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diff --git a/old/60636-0.txt b/old/60636-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index aac7471..0000000 --- a/old/60636-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2461 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Granite Monthly. Vol. II. No. 7. Apr., -1879, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: The Granite Monthly. Vol. II. No. 7. Apr., 1879 - A New Hampshire Magazine devoted to Literature, History, - and State Progress - -Author: Various - -Release Date: November 5, 2019 [EBook #60636] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GRANITE MONTHLY. VOL. *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - - - - - -[Illustration: _John H. George_] - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - ——THE—— - GRANITE MONTHLY. - _A MAGAZINE OF LITERATURE, HISTORY, AND STATE PROGRESS._ - VOL. II. APRIL, 1879. NO. 7. - - - - - COL. JOHN HATCH GEORGE. - - -When a biographer encounters the duty of describing, in the abstract, a -character which demands greater elaboration in order to do it reasonable -justice, he must be excused for the roughness of the outlines, which, -with the proper shadings thrown in, would give his descriptive picture -more satisfactory approximation to its required fidelity. In the present -instance limitation of space, and partial opportunity to glean matters -of fact and incident suitable for biographical record, justify the claim -on the reader for such excuse. In so far as details are given, however, -they will be found correct. - -JOHN HATCH GEORGE, son of John George, Esq., and Mary Hatch, his wife by -a second marriage, was born in the house in Concord, N. H., now the -Colonel’s residence in that city, on the twentieth day of November, -1824, and is now, therefore, in his fifty-fifth year. The native place -of his father was Hopkinton, but from his early manhood until the period -of his death he was a resident in Concord, where he held the common -respect of the citizens as a man of great energy and of unalloyed -integrity. He died in 1843. Mary Hatch, mother of the subject of this -sketch, survived her husband four years. She was a daughter of Samuel -Hatch, Esq., of Greenland. Of the same family were the father of Hon. -Albert R. Hatch of Portsmouth, and the mother of John S. H. Frink, Esq., -both of whom stand high in professional and political relations in New -Hampshire—worthy descendants of a worthy ancestry, noted for great -native abilities, honesty, industry and perseverance. - -The boyhood of Col. George, as contemporaries say, was unmarked by any -special indication of that decided description which sometimes heralds a -boy’s preference for a life pursuit. He was slow neither at learning or -at play. If he had a prevailing passion it was for the possession and -care of domestic animals, on which he lavished great wealth of kindness, -a quality which has grown with his growth and strengthened with his -strength. His farm manager is authority for the opinion that “he would -kill his animals with kindness were they so unfortunate as to have his -constant personal attendance.” His love for rural pursuits was a -hereditament, and also clings to him with increasing vigor unto this -day. - -He was educated at the public schools in Concord, and was fitted for -college at the Old Academy in that city. He entered as a student at -Dartmouth college in 1840, without having any special profession in -future view, and deported himself with credit while there. When his -father died, some three years afterward, he had to resign his college -course, but his graduating degree, and that of Master of Arts, was -subsequently conferred on him by the Faculty of Dartmouth. - -It was fortunate for him, and largely also due to the promising -character of young George, at this most important period of his life, -that his family enjoyed the friendship of Ex-President Franklin Pierce. -All who were privileged with the personal acquaintance of that eminent -man knew the peculiar skill he had in the discovery of latent merit -among the youth whom he honored with his friendship, and the more than -kindly interest he took in many, who, only for his encouragement, would -have lacked the spirit to aspire. Without previous consultation -concerning his inclination towards the study of law, Gen. Pierce invited -young George to enter his office and prepare for admission to the bar. -That the youth had what is called “a legal mind” had been a quiet -discovery made by his friend and patron, who was then at the head of the -law-firm, in Concord, of Pierce & Fowler. Here, for three years, Col. -George applied himself diligently to his studies, passed a reputable -examination, and was admitted to the bar in 1846, and at once entered -into partnership with Gen. Peaslee, and on the practice of law under the -firm-name of Peaslee and George, which united interest continued until -1851, when he formed a copartnership with Sidney Webster, Esq. - -Prior to his majority Col. George had been hovering round the verge of -politics, and, at every circuit of the whirlpool he was drawn nearer to -its vortex. For many years, and with but few interruptions, the -Democracy had guided the politics of New Hampshire up to 1847, when the -Colonel held his first public office as clerk of the State Senate. This -office he filled in 1848, and again in 1850. In 1849 he was appointed -Solicitor for the county of Merrimack, re-appointed in 1854, and removed -by address, solely for political reasons, in 1856. - -The same year in which he was made Solicitor for Merrimack county he was -married to Miss Susan Ann Brigham, daughter of Levi Brigham, Esq., of -Boston. Mrs. George died in 1863, leaving five children—three sons and -two daughters. In 1865 he was again married to Miss Salvadora Meade -Graham, daughter of Col. James D. Graham, of the United States -Engineers. He has had one daughter by this marriage. His eldest son, -John Paul, graduated last year at Dartmouth college, and is now studying -at Harvard Law School. His eldest daughter, Jane Pierce, is married to -Mr. H. E. Bacon, of Portland, Maine, and his second son, Charles -Peaslee, is at the United States Naval School at Annapolis, Md. A son -and daughter—Benjamin Pierce and Ann Brigham—are at home. - -Famous as the bar of New Hampshire has been for its eminent men, few of -their number gained, so early in their legal career as did Col. George, -such reputation for skill and devotion to the interests of clients. His -success was remarkable, and yet it was simply the meet reward of the -most devoted study and perseverance in professional duty. Gifted with a -powerful physical organization he accomplished miracles of labor in the -legal and political fields. He was fortunate in the sympathy and aid he -received in both relations from his partners, Gen. Peaslee and Sidney -Webster, Esq., and until the latter gentleman, in 1852, became the -private Secretary of President Franklin Pierce, when the brief -copartnery was dissolved. In 1853 he formed another partnership with -Judge William L. Foster, with which Hon. Charles P. Sanborn, ex-Speaker -of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, subsequently became -associate. The firms thus severally constituted held high reputation in -the locality and state, and managed, with admirable skill, and great -success, many of the prominent civil and criminal cases in Merrimack, -Grafton, and other counties in the state. Our gleanings are defective in -their record of the leading cases—civil and criminal—in which Col. -George had prominence as leading counsel, as public prosecutor, or -otherwise. He was prosecutor in the case of State _v._ Haskell, a negro -man, and wife, in 1855, when sentence of death passed on Haskell for -murder, which doom was commuted to imprisonment for life. Being -officially engaged on this trial the memory of the writer enables him to -state that the conduct of this case by the prosecutor was managed with -great skill, and without that redundancy of immaterial testimony, and -surplusage of words in argument, which very often render trial -proceedings, which ought to be of grave and dignified character, almost -ludicrous. Other capital cases, defended by Col. George, and followed by -acquittals, were those of State _v._ Scammel, tried in Grafton county; -State _v._ Young, tried in Rockingham county, and State _v._ Sawyer, -decided in Grafton county. Among Col. George’s more memorable civil -cases were those of Smith _v._ the Boston, Concord and Montreal -railroad; Concord railroad _v._ Clough; Frost _v._ the city of Concord; -Tufts’ Brick Company _v._ Boston and Lowell railroad, and, recently, and -still unfinished, the suit Commonwealth of Massachusetts and the pier -accident case at Salem. - -In 1851 and during the two succeeding years, and again in 1856, he was -chairman of the Democratic state committee, during which he did much -active service. He was especially prominent in organizing the -Presidential campaign which resulted in the election of his intimate -personal friend—Gen. Franklin Pierce. From 1852 until 1860 he was a -member of the national Democratic committee; and, from 1853 until 1858, -he was United States Attorney for New Hampshire. In 1853 he was elected -a member of the state legislature, but he resigned his seat on accepting -the appointment of U. S. Attorney. - -It may properly be mentioned here that Col. George had a narrow escape -from becoming Secretary for the territory of Minnesota. That appointment -was offered him and accepted, and all arrangements were made to enable -him to go to the north-west. On going to Washington he was informed by -President Pierce that he need not hasten his departure for a couple of -weeks, nor until the President and he should have an opportunity to talk -over old home matters; but some business having been left undone in New -Hampshire by the colonel, he sought permission to return and complete -it, for which he had leave. On arriving at home such was the pressure -brought to bear on him by his old clients, and such the importance and -value of new encouragements presented him, as to induce him to give up -the Minnesota appointment and resume his profession in Concord, greatly -to the satisfaction of his friends in social, political and business -relations. - -Although primarily, in his military career, he was a member of that -numerous body which hold colonelcies by a merely ornamental tenure, it -cannot be said of him that he “never set a squadron in the field;” for, -besides being aid-de-camp and chief of staff of Gov. Dinsmore during -three years, up to 1850, for several years from the organization he -commanded company A. of the “Governor’s Horse Guards,” one of the -finest, best equipped and most thoroughly drilled cavalry corps in New -England, and one in which the people of the state had just pride. - -From 1847 until 1866, Col. George was clerk and counsel for the Concord -railroad. In 1867 he moved his office to Boston, he having accepted the -position of Solicitor for the Boston and Lowell and associate -railroads—a position he now holds. He has a peculiar fitness for this -office, through his being thoroughly conversant with railroads, their -laws and modes of their management. In February, 1870, at the special -request of the leading citizens of Concord, he delivered a public -address on “Railroads and their Management,” which was exhaustive of the -subject and created great local as well as wide national interest. It -was reported by a shorthand expert, published and extensively -circulated, and is held as reliable authority regarding the theory of -railroad management. His connection with railroads has been intimate and -extended. He is director of the Mount Washington, the Profile and -Franconia, and also of the Peterborough railways. He was one of the -originators and earliest advocates of the Concord and Claremont and -Contoocook Valley roads, and has aided largely in the construction of -the various lines which have conserved to Concord its centrality. There -are ways and means whereby men receive much popular reputation and -credit for services as hollow and objectless as those of Col. George -were substantial and valuable; yet it is but just to say in behalf of -the wise and discriminating among our people that they put the genuine -patriotic value on his efforts and esteem the man accordingly as a -people’s friend. - -Last year Col. George was appointed a Trustee for the N. H. Asylum for -the Insane. He has largely and influentially participated in local -affairs in Concord. For many years he labored earnestly in the -improvement of the public schools, and took deep interest in the -elevation of the standard of education taught therein. He invariably -upheld that the perfection of the school buildings was essential, as a -precursor of the required improvement in the educational course. Because -of this sentiment, he was employed on building committees chosen to -manage the erection of several of our school buildings, which, for -completeness and adaptability to their uses, Concord is so justly noted. -In 1877 he was chosen a member of the Board of Education of the Union -District. In course of his very active service in these relations, he -has never made pecuniary charge on his fellow citizens for his labors, -whether rendered as a lawyer or as a citizen. If the city records bear -any evidence of such charge having been recognized, whatever it may be, -the amount was never received by the colonel, but went back to the city -schools in some shape or another, useful and necessary. When the effort -to remove the State Capitol was made, he exerted every energy in his -power to prevent the success of this design, and labored with great -diligence and self sacrifice in that direction. - -As previously stated, Col. George entered the arena of politics almost -at the outset of his active life. Nature and mental acquirements -combined to give him prominence in politics while yet almost a youth. -His recognized energy and executive skill gave him the chairmanship of -the committee appointed to receive President Franklin Pierce on his -visit to his native State and home in 1854, and many will recollect the -success attending that great event. In 1859 he was the Democratic -nominee as candidate to represent the Second District in the House of -Representatives of the United States, but failed of an election. In 1863 -he was again nominated for that office, and made a vigorous canvass of -the district—making twelve addresses per week during a month or more—but -was again defeated after a very close vote. In 1866 he was the nominee -of the Democratic members of the legislature of that year as candidate -for the United States Senate. His fellow