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diff --git a/old/60911.txt b/old/60911.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 470f75a..0000000 --- a/old/60911.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,731 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wonderland of Trinidad, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: The Wonderland of Trinidad - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: December 13, 2019 [EBook #60911] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERLAND OF TRINIDAD *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - The Wonderland - _of_ Trinidad - - - [Illustration: (uncaptioned)] - - ISSUED BY - THE BARBER ASPHALT COMPANY - PHILADELPHIA, PA. - - CHICAGO PITTSBURGH SAN FRANCISCO - NEW YORK KANSAS CITY ST. LOUIS - - [Illustration: Trinidad Asphalt Lake, showing the loop of the narrow - gauge railroad] - - [Illustration: (Illustrated capital)] - -In the name "Trinidad" is embodied all the romance and beauty and wonder -of a tropical island. In the native language it is called Iere, "the -land of the humming bird." Quite in accordance with the luxurious -abundance of life and color is the asphalt lake, the marvel of -centuries. Its causation astonishing, its features gigantic, it lies in -the heart of a romantic land--a subject of speculation among scientists, -but a tropical enchantment to those of more fanciful mind. - -The Island of Trinidad lies about 700 miles north of the Equator and -2000 miles from New York. Its area of 1755 square miles is less than -that of the State of Delaware. It belongs to Great Britain and is -separated from its nearest neighbor, Venezuela, by the wonderful Gulf of -Paria and its narrow straits or bocas which connect the gulf with the -ocean. - - [Illustration: A private mansion, Port of Spain, B. W. I.] - -This majestic gateway has seen the coming and going of many famous -mariners. Through it Columbus sailed north on his third voyage in -midsummer of the year 1498. Sir Walter Raleigh and many buccaneers swept -through the bocas in the days when English seamen performed deeds of -valor against the Spaniards, and any galleon was their lawful prey. -Here, too, cruised Nelson with his great English fleet, hunting for the -French warships on that half world chase that ended at Trafalgar. To-day -important trade centers in Trinidad, and the harbor of Port of Spain, -the only city of size, is busy with the arrival and departure of -steamships bearing to Europe and America the tropical riches of the -Island. - - [Illustration: A country road just outside Port of Spain] - -In Trinidad the thermometer records 85 degrees almost every day and -never changes more than twenty degrees. The only difference between one -season of the year and another, is that for a few months it rains. Even -in the rainy season, however, and nearly every day, there is an -abundance of bright sunshine. There are fine shops, large warehouses -filled with chocolate beans, sugar and other tropical products; and one -can ride on trolley cars made in Philadelphia. The most popular hotel -faces the great Savannah, a wide stretch of lawn bordered by trees. -There are beautiful drives to the Reservoir; up the mountains to Maracas -Waterfall with vista of the Caribbean a thousand feet below; through -avenues of giant bamboos arching over the roadway, and through miles of -plantations of cacao. - - [Illustration: Queen's Park Hotel, the most popular in Port of - Spain, facing the great Savannah] - - [Illustration: A street in Port of Spain, where one can ride up town - on a trolley car built in Philadelphia] - -Railway lines run east from Port of Spain, and south for thirty-five -miles, down the coast of the Gulf of Paria, to Prince's Town and San -Fernando, through sections crowded with East Indian coolies. From San -Fernando, a little steamer leaves daily for trips along the coast. The -land-locked waters of the Gulf are usually calm and the mountains of -Venezuela are seen miles away in an exquisite blue haze. The steamer -skirts along a shore bordered by mangrove swamps, to Brighton, and there -it stops at the long pier of The Trinidad Lake Asphalt Operating -Company, Ltd. - -Brighton is an active little industrial community, close upon the lake, -and the traveler finds himself in the midst of the asphalt industry. -Overhead the cable is singing away as it carries along the myriad of -great buckets filled with asphalt. Dozens of pretty buildings are the -homes of the Company's employees. White paint and screens and -cleanliness are everywhere. - -The asphalt refinery is at the hilltop, on the border of the lake, which -has been described by some as an inferno, a place of heat and vapors. In -reality it is a great level area of about 100 acres, with a surface of a -dull blue-gray color, with here and there stray pools of water from the -showers. - - [Illustration: The great Savannah, with its wide, tree-bordered - lawn, rich in tropical beauty] - - [Illustration: Model of Trinidad Asphalt Lake, Brighton, Trinidad, - British West Indies - - At the lower right-hand corner of the photograph of the model will - be found the village of La Brea, while just above at the edge of the - lake is the village of "New Jersey," where the laborers and their - families live. The asphalt refinery and barreling plant are to the - left of the village. The office, bungalows of the employees, hotel - and clubhouse are located between