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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4fd786 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60392 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60392) diff --git a/old/60392-0.txt b/old/60392-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 85e558b..0000000 --- a/old/60392-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1267 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise on Electricity, by Francis Penrose - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: A Treatise on Electricity - Wherein its various phænomena are accounted for, and the - cause of the attraction and gravitation of solids, assigned. - To which is added, a short account, how the electrical - effluvia act upon the animal frame, and in what disorders - the same may probably be applied with success, and in what - not. - -Author: Francis Penrose - -Release Date: September 30, 2019 [EBook #60392] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY *** - - - - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, MWS and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - -Transcriber’s notes: - -The text of this e-book has been preserved in its original form, -including inconsistent archaic spelling and capitalisation, and use -of italics. - -The cover image of the book was created by the transcriber and is -placed in the public domain. - - - - - A - - TREATISE - - ON - - ELECTRICITY: - - WHEREIN - - Its various _phænomena_ are accounted for, and the - cause of the _attraction_ and _gravitation_ of solids, - assigned. - - TO WHICH IS ADDED, - - A short account, how the electrical _effluvia_ act - upon the animal frame, and in what disorders - the same may probably be applied with success, - and in what not. - - By FRANCIS PENROSE - Surgeon at _Bicester_. - - They who are universally allowed the very greatest, and - wisest of men, have been, and still are, intent upon - the making of _observations_, and _experiments_: and surely - that must be in order to some further end. These would - be vain, and wholely useless, were not some reflections - made, some conclusions drawn, some theory or hypothesis - raised from them. - - _Woodward_’s state of _physick_ and of _diseases_, p. 55. - - _OXFORD_, - - Printed at the THEATRE for SACKVILLE PARKER, Bookseller - at _Oxford_, and W. OWEN, at _Homer’s Head, Temple-Bar, - London_. MD CC LII. - - - - - ON - ELECTRICITY. - - -The many surprising effects of _electricity_, and the great cures -performed by it, one would imagine, should awaken the attention of all -philosophers and physicians; but as these cures have been effected by -random experiments, every body has admired, but no body seems to have -considered how, or by what means, they were performed. Whence - -Notwithstanding all these surprising _phænomena_, from which many -have entertained hopes of a great addition to the healing art; yet -not one tolerable account has been given, how, or from what cause, -these _phænomena_ proceeded; except what has been done by Mr. _Freke_, -surgeon to _Bartholomew hospital_; whose admirable piece shews the -great penetration of its worthy author, with whom I shall join in -thinking “it may possibly be the beginning of much good.” - -One would think, this silence, on so interesting a subject, _in this -enlightened age_, can proceed from nothing but a prejudice in favour -of wrong principles of philosophy: That this is certainly the taste of -the present age, M. _Freke_ seems very well convinced; for, at the end -of his pamphlet, he takes notice of a show-man, who, “having published -some experiments in electricity, and hearing that Mr. _Freke_’s piece -was publishing, own’d, he was much affrightened, because of the hard -fate, as he said, of his booksellers; but, before he had read two -pages, he likewise owned he had recovered his spirits, when he found -Mr. _Freke_ pretended to think for himself, and did not let Sr. _Isaac -Newton_ think for him.” - -Now, if all persons would take the same freedom of thinking for -themselves, as Mr. _Freke_ has done, I doubt not but we should soon -be as much ashamed of mentioning the _attraction_ of _gravitation_, -and the _attraction_ of _cohesion_ &c. as we now are of the _occult -qualities_ of the ancient philosophers; and should perhaps, then -agree with him, when, speaking of electricity, he says, that “it is a -subject which can, with more nobleness and dignity, employ the mind of -man, than any he can think of, relating to the sublunary part of the -world. For by it you may be acquainted with the immediate officer of -God Almighty, which he seems to send to all things living: Nay, this -power, (according to his conception,) seems to be the cause, under -HIM, both of life and death. And when it may be more fully understood, -it may afford us means, whereby we may be better enabled to reason -more intelligibly, than now we can, concerning various operations in -nature.” Therefore, - -In the following essay, I shall endeavour to shew, - -I. How, and from whence, this electrical fire and force are produced; -in doing of which I shall make some observations, in order to shew that -we may form a more exact idea of most of the great operations of that -complete machine, the universe, from electrical experiments, than can -be attained by any other means: I shall also produce some experiments -which demonstrate, that the terraqueous globe has no _attraction_; -nor a solid body, falling towards the earth, any _gravitation_; after -which, I shall bring other experiments to prove what is the cause of -_solidity_, and by what means bodies _gravitate_ towards the earth. - -II. How this electrical fire and force act upon the animal frame, and -in what disorders they are likely to be of benefit, and in what not. - -I. We are certain, that this electrical fire is produced, either from -the glass globe, or the air that surrounds it. As to the glass globe, -Mr. _Freke_ has fully proved it cannot proceed from that; “Because -nothing, we know of, can send out of it a quantity of matter, but there -must be less of that matter remaining, after it has been so discharged; -whereas it cannot be shewn, but that the glass globe, after ever so -many times using, remains as fit for the same use, as at first.” From -hence we assert, that this fire must proceed from the surrounding air -being acted upon by the glass globe; and our inquiry must be, how, and -by what means, fire is produced by the glass globe being made to act -upon the air by which inquiry we shall find, that _air_, _light_, and -_fire_ are of the _same substance_, or _essence_; only differently -modified, and appointed for performing different actions: that air (by -being divided or broke to pieces) produces light; and, if that action -is still encreased, it produces fire. Now as the greatest friction -or attrition are necessary to produce fire, so fire, when it is once -produced, having received the greatest force, of consequence _acts_ -with the greatest force; and light, with a less; so, wherever there is -the greatest quantity of these small particles of air, (which we call -by the name of fire) in proportion to what we call gross air, there the -action must be the greatest; by which means the said fire or light will -expand itself, ’till, by mixing with what we call gross air, it becomes -of an uniformity with it. Now therefore, as experiments are the sure -way either of proving or disproving any _hypothesis_; so, to illustrate -this, I shall produce some experiments both from Mr. _Freke_, and other -authors of unblemished credit, which prove that air is convertible -into light and fire, and also that light and fire are convertible back -again into air; and likewise, as some parts of the air are present in -all places and things, that therefore, whenever a violent action either -of solids or fluids is brought on, there light, fire, or heat, are -produced. - -To prove this, Mr. _Freke_ has brought, two very simple, common, but -good experiments--First, if you slide a wax thread, or small rope, -through your fingers, it will burn them; so likewise fire is produced, -by rubbing two hard bodies together, or two sticks; or, as is very -often the case, a cart or coach wheel will take fire, for want of -grease. - -Another no small proof of this, is what Mr. _Freke_ has mentioned, -viz. that in the year 1703, in the night of the great hurricane and -high wind, in the strongest part of the tempest, great quantities of -fire were seen passing swiftly over the hills in the neighbourhood of -_Warham_ in _Dorsetshire_. The cause of which fire seems very easily -accounted for, according to the above theory, which might otherwise -perhaps, elude the searches of our greatest philosophers: for in this -phænomenon it is plain, that the attrition of the particles of the air -was so great by the motion of the wind, as to produce fire or light. -Mr. _Freke_ has some other observations, which much strengthen the -above theory, viz. that in tempestuous weather, at sea, great flakes -of fire are frequently seen passing, not only in the air, but on the -water. The like is also observed, in the night time, when the surface -of the water is disturbed with the feathering of oars, or by a vessel -or boat passing swiftly through it. This light or fire _in storms_ is -no new observation; for Mr. _Boyle_ says, it is common in storms for -the fire called _Helena_, _Castor_, and _Pollux_, to hover about the -masts of ships. And, indeed, - -To shew that fire or heat are produced in any place, or thing, where -there is a sufficient motion, seems not to be very difficult; for water -is the opposite to fire; and yet, by mixing water and spirit of wine -_suddenly_ together, a heat ensues; and this will happen if they have -been separated ever so often; but this heat vanishes again after they -are mixed, or as soon as the _motion_ of their parts ceases. The like -will happen by mixing salt of tartar and water. This phænomenon seems -to proceed from the disposition and texture of the salt; whose pores -are made of such a proper size, that, on receiving the water by the -pressure of the atmosphere into them, the texture of the salt may be -thereby broken, and its parts put _into motion_; which _motion_ causes -an _attrition_ of the air, and so produces a sensible heat. - -_Boerhaave_ has another observation, which seems to prove to a -demonstration, that fire or heat is caused by an _attrition_ of the -air; which observation I shall give in his own words. “A cannon ball, -shot in the winter time, will fly 600 feet in a minute through the cold -air, which makes a greater resistance than any wind, the most rapid -of which only moves 22-1/2 feet; hence it appears how much _friction_ -the ball must have undergone in its passage, which by the way did -not proceed in a right line, but by its whirling motion continually -describes a cycloid with every point of its body. When it falls, -it is found quite hot; notwithstanding in its whole passage, it had -continually met with cold air. This heat could not have arisen from -the flaming gunpowder, whereby it was exploded, since it only remained -in that flame, an incredible small space of time, in which it is by no -means credible so solid a body should have acquired such a heat; which -is much more naturally accounted for from the great attrition of the -ball, driven with such a velocity through the air, and repelled by a -wind, which is above 27 times swifter than the strongest wind hitherto -observed.” _Boerhaave_’s Chym. by _Shaw_, Vol. 1. pag. 244. - -I shall mention one more experiment from Mr. _Boyle_, which proves that -_air_ is not only convertible into _light_; but that it may afterwards -be forced through glass, and thereby the same _vacuum_ be made that -is by an air pump. “Liquid phosphorus being put into a vial, when -it was disposed to shine in the dark, the cavity of the vial above -the liquor seemed to be full of whitish fumes, though at other times -transparent. The vial, when close stopped, was not luminous in the -dark, but the light or flame appeared as soon as it was exposed to the -air, and the vial was unstopped; and that the occasion and propagation -of this flame depended on the contact of the air, appeared, since -agitation would not kindle it, but when the bottle was unstopped, the -kindled flame would gradually be propagated downwards; the flame always -appeared most vivid the nearer the air, and when it was extinguished, -it first disappeared in the bottom, and then expired at the top. When -the Vial was unstopped for some time, when it was stopped again, the -air that had leisurely insinuated itself would cherish the flame for -an hour or two. It was observable, that when the air had been long -pent up with this shining liquor, its resistance would be so weakened, -that when the vial was unstopped, the external air would presently -rush in with violence, from whence appears the interest of the air in -propagating the shining of this liquor. The agitation before the vial -was unstopped would not kindle the light; yet when it was opened, it -would be increased by it, and even when it was in its dull state, if -I poured a little of it upon my hand, and rubbed it with my finger, -it would presently become vivid, and emit store of luminous rays, as -well as fumes very offensive to the nostrils; and when I ceased to -rub, and the luminous quality was lost, it would be renewed again by -a repeated attrition; but in a little time its lucid virtue would -decay,” _Boulton_’s Epitome of _Boyle_’s works, vol. 2. pag. 246. From -these experiments it may be observed, that this liquid phosphorus could -not be made to emit light, without a communication with the air, not -even by the utmost agitation; though when it had a free communication -with the air, a small agitation greatly increased the quantity and -strength of the light; that, whenever the air was admitted to join it, -a violent intestine motion came on, by which motion or attrition, light -was not only produced, but also a great deal of the liquid was carried -off by it; which might be perceived either by the sight, or smell. -And when the vial had been long without a cork, by which means it was -filled