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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #60342 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60342)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Buildings of New York, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Old Buildings of New York
-       With Some Notes Regarding Their Origin and Occupants
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: September 23, 2019 [EBook #60342]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD BUILDINGS OF NEW YORK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by ellinora, Charlie Howard, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-  Old Buildings
-  _of_
-  New York City
-
-
-
-
-  OLD BUILDINGS
-  OF
-  NEW YORK CITY
-
-  WITH SOME NOTES REGARDING
-  THEIR ORIGIN AND OCCUPANTS
-
-
-  NEW YORK
-  BRENTANO’S
-  MCMVII
-
-
-
-
-  _Copyright, 1907, by Brentano’s_
-
-  THE TROW PRESS, NEW YORK
-
-
-
-
-Subjects
-
-
-                          BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN
-                                                                    PAGE
-
-  NUMBER SEVEN STATE STREET                                           19
-
-  FRAUNCES’S TAVERN                                                   23
-
-  SUB-TREASURY AND ASSAY OFFICE                                       27
-
-  BANK OF NEW YORK                                                    29
-
-  ST. PAUL’S CHAPEL                                                   33
-
-  CITY HALL                                                           39
-
-  ASTOR LIBRARY                                                       43
-
-  LANGDON HOUSE                                                       45
-
-  ST. MARK’S CHURCH                                                   49
-
-  RUTHERFURD HOUSE                                                    53
-
-  KETELTAS HOUSE                                                      57
-
-  RESIDENCE OF EUGENE DELANO                                          59
-
-  FIRST PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH                                           61
-
-  FORMER RESIDENCE OF THE LATE JAMES LENOX                            63
-
-  FORMER RESIDENCE OF THE LATE ROBERT B. MINTURN                      65
-
-  GRACE CHURCH                                                        67
-
-  SOCIETY LIBRARY                                                     69
-
-  CRUGER HOUSE                                                        73
-
-  ABINGDON SQUARE                                                     77
-
-  GRAMERCY SQUARE                                                     81
-        Residence of John Bigelow                                     83
-        Former Residence of the Late Luther C. Clark                  85
-        Former Residence Of the Late James W. Gerard                  87
-        “The Players”--Former Home of Edwin Booth                     91
-        Former Residence of the Late Samuel J. Tilden                 93
-        Former Residence of the Late Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows           97
-        Former Residence of the Late Dr. Valentine Mott               99
-        Rectory of Calvary Parish                                    101
-        Former Residence of the Late Stanford White                  103
-        Former Residence of the Late Cyrus W. Field and the Late
-          David Dudley Field                                         105
-
-  FORMER RESIDENCE OF THE LATE PETER COOPER AND THE
-  LATE ABRAM S. HEWITT                                               107
-
-  GENERAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY                                       111
-
-  FORMER RESIDENCE OF THE LATE WILLIAM C. SCHERMERHORN               115
-
-  CHURCH OF THE TRANSFIGURATION                                      117
-
-  RESIDENCE OF J. PIERPONT MORGAN                                    121
-
-  FORMER RESIDENCE OF THE LATE THEODORE A. HAVEMEYER                 123
-
-  FORMER RESIDENCE OF THE LATE SENATOR EDWIN D. MORGAN               125
-
-  THE OLD ARSENAL                                                    127
-
-  CLAREMONT                                                          129
-
-  HAMILTON GRANGE                                                    139
-
-  JUMEL HOUSE                                                        143
-
-  GRACIE HOUSE                                                       151
-
-
-                          BOROUGH OF THE BRONX
-
-  GOUVERNEUR MORRIS HOUSE                                            157
-
-  VAN CORTLANDT HOUSE                                                167
-
-
-                           BOROUGH OF QUEENS
-
-  BOWNE HOUSE                                                        171
-
-
-                          BOROUGH OF RICHMOND
-
-  BILLOP HOUSE                                                       175
-
-
-
-
-  Old Buildings
-  _of_
-  New York City
-
-
-
-
-Introductory
-
-
-Recently a writer in a periodical stated that “No one was ever born
-in New York.” It can be safely said that this is an exaggeration.
-Nevertheless it showed the confidence of the writer that the statement
-was not likely to startle his readers very greatly.
-
-Probably not one in a hundred of the men in the street know or care
-anything about the town of fifty or sixty years ago. Still the number
-of those who were familiar with it then is large, however small in
-comparison with the whole number. In fact, the number of those whose
-predecessors were living here when there were not more than a thousand
-people in the whole place is much greater than is generally supposed.
-
-It was for people belonging to the two latter classes that these
-pictures were taken. They may even interest some who have known the
-town for only a generation.
-
-When a man has traversed the streets of a city for fifty years, certain
-buildings become familiar landmarks. He first saw them perhaps on
-trudging to school with his books, and has seen them nearly every
-day since. He experiences a slight shock whenever such buildings are
-destroyed. There appears something wrong in the general aspect of
-the town. Of late years these shocks have followed one another so
-continuously that he may well wonder whether he is living in the same
-place.
-
-It occurred to the writer that it would do no harm to preserve the
-pictures of some of the landmarks still standing, especially as they
-are getting fewer in number all the time, and may shortly disappear
-altogether.
-
-He regrets that he is unable to show a photographic presentment of many
-buildings that have disappeared in the last fifty years, or even during
-the life of the present generation. Some buildings that had a certain
-historical interest have been razed in the last twenty-five years, as,
-e. g., the Kennedy house,[1] No. 1 Broadway, taken down to make way
-for the Washington Building, overlooking the Battery Park, or the old
-Walton house[2] in Pearl Street near Franklin Square, removed in 1881,
-or the Tombs prison, removed in 1899.
-
-Among buildings that will be recalled to memory by the older citizens
-it would have been a satisfaction to have been able to show pictures
-of the Brick (Presbyterian) Church, that stood, with its yard, on
-Park Row, taking in the block bounded by Spruce, Nassau, and Beekman
-streets; or Burton’s Theater in Chambers Street; the Irving House,
-later Delmonico’s, on the corner of Broadway and the same street; of
-the old New York Hospital on Broadway near Thomas Street, standing far
-back with its beautiful lawn and grand old trees; of the St. Nicholas
-Hotel near Spring Street; of the old Coster mansion (later a Chinese
-museum), built of granite in the style of the Astor House, near Prince
-Street; and Tiffany’s place across the way, with the same Atlas
-upholding the clock over the door; of the Metropolitan Hotel on the
-next block with Niblo’s Garden; of Bleecker Street with Depau Row;[3]
-of Bond Street with the large Ward (later Sampson) residence on the
-corner; the Russell residence on the corner of Great Jones Street; the
-famous old New York Hotel; the Lorillard mansion at Tenth Street; the
-large brownstone residence of Judge James Roosevelt, near Thirteenth
-Street, famous for the hospitality of its owners, and the red brick
-residence of Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt, grandfather of the President,
-on the corner of Union Square, having the entrance on Broadway.
-
-The older resident can recall Union Square when the buildings were
-nearly all private residences, conspicuous among which were the Parish
-house on the north side and the Penniman (later the Maison Dorée) on
-the south. He can recall the stately appearance of Fourteenth Street
-westward of Union Square: the Haight residence on the corner of Fifth
-Avenue and Fifteenth Street, with its large winter garden;[4] the
-brownstone house of Colonel Herman Thorn in Sixteenth Street, west of
-the avenue, standing in its wide grounds (now nearly filled by the New
-York Hospital); the residence of Mr. and Mrs. August Belmont (so long
-leaders in society), on the avenue, at the corner of Eighteenth Street,
-extending with its picture gallery a long distance on the street;
-the Stuart residence, which shared the block above Twentieth Street
-with a church; and then the Union Club house at Twenty-first Street.
-Perhaps of all the landmarks taken down during the time of the present
-generation, none was so well known as the Goelet house at Broadway and
-Nineteenth Street, with the grounds extending eastward toward Fourth
-Avenue. Thousands of people passed every day in the short stretch
-between the two squares. Mr. Peter Goelet’s penchant for rare and
-beautiful birds was a never-ending delight to every passing child and
-adult, and a number were always standing gazing past the iron railing.
-Peacocks white and blue, Chinese golden pheasants, and many other
-varieties found a comfortable home in the grounds.
-
-The appearance of the entire city now gives the impression of life
-and bustle. With the exception of Gramercy Square and Irving Place,
-there is hardly a spot in the lower part of the city that now has any
-appearance of repose. Thirty years ago the city presented a wholly
-different aspect. Fifth Avenue, from Washington to Madison Square,
-was, in the opinion of the writer, one of the finest residence streets
-anywhere. At most hours of the day the people on the sidewalks were
-comparatively few and there was a very small proportion of business
-wagons and trucks that used the roadway as compared with the numbers
-that do so to-day. University Place was a street of nearly the same
-character, as was also Second Avenue from Seventh Street to Stuyvesant
-Square. This street had a charm of its own. Lined as it was on either
-side with spacious residences, it gave the impression of a street of
-homes. The façades of the largest houses were simple and unpretentious,
-forming a marked contrast to some of the houses uptown to-day.
-
-As regards the matter of repose, it may be said that twenty-five years
-ago the palm would clearly have been given to Lafayette Place. This
-short street also had a character of its own. From the Langdon house
-on the east side near Astor Place to old St. Bartholomew’s Church at
-Great Jones Street, and from the Langdon (Wilks) house on the west side
-to the Schermerhorn house opposite the church, almost every building
-had its individuality. The street was marred by three or four ancient
-buildings, which for some reason were not removed, such as the stable
-between the Langdon house and the Astor Library, once the favorite
-Riding Academy. The Library still (1906) stands, as does a part of the
-old Colonnade, but an earthquake could hardly have wrought greater
-changes than has the march of trade.
-
-The large mansion of the first John Jacob Astor stood separated from
-the Library by a gateway and broad alley reaching to the stables in
-the rear. Adjoining was a group of houses of the style of those in
-Washington Square, broad and “high-stooped.” Opposite, on the corner of
-Fourth Street, stood a church whose portico of granite Ionic columns
-(each a monolith brought with great trouble from Maine) was one of the
-wonders of the town. Almost adjoining was the Swan residence, since
-converted into the Church House of the diocese, and then the Colonnade
-with its long row of granite Corinthian columns, considered a marvel
-in its day. Next to these was the “English basement” house of the late
-Charles Astor Bristed, with arch and driveway leading to the rear,
-and on the corner the Langdon (Wilks) house, when it was built, the
-finest in town. Being a short street, blocked at one end and leading
-only to Astor Place at the other, the drivers of very few vehicles
-ever took the trouble to turn into it, except the driver of a private
-carriage, perhaps a closed coach drawn by heavy horses (for the cobble
-stones were rough); the coachman on a vast hammercloth embellished
-with fringes and tassels, as was frequently seen forty years ago, the
-footman sometimes standing behind, his hands grasping two leather loops
-to hold himself in place. So quiet was the street that on a pleasant
-afternoon the youngsters who dwelt in the neighborhood carried on their
-game of ball undisturbed. Perhaps it was this feature of quiet repose
-which suggested the suitability of establishing there the Library, the
-churches, the Columbia College Law School, and the Church House.
-
-The writer might go on and refer extensively to other ancient streets
-and the changed aspect of other places throughout the city, but that is
-not his present purpose.
-
-There are a few old landmarks that are likely to stand, for example the
-City Hall, in the opinion of some the most successful building, as to
-architectural design, in the country.
-
-Abandoned to materialism as the city is and lacking sentiment,
-nevertheless any proposal to take down the City Hall, or even to alter
-it ever so slightly, meets with vigorous protests.[5]
-
-Possibly people might object if it were proposed to destroy St. Paul’s
-Chapel, the oldest church edifice in the city, and so with a few other
-buildings; but the majority of the landmarks must go and hideous
-skyscrapers arise, “monuments to greed” as they have been termed, half
-ruining adjacent properties.
-
-It was with a view of preserving the appearance of some of these
-landmarks that may be torn down any day that these pictures were taken.
-Endeavor has been made to present those that have been in existence
-about fifty years. With two exceptions the buildings represented are
-now (1906) standing.
-
-Mistakes and errors no doubt appear in the text, and these the writer
-would be glad to correct. The notes in no sense profess to be thorough.
-They are, for the most part, mere skeletons of what may be said upon
-the subjects dealt with.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Number Seven State Street
-
-
-This house was built by Moses Rogers, a prominent merchant of the
-latter part of the eighteenth and the first part of the nineteenth
-century. He was a native of Connecticut, his mother being a daughter of
-Governor Fitch of that State. He was in business as early as 1785 at 26
-Queen (Pearl) Street. In 1793 the firm name was Rogers & Woolsey, his
-partner being William Walter Woolsey, his brother-in-law, Mr. Rogers
-having married Sarah Woolsey, a sister of the wife of President Dwight
-of Yale College. In that year he was living at 272 Pearl Street, near
-Beekman, “in a large house with hanging garden extending over the yard
-and stable.”[6]
-
-Mr. Rogers was a merchant of high character and public spirit. In 1793
-he was an active member of the Society for the Manumission of Slaves.
-He was a governor of the New York Hospital from 1792 to 1799, and in
-1797 treasurer of the City Dispensary. From 1787 until 1811 he was a
-vestryman of Trinity Church, and in 1793 was a member of the Society
-for the Relief of Distressed Prisoners.[7]
-
-In the year 1806 he was living in the house here presented. His sister
-had married the celebrated merchant and ship owner, Archibald Gracie.
-His children were: (1) Sarah E. Rogers, who married the Hon. Samuel
-M. Hopkins; (2) Benjamin Woolsey Rogers, who married Susan, daughter
-of William Bayard; (3) Archibald Rogers, who married Anna, daughter
-of Judge Nathaniel Pendleton; and (4) Julia A. Rogers, who married
-Francis Bayard Winthrop.[8] In the year 1826 Benjamin Woolsey Rogers
-was living in the next house, Number Five State Street, but after his
-father’s death he moved to Number Seven and lived there until 1830.[9]
-William P. Van Rensselaer, grandson of General Stephen Van Rensselaer,
-married successively two of the daughters of Mr. Rogers. The house
-during the ownership of the Rogers family was the scene of many notable
-entertainments. These entertainments were frequently referred to by
-older members of society who have now passed away. In 1830 the house
-was occupied by Gardiner G. Howland.
-
-The queerly shaped front was to a certain extent a necessity. State
-Street takes a sharp turn and the house was built at the apex of an
-angle. The interior was doubtless an improvement on other houses. The
-ceilings were high, and the staircase, instead of being in the hall
-as in older houses, is at the side. It is winding, of an oval design,
-with mahogany balustrade. The skylight was of stained glass, made in
-England, showing the coat of arms.
-
-During the Civil War, the house was taken by the Government for
-military uses, and afterwards became the office of the Pilot
-Commissioners.
-
-It is now the house of the mission of Our Lady of the Rosary.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Fraunces’s Tavern
-
-
-In the year 1671 Col. Stephen Van Cortlandt built a cottage on the
-corner of Broad and Pearl (then Queen) streets, to which he brought his
-bride, Gertrude Schuyler. The house overlooked the waters of the river
-and bay. In the year 1700 he deeded this property to his son-in-law,
-Etienne de Lancey, probably wishing to retire to his manor on the
-Hudson. De Lancey was a French Huguenot of rank who had left his native
-country on the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He came to New York
-where he established himself as a merchant. On these premises he built
-a hip-roofed mansion several stories in height, of small yellow bricks
-imported from Holland. In dimensions and arrangement it ranked among
-the best in the colony. The property descended through his son James to
-his grandson Oliver. This part of the town having by that time become
-the business quarter in 1757, the house was abandoned as a residence
-and became the warehouse of De Lancey, Robinson & Co. On January 17,
-1762, the building was transferred to Samuel Fraunces, who converted it
-into a tavern under the name of the “Queen’s Head,” and announced that
-dinner would be served daily at half-past one. In April, 1768, in the
-long room, the Chamber of Commerce was inaugurated with John Cruger as
-president.
-
-On November 25, 1783, the day of the evacuation of the British, a grand
-banquet was given by Governor Clinton to General Washington and the
-French minister, Luzerne, and in the evening the “Queen’s Head” and the
-whole town were illuminated. More than a hundred generals, officers,
-and distinguished personages attended the banquet and thirteen toasts
-were drunk commemorative of the occasion. Ten days later Washington
-here met his generals for the last time. After a slight repast
-Washington filled his glass and addressed his officers as follows:
-“With a heart full of love and gratitude, I must now take my leave of
-you. I most devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous
-and happy as your former ones have been glorious and honorable.”[10] In
-silence his former companions then took a final farewell of their chief.
-
-This is one of the oldest buildings in the city, as the great fire
-of 1776 doubtless swept away most of those of earlier date. During
-the last century the building has gone through various vicissitudes,
-mostly on the descending scale. A year or two ago the ground floor was
-occupied by a saloon. Lately the building has been completely restored
-by the Sons of the Revolution and now presents very nearly its original
-appearance.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Sub-Treasury and Assay Office
-
-
-The Sub-Treasury is built on the site of the original City Hall. In
-1789 this was altered and repaired for the use of the first Congress
-and named the Federal Hall. The balcony of the Hall was the scene of
-Washington’s inauguration as President, in commemoration of which the
-statue was erected.
-
-In 1834 the building was demolished and the present structure erected
-for the Custom House and was used as such until 1862.
-
-The Assay Office is the oldest building in Wall Street, having been
-built in 1823, for the New York branch of the Bank of the United
-States. It became the Assay Office in 1853.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Bank of New York
-
-
-The oldest bank in the country is the Bank of North America in
-Philadelphia, incorporated by act of Congress, December, 1781, and by
-the State of Pennsylvania a few months afterwards. Very great losses
-had occurred from the repudiation of the Continental bills of credit.
-All the States had issued bills of their own and kept on “making
-experiments in finance which did not depend on specie as a basis.”
-Currency was expressed in pounds, shillings, and pence and the currency
-in circulation was a motley conglomeration of guineas, doubloons,
-pistoles, Johannes pieces, moidores, and sequins. Thus arose the
-necessity of a bank that should both assist the Government and benefit
-the people at large.
-
-On February 26, 1784, a meeting of the principal merchants and citizens
-was held at the Merchants’ Coffee House. General Alexander McDougal was
-chosen chairman, and it was unanimously decided to establish a bank.
-Subscription books were opened at the offices of John Alsop, Broadway,
-Robert Bowne, Queen Street, and Nicholas Low, Water Street, and the
-shares were rapidly taken.
-
-On March 15, 1784, the following officers were chosen: General
-Alexander McDougal, president; Samuel Franklin, Robert Bowne, Comfort
-Sands, Alexander Hamilton, Joshua Waddington, Thomas Randall, William
-Maxwell, Nicholas Low, Daniel McCormick, Isaac Roosevelt, John
-Vanderbilt, and Thomas B. Stoughton, directors; and William Seton,
-cashier.
-
-The bank commenced business at what was formerly the old Walton house
-in St. George’s (now Franklin) Square. It stood on the east side of
-Queen (now Pearl) Street, almost opposite the present establishment of
-Harper Brothers, the publishers. The building (erected 1752) will be
-remembered by many people to-day as it was only taken down in 1881,
-but its appearance during its declining years gave a faint idea of its
-original dignity. In 1787 the business of the bank was moved to Hanover
-Square, Isaac Roosevelt having been chosen president in 1786.
-
-In 1796 a lot was bought at the corner of Wall and William streets
-from William Constable for eleven thousand pounds (New York currency).
-Strange to say, there is no record of the dimensions of the lot, but
-the present building doubtless stands on part of it.
-
-Early in 1797 steps were taken to remove the house then standing and
-to put up a new building, and the corner stone was laid by Gulian
-Verplanck, then president, on June 27th. Mr. Verplanck died in 1799
-and Nicholas Gouverneur was chosen president. The corner stone of the
-present building was laid on September 10, 1856, and the building
-completed in 1858.[11]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-St. Paul’s Chapel
-
-
-This chapel built in 1764–66 is the oldest church edifice in the
-city. The first rector was the Rev. Dr. Barclay, who was succeeded by
-the Rev. Dr. Samuel Auchmuty. The steeple is in the style of one of
-Wren’s designs. After the burning of Trinity in 1776, it was used as
-the parish church. The pews that during the war held Howe, André, the
-officers of the army of occupation, and the young midshipman who later
-became King William IV were, when peace was concluded, occupied by the
-former “rebels” Washington, Clinton, and their followers. After his
-inauguration, in the Federal Hall in Wall Street, Washington and the
-members of both houses came in solemn procession to St. Paul’s, where
-services were conducted by Bishop Provost, Chaplain of the Senate, and
-a _Te Deum_ was sung.
-
-The square pew on the left with the national arms on the wall was the
-one used by Washington as long as New York remained the capital. The
-corresponding pew on the right, designated by the arms of the State,
-was that of Governor Clinton. On the chancel wall are marble tablets
-to Sir John Temple, the first British consul general, and to Colonel
-Thomas Barclay, the eminent loyalist, son of the Rev. Dr. Barclay,
-rector of Trinity Parish. Colonel Barclay succeeded Temple as consul
-general of “His Brittanick Majesty.” There is also a tablet in memory
-of the wife of William Franklin, Tory Governor of New Jersey, and
-several others. The only other reminder of pre-Revolutionary days
-is the gilded crest of the Prince of Wales over the pulpit canopy.
-As everyone knows, at the east end of the yard facing Broadway are
-monuments to three eminent Irishmen who rose to distinction in this
-country--Emmet, Montgomery, and MacNeven, one at the bar, another in
-the army, and the third in medicine. Emmet was the brother of the
-Irish martyr, Robert Emmet;[12] Montgomery settled in New York before
-the Revolution, married a daughter of Chancellor Livingston and fell
-at Quebec;[13] MacNeven, like Emmet, had taken part in the Irish
-rebellion of ’98, acting with him as one of the Directory of Three.
-Both were imprisoned at Fort George in Scotland. He later served in
-Napoleon’s army as surgeon.
-
-George W. P. Custis, who was one of Washington’s family, spoke of St.
-Paul’s as being “quite out of town.” No doubt the great fire of 1776,
-which stopped when it got to the Chapel yard, left the Chapel standing
-isolated from buildings below it; but Custis, to get there from St.
-George’s (Franklin) Square, must have had to go some distance “down
-town.” It tends to show that the water front of the city was covered
-with buildings before the central part. The fact that the commissioners
-for making a plan of the future city early in the last century arranged
-for so many streets running to the water and for so few running north
-and south would also seem to indicate that they thought easy access to
-the rivers was of prime importance.
-
-Mr. Astor, with his wonderful foresight, was the first man to realize
-that the “backbone” of the island was, in after years, to show the
-greatest advance in the value of real estate.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The City Hall
-
-
-The plans of the architect who designed the City Hall, John McComb,
-were accepted in the year 1803, but the building was not completed
-until nine years later.
-
-It is not always an agreeable business to devote one’s time to
-destroying a myth which has become lodged in the affections of the
-people, but sometimes it rests on so slight a foundation that there
-is nothing gained in keeping it alive. We have lately seen how the
-tradition that Washington Irving used to live in the house on the
-corner of Irving Place and Seventeenth Street had no foundation in
-fact, except that he had a nephew who lived next door. And so the story
-so often repeated in newspapers and guide books that the City Hall was
-finished in brownstone at the back because the city fathers thought
-that nobody of any importance would ever live to the north of it might,
-it seems, be set at rest, although the attempt is not made for the
-first time. The story reflects on the intelligence of the people of the
-day. The reason was economy, but not joined to deficiency of foresight.
-
-The Common Council of that day, instead of being obtuse on the subject
-were quite the other way, and show by their records that they took
-a highly optimistic view of what they call the city’s “unrivaled”
-situation and opulence. They state their belief that in a very few
-years the hall that they were about to build would be the _center_ of
-the wealth and population of the city. It was at first arranged to
-build entirely of brownstone, and the contractors got their work done
-as far as the basement, as can readily be seen to-day. Then the views
-of the Common Council underwent a change. A halt was made and McComb
-was requested to make an estimate of the cost in marble.
-
-From an interesting article appearing in the _Century Magazine_
-for April, 1884, written by Mr. Edward S. Wilde, it seems that the
-committee’s report states: “It appears from this (the architect’s)
-estimate that the difference of expense between marble and brownstone
-will not exceed the sum of $43,750, including every contingent charge.
-When it is considered that the City of New York from its inviting
-situation and increasing opulence, stands unrivaled ... we certainly
-ought, in this pleasing state of things, to possess at least one public
-edifice which shall vie with the many now erected in Philadelphia and
-elsewhere ... in the course of a very few years it is destined to
-be the center of the wealth and population of the city. Under these
-impressions the Building Committee strongly recommend that the front
-and two end views of the new hall be built of marble.”
-
-The corporation then authorized the use of marble on three fronts. The
-brownstone of the rear received its first coat of white paint only a
-few years ago, as nearly anyone who reads this can testify. In 1858 the
-cupola was destroyed by fire and was restored in a poor manner, but
-Mr. Wilde says: “Notwithstanding this change and the damage done less
-by time than by stupidity, the hall stands to-day unsurpassed by any
-structure of the kind in the country.”
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Astor Library
-
-
-The Astor Library was founded in accordance with the terms of a codicil
-to the will of the first John Jacob Astor. It was opened in 1854. His
-son William B. Astor added a wing to the original building (the present
-central portion) and presented five hundred and fifty thousand dollars
-to the library fund.
-
-In 1881 another wing was added by his grandson, John Jacob Astor.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The Langdon House
-
-
-This house was usually called the Langdon house, although it was never
-occupied by the family of that name. Mr. Walter Langdon’s house,
-directly opposite, was built much later. About 1845 the first John
-Jacob Astor wished to present his daughter, Mrs. Walter Langdon, with
-a city residence and built this house for her during her absence
-abroad. He built merely the shell of the house, and on his daughter’s
-return gave her the sum of thirty thousand dollars for the purpose of
-decorating it. _Carte blanche_ was given to a famous decorator of that
-day, and he proceeded to finish it in a style hitherto unknown in the
-city. The result was that in the end the cost of the interior had risen
-to sixty thousand dollars, considered a very large sum at that time. A
-great deal of attention was paid to plaster and stucco ornamentation
-and woodwork. The most attractive feature of the house was the main
-staircase, which was made in England especially for the house. This
-staircase was rectangular and of a dark rich colored wood, was
-beautifully carved and of a very graceful design. It was lighted by a
-large stained-glass window overlooking Astor Place. The reception rooms
-were on the left of the main hall with a conservatory in the rear. At
-the right were the library, staircase, dining room, and offices. Mrs.
-Langdon, however, returned to Europe and continued to reside there
-until her death. Meanwhile it was arranged that the house should be
-occupied by her daughter, who had married an English gentleman, Mr.
-Matthew Wilks. Mr. and Mrs. Wilks continued to live there until the
-house was taken down in 1875.
-
-The property had a frontage of about two hundred and fifty feet on both
-Astor Place and Lafayette Place (now Lafayette Street), from which it
-was shut off by a high wall. The enclosed courtyard was laid out as a
-garden, with large trees, and the rear was occupied by the stables. The
-garden contained a ring large enough for riding purposes.
-
-Of course during the Forrest-Macready riot in 1849 the house was almost
-in what might be called the storm center. In the midst of it one of
-the servants, who thought he had secured a perfectly safe point of
-observation on the roof, was killed.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-St. Mark’s in the Bowery
-
-
-When Stuyvesant retired from office, after the British occupation, he
-withdrew to his “Bowerie” or farm near the site of the present church,
-then two miles out of town. In 1660 he built a small chapel near his
-house for the people of the little village that sprang up about the
-farm, as well as for his own family and the slaves, of whom there were
-about forty in the vicinity. This chapel was torn down in 1793, and
-the Petrus Stuyvesant of that day offered to present the ground and
-eight hundred pounds in money to Trinity parish if it would build a
-church there. This offer was accepted. In May, 1799, the church was
-finished and the body of it has remained intact to the present time,
-but there was no steeple before 1828. One pew was reserved for the
-governor of the State, and the corresponding pew on the other side for
-“Mr. Stuyvesant and family forever,”[14] each pew being surmounted
-by a canopy.[15] The negro servants (slaves) sat in the rear of the
-congregation.
-
-In a vault under the chapel the governor’s body had been placed after
-his death, in 1672, and in 1691 the body of the English governor
-(Sloughter) was also placed there.