Democrats gave him the full -strength of their vote, but the Republicans were largely in the majority -against him. - -A man may be mistaken in his notions, and be very earnest and persistent -in their assertion, but he will be always respected when his views are -believed to be honestly entertained and pronounced. The people only hold -in contempt a man who has convictions, and who is afraid to express them -when circumstances demand their explanation. Col. George is no such man. -He is credited with thinking profoundly of what he says, and saying -firmly what he has thought. He may offend men’s opinions or prejudices -by what he says, but he seldom or ever loses their respect, because of -their conviction of his rigid honesty of argument or purpose. Socially -speaking, and notwithstanding his variance in political opinion with the -majority of his fellow citizens of Concord, no public man can count more -devoted personal friends and admirers amid his political opponents than -he. His experiences have proved the falsity of the poet’s contrary -assertion, and that honesty is not a ragged virtue, but a covering which -no good and patriotic man, and worthy citizen, can reputably refuse or -decline to wear. In all respects, aside from politics or matters of -public dispute, Col. George’s social character stands high among his -fellow citizens. - -The “brethren of the mystic tie” have in him an exalted member of their -most worthy fraternity. He exists among their number as a “Sovereign -Grand Inspector” of the 33d and final degree in Masonry, and as an -active member of the “Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted -Scottish Rite of the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States,” and -has taken all the lower degrees. He is a member of the Blazing Star -Lodge, and of the Mount Horeb Commandery of Concord, and was, for -several years, Commander of the latter organization. Of most of our -local charities, he is a quiet but liberal supporter; and the incidental -demands of benevolence find him always a ready friend. - -Notwithstanding the great pressure of professional and other duties, -much attention is given by Col. George to agriculture, and those -improvements connected therewith, sanctioned alike by modern science and -experience. He owns a fine farm just over the western boundary of -Concord, in the town of Hopkinton, where the improvement and enrichment -of the soil, and the breeding and raising of horses and Jersey cattle -form part of his summer pursuits. It is not certain that he will add -largely to his fortune by his efforts as a “gentleman farmer;” but the -external aspects of his management are such as to make those efforts -valuable, at least, as examples. His rules providing for cleanliness, -comfort and kindness towards his farm animals are seen in their fine -condition, and reported to be profitably justified by their superior -produce. No better proof of a man’s nobility in the ranks of humanity -can be found than in his kindness towards his dumb animals. - -And now, in conclusion, a few words as to Col. George’s status as a -politician and a lawyer. As has already been shown he is a Democrat. -Keeping always in view the foundation principles on which that policy -rests, he is what may be properly called a progressionist. He -recognizes—what many cannot do—the fact that the science of politics -advances, as does every other, and that, while fundamental principles -never vary, circumstances occur to change the rigid rule of their -application, though not to materially vitiate its force or shut it out -of due consideration. The political influences of today may not be fit -to govern in what those of tomorrow may demand; and he can only be a -narrow-minded man who can think otherwise and act accordingly. He -certainly can have no pure element of statesmanship within him. But -associated with this progressiveness there is no feature of vacillation -or radical change and departure from the organic principles of his party -in Col. George. He is as true as steel to both, and no man among the -Democracy of New Hampshire has a larger share of the confidence and -respect of his compatriots. His public addresses are held by his -admirers as models of honest, terse, pertinent and well-judged and -founded argument; and he certainly carries an audience along with him, -not by the use of clap-trap and sensationalism, but by the bold, acutely -analytical, and forcible representation of sound logical facts. He is -held to be one of the most solid, as well as most influential, stump -speakers in New Hampshire, and his political opponents do not deny this. -His memory acts as an encyclopedia of political history, state and -national, and this always gives him wonderful advantage as an impromptu -orator—a duty he has invariably to attend to when many or few are met -together for political deliberation. - -When his reputation and character as a lawyer comes up the writer -confesses that the task of describing the latter puzzles him somewhat. -There is no room for hesitation in saying that, in eminence of ability, -determination in arranging the means of success, preparation to meet and -confute opposing arguments, and unwavering general devotion to what he -deems the just interests of his clients, no professional man in New -England is more than his peer. To gainsay this fact would be to -controvert the opinions of the best men on the bench and at the bar, and -to attribute solely to friendly admiration what is assuredly a well -recognized truth. So much for reputation; but what can, or should, be -said as to Col. George’s manner as a lawyer? It is confident, -aggressive, bold and independent of every consideration but directness; -it shows no aspect of favor for aught but the purpose in issue. -Something has been here recorded of the qualities of his political -addresses. The same bold fearlessness of men, and of opposing opinions, -the same integrity of sentiment and expression, the same disregard of -what offence the truth, as he views it, may give to the opposition, are -characteristic of him as a pleader at law. Here, also, what may, and -does seem to sound harshly from his lips is materially reconciled to the -listener’s favorable judgment by the pleader’s manifest earnestness, -honesty and unadulterated devotion to the truth, and the interest of his -client, founded on his views thereof. There is no surplusage of words in -Col. George’s legal prelections. He is a very Gradgrind for facts, and -uses them always with direct and sledge-hammer force, cultivating -catapult pith rather than the pelting of his opposition with roses. -Every energy is directed towards power and conquering effect. To use the -expression of one who thoroughly knows the subject of this imperfect -sketch: “the man in trouble who has Col. George for his friend and -advocate is lucky indeed: he who is in legal difficulty, and has him to -oppose him is assuredly to be pitied.” - -Col. George is of robust build, about five feet ten inches in height, -approximates two hundred pounds weight, is of strong constitution, -enjoys excellent health, has immense working power of mind and body; -and, if all reports are true, it is not likely that he will live a long -and active life and go “over the hill to the poor-house” at its close. - - - - - _IN RUINS._ - - - BY ABBA GOOLD WOOLSON. - - All through the summer’s rosy hours - I built my castle fine; - And not a soul should dwell therein, - Save only mine and thine, - My Love, - In loneliness divine. - - No cost of make, or wealth of hue - I spared from base to dome; - Where lordly monarchs choose to bide - They rear a kingly home; - And so - This rose like silver foam. - - Stand here upon the sunlit plain - And see how fair it shines; - Untaught I planned its airy towers - And shaped its perfect lines; - For love - All excellence divines. - - But while I gaze, a dusky film - Across its splendor falls; - My purples and my gold are dim— - What ails the reeling walls? - What doom - Sends terror through its halls? - - The keen air sweeps adown the hill: - Give me a hand to hold; - I shiver in these breezes chill - That grow so fierce and bold, - Yet hearts - May laugh at Winter’s cold. - - That hand of thine, so fair and strong, - I thought could clasp me warm; - It melts within my burning grasp - Like touch of ghostly form; - I hear - No heart-beat through the storm. - - Great winds from out the heavens leap; - No castle-dome appears; - Rain dashes on mine upturned face, - To quench the hope of years: - Pour, floods; - Yet faster flow my tears. - - - - - _MARCH._ - - - BY ALICE ESTELLE FRIESE. - -It was a fierce, wild March night. One can fancy such scenes quite -comfortably in cheerful, well-lighted, close-curtained rooms; but to -breast the driving storm of sleet and rain outside, is quite another -matter. So thought Mr. Thorpe, a respectable tradesman in the thriving, -bustling town of L—— as he hurried on through the darkness, and the ever -increasing violence of the gale. - -Visions of the cosy parlor, with its tempting tea-table so daintily -arranged, and the pretty, charming wife who presides so gracefully, flit -across his brain; but even their alluring promises cannot blind him as -to the discomforts of the present; and with a gasp of despair he tucks -the wreck of an umbrella under his arm, buttons his heavy coat closer -around him, and strides on through the gloom. No one is astir tonight; -no sign of life meets him in the usually well-filled streets. “Everyone -is safely housed, but myself,” he mutters to the unpitying darkness. But -even as he is speaking, a form, tall and slight, starts out from the -shadows a few paces ahead, and pauses for a flash of time under the -uncertain light of the solitary street-lamp, which lamps in our aspiring -villages are placed at undeterminable distances from each other, -wherever one long straggling street happens to meet another, seeming to -say to the night pedestrian, “you have safely traversed the impenetrable -darkness thus far, behold I invite you to a continuation of the same.” - -As the figure, evidently a woman’s, stands thus for a moment clearly -defined against the dark background, Mr. Thorpe is half inclined to -fancy that it turns to meet his advancing steps with a gesture of -entreaty; then suddenly and swiftly glides on, and is lost from sight. - -I say he is inclined to fancy that she appealed to him for aid; but -being an extremely practical man, he never allows himself such vagaries; -so he banishes the fancy, and hurries on. At last he has reached his own -home. The cheery, welcoming light streaming out from the windows, sends -a cheerful, happy feeling through his entire being; and with a laugh of -defiance at the mad fury of the storm, he springs up the steps to the -sheltering porch, when suddenly at his very door his foot touches -something soft and yielding, while at the same time, a little troubled -cry is heard, mingled with the weird, uncanny voices of the wind. Half -in wonder, half in fear he seizes a mysterious bundle at his feet, and -presently appears before the astonished gaze of his wife, half drenched -with the storm, a hopeless expression of bewilderment and perplexity -upon his countenance, while in his arms he holds out for her inspection -the same mysterious bundle, from which various small cries issue, from -time to time, at irregular intervals. The contents of the aforesaid -bundle being duly examined, they prove none other than a round-faced, -charmingly beautiful, black eyed baby girl. There is nothing in the -“make-up” of the child or its wardrobe that even the most fastidious -might criticise; every article of clothing is of the finest texture, and -delicately wrought. Evidently this is a waif from the very lap of -luxury, and refinement; and yet an outcast and homeless. - -Tenderly, lovingly, pretty Mrs. Thorpe touches and caresses the little -stranger, saying half hesitatingly, “we will care for her tonight, -Charles, and tomorrow we must make an effort to find her parents; or if -they cannot be found, perhaps the matron of the orphans’ home would take -her; she seems so unusually interesting, that I should like to be sure -she is well cared for, if no one is to claim her.” - -“Claim her!” impatiently interrupts Mr. Thorpe; “You talk like a woman! -As if any one ever claimed what they were glad to be rid of.” “But,”—his -voice softening a little as he spoke, for in spite of himself the -remembrance of the unknown woman under the street-lamp, and her mute -appeal to him for sympathy and help, clings to him; and for once, -without arriving at his conclusion by a careful method of reasoning, -very unlike his usual self, he in some strange, undefined way, closely -associates in his mind the memory of this woman, and the presence of the -little stranger in his home— - -“But, Mary, you might as well keep the child; she seems as well disposed -as such afflictions usually are, and although I don’t approve of babies, -and therefore wash my hands of the whole affair, still it might be a -good thing for you; the vacant place in the household, you know, will at -last be filled.” - -Still later, after Mrs. Thorpe had succeeded in coaxing the smiles to -chase away the tears, and to play hide and seek among the convenient -dimples in the baby’s cheeks and chin, she ventures the question, “What -shall we call her?” for of course every baby must have a name. - -“Call her March; it would be quite apropos,” suggests her husband -quickly. “Yes, but,” said Mrs. Thorpe, “it seems almost like an evil -omen to give her such a dreary, cheerless name.” “Nonsense, my love,” -returns Mr. Thorpe, “What’s in a name?” And so it is settled, and baby -March henceforth becomes an important member of the Thorpe household. - -If I were giving a sermon, instead of attempting to write a story, I -should here remark that Mrs. Thorpe was of the type of women that many -men most desire for a wife—pretty, gentle, submissive, yielding, and for -the good of the human race in general. I would urge the fair sex to -fashion themselves in an entirely different mould; and, whether matron -or maid, to stand firm and self-reliant in their own true womanhood; -for, although these shy, helpless, clinging ways may seem to the -masterful lover the very embodiment of womanly grace, yet they only tend -to make the one selfish and arrogant, and the other abject and -unwomanly. But as such is not my purpose, I shall leave all this unsaid, -and proceed at once with the story. - -Time drags wearily with the heavy-hearted, and all too quickly speeds -with the gay. To Mr. Thorpe’s quiet home it has brought no sudden -transformation. The head of the house has gone on in his matter-of-fact -way, adding, year by year, to his well-filled coffers, until he