to the utmost with air, the light would continue a considerable -time after the vial was stopped. We likewise find, that, after the vial -has been stopped some time, and the liquor has acted upon the air as -much as it possibly can, there is not only a less quantity of gross -air than there was when the vial was first stopped, but that there is -the same _vacuum_ as is made by the air pump; for as soon as ever it -is unstopped, the air presseth in with violence, the fluid above the -phosphorus (within the vial) being of a more subtle nature than the air -without. - -This experiment seems sufficiently to prove, that air and light are -of the same essence or substance; for we are certain that gross air -entered the vial, and, when it was first stopped, the quantity of -gross air was of an uniformity with the air without the vial; but at -its being opened, we are assured, there was a less quantity than when -it was first stopped; for the air without presseth in with the same -violence it does into the exhausted receiver of an air-pump; by which -we may be assured, that some parts of the air have passed the vial in -form of _light_; and, as the pores of the glass are not big enough to -admit gross air to return, the consequence must be, that there is a -less quantity of gross air in the vial at the opening, than there was, -when it was first stopped. - -Fire and light are easily proved to be dispersed through the whole air, -from the immediate action of _speculums_; and that air itself is of the -same substance with fire seems very plain; for as fire cannot subsist -without air, (and in proportion to the quantity of air forced into the -fire, in such proportion will be the force of the fire;) so, neither -can fire act but on the outside of bodies next the air; for even the -most inflammable bodies can only catch fire on their outermost surface -contiguous to the air; and fire in action, if immerged in a body of -the most inflammable matter, so as to leave no lighted part above such -surface in the air, will be so far from kindling the inflammable body, -that itself will be extinguished. Thus “if a flaming brimstone match -be plunged into the highest rectified spirit of wine, the spirit of -wine will extinguish it as intirely, as if dipped in cold water; it -will also extinguish a live burning sparkling coal; but in the former -experiment, if the least bit of the burning match remains above the -spirit of wine, it will then catch fire, and the flame will presently -spread over the whole surface.” This is an experiment of the great -_Boerhaave_, in the first vol. of his chymistry, by _Shaw_, pag. 316. - -All these experiments, I think, prove to a certainty, that air is -convertible into light. I shall now bring one experiment, from -_Boerhaave_, Vol. 1. p. 998. which proves, that fire or light may be -changed into air. - -“If a spherical glass vial be kept in a glass-house furnace, till ready -to melt, and then be hermetically sealed in that heat, and suffered to -cool; if now, it be held inverted, under cold water, and the end of the -neck be carefully broken off, the water will be violently forced into -it, and fill the glass, but so as to leave a bubble of true elastic -air at the bottom.” - -The above experiments prove, that, whenever air is sufficiently divided -or broken to pieces, light is produced; so that the light or heat in -electricity, is no other than, we find, may be produced several other -ways. For the air being violently rubbed or ground to pieces between -your hand and the glass globe, whirled briskly about, the air between -your hand and the globe is ground so small as to be in the form of -_light_, which is expanded or sent off from the glass globe in the same -manner as _light_ from a candle, or other luminous body; which emission -is continually supplied by the common air pressing in between the rays -of _light_, emitted from the glass ball. That this is the method, by -which it acts, seems very clear: for you may not only hear the hissing -noise of the air pressing towards the globe, but also plainly feel the -air with your hand, near the globe or tube. - -The chief reason (and what has been our great misfortune) that we -have not been able to discover the cause of electricity, seems to -be the leaving that philosophy, which has been _revealed_ to us, -and putting in its stead _theories_ of _our own invention_. For, if -we had considered (from the _revealed_ account that is given us of -the formation of light) the _method_ of its _first_ production, we -should not be at such a loss to account for that light in electricity, -as we hitherto seem to have been; for we are _there_ told, that -the _heavens_, or airs, were created in a state of _darkness_, or -inactivity; and that the first thing God did, was to cause a _motion_, -or _wind_ amongst the airs; which _motion_ was to _continue_, and -_encrease_, till it produced _light_; and, after this _light_ was -produced, God called it _Day_, or as it is expressed in the original, -_tumultuousness_; it being produced from the impetuous or violent -motion of the airs: and the _darkness_ he called _night_, or, as it -is likewise expressed, the time when this _languishes_ or _decays_; -for the _congealing_ or _thickning_ of the air, by which _darkness_ is -produced, is in proportion as the _force_ of the _light_ abates. - -By all which, I think, we may be assured, that the _light_, and all the -_phænomena_ produced in electricity, are caused by a violent _friction_ -or _grinding_ of the grains of air between the glass globe and the hand. - -To illustrate and prove, that this is the method by which the -electrical _light_ is produced, I shall bring some experiments, from -Mr. _Hauksbee_, which, I imagine, will make it indisputable. In his -first and second experiments, he shews us, that by dropping mercury -on a glass in an exhausted receiver, the _action_ of the mercury -on that subtil fluid gives the mercury the appearance of fire; but -observes, that in all these experiments on mercury, no _light_ is to -be obtained without _motion_, and that the same motion which produced -this light in _vacuo_, did not produce it, when given to mercurial -globules in _open air_. This experiment shews us, that there was a -larger quantity of _light_ in the exhausted receiver than when it was -filled with common air; nay farther, that the _subtil fluid_ contained -in the exhausted receiver, was _light_; but, for want of _motion_, was -not perceptible by our senses; but by so small a motion as that of -the descending mercury, it was pushed forward in the same manner, as -_light_ from a candle, or other luminous bodies. We also find, that -the same experiments performed in an _unexhausted_ receiver, would not -produce the _phænomenon_ of _light_; which one might easily suppose to -be the case. For in the _exhausted_ receiver, any the least _motion_, -that is sufficient to _push_ this subtil fluid (_light_) from one -place to another must give us the perception of _light_; but in the -_unexhausted_ receiver the _motion_ or _friction_ must be great enough, -not only to _push_ the air from place to place, but also to _break -it_ so small, as to be in form of _light_: which he shews us by his -third, fourth, and fifth experiments to be the case; for by these -experiments he produced _light_ in an _unexhausted_ receiver; but then -the _motion_ or _agitation_ was required to be much _greater_ than that -which produced _light_ in _vacuo_. The difference of these two _lights -was very considerable_, and consisted particularly in this, that the -luminous particles are _distinct_ and _separate_ in the experiment -performed in the _open air_; and _united_ and _blended_ into one -continued body of _light_, in the other experiments in _vacuo_; which -difference proves to a demonstration, that the exhausted receiver was -full of nothing but _light_; for, on shaking the mercury therein, the -whole body of the receiver seemed to be _one continued body of light_; -but on shaking the mercury with ever so great a violence in the common -air, it seemed full only of _little_, _bright_, _twinkling sparks_; -and not one continued body, as in _vacuo_. For, as the appearance of -_light_ is produced in the common air, by the _friction_ of the mercury -against the glass receiver, _breaking_ or _grinding_ the air to pieces -(which small particles put on the form of _light_) so, when the common -air _presses_ in between these small particles, the appearance must be, -and cannot be otherwise than is shewn by these experiments. - -These many and various experiments abundantly prove, that _light_ is -produced as above described; and not, as the generality of people have -imagined (from that mistaken notion of _action_ being performed by -_solids_ and not by _fluids_) that this electrical _light_ proceeded -from the glass globe, emitting, what they call, _electrical effluvia_, -which has been shewn before to be impossible; because if any quantity -of matter sends off part of its own body, there must be less of that -body remaining, than before the above matter was sent off, which we -find is not the case of the glass globe; and to prove that it does not, -I shall bring one experiment more from Mr. _Hauksbee_ which will put it -beyond doubt. - -Pag. 27. he shews us, that by a violent _attrition_ of _woollen_ -against _woollen_ in _vacuo_, he produced _light_, as well as from -any _hard_ or _electrical_ body; but not so vivid, nor in so large a -quantity. Now, as woollen is reckoned by all to be a _non-electrical_ -body, it shews us that the _light_ must proceed from the _attrition_ -of the air, and not from the _electrical body_, as has been falsely -imagined. - -As _light_ may be produced by other methods than have been yet -described, as from _rotten wood_, _fish_, _meat_ &c. I shall endeavour -to give an account, how, and in what manner, that _light_ is produced. -Mr. _Boyle_ (in vol. 2. p. 233. of the epitome by _Boulton_) tells us, -that by putting _rotten wood_, _fish_, _flesh_ &c. in the receiver -of an air-pump, and then extracting the gross air, they all, in a -little time, lost their _shining_ or _luminous_ quality; but, upon -a re-admission of air, this _luminous_ quality returned. From which -we may learn, that the air is essentially necessary to continue -this _light_; and, of consequence, that this _light_ is produced by -the _action_ and _re-action_ of the air on the body, which cause an -_intestine motion_ of its parts; and thereby the emission of the said -light; for when any thing begins to ferment and _putrify_ (which cannot -be performed in any place, but where the gross air is present) the -_intestine motion_ of its parts is thereby _increased_; which _motion_ -acting upon the air pressed into it, the air is thereby _ground_ very -small, and by the continual pressure of the atmosphere is sent out so -small, as to be in form of _light_.--In the common _fermentation_ of -liquids, when it rises to any height, those particles of _light_ being -_stopped_, and _entangled_ by the _watry parts_ of the fermenting mass, -thereby produce _heat_; and some mixtures will produce _light_, _heat_ -and _flame_ on fermentation; as _steel_, _water_, and _sulphur_. - -By these experiments we have a clear idea of the means and method by -which _fermentation_ is performed, which operation has been hitherto -unintelligible. From hence we may likewise see the reason why, in an -air either _too hot_ or _too cold_, _fermentation_ cannot be performed; -for in an air _too cold_, the pressure is _too great_, and also the -grains of air _too large_ to _enter_ and _divide_ the thing to be -_fermented_; by which means the _motion_ of its parts requisite to -_fermentation_ is prevented; but in air that is _too hot_, there must -be just the contrary effect, for there the parts of the thing to be -_fermented_ are so far _expanded_, and the air so _rarified_, as to -pass through the body with little or no obstruction, and of consequence -to produce little or no _intestine motion_ of its parts; and that -there is in _fermentations an intestine motion_ of the parts of a -_fermenting_ liquid, is easily discernible by the naked eye. This also -gives us the reason, why the _glow-worm_ shines only in the summer -months, when the air is greatly _rarified_, or _divided_, and then -requires but a small _motion_ to give it the form of _light_. - -The _light_ proceeding from _diamonds_ &c. seems to be easily accounted -for from the _motion_ of the _airs_; that there is a _perpetual motion_ -of the _airs_, may be proved by the following experiment. In a still -place, suppose a close darkened room, illuminated only by one small -hole in the window shutter; where, if a person at rest views the -enlightened current of air sideways, as it extends along the room, -he will perceive a _surprising motion_ of the dusty atoms therein, -_perpetually rolling and tossing_ about _with great rapidity_. This -_motion_ must be very _considerable_, as it is _perpetual_, and pushed -on with the power of _gravity_ in the air equal to a column of water -33 feet high. By this _action_ on _diamonds_, whose _pores_ are very -_small_, and the bodies themselves of such a _make_ and _hardness_, as -that, when the air is pressed on them with so great a _force_ as that -of the _incumbent atmosphere_, the air is _broke exceedingly small_, -and, by the continuance of the _pressure_, is sent off from the body -in form of _light_. We likewise find from experiments, that where -_diamonds_, or other bodies of that kind, have not their outward parts -of a proper _make_, or their _substance_ of a _sufficient hardness_ or -_closeness of parts_, to emit _light_ with no greater _force_, than the -pressure of the _atmosphere_ only, then this deficiency may be supplied -by _rubbing_; by which means the air is _ground_ to pieces, and emitted -in form of _light_, as is shewn in all electrical experiments. - -One great property of _light_, or, as it is commonly called the -_electrical effluvia_, is (as Mr. _Hauksbee_ has proved from many -experiments,) that it passes _through glass_, as water does through a -sieve, or as if no body of matter interposed. This _light_ of itself, -when _pure_, or _simple_, hurts or destroys