-
-In building the church Stuyvesant’s remains were removed and placed
-in a vault beneath the walls of the new edifice. The stone which may
-be seen fastened to the outer wall bears the following inscription:
-“In this vault lies buried Petrus Stuyvesant, late Captain General and
-Governor in Chief of Amsterdam in New Netherlands, now called New York,
-and the Dutch West India Islands, died A.D. 1671–2, aged 80 years.”
-
-In July, 1804, the church was draped in mourning for the death of
-Hamilton, and was so kept for six weeks.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Second Avenue
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Lewis M. Rutherfurd_
-
-
-Lewis M. Rutherfurd was one of the most noted astronomers that this
-country has produced. As a young man, he began the study of the law
-with William H. Seward, and was admitted to the bar in 1837 and became
-associated with John Jay and afterwards with Hamilton Fish. But his
-tastes were entirely in the direction of science, and he decided to
-abandon the law and apply his attention to scientific research. With
-ample means, he had full opportunity to devote his life to the pursuit
-of his favorite study, astronomical photography. He spent several
-years of study in Europe and, on his return, he built an observatory
-in New York, the best equipped private astronomical observatory in
-the country. He made with his own hands an equatorial telescope and
-devised a means of adapting it for photographic use by means of a third
-lens placed outside of the ordinary object glass. He was the first to
-devise and construct micrometer apparatus for measuring impressions on
-the plate. It is said that he took such pains in the construction of
-the threads of the screws of his micrometer that he was engaged three
-years upon a single screw. He worked for many years at the photographic
-method of observation before the value and importance of his labors
-were recognized, but in 1865 these were fully acknowledged by the
-National Academy of Sciences. The remarkable results that he obtained
-were all secured before the discovery of the dry-plate process. His
-photographs of the moon surpassed all others that had been made. When
-overtaken by ill health he presented his instrument and photographs to
-Columbia College, and his telescope is now mounted in the observatory
-of that university.
-
-He was an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society, president of the
-American Photographical Society, and was the American delegate to the
-International Meridian Conference at Washington in 1885, preparing the
-resolutions embodying the results of the labors of the conference. He
-received many decorations and honors from the learned societies of the
-world, but his dislike of ostentation was such that he was never known
-to wear one of the decorations, emblems, etc., that were conferred upon
-him.[16]
-
-The Mansard roof has been added to the house since its occupation by
-the Rutherfurd family and the entrance removed from the avenue to the
-side street.
-
-When the house and grounds of the late Hon. Hamilton Fish, on
-Stuyvesant Square, were sold a few years ago, it was said that there
-had been no transfer of the site except by devise or descent since the
-time of the old Governor. The same might be said of this property.
-Stuyvesant’s house, in which, it is said, the papers were signed
-transferring the province to the British Crown, stood close to this
-spot. The house is the property of Rutherfurd Stuyvesant, a son of
-Lewis M. Rutherfurd.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The Keteltas House
-
-
-An example of an old Second Avenue dwelling, the residence of the
-Keteltas family on the corner of St. Mark’s Place.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Washington Square
-
-_Residence of Eugene Delano_
-
-
-This house was formed by uniting two of the fine old residences on
-the north side of Washington Square. The interior has been admirably
-reconstructed. The house was formerly occupied by Edward Cooper (son of
-the late Peter Cooper), who was, at one time, Mayor of the City.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-First Presbyterian Church, Fifth Avenue
-
-
-This church, representing the oldest Presbyterian organization in the
-city, was formed in 1716. The building was erected in 1845.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-An Old Fifth Avenue House
-
-_Former Residence of the Late James Lenox_
-
-
-James Lenox was born in New York in 1800, and was the son of Robert
-Lenox, a wealthy Scotch merchant. He graduated from Columbia College in
-1820 and entered upon a business life, but on the death of his father
-in 1839 he retired and devoted the rest of his life to study and works
-of benevolence. The collection of books and works of art became his
-absorbing passion, and eventually he gathered about him the largest and
-most valuable private collection of books and paintings in America. In
-1870 he built the present Lenox Library. The collection of bibles is
-believed to be unequaled even by those in the British Museum, and that
-of Americana and Shakespeareana greater than that of any other American
-library, in some respects surpassing those in Europe. He conveyed the
-whole property to the City of New York. He was the founder and the
-benefactor of the Presbyterian Hospital.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Another Old Fifth Avenue House
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Robert B. Minturn_
-
-
-Prior to the Civil War, the principal merchants and bankers were among
-the most prominent men in the city. The multimillionaire had not then
-appeared. The ships of Howland & Aspinwall, N. L. & G. Griswold, A. A.
-Low & Brother, and Grinnell, Minturn & Co. carried the flag to the
-farthest quarters of the globe, where their owners’ credit stood second
-to none. For speed the American clipper was unsurpassed. These “vessels
-performed wonderful feats--as when the _Flying Cloud_ ran from New York
-to San Francisco, making 433¼ statute miles in a single day; or the
-_Sovereign of the Seas_ sailed for ten thousand miles without tacking
-or wearing; or the _Dreadnought_ made the passage from Sandy Hook to
-Queenstown in nine days and seventeen hours.”[17]
-
-Mr. Minturn was a philanthropist and one of the best citizens the town
-ever had.
-
-The house is now the residence of Thomas F. Ryan.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: Grace Church, Broadway]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The Society Library
-
-
-In the year 1700 the Public Library of New York was founded under the
-administration of the Earl of Bellomont, and seems to have progressed
-as the city grew, being aided from time to time by gifts from
-interested persons on the other side, several folio volumes now in the
-Society Library having been presented by friends in London in 1712,
-and in 1729 the Rev. Dr. Millington, rector of Newington, England,
-having bequeathed his library to the Society for the Propagation of
-the Gospel in Foreign Parts, it was presented to the New York Public
-Library. The library, being in charge of the corporation of the city,
-was evidently not managed in a manner satisfactory to the people in
-general. In the year 1754 it was determined that a more efficient
-library was a necessity. In that year the present Society Library
-had its origin, and what had been the Public Library of the city
-was incorporated with it. Mrs. John King Van Rensselaer[18] states
-that it had its source in a movement started by Mrs. Alexander, who
-suggested to some of her friends that a circulating library should
-be established, the subscribers to collect sufficient money to send
-to England for the newest and best books. A list was made headed by
-Messrs. William Smith, Philip, William and Robert Livingston, John
-Morin Scott and William Alexander. After subscription books had been
-opened and the lieutenant governor (De Lancey) and council had “set
-their official seal” on the venture, a considerable sum was raised and
-an institution was regularly organized and later received a charter
-from Governor Tryon. Down to the time of the Revolution, the collection
-was constantly increased by the purchase of books, but during the
-Revolution, with a large part of the city destroyed by fire and what
-remained being under the control of a hostile army, the library
-suffered greatly. Mrs. Lamb[19] states that “four thousand or more
-books disappeared at the outbreak of the Revolution and were supposed
-destroyed, but many were hidden away for safe-keeping and reappeared
-after the war.”[20]
-
-In December, 1788, a meeting of the proprietors was called, trustees
-were elected, and the library again resumed operations.
-
-The library was kept in a room in the Federal Hall in Wall Street and
-was used as the library of Congress. The first building put up for its
-use was on the corner of Nassau and Cedar streets in 1795, but the
-growth of the city compelling a change, a new building was erected in
-1840 on the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street. The Library has
-occupied the present building in University Place since May, 1856.
-
-The membership of the library has been from the start among the most
-prominent and respectable citizens. Many of the original shares of
-1754–58 have remained in the same families to the present time, as
-those of the Auchmuty, Banyer, Beekman, Clarkson, Cruger, De Peyster,
-De Lancey, Harrison, Jones, Keteltas, Lawrence, Livingston, Ludlow,
-McEvers, Morris, Ogden, Robinson, Rutherfurd, Smith, Stuyvesant, Van
-Horne, and Watts families; and from 1790–96 those of the Astor, Bailey,
-Barclay, Bowne, Coles, Delafield, Fish, Gelston, Greenleaf, Jay,
-Kemble, Kingsland, Lenox, Low, Lee, Le Roy, Oothout, Peters, Prime,
-Ray, Remsen, Roosevelt, Sackett, Schermerhorn, Schieffelin, Swords,
-Titus, Townsend, Van Zandt, Van Wagenen, Van Rensselaer, Verplanck,
-Waddington, Winthrop, and Woolsey families.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Cruger House
-
-
-Many old New Yorkers remember the Cruger house in Fourteenth Street
-about halfway between Sixth and Seventh avenues, when it was occupied
-by the late Mrs. Douglas Cruger.[21]
-
-The house, having a frontage of seventy-five feet, stood in the
-middle of a courtyard extending on either side about one hundred
-feet, separated from the street by a high wall. Now the courtyard
-has disappeared and the house, crowded closely on both sides by high
-buildings, seems completely dwarfed. Decorated with fire escapes
-and signs it has fallen from its high estate, and the whole street,
-formerly a quiet dwelling street, is now nearly given over to trade and
-noisy bustle. The entrance hall, twenty-five feet in width, extended
-from front to rear eighty-five feet, a wide staircase rising from the
-center at the end, the conservatory at the rear being of the width of
-the house. The rooms on either side were rather curiously divided,
-losing somewhat in what might have made a more imposing effect, not,
-however, enough to prevent their being an excellent place for the
-disposition of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum, which leased
-the house in 1873 for five years. The house is described in the annual
-report for that year as a “large and elegant building surrounded by
-spacious grounds, upon which grounds new galleries may be built, should
-they be required....”[22] The rooms certainly had more unobstructed
-light than could be found in most private houses. It is now occupied by
-the Salvation Army.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Abingdon Square--Greenwich
-
-
-The peculiarity of the Greenwich section of the town is that it has
-retained an individuality that no other section has retained. It is
-very much of an American quarter. The streets are lined with well-kept,
-comfortable brick houses, dating back sixty years or more, many of them
-with the elaborately ornamental iron railings and newel posts that are
-disappearing so rapidly. There is a marked paucity of the conventional
-tenement house, and although factories and warehouses are crowding it
-on all sides, its people cling with a stolid determination to their
-ancient homes.
-
-This square is taken as representative of this quarter of the city,
-although it is rather in the streets adjoining that the houses are most
-representative of old dwellings of sixty or seventy years ago. Before
-the arrival of Henry Hudson, there was an Indian village here near the
-site of Gansevoort Market, but Governor Van Twiller turned the locality
-into a tobacco farm. By 1727 it became covered with farms and was
-joined to the city by a good road very nearly following the line of the
-present Greenwich Street.
-
-The region was always noted for its healthfulness and when an epidemic
-of smallpox broke out Admiral Warren invited the Colonial Assembly to
-meet at his house. This made Greenwich the fashion, and for nearly a
-century when epidemics occurred the people flocked out of town to that
-village. At one time the Bank of New York transferred its business
-there.
-
-No history of this part of the city can be written without some
-reference to that bold Irish sailor, Admiral Sir Peter Warren. Post
-captain at the age of twenty-four he, in 1744, while in command of
-the squadron on the Leeward Islands station, in less than four months
-captured twenty-four prizes, one with a cargo of two hundred and fifty
-thousand pounds in plate. He also served at Louisburg, Gibraltar, and
-elsewhere. When at length he tired of a seafaring life, although still
-young, he decided upon making his home in New York, and proceeded to
-anchor himself for a time at least by marrying a New York woman, Miss
-De Lancey. He bought three hundred acres of land at Greenwich, built a
-house and laid out the grounds like an English park. Here he resided
-for some years, and then went to England and entered Parliament.
-
-He died at the age of forty-eight and lies buried in Westminster Abbey,
-with a fine monument by Roubillac above him. After Lady Warren’s death
-the property was divided into three lots, one lot going to each of
-the three daughters. The lot containing the house fell to the eldest
-daughter, Lady Abingdon, and was sold by her to Abijah Hammond, who
-afterwards sold it to the late Abraham Van Nest. The remainder was sold
-off in small parcels after three roads had been cut through them,
-the Abingdon, Fitzroy, and Skinner roads.[23] The first corresponds
-to the present Twenty-first Street, the second was almost on a line
-with Eighth Avenue, and the third was part of the present Christopher
-Street.
-
-
-
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-
-Now that St. John’s Park has been destroyed, Gramercy Park is the
-only private park in the city--that is, one restricted in its use to
-owners of houses facing it. Fifty years ago it had more seclusion. A
-high and dense hedge surrounded it on the inside of the iron fence.
-For some reason this was removed and never replanted. Now people in
-the park might almost as well be in the middle of the street. The
-figure on the fountain was then a Hebe perpetually filling her cup with
-water. In former days the children that played in the grounds had an
-annual May festival on the first of the month. One of the young girls
-was chosen queen. Dressed in white and crowned with flowers, she led
-the festivities around the Maypole, under the trees. Later they all
-withdrew to the house of her parents, where a collation was served
-and the dancing continued until the children were sent home by their
-parents and to bed.
-
-A number of men who have been prominent in the city’s life are living
-or have lived in houses about the square. We might mention John
-Bigelow, Stuyvesant Fish, James W. Gerard, Edwin Booth, Samuel J.
-Tilden, Dr. Bellows, Dr. Valentine Mott, Cyrus W. Field, and David
-Dudley Field.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Residence of John Bigelow_
-
-
-Mr. Bigelow, one of the best-known citizens of New York, was admitted
-to the bar in 1839 and in 1850 joined William Cullen Bryant as editor
-of the New York _Evening Post_. He continued as one of the principal
-editors until 1861, when he was appointed consul at Paris, and on the
-death of Mr. Dayton became United States Minister, remaining so until
-1866.
-
-While at Paris he published “Les États Unis d’Amerique.” This work
-corrected the erroneous views of the French as to the relative
-commercial importance of the Northern and Southern States and was
-effective in discouraging the supposed desire of the French Government
-for the disruption of the Union.
-
-Mr. Bigelow also conducted the negotiations leading to the withdrawal
-of the French army from Mexico. In 1875 he was elected to the office of
-Secretary of State of New York. He has published “The Life of Samuel
-J. Tilden,” of whom he was one of the three executors; “The Mystery of
-Sleep” and numerous other works. He has been honored by degrees from
-various colleges and universities.[24]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Luther C. Clark_
-
-
-For many years this house was the residence of Mr. Clark, the
-well-known banker. It is now the house of the Columbia University Club.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late James W. Gerard_
-
-
-Mr. Gerard was an eminent lawyer. Born in this city in 1794, of French
-ancestry on his father’s side, he graduated from Columbia College in
-1811, and in 1816 took the degree of M.A. and was admitted to the bar.
-A man of great public spirit, he, in 1824, procured the incorporation
-of the House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, the first institution
-of the kind in the country. Formerly, the police or “watchmen,” as they
-were called, wore no uniforms. Occasionally, an ordinary looking man
-would be seen wandering about the streets, and, if the wind happened
-to turn aside the lapel of his coat, one might observe a small metal
-shield. This was the only indication of his office. Mr. Gerard publicly
-advocated the adoption of a uniform and by letters, addresses, and
-persistent action accomplished his purpose. He wore the new uniform
-at a fancy dress ball given by Mrs. Coventry Waddell, who occupied a
-Gothic villa, with tower, turrets, etc., on Fifth Avenue, at the top of
-Murray Hill, and entertained a great deal.
-
-Mr. Gerard devoted much of his time to charitable institutions and
-was especially interested in the public schools of the city. He was
-a capital speaker. His speeches were witty and always in good taste.
-That he was in constant demand, in his prime, at dinners both public
-and private, is readily perceived by looking through the pages of Mayor
-Philip Hone’s diary.
-
-Gramercy Park was founded in 1831 and this is said to be the oldest
-house facing it.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-“_The Players_”
-
-
-Edwin Booth, perhaps the most distinguished American actor, was born
-in Maryland in 1833. He made his first appearance in 1849 and was ever
-after devoted to his profession, playing throughout this country and
-also abroad.
-
-He was crushed by the affair of the assassination of President Lincoln
-and retired from the stage for a year, but never lost his personal
-popularity. He opened Booth’s Theater in Twenty-third Street in
-1869 and for thirteen years maintained the most popular revivals of
-Shakespeare’s tragedies ever known in the city. Although forced into
-bankruptcy in 1873, he retrieved his fortunes by earning two hundred
-thousand dollars in fifty-six weeks.
-
-In 1882 he went to Europe and was received with the greatest favor.
-In 1888 he purchased the building here shown (formerly the residence
-of Valentine G. Hall), remodeled and furnished it and presented it
-to actors and the friends of the drama as “The Players,” a complete
-gentleman’s club. Booth made his home at “The Players” from the date
-of its opening until his death, which took place in this house June 7,
-1893.[25]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Samuel J. Tilden_
-
-
-Mr. Tilden had a great reputation for skill as a lawyer. He was
-also a thorough politician, being chairman of the Democratic State
-Committee of New York for thirteen years. Nominated for President in
-1876, he received a majority of the popular vote, but owing to the
-fact that the votes of several States were disputed, the celebrated
-Electoral Commission was appointed, consisting of senators, judges, and
-representatives. The commission divided on party lines and gave the
-disputed votes to Mr. Hayes. The house is formed by combining two, one
-formerly having a front similar to that of “The Players,” and the other
-with a front corresponding to the brick house adjoining on the west.
-The larger house had belonged to the Belden family. Both the Hall and
-the Belden houses once had ornamental iron balconies at the main floor
-with canopies similar to those now seen attached to the fronts of the
-houses on the west side of the square, and were alike in appearance,
-excepting that the Belden house had the coat of arms carved in high
-relief over the door. One of the beautiful Misses Belden married the
-late Dudley Field, another the late Colonel Talmadge.
-
-The gardens in the rear of these two houses were the largest in the
-row, extending through the block to Nineteenth Street, a part near the
-Belden house being formally laid out with box-edged walks and flower
-beds, while the rest was turfed and shaded by large trees, a few of
-which survived until a year or two ago, when they were cut down to make
-way for the new building of the National Arts Club, the present owner.
-Mr. Tilden, joining with the other owners on the square and the owners
-of the houses on Irving Place, had all the wooden fences in the angle
-formed by these houses removed and an open iron fence put in their
-place. As there were no houses on Nineteenth Street, there remained an
-unusual effect of greenery and trees for New York City.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Rev. Dr. Henry W. Bellows_
-
-
-Dr. Bellows was a distinguished clergyman. Born in 1814, he graduated
-at Harvard and at the Cambridge Divinity School, and in 1838 became
-the pastor of the First Unitarian Church, New York, and so continued
-for forty-four years. Dr. Bellows was an accomplished orator, his
-extemporaneous speeches being remarkable for their lucidity and style.
-He published numerous lectures and pamphlets, but is best known
-throughout the country for his work as president of the United States
-Sanitary Commission during the Civil War. Under him the commission
-distributed supplies amounting to fifteen millions of dollars in value
-and five millions of money. The results of the experience of the
-commission in their work of reducing the suffering in war have been
-copied abroad.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Dr. Valentine Mott_
-
-
-Dr. Mott was a distinguished surgeon, and one of the best-known
-citizens of the small town of sixty or seventy years ago. He previously
-lived at the easterly end of Depau Row. For many years Dr. M. resided
-in Paris, during the reign of Louis Philippe, whose physician he was.
-In 1841[26] a ball was given for the Prince de Joinville at the Depau
-Row house, and during the Civil War the Comte de Paris and brothers
-were entertained at the Gramercy Square house.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Rectory of Calvary Parish_
-
-
-This rectory has been the home of many clergymen celebrated in the
-community. One of the early rectors was Dr. Francis Lister Hawks. Born
-at Newbern, N. C., in 1798, he was ordained in 1827 and was conspicuous
-in the church up to the time of his death in 1866.
-
-In 1844 he became rector of Christ Church, New Orleans, and president
-of the University of Louisiana, and in 1849 he became rector of this
-parish. Being of Southern birth, he, at the outbreak of the Civil War,
-withdrew to the South, but returned after the close of the war. He
-published many works on ecclesiastical and other subjects. He declined
-the bishopric of Mississippi and also that of Rhode Island.
-
-The Rev. Dr. Arthur Cleveland Coxe was at one time rector. He
-afterwards became the Bishop of Western New York. The Rev. Dr. Henry
-Yates Satterlee was for many years the well-known rector of this
-parish. He is now Bishop of Washington.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Stanford White_
-
-
-Mr. White was an eminent architect. It is now the house of the
-Princeton Club.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gramercy Square
-
-_Former Residence of the Late Cyrus W. Field and the Late David Dudley
-Field_
-
-
-Cyrus W. Field was a business man until about 1854–56, when with Peter
-Cooper, Moses Taylor, and others he organized the Atlantic Telegraph
-Company. Although the first cable was laid in 1858, it was not until
-1866 that the enterprise was entirely successful, after Mr. Field had
-crossed the ocean thirty times in the prosecution of the work. He
-received the thanks of Congress and many other honors.
-
-His brother, David Dudley Field, was conspicuous at the New York bar
-for over fifty years. For forty years of this time he devoted all his
-spare moments to the subject of the reform of the law and obtained a
-marked success. The new system of civil procedure has been adopted in
-many States and substantially followed in Great Britain. In 1873 he
-was elected the first president of an association for the reform and
-codification of the law of nations formed at Brussels in that year.[27]
-
-The two houses owned by the brothers Field have been united by the
-present owner, Henry W. Poor, banker and author of the statistical
-work on American railways universally consulted by bankers and
-investors throughout the country. The interior has been beautifully
-reconstructed.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Former Residence of the Late Peter Cooper and the Late Abram S. Hewitt
-
-
-Peter Cooper was born in New York in 1791. His father being a man of
-small means, he was at an early age put into business and contributed
-to the support of his family.
-
-He entered into the manufacture of glue and soon became the best-known
-maker of that commodity. In 1828, when thirty-seven years of age, he
-had acquired considerable wealth and was enabled to buy three thousand
-acres of land within the limits of the city of Baltimore. Here he built
-the great Canton Iron Works, and the entire investment soon proved
-extremely successful. About the year 1830 he built, at the West Point
-Foundry, N. Y., the first locomotive constructed in the United States
-for actual service. Not long after he disposed of the Canton Iron Works
-and erected enormous iron works at the city of Trenton, N. J. The firm
-was a pioneer in the successful manufacture of iron and became one of
-the largest of the kind in the country.
-
-Mr. Cooper made many inventions in connection with this business.
-He became associated with Cyrus W. Field in his efforts to lay the
-Atlantic Cable, and the final success of that enterprise was in great
-measure due to his coöperation. Mr. Cooper is perhaps best known as the
-founder of the Cooper Institute, of which he commenced the construction
-as early as 1853. The objects of this institution were to furnish free
-schools in art and science and a free reading room and to provide free
-lectures on scientific, artistic, and social subjects. Mr. Cooper died,
-universally respected, in 1883.
-
-Abram S. Hewitt, a native of Rockland County, N. Y., was the son-in-law
-of Peter Cooper, and to him, in partnership with his son Edward
-Cooper, he transferred that branch of his business connected with the
-manufacture of iron. Mr. Hewitt was a man much interested in the great
-social problems, being no mere theorist but a man ready to sacrifice
-his own interests to the well being of his dependents.
-
-It is a fact that for forty years the business at Trenton was carried
-on with absolutely no profit beyond the amount necessary to pay the
-wages of the three thousand men employed and the regular expenses
-of the establishment. He stated at one of the meetings of the
-Congressional Committee on the grievances of labor that from 1873 to
-1879 the business was carried on at a loss of one hundred thousand
-dollars a year. Of course, one object was to continue the business and
-to prevent the deterioration of the plant, but the firm also aimed to
-avoid throwing such a large body of men out of employment, although at
-times they were placed on half pay.
-
-Notwithstanding, the firm became wealthy through ventures not relating
-to the iron business and also through investments connected with it.
-As an example it may be mentioned that a large purchase of iron in
-1879–80 resulted in a profit of a million dollars. In 1874 Mr. Hewitt
-was elected a representative to Congress and served with the exception
-of one term until 1886. In that year he was chosen mayor of New York.
-Mr. Hewitt was extremely honest and independent. He was neither a free
-trader nor a protectionist. He was a reformer but not a radical one,
-and at his death the nation, and especially the Democratic Party, lost
-a wise statesman and counselor.[28]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The General Theological Seminary
-
-_Chelsea_
-
-
-Some time about the year 1750 Captain Clarke, a veteran of the
-provincial army, who had seen considerable service in the French war,
-built a country house, two or three miles north of the city, to which
-he gave the name of Chelsea. He gave it this name because he said it
-was to be the retreat of an old soldier in the evening of his days.
-
-It has been thought that the name of Greenwich was given to the
-neighboring estate by Admiral Warren for a corresponding sentimental
-reason, but Mr. Janvier, in that very entertaining book, “In Old New
-York,” shows that the name of Greenwich was in use long before the
-admiral’s advent. Captain Clarke, unfortunately, was not destined long
-to enjoy the house he had built. During his last illness, the house
-caught fire and the captain came very near being burned with it, but
-he was carried out by neighbors and shortly after died in an adjacent
-farmhouse. Mrs. Clarke rebuilt the house on the crest of a hill that
-sloped down to the river about three hundred feet distant.[29] The
-estate descended to her daughter, the wife of Bishop Moore, and in
-1813 it was conveyed to their son, Clement C. Moore,[30] by whom the
-old house was considerably enlarged. The house was taken down when the
-bulkhead along the river front was constructed by the city. Mr. Moore
-gave the whole of the block bounded by Twentieth and Twenty-first
-streets and Ninth and Tenth avenues to the General Theological Seminary
-of the Episcopal Church, and it became known as Chelsea Square. The
-building here shown was built about 1835 and is constructed of a gray
-stone. The modern buildings, however, are of brick and stone, of a
-Gothic style and, with the old trees remaining and the stretches
-of green lawn, produce, especially in summer time, a suggestion of
-English seclusion and repose quite at variance with the bustle and the
-crudeness of that part of the city.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: Former Residence of the Late William C. Schermerhorn]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Church of the Transfiguration
-
-
-It is difficult to realize the position held forty years ago by the old
-Wallack’s Theater at Broadway and Thirteenth Street. It was in a way a
-city institution. The company remained nearly the same for years, with
-occasional changes, and its members were, one and all, accomplished in
-their profession. The receipts of the theater were as regular as those
-of a bank.
-
-The elder Wallack, a well-bred Englishman, was a finished actor of the
-old school. His son, Lester Wallack, was an extraordinarily handsome
-man of the romantic type, well suited for the more sentimental drama
-of the day, although his wealth of curly black hair and whiskers would
-violate our modern canons of taste. By his father’s desire when a young
-man he became an officer in the British army, but after serving two
-years resigned and adopted the profession of the stage. His wife was a
-sister of Millais, the artist.
-
-George Holland was a short, thickset man with a rather large head,
-who was seldom cast for a very prominent part, but his humor and his
-evident geniality and honesty made him a favorite with the public.
-Consequently when the story of his funeral became public, there was
-some indignation expressed.
-
-It is fair to the Rev. Dr. Sabine, however, to say that it is claimed
-that when approached by the parties having charge of the funeral, he
-told them that the Church of the Incarnation was undergoing repairs,
-that the aisles were crowded with workmen and scaffolding, and that
-it would prove an inconvenience to all parties to hold the services
-in that church. The late Rev. Dr. Houghton, rector of this parish for
-forty-nine years, was a clergyman held in the highest esteem by the
-people of this city.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: Residence of J. Pierpont Morgan]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: Former Residence of the Late Theodore A. Havemeyer]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Former Residence of the Late Edwin D. Morgan
-
-
-Edwin D. Morgan, born in Berkshire County, Mass., in 1811, came to
-New York in 1836 and founded a mercantile house which became very
-successful. In 1858 he was elected Governor of the State of New York,
-and as he continued to hold that office during the first years of the
-Civil War he is frequently referred to as “The War Governor.” In 1861
-he was appointed major general of volunteers and placed in command, but
-refused to receive any compensation for his services. In 1862 he was
-chosen United States Senator and occupied that office until March, 1869.
-
-President Lincoln offered him the position of Secretary of the
-Treasury. The same position was offered him by President Arthur in
-1881, but on both occasions he declined the honor.
-
-He was a most generous benefactor to charitable institutions during his
-lifetime and also by virtue of his last will and testament.[31] The
-grounds attached to this house are extensive for New York City.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: The Old Arsenal--Central Park]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Claremont
-
-
-The view of the Hudson, on a fine day, to a person looking northward
-from Claremont is one of the best on the river. Being on a high point
-that juts out somewhat into the stream, the spectator appreciates the
-river’s breadth. In former days the site of Claremont was remarkable
-for its magnificent trees, pine, oak and tulip, of extraordinary girth,
-height and spread, but the building of the railroad (which spoiled so
-many country seats) sounded its death knell in respect to its being a
-place of residence with appropriate surroundings. What is now known
-as Claremont appears at an early period to have been composed of two
-properties, the upper or northerly one being called “Strawberry Hill,”
-or “Claremont,” and the lower or southerly, one “Monte Alto.” Some of
-the early deeds were not recorded and the writer has not ascertained
-when or how the division was made.