has come -to be acknowledged in business parlance, “one of the heaviest men of the -town,” which is quite as true literally. Mrs. Thorpe, the matron, is as -charming and pretty as the Mrs. Thorpe of earlier years; while March has -grown from babyhood past childhood into dawning womanhood, the pet and -idol of the home. No clue has ever been given as to her mysterious -advent among them; no trace of the unknown woman who, solitary and -alone, traversed the deserted streets on that wild March night. -Incredulous people have long since ceased to regard this phase of the -night’s experience. For how could any strange person, and a woman, go in -and out among them, without the fact being noted and commented upon by -some of the news-mongers. An utterly impracticable story! Thus the -matter has been satisfactorily settled to their minds. And even Mr. -Thorpe, from puzzling over the perplexing question so long, has been -inclined to doubt its reality, and has even allowed himself to think -that possibly it might have been a sort of optical illusion; or, more -improbable still, an unreal presence from the shadowy land, supposed to -be inhabited by the guardian attendants of finite creatures, and -conditions. But be that as it may, he has somehow during these years -fallen a victim to the strange lovableness and fascinating wiles of his -adopted daughter; and has grown fonder of her than he would be willing -to acknowledge. - -A rare, beautiful creature she certainly has become, with a dusky, -richly colored style of beauty quite unknown among the passionless, -phlegmatic people of our sturdy north. A form, slight, childlike, with a -peculiar undulating grace of movement, a complexion brown as the nuts of -our own forests, yet crimson as the reddest rose; wavy masses of ebon -hair, catching odd gleams in the sunlight, blue-black and purplish like -a raven’s wing, eyes capable of wonderful transitions, now full of joy, -laughter, and sunshine, now flashing scorn and defiance, or heavy with -midnight gloom. A strange child, full of wild vagaries and incontrolable -impulses. Mrs. Thorpe could no more understand her nature or check her -fierce impetuosity, than she could with her weak hands stay the torrent -of the mountain stream, or control the headlong speed of the wind, as it -eddies and whirls in its mad dance. And so, unchecked and unrestrained, -March has entered upon her regal, imperious womanhood. - -Naturally, of course, there are many manly hearts eager to pay homage at -so fair a shrine; but Mr. Thorpe with paternal pride, has set his heart -on securing an eligible partner for his darling. And so it begins to be -rumored around town, that Hon. Elwyn Reeves has out-distanced all -competitors, and is in fact, the betrothed husband of the beautiful -March. To be sure, he is her senior by many years, but he comes from a -long line of aristocratic ancestors, and has added to his proud name a -princely fortune, as his solid, elegant home, away upon the hill, -frowning in its imposing stateliness upon its humbler, less aspiring -neighbors, attests. - -“A very good match indeed, considering her mysterious and somewhat -doubtful parentage, a remarkable _chef-d’œuvre_ of fortune for her;” say -anxious mammas and disappointed maidens. Mr. Thorpe is pre-eminently -satisfied, and if March herself shows no gratification in regard to her -good fortune, it is to be attributed to her peculiar disposition, at -times so reticent and reserved. Thus Mr. Thorpe quiets any scruples he -may have entertained as he remembers how listlessly and wearily March -replied, when he had mentioned Mr. Reeves’ proposal, and dwelt warmly -upon the happiness in store for her as his wife. “It shall be as you -wish, papa, you may, if you desire it, give Mr. Reeves a favorable -answer when he calls.” But of course she was happy; any sensible person -would be with such a future in anticipation. - -All are therefore quite unprepared for the announcement that Mrs. Thorpe -with ashen face, and broken, quivering voice, first communicates to her -husband, that the servants quickly catch up and carry into the streets; -that in an incredibly short time is upon every tongue—March has left -them, as mysteriously and silently as she came among them. - -“Where had she gone, and why?” These were questions with which -speculative minds were for sometime busy, and anxious. Questions which -were never answered to them. She had gone, leaving no trace behind. In a -little note addressed to her foster-parents, she left them her dear love -and a farewell. She should never, never forget their goodness and -tenderness to her; she had been happy with them, but she had chosen for -herself another life, and a happier, and she must needs live it. That -was all. After a while other faces came, and crowded the memory of hers -away. The house on the hill soon found a mistress, who brought to her -husband as a dower in the place of March’s queenly beauty, a fortune -equal in magnificence to that of its owner, and so he was content. It is -one of the laws of compensation that gives one good in the place of -another taken. Only Mr. and Mrs. Thorpe long remembered, loved, and -waited for the lost one. - -Every story must have its sequel, so has mine. I think it was five years -before it came. - -In a tiny cottage, embowered and hidden by luxuriant vines and thick, -swaying foliage, in a quaint little town, in a clime where the warmth -and glory and brightness of the midday sun is never paled and dimmed by -snow-hung clouds, where the air is heavy with the perfume of a thousand -flowers, and balmy with the luscious breath of tropical fruits; where -over the senses, and into the soul, steal a dreamy, blissful languor, -and a strange, beautiful peace, a woman in all her glorious womanhood -lay dying. And yet, death does not seem very near to that young creature -who reclines on a low couch by the open window, watching and dreaming -with a far away look in the shadowy eyes, and a beautiful smile upon the -radiant face. A man with blue eyes, full of woman’s tenderness, and hair -and beard of silvery whiteness, is standing at her side. And now the -woman, turning her large, dark eyes full upon him, speaks in a low, -musical voice that thrills the listener with a subtile sense of pleasure -and of pain. “Dearest and best of friends, I am come very near to the -place where the finite and the infinite meet, and blend together, and -are lost in one. The past is vanishing like a glad dream, so brief, and -yet so full of joy and completeness. All the unrest, and wild, -passionate longing seem very far away from me now, such a strange, -restful life has come to me. I have been thinking, perhaps it may be -that some lives gather their full measure of sunshine and beauty in a -very little time, while others are longer upon the way. And so, I have -taken my happiness in one delicious draught, and now hold life’s empty -goblet in my hands. I have been waiting for this; my fate was sealed -when, a twelve-month ago, they told me that my voice was irrecoverably -gone; for with it I had lost my art, and that to me was simply life. -Well, it is best so. It may be in that unknown beyond, whither I am -hastening, I shall find mine own again, and my soul shall be satisfied. -Today I have been living again my old life, a stranger and an alien, and -yet tenderly cared for by warm, loving hearts. I suppose they mourned -when they discovered that their wild, willful March had flown. The -remembrance of the pain I caused them has been my only regret in this -new life of mine—this wonderful, grand life—and I owe it all to you, my -mother’s friend and mine. After I am gone, you will send to my dear -foster-parents my good-bye message. I have told them all. Of my vain -struggles to find my place among the eager, restless throng in the -great, busy world, with only a wild, untrained voice and an -unconquerable will to aid me. Of my finding a friend, the dearest friend -of my angel mother, who patiently, lovingly bore with my capricious, -impetuous nature, and with lavish prodigality helped me on toward the -wished for golden goal. And then how destiny pressed close upon me, with -his black pinions o’ershadowing me, and the fiat was—“Thus far shalt -thou go, and no farther.” Possibly they may not understand it all. They -will think sadly that my life has been a failure, and it may have been; -still I am glad to have lived it. It has been grand, glorious, and yet I -am a little weary, and am impatient for the end. - -And very soon it came, and March went from the storm, and the tempest, -the longing and the pain, into light ineffable, and peace eternal. - - - - - _PURE AS THE LILIES._ - - - BY HENRIETTA E. PAGE. - - She held out her hands for the lilies, - Her blue eyes so eager and bright, - And holding them close to her bosom, - She murmured her soft toned “Dood night.” - - “Ah! baby, my own little darling, - Though the lilies be never so fair, - The gold at their hearts is no brighter - Than the glinting strands of your hair.” - - As you in my arms slumber lightly, - Your bright lashes kiss your fair cheek, - I pray the kind God to keep safely - My own little blossom so meek. - - Then laying her safe in her cradle, - The lilies clasped close to her breast, - And kissing her dewy lips softly, - I leave her alone to her rest. - - The breath of the flowers is no sweeter - Than the breath of my babe I ween, - The petals no whiter or purer - Than the soul of my wee heart’s queen. - - South Boston, Mass. - - - - - _MEN OF OLD NOTTINGHAM AT THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL._ - - - BY JOHN SCALES, DOVER, N. H. - -That old Roman, Sallust, says: “Surely fortune rules all things. She -makes everything famous or obscure rather from caprice than in -conformity with truth. The exploits of the Athenians, as far as I can -judge, were very great and glorious, something inferior, however, to -what fame has represented them. But because writers of great talent -flourished there, the actions of the Athenians are celebrated over the -world as the most splendid achievements. Thus the merit of those who -have acted is estimated at the highest point to which illustrious -intellects could exalt it in their writings.” - -Also, that latest of classical authors, Josh Billings, says: “Young man, -blow your own horn!” These quotations express exactly the way in which -the illustrious intellects of authors in Modern Athens (of America) have -exalted the deeds of Massachusetts’ heroes to such a degree that most -people, outside of New Hampshire, do not suppose our state had much to -do at the battle of Bunker Hill, whereas New Hampshire men constituted -nearly four fifths of all the men and officers in that battle. Therefore -I think I have just cause to “blow my horn” for my native town, and my -ancestors who fought in that battle. - -Old Nottingham comprised a tract of land supposed to be ten miles -square, and which is now Nottingham, Deerfield and Northwood. It was -incorporated in 1722, and settlements commenced in it soon after, at the -“Square,” a beautiful ridge of land about 450 feet above the sea level. -At the beginning of the Revolution, Nottingham had 999 inhabitants, -Deerfield 929, and Northwood 313. The records show that the people were -making preparations for the coming conflict, and had sent generous -assistance to the “Industrious Poor sufferers of the town of Boston” -during the siege. During the winter of 1774–5, Dr. Henry Dearborn had a -company of men which met at the Square to drill from time to time. In -November, 1774, a town-meeting was held and a committee appointed to -“Inspect into any Person,” suspected of being a Tory. - -On the 20th of April, 1775, news reached the Square that a battle had -been fought the day before, and in the evening a large number of -citizens assembled at the store of Thomas Bartlett. On the 21st, at 4 -o’clock, a company of nearly one hundred men commenced their march for -Boston, being armed and equipped as best they could at such short -notice. - -Some say that Joseph Cilley was the leader of this band of heroes, but -others say Dr. Henry Dearborn was captain, and probably he was, as he -had been drill-master all winter, and was captain of the company after -they arrived in Cambridge. They marched on foot all night, and arrived -in Medford at eight o’clock on the morning of the 22d, some of the -company having traveled, on foot, more than eighty miles since the -previous noon, and over roads which were far from being in the best -condition for rapid traveling. - -I have searched records a great deal and inquired of the “oldest -inhabitant,” whenever I could find him, that I might secure a complete -list of the men who constituted this company, but of the hundred I can -only give the following names with certainty. If any reader of this -article can add a name he will do me a great favor by forwarding it to -me: - -Dr. Henry Dearborn, Joseph Cilley, Jr., Thomas Bartlett, Henry Butler, -Zephaniah Butler, John Simpson, Nathaniel Batchelder, Daniel Moore, -Peter Thurston, Maj. Andrew McClary, Benjamin Johnson, Cutting Cilley, -Joseph Jackson, Andrew Neally, Samuel Johnson, Robert Morrison, William -Woolis, Eliphlet Taylor, William Blake, Nathaniel Twombly, Simon -Batchelder, Abraham Batchelder, Simon Marston, Moses Gilman, William -Simpson, John Nealey, and Samuel Sias. Let us briefly glance at the -record of some of these men in the years that came after. - -Henry Dearborn was born in Hampton, Feb. 23, 1751. He studied medicine -and settled at Nottingham Square as a physician, in 1772. He married -Mary D. Bartlett, daughter of Israel, and sister of Thomas Bartlett of -Nottingham. He was always fond of military affairs, and is said to have -been a skilful drill-master and well posted in the tactics in use -previous to the Revolution. He fought with his company at the battle of -Bunker Hill. In the September following, he joined Arnold’s expedition -to Quebec, accompanied by these Nottingham men,—James Beverly, John P. -Hilton, Samuel Sias and Moses Gilman. They marched up the Kenebec river, -through the wilds of Maine and Canada. In the assault upon that city, -Captain Dearborn was taken prisoner. Peter Livias, the Tory councilor at -Quebec, influenced the authorities to parole and send him home, on -condition that Dearborn should forward his wife and children to him from -Portsmouth to Quebec, which was done as agreed. In April, 1777, Capt. -Dearborn was appointed Major in Scammel’s regiment. He was in the -battles of Stillwater and Saratoga and fought with such bravery, having -command of a distinct corps, as to win the special commendation of Gen. -Gates. In 1778, he was in the battle of Monmouth, with Col. Cilley -acting as Lieut. Col., and helped retrieve Lee’s disgraceful