no material bodies; -but when _pushed_ on by the following air with _great violence_, -and _meeting_ with a _great resistance_ from an impeding body, the -_conflict_ is so great, that if the following air _presses_ on with -_sufficient violence_, it _dissolves_ or _destroys_ the _solidity_ -of any material body. As all bodies become _solid_ according to the -_temperature_ of the surrounding air; some retaining their _solidity_ -in such a degree of _heat_, as _metals_ of most kinds; whilst others -require a particular degree of _cold_ before they become _solid_, -as _water_ &c. which when froze is as much a _solid_ as any thing -else--this proves that the _solidity_ of bodies depends on the -_temperature_ of the air, as will be more fully proved hereafter. - -The glass globe, with the electrical experiments, seems to give -a very clear idea in what manner the _sun_ is _supported_, how -this _terraqueous globe_ and the rest of the _planets_ are made to -_move_, and _continued in motion_; and also, what is the cause of -the _attraction_ of the _sun_, _earth_, _moon_ and the rest of the -_planets_. - -That the _sun_ is the chief, material, ruling agent, is very clearly -revealed; as are some of its chiefest actions on the planets and the -rest of the universe. For, in the sun we find a power of melting, -dividing and (with the assistance of the air) expanding and sending out -the air, first in form of _fire_, and afterwards in that of _light_; -which power seems to be so regulated, as to be able to reach the -extremities of the universe, where it is _congealed_, _condensed_, and -_returned_ back again to the _sun_, to be again _melted_, _divided_, -and sent out as before. This action seems to be represented by water -in a _still_, for there the fire, forcing its way through the water -contained in the _still_, carries off some of the watry particles with -it; and when it has reached the head of the _still_, if it has no -passage into the outward air, and the _action_ of the fire is not great -enough to break the _still_, it is by the coldness of the surrounding -air (or as is commonly the case by the coldness of water placed thereon -for that purpose) _condensed_ and _returned_ into the water contained -in the body of the _still_, there to be _rarified_, _expanded_, and -sent off in _steam_, as before. - -We must suppose the streams of _light_ to be always acting on one -side of this terraqueous globe, and there _dividing_, _expanding_ -and _rarifying_ the air; the consequence of which must be a kind of -_vacuum_, which is immediately filled by the _pressing in_ of the -_congealed air_ from the extremities; and as the earth is placed in -this fluid of airs, we may as easily conceive that the air pressing -in as above, must, with it, turn round the earth, in the same manner, -and with as much ease, as water does a common mill-wheel, or the air a -wind-mill. By these powers also the terraqueous globe is kept _solid_ -and _entire_; for, was this force once taken off, it would soon drop -to _atoms_, notwithstanding the pretended _attracting_ power of its -materials. - -To confirm what is here advanced, I shall bring an experiment (which -Mr. _Boyle_ has laid down as a paradox) which proves that this -terraqueous globe has no _attraction_, nor any _solid_, falling towards -it, any _gravitation_; but that all bodies _are forced_ to it by the -_incumbent atmosphere_, as much as water is _forced_ up a pump by it -(the atmosphere) which, till the time of the great Mr. _Boyle_, was -imagined to be performed by, what they called, the _suction_ of the -pump. But this is no more than has often happened in philosophy, where -when we cannot well account for any thing, we put the _effect for the -cause_. - -Mr. _Boyle_ found that a _solid body_, as _ponderous_ as any yet known, -though near the top of the water it would sink by _its own weight_, -yet if it be placed at a greater depth than twenty times its own -thickness, it will _not sink_, if its descent be not assisted by the -_weight_ of the _incumbent water_. To prove this, he gives us a curious -experiment, viz. by keeping off the _pressure_ of the water, from -the _top_ of the _sinking body_, and _sinking_ it to a proper depth, -he found, that the _most ponderous_ body would be _buoyed up_, and -_supported_ by the water only. See the 2d vol. of _Boulton_’s epitome, -pag. 305. This experiment shews us beyond all contradiction, that the -_earth_ has no power of _attraction_, nor a _descending body_ any power -of _gravitation_; for if it had, the farther it was sunk in the water, -the nearer it must be to the centre of the earth, and of consequence -the _attraction_ must be the greater; but this, we find, is contrary -to experience; so that the whole power of descending is impressed upon -it by the _air_, or by other bodies forced upon it by the _incumbent -air_. This experiment alone is more than sufficient to destroy the fine -theories of _attraction_ and _gravitation_; it also shews us how, and -by what means, two marble slabs, finely polished, are what they call -_attracted_ to each other, and require a great force to separate them; -a force in proportion to the breadth of the slabs; but this has been -shewn by other experiments to be nothing but the _pressure_ of the -_air_, or _atmosphere_; for put them into an air pump, and extract the -_gross air_, and they will immediately separate from each other. - -One reason, which seems to have led us into the mistake that the -_solidity_, or _firmness_ of bodies is not caused by the _air_, has -been, that, for the generality, we consider the _air_, or _atmosphere_ -as _pressing_ only _downwards_; for if we had considered that it -_presseth_ equally _every way_, as well as _downwards_, (as _Boerhaave_ -in his chym. by _Shaw_, vol. 1. p. 389. has shew by the following -experiment) I believe we should not have overlooked that force, or have -thought it insufficient for this operation. “Fill three glass vessels, -the one of a cylindrical figure, the other conical, the third bellied -with a cylindrical neck; let these be filled to the brim with fair -water, and covered with a single piece of paper, so as to touch the -surface of the water, and by pressing it down with the hand, prevent -the external air insinuating between the paper and the water; if the -glasses be now inverted, whilst the paper remains close with the palm -of the hand, and the hand be afterwards gently withdrawn, the water -will still remain in the glasses. The same holds true, though the -glasses be held horizontal, or in any other position.” As the cause of -the _solidity_ or _firmness_ of bodies is the _pressure_ of the _air_ -or _atmosphere_, so likewise it must depend on the _make_ and _size_ of -the _pores_ of such bodies; for bodies whose _pores_ are _smallest_, -must be acted upon with a greater power than those whose _pores_ -are _largest_, or whose _pores_ are so _large_ as not only to admit -_light_, but also _common air_ into them. This Mr. _Hauksbee_ proves by -a curious experiment, for having placed two brass hemispheres, of 3-1/2 -inches diameter, upon each other, and then extracting the gross air out -of them by the air pump, and by these means taking off the _resistance_ -of the _common air_ that was _within_ the two brass hemispheres, he -says, it required 140 pound weight to separate them; this experiment -with that of the two marble slabs before mentioned, is a demonstration -of the _power_ that keeps _solid bodies_ from _falling_ to _pieces_. -And even, if these slabs are not so _perfectly smooth_, yet the weting -them with water, which prevents the gross air from _entering_, will -produce the like effect. That solids _expand_ themselves by _heat_ or -_fire_, is proved by heating an iron rod in the fire: in which case, -it is always found to be _bigger_ and _longer_ when _hot_ than _cold_; -and it was the opinion of _Boerhaave_, that cold _consolidates_ all -those that are called firm bodies; that is, brings that part, which -we call _body_ in them, into a _less compass_ than before, and thus -_unites_ the matter thereof more closely together: by which means the -_cohesion_ of the whole mass is usually increased; which makes what we -call, _strength_ and _firmness_ in bodies. - -Having shewn that _solid bodies_ have no power either of _attraction_ -or _gravitation_, and that their _firmness_ or _solidity_ depends on -the _pressure_ of the _atmosphere_; I shall now endeavour to shew, from -electrical experiments, how, and by what means they _descend_ towards -the earth. - -What is called the _attraction_ of the _earth_ seems to be performed -in the same manner as that of the _glass globe_ in electricity; the -explaining of which will give us a clear idea, by what means _heavy -bodies_ are _forced_ towards the terraqueous globe. In accounting for -this electrical _attraction_, Mr. _Hauksbee_ seems to be very clear; -for, says he, “if by the heat and rarefaction, consequent upon the -attrition, the medium contiguous to the glass be made specifically -lighter; then of course, to keep up the ballance, the remoter air, -which is denser, must press in towards the tube, and so carry away (in -the torrent) the little bodies lying in its way, thither also. The -various irregularities in the excitation, or the emission and discharge -of the electrical matter or light from the tube (which will be followed -with proportional irregularities, in the motion and tendency of the -denser air, towards the glass globe, by the hydrostatical laws) may -be sufficient to account for the various uncertain motions of the -little bodies carried towards the glass globe.” This account of Mr. -_Hauksbee_’s being so very clear, it is a little surprising that he -should allow the power of _attraction_ to matter, as in some places he -does; for this is no more than in other words, telling us, that the -air round the ball is _divided_ and _rubbed_ or _ground_ to pieces by -the _friction_ between the glass globe and your hand, and thereby made -to _expand_ itself; so the air pressing in to make up that deficiency, -forces every thing towards the glass globe, that by its number of -particles is not able to withstand the _current_ of _air_, pressing -towards the globe. So in like manner near the surface of the earth, the -sun-beams being _reflected_ by the terraqueous globe, must by these -means be in a greater quantity near the surface of the earth, than at a -distance from it; and so _divide_, _expand_ and _rarify_ the air near -its surface, which _rarified_ or _divided_ air is forced off from the -earth on all sides, by the _pressing_ in of the air from above, which -must of consequence _drive_ every thing before it, towards the earth. -By which we find, that the cause of bodies _descending_ towards the -earth, is not from any _property_ either of the _earth_ or of the -_descending bodies_; but that these are _forced_ towards that, by the -surrounding _air_, in its said _motion_. - -To prove that this is the method by which, in electricity, bodies are -forced towards the glass globe, I shall bring an experiment or two from -Mr. _Hauksbee_; and as these experiments prove to a certainty, that -this is the manner of the _attraction_ in _electricity_, it will give -us little room to doubt, but that the _attraction_ of the _earth_ is -performed in the same manner. - -Mr. _Hauksbee_ observed, that the _electrical effluvia_ were not only -perceiveable by sight; but also, if the hand was held near the tube, -seemed to make such sort of strokes upon the skin, as a number of fine -limber hairs pushing against it might be supposed to do: and in order -to find whether the electrical _attraction_ was regular and uniform, -he made the following curious experiment, shewing that all bodies, not -too heavy, are _forced_ (or, as is commonly supposed, _attracted_) to -a cylindrical glass, equally all round, if these bodies are, as _they -term it_, within the sphere of its activity. - -This experiment seemed to affect Mr. _Hauksbee_ so much, that (speaking -of electricity) he says, “it affords us a sort of _representation_ of -the _great phænomena_ of the _universe_.” Page 53. - -[Illustration] - -“For, says he, having observed (in electricity) that light bodies, -placed near any part of the rubbed cylinder, seemed to be equally -attracted, I contrived a semicircle of wire, which I could fasten at -a constant distance, making it encompass the upper semi-cylindrical -surface of the glass, at 4 or 5 inches distance. This wire had -several pieces of woollen threads fastened to it at pretty near equal -distances. The length of them was such, that being extended in a -direction towards the center of that imaginary circle, on the surface -of the glass, in the plane of which the wire was placed; they would -then reach within an inch of the circumference of that circle: but -if left to their own liberty, they hung in that parallel portion -represented, fig. 1. The cylinder was placed with its axis parallel to -the horizon; and in this posture, it was turned swiftly round; and -then by the rapid motion and agitation of the surrounding air, the -threads were placed into such portions, as are expressed fig. 2. viz. -they were all lifted up and bent upwards from the axis of the cylinder. - -“All this while, there was only the swift motion of the cylinder -round its axis, without any attrition, but now when I came to apply -my hand to the lower part of the glass (so swiftly whirled about) -and consequently to add attrition to the former motion; the threads -presently began to change their direction, and all harmoniously pointed -to the center of the circle, in whose plane the wire was placed, as -in fig. 3. neither were they at all disordered or flung out of that -position, by the wind occasioned by that violent motion (but as if -there had been no such hurry of air about them) they still persisted -in their central direction; I found I could by shifting the place of -the attrition hither or thither, draw the threads towards this or that -end of the cylinder; but yet they all still went uniformly converging -towards some center in the axis of it; so that they formed themselves -into a sort of conical surface. - -“Farther, if the wire with its loose threads was