-
-A tract of land including that on which the house stands was conveyed
-in 1774 to Nicholas de Peyster, and in August, 1776, was sold by him to
-George Pollock, an Irish linen merchant.
-
-Pollock endeavored to improve the place by clearing and cultivation,
-as is shown by the statement in a letter mentioned below, in which
-he says: “I have long considered those grounds as of my own creation,
-having selected them when wild, and brought the place to its present
-form.” He named the place “Strawberry Hill.” After living there for
-some years and after the loss of a child (said to have occurred by
-drowning) he withdrew to England.
-
-Almost everyone who has visited Grant’s Tomb remembers the marble
-funereal monument in the form of an urn inclosed within an iron railing
-near the top of the hill. The inscription, much blurred by time, reads:
-“Erected to the memory of an amiable child, St. Claire Pollock, died
-15th. July 1797 in the 5 year of his age.” Then follow some lines of
-verse. In a letter written from England by Mr. Pollock to Mrs. Gulian
-Verplanck, who had become the owner of that or the adjoining place,
-dated July 18, 1800, he writes: “There is a small enclosure near your
-boundary fence within which lie the remains of a favorite child,
-covered by a marble monument.... The surrounding ground will fall
-into the hands of I know not whom, whose prejudice or better taste
-may remove the monument and lay the enclosure open. You will confer a
-peculiar and interesting favor upon me by allowing me to convey the
-enclosure to you, so that you will consider it a part of your own
-estate, keeping it however always enclosed and sacred. There is a white
-marble funereal urn to place on the monument which will not lessen its
-beauty. I have long considered those grounds as of my own creation,
-having selected them when wild, and brought the place to its present
-form. Having so long and so delightfully resided there, I feel an
-interest in it that I cannot get rid of by time.”[32]
-
-In July, 1803, a tract of over thirty-one acres was conveyed by John
-B. Prevost, former Recorder of the city, to Joseph Alston, of South
-Carolina, planter. Alston[33] seems to have held the property about
-three years and then to have sold it to John Marsden Pintard. This deed
-conveys the tract known as “Monte Alto.” In November, 1808, a release
-was recorded, executed by Theodosia Burr Alston in favor of Michael
-Hogan, gentleman, Hogan having bought Monte Alto from Pintard.[34]
-
-There is no record of any conveyance of Claremont, by Gulian Verplanck
-or his executors, to Hogan,[35] but a deed made by Robert Lenox, Jacob
-Stout, and John Wells, trustees, to Michael Hogan, dated July 21, 1819,
-reconveys to him all property not disposed of in the execution of their
-trust, which is referred to as having been imposed by _two_ previous
-deeds of assignment or conveyance dated July 25, 1811. It is here that
-it is generally thought a vagueness and uncertainty as to the true
-owner exists. It was about this time that Claremont was occupied by a
-rather mysterious individual, an Englishman named Courtenay, who, it is
-said, in after years, inherited the title of the Earl of Devon.
-
-Mr. Haswell,[36] in his “Reminiscences of an Octogenarian,” says, page
-25: “West of Broadway, between Eleventh and Twelfth avenues and One
-Hundred and Twenty-third Street, there was a large country residence
-occupied by an Englishman, a Mr. Courtenay, with but one man servant
-and a cook. He lived so retired as never to be seen in company with
-anyone outside of his household and very rarely in public.
-
-“There was, as a consequence, many opinions given as to the occasion of
-such exclusiveness. The one generally and finally accepted was that he
-had been a gay companion of royalty in his youth, and that his leaving
-England was more the result of expediency with him than choice.”
-Lossing’s[37] account differs somewhat from this. He says: “When the
-War of 1812 broke out he (Courtenay) returned thither (to England)
-leaving his furniture and plate, which were sold at auction....
-Courtenay was a great lion in New York, for he was a handsome bachelor,
-with title, fortune, and reputation--a combination of excellencies
-calculated to captivate the heart desires of the opposite sex.
-Claremont was the residence for a while of Joseph Bonaparte, ex-King
-of Spain, when he first took refuge in the United States, after the
-battle of Waterloo and the downfall of the Napoleon dynasty. Here
-too Francis James Jackson, the successor of Mr. Erskine, the British
-Minister at Washington, at the opening of the War of 1812, resided a
-short time.... He was politically and socially unpopular, and presented
-a strong contrast to the polished Courtenay.” Courtenay disappeared
-at the time of the war between this country and Great Britain, after
-having greatly embellished the place. It has always been a tradition
-in the Post family (who owned the property for nearly fifty years)
-that Courtenay built the present house. In March, 1812, Hogan joined
-with the above-named trustees in conveying the property “commonly
-called Claremont” to Herman Le Roy, William Bayard, and James McEvers,
-trustees. By some it has been supposed that while the legal title was
-in trustees, there may have been an unrecorded declaration of trust,
-by which Courtenay became the equitable owner. The grantees[38] in the
-last-mentioned deed first leased Claremont and several years later
-sold it to Joel Post, February 12, 1821. Later, Mr. Post (brother of
-the distinguished physician of the last century, Dr. Wright Post, who
-also resided at Claremont) purchased the property adjoining on the
-south, Monte Alto, and united the ownership of the two places, although
-Monte Alto was for many years occupied as a country seat by the McEvers
-family.[39] In 1868 the house and a portion of the place were acquired
-by the city from the heirs of Mr. Post.
-
-It seems to have been pretty well shown that the battle of Harlem
-Heights was not fought in this locality. It is only in recent years
-that Morningside Heights have been spoken of as Harlem Heights. In
-conveying Claremont it is described as in Bloomingdale and according
-to the map (Mrs. Lamb’s “History of the City of New York,” vol. II,
-p. 129) the westerly line of Harlem excluded all Morningside Heights
-except a few feet at the base of the high ground at Manhattanville.
-The high ground was known as Vandewater Heights, and if the battle had
-taken place there it would have been known by that name. It is more
-probable that most of the fighting (which was widespread) took place
-at the base of the Point of Rocks, south of the Convent of the Sacred
-Heart, and also along the high ground to the west and north. Day’s
-Tavern stood a little to the northeast of the Point of Rocks, and there
-Knowlton and the Connecticut troops were stationed.
-
-Major Lewis Morris, Jr., wrote to his father on September 28th: “Monday
-morning an advanced party, Colonel Knowlton’s regiment, was attacked on
-a height a little to the southwest of Day’s Tavern.”
-
-Morningside Heights would have been considerably more than “a little”
-to the southwest of Day’s Tavern. The detachment sent out before
-daylight under Knowlton by General Washington was not his regiment
-but a small body, probably a single company, and was sent to make a
-diversion upon the enemy’s rear. It is probable that they followed the
-river’s edge as far south as Ninety-fourth Street, much below Claremont
-and Morningside Heights. The actual battle did not begin until late
-in the day. The resolution of Congress passed October 17, 1776, was
-“Resolved, That General Lee be directed to repair to the camp on the
-Heights of Harlem with leave,” etc.
-
-Washington had no camp on Morningside Heights. His camp was on the high
-ground between the Point of Rocks and the Harlem River.
-
-Finally “nowhere on Manhattan Island, to my knowledge, beyond the limit
-of the city, have there been found the remains of so many English and
-Hessian soldiers, as shown by buttons, cross-belt buckles, bayonets,
-and portions of other arms, as have been excavated, from time to time,
-in the neighborhood of Trinity Cemetery. There could have been no
-fight at this point unless it was at the battle of Harlem, while the
-neighborhood about Columbia University, where it is claimed the battle
-was fought, has been particularly free from all such evidence.”[40]
-Claremont is now a public restaurant.[41] The adding of the huge
-inclosed piazzas has produced an effect that is nondescript.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Hamilton Grange
-
-
-Alexander Hamilton, although born in another colony, was identified
-with the city from boyhood and married into a New York family.[42] The
-genuine New Yorker seems always to have had a certain regard for the
-memory of Hamilton, ascribable perhaps to his untimely taking off, to
-a sentiment of having been, as it were, robbed of the services of a
-great man, and to the strong light thrown upon the contrast between his
-traits and those of his distinguished and brilliant antagonist.
-
-He had faults, but they were very human ones, while those of his
-adversary tended toward the incarnation of selfishness. His career
-is probably more familiar to the people than that of any of the
-other characters connected with the State of New York during the
-Revolutionary era. The site of the house (named after the estate of his
-grandfather in Ayreshire, Scotland) was chosen by him in order to be in
-proximity to the house of his friend, Gouverneur Morris, at Morrisania.
-The situation at that time, like that of the Jumel house, commanded an
-extensive view of the Hudson and Harlem rivers and Long Island Sound.
-It was then about eight miles from town, so that it was his habit to
-drive in every day. It was not to this house that he was brought
-after the disastrous event of July 11, 1804. His friend William Bayard
-had received an intimation of the proposed encounter, and was waiting
-when the boat containing him reached the New York shore. Hamilton was
-carried to his house and died there the next day. His wife and children
-were with him. One daughter, overcome by two such dreadful events
-in the family within a short period, lost her reason.[43] The whole
-city was affected. Business was suspended. Indignation was universal.
-Burr’s followers walked in the funeral procession. Talleyrand said of
-Hamilton: “Je considére Napoleon, Fox, et Hamilton comme lest trois
-plus grande hommes de notre époque, et si je devais me prononcer entre
-les trois, je donnerais sans hesiter la première place a Hamilton.”
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-The Jumel House
-
-
-This house was built in 1758 by Captain (afterwards Colonel) Roger
-Morris of the British army, who had been an aide of General Braddock.
-Morris married a daughter of Colonel Philipse. The Philipse estate
-embraced a great part of the present Westchester and Putnam counties.
-The manor hall erected about 1745 (the oldest part probably about 1682)
-now constitutes the City Hall of Yonkers.[44] In that house, on July
-3, 1730, was born Mary Philipse, and in the drawing-room on Sunday
-afternoon, January 15, 1758, she was married to Captain Morris by the
-Rev. Henry Barclay, rector of Trinity, and his assistant, Mr. Auchmuty.
-
-A paper on “The Romance of the Hudson,” by Benson J. Lossing,
-published in _Harper’s Magazine_ for April, 1876, gives the following
-account of the wedding: “The leading families of the province and the
-British forces in America had representatives there. The marriage was
-solemnized under a crimson canopy emblazoned with the golden crest of
-the family.... The bridesmaids were Miss Barclay, Miss Van Cortlandt,
-and Miss De Lancey. The groomsmen were Mr. Heathcote, Captain Kennedy,
-and Mr. Watts. Acting Governor De Lancey (son-in-law to Colonel
-Heathcote, lord of the manor of Scarsdale) assisted at the ceremony.
-The brothers of the bride ... gave away the bride.... Her dowry in her
-own right was a large domain, plate, jewelry, and money. A grand feast
-followed the nuptial ceremony, and late on that brilliant moonlit night
-most of the guests departed.
-
-“While they were feasting a tall Indian, closely wrapped in a scarlet
-blanket, appeared at the door of the banquet hall, and with measured
-words said: ‘Your possessions shall pass from you when the eagle
-shall despoil the lion of his mane.’ He as suddenly disappeared....
-The bride pondered the ominous words for years ... and when, because
-they were royalists in action, the magnificent domain of the Philipses
-was confiscated by the Americans at the close of the Revolution, the
-prophecy and its fulfillment were manifested.”[45]
-
-While in New York in 1756 Washington stayed at the house of his friend,
-Beverly Robinson, who had married a sister of Miss Philipse, and there
-is no doubt that her charms made a deep impression upon him, but there
-is no evidence that she refused him.
-
-[Illustration: MANOR HALL, YONKERS, 1682]
-
-After the Revolution Colonel Philipse withdrew to Chester, England,
-died there in 1785, and was buried in Chester Cathedral, where there
-is a monument to his memory. Some of his descendants are now living in
-England, as well as descendants of Colonel and Mrs. Morris. “A part of
-the Philipse estate was in possession of Colonel Morris in right of his
-wife, and that the whole interest should pass under the (confiscation)
-act, Mrs. Morris was included in the attainder.”[46] It is believed
-that Mrs. Morris and her sisters were the only women attainted of
-treason during the Revolution. “In 1787 the Attorney General of England
-examined the case and gave the opinion that the reversionary interest
-was not included in the attainder,” and was recoverable, and in the
-year 1809 Mrs. Morris’s son, Captain Henry Gage Morris, of the royal
-navy, in behalf of himself and his two sisters, sold their reversionary
-interest to John Jacob Astor for twenty thousand pounds sterling. In
-1828 Mr. Astor made a compromise with the State of New York by which
-he received for these rights five hundred thousand dollars, with the
-understanding that he should execute a deed with warranty against
-the claims of the Morris family, in order to quiet the title of the
-numerous persons who had bought from the commissioners of forfeitures.
-This he did.
-
-In 1810 the property was bought by Stephen Jumel, a wealthy French
-merchant. There he entertained Louis Philippe, Lafayette, Joseph
-Bonaparte, Louis Napoleon, and Henry Clay. After Jumel’s death it came
-into the possession of his widow. Aaron Burr, in his old age, married
-Madame Jumel. After he had made away with a good deal of her money,
-she got rid of him. He withdrew to other fields of action and died
-somewhere on Staten Island.
-
-During the Revolution Washington had his headquarters here from
-September 16 to October 21, 1776, and revisited it, accompanied by his
-cabinet, July, 1790.
-
-The house is now in the control of the Department of Parks and is shown
-to the public.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Gracie House--East River Park
-
-
-Archibald Gracie, a native of Dumfries, Scotland, of an old Scotch
-family, came to this country about the time of the close of the
-Revolutionary War and established himself as a merchant. He became
-one of the largest if not the largest ship owner in the country, his
-ships visiting, it is said, every port in the world. He was a man of
-the highest character. Oliver Wolcott said of him: “He was one of
-the excellent of the earth, actively liberal, intelligent, seeking
-and rejoicing in occasions to do good.” Washington Irving wrote
-(January, 1813): “Their (the Gracies’) country place was one of my
-strongholds last summer. It is a charming, warm-hearted family and the
-old gentleman has the soul of a prince.” Mr. Gracie lost greatly as a
-result of the Berlin and Milan decrees, over a million dollars, it is
-said. It is believed that he was the largest holder of the celebrated
-“French Claims,”[47] which Congress with outrageous persistence refused
-or neglected to pay for generations. He married Esther, daughter of
-Samuel Rogers and Elizabeth Fitch, daughter of Thomas Fitch, Governor
-of Connecticut.
-
-There was an old house at Gracie’s Point belonging to Mrs. Prevoost,
-and this he either altered and enlarged or else removed entirely and
-built the present structure, but at what time it is not known. In the
-year 1805 Josiah Quincy was entertained there at dinner. He describes
-enthusiastically the situation, overlooking the then terribly turbulent
-waters of Hell Gate. He said: “The shores of Long Island, full of
-cultivated prospects and interspersed with elegant country seats, bound
-the distant view. The mansion is elegant in the modern style and the
-grounds laid out in taste with gardens.”[48] Among the guests at that
-dinner were Oliver Wolcott, Judge Pendleton, Hamilton’s second, and Dr.
-Hosack, who later married Mrs. Coster.
-
-William Gracie, the eldest son, married the beautiful Miss Wolcott,
-daughter of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary of the Treasury under Washington.
-A great reception was given by Mr. and Mrs. Archibald Gracie to the
-bride at this house. All the bridesmaids, groomsmen, and a large
-company were assembled when the bride died suddenly of heart disease.
-His daughter Hester was married in the parlor of the house to William
-Beach Lawrence, afterwards Governor of Rhode Island. Another daughter
-married James Gore King, the eminent banker, and another Charles King,
-afterwards president of Columbia College, both being sons of Rufus
-King of Revolutionary fame. On one occasion during the Napoleonic wars,
-a French vessel was chased by an English frigate into the neutral
-harbor of New York. The Englishman lay in the lower bay ready to attack
-the Frenchman when he should return through the Narrows. Being sure of
-his prize he was off his guard. The French captain, taking a skillful
-pilot, slipped up the East River, a feat believed impossible for so
-large a vessel. In rounding Gracie’s Point a sailor on a yardarm was
-swept from his perch by the overhanging branches of a great elm that
-was standing on the lawn as late as 1880. With wonderful agility, the
-sailor seized the limbs and swinging from one to another reached the
-trunk, down which he slid to the ground. Charles King, calling to the
-Frenchman, rushed to the other side of the Point, put him in his boat
-and followed the man-of-war, although it had then swung over to the
-other side of the river. By skillful management he reached the vessel
-and the sailor scrambled aboard. Anyone who remembers the waters of
-Hell Gate before the rocky bottom was blown up by the Government will
-admit that Mr. King did some vigorous rowing. The man-of-war escaped by
-way of the Sound, much to the chagrin of the English.
-
-Many distinguished people were entertained in this house. When Louis
-Philippe was here in exile he was invited to dine with Mrs. Gracie.
-The carriage and four were sent to town to bring the royal visitor,
-and when he arrived the family were assembled to receive him. One of
-the little girls exclaimed aloud, “That is not the king, he has no
-crown on his head,” at which the guest laughed good-naturedly and said:
-“In these days, kings are satisfied with wearing their heads without
-crowns.” An early picture shows an ornamental balustrade on the roof of
-the house and also on that of the piazza, relieving the present rather
-bare appearance.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-BOROUGH OF THE BRONX
-
-
-The Gouverneur Morris House[49]
-
-
-Gouverneur Morris was one of the most interesting characters of
-the Revolutionary era, interesting because he had an individuality
-that distinguished him from the other worthies of the time. Though
-crippled,[50] his versatility and activity of mind and body were very
-great. An orator of the first rank, when but a few years past his
-majority he swayed the Continental Congress with his views upon matters
-of finance, a subject for which he had an especial aptitude throughout
-his career. Resolving, when a young man, to be the first lawyer in the
-land, he became so. By reason of his connections, his education and
-abilities, during his long stay abroad he associated on intimate terms
-with a vast number of the most influential personages living at the
-time. The unfortunate King and Queen of France sought his advice and
-aid in their troubles, as did Lafayette and many others.
-
-His diary published in 1888 (now out of print), written in Paris during
-the early days of the French Revolution, although evidently for his
-own use, is comparable with those other letters and memoirs of the
-eighteenth century when writing of the sort was cultivated as a fine
-art.
-
-His father’s will states: “It is my desire that my son, Gouverneur
-Morris, may have the best education that is to be had in England or
-America.” Great pains were taken that this should be carried out, so
-that he should be fitted for any career that might open to him.[51]
-He was a member of the Provincial Congress of New York, in 1775,
-“serving on the various committees with such well-balanced judgment
-as to command the respect of men of twice his age and experience.”
-Twice elected to the Continental Congress, he was a chairman of three
-committees for carrying on the war,[52] wrote continually on all
-subjects, especially that of finance, and at the same time practiced
-law, doing all this before he was twenty-eight years of age. After
-five years of devotion to public affairs, he became a citizen of
-Philadelphia and settled down to the practice of his profession.
-
-In 1787, as a delegate from Pennsylvania, he took his seat in the
-convention which met to frame the Federal Constitution. He had been
-connected in certain financial ventures with William Constable of New
-York, which had been eminently successful, and in November, 1788,
-led partly by matters relating to these and partly by the desire to
-travel, he decided to visit France. His life on the other side became
-so crowded with interesting and important events that this visit
-was prolonged far beyond his intention. It was ten years before he
-returned. He was furnished by Washington with letters to persons in
-England, France, and Holland. He was present at the assembling of the
-States-General at Versailles, which has been called the “first day of
-the French Revolution,” and from that time on was _au fait_ with all
-the important events of that exciting period. At times he was in almost
-daily communication with the Duchess of Orleans, Madame de Staël,
-Talleyrand, and hosts of others equally important.
-
-He was soon recognized as applying a clear brain to the solution of
-any important question submitted to him, and we find him writing a
-memoir for the guidance of the king and the draught of a speech to be
-delivered before the National Assembly. The Monciel scheme, usually
-mentioned in the biographies of Morris, was a well-conceived plan to
-get the king out of Paris. Monciel, one of the ministry, consulted
-Morris as to the details of the plan, and the king deposited with
-him his papers and the sum of seven hundred and forty-eight thousand
-francs. Everything was discreetly arranged and success nearly assured
-when, on the morning fixed for the king’s departure, he changed his
-mind and refused to budge. Later the money was nearly all withdrawn,
-leaving a small balance in Morris’s hands which he returned to the
-Duchess d’Angoulême.[53]
-
-In 1789 Washington had written him a letter requesting him to visit
-England and endeavor to facilitate the carrying out of the terms of the
-treaty between the two countries, but the English governing class at
-that day had no desire to facilitate anything in which this country was
-interested. He had many interviews with Leeds and Pitt, but was always
-met with a policy of vagueness, postponement, and unlimited delay, so
-that he accomplished little. It was partly on this account that when
-Washington nominated him as Minister to France in 1791, the nomination
-was opposed. His views also regarding the condition of France were well
-known. He did not deem that country fitted for a radical change of
-government nor for the development of the wild theories of government
-that were there rampant.[54] The sanity of these views was proved by
-subsequent events, but many senators did not regard him as suitable
-to represent this republic. He was, however, confirmed by a moderate
-majority. He continued to be Minister until Genet was recalled at the
-request of Washington. Then France requested his recall on the ground
-of “reciprocity.”
-
-Monroe arrived in Paris in August, 1794. Morris intended to return,
-but changed his plans and decided to spend another year in Europe
-visiting some of the principal courts and traveling[55] through various
-countries, but events were so interesting and produced so much stir and
-excitement that it was fully four years before he returned.
-
-While in England he was presented at court, November 25, 1795.[56]
-Finally in October, 1798, he sent his steward to New York with all his
-“books, liquors, linens, furniture, plate and carriages,” and soon
-after followed himself.
-
-On his mother’s death in 1786, the estate of Morrisania devolved on his
-eldest brother, Staats Morris; but he, having no intention of living
-in this country, willingly sold it to him, including his father’s
-house, in which he was born. The house he found in poor condition,
-and at once set about the task of repairing and adding to it. After
-its restoration, he settled there, and for the rest of his life the
-house became the scene of a continuous hospitality, not only to the
-most eminent Americans of the day, but to nearly every foreigner of
-distinction that came to this country.
-
-He was elected a United States Senator and was always interested in
-public affairs. He is said to have been the originator of the Erie
-Canal. In December, 1809, he married Miss Randolph of Virginia. In May,
-1804, he was present at the deathbed of his friend, Alexander Hamilton,
-and later delivered the funeral oration.
-
-Sparks[57] says: “The plan of his house conformed to a French
-model, and though spacious and well contrived was suited rather
-for convenience and perhaps splendor within than for a show of
-architectural magnificence without.” To a friend he wrote: “I have
-a terrace roof of one hundred and thirty feet long,[58] to which I
-go out by a side or rather back door, and from which I enjoy one of
-the finest prospects while breathing the most salubrious air in the
-world.” The parquet floors of all the rooms were brought from France.
-The library, wainscoted and ceiled with Dutch cherry panels, also
-imported, was in the early days hung with white and gold tapestry. The
-room contained the mahogany desk, still preserved, trimmed with brass
-(said to have been a present from one of the royal family), at which he
-carried on his correspondence with so many distinguished personages,
-correspondence often relating to loans of money to the Duchess of
-Orleans, Madame de Lafayette, Louis Philippe, and hundreds of others.
-
-The reception room, twenty-two by thirty feet and fourteen feet high,
-was also a paneled room with mirrors set in the wall in the French
-style. It contained a number of pieces of gilt furniture, originally
-covered with white silk embroidered in gold, with designs from Boucher
-which he had brought with him from France. The dining room of peculiar
-shape (a half octagon) was paneled in dark wood and contained a curious
-reminder of life during Revolutionary days, a dumbwaiter placed near
-each guest so that servants need not be admitted to overhear the
-conversation.[59]
-
-Morris died on November 6, 1816, in the room in which he was born.
-Almost the last letter he wrote was to plead with the Federal Party
-to “forget party and think of our country. That country embraces both
-parties. We must endeavor therefore to save and benefit both.” What
-statesman to-day would put forth such a sentiment?[60]
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-Van Cortlandt House
-
-
-The property on which the house stands belonged in the seventeenth
-century to the Hon. Frederick Philipse and was sold by him in the year
-1699 to his son-in-law, Jacobus Van Cortlandt, who had married his
-daughter Eva. The house was built in 1748 by Frederick Van Cortlandt,
-only son of Jacobus, who married Frances Jay, daughter of Augustus Jay,
-the Huguenot. His will, dated October 2, 1749, states: “Whereas I am
-now finishing a large stone dwelling house on the plantation in which I
-now live, which with the same plantation will, by virtue of my deceased
-father’s will, devolve, after my decease, upon my eldest son, James,”
-etc.[61]
-
-During the Revolutionary War the neighborhood was constantly the scene
-of conflicts. Washington visited the house in 1781, and on the hill to
-the north disposed part of his army, which lighted camp fires while
-he was quietly withdrawing the rest of his troops to join Lafayette
-before Yorktown. There was a bloody engagement near the house on August
-31, 1778, between the British, under Lieutenant-Colonel Simcoe, and
-a body of Stockbridge Indians. The Indians fought with great bravery
-and desperation, dragging the cavalrymen from their horses, but were
-ultimately dispersed, their chief being killed.[62]
-
-Washington slept here the night before the evacuation of the city by
-the British, November 25, 1785. The estate has been bought by the city
-and is now known as Van Cortlandt Park. It contains 1,070 acres. There
-is a lake covering sixty acres and a parade ground for the National
-Guard on a level meadow of 120 acres.
-
-The house is used as a museum and is crowded with interesting relics.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-BOROUGH OF QUEENS
-
-
-The Bowne House--Flushing
-
-
-This house was built in 1661 by John Bowne, a native of Matlock,
-Derbyshire, England, in whose church he was baptized in the year 1627.
-About 1672 George Fox, founder of the sect of Quakers or Friends,
-visited Flushing and held meetings there. Bowne’s wife[63] frequently
-attended the meetings, and after a time joined the sect. As a result
-of this, Quakers were often entertained at the house. Governor
-Stuyvesant had Bowne arrested for “harboring Quakers,” and he was
-thrown into jail. Prior to this Henry Townsend, of Oyster Bay, had been
-subjected to the same treatment. Bowne, being a man of considerable
-independence, remained obdurate. He was then banished to Holland. He
-presented his case to the Dutch West India Company in such a manner
-that he was returned in a special ship with the following rebuke to
-the Governor and Councils of the New Netherlands, 1663: “We finally
-did see from your last letter you had exiled and transported hither a
-certain Quaker named John Bowne, and although it is our cordial desire
-that similar and other sectarians might not be found there, yet, as
-the contrary seems to be the fact, we doubt very much if vigorous
-proceedings against them ought not to be discontinued, except you
-intend to check and destroy your population, which, however, in the
-youth of your existence ought rather to be encouraged by all possible
-means, wherefore it is our opinion that some connivance would be useful
-that the conscience of men, at least, ought ever to remain free and
-unshackled.
-
-“Let everyone be unmolested as long as he is modest, as long as his
-conduct, in a political sense, is irreproachable, as long as he does
-not disturb others or oppose the Government.” Signed, “The Directors of
-the West India Company, Amsterdam Department.”
-
-The house has always remained in the possession of the descendants
-of the first owner. House and furniture are in a good state of
-preservation; they are in charge of a caretaker and shown to visitors.
-
-[Illustration]
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration]
-
-BOROUGH OF RICHMOND
-
-
-The Billop House
-
-
-For more than a century Staten Island was practically in the control of
-the Billop family. The Billops for several generations had led active
-and valiant careers in the service of the sovereign. One, James, in
-the sixteenth century, is said to have won the friendship of Queen
-Elizabeth by risking his own life in order to save hers. They had
-favors also from the Stuart line.
-
-Christopher, born in 1638, received a naval training by command
-of Charles I. He was commissioned captain and made important and
-adventurous voyages, in one of which he was wounded, captured by
-Turkish pirates and abandoned, to be later rescued by a passing ship.
