bart., M.D., F.R.S., Vice-Chancellor, London
-University (<em>Delegate</em>, London University),<br />
-<span class="pad4">1, Harewood Place, Hanover Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Parry, Prof. H. C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Royal College of Music, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Parsons, Hon. R. C., M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, King’s College, London),<br />
-<span class="pad4">18, Abingdon Street, Westminster, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Patton, President Rev. Fras. L., D.D. (<em>Delegate</em> of College
-of New Jersey, Princeton).<br />
-<br />
-Peck, Prof. H. T., Ph.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, Columbia University).<br />
-<br />
-Peile, John, LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, University of Cambridge
-(<em>Delegate</em>, University of Cambridge),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Christ’s College Lodge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Perry, Rev. Canon,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lincoln.</span><br />
-<br />
-Petrie, W. M. Flinders.<br />
-<br />
-Plummer, Prof. Rev. Alfred, D.D. (<em>Delegate</em> of Durham
-University).<br />
-<br />
-Pollock, Sir Frederick, Bart., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">48, Great Cumberland Place, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Porter, Right Hon. Andrew M., LL.D., Master of the Rolls, Ireland,<br />
-<span class="pad4">42, Merrion Square, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Postgate, J.P., Litt.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">14, Hill’s Road, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Quain, Sir Richard, Bart., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">67, Harley Street, Cavendish Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Ramsay, Prof. G. G., LL.D., University of Glasgow.<br />
-<br />
-Rattigan, Hon. W. H., LL.D., Vice-Chancellor, Punjaub University
-(<em>Delegate</em>, Punjaub University),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> Messrs. Allan Bros., Albion Place, London Wall,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">London, E.C.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rayleigh, Lord, D.C.L., Secretary F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Terling Place, Witham, Essex.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reichel, Principal H. R., M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University<br />
-<span class="pad4">College of North Wales, Bangor).</span><br />
-<br />
-Reid, J. S., Litt.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Renard, L’Abbé A. F.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">à Wetteren, Belgium.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rendall, G. H., M.A., Vice-Chancellor of Victoria University;
-Principal, University College, Liverpool (<em>Delegate</em>,
-Victoria University).<br />
-<br />
-Retzius, Prof. G.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">University of Stockholm.</span><br />
-<br />
-Reusch, Prof. H.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Norges Geologiske Undersögelse, Christiania.</span><br />
-<br />
-Richet, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ. de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> M. Gréard. Recteur de l’Université de Paris,</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">en Sorbonne, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Richthofen, Baron F. von (<em>Delegate</em> of Berlin).<br />
-<br />
-Roberts, Isaac, F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Starfield, Crowborough, Sussex.</span><br />
-<br />
-Roscoe, Sir H. E., M.P., LL.D., F.R.S., Owen’s College, Manchester,<br />
-<span class="pad4">10, Brahman Gardens, Wetherby Road, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rosebery, The Earl of, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">38, Berkeley Square, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Routh, E. J., LL.D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">S. Peter’s College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Russell, James A., Right Hon. The Lord Provost of Edinburgh,<br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span><span class="pad4">Woodville, Canaan Lane, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Russell, W. Howard, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">63, Carlisle Mansions, Victoria Street, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rutherford, Rev. W. G., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Dean’s Yard, Westminster, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Sandys, J. E., Litt.D., Public Orator, University of Cambridge,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. John’s College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Saxtorph, Prof. H. M., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Copenhagen).<br />
-<br />
-Say, Léon, Member de l’Académie Française,<br />
-<span class="pad4">21, Rue Fresnel, Quai de Billy, Trocadero, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Sayce, Prof. Rev. A. H., D.D., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Queen’s College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Schipper, Prof. Dr. J. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Vienna),<br />
-<span class="pad4">34, Döblinger Strasse, Währing, Vienna.</span><br />
-<br />
-Simpson, Maxwell, LL.D., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Crosthwaite Park, Kingstown.</span><br />
-<br />
-Skeat, Prof. Rev. W. W., Litt.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">2, Salisbury Villas, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Slattery, President J. W., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, Queen’s College,