reverted, so as to -encompass the lower part of the cylinder (as before it did the upper -part) yet the effect still answered with the same exactness. For the -threads were all erected into so many strait lines, still directing -themselves towards a center in the axis of the glass. - -“Hitherto the axis of the cylinder was placed horizontally; in the next -place I set it in a vertical position, so that it stood perpendicular -to the plane of the horizon; in which case I made use of a wire hoop, -which was necessary to be placed parallel to the horizon, that it might -encompass the cylinder, in the same manner as the semicircular wire did -before: only one small part of this wire was left open, to make way -for the touch of the hand, which was to give the attrition. And the -wire being thus placed, it was evident that the threads (without some -external force to support them) must all flag and hang perpendicularly -downwards. Yet, as soon as the motion and attrition were given, the -threads presently began to be extended; and as if they were become -stiff and hard, formed themselves into an horizontal plane; their loose -ends pointing to a center in the axis of the glass, as before. - -“And thus (in all sorts of positions whatsoever, both of the wire and -of the glass too) were the threads acted upon by a sort of centripetal -force; to the laws of which they were always conformable.” See -_Hauksbee_’s experiments, page 53 &c. - -It may be observed in this experiment, that the _attractive_ power of -bodies does not lie in _solids_, as has been falsly imagined, neither -have such bodies any _centripetal_ or _centrifugal_ force; but that -this _power_ and _force_ are given them from _without_. For, on placing -the wire with the threads round the cylinder, they were all _forced_ -(or as it is often called, _attracted_) towards the _earth_; but, on -giving a _violent motion_ to the cylinder, they were drove from the -cylinder, as if forced by a strong wind; but, by applying the hand to -the glass cylinder, they were recalled, and all pointed to a center -in the axis of the cylinder: and this _central_ direction might be -altered at any time, by only moving the hand to different parts of -the cylinder; the threads always pointing to the place where the -_attrition_ was made: by which we find, that the _central_ force, both -of the cylinder and the threads, are caused by the _attrition_ of the -_air_ between your hand and the cylinder; whereas, at any other time, -they are quite inactive: so we are assured that these _central_ forces -which have been imagined to be _within_ the _solid_, are not there, but -in the _air without it_. - -On putting something between any of the threads and the cylinder; then, -those threads would return to their first and _natural position_, viz. -point towards the center of the earth. So, as Mr. _Hauksbee_ observes, -“in these small orbs of matter we have some little resemblances of the -_grand phænomena_ of the _universe_.” - -Another thing observable was, “that by putting these threads within a -glass, when they became extended, this position of the threads would be -altered at any time on the approach of one’s hand, finger, or any other -body, to the surface of the glass.” This is sufficient proof that the -_light_, or as it is generally called, the _electrical effluvia pass_ -through the _glass_, with as much ease as water does through a sieve. - -One thing which seemed a little surprising to Mr. _Hauksbee_ was, that -upon exhausting the _gross air_ out of the tube or globe made use of -in electricity, what he called the power of _attraction_, would cease; -but upon suffering the air again to enter, it returned as vigorous as -before. This must be the case; for (as was before observed) whenever -the gross air is extracted by an air pump, the fluid remaining is -nothing but _light_. So, whenever this attrition is performed on an -exhausted globe (for want of the resistance of the gross air within, to -force off the particles of air ground so small as _light_, and thereby -to make an _expansion_ or _rarefaction_ round the glass globe, which -has been shewn to be the cause of light bodies being _forced_ towards -the globe) these particles of _light_ do immediately enter the globe on -one side, and _force_ out the same quantity on the other; in the same -manner as water through a sieve, without ever making any _expansion_ or -_rarefaction_. - -Having thus shewn how and by what means the _fire_ and _light_ in -electricity are produced; our next inquiry must be, why some bodies -communicate this _light_ to ever so great a distance, and that -instantaneously; whilst others will not; and also, why some bodies are -_electrical_ and others _non-electrical_. - -_Electrical bodies_ are those, whose _pores_ are so _fine_, as to admit -nothing through them but _light_, or air ground to a proper fitness; -as _metalls_, _glass_, _amber_, _wax_ &c. Bodies _non-electrical_, are -all those, which, by the _largeness_ of their _pores_, admit, not only -_light_ but also _gross air_. - -We see, when the air is _ground_ to pieces by an electrical machine, -and _put_ into _sufficient motion_, by the _friction_ between the glass -globe and the hand, a wire being hung from the iron barrel, so as very -near to touch the ball, part of the _light_ issuing from the ball, -as above described, _enters_ the wire, and is by it communicated to -the iron barrel, and from thence _carried_ by _another wire_ to any -distance, if not interrupted by some _non-electrical_ body: to the end -of which, by a third wire is hung an egg; as soon as the globe is put -in _motion_, and warm spirit of wine is placed so as to touch the egg, -the spirit of wine will immediately take fire from the contact of the -egg. - -It has been already proved, that when the globe is put in _motion_, and -your hand is applied to it, it _grinds_ to pieces the air between the -globe and the hand, and so _rarefies_ and _expands_ it, and sends it -off with great force, in the same manner, as _light_ is sent from any -body of _fire in action_; as may be seen, if the electrical machine is -set at work in the dark; when the emission from the glass globe will -appear lucid. - -The wires which are hung over the glass globe, by the _smallness_ of -their _pores_, admitting nothing through them but _light_, and light -being a body so _subtil_, as to penetrate the _pores_ of all other -bodies, even to the very center of the earth; the _interstices_ of the -_wires_ are filled with it from one end to the other. - -As the _light_ is one continued body, throughout the whole extent of -the wire, the _force_ it receives at the end next the glass globe, is -_immediately_, and at the _same instant_ of time, communicated to the -other end, let the _length_ or _extent_ of the wire be ever so great. -As, for example, a pipe of any length, being filled with any sort -of fluid, as water; if you force in more water at one end, the same -moment, and in the same quantity, it will be forced out at the other. - -By these experiments in electricity, we find that _fire_ and _light_ -are produced as has been before observed, only by _breaking_ the air -to pieces, and putting it in _motion_; and that _fire_ and _light_ are -in _all_ bodies, water and ice not excepted; for, if a piece of ice is -hung at the end of the wire, it will set fire to spirit of wine, as -well as an egg. - -The iron wire by the _closeness_ of its _pores_ prevents the -surrounding air from entering it, and by that means at the same time -forms a kind of _canal_ for the _light_ to pass through. - -Having thus as I conceive, given a tolerable clear account, and, I -hope, a true one, how and by what means, the various _phænomena_ in -electricity are produced; I suppose, it will not be a very difficult -task, to form a judgment, what disorders electrical operations are -likely to be applied to, with hopes of service; as also in what others -they are likely to be detrimental. - -As the _heat_ and _redness_ of the _blood_, may be easily proved, to -be in proportion to the _quantity_ and _motion_ of the _light_ it -contains; so, wherever the blood is _heated_ to a great degree, as in -_fevers_, _Inflammations_ of all kinds &c. there we are to expect the -worst and most pernicious consequences, from the use of electricity. - -But, on the contrary, as the nerves have been proved to act by a -subtil fluid that passes through them, and that they, by the closeness -of their pores, will not admit a fluid to pass through them, whose -particles are much larger than those of _light_; the consequences we -must often expect from such a make, must be obstructions; and as the -_light_ in electricity is forced through our bodies and nerves, with -great violence, it seems very reasonable to think, that where these -obstructions are not too violent, there they may be broken through and -removed by its power, of which we have had many instances, especially -in palsies. - -This is also confirmed by the success of the present practice of -physick; for, the greatest relief, in these cases, is always found to -proceed from _volatile_ and _penetrating_ medicines. But, care should -be taken, not to administer electricity, to a person of weak and -decayed nerves, instead of one whose nerves are obstructed. - - -_FINIS._ - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's A Treatise on Electricity, by Francis Penrose - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY *** - -***** This file should be named 60392-0.txt or 60392-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/3/9/60392/ - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, MWS and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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-} - - </style> - </head> -<body> - - -<pre> - -The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Treatise on Electricity, by Francis Penrose - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll -have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using -this ebook. - - - -Title: A Treatise on Electricity - Wherein its various phænomena are accounted for, and the - cause of the attraction and gravitation of solids, assigned. - To which is added, a short account, how the electrical - effluvia act upon the animal frame, and in what disorders - the same may probably be applied with success, and in what - not. - -Author: Francis Penrose - -Release Date: September 30, 2019 [EBook #60392] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY *** - - - - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, MWS and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<p><b><a id="Transcribers_notes"></a>Transcriber’s notes</b>:</p> -<p>The text of this e-book has been preserved in its original form, -including inconsistent archaic spelling and capitalisation, and -use of italics.</p> - -<p class="epubonly">The cover image of the book was created by the -transcriber and is placed in the public domain.</p> -</div> - -<div class="titlepage"> - -<h1><span class="t1">A</span> - -<span class="t2">TREATISE</span> - -<span class="t1">ON</span> - -<span class="t3">ELECTRICITY:</span></h1> - -<div class="tp1">WHEREIN</div> - -<div class="tp2">Its various <i>phænomena</i> are accounted for, and the -cause of the <i>attraction</i> and <i>gravitation</i> of solids, -assigned.</div> - -<div class="tp1">TO WHICH IS ADDED,</div> - -<div class="tp2 pb1">A short account, how the electrical <i>effluvia</i> act -upon the animal frame, and in what disorders -the same may probably be applied with success, -and in what not.</div> - -<hr class="r70" /> -<div class="tp3">By <span class="ls02em">FRANCIS PENROSE</span><br /> -Surgeon at <i>Bicester</i>.</div> -<hr class="r70" /> - -<div class="tp4">They who are universally allowed the very greatest, and -wisest of men, have been, and still are, intent upon -the making of <i>observations</i>, and <i>experiments</i>: and surely -that must be in order to some further end. These would -be vain, and wholely useless, were not some reflections -made, some conclusions drawn, some theory or hypothesis -raised from them.</div> - -<p class="tac"><i>Woodward</i>’s state of <i>physick</i> and of <i>diseases</i>, p. 55.</p> - -<hr class="r70 mt4em" /> -<div class="tp3 mt1em ls02em"><i>OXFORD</i>,</div> - -<div class="tp5 pb5">Printed at the <span class="smcap ls01em">Theatre</span> for <span class="smcap ls01em">Sackville Parker</span>, -Bookseller at <i>Oxford</i>, and <span class="smcap ls01em">W. Owen</span>, at <i>Homer’s Head, Temple-Bar, -London</i>. <span class="nowrap">M DCC LII.</span></div> -</div> - - -<hr class="r70" /> -<hr class="r70" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" title="3"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3"></a></span></p> - - - - -<p class="tac mt3em lh3em"> -<span class="fs140 ls05em">ON</span><br /> -<span class="fs180 ls05em">ELECTRICITY</span>. -</p> - - -<p class="dropcap">T<span class="smcap">he</span> many surprising effects of <i>electricity</i>, -and the great cures performed by -it, one would imagine, should awaken -the attention of all philosophers -and physicians; but as these cures have been effected -by random experiments, every body has -admired, but no body seems to have considered -how, or by what means, they were performed. -Whence</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding all these surprising <i>phænomena</i>, -from which many have entertained hopes -of a great addition to the healing art; yet not -one tolerable account has been given, how, or -from what cause, these <i>phænomena</i> proceeded; -except what has been done by Mr. <i>Freke</i>, surgeon -to <i>Bartholomew hospital</i>; whose admirable piece -shews the great penetration of its worthy author, -with whom I shall join in thinking “it may possibly -be the beginning of much good.