retreat. He -was with Gen. Sullivan in his expedition against the Indians, in 1779, -and was at Yorktown at the surrender of Cornwallis in 1781. Upon the -death of Scammel, the gallant Colonel of the Third N. H. Reg., at the -hands of a barbarous foe, Dearborn was made Colonel and held that -position to the end of the war. After the war, he settled in Maine, -where he was Marshal by appointment of Washington. He was two terms a -member of Congress; Sec’y of War under Jefferson from 1801 to 1809; -collector of the port of Boston between 1809–12; senior Maj. General in -U. S. Army, 1812–13,and captured York in Canada, and Fort George, at the -mouth of Niagara. He was recalled by the President, July 6, 1813, and -put in command of the military district of N. Y. City, which recall was, -no doubt, a great mistake. In 1822 he was appointed Minister -Plenipotentiary to Portugal; recalled in 1824, at his own request: died -at Roxbury, Mass. June 6, 1829. General Dearborn was a man of large -size, gentlemanly deportment, and one of the bravest and most gallant -men of his time. - -Joseph Cilley, son of Capt. Joseph Cilley of Nottingham, was born in -1734; died 1799. He was engaged in the attack upon Fort William and -Mary, in 1774; appointed Major in Col. Poor’s regiment by the Assembly -of N. H. in 1775; he was not present in the battle of Bunker Hill, as -his regiment was engaged in home defence. He was made Lieut. Col. in -1776, and April 2, 1777, was appointed Colonel of the 1st. N. H. Reg. of -three years’ men, in place of Col. Stark, resigned. He fought his -regiment bravely at Bemis’s Heights, near Saratoga; and two weeks later -was among the bravest of the brave, when Burgoyne made his final attack -before surrendering his entire army of six thousand men. So fierce was -the battle, that a single cannon was taken and retaken five times; -finally, Col. Cilley leaped upon it, waved his sword, and “dedicating -the gun to the American cause,” opened it upon the enemy with their own -ammunition. He was with Washington’s army at Valley Forge, 1777–8; was -at the storming of Stony Point; at Monmouth he was one of the heroes in -retrieving Gen. Lee’s retreat; was at the surrender of Cornwallis at -Yorktown, and in other hard-fought battles of the Revolution. After the -war he was Major-General of the 1st Div. N. H. militia, and as such -headed the troops which quelled the insurrection at Exeter in 1786, with -his own hand arresting the leader in the midst of his armed followers. -Gen. Cilley was a man of great energy and industry, of strong passion, -yet generous and humane. He was repeatedly elected representative, -senator and councillor. - -Thomas Bartlett was born Oct. 22, 1745; married Sarah, daughter of Gen. -Joseph Cilley; was town-clerk twenty-six years; selectman thirty years; -was the first representative from Nottingham to the General Court in -1784; was one of the Committee of Safety which managed the colonial -affairs of New Hampshire during part of the Revolution; was captain of -the 5th company of “six weeks” men at Winter Hill in 1775; was Lieut. -Col. in Col. Gilman’s regiment, in 1776; Lieut. Col. in Col. Whipple’s -regiment at Rhode Island, in 1778; also was Lieut. Colonel under Stark -at the capture of Burgoyne. In 1780 he was Colonel of a regiment at West -Point, when Arnold betrayed that fort. In 1790 he was appointed Justice -of the Court of Common Pleas, and retained that office till his death in -1805. He was Major-General of first division of New Hampshire militia -from 1799 to 1805, in which office he was preceded by Gen. Joseph -Cilley, and followed by Gen. Henry Butler. - -Henry Butler was a son of Rev. Benjamin Butler, the first settled -minister in Nottingham, and was born April 27, 1754. He was captain of a -company in Col. Thomas Bartlett’s regiment at West Point, in 1780. He -held many town and state offices; was the first postmaster in -Nottingham, when Gideon Granger was Postmaster-General; and was -Major-General of the first division of New Hampshire militia from 1805, -for several years. - -Zephaniah Butler, brother to Rev. Benjamin, was a school teacher in -Nottingham for many years preceding the Revolution, and was one of Col. -Cilley’s staff officers during several campaigns. He married a sister of -Col. Cilley; Gen. B. F. Butler, whom everybody knows, is his grandson, -he being son of Capt. John Butler of Deerfield, who was son of -Zephaniah. - -Cutting Cilley, brother of Col. Joseph Cilley, was born in 1738, and -died in 1825; he held many town offices, and was captain of a company in -one of the New Hampshire regiments during the Revolution. - -John Simpson, born in 1748, and dying in 1810, is said to have been the -man who fired the first gun at the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1778, he -was lieutenant in Capt. Simon Marston’s company, Col. Peabody’s -regiment; and was subsequently promoted to major. His brother, Robert, -who also served in the Revolutionary army, is the great grandfather of -General Ulysses Simpson Grant. - -Nathaniel Batchelder, who was a brother-in-law of Col. Cilley, fought in -the battle of Bunker Hill, under Capt. Dearborn, and was adjutant in -Col. Drake’s regiment, which did brave service in the battle of -Stillwater, Saratoga, and the surrender of Burgoyne. He died of fever at -Valley Forge, March 28, 1778. - -Daniel Moore kept the first tavern at Deerfield Parade; fought at Bunker -Hill and in subsequent battles; was captain in Col. Stark’s regiment, -and did valiant service during the war. - -Andrew McClary was from Epsom and belonged to a family distinguished for -its military men. He was plowing in his field on the 20th of April, -1775, when he _heard a horn blow_, which, on the instant, he knew was -the tocsin of war; he left his plow in the furrow, and after the -speediest preparation, hastened to Deerfield Parade and thence to -Nottingham Square, where he joined Capt. Dearborn’s company. After they -arrived in Cambridge he was active in helping organize the New Hampshire -men into companies and was himself appointed major in Col. Stark’s -regiment. He fought with his regiment at Bunker Hill, and was killed -after the battle, in attempting to have “another shot at the enemy.” - -Robert Morrison was born and lived on the Square; he was a member of Dr. -Dearborn’s company, which drilled during the winter of 1774–5, and a -private in Capt. Dearborn’s company in the battle of Bunker Hill. In the -September following he was bearer of dispatches from Washington to the -Committee of Safety in New Hampshire, by whom he was treated with -distinguished honors. In 1777 he was a private in Col. Stark’s regiment, -and fought bravely in all the battles till the surrender of Burgoyne. -His son, Robert Morrison, Esq., resides in Northwood at the present -time. - -Joseph Jackson was sergeant in Capt. Dearborn’s company at Bunker Hill, -afterwards served in several campaigns and was captain of a company. - -Samuel Johnson was not in the Bunker Hill fight, but was in the campaign -of 1777, at Bennington, Stillwater and Saratoga, and took an active part -under a commission which gave him the rank of colonel. He was one of the -first settlers of Northwood at the Narrows, and was one of the selectmen -of the town for fifteen years. - -Simon Marston was from Deerfield, having settled on the Longfellow farm -in 1763; he lived in the garrison house, erected by Jonathan Longfellow. -He was sowing wheat when the courier, shouting the news of the battle of -Lexington, rode past the field where he was at work. Marston left the -measure, from which he was sowing, rushed to the house, filled his -knapsack with pork and other necessaries, seized his gun, and hurried -down to the Square. He acted in the capacity of an officer in Col. -Reed’s regiment at Bunker Hill; was an officer under Lieut. Col. Senter; -was captain of 1st Co. Col. Peabody’s regiment; was afterwards -commissioned major and fought at Bennington, Stillwater and Saratoga. He -was a brave man in war and energetic in peace. The others named, -although they held no office of rank, were no less brave and faithful in -performing perilous duties, and deserve to have their names recorded -where they will never be forgotten. - -After the Nottingham men arrived in Cambridge, and saw there was no -danger of another attack immediately by the troops in Boston, several -returned home and commenced more thorough preparation for the coming -conflict, but Dr. Dearborn and most of the men remained and were -organized into a company, and Dearborn was elected captain the company -became a part of Col. Stark’s regiment and was stationed at Medford, -whence they marched on the 17th of June and participated in the glories -of “Breed’s Hill.” Captain Dearborn’s company was No. 8, but he marched -from Medford to the “Railfence,” by the side of Col. Stark. - -The following list of men comprising this company is no doubt correct, -as it was furnished by Judge Nesmith for Cogswell’s “History of -Nottingham, Deerfield and Northwood,” and the Judge is one of the best -authorities in the State in such matters. The men were nearly all from -old Nottingham: - - Captain, Henry Dearborn, Nottingham. - 1st Lieut., Amos Morrill, Epsom. - 2d Lieut., Michael McClary, Epsom. - 1st Sergt., Jona. Clarke, Nottingham. - 2d Sergt., And. McGaffey, Epsom. - 3d Sergt., Jos. Jackson, Nottingham. - 1st Corp., Jonah Moody, Nottingham. - 2d Corp., Andrew Field, Nottingham. - 3d Corp., Jona. Gilman, Deerfield. - 4th Corp., And. Bickford, Deerfield. - -Privates.—Simon Dearborn, Gideon Glidden, James Garland, John Harvey, -David Mudgett (of Gilmanton), Simon Sanborn, Robt. Morrison, John -Runnels, John Neally, Joseph Place, Abram Pettengale, Andrew Nealley, -Peter Severance, John Wallace, Theop. Cass (of Epsom), Israel Clifford, -Nathaniel Batchelder (of Deerfield), Jacob Morrill, John Simpson, John -Wallace, Jr., Neal McGaffey (of Epsom), Jonah Libbey, Moses Locke, -Francis Locke, Zebulon Marsh, Solomon Moody, Chas. Whitcher, Marsh -Whitten, Noah Sinclair (drummer), James Randell (fifer), Nich. Brown, -Benj. Berry (of Epsom), John Casey, Jona. Cram (of Deerfield), Jeremiah -Conner, Elisha Hutchinson, Dudley Hutchinson, Benj. Judkins, Josh. -Wells, Jere. Dowe, Jona. Dowe, John Dwyer, David Page, Jr., Beniah -Libbey, William Rowell, Weymouth Wallace (of Epsom), Thomas Walsh and -William McCrellis (of Epsom). - - - - - _THE N. H. SEVENTH AT FT. WAGNER._ - - - [From sketch of Lieut. HENRY W. BAKER, in Coffin’s History of Boscawen.] - -The command had been entrusted to Gen. Trueman H. Seymour, who -determined to make an assault. He knew nothing of the construction of -Ft. Wagner. No information of the impediments to be overcome had reached -him. Col. Putnam of the 7th, commanding the second brigade, opposed the -contemplated movement. - -“I do not think that we can take the fort,” he said; and when Gen. -Seymour reiterated his determination to make the attempt, Col. Putnam -said, “We shall go like a flock of sheep.” - -The sun had set, and the twilight faded. The soldiers were ordered to -remove the caps from the nipples of their rifles, and were told that -they must depend upon the bayonet alone. In the 100th N. Y., which -formed behind the 7th, this order was neglected. - -In the darkness the assaulting column moved forward. The iron-clads, and -the Union batteries opened a heavy fire, which was continued till the -column was so near that further firing would endanger it, when, at a -signal, all the Union batteries became silent. In an instant Ft. Wagner -was aflame. Its heavy siege guns, howitzers, and forty-two pounder -carronades burst forth, pouring a stream of shot and shell into the -advancing troops. And now, in addition, the parapet of the fort swarmed -with men, who, through the terrible cannonade of the day had been lying -securely beneath the bomb proofs. Mingled with the roar of the cannon -were their volleys of musketry. - -The first brigade had the advance. Its ranks went down like grass before -the mower. Some of the soldiers fled, panic stricken. The second -brigade, led by the 7th N. H., pressed on and filled the decimated -ranks. Suddenly they found themselves confronted by a ditch fifty feet -wide and ten feet deep, with four feet of water flowing into it. Only at -the south-eastern angle was it dry. It was enfiladed by howitzers. Into -the ditch leaped the soldiers. Grape and canister mowed them down, but -others crowded on. The 7th N. H., led by Lt. Col. Joseph C. Abbott, made -its way unfalteringly into the ditch, through it, and up the slope of -the parapet. Cannon and musketry blazed in their faces; and now there -was a flash behind them—the 100th N. Y., not having removed their caps, -were firing into the dark mass, not knowing who was friend, who foe. All -was confusion. All order disappeared. In the darkness no one could be -recognized. Amid the groans of the wounded, the shouting of officers, -the rattle of rifles, the roar of cannon, the bursting of shells, it was -impossible to maintain discipline. Col. Putnam, a few of his -subordinates, and one or two hundred men entered the fort. The enemy -charged, but were driven back. Col. Putnam was killed; one officer after -another went down. The reserve, which should have rushed up, did not -come. The assault had lost its force. Like sheep the Union soldiers fled -as best they could through the devastating fire, leaving a ghastly heap -of dead and wounded in the ditch, and on the parapet of the fort. Among -the killed was Henry W. Baker. By his side were Dexter Pritchard, -Liberty G. Raymond, and Alexander F. Stevens, from Boscawen, and of his -company, also killed. - -Among the wounded was Samuel McEvely, and among the prisoners was John -Clancy, who died in prison at Richmond. - -In his first battle, Lieut. Baker gave his life to his country. Those -who served under him speak of him with affection. He was cool and brave, -and ever mindful of his duty. He was buried where he fell, with his -commander, Col. Putnam, and his subordinates, Pritchard, Raymond, and -Stevens. - - - - - _UPWARD._ - - - BY MARY HELEN BOODEY. - - On the wings of my faith I aspire - O God! to rise higher and higher, - And to quaff of the scintillate springs - That flow all exhaustless from Thee, - Who art fountain, and haven, and sea, - And canst satisfy all who aspire. - - I mount and I mount through the air, - Borne up by the breath of my prayer, - Through waves of the sunshine of love; - Thy presence, O God! is the light, - Thou givest my spirit its flight, - Thou rulest below and above. - - I live in the glories of God, - I know that His merciful rod - Extends o’er a sorrowful world; - I see how His Providence glows - With sweet hues of azure and rose, - His banner, the heavens unfurled. - - The universe