-In 1667, whether by order of Charles II or on his own account it is
-not known, he sailed from England in his vessel, the _Bentley_, and
-came cruising in the waters of the New Netherlands. The tradition is
-that the Duke of York, to determine the ownership of the islands in
-the bay, decided that any island that could be circumnavigated in
-twenty-four hours belonged to the province of New York, and Billop,
-having proved that Staten Island was so included by sailing around it
-in the required time, was presented with 1,163 acres in the southern
-part of the island. On this tract he built in 1668 the stone house here
-presented. The stones and lumber were obtained in the vicinity, but the
-cement was brought from England and the bricks from Belgium.
-
-In the early records his name appears as showing that he had several
-public positions, but apart from that little is known about him except
-that he held a military command and had a controversy with Governor
-Andros to his disadvantage at first, but later he succeeded in having
-the governor recalled to England.
-
-In the year 1700 he sailed for England in the _Bentley_, but was never
-heard of again. By some writers it is thought that he was ordered
-back, inasmuch as a pension was assigned to his widow by the king.
-Captain Billop married a Miss Farmer, sister of a Supreme Court judge
-in the neighboring province of New Jersey. They had one child, a
-daughter, who married her cousin, Thomas Farmer, and he, succeeding
-to the manor of Bentley, changed his name to Billop. Both died young
-and their tombstones are to be seen at the house to-day. Christopher
-Billop, their only son, born 1735, was a prominent man in public
-affairs throughout his life. In the Revolution he was intensely loyal
-to the crown, and became a colonel in the British army. Twice he was
-captured. The New Jersey colonists were especially bitter toward him,
-and once by keeping men stationed in the steeple of St. Peter’s Church
-at Perth Amboy they observed him going into his house. Immediately
-they took boats, crossed the river and made him prisoner. By order of
-Elisha Boudinot (Com. Pris. of New Jersey) he was thrown into jail at
-Burlington, hands and feet chained to the floor and fed only on bread
-and water. Here his companion in captivity was Lieutenant-Colonel
-Simcoe of the Queen’s Rangers, probably the same Simcoe who was in
-the engagement near the Van Cortlandt house. Billop was exchanged for
-a captain who had been on the prison ship. The second time he was
-taken he was released by Washington at the solicitation of Lord Howe,
-commander in chief of the British forces.
-
-After the battle of Long Island, Howe thought it an opportune time
-to offer favorable terms to the colonists if they were willing to
-lay down their arms. Accordingly he dispatched General Sullivan
-(then a prisoner) to Congress requesting them to send a committee
-to negotiate. This committee, composed of Benjamin Franklin, Edward
-Rutledge, and John Adams, met Howe at the Billop house. “Along the
-sloping lawn in front of the house, long lines of troops that formed
-the very flower of the British army were drawn up between which the
-distinguished commander escorted his no less distinguished guests.”[64]
-The conference was held in the northwest room on the ground floor. It
-resulted in nothing, the colonists refusing to accede to any terms not
-involving their independence. About 1783–84 Billop withdrew to New
-Brunswick, and joined that army of estimable persons who, despoiled
-of their possessions, were driven from the land for their loyalty to
-their king. There for years he held prominent offices in the Assembly
-and in the Council and died at St. John, March 23, 1827, at the age of
-ninety-two. At his funeral the highest honors of the town were paid to
-his memory.
-
-Billop was evidently a complete type of the country gentleman and tory
-squire. According to Mr. Morris, in his “Memorial History of Staten
-Island,” the following description of him was given by a friend:
-“Christopher Billop was a very tall, soldierly looking man in his
-prime. He was exceedingly proud and his pride led him at times to the
-verge of haughtiness. Yet he was kind-hearted, not only to those he
-considered his equals, but to his slaves as well as to the poor people
-of the island. No one went from his door at the old manor hungry. It
-was his custom to gather the people of the island once a year on the
-lawn in front of his house and hold a ‘harvest home.’... Passionately
-fond of horses, his stable was filled with the finest bred animals in
-the land. He was a magnificent rider and was very fond of the saddle.
-He was an expert shot with the pistol, which once saved his life when
-he was attacked by robbers. Christopher Billop was not a man to take
-advice unless it instantly met with his favor.... Lifelong friends
-pleaded with him to join the cause of independence at the commencement
-of the Revolution, but he chose to follow the fortunes of royalty. He
-was a good citizen, a noble man!”
-
-Before the Revolution the house was noted for its hospitality and
-gayety in the Colonial society of the day. The owner entertained
-lavishly and at the time of the war he received there Generals Howe,
-Clinton, Knyphausen, Cleveland, Cornwallis, Burgoyne, and many others.
-The interior of the house is extremely plain. Presumably in the year
-1668 the house decorator had not made his appearance. The walls are
-three feet thick and the woodwork as sound as on the day it was built.
-There is of course a ghost room, with “that spot on the floor that
-cannot be washed out” where murder is said to have been done. Below
-there is a dungeon with massive iron gate, and the marks are still
-visible where prisoners, American and then British, tried to cut their
-way out through the three-foot wall and arched ceiling.[65] It is said
-there was an underground passage leading to the river.
-
-In the basement Fenimore Cooper laid one of the scenes in his novel of
-the “Water Witch.”
-
-The grounds, once laid out with parklike lawns and flower beds, are now
-in the last stages of dilapidation.
-
-
-
-
-FOOTNOTES
-
-
-[1] Built some years before the Revolution by Captain Archibald
-Kennedy, R.N. (later Earl of Casillis), who married Miss Watts. It
-was the headquarters respectively of Generals Howe, Cornwallis, and
-Carleton.
-
-[2] The property of William Walton, brother of Admiral Walton, built
-in 1752. It was one of the best, if not the best house in town.
-The gardens extended to the river. This house was mentioned in the
-debates in Parliament to indicate the ability of the colonists to pay
-more taxes. What might in some respects be called the mate to this
-house, the Walter Franklin house, occupied by Washington during his
-Presidency, stood at the north end of the square. It was taken down in
-1856, “and the only bit of it known to exist is the President’s chair
-of the N. Y. Historical Society, which is made of wood taken from the
-old house” (“Historic New York,” p. 298).
-
-[3] Depau Row was an attempt to introduce the Parisian dwelling or
-hotel. The houses were entered by driveways, running through them to
-large interior courtyards. They were taken down to make way for the
-Mills Hotel for men.
-
-[4] It is a little remarkable that none of our multimillionaires have
-added this feature to their new houses uptown.
-
-[5] It seems rather strange that some architect has not taken this
-façade or some portion of it (as, e. g., the east or west end) as a
-design for the front of one of the palaces that are now springing up
-throughout the land.
-
-[6] “Old Merchants of New York City,” vol. II, p. 318.
-
-[7] Before and after the Revolution, the Hall of Records lately removed
-was used as the debtors’ prison. There were usually about one hundred
-and fifty prisoners. It is said that they were allowed only bread and
-water by the State and depended largely on the kindness of benevolent
-people to relieve their wants.
-
-[8] “Lamb’s History of the City of New York,” II, p. 735.
-
-[9] “The Old Merchants of New York,” vol. II, p. 319.
-
-[10] New York _Herald_, May 6, 1906.
-
-[11] “Domett’s History of the Bank of New York.”
-
-[12] Robert Emmet, member of an old English family that settled
-in Ireland during Cromwell’s time, was one of the purest and most
-disinterested of rebels. He is now believed by his family, and with
-very good reason, to have been instigated to rebellion by a secret
-emissary of Pitt in Paris, where he had resided since leaving college,
-as part of an evil scheme to withdraw attention from the disordered
-condition of English politics at the time. (_Vide_ “Ireland under
-English Rule, or A Plea for the Plaintiff,” by Thomas Addis Emmet,
-1903.)
-
-[13] Richard Montgomery, son of Thomas Montgomery, of Convoy House,
-Donegal, had been a captain in the British army in the French and
-Indian War. “On his return to England he is said to have formed
-friendships with Fox, Burke, and Barre, and became strongly imbued
-with their ideas about the rights of the colonies, and when he was
-superseded and disappointed in the purchase of a majority, he left
-England forever.” When in America it had happened that on their way
-to a distant post, he had come on shore with all the officers of his
-company at Clermont, the Livingston place on the North River, and
-there met Janet Livingston for the first time, and on his return,
-with the full approbation of her parents, he married her in July,
-1773. Soon after his arrival he bought a farm at Kingsbridge, near
-New York, but after his marriage he arranged to build a house at
-Barrytown-on-the-Hudson on the Livingston property.
-
-The house, known as “Montgomery Place,” was built from designs of his
-nephew, an architect, son of his sister, the Viscountess Ranelagh. Some
-relics of the general, including his sword, etc., are still preserved
-there. When war broke out, Congress appointed him a brigadier general,
-and such was the confidence in him that he was given _carte blanche_
-as to all the officers under him. He fell at the head of his troops in
-the assault on Quebec, December 31, 1775, at the age of thirty-seven.
-The estimation in which he was held by his wife’s family continued to
-the time of his death. In July, 1818, when the State of New York had
-his remains brought from Quebec, they were interred under the monument
-now seen at the east end of St. Paul’s Chapel. Forty-three years had
-elapsed since Mrs. Montgomery had parted with her husband at Saratoga.
-She was notified by Governor Clinton of the day on which the steamer
-_Richmond_, carrying the remains, would pass down the river. She was
-left alone upon the piazza of the house. The emotions with which she
-saw the pageant were told in a letter written to her niece:
-
-“At length they came by with all that remained of a beloved husband
-who left me in the bloom of manhood, a perfect being. Alas! how did he
-return? However gratifying to my heart, yet to my feelings every pang
-I felt was renewed. The pomp with which it was conducted added to my
-woe; when the steamboat passed with slow and solemn movement, stopping
-before my house, the troops under arms, the Dead March from the muffled
-drums, the mournful music, the splendid coffin canopied with crepe and
-crowned with plumes, you may conceive my anguish!” After the vessel had
-gone by it was found she had fainted.
-
-[14] By resolution of the Vestry, August 26, 1803.
-
-[15] Removed in 1835.
-
-[16] “Nat. Cyclo. of Am. Biog.,” vol. VI, p. 360.
-
-[17] “King’s Handbook of New York,” p. 38.
-
-[18] Goede Vrouw of Man-a-hata.
-
-[19] _Magazine of American History._
-
-[20] The British took possession of the City Hall and “they also
-plundered it of all the books belonging to the subscription library,
-and also of a valuable library which belonged to the corporation, the
-whole consisting of not less than sixty thousand volumes. This was done
-with impunity and the books publicly hawked about the town for sale by
-private soldiers” (“Lamb’s History of the City of New York,” vol. II,
-p. 134).
-
-[21] Mrs. Cruger spent her summers at that quaint castellated
-structure, Henderson House or Home, seven miles from Richfield Springs,
-the grounds being part of twenty thousand acres received by letters
-patent from the English crown.
-
-[22] “Bulletin of Metropolitan Museum,” January, 1907.
-
-[23] Named after the three daughters, Countess of Abingdon, Lady
-Southampton (Fitzroy), and Mrs. Colonel Skinner.
-
-[24] “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”
-
-[25] “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”
-
-[26] “Diary of Philip Hone,” vol. II, p. 101.
-
-[27] “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”
-
-[28] “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”
-
-[29] “In Old New York,” by Thomas A. Janvier.
-
-[30] Remembered as the writer of that popular poem, “’Twas the night
-before Christmas,” etc.
-
-[31] “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”
-
-[32] “N. Y. Standard Guide,” p. 112.
-
-[33] Joseph Alston became Governor of South Carolina. Mrs. Alston,
-the daughter of Aaron Burr, met with a tragic fate. On December 30,
-1812, she sailed from Charleston in a small schooner, _The Patriot_,
-accompanied by Mr. Green, a friend of her father’s, her physician
-and her maid. The vessel never reached its destination. Forty years
-afterwards, three men, two in Virginia and one in Texas, made deathbed
-confessions that they had been members of the crew, that the crew had
-mutinied and murdered all the officers and passengers, Mrs. Alston
-being the last to walk the plank. The expression of her face, one man
-said, haunted him the rest of his life.
-
-[34] Pintard was a very prominent man in the first part of the last
-century, the founder of the New York Historical Society and many other
-city institutions.
-
-[35] The author of “The Old Merchants of New York City” gives this
-account of Hogan, written in his peculiar style: “Now look back
-forty-eight years ago to 1805, and there was but one Hogan in New York.
-His name was Michael Hogan, and he had only landed in the city a few
-months, but what attention he received from all the leading men of that
-day! Robert Lenox at that time lived in good style at 157 Pearl Street.
-He sent an invitation to the distinguished stranger the second day of
-his arrival. He was such a man as did not arrive in the then small city
-of New York every day. Michael Hogan brought with him in solid gold
-sovereigns four hundred thousand pounds, equal to two million dollars,
-and he had a wonderful history. What would I not give if I could write
-it all out! All these 160 Hogan families alluded to above, mostly
-Irish, are kith and kin of the great nabob, for such he was when he
-arrived here in 1804, with his dark Indian princess wife. Michael Hogan
-was born at Stone Hall, in the County of Clare, Ireland, September 26,
-1766. ‘So he was thirty-eight years old when he landed in New York,
-with his dark-skinned lady and his fabulous amount of gold. But what
-scenes he had been through in these eventful thirty-eight years! He had
-been a sailor; he had commanded ships bound to ports in every quarter
-of the world--in Asia, Africa, America, and Europe; he had been to
-North as well as South America; and he had voyaged to the West as well
-as to the East Indies; he had made successful voyages to the almost
-then unknown land of Australia. In the East Indies he had married a
-lady of great wealth. This was the story that was talked about when
-Captain Michael Hogan came here.”--Fourth Series, p. 115.
-
-[36] Who lately died at the age of ninety-eight.
-
-[37] “The Hudson from the Wilderness to the Sea,” p. 388.
-
-[38] It has been suggested that these trustees, being relatives, held
-the property in trust during the minority of Gulian C. Verplanck, who
-in later life became the noted Shakespearian scholar.
-
-[39] Miss McEvers married Sir Edward Cunard.
-
-[40] “The Battle of Harlem Heights,” by Thomas Addis Emmet, M.D.,
-_Magazine of American History_, September, 1906.
-
-[41] During the War of 1812, defenses were erected in this section as a
-protection against anticipated attacks by the British. Mrs. Lamb says
-(“History of the City of New York,” vol. II, p. 661): “On the bank of
-the Hudson, near the residence of Viscount Courtenay, afterwards Earl
-of Devon, was a strong stone tower connected by a line of intrenchments
-with Fort Laight.” Fort Laight was at the north on an eminence
-overlooking Manhattanville.
-
-[42] Mrs. Hamilton was the daughter of General Philip Schuyler.
-
-[43] Some time before this his eldest son had lost his life in a duel.
-
-[44] This is one of the best examples of a Colonial manor house
-now standing with wainscoted walls, ornamental ceilings, carved
-staircase, mantels, etc. The establishment was a large one for the
-time, maintaining thirty white and twenty colored servants.--“Bolton’s
-History of Westchester County.”
-
-[45] “Bolton’s History of Westchester County,” vol. II.
-
-[46] At the outbreak of the Revolution the manorial families of
-the province held various sentiments regarding the relations with
-the mother country. Families like those of Philipse and De Lancey
-were loyal to the crown and lost everything. Others, like those
-of Livingston and Schuyler, espoused the cause of the “rebels” or
-“patriots.” Again, there was a third class, embracing families like
-those of Van Cortlandt and Morris, that had representatives on either
-side. The Patroon, being a minor, was legally incapable of choosing and
-saved his vast estate.
-
-[47] The Government of France had certain claims against this
-Government. An agreement was made to release these claims upon the
-express consideration that the United States would pay _their own
-citizens_ the claims that they had against France.
-
-[48] Mrs. Lamb’s, “History of the City of New York.”
-
-[49] This picture is from a sketch by permission of the New York
-_Herald_.
-
-[50] While living in Philadelphia during the war he was thrown from his
-carriage in trying to control a pair of runaway horses. The accident
-necessitated the amputation of a leg.
-
-[51] Diary, p. 2.
-
-[52] Commissary’s, Quartermaster’s, and Medical Departments.
-
-[53] A laconic entry in the diary gives a hint as to the life of terror
-which the ill-fated family were leading: “Go to court this morning
-(August 5th). Nothing remarkable, only they were up all night expecting
-to be murdered.”--Diary, p. 569.
-
-[54] M. Esmein quotes Taine: “Quatre observateurs, écrit Hippolyte
-Taine, ont dès le début, compris le caractére et la portée de la
-Revolution française--Rivarol, Malouet, Gouverneur Morris et Mallet
-du Pan, celui--ci plus profondement que les autres;...” but Esmein
-says “contre l’auteur illustre et respecté des _Origines de la France
-contemporaine_, j’oserais revendiquer pour Gouverneur Morris, la
-plupart des titres qu’il reconnait a Mallet du Pan.” (“Gouverneur
-Morris, un temoin American de la revolution Française,” by A. Esmein,
-membre de l’Institut, Paris, 1906.)
-
-[55] “Partout où il a porté ses pas, en Angleterre comme dans l’Europe
-continentale, il etait accueilli avec une faveur marquée par les hommes
-d’État les plus en vue; les ministres en charge, les ambassadeurs les
-plus influents, le consultaient voluntiers et le renseignaient en meme
-temps.
-
-“Il a su recueillir partout des information abondantes et sûre, et
-très souvent ses prédictions se réalisaient.... Voici le compliment
-que lui adressait le 2 Juillet, 1790, M. de la Luzerne, ambassadeur de
-France à Londres--‘vous dites toujours des chose extraordinaires qui se
-réalisent’” (_idem_).
-
-[56] The king: “Pray, Mr. Morris, what part of America are you from?”
-Morris: “I am from near New York, sir. I have a brother who has the
-honor to be a lieutenant general in your Majesty’s service.” The king:
-“Eh! what! You’re a brother of General Morris? Yes, I think I see a
-likeness, but you’re much younger.”
-
-Diary, vol. II, p. 135. Some years prior to the Revolution, his elder
-brother, Staats Morris, had married the Duchess of Gordon and was a
-lieutenant general in the British army. He was the first lieutenant
-colonel of the Eighty-ninth Regiment of Highlanders, the duke being a
-captain, and his brothers, lieutenant and ensign.
-
-[57] “Life of Morris,” vol. I, p. 477.
-
-[58] Diary, vol. II, p. 418.
-
-[59] “The Homes of America,” p. 119.
-
-[60] The house was taken down in 1905 to make way for the tracks of the
-New York & New Haven Railroad Company.
-
-[61] Surrogate’s Office, New York, fol. XVIII, 62.
-
-[62] “Bolton’s History of Westchester County,” vol. II, p. 622.
-
-[63] Daughter of Lieutenant Robert Feake, patentee of Greenwich, Conn.,
-and his wife Elizabeth, niece of John Winthrop.
-
-[64] Morris’s “Memorial History of Staten Island.”
-
-[65] New York _Herald_, April 15, 1906.
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
-predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
-were not changed.
-
-Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
-marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
-unbalanced.
-
-Inconsistent use of small-caps in the “Subjects” (Table of Contents)
-has been retained here.
-
-Misspelled French words were not corrected.
-
-Photographs of the buildings usually are just above the chapters
-referring to them, and the Table of Subjects refers to the chapters,
-not to the photographs.
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Buildings of New York, by Anonymous
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Old Buildings of New York, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Old Buildings of New York
-       With Some Notes Regarding Their Origin and Occupants
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: September 23, 2019 [EBook #60342]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK OLD BUILDINGS OF NEW YORK ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by ellinora, Charlie Howard, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-
-<div class="transnote covernote">
-
-<p class="center larger">Transcriber’s Note</p>
-<p>Cover created by Transcriber by adding a photograph
-from the original book to the Title Page of the
-original book. The result remains in the Public Domain.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div class="right"><div class="ilb">
-<h1>Old Buildings<br />
-<i class="small">of</i><br />
-<span class="in05">New York City</span></h1>
-</div></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div class="newpage p4 center">
-<p class="xlarge vspace">
-OLD BUILDINGS<br />
-<span class="small">OF</span><br />
-<span class="larger">NEW YORK CITY</span></p>
-
-<p class="p1 vspace wspace larger">WITH SOME NOTES REGARDING<br />
-THEIR ORIGIN AND OCCUPANTS</p>
-
-<p class="p2 vspace gesperrt larger">NEW YORK<br />
-<span class="larger">BRENTANO’S</span><br />
-MCMVII
-</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p class="newpage p4"><i>Copyright, 1907, by Brentano’s</i></p>
-
-<p class="p2 wspace smaller">THE TROW PRESS, NEW YORK</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Subjects" class="chapter">
-<h2>Subjects</h2>
-
-<table id="toc" summary="Subjects (Contents)">
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#Introductory">BOROUGH OF MANHATTAN</a></td></tr>
-  <tr class="small">
-    <td> </td>
-    <td class="tdr">PAGE</td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Number Seven State Street</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_19">19</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Fraunces’s Tavern</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_23">23</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Sub-Treasury and Assay Office</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_27">27</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Bank of New York</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_29">29</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">St. Paul’s Chapel</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_33">33</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">City Hall</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_39">39</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Astor Library</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_43">43</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Langdon House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_45">45</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">St. Mark’s Church</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_49">49</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Rutherfurd House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_53">53</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Keteltas House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_57">57</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Residence of Eugene Delano</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_59">59</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">First Presbyterian Church</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_61">61</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Former Residence of the Late James Lenox</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_63">63</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Former Residence of the Late Robert B. Minturn</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_65">65</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Grace Church</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_67">67</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Society Library</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_69">69</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Cruger House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_73">73</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Abingdon Square</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_77">77</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Gramercy Square</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#Gramercy_Square">81</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Residence of John Bigelow</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_83">83</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence of the Late Luther C. Clark</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_85">85</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence Of the Late James W. Gerard</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_87">87</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">“The Players”—Former Home of Edwin Booth</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_91">91</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence of the Late Samuel J. Tilden</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_93">93</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence of the Late Rev. Dr. H. W. Bellows</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_97">97</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence of the Late Dr. Valentine Mott</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_99">99</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Rectory of Calvary Parish</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_101">101</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence of the Late Stanford White</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_103">103</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl in4">Former Residence of the Late Cyrus W. Field and the Late David Dudley Field</td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_105">105</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Former Residence of the Late Peter Cooper and the Late Abram S. Hewitt</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_107">107</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">General Theological Seminary</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_111">111</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Former Residence of the Late William C. Schermerhorn</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_115">115</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Church of the Transfiguration</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_117">117</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Residence of J. Pierpont Morgan</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_121">121</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Former Residence of the Late Theodore A. Havemeyer</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_123">123</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Former Residence of the Late Senator Edwin D. Morgan</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_125">125</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">The Old Arsenal</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_127">127</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Claremont</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_129">129</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Hamilton Grange</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_139">139</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Jumel House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_143">143</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Gracie House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_151">151</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#ip_157">BOROUGH OF THE BRONX</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Gouverneur Morris House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_157">157</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Van Cortlandt House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_167">167</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#ip_171">BOROUGH OF QUEENS</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Bowne House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_171">171</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdc chap" colspan="2"><a href="#ip_175">BOROUGH OF RICHMOND</a></td></tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Billop House</span></td>
-    <td class="tdr"><a href="#ip_175">175</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-</div>
-
-
-<hr />
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span></p>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<div class="right"><div class="ilb">
-<p class="center wspace xlarge">Old Buildings<br />
-<i class="small">of</i><br />
-<span class="in05">New York City</span></p>
-</div></div></div>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p>
-
-<div id="Introductory" class="chapter">
-<h2>Introductory</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_r_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="R" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">Recently</span> a writer in a periodical stated that
-“No one was ever born in New York.” It
-can be safely said that this is an exaggeration.
-Nevertheless it showed the confidence of the writer that
-the statement was not likely to startle his readers very
-greatly.</p>
-
-<p>Probably not one in a hundred of the men in the
-street know or care anything about the town of fifty
-or sixty years ago. Still the number of those who were
-familiar with it then is large, however small in comparison
-with the whole number. In fact, the number of
-those whose predecessors were living here when there
-were not more than a thousand people in the whole place
-is much greater than is generally supposed.</p>
-
-<p>It was for people belonging to the two latter classes
-that these pictures were taken. They may even interest
-some who have known the town for only a generation.</p>
-
-<p>When a man has traversed the streets of a city for
-fifty years, certain buildings become familiar landmarks.
-He first saw them perhaps on trudging to school with
-his books, and has seen them nearly every day since.
-He experiences a slight shock whenever such buildings
-are destroyed. There appears something wrong in the
-general aspect of the town. Of late years these shocks<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span>
-have followed one another so continuously that he may
-well wonder whether he is living in the same place.</p>
-
-<p>It occurred to the writer that it would do no harm
-to preserve the pictures of some of the landmarks still
-standing, especially as they are getting fewer in number
-all the time, and may shortly disappear altogether.</p>
-
-<p>He regrets that he is unable to show a photographic
-presentment of many buildings that have disappeared
-in the last fifty years, or even during the life of the
-present generation. Some buildings that had a certain
-historical interest have been razed in the last twenty-five
-years, as, e. g., the Kennedy house,<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> No. 1 Broadway,
-taken down to make way for the Washington Building,
-overlooking the Battery Park, or the old Walton house<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">2</a>
-in Pearl Street near Franklin Square, removed in 1881,
-or the Tombs prison, removed in 1899.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span>
-Among buildings that will be recalled to memory
-by the older citizens it would have been a satisfaction
-to have been able to show pictures of the Brick (Presbyterian)
-Church, that stood, with its yard, on Park
-Row, taking in the block bounded by Spruce, Nassau,
-and Beekman streets; or Burton’s Theater in Chambers
-Street; the Irving House, later Delmonico’s, on the corner
-of Broadway and the same street; of the old New
-York Hospital on Broadway near Thomas Street, standing
-far back with its beautiful lawn and grand old trees;
-of the St. Nicholas Hotel near Spring Street; of the
-old Coster mansion (later a Chinese museum), built of
-granite in the style of the Astor House, near Prince
-Street; and Tiffany’s place across the way, with the
-same Atlas upholding the clock over the door; of the
-Metropolitan Hotel on the next block with Niblo’s Garden;
-of Bleecker Street with Depau Row;<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> of Bond
-Street with the large Ward (later Sampson) residence
-on the corner; the Russell residence on the corner of
-Great Jones Street; the famous old New York Hotel;
-the Lorillard mansion at Tenth Street; the large
-brownstone residence of Judge James Roosevelt, near
-Thirteenth Street, famous for the hospitality of its
-owners, and the red brick residence of Cornelius V. S.
-Roosevelt, grandfather of the President, on the corner<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span>
-of Union Square, having the entrance on Broadway.</p>
-
-<p>The older resident can recall Union Square when the
-buildings were nearly all private residences, conspicuous
-among which were the Parish house on the north side
-and the Penniman (later the Maison Dorée) on the
-south. He can recall the stately appearance of Fourteenth
-Street westward of Union Square: the Haight
-residence on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Fifteenth
-Street, with its large winter garden;<a id="FNanchor_4" href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> the brownstone
-house of Colonel Herman Thorn in Sixteenth Street,
-west of the avenue, standing in its wide grounds (now
-nearly filled by the New York Hospital); the residence
-of Mr. and Mrs. August Belmont (so long leaders in
-society), on the avenue, at the corner of Eighteenth
-Street, extending with its picture gallery a long distance
-on the street; the Stuart residence, which shared the
-block above Twentieth Street with a church; and then
-the Union Club house at Twenty-first Street. Perhaps
-of all the landmarks taken down during the time of the
-present generation, none was so well known as the Goelet
-house at Broadway and Nineteenth Street, with the
-grounds extending eastward toward Fourth Avenue.
-Thousands of people passed every day in the short
-stretch between the two squares. Mr. Peter Goelet’s
-penchant for rare and beautiful birds was a never-ending
-delight to every passing child and adult, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span>
-a number were always standing gazing past the iron
-railing. Peacocks white and blue, Chinese golden
-pheasants, and many other varieties found a comfortable
-home in the grounds.</p>
-
-<p>The appearance of the entire city now gives the
-impression of life and bustle. With the exception of
-Gramercy Square and Irving Place, there is hardly a
-spot in the lower part of the city that now has any
-appearance of repose. Thirty years ago the city presented
-a wholly different aspect. Fifth Avenue, from
-Washington to Madison Square, was, in the opinion of
-the writer, one of the finest residence streets anywhere.