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="4"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4"></a></span></p> - -<p>One would think, this silence, on so interesting -a subject, <i>in this enlightened age</i>, can proceed -from nothing but a prejudice in favour of wrong -principles of philosophy: That this is certainly -the taste of the present age, M. <i>Freke</i> seems very -well convinced; for, at the end of his pamphlet, -he takes notice of a show-man, who, “having -published some experiments in electricity, and -hearing that Mr. <i>Freke</i>’s piece was publishing, -own’d, he was much affrightened, because of -the hard fate, as he said, of his booksellers; -but, before he had read two pages, he likewise -owned he had recovered his spirits, when he -found Mr. <i>Freke</i> pretended to think for himself, -and did not let Sr. <i>Isaac Newton</i> think for -him.”</p> - -<p>Now, if all persons would take the same freedom -of thinking for themselves, as Mr. <i>Freke</i> -has done, I doubt not but we should soon be -as much ashamed of mentioning the <i>attraction</i> -of <i>gravitation</i>, and the <i>attraction</i> of <i>cohesion</i> -&c. as we now are of the <i>occult qualities</i> of the -ancient philosophers; and should perhaps, then -agree with him, when, speaking of electricity, -he says, that “it is a subject which can, with -more nobleness and dignity, employ the mind -of man, than any he can think of, relating to -the sublunary part of the world. For by it -<span class="pagenum" title="5"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a></span>you may be acquainted with the immediate -officer of God Almighty, which he seems to -send to all things living: Nay, this power, (according -to his conception,) seems to be the -cause, under <span class="smcap ls01em">Him</span>, both of life and death. -And when it may be more fully understood, it -may afford us means, whereby we may be better -enabled to reason more intelligibly, than -now we can, concerning various operations in -nature.” Therefore,</p> - -<p>In the following essay, I shall endeavour to -shew,</p> - -<p>I. How, and from whence, this electrical fire -and force are produced; in doing of which I -shall make some observations, in order to shew -that we may form a more exact idea of most of -the great operations of that complete machine, -the universe, from electrical experiments, than -can be attained by any other means: I shall also -produce some experiments which demonstrate, -that the terraqueous globe has no <i>attraction</i>; nor -a solid body, falling towards the earth, any <i>gravitation</i>; -after which, I shall bring other experiments -to prove what is the cause of <i>solidity</i>, and -by what means bodies <i>gravitate</i> towards the -earth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="6"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a></span></p> - -<p>II. How this electrical fire and force act upon -the animal frame, and in what disorders they are -likely to be of benefit, and in what not.</p> - -<p>I. We are certain, that this electrical fire is -produced, either from the glass globe, or the -air that surrounds it. As to the glass globe, -Mr. <i>Freke</i> has fully proved it cannot proceed from -that; “Because nothing, we know of, can send -out of it a quantity of matter, but there must -be less of that matter remaining, after it has -been so discharged; whereas it cannot be -shewn, but that the glass globe, after ever so -many times using, remains as fit for the same -use, as at first.” From hence we assert, that -this fire must proceed from the surrounding air -being acted upon by the glass globe; and our inquiry -must be, how, and by what means, fire -is produced by the glass globe being made to act -upon the air by which inquiry we shall find, -that <i>air</i>, <i>light</i>, and <i>fire</i> are of the <i>same substance</i>, -or <i>essence</i>; only differently modified, and appointed -for performing different actions: that air -(by being divided or broke to pieces) produces -light; and, if that action is still encreased, it -produces fire. Now as the greatest friction or attrition -are necessary to produce fire, so fire, when -it is once produced, having received the greatest -force, of consequence <i>acts</i> with the greatest force;<span class="pagenum" title="7"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a></span> -and light, with a less; so, wherever there is the -greatest quantity of these small particles of air, -(which we call by the name of fire) in proportion -to what we call gross air, there the action -must be the greatest; by which means the said -fire or light will expand itself, ’till, by mixing -with what we call gross air, it becomes of an uniformity -with it. Now therefore, as experiments -are the sure way either of proving or disproving -any <i>hypothesis</i>; so, to illustrate this, I -shall produce some experiments both from Mr. -<i>Freke</i>, and other authors of unblemished credit, -which prove that air is convertible into light and -fire, and also that light and fire are convertible -back again into air; and likewise, as some parts -of the air are present in all places and things, -that therefore, whenever a violent action either of -solids or fluids is brought on, there light, fire, -or heat, are produced.</p> - -<p>To prove this, Mr. <i>Freke</i> has brought, two -very simple, common, but good experiments—First, -if you slide a wax thread, or small rope, -through your fingers, it will burn them; so likewise -fire is produced, by rubbing two hard bodies -together, or two sticks; or, as is very often -the case, a cart or coach wheel will take fire, -for want of grease.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="8"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a></span></p> - -<p>Another no small proof of this, is what Mr. -<i>Freke</i> has mentioned, viz. that in the year 1703, -in the night of the great hurricane and high -wind, in the strongest part of the tempest, great -quantities of fire were seen passing swiftly over -the hills in the neighbourhood of <i>Warham</i> in <i>Dorsetshire</i>. -The cause of which fire seems very easily -accounted for, according to the above theory, -which might otherwise perhaps, elude the searches -of our greatest philosophers: for in this phænomenon -it is plain, that the attrition of the particles -of the air was so great by the motion of the -wind, as to produce fire or light. Mr. <i>Freke</i> has -some other observations, which much strengthen -the above theory, viz. that in tempestuous weather, -at sea, great flakes of fire are frequently -seen passing, not only in the air, but on the water. -The like is also observed, in the night time, -when the surface of the water is disturbed with -the feathering of oars, or by a vessel or boat passing -swiftly through it. This light or fire <i>in -storms</i> is no new observation; for Mr. <i>Boyle</i> says, -it is common in storms for the fire called <i>Helena</i>, -<i>Castor</i>, and <i>Pollux</i>, to hover about the masts of -ships. And, indeed,</p> - -<p>To shew that fire or heat are produced in any -place, or thing, where there is a sufficient motion, -seems not to be very difficult; for water is<span class="pagenum" title="9"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a></span> -the opposite to fire; and yet, by mixing water -and spirit of wine <i>suddenly</i> together, a heat ensues; -and this will happen if they have been separated -ever so often; but this heat vanishes again -after they are mixed, or as soon as the <i>motion</i> -of their parts ceases. The like will happen -by mixing salt of tartar and water. This phænomenon -seems to proceed from the disposition -and texture of the salt; whose pores are made of -such a proper size, that, on receiving the water -by the pressure of the atmosphere into them, the -texture of the salt may be thereby broken, and its -parts put <i>into motion</i>; which <i>motion</i> causes an <i>attrition</i> -of the air, and so produces a sensible -heat.</p> - -<p><i>Boerhaave</i> has another observation, which -seems to prove to a demonstration, that fire or -heat is caused by an <i>attrition</i> of the air; which -observation I shall give in his own words. “A -cannon ball, shot in the winter time, will fly -600 feet in a minute through the cold air, -which makes a greater resistance than any -wind, the most rapid of which only moves -<span class="nowrap">22 <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">2</span></span></span> feet; hence it appears how much <i>friction</i> -the ball must have undergone in its passage, -which by the way did not proceed in a right -line, but by its whirling motion continually -describes a cycloid with every point of its body. -<span class="pagenum" title="10"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a></span>When it falls, it is found quite hot; notwithstanding -in its whole passage, it had continually -met with cold air. This heat could not -have arisen from the flaming gunpowder, -whereby it was exploded, since it only remained -in that flame, an incredible small space of -time, in which it is by no means credible so -solid a body should have acquired such a heat; -which is much more naturally accounted for -from the great attrition of the ball, driven with -such a velocity through the air, and repelled by -a wind, which is above 27 times swifter than -the strongest wind hitherto observed.” <i>Boerhaave</i>’s -Chym. by <i>Shaw</i>, Vol. 1. pag. 244.</p> - -<p>I shall mention one more experiment from -Mr. <i>Boyle</i>, which proves that <i>air</i> is not only convertible -into <i>light</i>; but that it may afterwards be -forced through glass, and thereby the same <i>vacuum</i> -be made that is by an air pump. “Liquid -phosphorus being put into a vial, when it was -disposed to shine in the dark, the cavity of the -vial above the liquor seemed to be full of whitish -fumes, though at other times transparent. -The vial, when close stopped, was not luminous -in the dark, but the light or flame appeared -as soon as it was exposed to the air, and -the vial was unstopped; and that the occasion -and propagation of this flame depended on the -<span class="pagenum" title="11"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a></span>contact of the air, appeared, since agitation -would not kindle it, but when the bottle was -unstopped, the kindled flame would gradually -be propagated downwards; the flame always -appeared most vivid the nearer the air, and -when it was extinguished, it first disappeared -in the bottom, and then expired at the top. -When the Vial was unstopped for some time, -when it was stopped again, the air that had leisurely -insinuated itself would cherish the flame -for an hour or two. It was observable, that -when the air had been long pent up with this -shining liquor, its resistance would be so weakened, -that when the vial was unstopped, the -external air would presently rush in with violence, -from whence appears the interest of the -air in propagating the shining of this liquor. -The agitation before the vial was unstopped -would not kindle the light; yet when it was -opened, it would be increased by it, and even -when it was in its dull state, if I poured a little -of it upon my hand, and rubbed it with -my finger, it would presently become vivid, -and emit store of luminous rays, as well as -fumes very offensive to the nostrils; and when -I ceased to rub, and the luminous quality was -lost, it would be renewed again by a repeated -attrition; but in a little time its lucid virtue -<span class="pagenum" title="12"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a></span>would decay,” <i>Boulton</i>’s Epitome of <i>Boyle</i>’s -works, vol. 2. pag. 246. From these experiments -it may be observed, that this liquid phosphorus -could not be made to emit light, without -a communication with the air, not even by -the utmost agitation; though when it had a free -communication with the air, a small agitation -greatly increased the quantity and strength of the -light; that, whenever the air was admitted to -join it, a violent intestine motion came on, by -which motion or attrition, light was not only -produced, but also a great deal of the liquid was -carried off by it; which might be perceived either -by the sight, or smell. And when the vial -had been long without a cork, by which means -it was filled to the utmost with air, the light -would continue a considerable time after the vial -was stopped. We likewise find, that, after the -vial has been stopped some time, and the liquor -has acted upon the air as much as it possibly can, -there is not only a less quantity of gross air than -there was when the vial was first stopped, but -that there is the same <i>vacuum</i> as is made by the -air pump; for as soon as ever it is unstopped, the -air presseth in with violence, the fluid above the -phosphorus (within the vial) being of a more -subtle nature than the air without.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="13"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a></span></p> - -<p>This experiment seems sufficiently to prove, -that air and light are of the same essence or substance; -for we are certain that gross air entered -the vial, and, when it was first stopped, the quantity -of gross air was of an uniformity with the -air without the vial; but at its being opened, we -are assured, there was a less quantity than when -it was first stopped; for the air without presseth -in with the same violence it does into the exhausted -receiver of an air-pump; by which we -may be assured, that some parts of the air have -passed the vial in form of <i>light</i>; and, as the -pores of the glass are not big enough to admit -gross air to return, the consequence must be, that -there is a less quantity of gross air in the vial at -the opening, than there was, when it was first -stopped.</p> - -<p>Fire and light are easily proved to be dispersed -through the whole air, from the immediate action -of <i>speculums</i>; and that air itself is of the -same substance with fire seems very plain; for -as fire cannot subsist without air, (and in proportion -to the quantity of air forced into the -fire, in such proportion will be the force of the -fire;) so, neither can fire act but on the outside -of bodies next the air; for even the most inflammable -bodies can only catch fire on their outermost -surface contiguous to the air; and fire in<span class="pagenum" title="14"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a></span> -action, if immerged in a body of the most inflammable -matter, so as to leave no lighted part -above such surface in the air, will be so far from -kindling the inflammable body, that itself will -be extinguished. Thus “if a flaming brimstone -match be plunged into the highest rectified spirit -of wine, the spirit of wine will extinguish -it as intirely, as if dipped in cold water; it -will also extinguish a live burning sparkling -coal; but in the former experiment, if the least -bit of the burning match remains above the -spirit of wine, it will then catch fire, and the -flame will presently spread over the whole surface.” -This is an experiment of the great <i>Boerhaave</i>, -in the first vol. of his chymistry, by -<i>Shaw</i>, pag. 316.