sings to my soul, - And I join with my voice in the whole, - And God is the spirit of Law; - The Power of blessing and blight, - The Giver of morning and night, - Whose judgments are all without flaw. - - Behold! I am given to see - That the darkness and sorrow that be, - Lie low and cling closely to earth; - But the light of God’s glory descends, - And the might of His justice attends - The souls that are weeping in dearth. - - A Hand that is brilliant with truth, - And gentle indeed in its ruth, - Shall point out the way and defend, - And the gloom of each fearful abyss, - The serpents that threaten and hiss, - Shall be conquered and slain to amend. - - - - - _IN BATTLE AND IN PRISON._ - A REMINISCENCE OF THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. - - - BY WILLIAM E. STEVENS. - -The events I am about to describe took place at a critical period of -“the war to keep the Union whole,” and cover that date in the career of -the army of the Potomac beginning with Hooker’s flank movement against -Lee, entrenched on the heights of Fredericksburg, and ending with the -disastrous repulse which attended that finely planned, yet poorly -executed, and ill-starred campaign. Of course, I am not writing history, -except in a small way; nor do I essay to describe in detail or with -accuracy the events in question. My purpose is to give my own -observations and experiences, mainly from memory, reinforced by a few -scraps and half-illegible memoranda saved from the accidents by flood -and field. - -I was a participant in many of the earlier battles fought by the army of -the Potomac; but my opportunities for acquiring accurate information -touching the general aspects of the field were necessarily limited to -that part of it within my own immediate range of vision, and even -here—so rigidly did our commanders aim to reduce us to mere -automatons—we were often in the dark as to the meaning of this or that -movement. I strove hard to master the situation, but not until the war -closed and the reports of commanders were given to the public, did I -have other than a very indefinite conception of much that transpired -about me. Why we made this or that change of front; why we were kept for -hours in line of battle beneath a broiling sun with no enemy in sight; -why we were rushed from one point to another in an apparently hap-hazard -manner, enduring fatigue and hunger and subsisting upon wormy -“hardtack;” why we were pushed against impregnable positions, when a -flank movement seemed to our inexperienced eyes the proper thing to -do—now fighting, now building corduroy roads, digging rifle-pits or -supporting batteries in our rear, which did more execution upon us, by -reason of defective ammunition, than upon the enemy—concerning all these -points, and many more we were anxious to be informed, but not one atom -of information could we get. - - “Ours not to inquire why, - Ours but to do and die.” - -Was this reticence in pursuance of the mistaken theory that machine -soldiers are best? Or was it because “some one had blundered,” and -ignorance or incapacity, or something still worse, could be the more -easily concealed? Whatever the reason, the fact remains that to the rank -and file much of the campaigning done up to 1863–64 seemed to them worse -than needless;—and looking back over that period with the light of -history thrown upon it, I am not prepared to say the rank and file were -mistaken in their estimate. I was impressed then, and the impression has -never been effaced, that the reticence observed toward the men in the -ranks touching what was going on about them, was a grievous error on the -part of our commanders. It is a question, certainly, whether it would -not have been better to have kept the “boys” informed of the real -military situation and of what they were expected to achieve. The belief -that much of the hardship endured was the result of blundering generals, -or, worse, of criminal indifference, did much to unman our soldiers and -cause them to lose faith and hope. Our volunteers were not machine -soldiers, as some of the West Pointers seemed to presume, but patriotic, -thinking and observing men who could fight best when they fought -understandingly. I am told that the rebel commanders pursued a different -policy, and although their soldiers were mentally inferior to ours, kept -them apprized of the general situation and of what they must do to -accomplish the end sought. Who shall say how many of the confederate -victories may be accredited to this fact, if it is a fact? But our -commanders, instead of trusting their men, either kept them in utter -ignorance of movements or foolishly deceived them. How well I remember -at the battle of Gaines’s Hill, where Jackson thrashed Porter so -soundly, and Sykes’s regulars failed to stand their ground, that the -story was industriously circulated along the thinned but unbroken ranks -of Bartlett’s Brigade, “McClellan’s in Richmond, boys. One more effort -and the day is ours!” And Meagher’s Irish Brigade, hastening to our -relief on the run, took up the cry and put on so determined a front that -Jackson’s veterans halted and reformed, giving our officers time to -re-establish their broken lines and hold their ground until night came -down and afforded them an opportunity to withdraw to the left bank of -the Chickahominy,—not to enter Richmond, but to begin that celebrated -“flank movement” which ended at Harrison’s Landing. Again, at second -Bull Run, when, after dawdling along all day on the road from Alexandria -to Centreville, with the sounds of conflict in our front (making a long -two hours’ rest at Annandale, and then marching at full speed in a hot -sun), we reached Centreville, we were told that Pope had whipped -Jackson, and that Lee with his whole army was in full retreat. But when -we reached Bull Run, “Linden saw another sight.” Heavens, what a -stampede! McDowell’s and Sigel’s corps in disastrous retreat,—cavalry, -artillery, infantry, ammunition and baggage wagons in one confused, -struggling mass, intent upon reaching the heights of Centreville. Our -corps (Franklin’s, 6th) had just halted to rest, as the stragglers came -into view. Deploying, we stopped the rout, and ended the retreat. -Seizing the infantry stragglers, we placed them in our own ranks until -our brigade swelled to twice its usual size. Night closed in, and we -were marched to the front across Cub Run, and ordered to hold our -position at all hazards. In that march every straggler deserted! Poor -fellows, who could blame them? Had they been killed then and there who -could have accounted for them? Most of them returned to their own -regiments and thereafter did good service no doubt. Panics are liable to -seize upon the best of troops. I cite these instances as partial -corroboration of my point. What wonder if our troops came to distrust -all reports and to depend only upon established facts. But perhaps our -commanders were right in concealing information from the army in -general, and Moore may have hit the nail on the head when he wrote: - - “A captain has been known to think, - Even colonels have been heard to reason; - And reasoners whether clad in pink, - Or red or blue, are on the brink, - Nine cases out of ten—of treason.” - -At any rate they conducted the war in harmony with such a belief. - -One battle only did I witness from the vantage ground of a -non-combatant, the first Fredericksburg fight, and I found it vastly -more interesting and conducive to personal ease and safety, if less -glorious. But this is not what I started out to tell the readers of this -Magazine. I am to relate my experience during that memorable episode -referred to in my opening paragraph. I must say at the outset that it -was an exceedingly checkered episode, so far as my memory serves me, for -within the time outlined I ran the gamut of a soldier’s -emotions—anxiety, uncertainty, fear, hope, the thrill of victory -succeeded all too quickly by the blackest despair; for success was -followed by repulse, and from an elated victor I became almost in a -twinkling, a captive in the hands of as ragged and as dirty a lot of -Johnny Rebs as ever fought with a courage worthy of a better cause,—a -part of Wilcox’s Alabama brigade, McLaw’s division. But I must not -anticipate. - -During the winter of 1862–63, our brigade lay encamped near White Oak -church, a locality about equi-distant, if my memory serves me, between -Falmouth on the Rappahannock and Belle Plain on the Potomac. It had had -ample time to recuperate from the fatigue of the “mud march,” as -Burnside’s second futile attempt to dislodge Lee from his entrenchments -about Fredericksburg, was facetiously termed, and as spring opened the -routine of life in cantonment was relieved by parades, reviews, -inspections, drills, and, occasionally, target practice. Meantime Hooker -had superceded Burnside in chief command, and a new and more vigorous -life had been infused into all branches of the service. This was -particularly true of the cavalry, which had fallen into general -disfavor. Under Hooker’s discipline it became very effective. The -high-sounding grand divisions had been broken up, and the over-cautious, -phlegmatic Franklin, relieved. With other changes, came Sedgwick to the -command of our corps—a great improvement in some respects on Franklin. -The cool and sagacious Slocum, so long at the head of the red-cross -division, had been promoted to the command of a corps, and Gen. Brooks, -as brave, perhaps, but a far less skilful soldier, had succeeded him, -having been promoted from the Vermont brigade. Gen. Joe Bartlett of New -York, commanded our brigade—a fine officer, and a lion in battle. A -brave man, too, was our Colonel, but deficient in tactical skill. He -might not “set a squadron in the field,” but he could face the enemy’s -line of battle without flinching. In action he was the embodiment of -pluck, and at such times he looked as if he might be the very - - “——Colonel - Who galloped through the white infernal powder cloud.” - -in continental days. But he did not appear to advantage on parade, being -undersized and awkward gaited, with a shrill, piercing voice, not unlike -that of the late Isaac O. Barnes, or the irrepressible Mel. Weston, and -totally indifferent to all the niceties of drill so pleasing to the -holiday soldier. On one occasion he forgot his place at a Brigade dress -parade, and was then and there rebuked sharply by the general. Meeting -the latter at headquarters the same evening, where a “reception” to the -officers of the brigade was in full career and good fellowship, aided by -copious draughts of “commissary,” abounded, the Colonel extended his -hand and piped out in a high key which attracted the attention of all -present: “Gineral, I’m not much at drill I confess, but I’ve got a -hell-fired stomach for a fight!” - -On the morning of the 28th of April, 1863, our regiment was ordered on -picket duty, but scarcely had we relieved the old picket guard when -orders came to return to camp, strike tents, and prepare to move at once -in heavy marching order. This meant work, but was an agreeable change. I -had only joined my regiment the day previous, after a brief leave of -absence, and was resplendent in a new uniform, sword, etc. Of course I -packed the uniform away, and left it in care of the sutler, while I -donned a knit blouse, and with a due regard for sharpshooters of which -the Confederacy had, as it always seemed to me when on the skirmish -line, more than its share, put myself in condition for serious work, -having nothing in the way of wearing apparel save my side-arms to -indicate military rank. Meantime a great change had been effected in our -winter quarters. The tents had been removed from the log huts to which -they had served as roofs and windows, and now the bare interiors, with -the debris strewn about, and broken chimneys and blackened walls alone -remained. A more dismal or melancholy sight than a deserted cantonment -cannot be conceived. “Warm work ahead, boys,” gaily and cheerily -remarked our jovial, stout-hearted adjutant, as he rode up to the head -of the regiment. It proved to be particularly hot for him, for he -received a wound in his head, in the charge on Marye’s Heights, that he -will carry to his grave, and which ended his military career, but not -his usefulness; for he is now a popular clergyman, a true soldier of the -cross, settled in Philadelphia, I believe. Our progress was slow, and -darkness intervened just as we reached a ravine leading down to the -narrow valley which skirts the river on that side. We bivouacked in our -tracks, not being allowed to kindle fires. Back over the route we had -come could be heard the rumble of artillery wagons and the tramp, tramp, -of marching columns. In front, silence reigned. Orders are issued in a -low tone; and that stern composure which soldiers assume when about to -encounter the enemy was apparent in the bearing of all. The officers -gather around their adjutant, who is a favorite at brigade and division -headquarters, to learn his views touching the movement. He thinks we are -in for a fight, and gives his opinion as to Hooker’s intentions. He is -sanguine of success.—We have hardly closed our eyes in sleep, when some -one calls out in a voice seemingly loud enough for the rebel pickets to -hear, “Where is Colonel Blank?” “Here, sir,” responds that officer, -rubbing his eyes. “What’s wanted?” “Gen. B. directs me to say that you -are to march your regiment to the bank of the river, form in line of -battle, and await further orders. You are to move expeditiously, with as -little noise as possible, following the pontoons.” The order is obeyed; -the regiment marching away in almost spectral silence. Debouching from -the ravine, the darkness deepens, for a dense fog hangs over the valley -of the Rappahannock like a pall. We file past the pontoon train, from -which the engineer corps are detaching the boats, silently and with all -the celerity possible—and stand upon the river’s brink. In our rear come -other regiments, until our whole brigade is closed in line five -regiments deep.