-At most hours of the day the people on the sidewalks
-were comparatively few and there was a very small proportion
-of business wagons and trucks that used the
-roadway as compared with the numbers that do so to-day.
-University Place was a street of nearly the same
-character, as was also Second Avenue from Seventh
-Street to Stuyvesant Square. This street had a charm
-of its own. Lined as it was on either side with spacious
-residences, it gave the impression of a street of homes.
-The façades of the largest houses were simple and unpretentious,
-forming a marked contrast to some of the
-houses uptown to-day.</p>
-
-<p>As regards the matter of repose, it may be said that
-twenty-five years ago the palm would clearly have been
-given to Lafayette Place. This short street also had a
-character of its own. From the Langdon house on the
-east side near Astor Place to old St. Bartholomew’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span>
-Church at Great Jones Street, and from the Langdon
-(Wilks) house on the west side to the Schermerhorn
-house opposite the church, almost every building had
-its individuality. The street was marred by three or
-four ancient buildings, which for some reason were not
-removed, such as the stable between the Langdon house
-and the Astor Library, once the favorite Riding Academy.
-The Library still (1906) stands, as does a part
-of the old Colonnade, but an earthquake could hardly
-have wrought greater changes than has the march of
-trade.</p>
-
-<p>The large mansion of the first John Jacob Astor
-stood separated from the Library by a gateway and
-broad alley reaching to the stables in the rear. Adjoining
-was a group of houses of the style of those in
-Washington Square, broad and “high-stooped.” Opposite,
-on the corner of Fourth Street, stood a church
-whose portico of granite Ionic columns (each a monolith
-brought with great trouble from Maine) was one of the
-wonders of the town. Almost adjoining was the Swan
-residence, since converted into the Church House of the
-diocese, and then the Colonnade with its long row of
-granite Corinthian columns, considered a marvel in its
-day. Next to these was the “English basement” house
-of the late Charles Astor Bristed, with arch and driveway
-leading to the rear, and on the corner the Langdon
-(Wilks) house, when it was built, the finest in town.
-Being a short street, blocked at one end and leading
-only to Astor Place at the other, the drivers of very<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span>
-few vehicles ever took the trouble to turn into it, except
-the driver of a private carriage, perhaps a closed
-coach drawn by heavy horses (for the cobble stones were
-rough); the coachman on a vast hammercloth embellished
-with fringes and tassels, as was frequently seen
-forty years ago, the footman sometimes standing behind,
-his hands grasping two leather loops to hold himself in
-place. So quiet was the street that on a pleasant afternoon
-the youngsters who dwelt in the neighborhood carried
-on their game of ball undisturbed. Perhaps it was
-this feature of quiet repose which suggested the suitability
-of establishing there the Library, the churches, the
-Columbia College Law School, and the Church House.</p>
-
-<p>The writer might go on and refer extensively to
-other ancient streets and the changed aspect of other
-places throughout the city, but that is not his present
-purpose.</p>
-
-<p>There are a few old landmarks that are likely to
-stand, for example the City Hall, in the opinion of
-some the most successful building, as to architectural
-design, in the country.</p>
-
-<p>Abandoned to materialism as the city is and lacking
-sentiment, nevertheless any proposal to take down the
-City Hall, or even to alter it ever so slightly, meets
-with vigorous protests.<a id="FNanchor_5" href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">5</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span>
-Possibly people might object if it were proposed to
-destroy St. Paul’s Chapel, the oldest church edifice in
-the city, and so with a few other buildings; but the
-majority of the landmarks must go and hideous skyscrapers
-arise, “monuments to greed” as they have been
-termed, half ruining adjacent properties.</p>
-
-<p>It was with a view of preserving the appearance of
-some of these landmarks that may be torn down any
-day that these pictures were taken. Endeavor has been
-made to present those that have been in existence about
-fifty years. With two exceptions the buildings represented
-are now (1906) standing.</p>
-
-<p>Mistakes and errors no doubt appear in the text, and
-these the writer would be glad to correct. The notes
-in no sense profess to be thorough. They are, for the
-most part, mere skeletons of what may be said upon the
-subjects dealt with.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Number_Seven_State_Street" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_19" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_018.jpg" width="508" height="734" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span></p>
-
-<h2>Number Seven State Street</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> house was built by Moses Rogers, a prominent
-merchant of the latter part of the eighteenth
-and the first part of the nineteenth century.
-He was a native of Connecticut, his mother being
-a daughter of Governor Fitch of that State. He was
-in business as early as 1785 at 26 Queen (Pearl) Street.
-In 1793 the firm name was Rogers &amp; Woolsey, his partner
-being William Walter Woolsey, his brother-in-law,
-Mr. Rogers having married Sarah Woolsey, a sister of
-the wife of President Dwight of Yale College. In that
-year he was living at 272 Pearl Street, near Beekman,
-“in a large house with hanging garden extending over
-the yard and stable.”<a id="FNanchor_6" href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">6</a></p>
-
-<p>Mr. Rogers was a merchant of high character and
-public spirit. In 1793 he was an active member of the
-Society for the Manumission of Slaves. He was a governor
-of the New York Hospital from 1792 to 1799,
-and in 1797 treasurer of the City Dispensary. From
-1787 until 1811 he was a vestryman of Trinity Church,
-and in 1793 was a member of the Society for the Relief
-of Distressed Prisoners.<a id="FNanchor_7" href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">7</a></p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span>
-In the year 1806 he was living in the house here
-presented. His sister had married the celebrated merchant
-and ship owner, Archibald Gracie. His children
-were: (1) Sarah E. Rogers, who married the Hon.
-Samuel M. Hopkins; (2) Benjamin Woolsey Rogers,
-who married Susan, daughter of William Bayard; (3)
-Archibald Rogers, who married Anna, daughter of
-Judge Nathaniel Pendleton; and (4) Julia A. Rogers,
-who married Francis Bayard Winthrop.<a id="FNanchor_8" href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> In the year
-1826 Benjamin Woolsey Rogers was living in the next
-house, Number Five State Street, but after his father’s
-death he moved to Number Seven and lived there until
-1830.<a id="FNanchor_9" href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> William P. Van Rensselaer, grandson of General
-Stephen Van Rensselaer, married successively two
-of the daughters of Mr. Rogers. The house during the
-ownership of the Rogers family was the scene of many
-notable entertainments. These entertainments were frequently
-referred to by older members of society who
-have now passed away. In 1830 the house was occupied
-by Gardiner G. Howland.</p>
-
-<p>The queerly shaped front was to a certain extent a
-necessity. State Street takes a sharp turn and the house
-was built at the apex of an angle. The interior was
-doubtless an improvement on other houses. The ceilings<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span>
-were high, and the staircase, instead of being in
-the hall as in older houses, is at the side. It is winding,
-of an oval design, with mahogany balustrade. The skylight
-was of stained glass, made in England, showing
-the coat of arms.</p>
-
-<p>During the Civil War, the house was taken by the
-Government for military uses, and afterwards became
-the office of the Pilot Commissioners.</p>
-
-<p>It is now the house of the mission of Our Lady of
-the Rosary.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Frauncess_Tavern" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_23" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_022.jpg" width="505" height="727" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span></p>
-
-<h2>Fraunces’s Tavern</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_i_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="I" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap i"><span class="firstword">In</span> the year 1671 Col. Stephen Van Cortlandt
-built a cottage on the corner of Broad and
-Pearl (then Queen) streets, to which he brought
-his bride, Gertrude Schuyler. The house overlooked the
-waters of the river and bay. In the year 1700 he deeded
-this property to his son-in-law, Etienne de Lancey, probably
-wishing to retire to his manor on the Hudson. De
-Lancey was a French Huguenot of rank who had left
-his native country on the revocation of the edict of
-Nantes. He came to New York where he established
-himself as a merchant. On these premises he built a
-hip-roofed mansion several stories in height, of small
-yellow bricks imported from Holland. In dimensions
-and arrangement it ranked among the best in the colony.
-The property descended through his son James
-to his grandson Oliver. This part of the town having
-by that time become the business quarter in 1757, the
-house was abandoned as a residence and became the
-warehouse of De Lancey, Robinson &amp; Co. On January
-17, 1762, the building was transferred to Samuel
-Fraunces, who converted it into a tavern under the name
-of the “Queen’s Head,” and announced that dinner
-would be served daily at half-past one. In April, 1768,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span>
-in the long room, the Chamber of Commerce was inaugurated
-with John Cruger as president.</p>
-
-<p>On November 25, 1783, the day of the evacuation
-of the British, a grand banquet was given by Governor
-Clinton to General Washington and the French minister,
-Luzerne, and in the evening the “Queen’s Head”
-and the whole town were illuminated. More than a
-hundred generals, officers, and distinguished personages
-attended the banquet and thirteen toasts were drunk
-commemorative of the occasion. Ten days later Washington
-here met his generals for the last time. After
-a slight repast Washington filled his glass and addressed
-his officers as follows: “With a heart full of love and
-gratitude, I must now take my leave of you. I most
-devoutly wish that your latter days may be as prosperous
-and happy as your former ones have been glorious
-and honorable.”<a id="FNanchor_10" href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> In silence his former companions
-then took a final farewell of their chief.</p>
-
-<p>This is one of the oldest buildings in the city, as the
-great fire of 1776 doubtless swept away most of those
-of earlier date. During the last century the building
-has gone through various vicissitudes, mostly on the descending
-scale. A year or two ago the ground floor was
-occupied by a saloon. Lately the building has been
-completely restored by the Sons of the Revolution and
-now presents very nearly its original appearance.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Sub-Treasury_and_Assay_Office" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_27" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_026.jpg" width="507" height="729" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span></p>
-
-<h2>Sub-Treasury and Assay Office</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> Sub-Treasury is built on the site of the original
-City Hall. In 1789 this was altered and
-repaired for the use of the first Congress and
-named the Federal Hall. The balcony of the Hall was
-the scene of Washington’s inauguration as President,
-in commemoration of which the statue was erected.</p>
-
-<p>In 1834 the building was demolished and the present
-structure erected for the Custom House and was
-used as such until 1862.</p>
-
-<p>The Assay Office is the oldest building in Wall
-Street, having been built in 1823, for the New York
-branch of the Bank of the United States. It became
-the Assay Office in 1853.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Bank_of_New_York" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_29" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_028.jpg" width="507" height="727" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span></p>
-
-<h2>Bank of New York</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> oldest bank in the country is the Bank of
-North America in Philadelphia, incorporated
-by act of Congress, December, 1781, and by
-the State of Pennsylvania a few months afterwards.
-Very great losses had occurred from the repudiation
-of the Continental bills of credit. All the States had
-issued bills of their own and kept on “making experiments
-in finance which did not depend on specie as a
-basis.” Currency was expressed in pounds, shillings,
-and pence and the currency in circulation was a motley
-conglomeration of guineas, doubloons, pistoles, Johannes
-pieces, moidores, and sequins. Thus arose the necessity
-of a bank that should both assist the Government
-and benefit the people at large.</p>
-
-<p>On February 26, 1784, a meeting of the principal
-merchants and citizens was held at the Merchants’ Coffee
-House. General Alexander McDougal was chosen
-chairman, and it was unanimously decided to establish
-a bank. Subscription books were opened at the offices
-of John Alsop, Broadway, Robert Bowne, Queen Street,
-and Nicholas Low, Water Street, and the shares were
-rapidly taken.</p>
-
-<p>On March 15, 1784, the following officers were
-chosen: General Alexander McDougal, president; Samuel
-Franklin, Robert Bowne, Comfort Sands, Alexander<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span>
-Hamilton, Joshua Waddington, Thomas Randall,
-William Maxwell, Nicholas Low, Daniel McCormick,
-Isaac Roosevelt, John Vanderbilt, and Thomas B.
-Stoughton, directors; and William Seton, cashier.</p>
-
-<p>The bank commenced business at what was formerly
-the old Walton house in St. George’s (now Franklin)
-Square. It stood on the east side of Queen (now Pearl)
-Street, almost opposite the present establishment of
-Harper Brothers, the publishers. The building (erected
-1752) will be remembered by many people to-day as it
-was only taken down in 1881, but its appearance during
-its declining years gave a faint idea of its original
-dignity. In 1787 the business of the bank was moved
-to Hanover Square, Isaac Roosevelt having been chosen
-president in 1786.</p>
-
-<p>In 1796 a lot was bought at the corner of Wall and
-William streets from William Constable for eleven thousand
-pounds (New York currency). Strange to say,
-there is no record of the dimensions of the lot, but the
-present building doubtless stands on part of it.</p>
-
-<p>Early in 1797 steps were taken to remove the house
-then standing and to put up a new building, and the
-corner stone was laid by Gulian Verplanck, then president,
-on June 27th. Mr. Verplanck died in 1799 and
-Nicholas Gouverneur was chosen president. The corner
-stone of the present building was laid on September
-10, 1856, and the building completed in 1858.<a id="FNanchor_11" href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">11</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="St_Pauls_Chapel" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_33" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_032.jpg" width="503" height="731" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span></p>
-
-<h2>St. Paul’s Chapel</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> chapel built in 1764–66 is the oldest church
-edifice in the city. The first rector was the
-Rev. Dr. Barclay, who was succeeded by the
-Rev. Dr. Samuel Auchmuty. The steeple is in the style
-of one of Wren’s designs. After the burning of Trinity
-in 1776, it was used as the parish church. The pews
-that during the war held Howe, André, the officers of
-the army of occupation, and the young midshipman who
-later became King William IV were, when peace was
-concluded, occupied by the former “rebels” Washington,
-Clinton, and their followers. After his inauguration,
-in the Federal Hall in Wall Street, Washington
-and the members of both houses came in solemn procession
-to St. Paul’s, where services were conducted by
-Bishop Provost, Chaplain of the Senate, and a <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">Te Deum</i>
-was sung.</p>
-
-<p>The square pew on the left with the national arms
-on the wall was the one used by Washington as long
-as New York remained the capital. The corresponding
-pew on the right, designated by the arms of the State,
-was that of Governor Clinton. On the chancel wall are
-marble tablets to Sir John Temple, the first British
-consul general, and to Colonel Thomas Barclay, the
-eminent loyalist, son of the Rev. Dr. Barclay, rector<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span>
-of Trinity Parish. Colonel Barclay succeeded Temple
-as consul general of “His Brittanick Majesty.” There
-is also a tablet in memory of the wife of William Franklin,
-Tory Governor of New Jersey, and several others.
-The only other reminder of pre-Revolutionary days is
-the gilded crest of the Prince of Wales over the pulpit
-canopy. As everyone knows, at the east end of the
-yard facing Broadway are monuments to three eminent
-Irishmen who rose to distinction in this country—Emmet,
-Montgomery, and MacNeven, one at the bar, another
-in the army, and the third in medicine. Emmet
-was the brother of the Irish martyr, Robert Emmet;<a id="FNanchor_12" href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">12</a>
-Montgomery settled in New York before the Revolution,
-married a daughter of Chancellor Livingston and
-fell at Quebec;<a id="FNanchor_13" href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> MacNeven, like Emmet, had taken<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span>
-part in the Irish rebellion of ’98, acting with him as
-one of the Directory of Three. Both were imprisoned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>
-at Fort George in Scotland. He later served in Napoleon’s
-army as surgeon.</p>
-
-<p>George W. P. Custis, who was one of Washington’s
-family, spoke of St. Paul’s as being “quite out of
-town.” No doubt the great fire of 1776, which stopped
-when it got to the Chapel yard, left the Chapel standing
-isolated from buildings below it; but Custis, to get
-there from St. George’s (Franklin) Square, must have
-had to go some distance “down town.” It tends to show
-that the water front of the city was covered with buildings
-before the central part. The fact that the commissioners
-for making a plan of the future city early in
-the last century arranged for so many streets running
-to the water and for so few running north and south
-would also seem to indicate that they thought easy access
-to the rivers was of prime importance.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Astor, with his wonderful foresight, was the
-first man to realize that the “backbone” of the island
-was, in after years, to show the greatest advance in the
-value of real estate.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="The_City_Hall" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_39" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_038.jpg" width="726" height="508" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span></p>
-
-<h2>The City Hall</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> plans of the architect who designed the
-City Hall, John McComb, were accepted in
-the year 1803, but the building was not completed
-until nine years later.</p>
-
-<p>It is not always an agreeable business to devote one’s
-time to destroying a myth which has become lodged in
-the affections of the people, but sometimes it rests on
-so slight a foundation that there is nothing gained in
-keeping it alive. We have lately seen how the tradition
-that Washington Irving used to live in the house
-on the corner of Irving Place and Seventeenth Street
-had no foundation in fact, except that he had a nephew
-who lived next door. And so the story so often repeated
-in newspapers and guide books that the City Hall was
-finished in brownstone at the back because the city fathers
-thought that nobody of any importance would ever
-live to the north of it might, it seems, be set at rest,
-although the attempt is not made for the first time.
-The story reflects on the intelligence of the people of
-the day. The reason was economy, but not joined to
-deficiency of foresight.</p>
-
-<p>The Common Council of that day, instead of being
-obtuse on the subject were quite the other way, and
-show by their records that they took a highly optimistic<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>
-view of what they call the city’s “unrivaled” situation
-and opulence. They state their belief that in a very few
-years the hall that they were about to build would be
-the <em>center</em> of the wealth and population of the city. It
-was at first arranged to build entirely of brownstone,
-and the contractors got their work done as far as the
-basement, as can readily be seen to-day. Then the views
-of the Common Council underwent a change. A halt
-was made and McComb was requested to make an estimate
-of the cost in marble.</p>
-
-<p>From an interesting article appearing in the <i>Century
-Magazine</i> for April, 1884, written by Mr. Edward S.
-Wilde, it seems that the committee’s report states: “It
-appears from this (the architect’s) estimate that the
-difference of expense between marble and brownstone
-will not exceed the sum of $43,750, including every
-contingent charge. When it is considered that the City
-of New York from its inviting situation and increasing
-opulence, stands unrivaled ... we certainly ought, in
-this pleasing state of things, to possess at least one public
-edifice which shall vie with the many now erected in
-Philadelphia and elsewhere ... in the course of a very
-few years it is destined to be the center of the wealth
-and population of the city. Under these impressions
-the Building Committee strongly recommend that the
-front and two end views of the new hall be built of
-marble.”</p>
-
-<p>The corporation then authorized the use of marble
-on three fronts. The brownstone of the rear received<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span>
-its first coat of white paint only a few years ago, as
-nearly anyone who reads this can testify. In 1858 the
-cupola was destroyed by fire and was restored in a poor
-manner, but Mr. Wilde says: “Notwithstanding this
-change and the damage done less by time than by stupidity,
-the hall stands to-day unsurpassed by any structure
-of the kind in the country.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Astor_Library" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_43" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_042.jpg" width="731" height="508" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span></p>
-
-<h2>Astor Library</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> Astor Library was founded in accordance
-with the terms of a codicil to the will of the
-first John Jacob Astor. It was opened in
-1854. His son William B. Astor added a wing to the
-original building (the present central portion) and presented
-five hundred and fifty thousand dollars to the
-library fund.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>In 1881 another wing was added by his grandson,
-John Jacob Astor.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="The_Langdon_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_45" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_044.jpg" width="732" height="508" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></p>
-
-<h2>The Langdon House</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> house was usually called the Langdon
-house, although it was never occupied by the
-family of that name. Mr. Walter Langdon’s
-house, directly opposite, was built much later. About
-1845 the first John Jacob Astor wished to present his
-daughter, Mrs. Walter Langdon, with a city residence
-and built this house for her during her absence abroad.
-He built merely the shell of the house, and on his daughter’s
-return gave her the sum of thirty thousand dollars
-for the purpose of decorating it. <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Carte blanche</i> was
-given to a famous decorator of that day, and he proceeded
-to finish it in a style hitherto unknown in the city.
-The result was that in the end the cost of the interior
-had risen to sixty thousand dollars, considered a very
-large sum at that time. A great deal of attention was
-paid to plaster and stucco ornamentation and woodwork.
-The most attractive feature of the house was the main
-staircase, which was made in England especially for the
-house. This staircase was rectangular and of a dark
-rich colored wood, was beautifully carved and of a very
-graceful design. It was lighted by a large stained-glass
-window overlooking Astor Place. The reception
-rooms were on the left of the main hall with a conservatory
-in the rear. At the right were the library, staircase,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span>
-dining room, and offices. Mrs. Langdon, however,
-returned to Europe and continued to reside there until
-her death. Meanwhile it was arranged that the house
-should be occupied by her daughter, who had married
-an English gentleman, Mr. Matthew Wilks. Mr. and
-Mrs. Wilks continued to live there until the house was
-taken down in 1875.</p>
-
-<p>The property had a frontage of about two hundred
-and fifty feet on both Astor Place and Lafayette Place
-(now Lafayette Street), from which it was shut off
-by a high wall. The enclosed courtyard was laid out
-as a garden, with large trees, and the rear was occupied
-by the stables. The garden contained a ring large
-enough for riding purposes.</p>
-
-<p>Of course during the Forrest-Macready riot in 1849
-the house was almost in what might be called the storm
-center. In the midst of it one of the servants, who
-thought he had secured a perfectly safe point of observation
-on the roof, was killed.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="St_Marks_in_the_Bowery" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_49" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_048.jpg" width="509" height="730" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p>
-
-<h2>St. Mark’s in the Bowery</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_w_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="W" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap w"><span class="firstword">When</span> Stuyvesant retired from office, after the
-British occupation, he withdrew to his “Bowerie”
-or farm near the site of the present
-church, then two miles out of town. In 1660 he built
-a small chapel near his house for the people of the little
-village that sprang up about the farm, as well as for
-his own family and the slaves, of whom there were
-about forty in the vicinity. This chapel was torn down
-in 1793, and the Petrus Stuyvesant of that day offered
-to present the ground and eight hundred pounds in
-money to Trinity parish if it would build a church
-there. This offer was accepted. In May, 1799, the
-church was finished and the body of it has remained
-intact to the present time, but there was no steeple
-before 1828. One pew was reserved for the governor
-of the State, and the corresponding pew on the
-other side for “Mr. Stuyvesant and family forever,”<a id="FNanchor_14" href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">14</a>
-each pew being surmounted by a canopy.<a id="FNanchor_15" href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> The negro
-servants (slaves) sat in the rear of the congregation.</p>
-
-<p>In a vault under the chapel the governor’s body had
-been placed after his death, in 1672, and in 1691 the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span>
-body of the English governor (Sloughter) was also
-placed there.</p>
-
-<p>In building the church Stuyvesant’s remains were
-removed and placed in a vault beneath the walls of the
-new edifice. The stone which may be seen fastened to
-the outer wall bears the following inscription: “In this
-vault lies buried Petrus Stuyvesant, late Captain General
-and Governor in Chief of Amsterdam in New
-Netherlands, now called New York, and the Dutch
-West India Islands, died <span class="smcap smaller">A.D.</span> 1671–2, aged 80 years.”</p>
-
-<p>In July, 1804, the church was draped in mourning
-for the death of Hamilton, and was so kept for six
-weeks.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Rutherfurd_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_53" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_052.jpg" width="505" height="730" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span></p>
-
-<h2>Second Avenue<br />
-
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Lewis M. Rutherfurd</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_l_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="L" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap l"><span class="firstword">Lewis M. Rutherfurd</span> was one of the
-most noted astronomers that this country has
-produced. As a young man, he began the
-study of the law with William H. Seward, and was
-admitted to the bar in 1837 and became associated with
-John Jay and afterwards with Hamilton Fish. But
-his tastes were entirely in the direction of science, and
-he decided to abandon the law and apply his attention
-to scientific research. With ample means, he had full
-opportunity to devote his life to the pursuit of his favorite
-study, astronomical photography. He spent several
-years of study in Europe and, on his return, he built
-an observatory in New York, the best equipped private
-astronomical observatory in the country. He made with
-his own hands an equatorial telescope and devised a
-means of adapting it for photographic use by means of
-a third lens placed outside of the ordinary object glass.
-He was the first to devise and construct micrometer apparatus
-for measuring impressions on the plate. It is
-said that he took such pains in the construction of the
-threads of the screws of his micrometer that he was
-engaged three years upon a single screw. He worked
-for many years at the photographic method of observation<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span>
-before the value and importance of his labors were
-recognized, but in 1865 these were fully acknowledged
-by the National Academy of Sciences. The remarkable
-results that he obtained were all secured before the
-discovery of the dry-plate process. His photographs
-of the moon surpassed all others that had been made.
-When overtaken by ill health he presented his instrument
-and photographs to Columbia College, and his
-telescope is now mounted in the observatory of that
-university.</p>
-
-<p>He was an associate of the Royal Astronomical Society,
-president of the American Photographical Society,
-and was the American delegate to the International
-Meridian Conference at Washington in 1885, preparing
-the resolutions embodying the results of the labors of
-the conference. He received many decorations and
-honors from the learned societies of the world, but his
-dislike of ostentation was such that he was never known
-to wear one of the decorations, emblems, etc., that were
-conferred upon him.<a id="FNanchor_16" href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">16</a></p>
-
-<p>The Mansard roof has been added to the house since
-its occupation by the Rutherfurd family and the entrance
-removed from the avenue to the side street.</p>
-
-<p>When the house and grounds of the late Hon.
-Hamilton Fish, on Stuyvesant Square, were sold a
-few years ago, it was said that there had been no transfer
-of the site except by devise or descent since the time
-of the old Governor. The same might be said of this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span>
-property. Stuyvesant’s house, in which, it is said, the
-papers were signed transferring the province to the
-British Crown, stood close to this spot. The house is
-the property of Rutherfurd Stuyvesant, a son of Lewis
-M. Rutherfurd.</p>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Keteltas_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_57" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_056.jpg" width="510" height="728" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span></p>
-
-<h2>The Keteltas House</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_a_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="A" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap a"><span class="firstword">An</span> example of an old Second Avenue dwelling,
-the residence of the Keteltas family on the
-corner of St. Mark’s Place.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Residence_of_Eugene_Delano" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_59" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_058.jpg" width="728" height="508" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span></p>
-
-<h2>Washington Square<br />
-
-<span class="subhead"><i>Residence of Eugene Delano</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> house was formed by uniting two of the
-fine old residences on the north side of Washington
-Square. The interior has been admirably
-reconstructed. The house was formerly occupied
-by Edward Cooper (son of the late Peter Cooper),
-who was, at one time, Mayor of the City.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="First_Presbyterian_Church_Fifth_Avenue" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_61" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 33em;">
-  <img src="images/i_060.jpg" width="513" height="737" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span></p>
-
-<h2>First Presbyterian Church, Fifth Avenue</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> church, representing the oldest Presbyterian
-organization in the city, was formed in
-1716. The building was erected in 1845.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_James_Lenox" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_63" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_062.jpg" width="736" height="514" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span></p>
-
-<h2>An Old Fifth Avenue House<br />
-
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late James Lenox</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_j_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="J" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">James Lenox</span> was born in New York in
-1800, and was the son of Robert Lenox, a
-wealthy Scotch merchant. He graduated
-from Columbia College in 1820 and entered upon a
-business life, but on the death of his father in 1839
-he retired and devoted the rest of his life to study and
-works of benevolence. The collection of books and
-works of art became his absorbing passion, and eventually
-he gathered about him the largest and most valuable
-private collection of books and paintings in America.