-Cork).<br />
-<br />
-Smith, Very Rev. R. Payne, D.D., Dean of Canterbury,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Deanery, Canterbury.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smith, Prof. Rev. W. Robertson, M.A.<br />
-<span class="pad4">Christ’s College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Smith, Wm., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">94, Westbourne Terrace, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Snellen, H., Rector Magnificus, University of Utrecht (<em>Delegate</em>,
-University of Utrecht).<br />
-<br />
-Soubeiran, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em>, Académie de Montpellier).<br />
-<br />
-Stainer, Prof. Sir John, Mus. Doc.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Magdalen College, Oxford.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stanford, Prof. C. Villiers, Mus. Doc.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stephen, Leslie, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">22, Hyde Park Gate, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stewart, Prof. T. Grainger, M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">19, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stockley, Prof. W. F., M.A. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of New Brunswick).<br />
-<br />
-Stokes, Prof. Sir G. G., Bart., LL.D., M.P., F.R.S. (<em>Delegate</em>,
-University of Cambridge),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lensfield Cottage, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stokes, Whitley, C.S.I., LL.D., D.C.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">15, Grenville Place, South Kensington, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stouff, Prof. (<em>Delegate</em>, Académie de Montpellier).<br />
-<br />
-Strachey, General R., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">69, Lancaster Gate, Hyde Park, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Struthers, John, M.D., Emeritus Professor,<br />
-<span class="pad4">24, Buckingham Terrace, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Stubbs, Right Rev. William, D.D., LL.D., Lord Bishop of Oxford
-(<em>Delegate</em>, University of Oxford),<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Cuddesdon.</span><br />
-<br />
-Studer, Theoph., M.D., Rector, University of Bern<br />
-<span class="pad4">(<em>Delegate</em>, University of Bern).</span><br />
-<br />
-Sully, James, LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">1, Portland Villas, East Heath Road, Hampstead, London, N.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Swete, Prof. Rev. H. B., D.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">56, Bateman Street, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thayer, Rev. J. H., D.D., Harvard University,<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> Messrs. Baring, Bros., &amp; Co., 8, Bishopsgate</span><br />
-<span class="pad4">Street Within, London, E.C.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thompson, Rev. James (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Cape of
-Good Hope).<br />
-<br />
-Thomson, Prof. J. J., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thorpe, Prof. T. E., F.R.S., Royal College of Science,<br />
-<span class="pad4">South Kensington, London, S.W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thurston, Prof. R. H., Sibley College, Cornell University,
-Ithaca, N.Y.<br />
-<br />
-Tiele, Prof. C. P., Litt. D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Leyden).<br />
-<br />
-Tilden, Prof. W. A., F.R.S., Queen’s College and Mason College,
-Birmingham,<br />
-<span class="pad4">77, Harborne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tisserand, Prof. F., Memb. de l’Inst. (<em>Delegate</em>, Univ.
-de France),<br />
-<span class="pad4">22, Rue Gay Lussac, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Topinard, Dr. Paul,<br />
-<span class="pad4">105, Rue de Rennes, Paris.</span><br />
-<br />
-Tucker, Prof. T. G., Litt.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University
-of Melbourne),<br />
-<span class="pad4"><em>Care of</em> I. M‘Cosh Clark, The Tower, Lovelace Gardens,</span><br />
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span><span class="pad4">Surbiton, Surrey.</span><br />
-<br />
-Turner, Prof. Sir William, D.C.L., F.R.S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">6, Eton Terrace, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Twichell, Rev. J. H. (<em>Delegate</em> of Yale University).<br />
-<br />
-Vambéry, Prof. A., University of Buda-Pesth.<br />
-<br />
-Veitch, Prof. J., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, University of Glasgow).<br />
-<br />
-Verrall, A. W., Litt.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Selwyn Gardens, Cambridge.</span><br />
-<br />
-Vinogradoff, Prof. P., University of Moscow.<br />
-<br />
-Wace, Rev. H., D.D., Principal, King’s College, London,<br />
-<span class="pad4">King’s College, London.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wagner, Prof. Adolf, University of Berlin.<br />
-<br />
-Waldeyer, Prof. W., University of Berlin,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Lutherstrasse, 35, Berlin, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Walker, General F. A., LL.D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
-Boston, Mass., U.S.A.<br />
-<br />
-Watson, P. H., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Charlotte Square, Edinburgh.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wedenski, N. E., Zool. Dr., Councillor of State (<em>Delegate</em>,
-University of St. Petersburg).<br />