</p> - -<p>All these experiments, I think, prove to a -certainty, that air is convertible into light. I shall -now bring one experiment, from <i>Boerhaave</i>, -Vol. 1. p. 998. which proves, that fire or light -may be changed into air.</p> - -<p>“If a spherical glass vial be kept in a glass-house -furnace, till ready to melt, and then be -hermetically sealed in that heat, and suffered -to cool; if now, it be held inverted, under -cold water, and the end of the neck be carefully -broken off, the water will be violently -forced into it, and fill the glass, but so as to -<span class="pagenum" title="15"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a></span>leave a bubble of true elastic air at the bottom.”</p> - -<p>The above experiments prove, that, whenever -air is sufficiently divided or broken to pieces, -light is produced; so that the light or heat in -electricity, is no other than, we find, may be -produced several other ways. For the air being -violently rubbed or ground to pieces between -your hand and the glass globe, whirled briskly -about, the air between your hand and the globe -is ground so small as to be in the form of <i>light</i>, -which is expanded or sent off from the glass -globe in the same manner as <i>light</i> from a candle, -or other luminous body; which emission is continually -supplied by the common air pressing in -between the rays of <i>light</i>, emitted from the glass -ball. That this is the method, by which it acts, -seems very clear: for you may not only hear the -hissing noise of the air pressing towards the globe, -but also plainly feel the air with your hand, near -the globe or tube.</p> - -<p>The chief reason (and what has been our -great misfortune) that we have not been able to -discover the cause of electricity, seems to be the -leaving that philosophy, which has been <i>revealed</i> -to us, and putting in its stead <i>theories</i> of <i>our own -invention</i>. For, if we had considered (from the -<i>revealed</i> account that is given us of the formation -of <span class="pagenum" title="16"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a></span>light) the <i>method</i> of its <i>first</i> production, we should -not be at such a loss to account for that light in -electricity, as we hitherto seem to have been; -for we are <i>there</i> told, that the <i>heavens</i>, or airs, -were created in a state of <i>darkness</i>, or inactivity; -and that the first thing God did, was to cause a -<i>motion</i>, or <i>wind</i> amongst the airs; which <i>motion</i> -was to <i>continue</i>, and <i>encrease</i>, till it produced -<i>light</i>; and, after this <i>light</i> was produced, God -called it <i>Day</i>, or as it is expressed in the original, -<i>tumultuousness</i>; it being produced from the -impetuous or violent motion of the airs: and the -<i>darkness</i> he called <i>night</i>, or, as it is likewise expressed, -the time when this <i>languishes</i> or <i>decays</i>; -for the <i>congealing</i> or <i>thickning</i> of the air, by which -<i>darkness</i> is produced, is in proportion as the -<i>force</i> of the <i>light</i> abates.</p> - -<p>By all which, I think, we may be assured, -that the <i>light</i>, and all the <i>phænomena</i> produced in -electricity, are caused by a violent <i>friction</i> or -<i>grinding</i> of the grains of air between the glass -globe and the hand.</p> - -<p>To illustrate and prove, that this is the method -by which the electrical <i>light</i> is produced, I -shall bring some experiments, from Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i>, -which, I imagine, will make it indisputable. -In his first and second experiments, he shews us, -that by dropping mercury on a glass in an exhausted<span class="pagenum" title="17"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a></span> -receiver, the <i>action</i> of the mercury on -that subtil fluid gives the mercury the appearance -of fire; but observes, that in all these experiments -on mercury, no <i>light</i> is to be obtained -without <i>motion</i>, and that the same motion which -produced this light in <i>vacuo</i>, did not produce it, -when given to mercurial globules in <i>open air</i>. -This experiment shews us, that there was a larger -quantity of <i>light</i> in the exhausted receiver -than when it was filled with common air; nay -farther, that the <i>subtil fluid</i> contained in the exhausted -receiver, was <i>light</i>; but, for want of <i>motion</i>, -was not perceptible by our senses; but by -so small a motion as that of the descending mercury, -it was pushed forward in the same manner, -as <i>light</i> from a candle, or other luminous -bodies. We also find, that the same experiments -performed in an <i>unexhausted</i> receiver, would not -produce the <i>phænomenon</i> of <i>light</i>; which one -might easily suppose to be the case. For in the -<i>exhausted</i> receiver, any the least <i>motion</i>, that is -sufficient to <i>push</i> this subtil fluid (<i>light</i>) from one -place to another must give us the perception of -<i>light</i>; but in the <i>unexhausted</i> receiver the <i>motion</i> -or <i>friction</i> must be great enough, not only to -<i>push</i> the air from place to place, but also to <i>break -it</i> so small, as to be in form of <i>light</i>: which he -shews us by his third, fourth, and fifth experiments<span class="pagenum" title="18"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a></span> -to be the case; for by these experiments he -produced <i>light</i> in an <i>unexhausted</i> receiver; but -then the <i>motion</i> or <i>agitation</i> was required to -be much <i>greater</i> than that which produced <i>light</i> -in <i>vacuo</i>. The difference of these two <i>lights was -very considerable</i>, and consisted particularly in this, -that the luminous particles are <i>distinct</i> and <i>separate</i> -in the experiment performed in the <i>open air</i>; -and <i>united</i> and <i>blended</i> into one continued body -of <i>light</i>, in the other experiments in <i>vacuo</i>; -which difference proves to a demonstration, that -the exhausted receiver was full of nothing but -<i>light</i>; for, on shaking the mercury therein, the -whole body of the receiver seemed to be <i>one continued -body of light</i>; but on shaking the mercury -with ever so great a violence in the common -air, it seemed full only of <i>little</i>, <i>bright</i>, <i>twinkling -sparks</i>; and not one continued body, as in <i>vacuo</i>. -For, as the appearance of <i>light</i> is produced in -the common air, by the <i>friction</i> of the mercury -against the glass receiver, <i>breaking</i> or <i>grinding</i> -the air to pieces (which small particles put on -the form of <i>light</i>) so, when the common air -<i>presses</i> in between these small particles, the appearance -must be, and cannot be otherwise than -is shewn by these experiments.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="19"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a></span></p> - -<p>These many and various experiments abundantly -prove, that <i>light</i> is produced as above described; -and not, as the generality of people have -imagined (from that mistaken notion of <i>action</i> -being performed by <i>solids</i> and not by <i>fluids</i>) that -this electrical <i>light</i> proceeded from the glass -globe, emitting, what they call, <i>electrical effluvia</i>, -which has been shewn before to be impossible; -because if any quantity of matter sends off part -of its own body, there must be less of that body -remaining, than before the above matter was -sent off, which we find is not the case of the -glass globe; and to prove that it does not, I shall -bring one experiment more from Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> -which will put it beyond doubt.</p> - -<p>Pag. 27. he shews us, that by a violent <i>attrition</i> -of <i>woollen</i> against <i>woollen</i> in <i>vacuo</i>, he produced -<i>light</i>, as well as from any <i>hard</i> or <i>electrical</i> -body; but not so vivid, nor in so large a quantity. -Now, as woollen is reckoned by all to -be a <i>non-electrical</i> body, it shews us that the <i>light</i> -must proceed from the <i>attrition</i> of the air, and -not from the <i>electrical body</i>, as has been falsely -imagined.</p> - -<p>As <i>light</i> may be produced by other methods -than have been yet described, as from <i>rotten wood</i>, -<i>fish</i>, <i>meat</i> &c. I shall endeavour to give an account, -how, and in what manner, that <i>light</i> is<span class="pagenum" title="20"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a></span> -produced. Mr. <i>Boyle</i> (in vol. 2. p. 233. of the -epitome by <i>Boulton</i>) tells us, that by putting -<i>rotten wood</i>, <i>fish</i>, <i>flesh</i> &c. in the receiver of an -air-pump, and then extracting the gross air, they -all, in a little time, lost their <i>shining</i> or <i>luminous</i> -quality; but, upon a re-admission of air, this -<i>luminous</i> quality returned. From which we may -learn, that the air is essentially necessary to continue -this <i>light</i>; and, of consequence, that this -<i>light</i> is produced by the <i>action</i> and <i>re-action</i> of -the air on the body, which cause an <i>intestine -motion</i> of its parts; and thereby the emission of -the said light; for when any thing begins to ferment -and <i>putrify</i> (which cannot be performed -in any place, but where the gross air is present) -the <i>intestine motion</i> of its parts is thereby <i>increased</i>; -which <i>motion</i> acting upon the air pressed into -it, the air is thereby <i>ground</i> very small, and -by the continual pressure of the atmosphere is -sent out so small, as to be in form of <i>light</i>.—In -the common <i>fermentation</i> of liquids, when it -rises to any height, those particles of <i>light</i> being -<i>stopped</i>, and <i>entangled</i> by the <i>watry parts</i> of the -fermenting mass, thereby produce <i>heat</i>; and some -mixtures will produce <i>light</i>, <i>heat</i> and <i>flame</i> on -fermentation; as <i>steel</i>, <i>water</i>, and <i>sulphur</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="21"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a></span></p> - -<p>By these experiments we have a clear idea of -the means and method by which <i>fermentation</i> is -performed, which operation has been hitherto -unintelligible. From hence we may likewise see -the reason why, in an air either <i>too hot</i> or <i>too -cold</i>, <i>fermentation</i> cannot be performed; for in -an air <i>too cold</i>, the pressure is <i>too great</i>, and also -the grains of air <i>too large</i> to <i>enter</i> and <i>divide</i> the -thing to be <i>fermented</i>; by which means the <i>motion</i> -of its parts requisite to <i>fermentation</i> is prevented; -but in air that is <i>too hot</i>, there must be -just the contrary effect, for there the parts of the -thing to be <i>fermented</i> are so far <i>expanded</i>, and the -air so <i>rarified</i>, as to pass through the body with -little or no obstruction, and of consequence to -produce little or no <i>intestine motion</i> of its parts; -and that there is in <i>fermentations an intestine motion</i> -of the parts of a <i>fermenting</i> liquid, is easily discernible -by the naked eye. This also gives us the -reason, why the <i>glow-worm</i> shines only in the -summer months, when the air is greatly <i>rarified</i>, -or <i>divided</i>, and then requires but a small <i>motion</i> -to give it the form of <i>light</i>.</p> - -<p>The <i>light</i> proceeding from <i>diamonds</i> &c. seems -to be easily accounted for from the <i>motion</i> of -the <i>airs</i>; that there is a <i>perpetual motion</i> of the -<i>airs</i>, may be proved by the following experiment. -In a still place, suppose a close darkened<span class="pagenum" title="22"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a></span> -room, illuminated only by one small hole in the -window shutter; where, if a person at rest views -the enlightened current of air sideways, as it extends -along the room, he will perceive a <i>surprising -motion</i> of the dusty atoms therein, <i>perpetually -rolling and tossing</i> about <i>with great rapidity</i>. -This <i>motion</i> must be very <i>considerable</i>, as it is <i>perpetual</i>, -and pushed on with the power of <i>gravity</i> -in the air equal to a column of water 33 -feet high. By this <i>action</i> on <i>diamonds</i>, whose -<i>pores</i> are very <i>small</i>, and the bodies themselves -of such a <i>make</i> and <i>hardness</i>, as that, when -the air is pressed on them with so great a <i>force</i> -as that of the <i>incumbent atmosphere</i>, the air is -<i>broke exceedingly small</i>, and, by the continuance -of the <i>pressure</i>, is sent off from the body in -form of <i>light</i>. We likewise find from experiments, -that where <i>diamonds</i>, or other bodies of -that kind, have not their outward parts of a -proper <i>make</i>, or their <i>substance</i> of a <i>sufficient hardness</i> -or <i>closeness of parts</i>, to emit <i>light</i> with no -greater <i>force</i>, than the pressure of the <i>atmosphere</i> -only, then this deficiency may be supplied by -<i>rubbing</i>; by which means the air is <i>ground</i> to -pieces, and emitted in form of <i>light</i>, as is shewn -in all electrical experiments.