the refinery and the loading pier. - At the extreme left-hand corner of the photograph is the jetty and - end of aerial tramway, where vessels dock to be loaded with - asphalt.] - - [Illustration: Part of the Company's "Quarters" for employees at - Trinidad Asphalt Lake] - -You may walk where you please on the asphalt. It is solid enough to bear -your weight. But if you stand in one place you will slowly sink in. The -surface bears some resemblance to an asphalt street on a very hot day, -though much of the time a fresh breeze blows. - - [Illustration: A gang of workmen on the lake, digging and loading - asphalt. - Observe the method of carrying to cars] - - [Illustration: Another view of the asphalt lake showing workmen at - rest during lunch period] - -A narrow gauge railroad runs from the refinery out upon and halfway -across the lake. Then it swings back in a great loop to the shore. -Little cars run on the tracks drawn by a wire cable guided by rollers -between the rails. Here and there, near the line, you may see workmen -digging asphalt and loading trains of cars. When these are filled they -are drawn around the loop to the refinery; or to the pier where asphalt -in its crude form is shipped to the United States and to nearly every -other civilized country in the world. - -The loaded cars are halted under a conveyor cable. Very rapidly the -hooks which swing from the cable are thrown into place, and the big -bucket is lifted from the truck and goes off down the hill. The carriers -are clamped to the moving cable, all the buckets moving along at the -same rate of speed. The weight of those going down helps to pull the -empties back again, so that not very much power is needed to keep the -cable moving. - -Most of the cars, however, are stopped at the refinery, which is at the -edge of the lake, close to the power house and the shops. Refining -Trinidad asphalt consists mainly of driving off twenty-nine per cent. of -contained water. The crude asphalt is dumped into large tanks heated by -coils of steam pipes. The asphalt softens and boils, evaporating the -water completely. The melted asphalt is drawn into barrels, in which it -is shipped away. This refined Trinidad Lake Asphalt contains all of the -constituents of the crude asphalt that are valuable from the chemical or -commercial viewpoint. - - [Illustration: Panoramic view of Trinidad Asphalt Lake. The lake - occupies a bowl-like depression, in area about 114 acres. It is - bordered by low hills. The surface is dotted with clumps of trees - and bushes, and broken by irregular pools of surface water. In the - background to the left is part of the asphalt refinery, which - extends from the hilltop to the edge of the lake] - -Digging the asphalt is a simple operation. A mattock is the only tool -required, and under its blows the asphalt breaks readily. The negroes -employed in digging are skilled in the work, and break out lumps that -would be far too heavy for an untrained laborer to carry. An -astonishingly small amount of the material is broken into pieces. A -laborer simply lifts one or two lumps, raises them up on his head, walks -a few yards, and drops them in the car. The crude asphalt as broken out -is brownish, usually quite wet with surface water, and filled with -cavities made by gas up to an inch or more in diameter. - -The gangs of barefooted workmen in a place number thirty, of whom half a -dozen do the digging on a space perhaps sixty feet long and forty wide, -and in the course of a day dig to a depth of about three feet. That same -spot the next morning may look a little rough but will be approximately -level with the level of the lake. The hole fills up, and in the course -of a week all traces of the digging are obliterated, which does not mean -necessarily that fresh asphalt has come into the lake from below. On the -contrary, the excavations are filled by a slow settling or leveling of -the surface asphalt. Near the middle of the area the material is softer, -and in a few places it may be seen in small irregular patches oozing up -from below, and of the consistency of putty. - -The Lake is solid asphalt, perhaps two hundred feet deep at its lowest -point. Borings show that in consistency the asphalt is practically the -same throughout. There is evidence that the mass contained in the lake -is in constant but very slow motion. The surface is a series of folds, -between which rain water gathers in the creases. Sir Frederick Treves -compared the surface of the asphalt to the skin of a huge elephant, and -the irregular creases to the folds in his hide. Along the edges of the -pools of water, grass and bushes find a footing, forming green islands -of no great area. - -The railroad which carries the asphalt to the refinery is necessarily a -light affair, for the reason that it is frequently moved from place to -place, as mining work is shifted. It is remarkable, however, how the -asphalt supports the ties and rails, especially when it is remembered -that the loaded cars often passing in a continuous line over the rails, -must weigh no less than 1000 pounds each. A solid lake may seem a -misnomer, but no other phrase better describes the Trinidad deposit or -the somewhat similar but much larger Bermudez asphalt lake in Venezuela. - - [Illustration: Surface of the lake, a series of great folds, where - rain water gathers in the creases] - -Close to the Lake's edge the asphalt is drier, and along the shore of -the