-<br />
-Wells, Sir Spencer, Bart., LL.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">3, Upper Grosvenor Street, London, W.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilkins, Prof. A. S., LL.D. (<em>Delegate</em>, Victoria University),<br />
-<span class="pad4">Victoria Park, Manchester.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wilson, Col. Sir Charles W.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, Hants.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wordsworth, Right Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., Lord Bishop of Salisbury,<br />
-<span class="pad4">The Palace, Salisbury.</span><br />
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p2" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<hr class="r30b" />
-<p class="p2" />
-
-<p class="pfs80"><em>The following were received too late to appear in the alphabetical
-List of Subscribers</em>:&mdash;</p>
-
-
-<div class="fs80 pad10pc">
-
-Bridge, William, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Millpark, Roscrea.</span><br />
-<br />
-FitzGerald, C. E., M.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">27, Upper Merrion Street, Dublin. (<em>Two Copies additional.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Galloway, Joseph,<br />
-<span class="pad4">55, Upper Sackville Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Gwynn, E. J., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Temple Road, Rathmines, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Homan, Rev. Canon,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Melbourne, Australia.</span><br />
-<br />
-Hutton, T. Maxwell, D.L.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Summer Hill, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Jervis-White, Lieut.-Colonel H. J., M.A., T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Wasdale, Rathfarnham Road, Terenure, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Maxwell, T. H., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">21, Percy Place, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Norwood, William, Sch.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Palmer, Rev. Robert, M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Bethersden Vicarage, Ashford, Kent.</span><br />
-<br />
-Panton, Arthur W., D.Sc., F.T.C.D.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Rorke, George S.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Magdala Road, Nottingham.</span><br />
-<br />
-Roberts, Wm. C.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">16, Lower Hatch Street, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Sheffield Central Free Library.<br />
-<br />
-Smith, Charles, Sch., B.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Trinity College, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Strangways, L. R., M.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">74, St. Stephen’s Green S., Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Trouton, F., M.A., D.Sc.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Killiney, Co. Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Thompson, Miss,<br />
-<span class="pad4">Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin. (<em>One Copy additional.</em>)</span><br />
-<br />
-Vicars, Arthur, F.S.A.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">St. Bartholemew’s Vicarage, Dublin.</span><br />
-<br />
-Wright, C. T. H., LL.B.,<br />
-<span class="pad4">33, Mespil Road, Dublin.</span><br />
-</div>
-
-
-<hr class="chap pg-brk" />
-
-<p class="p6" />
-<div class="figcenter">
-<img src="images/i_332.jpg" width="300" alt="" />
-<div class="caption">
-<br /><br />
-PRINTED AT THE ROYAL ULSTER WORKS, BELFAST,
-<br />
-BY<br />
-MARCUS WARD &amp; CO., LIMITED.
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p class="p6" />
-<div class="transnote pg-brk">
-<a name="TN" id="TN"></a>
-<p><strong>TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE</strong></p>
-
-<p>Footnote <a href="#Footnote_173_173">[173]</a> is referenced twice from <a href="#Page_278">page 278</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Six illustrations were printed sideways in the original book and
-are displayed horizontally in this etext.</p>
-
-<p>Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
-corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
-the text and consultation of external sources.</p>
-
-<p>Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
-and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained: for example,
-stonework, stone-work; woodwork, wood-work; decennium; papistical;
-persistency; incaution; dulness; unennobled; criminate.</p>
-
-<p>
-<a href="#Page_16">Pg 16</a>: ‘was no insistance’ replaced by ‘was no insistence’.<br />
-Footnote <a href="#Footnote_74_74">[74]</a> (anchored on <a href="#Page_56">page 56</a>): ‘I may recal’ replaced by ‘I may recall’.<br />
-<a href="#Page_128">Pg 128</a>: ‘are now admissable’ replaced by ‘are now admissible’.<br />
-<a href="#Page_171">Pg 171</a>: ‘Spaccio de le’ replaced by ‘Spaccio de la’.<br />
-<a href="#Page_246">Pg 246</a>: ‘and “Oronooko” is’ replaced by ‘and “Oroonoko” is’.<br />
-<a href="#Page_295">Pg 295</a>: ‘Lines 95-104.’ replaced by ‘Lines 95-114.’.<br />
-<a href="#Page_304">Pg 304</a> (MacManus): ‘Somerby Vicarge’ replaced by ‘Somerby Vicarage’.<br />
-</p>
-</div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
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author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-27 18:59:17 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-01-27 18:59:17 -0800
commit	7f4dcccc83587c0c2b19b6e658ef1b0834175158 (patch)
tree	e318335f3e2bbaafc0ace2b67b60c3938ae292b5
parent	27f1a56ba2406db6ab39e43c554ff2d4245a9ac3 (diff)