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="23"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a></span></p> - -<p>One great property of <i>light</i>, or, as it is commonly -called the <i>electrical effluvia</i>, is (as Mr. -<i>Hauksbee</i> has proved from many experiments,) -that it passes <i>through glass</i>, as water does through -a sieve, or as if no body of matter interposed. -This <i>light</i> of itself, when <i>pure</i>, or <i>simple</i>, hurts -or destroys no material bodies; but when <i>pushed</i> -on by the following air with <i>great violence</i>, and -<i>meeting</i> with a <i>great resistance</i> from an impeding -body, the <i>conflict</i> is so great, that if the following -air <i>presses</i> on with <i>sufficient violence</i>, it <i>dissolves</i> -or <i>destroys</i> the <i>solidity</i> of any material body. As -all bodies become <i>solid</i> according to the <i>temperature</i> -of the surrounding air; some retaining their -<i>solidity</i> in such a degree of <i>heat</i>, as <i>metals</i> of most -kinds; whilst others require a particular degree -of <i>cold</i> before they become <i>solid</i>, as <i>water</i> &c. -which when froze is as much a <i>solid</i> as any thing -else—this proves that the <i>solidity</i> of bodies depends -on the <i>temperature</i> of the air, as will be -more fully proved hereafter.</p> - -<p>The glass globe, with the electrical experiments, -seems to give a very clear idea in what -manner the <i>sun</i> is <i>supported</i>, how this <i>terraqueous -globe</i> and the rest of the <i>planets</i> are made to -<i>move</i>, and <i>continued in motion</i>; and also, what is -the cause of the <i>attraction</i> of the <i>sun</i>, <i>earth</i>, <i>moon</i> -and the rest of the <i>planets</i>.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="24"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a></span></p> - -<p>That the <i>sun</i> is the chief, material, ruling agent, -is very clearly revealed; as are some of its -chiefest actions on the planets and the rest of the -universe. For, in the sun we find a power of -melting, dividing and (with the assistance of the -air) expanding and sending out the air, first in -form of <i>fire</i>, and afterwards in that of <i>light</i>; -which power seems to be so regulated, as to be -able to reach the extremities of the universe, -where it is <i>congealed</i>, <i>condensed</i>, and <i>returned</i> back -again to the <i>sun</i>, to be again <i>melted</i>, <i>divided</i>, and -sent out as before. This action seems to be represented -by water in a <i>still</i>, for there the fire, -forcing its way through the water contained in -the <i>still</i>, carries off some of the watry particles -with it; and when it has reached the head of -the <i>still</i>, if it has no passage into the outward air, -and the <i>action</i> of the fire is not great enough to -break the <i>still</i>, it is by the coldness of the surrounding -air (or as is commonly the case by the -coldness of water placed thereon for that purpose) -<i>condensed</i> and <i>returned</i> into the water contained -in the body of the <i>still</i>, there to be <i>rarified</i>, -<i>expanded</i>, and sent off in <i>steam</i>, as before.</p> - -<p>We must suppose the streams of <i>light</i> to be -always acting on one side of this terraqueous -globe, and there <i>dividing</i>, <i>expanding</i> and <i>rarifying</i> -the air; the consequence of which must be<span class="pagenum" title="25"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a></span> -a kind of <i>vacuum</i>, which is immediately filled -by the <i>pressing in</i> of the <i>congealed air</i> from the -extremities; and as the earth is placed in this -fluid of airs, we may as easily conceive that the -air pressing in as above, must, with it, turn round -the earth, in the same manner, and with as much -ease, as water does a common mill-wheel, or the -air a wind-mill. By these powers also the terraqueous -globe is kept <i>solid</i> and <i>entire</i>; for, was -this force once taken off, it would soon drop to -<i>atoms</i>, notwithstanding the pretended <i>attracting</i> -power of its materials.</p> - -<p>To confirm what is here advanced, I shall -bring an experiment (which Mr. <i>Boyle</i> has laid -down as a paradox) which proves that this terraqueous -globe has no <i>attraction</i>, nor any <i>solid</i>, -falling towards it, any <i>gravitation</i>; but that all -bodies <i>are forced</i> to it by the <i>incumbent atmosphere</i>, -as much as water is <i>forced</i> up a pump by -it (the atmosphere) which, till the time of the -great Mr. <i>Boyle</i>, was imagined to be performed -by, what they called, the <i>suction</i> of the pump. -But this is no more than has often happened in -philosophy, where when we cannot well account -for any thing, we put the <i>effect for the cause</i>.</p> - -<p>Mr. <i>Boyle</i> found that a <i>solid body</i>, as <i>ponderous</i> -as any yet known, though near the top of the -water it would sink by <i>its own weight</i>, yet if it be<span class="pagenum" title="26"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a></span> -placed at a greater depth than twenty times its -own thickness, it will <i>not sink</i>, if its descent be -not assisted by the <i>weight</i> of the <i>incumbent water</i>. -To prove this, he gives us a curious experiment, -viz. by keeping off the <i>pressure</i> of the water, -from the <i>top</i> of the <i>sinking body</i>, and <i>sinking</i> it to -a proper depth, he found, that the <i>most ponderous</i> -body would be <i>buoyed up</i>, and <i>supported</i> by -the water only. See the 2d vol. of <i>Boulton</i>’s epitome, -pag. 305. This experiment shews us beyond -all contradiction, that the <i>earth</i> has no -power of <i>attraction</i>, nor a <i>descending body</i> any -power of <i>gravitation</i>; for if it had, the farther -it was sunk in the water, the nearer it must be -to the centre of the earth, and of consequence -the <i>attraction</i> must be the greater; but this, we -find, is contrary to experience; so that the whole -power of descending is impressed upon it by the -<i>air</i>, or by other bodies forced upon it by the <i>incumbent -air</i>. This experiment alone is more than -sufficient to destroy the fine theories of <i>attraction</i> -and <i>gravitation</i>; it also shews us how, and by -what means, two marble slabs, finely polished, -are what they call <i>attracted</i> to each other, and -require a great force to separate them; a force in -proportion to the breadth of the slabs; but this -has been shewn by other experiments to be nothing -but the <i>pressure</i> of the <i>air</i>, or <i>atmosphere</i>;<span class="pagenum" title="27"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a></span> -for put them into an air pump, and extract the -<i>gross air</i>, and they will immediately separate from -each other.</p> - -<p>One reason, which seems to have led us into -the mistake that the <i>solidity</i>, or <i>firmness</i> of bodies -is not caused by the <i>air</i>, has been, that, for the -generality, we consider the <i>air</i>, or <i>atmosphere</i> as -<i>pressing</i> only <i>downwards</i>; for if we had considered -that it <i>presseth</i> equally <i>every way</i>, as well as -<i>downwards</i>, (as <i>Boerhaave</i> in his chym. by <i>Shaw</i>, -vol. 1. p. 389. has shew by the following experiment) -I believe we should not have overlooked -that force, or have thought it insufficient for this -operation. “Fill three glass vessels, the one of a -cylindrical figure, the other conical, the third -bellied with a cylindrical neck; let these be -filled to the brim with fair water, and covered -with a single piece of paper, so as to touch the -surface of the water, and by pressing it down -with the hand, prevent the external air insinuating -between the paper and the water; if -the glasses be now inverted, whilst the paper -remains close with the palm of the hand, and -the hand be afterwards gently withdrawn, the -water will still remain in the glasses. The same -holds true, though the glasses be held horizontal, -or in any other position.” As the cause of -the <i>solidity</i> or <i>firmness</i> of bodies is the <i>pressure</i> of<span class="pagenum" title="28"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a></span> -the <i>air</i> or <i>atmosphere</i>, so likewise it must depend -on the <i>make</i> and <i>size</i> of the <i>pores</i> of such bodies; -for bodies whose <i>pores</i> are <i>smallest</i>, must be acted -upon with a greater power than those whose -<i>pores</i> are <i>largest</i>, or whose <i>pores</i> are so <i>large</i> as -not only to admit <i>light</i>, but also <i>common air</i> into -them. This Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> proves by a curious -experiment, for having placed two brass hemispheres, -of <span class="nowrap">3 <span class="fraction"><span class="fnum">1</span><span class="bar">/</span><span class="fden">2</span></span></span> inches diameter, upon each other, -and then extracting the gross air out of them by -the air pump, and by these means taking off the -<i>resistance</i> of the <i>common air</i> that was <i>within</i> the -two brass hemispheres, he says, it required 140 -pound weight to separate them; this experiment -with that of the two marble slabs before mentioned, -is a demonstration of the <i>power</i> that keeps -<i>solid bodies</i> from <i>falling</i> to <i>pieces</i>. And even, if -these slabs are not so <i>perfectly smooth</i>, yet the weting -them with water, which prevents the gross -air from <i>entering</i>, will produce the like effect. -That solids <i>expand</i> themselves by <i>heat</i> or <i>fire</i>, is -proved by heating an iron rod in the fire: in -which case, it is always found to be <i>bigger</i> and -<i>longer</i> when <i>hot</i> than <i>cold</i>; and it was the opinion -of <i>Boerhaave</i>, that cold <i>consolidates</i> all those -that are called firm bodies; that is, brings that -part, which we call <i>body</i> in them, into a <i>less compass</i> -than before, and thus <i>unites</i> the matter thereof<span class="pagenum" title="29"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a></span> -more closely together: by which means the -<i>cohesion</i> of the whole mass is usually increased; -which makes what we call, <i>strength</i> and <i>firmness</i> -in bodies.</p> - -<p>Having shewn that <i>solid bodies</i> have no power -either of <i>attraction</i> or <i>gravitation</i>, and that their -<i>firmness</i> or <i>solidity</i> depends on the <i>pressure</i> of the -<i>atmosphere</i>; I shall now endeavour to shew, from -electrical experiments, how, and by what means -they <i>descend</i> towards the earth.</p> - -<p>What is called the <i>attraction</i> of the <i>earth</i> -seems to be performed in the same manner as -that of the <i>glass globe</i> in electricity; the explaining -of which will give us a clear idea, by -what means <i>heavy bodies</i> are <i>forced</i> towards the -terraqueous globe. In accounting for this electrical -<i>attraction</i>, Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> seems to be very -clear; for, says he, “if by the heat and rarefaction, -consequent upon the attrition, the medium -contiguous to the glass be made specifically -lighter; then of course, to keep up the -ballance, the remoter air, which is denser, must -press in towards the tube, and so carry away -(in the torrent) the little bodies lying in its -way, thither also. The various irregularities in -the excitation, or the emission and discharge of -the electrical matter or light from the tube -(which will be followed with proportional irregularities, -<span class="pagenum" title="30"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a></span>in the motion and tendency of the -denser air, towards the glass globe, by the hydrostatical -laws) may be sufficient to account -for the various uncertain motions of the little -bodies carried towards the glass globe.” This -account of Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i>’s being so very clear, it -is a little surprising that he should allow the -power of <i>attraction</i> to matter, as in some places -he does; for this is no more than in other words, -telling us, that the air round the ball is <i>divided</i> -and <i>rubbed</i> or <i>ground</i> to pieces by the <i>friction</i> between -the glass globe and your hand, and thereby -made to <i>expand</i> itself; so the air pressing in -to make up that deficiency, forces every thing -towards the glass globe, that by its number of -particles is not able to withstand the <i>current</i> of -<i>air</i>, pressing towards the globe. So in like manner -near the surface of the earth, the sun-beams -being <i>reflected</i> by the terraqueous globe, must by -these means be in a greater quantity near the surface -of the earth, than at a distance from it; and -so <i>divide</i>, <i>expand</i> and <i>rarify</i> the air near its surface, -which <i>rarified</i> or <i>divided</i> air is forced off -from the earth on all sides, by the <i>pressing</i> in of -the air from above, which must of consequence -<i>drive</i> every thing before it, towards the earth. -By which we find, that the cause of bodies <i>descending</i> -towards the earth, is not from any <i>pro<span class="pagenum" title="31"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a></span>perty</i> -either of the <i>earth</i> or of the <i>descending bodies</i>; -but that these are <i>forced</i> towards that, by -the surrounding <i>air</i>, in its said <i>motion</i>.</p> - -<p>To prove that this is the method by which, in -electricity, bodies are forced towards the glass -globe, I shall bring an experiment or two from -Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i>; and as these experiments prove -to a certainty, that this is the manner of the <i>attraction</i> -in <i>electricity</i>, it will give us little room to -doubt, but that the <i>attraction</i> of the <i>earth</i> is performed -in the same manner.</p> - -<p>Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> observed, that the <i>electrical effluvia</i> -were not only perceiveable by sight; but also, -if the hand was held near the tube, seemed -to make such sort of strokes upon the skin, as a -number of fine limber hairs pushing against it -might be supposed to do: and in order to find -whether the electrical <i>attraction</i> was regular and -uniform, he made the following curious experiment, -shewing that all bodies, not too heavy, -are <i>forced</i> (or, as is commonly supposed, <i>attracted</i>) -to a cylindrical glass, equally all round, if -these bodies are, as <i>they term it</i>, within the sphere -of its activity.