lake here and there are "pitch cones," like miniature volcanoes, and -composed of asphalt that does not flow, but which was evidently once -semi-liquid. Similar "pitch cones" are to be found here and there about -the neighborhood, and are in places along the edge of the Gulf of Paria. - -A quarter of a mile from shore a steamship lies at the end of the pier, -loading crude asphalt. Go out on the narrow boardwalk, climb up the -winding stairway, and you come on a platform forty feet above the water. -The conveyor cable is guided by pulleys around the end of the pier. As -each bucket comes along a clutch is thrown off, the bucket is tipped and -the asphalt falls down a chute into the hold of the ship. - - [Illustration: Breaking the asphalt with a mattock. The porous - condition of the lumps can be seen] - - [Illustration: "Pitch cones" of hard asphalt at the edge of the - lake] - - [Illustration: A near view of the surface of the lake. Gas emerging - through surface water, as shown by ripples and bubbles] - - [Illustration: Uncovering land asphalt. The difference between lake - and land asphalts can be seen readily] - - [Illustration: The narrow boardwalk, forty feet above the water, and - the conveyor cable with loaded buckets of asphalt. Men throwing off - the clutch.] - - [Illustration: The next step--Men releasing the pawl preparatory to - emptying the large bucket.] - - [Illustration: The bucket is tipped up and the asphalt goes tumbling - through a hole in the platform, down a chute into the hold of the - ship.] - -The origin of asphalt has been a subject of much discussion in the past, -and recent developments in the region of the lake enable one at last to -make a definite statement on the subject. Strata of clays and shales -that extend from east to west in southern Trinidad, carry asphaltic oil -in liquid form. Many wells have been drilled in recent years and -quantities of this maltha won. The asphalt lake fills a natural -depression into which asphaltic petroleum from one of these strata found -its way ages ago. - -A geologist might say that the origin of the deposit of asphalt is -recent, but in saying that he might mean that not more than a few -thousand years had gone since its occurrence. The asphaltic petroleum -came from the depths, after which such parts of the substance as were -light and gaseous volatilized, the heavy base remaining. - -For practical purposes the asphalt is a perfect commodity for the uses -to which it is applied. The amount in the lake has not been calculated -with any certainty, but there is unquestionably enough to supply the -needs of the whole world for a very long time. - -The first modern Trinidad Lake asphalt pavement was laid in the United -States. Since then it has been used on show streets of the world, -including Fifth Avenue, New York; Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. -C.; Michigan Avenue Boulevard, Chicago; Broad Street, Philadelphia; -Victoria-Thames Embankment, London, England, and countless other streets -in the United States, South America, Australia, Egypt, India and Japan. -One very frequently now sees motor trucks hauling mixtures of this black -material. Almost everybody has seen it dumped smoking hot on the street, -paused to watch the men raking it out carefully and the rollers -compressing it into a smooth pavement. As laid it contains 10% of -asphalt and the rest is sand and stone-dust. - - [Illustration: Upper Illustration--Wells, derricks, and partial view - of Oil Refinery - Lower Illustration--A well in operation, with oil running into - "sump" shown in foreground] - -Nevertheless, the asphalt has such cementitious qualities that it -solidifies the materials into a sheet as hard as rock. - -After asphalt was first used for street paving, other uses were -discovered for it. For example, it is now used in the manufacture of -asphalt shingles and roll roofings. Asphalt is waterproof and at the -same time so tough and durable that it is peculiarly suited for that -purpose. These qualities combined with its low price have no doubt been -mainly responsible for its phenomenal success and popularity among -builders and home owners. - -The earlier forms of roll roofing were supplemented very soon by more -elaborate styles coated with granulated slate in different colors and -cut into shingles in a wide variety of sizes and patterns. - -Hundreds of tons of native lake asphalt are used annually in the -construction of built-up roofs and asphalt mastic floors for large -office buildings and industrial plants. A large amount of asphalt is -also used in the waterproofing of large engineering projects, such as -tunnels, bridge structures, dams and reservoirs. - - [Illustration: A grove of cocoanut trees and tropical undergrowth at - edge of Trinidad Asphalt Lake] - - Duplicate copies of this Booklet may be obtained free of charge from - The Barber Asphalt Company, Philadelphia, Pa. - - Cable Address-- - Baspaco, Philadelphia - - ELEVENTH EDITION - 3-27 - - 50M 3-27 - Lasher Printing Company - Philadelphia, U. S. A. - - [Illustration: Back cover] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Wonderland of Trinidad, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WONDERLAND OF TRINIDAD *** - -***** This file should be named 60911.txt or 60911.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/9/1/60911/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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