-In 1870 he built the present Lenox Library. The
-collection of bibles is believed to be unequaled even by
-those in the British Museum, and that of Americana
-and Shakespeareana greater than that of any other
-American library, in some respects surpassing those in
-Europe. He conveyed the whole property to the City
-of New York. He was the founder and the benefactor
-of the Presbyterian Hospital.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Robert_B_Minturn" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_65" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_064.jpg" width="733" height="511" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span></p>
-
-<h2>Another Old Fifth Avenue House<br />
-
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Robert B. Minturn</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_p_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="P" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap p"><span class="firstword">Prior</span> to the Civil War, the principal merchants
-and bankers were among the most prominent
-men in the city. The multimillionaire had not
-then appeared. The ships of Howland &amp; Aspinwall,
-N. L. &amp; G. Griswold, A. A. Low &amp; Brother, and
-Grinnell, Minturn &amp; Co. carried the flag to the farthest
-quarters of the globe, where their owners’ credit stood
-second to none. For speed the American clipper was
-unsurpassed. These “vessels performed wonderful feats—as
-when the <i>Flying Cloud</i> ran from New York to
-San Francisco, making 433¼ statute miles in a single
-day; or the <i>Sovereign of the Seas</i> sailed for ten thousand
-miles without tacking or wearing; or the <i>Dreadnought</i>
-made the passage from Sandy Hook to Queenstown
-in nine days and seventeen hours.”<a id="FNanchor_17" href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">17</a></p>
-
-<p>Mr. Minturn was a philanthropist and one of the
-best citizens the town ever had.</p>
-
-<p>The house is now the residence of Thomas F. Ryan.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr />
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p>
-
-<div id="Grace_Church" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_67" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_066.jpg" width="511" height="735" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption">Grace Church, Broadway</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Society_Library" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_69" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_068.jpg" width="508" height="735" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p>
-
-<h2>The Society Library</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_i_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="I" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap i"><span class="firstword">In</span> the year 1700 the Public Library of New
-York was founded under the administration
-of the Earl of Bellomont, and seems to have
-progressed as the city grew, being aided from time to
-time by gifts from interested persons on the other side,
-several folio volumes now in the Society Library having
-been presented by friends in London in 1712, and in
-1729 the Rev. Dr. Millington, rector of Newington,
-England, having bequeathed his library to the Society
-for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts,
-it was presented to the New York Public Library. The
-library, being in charge of the corporation of the city,
-was evidently not managed in a manner satisfactory to
-the people in general. In the year 1754 it was determined
-that a more efficient library was a necessity. In
-that year the present Society Library had its origin,
-and what had been the Public Library of the city was
-incorporated with it. Mrs. John King Van Rensselaer<a id="FNanchor_18" href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">18</a>
-states that it had its source in a movement started by
-Mrs. Alexander, who suggested to some of her friends
-that a circulating library should be established, the subscribers
-to collect sufficient money to send to England
-for the newest and best books. A list was made headed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span>
-by Messrs. William Smith, Philip, William and Robert
-Livingston, John Morin Scott and William Alexander.
-After subscription books had been opened and the lieutenant
-governor (De Lancey) and council had “set
-their official seal” on the venture, a considerable sum
-was raised and an institution was regularly organized
-and later received a charter from Governor Tryon.
-Down to the time of the Revolution, the collection was
-constantly increased by the purchase of books, but during
-the Revolution, with a large part of the city destroyed
-by fire and what remained being under the
-control of a hostile army, the library suffered greatly.
-Mrs. Lamb<a id="FNanchor_19" href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> states that “four thousand or more books
-disappeared at the outbreak of the Revolution and were
-supposed destroyed, but many were hidden away for
-safe-keeping and reappeared after the war.”<a id="FNanchor_20" href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">20</a></p>
-
-<p>In December, 1788, a meeting of the proprietors
-was called, trustees were elected, and the library again
-resumed operations.</p>
-
-<p>The library was kept in a room in the Federal Hall
-in Wall Street and was used as the library of Congress.
-The first building put up for its use was on the corner<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span>
-of Nassau and Cedar streets in 1795, but the growth of
-the city compelling a change, a new building was erected
-in 1840 on the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street.
-The Library has occupied the present building in University
-Place since May, 1856.</p>
-
-<p>The membership of the library has been from the
-start among the most prominent and respectable citizens.
-Many of the original shares of 1754–58 have
-remained in the same families to the present time, as
-those of the Auchmuty, Banyer, Beekman, Clarkson,
-Cruger, De Peyster, De Lancey, Harrison, Jones,
-Keteltas, Lawrence, Livingston, Ludlow, McEvers,
-Morris, Ogden, Robinson, Rutherfurd, Smith, Stuyvesant,
-Van Horne, and Watts families; and from 1790–96
-those of the Astor, Bailey, Barclay, Bowne, Coles, Delafield,
-Fish, Gelston, Greenleaf, Jay, Kemble, Kingsland,
-Lenox, Low, Lee, Le Roy, Oothout, Peters,
-Prime, Ray, Remsen, Roosevelt, Sackett, Schermerhorn,
-Schieffelin, Swords, Titus, Townsend, Van Zandt,
-Van Wagenen, Van Rensselaer, Verplanck, Waddington,
-Winthrop, and Woolsey families.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Cruger_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_73" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_072.jpg" width="732" height="511" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span></p>
-
-<h2>Cruger House</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_m_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="M" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap m"><span class="firstword">Many</span> old New Yorkers remember the Cruger
-house in Fourteenth Street about halfway
-between Sixth and Seventh avenues, when it
-was occupied by the late Mrs. Douglas Cruger.<a id="FNanchor_21" href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">21</a></p>
-
-<p>The house, having a frontage of seventy-five feet,
-stood in the middle of a courtyard extending on either
-side about one hundred feet, separated from the street
-by a high wall. Now the courtyard has disappeared and
-the house, crowded closely on both sides by high buildings,
-seems completely dwarfed. Decorated with fire
-escapes and signs it has fallen from its high estate, and
-the whole street, formerly a quiet dwelling street, is now
-nearly given over to trade and noisy bustle. The entrance
-hall, twenty-five feet in width, extended from
-front to rear eighty-five feet, a wide staircase rising
-from the center at the end, the conservatory at the rear
-being of the width of the house. The rooms on either
-side were rather curiously divided, losing somewhat in
-what might have made a more imposing effect, not,
-however, enough to prevent their being an excellent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span>
-place for the disposition of the collection of the Metropolitan
-Museum, which leased the house in 1873 for five
-years. The house is described in the annual report for
-that year as a “large and elegant building surrounded
-by spacious grounds, upon which grounds new galleries
-may be built, should they be required....”<a id="FNanchor_22" href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> The
-rooms certainly had more unobstructed light than could
-be found in most private houses. It is now occupied
-by the Salvation Army.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Abingdon_Square" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_77" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_076.jpg" width="736" height="511" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span></p>
-
-<h2>Abingdon Square—Greenwich</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> peculiarity of the Greenwich section of the
-town is that it has retained an individuality
-that no other section has retained. It is very
-much of an American quarter. The streets are lined
-with well-kept, comfortable brick houses, dating back
-sixty years or more, many of them with the elaborately
-ornamental iron railings and newel posts that are disappearing
-so rapidly. There is a marked paucity of
-the conventional tenement house, and although factories
-and warehouses are crowding it on all sides, its people
-cling with a stolid determination to their ancient homes.</p>
-
-<p>This square is taken as representative of this quarter
-of the city, although it is rather in the streets adjoining
-that the houses are most representative of old dwellings
-of sixty or seventy years ago. Before the arrival of
-Henry Hudson, there was an Indian village here near
-the site of Gansevoort Market, but Governor Van
-Twiller turned the locality into a tobacco farm. By
-1727 it became covered with farms and was joined to
-the city by a good road very nearly following the line
-of the present Greenwich Street.</p>
-
-<p>The region was always noted for its healthfulness
-and when an epidemic of smallpox broke out Admiral
-Warren invited the Colonial Assembly to meet at his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span>
-house. This made Greenwich the fashion, and for nearly
-a century when epidemics occurred the people flocked
-out of town to that village. At one time the Bank
-of New York transferred its business there.</p>
-
-<p>No history of this part of the city can be written
-without some reference to that bold Irish sailor, Admiral
-Sir Peter Warren. Post captain at the age of twenty-four
-he, in 1744, while in command of the squadron on
-the Leeward Islands station, in less than four months
-captured twenty-four prizes, one with a cargo of two
-hundred and fifty thousand pounds in plate. He also
-served at Louisburg, Gibraltar, and elsewhere. When
-at length he tired of a seafaring life, although still
-young, he decided upon making his home in New York,
-and proceeded to anchor himself for a time at least by
-marrying a New York woman, Miss De Lancey. He
-bought three hundred acres of land at Greenwich, built
-a house and laid out the grounds like an English park.
-Here he resided for some years, and then went to England
-and entered Parliament.</p>
-
-<p>He died at the age of forty-eight and lies buried in
-Westminster Abbey, with a fine monument by Roubillac
-above him. After Lady Warren’s death the property
-was divided into three lots, one lot going to each of
-the three daughters. The lot containing the house fell
-to the eldest daughter, Lady Abingdon, and was sold
-by her to Abijah Hammond, who afterwards sold it
-to the late Abraham Van Nest. The remainder was
-sold off in small parcels after three roads had been cut<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span>
-through them, the Abingdon, Fitzroy, and Skinner
-roads.<a id="FNanchor_23" href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> The first corresponds to the present Twenty-first
-Street, the second was almost on a line with Eighth
-Avenue, and the third was part of the present Christopher
-Street.</p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span></p>
-
-<div id="Gramercy_Square" class="chapter">
-<h2>Gramercy Square</h2>
-</div>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_n_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="N" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap n"><span class="firstword">Now</span> that St. John’s Park has been destroyed,
-Gramercy Park is the only private park in
-the city—that is, one restricted in its use to
-owners of houses facing it. Fifty years ago it had
-more seclusion. A high and dense hedge surrounded
-it on the inside of the iron fence. For some reason
-this was removed and never replanted. Now people in
-the park might almost as well be in the middle of the
-street. The figure on the fountain was then a Hebe
-perpetually filling her cup with water. In former days
-the children that played in the grounds had an annual
-May festival on the first of the month. One of the
-young girls was chosen queen. Dressed in white and
-crowned with flowers, she led the festivities around the
-Maypole, under the trees. Later they all withdrew to
-the house of her parents, where a collation was served
-and the dancing continued until the children were sent
-home by their parents and to bed.</p>
-
-<p>A number of men who have been prominent in the
-city’s life are living or have lived in houses about the
-square. We might mention John Bigelow, Stuyvesant
-Fish, James W. Gerard, Edwin Booth, Samuel J.
-Tilden, Dr. Bellows, Dr. Valentine Mott, Cyrus W.
-Field, and David Dudley Field.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Residence_of_John_Bigelow" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_83" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 33em;">
-  <img src="images/i_082.jpg" width="514" height="735" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Residence of John Bigelow</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_m_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="M" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap m"><span class="firstword">Mr. Bigelow</span>, one of the best-known citizens
-of New York, was admitted to the bar in 1839
-and in 1850 joined William Cullen Bryant as
-editor of the New York <i>Evening Post</i>. He continued
-as one of the principal editors until 1861, when he was
-appointed consul at Paris, and on the death of Mr.
-Dayton became United States Minister, remaining so
-until 1866.</p>
-
-<p>While at Paris he published “Les États Unis
-d’Amerique.” This work corrected the erroneous views
-of the French as to the relative commercial importance
-of the Northern and Southern States and was effective
-in discouraging the supposed desire of the French Government
-for the disruption of the Union.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Bigelow also conducted the negotiations leading
-to the withdrawal of the French army from Mexico.
-In 1875 he was elected to the office of Secretary of
-State of New York. He has published “The Life of
-Samuel J. Tilden,” of whom he was one of the three
-executors; “The Mystery of Sleep” and numerous
-other works. He has been honored by degrees from
-various colleges and universities.<a id="FNanchor_24" href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">24</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Luther_C_Clark" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_85" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 33em;">
-  <img src="images/i_084.jpg" width="514" height="741" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Luther C. Clark</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_f_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="F" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">For</span> many years this house was the residence of
-Mr. Clark, the well-known banker. It is now
-the house of the Columbia University Club.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_James_W_Gerard" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_87" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 33em;">
-  <img src="images/i_086.jpg" width="513" height="736" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late James W. Gerard</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_m_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="M" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap m"><span class="firstword">Mr. Gerard</span> was an eminent lawyer. Born
-in this city in 1794, of French ancestry on
-his father’s side, he graduated from Columbia
-College in 1811, and in 1816 took the degree of M.A.
-and was admitted to the bar. A man of great public
-spirit, he, in 1824, procured the incorporation of the
-House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, the first
-institution of the kind in the country. Formerly, the
-police or “watchmen,” as they were called, wore no
-uniforms. Occasionally, an ordinary looking man would
-be seen wandering about the streets, and, if the wind
-happened to turn aside the lapel of his coat, one might
-observe a small metal shield. This was the only indication
-of his office. Mr. Gerard publicly advocated the
-adoption of a uniform and by letters, addresses, and
-persistent action accomplished his purpose. He wore
-the new uniform at a fancy dress ball given by Mrs.
-Coventry Waddell, who occupied a Gothic villa, with
-tower, turrets, etc., on Fifth Avenue, at the top of
-Murray Hill, and entertained a great deal.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Gerard devoted much of his time to charitable
-institutions and was especially interested in the public<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span>
-schools of the city. He was a capital speaker. His
-speeches were witty and always in good taste. That
-he was in constant demand, in his prime, at dinners
-both public and private, is readily perceived by looking
-through the pages of Mayor Philip Hone’s diary.</p>
-
-<p>Gramercy Park was founded in 1831 and this is
-said to be the oldest house facing it.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="The_Players" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_91" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_090.jpg" width="512" height="738" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-
-<span class="subhead">“<i>The Players</i>”</span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_e_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="E" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap e"><span class="firstword">Edwin Booth</span>, perhaps the most distinguished
-American actor, was born in Maryland
-in 1833. He made his first appearance
-in 1849 and was ever after devoted to his profession,
-playing throughout this country and also abroad.</p>
-
-<p>He was crushed by the affair of the assassination
-of President Lincoln and retired from the stage for a
-year, but never lost his personal popularity. He opened
-Booth’s Theater in Twenty-third Street in 1869 and
-for thirteen years maintained the most popular revivals
-of Shakespeare’s tragedies ever known in the city. Although
-forced into bankruptcy in 1873, he retrieved his
-fortunes by earning two hundred thousand dollars in
-fifty-six weeks.</p>
-
-<p>In 1882 he went to Europe and was received with
-the greatest favor. In 1888 he purchased the building
-here shown (formerly the residence of Valentine G.
-Hall), remodeled and furnished it and presented it to
-actors and the friends of the drama as “The Players,”
-a complete gentleman’s club. Booth made his home
-at “The Players” from the date of its opening until
-his death, which took place in this house June 7, 1893.<a id="FNanchor_25" href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">25</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Samuel_J_Tilden" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_93" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_092.jpg" width="509" height="738" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Samuel J. Tilden</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_m_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="M" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap m"><span class="firstword">Mr. Tilden</span> had a great reputation for skill
-as a lawyer. He was also a thorough politician,
-being chairman of the Democratic State
-Committee of New York for thirteen years. Nominated
-for President in 1876, he received a majority of the
-popular vote, but owing to the fact that the votes of
-several States were disputed, the celebrated Electoral
-Commission was appointed, consisting of senators,
-judges, and representatives. The commission divided
-on party lines and gave the disputed votes to Mr. Hayes.
-The house is formed by combining two, one formerly
-having a front similar to that of “The Players,” and
-the other with a front corresponding to the brick house
-adjoining on the west. The larger house had belonged
-to the Belden family. Both the Hall and the Belden
-houses once had ornamental iron balconies at the main
-floor with canopies similar to those now seen attached
-to the fronts of the houses on the west side of the square,
-and were alike in appearance, excepting that the Belden
-house had the coat of arms carved in high relief over
-the door. One of the beautiful Misses Belden married
-the late Dudley Field, another the late Colonel Talmadge.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span>
-The gardens in the rear of these two houses were
-the largest in the row, extending through the block to
-Nineteenth Street, a part near the Belden house being
-formally laid out with box-edged walks and flower beds,
-while the rest was turfed and shaded by large trees, a
-few of which survived until a year or two ago, when
-they were cut down to make way for the new building
-of the National Arts Club, the present owner. Mr.
-Tilden, joining with the other owners on the square and
-the owners of the houses on Irving Place, had all the
-wooden fences in the angle formed by these houses removed
-and an open iron fence put in their place. As
-there were no houses on Nineteenth Street, there remained
-an unusual effect of greenery and trees for New
-York City.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Rev_Dr_Henry_W_Bellows" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_97" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_096.jpg" width="506" height="729" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Rev. Dr. Henry W. Bellows</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_d_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="D" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap d"><span class="firstword">Dr. Bellows</span> was a distinguished clergyman.
-Born in 1814, he graduated at Harvard and
-at the Cambridge Divinity School, and in 1838
-became the pastor of the First Unitarian Church, New
-York, and so continued for forty-four years. Dr. Bellows
-was an accomplished orator, his extemporaneous
-speeches being remarkable for their lucidity and style.
-He published numerous lectures and pamphlets, but is
-best known throughout the country for his work as
-president of the United States Sanitary Commission
-during the Civil War. Under him the commission distributed
-supplies amounting to fifteen millions of dollars
-in value and five millions of money. The results
-of the experience of the commission in their work of
-reducing the suffering in war have been copied abroad.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Dr_Valentine_Mott" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_99" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_098.jpg" width="504" height="726" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Dr. Valentine Mott</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_d_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="D" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap d"><span class="firstword">Dr. Mott</span> was a distinguished surgeon, and one
-of the best-known citizens of the small town
-of sixty or seventy years ago. He previously
-lived at the easterly end of Depau Row. For many
-years Dr. M. resided in Paris, during the reign of Louis
-Philippe, whose physician he was. In 1841<a id="FNanchor_26" href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> a ball was
-given for the Prince de Joinville at the Depau Row
-house, and during the Civil War the Comte de Paris
-and brothers were entertained at the Gramercy Square
-house.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Rectory_of_Calvary_Parish" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_101" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_100.jpg" width="505" height="727" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Rectory of Calvary Parish</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> rectory has been the home of many clergymen
-celebrated in the community. One of the
-early rectors was Dr. Francis Lister Hawks.
-Born at Newbern, N. C., in 1798, he was ordained in
-1827 and was conspicuous in the church up to the time
-of his death in 1866.</p>
-
-<p>In 1844 he became rector of Christ Church, New
-Orleans, and president of the University of Louisiana,
-and in 1849 he became rector of this parish. Being of
-Southern birth, he, at the outbreak of the Civil War,
-withdrew to the South, but returned after the close of
-the war. He published many works on ecclesiastical
-and other subjects. He declined the bishopric of Mississippi
-and also that of Rhode Island.</p>
-
-<p>The Rev. Dr. Arthur Cleveland Coxe was at one
-time rector. He afterwards became the Bishop of
-Western New York. The Rev. Dr. Henry Yates
-Satterlee was for many years the well-known rector of
-this parish. He is now Bishop of Washington.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Stanford_White" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_103" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_102.jpg" width="726" height="504" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Stanford White</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_m_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="M" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap m"><span class="firstword">Mr. White</span> was an eminent architect. It is
-now the house of the Princeton Club.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Cyrus_W_Field" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_105" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_104.jpg" width="729" height="509" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gramercy Square<br />
-<span class="subhead"><i>Former Residence of the Late Cyrus W. Field and the Late David Dudley Field</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_c_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="C" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">Cyrus W. Field</span> was a business man until
-about 1854–56, when with Peter Cooper,
-Moses Taylor, and others he organized the
-Atlantic Telegraph Company. Although the first
-cable was laid in 1858, it was not until 1866 that the
-enterprise was entirely successful, after Mr. Field had
-crossed the ocean thirty times in the prosecution of the
-work. He received the thanks of Congress and many
-other honors.</p>
-
-<p>His brother, David Dudley Field, was conspicuous
-at the New York bar for over fifty years. For forty
-years of this time he devoted all his spare moments to
-the subject of the reform of the law and obtained a
-marked success. The new system of civil procedure has
-been adopted in many States and substantially followed
-in Great Britain. In 1873 he was elected the first president
-of an association for the reform and codification of
-the law of nations formed at Brussels in that year.<a id="FNanchor_27" href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">27</a></p>
-
-<p>The two houses owned by the brothers Field have
-been united by the present owner, Henry W. Poor,
-banker and author of the statistical work on American
-railways universally consulted by bankers and investors
-throughout the country. The interior has been beautifully
-reconstructed.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Peter_Cooper" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_107" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_106.jpg" width="730" height="504" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span></p>
-
-<h2>Former Residence of the Late Peter Cooper
-and the Late Abram S. Hewitt</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_p_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="P" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap p"><span class="firstword">Peter Cooper</span> was born in New York in
-1791. His father being a man of small means,
-he was at an early age put into business and
-contributed to the support of his family.</p>
-
-<p>He entered into the manufacture of glue and soon
-became the best-known maker of that commodity. In
-1828, when thirty-seven years of age, he had acquired
-considerable wealth and was enabled to buy three thousand
-acres of land within the limits of the city of Baltimore.
-Here he built the great Canton Iron Works, and
-the entire investment soon proved extremely successful.
-About the year 1830 he built, at the West Point Foundry,
-N. Y., the first locomotive constructed in the
-United States for actual service. Not long after he
-disposed of the Canton Iron Works and erected enormous
-iron works at the city of Trenton, N. J. The
-firm was a pioneer in the successful manufacture of
-iron and became one of the largest of the kind in the
-country.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Cooper made many inventions in connection
-with this business. He became associated with Cyrus
-W. Field in his efforts to lay the Atlantic Cable, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span>
-the final success of that enterprise was in great measure
-due to his coöperation. Mr. Cooper is perhaps best
-known as the founder of the Cooper Institute, of which
-he commenced the construction as early as 1853. The
-objects of this institution were to furnish free schools
-in art and science and a free reading room and to provide
-free lectures on scientific, artistic, and social subjects.
-Mr. Cooper died, universally respected, in 1883.</p>
-
-<p>Abram S. Hewitt, a native of Rockland County,
-N. Y., was the son-in-law of Peter Cooper, and to him,
-in partnership with his son Edward Cooper, he transferred
-that branch of his business connected with the
-manufacture of iron. Mr. Hewitt was a man much
-interested in the great social problems, being no mere
-theorist but a man ready to sacrifice his own interests
-to the well being of his dependents.</p>
-
-<p>It is a fact that for forty years the business at Trenton
-was carried on with absolutely no profit beyond the
-amount necessary to pay the wages of the three thousand
-men employed and the regular expenses of the
-establishment. He stated at one of the meetings of
-the Congressional Committee on the grievances of labor
-that from 1873 to 1879 the business was carried on at
-a loss of one hundred thousand dollars a year. Of
-course, one object was to continue the business and to
-prevent the deterioration of the plant, but the firm also
-aimed to avoid throwing such a large body of men out
-of employment, although at times they were placed on
-half pay.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span>
-Notwithstanding, the firm became wealthy through
-ventures not relating to the iron business and also
-through investments connected with it. As an example
-it may be mentioned that a large purchase of iron
-in 1879–80 resulted in a profit of a million dollars. In
-1874 Mr. Hewitt was elected a representative to Congress
-and served with the exception of one term until
-1886. In that year he was chosen mayor of New York.
-Mr. Hewitt was extremely honest and independent.
-He was neither a free trader nor a protectionist. He
-was a reformer but not a radical one, and at his death
-the nation, and especially the Democratic Party, lost
-a wise statesman and counselor.<a id="FNanchor_28" href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">28</a></p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="General_Theological_Seminary" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_111" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_110.jpg" width="726" height="507" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span></p>
-
-<h2>The General Theological Seminary<br />
-
-<span class="subhead"><i>Chelsea</i></span></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_s_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="S" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">Some</span> time about the year 1750 Captain Clarke,
-a veteran of the provincial army, who had
-seen considerable service in the French war,
-built a country house, two or three miles north of the
-city, to which he gave the name of Chelsea. He gave
-it this name because he said it was to be the retreat of
-an old soldier in the evening of his days.</p>
-
-<p>It has been thought that the name of Greenwich was
-given to the neighboring estate by Admiral Warren
-for a corresponding sentimental reason, but Mr. Janvier,
-in that very entertaining book, “In Old New York,”
-shows that the name of Greenwich was in use long before
-the admiral’s advent. Captain Clarke, unfortunately,
-was not destined long to enjoy the house he
-had built. During his last illness, the house caught fire
-and the captain came very near being burned with it,
-but he was carried out by neighbors and shortly after
-died in an adjacent farmhouse. Mrs. Clarke rebuilt the
-house on the crest of a hill that sloped down to the river
-about three hundred feet distant.<a id="FNanchor_29" href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> The estate descended
-to her daughter, the wife of Bishop Moore, and in 1813<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span>
-it was conveyed to their son, Clement C. Moore,<a id="FNanchor_30" href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> by
-whom the old house was considerably enlarged. The
-house was taken down when the bulkhead along the
-river front was constructed by the city. Mr. Moore
-gave the whole of the block bounded by Twentieth and
-Twenty-first streets and Ninth and Tenth avenues to
-the General Theological Seminary of the Episcopal
-Church, and it became known as Chelsea Square. The
-building here shown was built about 1835 and is constructed
-of a gray stone. The modern buildings, however,
-are of brick and stone, of a Gothic style and, with
-the old trees remaining and the stretches of green lawn,
-produce, especially in summer time, a suggestion of
-English seclusion and repose quite at variance with the
-bustle and the crudeness of that part of the city.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Schermerhorn" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_115" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_114.jpg" width="507" height="726" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption">Former Residence of the Late William C. Schermerhorn</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Church_of_the_Transfiguration" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_117" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_116.jpg" width="728" height="504" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span></p>
-
-<h2>Church of the Transfiguration</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_i_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="I" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap i"><span class="firstword">It</span> is difficult to realize the position held forty
-years ago by the old Wallack’s Theater at
-Broadway and Thirteenth Street. It was in a
-way a city institution. The company remained nearly
-the same for years, with occasional changes, and its
-members were, one and all, accomplished in their profession.
-The receipts of the theater were as regular as
-those of a bank.</p>
-
-<p>The elder Wallack, a well-bred Englishman, was a
-finished actor of the old school. His son, Lester Wallack,
-was an extraordinarily handsome man of the romantic
-type, well suited for the more sentimental drama
-of the day, although his wealth of curly black hair and
-whiskers would violate our modern canons of taste. By
-his father’s desire when a young man he became an officer
-in the British army, but after serving two years
-resigned and adopted the profession of the stage. His
-wife was a sister of Millais, the artist.</p>
-
-<p>George Holland was a short, thickset man with a
-rather large head, who was seldom cast for a very prominent
-part, but his humor and his evident geniality and
-honesty made him a favorite with the public. Consequently
-when the story of his funeral became public,
-there was some indignation expressed.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span>
-It is fair to the Rev. Dr. Sabine, however, to say
-that it is claimed that when approached by the parties
-having charge of the funeral, he told them that the
-Church of the Incarnation was undergoing repairs, that
-the aisles were crowded with workmen and scaffolding,
-and that it would prove an inconvenience to all parties
-to hold the services in that church. The late Rev. Dr.
-Houghton, rector of this parish for forty-nine years,
-was a clergyman held in the highest esteem by the people
-of this city.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">121</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Morgan" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_121" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_120.jpg" width="728" height="540" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption">Residence of J. Pierpont Morgan</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">123</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Havemeyer" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_123" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 45em;">
-  <img src="images/i_122.jpg" width="719" height="505" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption">Former Residence of the Late Theodore A. Havemeyer</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">124</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Former_Residence_of_the_Late_Edwin_D_Morgan" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_125" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_124.jpg" width="728" height="506" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">125</span></p>
-
-<h2>Former Residence of the Late Edwin D. Morgan</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_e_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="E" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap e"><span class="firstword">Edwin D. Morgan</span>, born in Berkshire County,
-Mass., in 1811, came to New York in 1836
-and founded a mercantile house which became
-very successful. In 1858 he was elected Governor of
-the State of New York, and as he continued to hold
-that office during the first years of the Civil War he is
-frequently referred to as “The War Governor.” In
-1861 he was appointed major general of volunteers and
-placed in command, but refused to receive any compensation
-for his services. In 1862 he was chosen United
-States Senator and occupied that office until March,
-1869.</p>
-
-<p>President Lincoln offered him the position of Secretary
-of the Treasury. The same position was offered
-him by President Arthur in 1881, but on both occasions
-he declined the honor.</p>
-
-<p>He was a most generous benefactor to charitable
-institutions during his lifetime and also by virtue of his
-last will and testament.<a id="FNanchor_31" href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> The grounds attached to this
-house are extensive for New York City.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">126</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Arsenal" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_127" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_126.jpg" width="728" height="506" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption">The Old Arsenal—Central Park</div></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">128</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Claremont" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_129" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_128.jpg" width="727" height="505" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">129</span></p>
-
-<h2>Claremont</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> view of the Hudson, on a fine day, to a
-person looking northward from Claremont is
-one of the best on the river. Being on a high
-point that juts out somewhat into the stream, the spectator
-appreciates the river’s breadth. In former days
-the site of Claremont was remarkable for its magnificent
-trees, pine, oak and tulip, of extraordinary girth,
-height and spread, but the building of the railroad
-(which spoiled so many country seats) sounded its death
-knell in respect to its being a place of residence with
-appropriate surroundings. What is now known as
-Claremont appears at an early period to have been
-composed of two properties, the upper or northerly
-one being called “Strawberry Hill,” or “Claremont,”
-and the lower or southerly, one “Monte Alto.” Some
-of the early deeds were not recorded and the writer
-has not ascertained when or how the division was
-made.</p>
-
-<p>A tract of land including that on which the house
-stands was conveyed in 1774 to Nicholas de Peyster,
-and in August, 1776, was sold by him to George Pollock,
-an Irish linen merchant.</p>
-
-<p>Pollock endeavored to improve the place by clearing
-and cultivation, as is shown by the statement in a letter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">130</span>
-mentioned below, in which he says: “I have long considered
-those grounds as of my own creation, having
-selected them when wild, and brought the place to its
-present form.” He named the place “Strawberry
-Hill.” After living there for some years and after the
-loss of a child (said to have occurred by drowning) he
-withdrew to England.</p>
-
-<p>Almost everyone who has visited Grant’s Tomb remembers
-the marble funereal monument in the form of
-an urn inclosed within an iron railing near the top of
-the hill. The inscription, much blurred by time, reads:
-“Erected to the memory of an amiable child, St. Claire
-Pollock, died 15th. July 1797 in the 5 year of his age.”