</p> - -<p>This experiment seemed to affect Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> -so much, that (speaking of electricity) he -says, “it affords us a sort of <i>representation</i> of the -<i>great phænomena</i> of the <i>universe</i>.” Page 53.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="max-width: 28.75em;"> -<img src="images/i_032.jpg" width="460" height="121" alt="" /> -<div class="caption"></div> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" title="32"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a></span></p> - -<p>“For, says he, having observed (in electricity) -that light bodies, placed near any part of -the rubbed cylinder, seemed to be equally attracted, -I contrived a semicircle of wire, which -I could fasten at a constant distance, making it -encompass the upper semi-cylindrical surface -of the glass, at 4 or 5 inches distance. This -wire had several pieces of woollen threads fastened -to it at pretty near equal distances. The -length of them was such, that being extended -in a direction towards the center of that imaginary -circle, on the surface of the glass, in the -plane of which the wire was placed; they -would then reach within an inch of the circumference -of that circle: but if left to their -own liberty, they hung in that parallel portion -represented, fig. 1. The cylinder was -placed with its axis parallel to the horizon; -and in this posture, it was turned swiftly -<span class="pagenum" title="33"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a></span>round; and then by the rapid motion and agitation -of the surrounding air, the threads were -placed into such portions, as are expressed fig. -2. viz. they were all lifted up and bent upwards -from the axis of the cylinder.</p> - -<p>“All this while, there was only the swift motion -of the cylinder round its axis, without any -attrition, but now when I came to apply my -hand to the lower part of the glass (so swiftly -whirled about) and consequently to add attrition -to the former motion; the threads presently -began to change their direction, and all -harmoniously pointed to the center of the circle, -in whose plane the wire was placed, as in fig. 3. -neither were they at all disordered or flung out -of that position, by the wind occasioned by -that violent motion (but as if there had been -no such hurry of air about them) they still -persisted in their central direction; I found I -could by shifting the place of the attrition hither -or thither, draw the threads towards this -or that end of the cylinder; but yet they all -still went uniformly converging towards some -center in the axis of it; so that they formed -themselves into a sort of conical surface.</p> - -<p>“Farther, if the wire with its loose threads -was reverted, so as to encompass the lower part -of the cylinder (as before it did the upper part) -<span class="pagenum" title="34"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a></span>yet the effect still answered with the same exactness. -For the threads were all erected into so -many strait lines, still directing themselves towards -a center in the axis of the glass.</p> - -<p>“Hitherto the axis of the cylinder was placed -horizontally; in the next place I set it in a vertical -position, so that it stood perpendicular to -the plane of the horizon; in which case I made -use of a wire hoop, which was necessary to be -placed parallel to the horizon, that it might -encompass the cylinder, in the same manner as -the semicircular wire did before: only one -small part of this wire was left open, to make -way for the touch of the hand, which was to -give the attrition. And the wire being thus -placed, it was evident that the threads (without -some external force to support them) must all -flag and hang perpendicularly downwards. Yet, -as soon as the motion and attrition were given, -the threads presently began to be extended; and -as if they were become stiff and hard, formed -themselves into an horizontal plane; their loose -ends pointing to a center in the axis of the -glass, as before.</p> - -<p>“And thus (in all sorts of positions whatsoever, -both of the wire and of the glass too) were -the threads acted upon by a sort of centripetal -force; to the laws of which they were always -<span class="pagenum" title="35"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a></span>conformable.” -See <i>Hauksbee</i>’s experiments, page 53 &c.</p> - -<p>It may be observed in this experiment, that -the <i>attractive</i> power of bodies does not lie in <i>solids</i>, -as has been falsly imagined, neither have such -bodies any <i>centripetal</i> or <i>centrifugal</i> force; but -that this <i>power</i> and <i>force</i> are given them from -<i>without</i>. For, on placing the wire with the -threads round the cylinder, they were all <i>forced</i> -(or as it is often called, <i>attracted</i>) towards the -<i>earth</i>; but, on giving a <i>violent motion</i> to the cylinder, -they were drove from the cylinder, as if -forced by a strong wind; but, by applying the -hand to the glass cylinder, they were recalled, and -all pointed to a center in the axis of the cylinder: -and this <i>central</i> direction might be altered at any -time, by only moving the hand to different parts -of the cylinder; the threads always pointing to -the place where the <i>attrition</i> was made: by -which we find, that the <i>central</i> force, both of -the cylinder and the threads, are caused by the -<i>attrition</i> of the <i>air</i> between your hand and the -cylinder; whereas, at any other time, they are -quite inactive: so we are assured that these <i>central</i> -forces which have been imagined to be <i>within</i> -the <i>solid</i>, are not there, but in the <i>air without it</i>.</p> - -<p>On putting something between any of the -threads and the cylinder; then, those threads<span class="pagenum" title="36"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a></span> -would return to their first and <i>natural position</i>, -viz. point towards the center of the earth. So, -as Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> observes, “in these small orbs of -matter we have some little resemblances of the -<i>grand phænomena</i> of the <i>universe</i>.”</p> - -<p>Another thing observable was, “that by putting -these threads within a glass, when they became -extended, this position of the threads -would be altered at any time on the approach -of one’s hand, finger, or any other body, to -the surface of the glass.” This is sufficient -proof that the <i>light</i>, or as it is generally called, -the <i>electrical effluvia pass</i> through the <i>glass</i>, with -as much ease as water does through a sieve.</p> - -<p>One thing which seemed a little surprising to -Mr. <i>Hauksbee</i> was, that upon exhausting the <i>gross -air</i> out of the tube or globe made use of in electricity, -what he called the power of <i>attraction</i>, -would cease; but upon suffering the air again to -enter, it returned as vigorous as before. This must -be the case; for (as was before observed) whenever -the gross air is extracted by an air pump, -the fluid remaining is nothing but <i>light</i>. So, -whenever this attrition is performed on an exhausted -globe (for want of the resistance of the -gross air within, to force off the particles of air -ground so small as <i>light</i>, and thereby to make -an <i>expansion</i> or <i>rarefaction</i> round the glass globe,<span class="pagenum" title="37"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a></span> -which has been shewn to be the cause of light -bodies being <i>forced</i> towards the globe) these particles -of <i>light</i> do immediately enter the globe on -one side, and <i>force</i> out the same quantity on the -other; in the same manner as water through a -sieve, without ever making any <i>expansion</i> or <i>rarefaction</i>.</p> - -<p>Having thus shewn how and by what means -the <i>fire</i> and <i>light</i> in electricity are produced; our -next inquiry must be, why some bodies communicate -this <i>light</i> to ever so great a distance, and -that instantaneously; whilst others will not; and -also, why some bodies are <i>electrical</i> and others -<i>non-electrical</i>.</p> - -<p><i>Electrical bodies</i> are those, whose <i>pores</i> are so -<i>fine</i>, as to admit nothing through them but <i>light</i>, -or air ground to a proper fitness; as <i>metalls</i>, <i>glass</i>, -<i>amber</i>, <i>wax</i> &c. Bodies <i>non-electrical</i>, are all -those, which, by the <i>largeness</i> of their <i>pores</i>, admit, -not only <i>light</i> but also <i>gross air</i>.</p> - -<p>We see, when the air is <i>ground</i> to pieces by -an electrical machine, and <i>put</i> into <i>sufficient motion</i>, -by the <i>friction</i> between the glass globe and -the hand, a wire being hung from the iron barrel, -so as very near to touch the ball, part of -the <i>light</i> issuing from the ball, as above described, -<i>enters</i> the wire, and is by it communicated to the -iron barrel, and from thence <i>carried</i> by <i>another<span class="pagenum" title="38"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a></span> -wire</i> to any distance, if not interrupted by some -<i>non-electrical</i> body: to the end of which, by a -third wire is hung an egg; as soon as the globe -is put in <i>motion</i>, and warm spirit of wine is placed -so as to touch the egg, the spirit of wine -will immediately take fire from the contact of -the egg.</p> - -<p>It has been already proved, that when the -globe is put in <i>motion</i>, and your hand is applied -to it, it <i>grinds</i> to pieces the air between the globe -and the hand, and so <i>rarefies</i> and <i>expands</i> it, and -sends it off with great force, in the same manner, -as <i>light</i> is sent from any body of <i>fire in action</i>; -as may be seen, if the electrical machine is -set at work in the dark; when the emission from -the glass globe will appear lucid.</p> - -<p>The wires which are hung over the glass globe, -by the <i>smallness</i> of their <i>pores</i>, admitting nothing -through them but <i>light</i>, and light being a body -so <i>subtil</i>, as to penetrate the <i>pores</i> of all other bodies, -even to the very center of the earth; the -<i>interstices</i> of the <i>wires</i> are filled with it from one -end to the other.</p> - -<p>As the <i>light</i> is one continued body, throughout -the whole extent of the wire, the <i>force</i> it receives -at the end next the glass globe, is <i>immediately</i>, -and at the <i>same instant</i> of time, communicated -to the other end, let the <i>length</i> or <i>extent</i> of the<span class="pagenum" title="39"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a></span> -wire be ever so great. As, for example, a pipe -of any length, being filled with any sort of fluid, -as water; if you force in more water at one end, -the same moment, and in the same quantity, it -will be forced out at the other.</p> - -<p>By these experiments in electricity, we find -that <i>fire</i> and <i>light</i> are produced as has been before -observed, only by <i>breaking</i> the air to pieces, -and putting it in <i>motion</i>; and that <i>fire</i> and <i>light</i> -are in <i>all</i> bodies, water and ice not excepted; for, -if a piece of ice is hung at the end of the wire, it -will set fire to spirit of wine, as well as an egg.</p> - -<p>The iron wire by the <i>closeness</i> of its <i>pores</i> prevents -the surrounding air from entering it, and -by that means at the same time forms a kind of -<i>canal</i> for the <i>light</i> to pass through.</p> - -<p>Having thus as I conceive, given a tolerable -clear account, and, I hope, a true one, how and -by what means, the various <i>phænomena</i> in electricity -are produced; I suppose, it will not be a -very difficult task, to form a judgment, what -disorders electrical operations are likely to be applied -to, with hopes of service; as also in what -others they are likely to be detrimental.</p> - -<p>As the <i>heat</i> and <i>redness</i> of the <i>blood</i>, may be -easily proved, to be in proportion to the <i>quantity</i> -and <i>motion</i> of the <i>light</i> it contains; so, wherever -the blood is <i>heated</i> to a great degree, as in <i>fevers</i>,<span class="pagenum" title="40"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a></span> -<i>Inflammations</i> of all kinds &c. there we are to -expect the worst and most pernicious consequences, -from the use of electricity.</p> - -<p>But, on the contrary, as the nerves have been -proved to act by a subtil fluid that passes through -them, and that they, by the closeness of their -pores, will not admit a fluid to pass through them, -whose particles are much larger than those of -<i>light</i>; the consequences we must often expect -from such a make, must be obstructions; and -as the <i>light</i> in electricity is forced through our -bodies and nerves, with great violence, it seems -very reasonable to think, that where these obstructions -are not too violent, there they may be -broken through and removed by its power, of -which we have had many instances, especially in -palsies.</p> - -<p>This is also confirmed by the success of the -present practice of physick; for, the greatest relief, -in these cases, is always found to proceed -from <i>volatile</i> and <i>penetrating</i> medicines. But, care -should be taken, not to administer electricity, to -a person of weak and decayed nerves, instead of -one whose nerves are obstructed.</p> - - -<p class="tac fs140 mt1em ls05em"><i>FINIS.</i></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's A Treatise on Electricity, by Francis Penrose - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A TREATISE ON ELECTRICITY *** - -***** This file should be named 60392-h.htm or 60392-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/3/9/60392/ - -Produced by Thiers Halliwell, MWS and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was -produced from images generously made available by The -Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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