—It was a critical time. I recall it well. The silence -was almost oppressive; orders were given in low tones, and nothing but -the rattle of accoutrements broke the silence. The fog resembled a -mirage. Objects a little way off took on gigantic proportions. I -remember that a pontoon boat, borne on stout shoulders to the river’s -brink, resembled the immense hulk of a ship as it loomed into view, -while at the distance of a few feet men took on colossal dimensions. -Meantime we are tolled off in detachments to occupy the pontoons, along -with the engineers who are to do the navigation, and our orders are to -form instantly on reaching the other shore, dash forward and capture the -enemy’s picket line, or whatever force may be there to oppose us. At -length there are sounds of commotion on the other side. The Johnnies -suspect something. Splash! goes a pontoon into the water, followed by a -deep curse from the officer in charge, brave old Gen. Benham, who cannot -restrain his rage over the carelessness of his men. Meanwhile the fog -has been gradually rising, and the gray of dawn appears. More stir on -the other side, a rattling of equipments, hurried commands—then a sharp -challenge, (some of our scouts are nearly over), followed by a single -musket discharge, then a volley, and the whistle of bullets. -Instinctively we do them low obeisance; the lines waver for an instant, -then firmness and silence. So heavy a fire was not anticipated. It told -of a large reserve which must have been brought up in expectation of an -attack. All hope of a surprise was over. “Will the pontoons never be -launched?” Yes, Benham has done his duty, and into them we scramble and -push off, each boat for itself. The stream is narrow at this point, but -we are not swift enough to check another volley, which being better -directed than the first, killed and wounded a number of our boys in the -boats. Almost at the same instant our pontoon touches the shore. There -is a rush, a charge, a brief struggle, and that picket guard is _hors du -combat_. Quickly deploying on the bank we advance, but the enemy retires -more quickly;—and we have established a firm foothold, the pontoon -bridge is laid, and the whole corps is streaming across as the morning -sun rises above the horizon. The fog still clings, however, to the -rising ground on which Franklin fought at the first battle of -Fredericksburg, and we move with due caution, skirmishers well out, not -knowing what sort of a reception Stonewall Jackson, whose corps is known -to occupy the wooded heights beyond, may have in store for us. But no -serious opposition is offered after the affair of the pickets, and -gradually we occupy most of the ground previously held by the centre of -Franklin’s grand division. The fog lifts at last, and the sight revealed -is a picturesque one. Before us, a level plain, extending on the right -to the suburbs of Fredericksburg, and on the left, cut with ravines and -hillocks somewhat, for a long distance. Back of us, the river; fronting, -on either hand, the plain ending in a range of wooded hills, -semicircular in shape, and dotted with fortifications. The enemy’s -picket line is well out upon the plain but touching the river above us -near the city. Extending our left it soon came in contact with Reynolds’ -corps, which had effected a crossing a mile or two lower down, after a -sharp artillery fight in which the enemy showed superior metal, but was -obliged to retire after the infantry got over. Midway from the river to -the range of hills, and parallel with the former, is a deep ravine where -partial shelter from the concentric fire from the artillery posted on -Marye’s Heights on the right and on the hills in front, was afforded -Franklin’s troops in the previous battle. A few artillery shots are -fired, soon after establishing our lines, and then all becomes quiet. -What does this inaction portend? Evidently, Lee is acting on the -defensive, and waiting for the development of Hooker’s strategy. He does -not have long to wait. Before us is the whole rebel army. Will it swoop -down upon us before Hooker can develop his left and crush us? This is -the conundrum with which we wrestle, as the hours wear away, varying it -with a conjecture as to whether we shall be ordered to assault the -enemy, in his chosen position, against which Burnside had thrown the -flower of his army only to be hurled back discomfited. Another artillery -duel between Reynolds and Jackson later in the day closes the fighting, -and a night of repose follows. The succeeding day proved to be one of -quiet, also, but there was a constant movement of troops in our rear on -the heights of Falmouth, the line of march being directly up river. - - “You see them on their winding way, - About their ranks the sunbeams play.” - -That night our regiment went on picket. Never shall I forget it. Strict -orders had been received, prohibiting fires, or conversation above a -whisper, and requiring the most vigilant watchfulness to prevent -surprise, as the enemy in heavy force was directly in our front. Our -eyes were kept constantly on the rebel sentinels moving ghost-like upon -their beats. A dense fog settled down, cold and damp. The hours seemed -leaden. The suspense became intense, unbearable. Suddenly a tremor -sweeps along the line. Our boys are doubly alert. What does it mean? A -message comes down the front line—“The enemy are advancing. Hold your -ground until the reserves are formed, then rally upon them!” With -muskets firmly grasped the Union pickets await the onset. A night attack -is always dreaded by soldiers, and nothing is more trying to the nerves -of veterans than the expectation of a conflict with an unseen foe. But -our boys do not flinch; they feel the responsibility imposed upon them -and resolve to do their duty. Minutes go by, and still no advance, -although the weird line of sentinels has been succeeded by a line of -battle. Momentarily we expect to see a sheet of flame burst from that -compact mass, the components of which are indistinguishable in the fog -and darkness, although hardly six rods distant. But it comes not. The -mass recedes and fades out, leaving the sentinels pacing their posts, -and we now know that the movement was only a reconnaissance. Morning -dawns at length, and we are relieved without firing a shot. As we gain -the shelter of the ravine near the bank of the river, we notice that -Reynolds has recrossed with his whole corps and is marching in the -direction taken by the main army. Looking toward the rebel position on -our left, dark masses of men are seen moving over the hills, as if in -retreat. Here again we have food for speculation. Has Hooker, whose guns -are now heard on the right, outflanked the enemy? Later on we learned -that these troops were Stonewall Jackson’s rear guard, that intrepid -commander being then in the process of executing that famous flank -movement which put the 11th corps to rout and turned a Union success -into a Confederate victory, the most signal ever achieved by its armies. -About noon our troops made a demonstration, driving back the enemy’s -pickets, and later in the day rifle-pits were dug under cover of army -blankets hung up as if to dry—a device so simple as to deceive the -Confederates, for otherwise, being commanded by their guns, it could not -have been effected without serious loss. - -The next day (Saturday, May 2), was comparatively quiet, although far to -the right could be heard the deep, yet muffled sound of artillery -firing, telling that Hooker was engaged. We made demonstrations all -along our front, but did no real fighting. During the night, the firing -on the right became very heavy,—and I was called into line at about 2 a. -m., to go through ere another chance to sleep was afforded me, the most -exciting experiences of my life. We were marched to the front, and -posted in a ravine. With the first streaks of dawn came sounds of -musketry firing on our right. It was the Light Division in the streets -of Fredericksburg. Marching by the left flank we emerge from the ravine -and take a position on the left, the second, and third and light -divisions of our corps extending to the right. As we leave the ravine -the enemy opens a heavy fire upon our devoted regiment, the hills on our -front and right being aflame with the flashes of the “red artillery.” We -advance rapidly, our general leading; our batteries gallop to the rising -ground, and open on the enemy’s guns posted near the railroad embankment -and which are doing the most execution. Our guns are splendidly served, -and soon the rebel battery in front and its infantry supports are seen -making quick time for the fortifications in the woods at the base of the -hill. Now the guns on the hills redouble their fire, and the din is -terrible. Men are falling at every step, and so fierce is the concentric -artillery fire of the Confederates that our batteries have to be -withdrawn. Not so the infantry. It is our part to keep the rebel force -in front employed while the divisions on our right storm Marye’s -Heights. So we keep steadily on until a ravine is reached running at -right angles with the one we have left, and leading nearly up to the -rebel entrenchments. The air is full of screaming shot and whistling -shell, and as we near the entrance to the ravine, which is filled with a -thick undergrowth of trees and bushes, our boys are ready to insist that -at least five hundred rebel cannon have the range and are peppering us -accordingly. Through the hell of fire we go, marching by the left flank -and closing up our ranks with each breach, and into the ravine from -which the enemy’s sharpshooters are seen to scamper like so many rats, -as much to escape the range of their own cannon as that of our musketry, -for we had not as yet fired a shot.—Here, by hugging the steep sides, we -were partially sheltered and within half rifle practice of the foe -posted behind their breastworks at the base of the hill. A brisk -fusilade was kept up, and although we were unsupported and “in the air” -we kept the Johnnies so busy that they did not attempt a sortie. By this -time, also, the batteries on Marye’s Heights, which had enfiladed us, -had as much as they could do nearer home, for Howe and Newton had begun -their advance. It being deemed useless to attempt to do more than keep -the enemy in our front employed, our regiment was withdrawn from the -ravine and the Parrotts were again opened on the position, which we had, -supposed was to be stormed.—“The war which for a space did fail,” now -opens furiously on our right, and we watch the advance of the light -division with interest, although our regiment is still exposed to a -galling fire from riflemen behind the railroad embankment.—The spectacle -was a thrilling one. The 6th corps batteries were playing upon the -heights, with might and main, and up the steep ascent our brave boys -were climbing with all speed. Our hearts were in our throats as we -watched. Could the heights be stormed? Could Sedgwick with 10,000 men do -what Burnside failed to do with ten times that number? Our Colonel, who -has been watching the conflict through his field-glass, electrifies us -at last by exclaiming, “The heights are ours, boys!” “Our flag is -there!” Such a cheer as went up must have astonished our friends just -opposite. A rebel brigade, which had left the entrenchments near our -front and was making all speed to succor its friends, suddenly halted, -then taking in the situation turned about and ran back again, its pace -being accelerated by shots from cannon just taken. The victory was ours -thus far, but at what a cost! It was a brief triumph, alas! for disaster -had overtaken Hooker, and he was a beaten general at that moment. We -knew it not, however. Contrariwise it was announced that Hooker had been -even more successful, and that Lee’s routed army was in rapid retreat on -Richmond. Joy filled our hearts, even though we mourned the death of -many brave comrades whose last roll call on earth had been answered that -morning. Hence, when orders came for our brigade to fall in and take the -lead in the pursuit on our side, they were obeyed with alacrity, and up -and over the battle-stained heights we marched, munching our hardtack as -we went, and out upon the Chancellorsville pike, driving the enemy -before us like chaff before the wind. Two miles out, a battery opened -upon us, but we took little notice, pushing our skirmish line rapidly -forward. It was a fatal discharge, however, to an officer on Brooks’ -staff, who fell from his horse, nearly decapitated by a shell.—One of -our batteries is hurried to the front and a single discharge causes the -enemy to retire on the double quick. We reach Salem church, nearly -exhausted by our rapid marching, hoping for rest. But the worst is yet -to come. Our skirmish line is held at bay. It cannot advance, and our -brigade is formed for a charge—my own regiment, through the negligence -of some one, going into the fight in heavy marching order, with -knapsacks strung, and blankets strapped. Meeting a heavy fire of -musketry at the edge of a piece of woods, the brigade halts. But Gen. -Brooks, who has orders to effect a junction with Hooker, and deeming the -enemy in front to be the same we have been driving, orders another -advance. Into the woods we go to be met by a terrific fire. We charge -and drive the foe from his breastworks, but can go no further. Heavily -reinforced he advances with yells. There is a continuous roll of -musketry. The Pennsylvania regiments on our right and left give ground. -We are outflanked and enfiladed. Then comes the order to fall back. It -must be done quickly if we would not be entirely cut off from the second -line. Burdened as many of our men are by their knapsacks, and fatigued -by the march, they can not run. Such is my condition. Although with only -a blanket to carry, I am quite used up physically. The double-quick is -beyond my powers, and with every disposition in the world to run I -cannot to save my life. Suddenly, one leg refuses to move, and I fall. A -call to my men is unheard, or if heard, unheeded. I try to regain my -feet, but cannot. My leg seems paralyzed. Am I hit? wounded? A brother -officer sees me; hears my call for assistance; and proffers aid; helps -me to my feet, and I stagger along for a few paces. Meantime, we have -been left far in the rear and are between two fires. The air is laden -with missiles. It is madness to proceed, and so we both hug the ground. -Doubtless our lives are saved by this device, but, although we had not -the faintest idea then that such was the case, it involved our capture -and imprisonment. “The combat deepens.” The din is awful. Line after -line of Lee’s veterans surges forward; they intermingle; halt, yell, -fire; then rush on like a mob. It is not until they have fairly run over -us that we realize our position—that capture is inevitable. Two lines -pass us unnoticed, when a squad of skirmishers who have hung on our -flank come up and demand our surrender. There is no alternative, and -that brand-new blade goes into the hands of a rebel sergeant whose -straight, black hair runs up through a rent in his hat like a plume. We -are taken to the rear amid a rain of shot from our batteries, three men -helping me along and two keeping close guard over my companion. They -seemed in a hurry to get out of range, and glad of the opportunity our -capture afforded them of