-Then follow some lines of verse. In a letter written
-from England by Mr. Pollock to Mrs. Gulian Verplanck,
-who had become the owner of that or the adjoining
-place, dated July 18, 1800, he writes: “There is
-a small enclosure near your boundary fence within which
-lie the remains of a favorite child, covered by a marble
-monument.... The surrounding ground will fall into
-the hands of I know not whom, whose prejudice or
-better taste may remove the monument and lay the enclosure
-open. You will confer a peculiar and interesting
-favor upon me by allowing me to convey the enclosure
-to you, so that you will consider it a part of your
-own estate, keeping it however always enclosed and
-sacred. There is a white marble funereal urn to place
-on the monument which will not lessen its beauty. I
-have long considered those grounds as of my own creation,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">131</span>
-having selected them when wild, and brought the
-place to its present form. Having so long and so delightfully
-resided there, I feel an interest in it that I
-cannot get rid of by time.”<a id="FNanchor_32" href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">32</a></p>
-
-<p>In July, 1803, a tract of over thirty-one acres was
-conveyed by John B. Prevost, former Recorder of the
-city, to Joseph Alston, of South Carolina, planter.
-Alston<a id="FNanchor_33" href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> seems to have held the property about three
-years and then to have sold it to John Marsden Pintard.
-This deed conveys the tract known as “Monte Alto.”
-In November, 1808, a release was recorded, executed by
-Theodosia Burr Alston in favor of Michael Hogan,
-gentleman, Hogan having bought Monte Alto from
-Pintard.<a id="FNanchor_34" href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">34</a></p>
-
-<p>There is no record of any conveyance of Claremont,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">132</span>
-by Gulian Verplanck or his executors, to Hogan,<a id="FNanchor_35" href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> but
-a deed made by Robert Lenox, Jacob Stout, and John
-Wells, trustees, to Michael Hogan, dated July 21, 1819,
-reconveys to him all property not disposed of in the
-execution of their trust, which is referred to as having<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">133</span>
-been imposed by <em>two</em> previous deeds of assignment or
-conveyance dated July 25, 1811. It is here that it is
-generally thought a vagueness and uncertainty as to
-the true owner exists. It was about this time that Claremont
-was occupied by a rather mysterious individual, an
-Englishman named Courtenay, who, it is said, in after
-years, inherited the title of the Earl of Devon.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Haswell,<a id="FNanchor_36" href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> in his “Reminiscences of an Octogenarian,”
-says, page 25: “West of Broadway, between
-Eleventh and Twelfth avenues and One Hundred and
-Twenty-third Street, there was a large country residence
-occupied by an Englishman, a Mr. Courtenay,
-with but one man servant and a cook. He lived so
-retired as never to be seen in company with anyone
-outside of his household and very rarely in public.</p>
-
-<p>“There was, as a consequence, many opinions given
-as to the occasion of such exclusiveness. The one generally
-and finally accepted was that he had been a gay
-companion of royalty in his youth, and that his leaving
-England was more the result of expediency with him
-than choice.” Lossing’s<a id="FNanchor_37" href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> account differs somewhat
-from this. He says: “When the War of 1812 broke
-out he (Courtenay) returned thither (to England)
-leaving his furniture and plate, which were sold at auction....
-Courtenay was a great lion in New York,
-for he was a handsome bachelor, with title, fortune, and
-reputation—a combination of excellencies calculated to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">134</span>
-captivate the heart desires of the opposite sex. Claremont
-was the residence for a while of Joseph Bonaparte,
-ex-King of Spain, when he first took refuge in the
-United States, after the battle of Waterloo and the
-downfall of the Napoleon dynasty. Here too Francis
-James Jackson, the successor of Mr. Erskine, the British
-Minister at Washington, at the opening of the War
-of 1812, resided a short time.... He was politically
-and socially unpopular, and presented a strong contrast
-to the polished Courtenay.” Courtenay disappeared at
-the time of the war between this country and Great
-Britain, after having greatly embellished the place. It
-has always been a tradition in the Post family (who
-owned the property for nearly fifty years) that Courtenay
-built the present house. In March, 1812, Hogan
-joined with the above-named trustees in conveying the
-property “commonly called Claremont” to Herman
-Le Roy, William Bayard, and James McEvers, trustees.
-By some it has been supposed that while the legal
-title was in trustees, there may have been an unrecorded
-declaration of trust, by which Courtenay became the
-equitable owner. The grantees<a id="FNanchor_38" href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> in the last-mentioned
-deed first leased Claremont and several years later sold
-it to Joel Post, February 12, 1821. Later, Mr. Post
-(brother of the distinguished physician of the last century,
-Dr. Wright Post, who also resided at Claremont)<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">135</span>
-purchased the property adjoining on the south, Monte
-Alto, and united the ownership of the two places, although
-Monte Alto was for many years occupied as a
-country seat by the McEvers family.<a id="FNanchor_39" href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> In 1868 the
-house and a portion of the place were acquired by the
-city from the heirs of Mr. Post.</p>
-
-<p>It seems to have been pretty well shown that the
-battle of Harlem Heights was not fought in this locality.
-It is only in recent years that Morningside Heights
-have been spoken of as Harlem Heights. In conveying
-Claremont it is described as in Bloomingdale and according
-to the map (Mrs. Lamb’s “History of the City
-of New York,” vol. II, p. 129) the westerly line of
-Harlem excluded all Morningside Heights except a few
-feet at the base of the high ground at Manhattanville.
-The high ground was known as Vandewater Heights,
-and if the battle had taken place there it would have
-been known by that name. It is more probable that
-most of the fighting (which was widespread) took place
-at the base of the Point of Rocks, south of the Convent
-of the Sacred Heart, and also along the high ground
-to the west and north. Day’s Tavern stood a little to
-the northeast of the Point of Rocks, and there Knowlton
-and the Connecticut troops were stationed.</p>
-
-<p>Major Lewis Morris, Jr., wrote to his father on
-September 28th: “Monday morning an advanced party,
-Colonel Knowlton’s regiment, was attacked on a
-height a little to the southwest of Day’s Tavern.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">136</span>
-Morningside Heights would have been considerably
-more than “a little” to the southwest of Day’s Tavern.
-The detachment sent out before daylight under Knowlton
-by General Washington was not his regiment but
-a small body, probably a single company, and was sent
-to make a diversion upon the enemy’s rear. It is probable
-that they followed the river’s edge as far south as
-Ninety-fourth Street, much below Claremont and Morningside
-Heights. The actual battle did not begin until
-late in the day. The resolution of Congress passed
-October 17, 1776, was “Resolved, That General Lee
-be directed to repair to the camp on the Heights of
-Harlem with leave,” etc.</p>
-
-<p>Washington had no camp on Morningside Heights.
-His camp was on the high ground between the Point
-of Rocks and the Harlem River.</p>
-
-<p>Finally “nowhere on Manhattan Island, to my
-knowledge, beyond the limit of the city, have there been
-found the remains of so many English and Hessian
-soldiers, as shown by buttons, cross-belt buckles, bayonets,
-and portions of other arms, as have been excavated,
-from time to time, in the neighborhood of Trinity
-Cemetery. There could have been no fight at this
-point unless it was at the battle of Harlem, while the
-neighborhood about Columbia University, where it is
-claimed the battle was fought, has been particularly
-free from all such evidence.”<a id="FNanchor_40" href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> Claremont is now a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">137</span>
-public restaurant.<a id="FNanchor_41" href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> The adding of the huge inclosed
-piazzas has produced an effect that is nondescript.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">138</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Hamilton_Grange" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_139" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_138.jpg" width="724" height="504" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">139</span></p>
-
-<h2>Hamilton Grange</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_a_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="A" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap a"><span class="firstword">Alexander Hamilton</span>, although born
-in another colony, was identified with the city
-from boyhood and married into a New York
-family.<a id="FNanchor_42" href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> The genuine New Yorker seems always to
-have had a certain regard for the memory of Hamilton,
-ascribable perhaps to his untimely taking off, to a sentiment
-of having been, as it were, robbed of the services
-of a great man, and to the strong light thrown upon
-the contrast between his traits and those of his distinguished
-and brilliant antagonist.</p>
-
-<p>He had faults, but they were very human ones, while
-those of his adversary tended toward the incarnation of
-selfishness. His career is probably more familiar to the
-people than that of any of the other characters connected
-with the State of New York during the Revolutionary
-era. The site of the house (named after the
-estate of his grandfather in Ayreshire, Scotland) was
-chosen by him in order to be in proximity to the house
-of his friend, Gouverneur Morris, at Morrisania. The
-situation at that time, like that of the Jumel house,
-commanded an extensive view of the Hudson and Harlem
-rivers and Long Island Sound. It was then about
-eight miles from town, so that it was his habit to drive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">140</span>
-in every day. It was not to this house that he was
-brought after the disastrous event of July 11, 1804. His
-friend William Bayard had received an intimation of
-the proposed encounter, and was waiting when the boat
-containing him reached the New York shore. Hamilton
-was carried to his house and died there the next
-day. His wife and children were with him. One daughter,
-overcome by two such dreadful events in the family
-within a short period, lost her reason.<a id="FNanchor_43" href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> The whole city
-was affected. Business was suspended. Indignation
-was universal. Burr’s followers walked in the funeral
-procession. Talleyrand said of Hamilton: “Je considére
-Napoleon, Fox, et Hamilton comme lest trois plus
-grande hommes de notre époque, et si je devais me
-prononcer entre les trois, je donnerais sans hesiter la
-première place a Hamilton.”</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">142</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Jumel_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_143" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_142.jpg" width="728" height="508" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">143</span></p>
-
-<h2>The Jumel House</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> house was built in 1758 by Captain (afterwards
-Colonel) Roger Morris of the British
-army, who had been an aide of General Braddock.
-Morris married a daughter of Colonel Philipse.
-The Philipse estate embraced a great part of the present
-Westchester and Putnam counties. The manor hall
-erected about 1745 (the oldest part probably about
-1682) now constitutes the City Hall of Yonkers.<a id="FNanchor_44" href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> In
-that house, on July 3, 1730, was born Mary Philipse,
-and in the drawing-room on Sunday afternoon, January
-15, 1758, she was married to Captain Morris by
-the Rev. Henry Barclay, rector of Trinity, and his
-assistant, Mr. Auchmuty.</p>
-
-<p>A paper on “The Romance of the Hudson,” by
-Benson J. Lossing, published in <cite>Harper’s Magazine</cite>
-for April, 1876, gives the following account of the wedding:
-“The leading families of the province and the
-British forces in America had representatives there.
-The marriage was solemnized under a crimson canopy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">144</span>
-emblazoned with the golden crest of the family....
-The bridesmaids were Miss Barclay, Miss Van Cortlandt,
-and Miss De Lancey. The groomsmen were Mr.
-Heathcote, Captain Kennedy, and Mr. Watts. Acting
-Governor De Lancey (son-in-law to Colonel Heathcote,
-lord of the manor of Scarsdale) assisted at the
-ceremony. The brothers of the bride ... gave away
-the bride.... Her dowry in her own right was a
-large domain, plate, jewelry, and money. A grand
-feast followed the nuptial ceremony, and late on that
-brilliant moonlit night most of the guests departed.</p>
-
-<p>“While they were feasting a tall Indian, closely
-wrapped in a scarlet blanket, appeared at the door of
-the banquet hall, and with measured words said: ‘Your
-possessions shall pass from you when the eagle shall
-despoil the lion of his mane.’ He as suddenly disappeared....
-The bride pondered the ominous words
-for years ... and when, because they were royalists
-in action, the magnificent domain of the Philipses was
-confiscated by the Americans at the close of the Revolution,
-the prophecy and its fulfillment were manifested.”<a id="FNanchor_45" href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">45</a></p>
-
-<p>While in New York in 1756 Washington stayed at
-the house of his friend, Beverly Robinson, who had married
-a sister of Miss Philipse, and there is no doubt
-that her charms made a deep impression upon him, but
-there is no evidence that she refused him.</p>
-
-<div id="ip_145" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_146.jpg" width="732" height="506" alt="" />
-  <div class="caption small"><span class="smcap">Manor Hall, Yonkers, 1682</span></div></div>
-
-<p>After the Revolution Colonel Philipse withdrew to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">146</span>
-Chester, England, died there in 1785, and was buried
-in Chester Cathedral, where there is a monument to
-his memory. Some of his descendants are now living
-in England, as well as descendants of Colonel and Mrs.
-Morris. “A part of the Philipse estate was in possession
-of Colonel Morris in right of his wife, and that
-the whole interest should pass under the (confiscation)
-act, Mrs. Morris was included in the attainder.”<a id="FNanchor_46" href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> It
-is believed that Mrs. Morris and her sisters were the
-only women attainted of treason during the Revolution.
-“In 1787 the Attorney General of England examined
-the case and gave the opinion that the reversionary interest
-was not included in the attainder,” and was recoverable,
-and in the year 1809 Mrs. Morris’s son, Captain
-Henry Gage Morris, of the royal navy, in behalf of
-himself and his two sisters, sold their reversionary interest
-to John Jacob Astor for twenty thousand pounds
-sterling. In 1828 Mr. Astor made a compromise with
-the State of New York by which he received for these
-rights five hundred thousand dollars, with the understanding
-that he should execute a deed with warranty<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">148</span>
-against the claims of the Morris family, in order to quiet
-the title of the numerous persons who had bought from
-the commissioners of forfeitures. This he did.</p>
-
-<p>In 1810 the property was bought by Stephen Jumel,
-a wealthy French merchant. There he entertained
-Louis Philippe, Lafayette, Joseph Bonaparte, Louis
-Napoleon, and Henry Clay. After Jumel’s death it
-came into the possession of his widow. Aaron Burr, in
-his old age, married Madame Jumel. After he had
-made away with a good deal of her money, she got rid
-of him. He withdrew to other fields of action and died
-somewhere on Staten Island.</p>
-
-<p>During the Revolution Washington had his headquarters
-here from September 16 to October 21, 1776,
-and revisited it, accompanied by his cabinet, July, 1790.</p>
-
-<p>The house is now in the control of the Department
-of Parks and is shown to the public.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">150</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Gracie_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_151" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_150.jpg" width="728" height="507" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">151</span></p>
-
-<h2>Gracie House—East River Park</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_a_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="A" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap a"><span class="firstword">Archibald Gracie</span>, a native of Dumfries,
-Scotland, of an old Scotch family, came to this
-country about the time of the close of the
-Revolutionary War and established himself as a merchant.
-He became one of the largest if not the largest
-ship owner in the country, his ships visiting, it is said,
-every port in the world. He was a man of the highest
-character. Oliver Wolcott said of him: “He was one
-of the excellent of the earth, actively liberal, intelligent,
-seeking and rejoicing in occasions to do good.” Washington
-Irving wrote (January, 1813): “Their (the
-Gracies’) country place was one of my strongholds last
-summer. It is a charming, warm-hearted family and
-the old gentleman has the soul of a prince.” Mr. Gracie
-lost greatly as a result of the Berlin and Milan decrees,
-over a million dollars, it is said. It is believed that
-he was the largest holder of the celebrated “French
-Claims,”<a id="FNanchor_47" href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> which Congress with outrageous persistence
-refused or neglected to pay for generations. He married
-Esther, daughter of Samuel Rogers and Elizabeth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">152</span>
-Fitch, daughter of Thomas Fitch, Governor of Connecticut.</p>
-
-<p>There was an old house at Gracie’s Point belonging
-to Mrs. Prevoost, and this he either altered and enlarged
-or else removed entirely and built the present structure,
-but at what time it is not known. In the year 1805
-Josiah Quincy was entertained there at dinner. He
-describes enthusiastically the situation, overlooking the
-then terribly turbulent waters of Hell Gate. He said:
-“The shores of Long Island, full of cultivated prospects
-and interspersed with elegant country seats, bound
-the distant view. The mansion is elegant in the modern
-style and the grounds laid out in taste with gardens.”<a id="FNanchor_48" href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">48</a>
-Among the guests at that dinner were Oliver Wolcott,
-Judge Pendleton, Hamilton’s second, and Dr. Hosack,
-who later married Mrs. Coster.</p>
-
-<p>William Gracie, the eldest son, married the beautiful
-Miss Wolcott, daughter of Oliver Wolcott, Secretary
-of the Treasury under Washington. A great reception
-was given by Mr. and Mrs. Archibald Gracie
-to the bride at this house. All the bridesmaids, groomsmen,
-and a large company were assembled when the
-bride died suddenly of heart disease. His daughter
-Hester was married in the parlor of the house to William
-Beach Lawrence, afterwards Governor of Rhode
-Island. Another daughter married James Gore King,
-the eminent banker, and another Charles King, afterwards
-president of Columbia College, both being sons<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">153</span>
-of Rufus King of Revolutionary fame. On one occasion
-during the Napoleonic wars, a French vessel was
-chased by an English frigate into the neutral harbor
-of New York. The Englishman lay in the lower bay
-ready to attack the Frenchman when he should return
-through the Narrows. Being sure of his prize he was
-off his guard. The French captain, taking a skillful
-pilot, slipped up the East River, a feat believed impossible
-for so large a vessel. In rounding Gracie’s
-Point a sailor on a yardarm was swept from his perch
-by the overhanging branches of a great elm that was
-standing on the lawn as late as 1880. With wonderful
-agility, the sailor seized the limbs and swinging from
-one to another reached the trunk, down which he slid
-to the ground. Charles King, calling to the Frenchman,
-rushed to the other side of the Point, put him in
-his boat and followed the man-of-war, although it had
-then swung over to the other side of the river. By
-skillful management he reached the vessel and the sailor
-scrambled aboard. Anyone who remembers the waters
-of Hell Gate before the rocky bottom was blown up
-by the Government will admit that Mr. King did some
-vigorous rowing. The man-of-war escaped by way of
-the Sound, much to the chagrin of the English.</p>
-
-<p>Many distinguished people were entertained in this
-house. When Louis Philippe was here in exile he was
-invited to dine with Mrs. Gracie. The carriage and
-four were sent to town to bring the royal visitor, and
-when he arrived the family were assembled to receive<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">154</span>
-him. One of the little girls exclaimed aloud, “That is
-not the king, he has no crown on his head,” at which
-the guest laughed good-naturedly and said: “In these
-days, kings are satisfied with wearing their heads without
-crowns.” An early picture shows an ornamental
-balustrade on the roof of the house and also on that
-of the piazza, relieving the present rather bare appearance.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">156</span></p>
-
-<hr class="dbl" />
-
-<div id="BOROUGH_OF_THE_BRONX" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_157" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_156.jpg" width="728" height="504" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">157</span></p>
-
-<h2><span class="larger">BOROUGH OF THE BRONX</span></h2>
-
-<div id="Gouverneur_Morris_House">
-<h2 class="nobreak p2">The Gouverneur Morris House<a id="FNanchor_49" href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor smaller">49</a></h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_g_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="G" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap g"><span class="firstword">Gouverneur Morris</span> was one of the most
-interesting characters of the Revolutionary
-era, interesting because he had an individuality
-that distinguished him from the other worthies of
-the time. Though crippled,<a id="FNanchor_50" href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> his versatility and activity
-of mind and body were very great. An orator of the
-first rank, when but a few years past his majority he
-swayed the Continental Congress with his views upon
-matters of finance, a subject for which he had an especial
-aptitude throughout his career. Resolving, when
-a young man, to be the first lawyer in the land, he
-became so. By reason of his connections, his education
-and abilities, during his long stay abroad he associated
-on intimate terms with a vast number of the most influential
-personages living at the time. The unfortunate
-King and Queen of France sought his advice and aid
-in their troubles, as did Lafayette and many others.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">158</span>
-His diary published in 1888 (now out of print),
-written in Paris during the early days of the French
-Revolution, although evidently for his own use, is
-comparable with those other letters and memoirs of the
-eighteenth century when writing of the sort was cultivated
-as a fine art.</p>
-
-<p>His father’s will states: “It is my desire that my
-son, Gouverneur Morris, may have the best education
-that is to be had in England or America.” Great pains
-were taken that this should be carried out, so that he
-should be fitted for any career that might open to him.<a id="FNanchor_51" href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">51</a>
-He was a member of the Provincial Congress of New
-York, in 1775, “serving on the various committees with
-such well-balanced judgment as to command the respect
-of men of twice his age and experience.” Twice elected
-to the Continental Congress, he was a chairman of three
-committees for carrying on the war,<a id="FNanchor_52" href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> wrote continually
-on all subjects, especially that of finance, and
-at the same time practiced law, doing all this before
-he was twenty-eight years of age. After five years
-of devotion to public affairs, he became a citizen of
-Philadelphia and settled down to the practice of his
-profession.</p>
-
-<p>In 1787, as a delegate from Pennsylvania, he took
-his seat in the convention which met to frame the Federal
-Constitution. He had been connected in certain
-financial ventures with William Constable of New York,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">159</span>
-which had been eminently successful, and in November,
-1788, led partly by matters relating to these and partly
-by the desire to travel, he decided to visit France. His
-life on the other side became so crowded with interesting
-and important events that this visit was prolonged far
-beyond his intention. It was ten years before he returned.
-He was furnished by Washington with letters
-to persons in England, France, and Holland. He was
-present at the assembling of the States-General at Versailles,
-which has been called the “first day of the French
-Revolution,” and from that time on was <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">au fait</i> with
-all the important events of that exciting period. At
-times he was in almost daily communication with the
-Duchess of Orleans, Madame de Staël, Talleyrand, and
-hosts of others equally important.</p>
-
-<p>He was soon recognized as applying a clear brain
-to the solution of any important question submitted to
-him, and we find him writing a memoir for the guidance
-of the king and the draught of a speech to be delivered
-before the National Assembly. The Monciel scheme,
-usually mentioned in the biographies of Morris, was a
-well-conceived plan to get the king out of Paris. Monciel,
-one of the ministry, consulted Morris as to the
-details of the plan, and the king deposited with him
-his papers and the sum of seven hundred and forty-eight
-thousand francs. Everything was discreetly arranged
-and success nearly assured when, on the morning
-fixed for the king’s departure, he changed his mind and
-refused to budge. Later the money was nearly all withdrawn,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">160</span>
-leaving a small balance in Morris’s hands which
-he returned to the Duchess d’Angoulême.<a id="FNanchor_53" href="#Footnote_53" class="fnanchor">53</a></p>
-
-<p>In 1789 Washington had written him a letter requesting
-him to visit England and endeavor to facilitate
-the carrying out of the terms of the treaty between the
-two countries, but the English governing class at that
-day had no desire to facilitate anything in which this
-country was interested. He had many interviews with
-Leeds and Pitt, but was always met with a policy of
-vagueness, postponement, and unlimited delay, so that
-he accomplished little. It was partly on this account
-that when Washington nominated him as Minister to
-France in 1791, the nomination was opposed. His views
-also regarding the condition of France were well known.
-He did not deem that country fitted for a radical change
-of government nor for the development of the wild
-theories of government that were there rampant.<a id="FNanchor_54" href="#Footnote_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">161</span>
-sanity of these views was proved by subsequent events,
-but many senators did not regard him as suitable to
-represent this republic. He was, however, confirmed by
-a moderate majority. He continued to be Minister until
-Genet was recalled at the request of Washington.
-Then France requested his recall on the ground of
-“reciprocity.”</p>
-
-<p>Monroe arrived in Paris in August, 1794. Morris
-intended to return, but changed his plans and decided
-to spend another year in Europe visiting some of the
-principal courts and traveling<a id="FNanchor_55" href="#Footnote_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> through various countries,
-but events were so interesting and produced so
-much stir and excitement that it was fully four years
-before he returned.</p>
-
-<p>While in England he was presented at court, November
-25, 1795.<a id="FNanchor_56" href="#Footnote_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> Finally in October, 1798, he sent
-his steward to New York with all his “books, liquors,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">162</span>
-linens, furniture, plate and carriages,” and soon after
-followed himself.</p>
-
-<p>On his mother’s death in 1786, the estate of Morrisania
-devolved on his eldest brother, Staats Morris;
-but he, having no intention of living in this country,
-willingly sold it to him, including his father’s house, in
-which he was born. The house he found in poor condition,
-and at once set about the task of repairing and
-adding to it. After its restoration, he settled there, and
-for the rest of his life the house became the scene of a
-continuous hospitality, not only to the most eminent
-Americans of the day, but to nearly every foreigner of
-distinction that came to this country.</p>
-
-<p>He was elected a United States Senator and was
-always interested in public affairs. He is said to have
-been the originator of the Erie Canal. In December,
-1809, he married Miss Randolph of Virginia. In May,
-1804, he was present at the deathbed of his friend,
-Alexander Hamilton, and later delivered the funeral
-oration.</p>
-
-<p>Sparks<a id="FNanchor_57" href="#Footnote_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> says: “The plan of his house conformed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">163</span>
-to a French model, and though spacious and well contrived
-was suited rather for convenience and perhaps
-splendor within than for a show of architectural magnificence
-without.” To a friend he wrote: “I have a
-terrace roof of one hundred and thirty feet long,<a id="FNanchor_58" href="#Footnote_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> to
-which I go out by a side or rather back door, and from
-which I enjoy one of the finest prospects while breathing
-the most salubrious air in the world.” The parquet
-floors of all the rooms were brought from France. The
-library, wainscoted and ceiled with Dutch cherry panels,
-also imported, was in the early days hung with white
-and gold tapestry. The room contained the mahogany
-desk, still preserved, trimmed with brass (said to have
-been a present from one of the royal family), at which
-he carried on his correspondence with so many distinguished
-personages, correspondence often relating
-to loans of money to the Duchess of Orleans,
-Madame de Lafayette, Louis Philippe, and hundreds
-of others.</p>
-
-<p>The reception room, twenty-two by thirty feet and
-fourteen feet high, was also a paneled room with mirrors
-set in the wall in the French style. It contained
-a number of pieces of gilt furniture, originally covered
-with white silk embroidered in gold, with designs from
-Boucher which he had brought with him from France.
-The dining room of peculiar shape (a half octagon)
-was paneled in dark wood and contained a curious reminder
-of life during Revolutionary days, a dumbwaiter<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">164</span>
-placed near each guest so that servants need not be
-admitted to overhear the conversation.<a id="FNanchor_59" href="#Footnote_59" class="fnanchor">59</a></p>
-
-<p>Morris died on November 6, 1816, in the room in
-which he was born. Almost the last letter he wrote was
-to plead with the Federal Party to “forget party and
-think of our country. That country embraces both parties.