retiring with eclat from the strife. Soon we -came upon Gen. Wilcox and staff nicely ensconced in a position not -accessible to Yankee bullets. He questioned us, but not getting -satisfactory replies, sent us still further to the rear (after his -Adjutant-General had purchased my sword of the hatless sergeant), where -we were placed under guard near a field hospital. Here I found, upon -examination, that I was not injured, but that my inability to walk -without help was due to fatigue and a slight abrasion on the hip, -occasioned probably by a spent ball. We were courteously treated by our -guards but could get no food, Stoneman’s raid having sadly interfered -with the rebel commissariat. Next day we were taken to Spottsylvania -court-house where we met nearly half of the 11th corps and learned for -the first time the disaster that had befallen “Fighting Joe” Hooker. Of -the kindness of one of my captors, Billy Peyton of Memphis, Tenn., but a -member of the 9th Alabama, and his peculiarities, I should like to -speak, but this sketch has grown on my hands, and I am compelled to omit -an account of my first visit to Richmond, introduction to Major Turner, -and incarceration in Libby. Should this sketch please the readers of -this Magazine, I may essay another describing my prison life, and how -near I came to being annihilated by a fierce Virginia home guard officer -who commanded the escort which conducted the detachment of prisoners, of -which I made one, to the flag of truce boat on the James, going by the -way of Petersburgh. - - - - - _MANNERS AND CUSTOMS IN HOPKINTON—No. 2._ - - - BY C. C. LORD. - - - RELIGIOUS. - -At first, worship, both private and public, was conducted in the -primative homes of the settlers of the township. On the erection of -military posts, or forts, such edifices became natural, social centres, -and worship was conducted in one or more of them. Rev. James Scales, -first minister of the town, was ordained in Putney’s Fort, in 1757. -During the ministry of Mr. Scales, public worship was sometimes -conducted at the Parsonage. The erection of a church determined a -permanent place of public religious services. - -The first meeting-house in Hopkinton represented a much larger -territorial expanse of population than any church now extant. -Denominational controversies had not divided the ranks of the -worshipers, nor had local patrons of the one church demanded special -privileges of their own. The distance to church was long in many cases, -and the conveyances often only the locomotory means of nature. - -In olden times in this vicinity, though people had the instinct of -personal adornment the same as now, they often lacked the means of -gratifying it. Extra articles of dress were so rare that people -frequently walked to church in their daily accustomed garb, or trod the -Sunday path with a most scrupulous care for their extra wardrobe. Women -sometimes carried the skirts of their Sunday dresses on their arms till -they arrived near or at the church door, when they let them fall. The -Sunday shoes were often carried in the hand till the journey to meeting -was nearly ended, when they were put on for entrance to the sanctuary. -Present readers can comprehend the necessity of such care, when they -reflect that in the olden time the price of a week’s work of a woman was -only equivalent to a yard of cloth, or a pair of shoes. - -Church services in the former days were long, and savored of dogmatic -theology. The principal prayer was much longer than the present average -sermon, and the discourse proportionally extended. Such prolonged -services were conducted in winter, at first, without the favor of any -artificial warmth. In contemplating the situation of the worshipers in -those old wintry days, the bleakness of the characteristic meeting-house -of the times is to be taken into account. In the old Baptist church was -an open aperture in an upper wall, where the crows have been known to -perch while worship was in progress. The advent of foot-stoves gave much -relief to the chilly congregations of earlier times, and the -introduction of the general heater put an end to the extremer -experiences of the wintry Sunday. - -The representative minister of the olden time was a person of eminent -scholarly culture and gentlemanly bearing. A thorough scholar and -rhetorician, his discourses were framed with strict regard to the -logical sequences of his subject. The numerical divisions of his theme -often carried him among units of the second order; firstly, secondly, -and thirdly were only preliminary to thirteenthly, fourteenthly, and -fifteenthly; the grand category of predications was terminated by a -“conclusion.” In his loftier intellectual schemes, he sometimes -elaborated whole volumes of disquisitional matter. Rev. Ethan Smith, -third minister in the town, was the author of several profound -theological treatises. There was a dignity and austerity of manner -pertaining to the characteristic primative clergyman that made him a -pattern of personified seriousness. His grave demeanor on his parochial -rounds, when he spoke directly upon the obligations of personal -religion, made his presence in the household a suggestion of profound -respect and awe. He impressed his personality upon the receptive social -element of his parish. The deacons became only minor pastors, and the -whole congregation of believers expressed in subdued form the character -of the shepherd of the flock.[1] - -Footnote 1: - - The austere influence of religion upon society in the olden time was - attested by the legal strictures upon traveling, idling, etc., on - Sunday, of which conduct the tything-men were to take cognizance. - Tything-men were chosen in this town as late as 1843, when Charles - Barton, Samuel Frazier and Daniel Chase were selected. The law - requiring such choice had even then become virtually a dead letter. - -The support of a “learned and orthodox minister” was implied in the -original grant of this township. In the strict construction of the -text of the original compact, “orthodoxy” meant Calvinistic -Congregationalism. The disturbed condition of the early settlement -prevented the establishment of a permanent local pastorate till 1757. -On the 8th of September of that year, it was voted to settle the Rev. -James Scales, and that he should be ordained on the 23d of the -following November. His salary was to be sixty Spanish milled dollars, -or their equivalent in paper bills, a year. When the town became -incorporated in 1765, the formal acknowledgment of Mr. Scales as legal -pastor was renewed, it being the 4th of March, and his salary was -named at £13, 10s. - -In progress of time different religious societies became established in -this town, but the Congregational alone drew support from any portion of -the populace by a direct tax. People were taxed for the support of the -Congregational ministry in this town as late as 1810. The warrant for a -town-meeting called for the 12th of March, 1811, contained this article: - - -“To see what method the town will take to raise money for the support of -the Congregational minister in town the ensuing year, how levied, and -how divided between the two meeting-houses.” - - -At this time a meeting-house had been, for about ten years, in existence -at Campbell’s Corner, in the westerly part of the town, and since its -erection the funds for the support of Congregational preaching derived -from taxes had been divided between the east and west meeting-houses, as -they were called. However, at the town-meeting called for the above -date, it was voted to “pass over the article” relating to the proposed -support of Congregational religious services by the town, and we think -the subject was never taken up again. - -The minister’s tax was never collected of any person who acknowledged a -belief in the religious principles of any legalized society, other than -the Congregational. The following vote, passed on the 25th of March, -1799, illustrated the method of raising the minister’s tax: - - -“Voted to lay a ministerial tax on the Congregational inhabitants at -twenty cents each on the poll, and upon all ratable estate in the same -proportion, Congregational inhabitants to be ascertained by consent, -individually, to either of the selectmen at the time of taking the -inventory.” - - -People liable to pay a minister’s tax sometimes publicly, in -town-meeting, declared their adhesion to the principles of some one or -other of the societies exempted from the payment of that tax. - -The lease of the parsonage lands in 1798, incurred an annual revenue -which was proportionately divided among the existing societies till the -year 1853. In the year 1842, when the town for the first time published -a printed report of its pecuniary transactions, the last division of -parsonage money was declared to be as follows: - - 1st Congregational society, $27.88 - 2d Congregational society, 4.39 - Calvinist Baptist, society, 13.88 - Union Baptist, society, 16.12 - Episcopalian society, 9.64 - 1st Universalist society, 4.21 - 2d Universalist society, 10.31 - Methodist society, 1.43 - -The round total was set down at $88.00. - -The 2d Congregational society dropped out of the list in 1851. The last -allowance to this society was fifty-six cents. The town report of the -year 1853, contained the following and last list of apportionments of -parsonage money: - - Congregational society, $30.09 - Union Baptist society, 19.04 - Calvinist Baptist society, 15.72 - Episcopalian society, 4.40 - 1st Universalist society, 7.57 - 2d Universalist society, 7.10 - Methodist society, 4.18 - -The total of this list was also set down in round numbers as $88. - -The above figures are suggestive in presenting a view of the relative -strength of the different societies at the specific times stated. It is -interesting to note that certain of the societies soon lost all traces -of even a nominal existence, after the suspension of the parsonage -revenues. For some time they had kept up a show of vitality by making -their portion of the parsonage fund a nucleus of an outlay for a few -days’ preaching in the year. - -In the march of the years, the old peculiarities of local religious life -have given place to new features and forms. It is needless to say that -some of the old formalities died hard. Innovations were distrusted. The -experience in view of proposed changes was substantially uniform in all -the churches. Even the staid Episcopalians were ruffled by unaccustomed -ceremonies. When, for the first time, the choir of the Episcopal church -chanted the _Gloria Patri_, which before had been read only, an -indignant lady abruptly shut her prayer book in unfeigned disgust. The -greater jealousy formerly existing between different denominations is -well known. It is said this inharmonious feeling was once sought to -serve an innovating use. A person prominent in musical circles sought to -influence the leading minds of the Congregational church in favor of the -purchase of a bass viol. As an extreme argumentative resort he -suggested, “The poor, miserable Baptists have got one.” Tradition, -however, doesn’t relate the effect of this suggestion. - - - COMMERCIAL. - -The country store of the earliest times was a more emphatic collection -of multitudinous varieties of articles, if possible, than the later -place of local public traffic. Then, as now, the local store was the -principal resort of the great commonalty. Men of special vocations -sometimes took a stock of products to the lower country and bartered for -goods to bring back and distribute among their neighbors, and the -itinerant merchant, or pedlar, reaped a much better harvest than now; -but the country store was a popular necessity and well patronized. At -first there was less trading in domestic luxuries; the goods in store -represented the common necessities. Since the popular idea of necessity -does not fully exclude the illusory principle, we have to admit rum, -gin, brandy, etc., into the former list of domestic staples. Cash and -barter were entertained by every tradesman, to whom the populace largely -looked for advantageous exchanges of substance. The progress of the -settlement was attended by the extension, and to some extent by the -classification, of trade till the time when Hopkinton assumed the -commercial importance described in a previous article. - -The currency employed in the transaction of business was at first -nominally English, though Spanish milled dollars were in circulation. -One of the inconveniences of the early settlers of New England was a -scarcity of money. The different provincial governments sought to -relieve the public financial burdens by the issue of Bills of Credit, a -currency mentioned in the records of this town as “old tenor.” Such a -circulating medium in such a time could only depreciate in value, but, -following a custom obtaining in the old country, the purchasing value of -these bills could from time to time be fixed by the local legislatures. -About the year 1750, it was established throughout the provinces that £1 -in the currency of the Bills of Credit should be equivalent to two -shillings and eight pence lawful money, and that six shillings should be -equal to one dollar. - -The preliminary events of the Revolution involved the establishment of a -system of Continental currency. At the time of the first issue of a -paper circulating medium, in 1775, the Continental notes were nearly at -par with gold, but they soon fell to comparative nothingness in value. -The effect of this collapse in monetary matters was amply illustrated in -the public transactions of the town of Hopkinton. At a town meeting held -in 1781, it was voted that the price of a day’s work on the highway, by -a man, should be $30; the price of a day’s work by a yoke of oxen, $30; -the price of a plow and cart, $10 each. The salary of the Rev. Elijah -Fletcher, second minister of the town, was also voted to be $4000 for -the year, but the reverend pastor preferred to accept £70 in gold -equivalents, and declined the larger nominal sum. The success of the -American cause, and the permanent establishment of the public credit, -gave a correspondingly improved aspect to local affairs, and in later -times this town has experienced fluctuations in prices in common with -the general country. - -During the period of Hopkinton’s greater importance as a commercial -station, a bank was maintained here for a few years. The institution was -known as the Franklin Bank, and was incorporated in 1833. The grantees -were Horace Chase, Nathaniel Gilman, Isaac Long, Jr., William Little, -Joseph Stanwood, Matthew Harvey, Andrew Leach, Moses Gould, Ebenezer -Dustin, Timothy Chandler, Stephen Darling, and James Huse. The -operations of this bank seem to have been exceedingly bungling during -the short term of its existence, and it finally settled with its -creditors at ninety cents on a dollar. The Franklin Bank occupied the -building now used by the Hopkinton Public Library. - -The standard of quantities to be recognized in commercial transactions -has, from remote times, been a subject of legal regulation. The weights -and measures first used in this town were the standards of older -communities. In a record made in the year 1804, the town of Hopkinton -declared the local standard to be as follows: - - WEIGHTS - OF IRON. - - 1 56 lbs. - 1 28 lbs. - 1 24 lbs. - 1 7 lbs. - - - WEIGHTS - OF BRASS. - - 1 4 lbs. - 1 2 lbs. - 1 1 lb. - 1 ½ lb. - 1 2 oz. - 1 1 oz. - 1 ½ oz. - 1 ¼ oz. - -For the use of the above weights the town recognized “two small scale -beams with brass dishes,” and also “one large scale beam with boards, -and strung with iron wires.” The _wooden dry measures_ were specific as -1 half-bushel, 1 peck, 1 half-peck, 1 two-quart, and 1 quart; while the -_copper liquid measures_ were started to be 1 gallon, 1 two-quart, 1 -quart, 1 pint, 1 half-pint, and 1 gill. - -By legal requirement, the standard of weights and measures is regulated -by a town sealer to this day, such officer being chosen annually at the -town-meeting in March, but the modern improvements and facilities for -determining quantities have made a practically dead letter of the -present law requiring his selection. - -For many years a public hay-scales occupied a site in the rear of the -Congregational meeting-house. It was simply an immense scale beam and -platform, the whole apparatus being covered with a roof. It long ago -passed away to give place to the modern hay-scales. - - - POLITICAL. - -In the earlier history of this town, politics and religion were closely -related. For many years the affairs of the legally established, or -Congregational, church were arranged by vote of the town. The intimate -relation existing between the church and the town made the meeting-house -and town-house at first identical. The earliest town-meeting held in the -first meeting-house was on the 2d of March, 1767. Previously, -town-meetings had been held at private houses. Town-meetings continued -to be held in the church till 1799, when use was first made of the old -Hillsborough county Court House, the annual meeting of that year being -held in the upper room of the county edifice. Town-meeting has since -been held annually on the same spot. - -At the time of the incorporation of the town, in 1765, annual -town-meetings were legally held only on the first Monday in March. In -the year 1803, the State legislature fixed the date of annual -town-meetings at the second Tuesday of the same month. Till the year -1813, when the State established a law requiring the use of an -alphabetical list of voters at town-meetings, public legal gatherings in -town had been conducted with less formality than has been maintained -since, but the regard for parliamentary proprieties had been sufficient -to prevent any disorder or unskillfulness of a serious nature. - -The instincts of the people of this town have always largely partaken of -a Democratic character. There has been a prominent jealousy of -individual rights. This feature of local political life was exhibited in -the very earliest times, when individuals frequently appeared at the -moderator’s desk to record their names in opposition to some measure or -other passed by the majority. Even to this day the doctrine of -individual rights is strongly asserted by the mass of persons of -whatever party name. In the days of the prolonged supremacy of the -Democratic party, the lines of party distinction were drawn so clearly -that scarcely a Whig was ever permitted to represent the town at the -General Court. Once, in 1844, there was a kind of general compromise -between parties, and Moses Colby, a Whig, and Samuel Colby, a Democrat, -were sent to the legislature together. For quite a number of years there -was a compromise on the subject of selectmen, and a general consent gave -the Whigs annually one member in a board of three; but this arrangement -was broken up by a fancied or real attempt of the Whigs to take more -than their customarily allotted portion of the chosen. - -Till the year 1855, when the Democrats lost the general control of -political affairs in town for the first time, the constantly prevailing -superiority had prevented the practice or necessity of much caucusing. A -few leading ones put their heads together and gave a definite impulse to -the party movement. The process worked very well, except when now and -then an accident would happen, as, for instance, when a refractory -candidate insisted in pushing his private claims at all hazards. -Caucusing, however, had been practiced more or less previously to 1855, -but since this date the closeness of the popular vote has often led to a -degree of figuring and planning that can be easily comprehended by all -accustomed to watch the movements of political leadership in New -Hampshire during the last quarter of a century. - -We have shown, in a previous article, that the Democrats of this town -held a majority on the Governor’s vote till 1865. However, in 1855, the -American party elected two representatives—Paul R. George and Timothy -Colby—and three selectmen. - - - - - _MALAGA._ - - - BY VIANNA A. CONNOR. - -[This article from Miss Connor, written from Malaga last summer, having -been mislaid, after its reception, is published at this time as not -without interest, notwithstanding the delay.—ED.] - -The streets of Malaga always present an animated appearance. One never -sees here that dead calm which pervades many of our northern cities in -midsummer. At all hours of the day the air resounds with the sonorous -voices of men and boys calling out whatever they may have to sell. Fish -of all kinds, fruits, live turkeys and many other things may be obtained -in this way, with the additional entertainment of listening to a loud -and heated discussion between the servant and vender regarding the -price. If the latter chances to be a boy, he summons a flood of tears to -his assistance, having acquired, as a part of his occupation, the -faculty of crying when occasion demands. The servant, accustomed to -mechanical weeping, is immovable and the youthful imposter is finally -compelled to receive a fair price for his wares. - -Every afternoon at five o’clock, an old man with a bright, cheerful face -passes our window calling out “barquillos” in a clear, musical voice -which makes itself heard at a long distance. The children crowd around -him while he takes from a green box strapped over his shoulder, a tube -made of light paste, on one end of which he puts a white foamy -substance, composed of the whites of eggs and sugar. At this juncture, -the little ones become frantic and jostle each other in a most -unceremonious manner, in their eagerness to possess the delicate morsel. -Each one is served and the poor old man goes on his way rejoicing ever -the few quartas which will buy his daily bread. Barquillos are also -obtained at restaurants as an accompaniment for ices, and seem to be -relished by children of a larger growth, as well as others. - -The business of the ware houses commences at an early hour and continues -through the day; carts drawn by mules are constantly passing while the -industrious little donkeys may be seen marching in a line, following -their leader, who has a bell to announce his coming. During the vintage, -long lines of donkeys laden with boxes of raisins come from the -vineyards, horses never being used except in cabs and private carriages. -The cab horses are poor, old animals which seem to have lived as long as -nature intended, but are kept alive by some mysterious agency, and by -dint of much urging and whipping manage to move at a slow pace. One day, -when we were taking a drive, the horse suddenly stopped and the driver -dismounted. To our inquiry, as to the cause of delay he replied, “_no es -nada_” (it is nothing), resumed his seat and we started again, but had -not proceeded far when the animal absolutely refused to go; this time we -insisted upon alighting and were coolly informed that the horse was only -a little _cansado_ (tired). Many more instances might be cited -illustrating the manner in which dumb animals are abused in a country -where there are no laws prohibiting it, or if such laws exist they are -not enforced. - -The animation prevailing through the day by no means diminishes as night -approaches, although of a very different character. At twilight, the -higher classes sally forth to the Alameda or Muelle (mole), to enjoy the -refreshing breeze from the sea, while those of lower estate seek some -place of rendezvous and indulge in their idle gossip. An occasional -troubadour steals to some obscure corner and sends forth plaintive -sounds from his faithful guitar, not unfrequently some youthful swain is -inspired to add the charms of his voice, and the “Malaguenas” bursts -forth in all its primative sweetness. The enthusiasm of the Spaniards on -hearing their national airs is something remarkable, they become quite -wild with excitement and applaud in the most vociferous manner. -Foreigners, also, who have spent some time in the country, share this -enthusiasm, which seems to be caused more by a certain rhythmical -peculiarity, than by any extraordinary merit of the music itself. - -The romantic days of Spain are past, when the lover stood beneath the -balcony of his sweetheart, wooing her with the gentle strains of his -guitar. To us it seems a matter of regret that this ancient custom no -longer exists, but it undoubtedly relieves many anxious parents as it -particularly favored clandestine courtships. A Spanish gentleman of our -acquaintance who is blessed with seven daughters, and occupies a house -containing twenty balconies, congratulates himself upon the change in -love-making as it would be impossible to keep watch over all, even by -constantly rushing from one balcony to another. At the present day the -suitor is admitted to the salon, where he may converse with the object -of his affections, but always in the presence of her parents. Spanish -mammas would be shocked at the freedom allowed American girls in -receiving visits from the opposite sex and accepting their escort to -places of entertainment. - -The feast of Corpus Christi was celebrated in Malaga with much _eclat_. -For two weeks previous preparations were going on for the fair, which -takes place at this time, booths being arranged on one side of the -Alameda and filled with a variety of articles, useful and ornamental, -calculated to please the eye and lighten the pockets of passers-by, -while others were provided with these substantial things needful to -satisfy the wants of the inner man. At night the Alameda was most -brilliantly illuminated by long lines of lights extending the whole -length on either side, also across the centre at intervals, with -occasional circles and clusters, producing a most dazzling effect. At -each end, in front of the fountains were erected two pavillions, one -under the direction of a club styled the “Circulo Mercantil,” the other -by the members of the “Lycio” both of which were handsomely decorated -with flags and flowers and provided with comfortable seats. We availed -ourselves of the opportunity to attend the balls given in these -pavillions, and found them exceedingly diverting. In the centre, a space -was reserved for the dancers, who tripped the “light fantastic” with -apparent enjoyment, notwithstanding the disadvantages of little room and -much heat. The _toilettes_ of the ladies were varied and elegant, -displaying a taste which would do credit to Worth himself, while the -national costume, worn by a few young ladies, far exceeded the most -charming conceptions of that famous artist. This costume, called the -“_Maja_,” is extremely picturesque, especially when combined with the -piquant faces and nonchalant airs of the Spanish girls. It consists of a -skirt of bright red or blue satin, edged with a broad trimming of black -_chenille_; with this is worn a black velvet bodice, the hair is -arranged in finger puffs, with a high comb placed jauntily on one side, -and a few flowers gracefully twined among the dark tresses; a Spanish -mantilla, and laced slippers, just disclosed beneath the short skirt, -complete this beautiful costume, rich in fabric, but simple in design, -and above all allowing a graceful freedom which our present straight -laced fashions render impossible. Weary of the brilliancy and animation -of the ballroom, we passed to the garden where tables were arranged for -refreshments, and amid the sound of inspiring music and the gentle -murmur of the fountain, partook of delicate viands served by attentive -waiters. The arrangement of these pavillions was perfect in every -respect, contributing in the highest degree to the comfort of the -guests, and long shall we bear in remembrance the pleasant evenings they -afforded us. - -On Corpus Christi day a long and imposing procession marched through the -principal streets, carrying an image of the “Virgin” robed in black -velvet elaborately embroidered in gold, and a large “_Custodia_” of -solid silver containing the “_host_.” The clergy, in their clerical -gowns, with their faces plump and glossy, walked along in a -self-satisfied manner, confident of good cheer in this world, whatever -may await them in another. The civil and military authorities added -their dignified presence, followed by a large concourse of people with -wax candles. The streets and balconies were filled with men, women, and -children of all ages and classes, every available space being occupied. -In the afternoon a bull fight took place, and a ball in the evening -ended the programme of the day. - -In the midst of the festivities of the week, the Queen’s illness was -announced, causing a suspension of all gayety, and her subsequent death -was followed by a season of mourning. The Alameda was stripped of its -superfluous adornings, and the sound of music no longer filled the air -with its sweet harmonies. Funeral services were solemnized in the -Cathedral, and many a fervent prayer ascended to Heaven for the repose -of the dead, and the resignation of the bereaved young King. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as - printed. - 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Granite Monthly. Vol. II. No. 7. -Apr., 1879, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GRANITE MONTHLY. VOL. *** - -***** This file should be named 60636-0.txt or 60636-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/6/3/60636/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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