-We must endeavor therefore to save and benefit
-both.” What statesman to-day would put forth such
-a sentiment?<a id="FNanchor_60" href="#Footnote_60" class="fnanchor">60</a></p>
-
-<div id="ip_165" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_164.jpg" width="507" height="349" alt="" /></div>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">166</span></p>
-
-<hr />
-
-<div id="Van_Cortlandt_House" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_167" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_166.jpg" width="727" height="506" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">167</span></p>
-
-<h2>Van Cortlandt House</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">The</span> property on which the house stands belonged
-in the seventeenth century to the Hon. Frederick
-Philipse and was sold by him in the year
-1699 to his son-in-law, Jacobus Van Cortlandt, who had
-married his daughter Eva. The house was built in 1748
-by Frederick Van Cortlandt, only son of Jacobus, who
-married Frances Jay, daughter of Augustus Jay, the
-Huguenot. His will, dated October 2, 1749, states:
-“Whereas I am now finishing a large stone dwelling
-house on the plantation in which I now live, which with
-the same plantation will, by virtue of my deceased father’s
-will, devolve, after my decease, upon my eldest
-son, James,” etc.<a id="FNanchor_61" href="#Footnote_61" class="fnanchor">61</a></p>
-
-<p>During the Revolutionary War the neighborhood
-was constantly the scene of conflicts. Washington visited
-the house in 1781, and on the hill to the north
-disposed part of his army, which lighted camp fires while
-he was quietly withdrawing the rest of his troops to
-join Lafayette before Yorktown. There was a bloody
-engagement near the house on August 31, 1778, between
-the British, under Lieutenant-Colonel Simcoe,
-and a body of Stockbridge Indians. The Indians
-fought with great bravery and desperation, dragging<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">168</span>
-the cavalrymen from their horses, but were ultimately
-dispersed, their chief being killed.<a id="FNanchor_62" href="#Footnote_62" class="fnanchor">62</a></p>
-
-<p>Washington slept here the night before the evacuation
-of the city by the British, November 25, 1785. The
-estate has been bought by the city and is now known
-as Van Cortlandt Park. It contains 1,070 acres. There
-is a lake covering sixty acres and a parade ground for
-the National Guard on a level meadow of 120 acres.</p>
-
-<p>The house is used as a museum and is crowded with
-interesting relics.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">170</span></p>
-
-<hr class="dbl" />
-
-<div id="BOROUGH_OF_QUEENS" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_171" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_170.jpg" width="726" height="505" alt="" /></div>
-</div>
-
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">171</span></p>
-
-<h2><span class="larger">BOROUGH OF QUEENS</span></h2>
-
-<div id="Bowne_House">
-<h2 class="nobreak p2">The Bowne House—Flushing</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_t_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="T" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">This</span> house was built in 1661 by John Bowne,
-a native of Matlock, Derbyshire, England, in
-whose church he was baptized in the year 1627.
-About 1672 George Fox, founder of the sect of Quakers
-or Friends, visited Flushing and held meetings there.
-Bowne’s wife<a id="FNanchor_63" href="#Footnote_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> frequently attended the meetings, and
-after a time joined the sect. As a result of this, Quakers
-were often entertained at the house. Governor Stuyvesant
-had Bowne arrested for “harboring Quakers,” and
-he was thrown into jail. Prior to this Henry Townsend,
-of Oyster Bay, had been subjected to the same
-treatment. Bowne, being a man of considerable independence,
-remained obdurate. He was then banished
-to Holland. He presented his case to the Dutch West
-India Company in such a manner that he was returned
-in a special ship with the following rebuke to the Governor
-and Councils of the New Netherlands, 1663: “We
-finally did see from your last letter you had exiled and
-transported hither a certain Quaker named John Bowne,
-and although it is our cordial desire that similar and
-other sectarians might not be found there, yet, as the
-contrary seems to be the fact, we doubt very much if<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">172</span>
-vigorous proceedings against them ought not to be discontinued,
-except you intend to check and destroy your
-population, which, however, in the youth of your existence
-ought rather to be encouraged by all possible
-means, wherefore it is our opinion that some connivance
-would be useful that the conscience of men, at least,
-ought ever to remain free and unshackled.</p>
-
-<p>“Let everyone be unmolested as long as he is modest,
-as long as his conduct, in a political sense, is irreproachable,
-as long as he does not disturb others or
-oppose the Government.” Signed, “The Directors of
-the West India Company, Amsterdam Department.”</p>
-
-<p>The house has always remained in the possession of
-the descendants of the first owner. House and furniture
-are in a good state of preservation; they are in
-charge of a caretaker and shown to visitors.</p>
-</div>
-
-<div id="ip_173" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 32em;">
-  <img src="images/i_172.jpg" width="505" height="349" alt="" /></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">174</span></p>
-
-<hr class="dbl" />
-
-<div id="BOROUGH_OF_RICHMOND" class="chapter">
-<div id="ip_175" class="figcenter" style="max-width: 46em;">
-  <img src="images/i_174.jpg" width="730" height="507" alt="" /></div>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">175</span></p>
-
-<h2><span class="larger">BOROUGH OF RICHMOND</span></h2>
-
-<div id="Billop_House">
-<h2 class="nobreak p2">The Billop House</h2>
-
-<div><img class="drop-cap" src="images/i_f_cap.png" width="48" height="48" alt="F" />
-</div>
-
-<p class="drop-cap"><span class="firstword">For</span> more than a century Staten Island was practically
-in the control of the Billop family.
-The Billops for several generations had led
-active and valiant careers in the service of the sovereign.
-One, James, in the sixteenth century, is said to
-have won the friendship of Queen Elizabeth by risking
-his own life in order to save hers. They had favors
-also from the Stuart line.</p>
-
-<p>Christopher, born in 1638, received a naval training
-by command of Charles I. He was commissioned captain
-and made important and adventurous voyages, in
-one of which he was wounded, captured by Turkish
-pirates and abandoned, to be later rescued by a passing
-ship. In 1667, whether by order of Charles II or on
-his own account it is not known, he sailed from England
-in his vessel, the <i>Bentley</i>, and came cruising in
-the waters of the New Netherlands. The tradition is
-that the Duke of York, to determine the ownership of
-the islands in the bay, decided that any island that could
-be circumnavigated in twenty-four hours belonged to
-the province of New York, and Billop, having proved
-that Staten Island was so included by sailing around it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">176</span>
-in the required time, was presented with 1,163 acres in
-the southern part of the island. On this tract he built
-in 1668 the stone house here presented. The stones and
-lumber were obtained in the vicinity, but the cement
-was brought from England and the bricks from Belgium.</p>
-
-<p>In the early records his name appears as showing
-that he had several public positions, but apart from that
-little is known about him except that he held a military
-command and had a controversy with Governor Andros
-to his disadvantage at first, but later he succeeded in
-having the governor recalled to England.</p>
-
-<p>In the year 1700 he sailed for England in the
-<i>Bentley</i>, but was never heard of again. By some
-writers it is thought that he was ordered back, inasmuch
-as a pension was assigned to his widow by the
-king. Captain Billop married a Miss Farmer, sister
-of a Supreme Court judge in the neighboring province
-of New Jersey. They had one child, a daughter, who
-married her cousin, Thomas Farmer, and he, succeeding
-to the manor of Bentley, changed his name to
-Billop. Both died young and their tombstones are to
-be seen at the house to-day. Christopher Billop, their
-only son, born 1735, was a prominent man in public
-affairs throughout his life. In the Revolution he was
-intensely loyal to the crown, and became a colonel in
-the British army. Twice he was captured. The New
-Jersey colonists were especially bitter toward him, and
-once by keeping men stationed in the steeple of St. Peter’s<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">177</span>
-Church at Perth Amboy they observed him going
-into his house. Immediately they took boats, crossed
-the river and made him prisoner. By order of Elisha
-Boudinot (Com. Pris. of New Jersey) he was thrown
-into jail at Burlington, hands and feet chained to the
-floor and fed only on bread and water. Here his companion
-in captivity was Lieutenant-Colonel Simcoe of
-the Queen’s Rangers, probably the same Simcoe who
-was in the engagement near the Van Cortlandt house.
-Billop was exchanged for a captain who had been on
-the prison ship. The second time he was taken he was
-released by Washington at the solicitation of Lord
-Howe, commander in chief of the British forces.</p>
-
-<p>After the battle of Long Island, Howe thought it
-an opportune time to offer favorable terms to the colonists
-if they were willing to lay down their arms. Accordingly
-he dispatched General Sullivan (then a prisoner)
-to Congress requesting them to send a committee
-to negotiate. This committee, composed of Benjamin
-Franklin, Edward Rutledge, and John Adams, met
-Howe at the Billop house. “Along the sloping lawn
-in front of the house, long lines of troops that formed
-the very flower of the British army were drawn up between
-which the distinguished commander escorted his
-no less distinguished guests.”<a id="FNanchor_64" href="#Footnote_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> The conference was held
-in the northwest room on the ground floor. It resulted
-in nothing, the colonists refusing to accede to any terms
-not involving their independence. About 1783–84 Billop<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">178</span>
-withdrew to New Brunswick, and joined that army
-of estimable persons who, despoiled of their possessions,
-were driven from the land for their loyalty to their
-king. There for years he held prominent offices in the
-Assembly and in the Council and died at St. John,
-March 23, 1827, at the age of ninety-two. At his
-funeral the highest honors of the town were paid to
-his memory.</p>
-
-<p>Billop was evidently a complete type of the country
-gentleman and tory squire. According to Mr. Morris,
-in his “Memorial History of Staten Island,” the following
-description of him was given by a friend:
-“Christopher Billop was a very tall, soldierly looking
-man in his prime. He was exceedingly proud and his
-pride led him at times to the verge of haughtiness. Yet
-he was kind-hearted, not only to those he considered
-his equals, but to his slaves as well as to the poor people
-of the island. No one went from his door at the old
-manor hungry. It was his custom to gather the people
-of the island once a year on the lawn in front of his
-house and hold a ‘harvest home.’... Passionately
-fond of horses, his stable was filled with the finest bred
-animals in the land. He was a magnificent rider and
-was very fond of the saddle. He was an expert shot
-with the pistol, which once saved his life when he was
-attacked by robbers. Christopher Billop was not a man
-to take advice unless it instantly met with his favor....
-Lifelong friends pleaded with him to join the cause
-of independence at the commencement of the Revolution,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">179</span>
-but he chose to follow the fortunes of royalty. He
-was a good citizen, a noble man!”</p>
-
-<p>Before the Revolution the house was noted for its
-hospitality and gayety in the Colonial society of the
-day. The owner entertained lavishly and at the time
-of the war he received there Generals Howe, Clinton,
-Knyphausen, Cleveland, Cornwallis, Burgoyne, and
-many others. The interior of the house is extremely
-plain. Presumably in the year 1668 the house decorator
-had not made his appearance. The walls are three
-feet thick and the woodwork as sound as on the day
-it was built. There is of course a ghost room, with
-“that spot on the floor that cannot be washed out”
-where murder is said to have been done. Below there
-is a dungeon with massive iron gate, and the marks are
-still visible where prisoners, American and then British,
-tried to cut their way out through the three-foot wall
-and arched ceiling.<a id="FNanchor_65" href="#Footnote_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> It is said there was an underground
-passage leading to the river.</p>
-
-<p>In the basement Fenimore Cooper laid one of the
-scenes in his novel of the “Water Witch.”</p>
-
-<p>The grounds, once laid out with parklike lawns and
-flower beds, are now in the last stages of dilapidation.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
-
-
-<div class="chapter"><div class="footnotes">
-<h2 class="nobreak p1" id="FOOTNOTES">FOOTNOTES</h2>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="fnanchor">1</a> Built some years before the Revolution by Captain Archibald
-Kennedy, R.N. (later Earl of Casillis), who married Miss Watts.
-It was the headquarters respectively of Generals Howe, Cornwallis,
-and Carleton.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="fnanchor">2</a> The property of William Walton, brother of Admiral Walton,
-built in 1752. It was one of the best, if not the best house in
-town. The gardens extended to the river. This house was mentioned
-in the debates in Parliament to indicate the ability of the
-colonists to pay more taxes. What might in some respects be called
-the mate to this house, the Walter Franklin house, occupied by
-Washington during his Presidency, stood at the north end of the
-square. It was taken down in 1856, “and the only bit of it known
-to exist is the President’s chair of the N. Y. Historical Society,
-which is made of wood taken from the old house” (“Historic New
-York,” p. 298).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="fnanchor">3</a> Depau Row was an attempt to introduce the Parisian dwelling
-or hotel. The houses were entered by driveways, running through
-them to large interior courtyards. They were taken down to make
-way for the Mills Hotel for men.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_4" href="#FNanchor_4" class="fnanchor">4</a> It is a little remarkable that none of our multimillionaires
-have added this feature to their new houses uptown.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_5" href="#FNanchor_5" class="fnanchor">5</a> It seems rather strange that some architect has not taken this
-façade or some portion of it (as, e. g., the east or west end) as a
-design for the front of one of the palaces that are now springing
-up throughout the land.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_6" href="#FNanchor_6" class="fnanchor">6</a> “Old Merchants of New York City,” vol. II, p. 318.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_7" href="#FNanchor_7" class="fnanchor">7</a> Before and after the Revolution, the Hall of Records lately
-removed was used as the debtors’ prison. There were usually about
-one hundred and fifty prisoners. It is said that they were allowed
-only bread and water by the State and depended largely on the
-kindness of benevolent people to relieve their wants.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_8" href="#FNanchor_8" class="fnanchor">8</a> “Lamb’s History of the City of New York,” II, p. 735.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn1"><a id="Footnote_9" href="#FNanchor_9" class="fnanchor">9</a> “The Old Merchants of New York,” vol. II, p. 319.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_10" href="#FNanchor_10" class="fnanchor">10</a> New York <cite>Herald</cite>, May 6, 1906.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_11" href="#FNanchor_11" class="fnanchor">11</a> “Domett’s History of the Bank of New York.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_12" href="#FNanchor_12" class="fnanchor">12</a> Robert Emmet, member of an old English family that settled
-in Ireland during Cromwell’s time, was one of the purest and most
-disinterested of rebels. He is now believed by his family, and with
-very good reason, to have been instigated to rebellion by a secret
-emissary of Pitt in Paris, where he had resided since leaving college,
-as part of an evil scheme to withdraw attention from the
-disordered condition of English politics at the time. (<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">Vide</i> “Ireland
-under English Rule, or A Plea for the Plaintiff,” by Thomas
-Addis Emmet, 1903.)</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_13" href="#FNanchor_13" class="fnanchor">13</a> Richard Montgomery, son of Thomas Montgomery, of Convoy
-House, Donegal, had been a captain in the British army in the
-French and Indian War. “On his return to England he is said
-to have formed friendships with Fox, Burke, and Barre, and became
-strongly imbued with their ideas about the rights of the colonies,
-and when he was superseded and disappointed in the purchase of
-a majority, he left England forever.” When in America it had
-happened that on their way to a distant post, he had come on shore
-with all the officers of his company at Clermont, the Livingston
-place on the North River, and there met Janet Livingston for the
-first time, and on his return, with the full approbation of her parents,
-he married her in July, 1773. Soon after his arrival he bought a
-farm at Kingsbridge, near New York, but after his marriage he
-arranged to build a house at Barrytown-on-the-Hudson on the Livingston
-property.
-</p>
-<p>
-The house, known as “Montgomery Place,” was built from designs
-of his nephew, an architect, son of his sister, the Viscountess
-Ranelagh. Some relics of the general, including his sword, etc.,
-are still preserved there. When war broke out, Congress appointed
-him a brigadier general, and such was the confidence in him that
-he was given <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">carte blanche</i> as to all the officers under him. He
-fell at the head of his troops in the assault on Quebec, December
-31, 1775, at the age of thirty-seven. The estimation in which he
-was held by his wife’s family continued to the time of his death.
-In July, 1818, when the State of New York had his remains brought
-from Quebec, they were interred under the monument now seen at
-the east end of St. Paul’s Chapel. Forty-three years had elapsed
-since Mrs. Montgomery had parted with her husband at Saratoga.
-She was notified by Governor Clinton of the day on which the
-steamer <i>Richmond</i>, carrying the remains, would pass down the river.
-She was left alone upon the piazza of the house. The emotions with
-which she saw the pageant were told in a letter written to her
-niece:
-</p>
-<p>
-“At length they came by with all that remained of a beloved
-husband who left me in the bloom of manhood, a perfect being.
-Alas! how did he return? However gratifying to my heart, yet
-to my feelings every pang I felt was renewed. The pomp with
-which it was conducted added to my woe; when the steamboat
-passed with slow and solemn movement, stopping before my house,
-the troops under arms, the Dead March from the muffled drums,
-the mournful music, the splendid coffin canopied with crepe and
-crowned with plumes, you may conceive my anguish!” After the
-vessel had gone by it was found she had fainted.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_14" href="#FNanchor_14" class="fnanchor">14</a> By resolution of the Vestry, August 26, 1803.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_15" href="#FNanchor_15" class="fnanchor">15</a> Removed in 1835.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_16" href="#FNanchor_16" class="fnanchor">16</a> “Nat. Cyclo. of Am. Biog.,” vol. VI, p. 360.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_17" href="#FNanchor_17" class="fnanchor">17</a> “King’s Handbook of New York,” p. 38.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_18" href="#FNanchor_18" class="fnanchor">18</a> Goede Vrouw of Man-a-hata.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_19" href="#FNanchor_19" class="fnanchor">19</a> <cite>Magazine of American History.</cite></p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_20" href="#FNanchor_20" class="fnanchor">20</a> The British took possession of the City Hall and “they also
-plundered it of all the books belonging to the subscription library,
-and also of a valuable library which belonged to the corporation,
-the whole consisting of not less than sixty thousand volumes. This
-was done with impunity and the books publicly hawked about the
-town for sale by private soldiers” (“Lamb’s History of the City
-of New York,” vol. II, p. 134).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_21" href="#FNanchor_21" class="fnanchor">21</a> Mrs. Cruger spent her summers at that quaint castellated
-structure, Henderson House or Home, seven miles from Richfield
-Springs, the grounds being part of twenty thousand acres received
-by letters patent from the English crown.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_22" href="#FNanchor_22" class="fnanchor">22</a> “Bulletin of Metropolitan Museum,” January, 1907.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_23" href="#FNanchor_23" class="fnanchor">23</a> Named after the three daughters, Countess of Abingdon, Lady
-Southampton (Fitzroy), and Mrs. Colonel Skinner.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_24" href="#FNanchor_24" class="fnanchor">24</a> “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_25" href="#FNanchor_25" class="fnanchor">25</a> “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_26" href="#FNanchor_26" class="fnanchor">26</a> “Diary of Philip Hone,” vol. II, p. 101.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_27" href="#FNanchor_27" class="fnanchor">27</a> “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_28" href="#FNanchor_28" class="fnanchor">28</a> “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_29" href="#FNanchor_29" class="fnanchor">29</a> “In Old New York,” by Thomas A. Janvier.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_30" href="#FNanchor_30" class="fnanchor">30</a> Remembered as the writer of that popular poem, “’Twas the
-night before Christmas,” etc.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_31" href="#FNanchor_31" class="fnanchor">31</a> “Natl. Cyclo. of Amer. Biog.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_32" href="#FNanchor_32" class="fnanchor">32</a> “N. Y. Standard Guide,” p. 112.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_33" href="#FNanchor_33" class="fnanchor">33</a> Joseph Alston became Governor of South Carolina. Mrs.
-Alston, the daughter of Aaron Burr, met with a tragic fate. On
-December 30, 1812, she sailed from Charleston in a small schooner,
-<i>The Patriot</i>, accompanied by Mr. Green, a friend of her father’s,
-her physician and her maid. The vessel never reached its destination.
-Forty years afterwards, three men, two in Virginia and one
-in Texas, made deathbed confessions that they had been members
-of the crew, that the crew had mutinied and murdered all the officers
-and passengers, Mrs. Alston being the last to walk the plank. The
-expression of her face, one man said, haunted him the rest of his
-life.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_34" href="#FNanchor_34" class="fnanchor">34</a> Pintard was a very prominent man in the first part of the
-last century, the founder of the New York Historical Society and
-many other city institutions.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_35" href="#FNanchor_35" class="fnanchor">35</a> The author of “The Old Merchants of New York City” gives
-this account of Hogan, written in his peculiar style: “Now look
-back forty-eight years ago to 1805, and there was but one Hogan
-in New York. His name was Michael Hogan, and he had only
-landed in the city a few months, but what attention he received from
-all the leading men of that day! Robert Lenox at that time lived
-in good style at 157 Pearl Street. He sent an invitation to the
-distinguished stranger the second day of his arrival. He was such
-a man as did not arrive in the then small city of New York every
-day. Michael Hogan brought with him in solid gold sovereigns
-four hundred thousand pounds, equal to two million dollars, and
-he had a wonderful history. What would I not give if I could write
-it all out! All these 160 Hogan families alluded to above, mostly
-Irish, are kith and kin of the great nabob, for such he was when he
-arrived here in 1804, with his dark Indian princess wife. Michael
-Hogan was born at Stone Hall, in the County of Clare, Ireland,
-September 26, 1766. ‘So he was thirty-eight years old when he
-landed in New York, with his dark-skinned lady and his fabulous
-amount of gold. But what scenes he had been through in these
-eventful thirty-eight years! He had been a sailor; he had commanded
-ships bound to ports in every quarter of the world—in Asia,
-Africa, America, and Europe; he had been to North as well as South
-America; and he had voyaged to the West as well as to the East
-Indies; he had made successful voyages to the almost then unknown
-land of Australia. In the East Indies he had married a lady of
-great wealth. This was the story that was talked about when Captain
-Michael Hogan came here.”—Fourth Series, p. 115.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_36" href="#FNanchor_36" class="fnanchor">36</a> Who lately died at the age of ninety-eight.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_37" href="#FNanchor_37" class="fnanchor">37</a> “The Hudson from the Wilderness to the Sea,” p. 388.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_38" href="#FNanchor_38" class="fnanchor">38</a> It has been suggested that these trustees, being relatives, held
-the property in trust during the minority of Gulian C. Verplanck,
-who in later life became the noted Shakespearian scholar.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_39" href="#FNanchor_39" class="fnanchor">39</a> Miss McEvers married Sir Edward Cunard.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_40" href="#FNanchor_40" class="fnanchor">40</a> “The Battle of Harlem Heights,” by Thomas Addis Emmet,
-M.D., <cite>Magazine of American History</cite>, September, 1906.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_41" href="#FNanchor_41" class="fnanchor">41</a> During the War of 1812, defenses were erected in this section
-as a protection against anticipated attacks by the British. Mrs.
-Lamb says (“History of the City of New York,” vol. II, p. 661):
-“On the bank of the Hudson, near the residence of Viscount Courtenay,
-afterwards Earl of Devon, was a strong stone tower connected
-by a line of intrenchments with Fort Laight.” Fort Laight
-was at the north on an eminence overlooking Manhattanville.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_42" href="#FNanchor_42" class="fnanchor">42</a> Mrs. Hamilton was the daughter of General Philip Schuyler.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_43" href="#FNanchor_43" class="fnanchor">43</a> Some time before this his eldest son had lost his life in a duel.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_44" href="#FNanchor_44" class="fnanchor">44</a> This is one of the best examples of a Colonial manor house
-now standing with wainscoted walls, ornamental ceilings, carved
-staircase, mantels, etc. The establishment was a large one for the
-time, maintaining thirty white and twenty colored servants.—“Bolton’s
-History of Westchester County.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_45" href="#FNanchor_45" class="fnanchor">45</a> “Bolton’s History of Westchester County,” vol. II.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_46" href="#FNanchor_46" class="fnanchor">46</a> At the outbreak of the Revolution the manorial families of the
-province held various sentiments regarding the relations with the
-mother country. Families like those of Philipse and De Lancey
-were loyal to the crown and lost everything. Others, like those of
-Livingston and Schuyler, espoused the cause of the “rebels” or
-“patriots.” Again, there was a third class, embracing families
-like those of Van Cortlandt and Morris, that had representatives
-on either side. The Patroon, being a minor, was legally incapable
-of choosing and saved his vast estate.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_47" href="#FNanchor_47" class="fnanchor">47</a> The Government of France had certain claims against this
-Government. An agreement was made to release these claims upon
-the express consideration that the United States would pay <em>their
-own citizens</em> the claims that they had against France.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_48" href="#FNanchor_48" class="fnanchor">48</a> Mrs. Lamb’s, “History of the City of New York.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_49" href="#FNanchor_49" class="fnanchor">49</a> This picture is from a sketch by permission of the New York
-<cite>Herald</cite>.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_50" href="#FNanchor_50" class="fnanchor">50</a> While living in Philadelphia during the war he was thrown
-from his carriage in trying to control a pair of runaway horses.
-The accident necessitated the amputation of a leg.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_51" href="#FNanchor_51" class="fnanchor">51</a> Diary, p. 2.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_52" href="#FNanchor_52" class="fnanchor">52</a> Commissary’s, Quartermaster’s, and Medical Departments.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_53" href="#FNanchor_53" class="fnanchor">53</a> A laconic entry in the diary gives a hint as to the life of
-terror which the ill-fated family were leading: “Go to court this
-morning (August 5th). Nothing remarkable, only they were up
-all night expecting to be murdered.”—Diary, p. 569.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_54" href="#FNanchor_54" class="fnanchor">54</a> M. Esmein quotes Taine: “<span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Quatre observateurs, écrit Hippolyte
-Taine, ont dès le début, compris le caractére et la portée de
-la Revolution française—Rivarol, Malouet, Gouverneur Morris et
-Mallet du Pan, celui—ci plus profondement que les autres;...</span>”
-but Esmein says “<span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">contre l’auteur illustre et respecté des <i>Origines
-de la France contemporaine</i>, j’oserais revendiquer pour Gouverneur
-Morris, la plupart des titres qu’il reconnait a Mallet du Pan.</span>”
-(“<span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Gouverneur Morris, un temoin American de la revolution Française</span>,”
-by A. Esmein, membre de l’Institut, Paris, 1906.)</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_55" href="#FNanchor_55" class="fnanchor">55</a> “<span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Partout où il a porté ses pas, en Angleterre comme dans
-l’Europe continentale, il etait accueilli avec une faveur marquée
-par les hommes d’État les plus en vue; les ministres en charge,
-les ambassadeurs les plus influents, le consultaient voluntiers et le
-renseignaient en meme temps.</span>
-</p>
-<p>
-“<span xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Il a su recueillir partout des information abondantes et sûre,
-et très souvent ses prédictions se réalisaient.... Voici le compliment
-que lui adressait le 2 Juillet, 1790, M. de la Luzerne, ambassadeur
-de France à Londres—‘vous dites toujours des chose
-extraordinaires qui se réalisent’</span>” (<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">idem</i>).</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_56" href="#FNanchor_56" class="fnanchor">56</a> The king: “Pray, Mr. Morris, what part of America are you
-from?” Morris: “I am from near New York, sir. I have a
-brother who has the honor to be a lieutenant general in your Majesty’s
-service.” The king: “Eh! what! You’re a brother of General
-Morris? Yes, I think I see a likeness, but you’re much younger.”
-</p>
-<p>
-Diary, vol. II, p. 135. Some years prior to the Revolution,
-his elder brother, Staats Morris, had married the Duchess of Gordon
-and was a lieutenant general in the British army. He was
-the first lieutenant colonel of the Eighty-ninth Regiment of Highlanders,
-the duke being a captain, and his brothers, lieutenant and
-ensign.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_57" href="#FNanchor_57" class="fnanchor">57</a> “Life of Morris,” vol. I, p. 477.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_58" href="#FNanchor_58" class="fnanchor">58</a> Diary, vol. II, p. 418.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_59" href="#FNanchor_59" class="fnanchor">59</a> “The Homes of America,” p. 119.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_60" href="#FNanchor_60" class="fnanchor">60</a> The house was taken down in 1905 to make way for the tracks
-of the New York &amp; New Haven Railroad Company.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_61" href="#FNanchor_61" class="fnanchor">61</a> Surrogate’s Office, New York, fol. XVIII, 62.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_62" href="#FNanchor_62" class="fnanchor">62</a> “Bolton’s History of Westchester County,” vol. II, p. 622.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_63" href="#FNanchor_63" class="fnanchor">63</a> Daughter of Lieutenant Robert Feake, patentee of Greenwich,
-Conn., and his wife Elizabeth, niece of John Winthrop.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_64" href="#FNanchor_64" class="fnanchor">64</a> Morris’s “Memorial History of Staten Island.”</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p class="fn2"><a id="Footnote_65" href="#FNanchor_65" class="fnanchor">65</a> New York <cite>Herald</cite>, April 15, 1906.</p></div>
-</div></div>
-
-<div class="chapter"><div class="transnote">
-<h2 class="nobreak p1" id="Transcribers_Notes">Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
-
-<p>Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made
-consistent when a predominant preference was found
-in the original book; otherwise they were not changed.</p>
-
-<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced
-quotation marks were remedied when the change was
-obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced.</p>
-
-<p>Inconsistent use of small-caps in the “Subjects”
-(Table of Contents) has been retained here.</p>
-
-<p>Misspelled French words were not corrected.</p>
-
-<p>Photographs of the buildings usually are just above the chapters
-referring to them, and the Table of Subjects refers to the chapters,
-not to the photographs. However, the hyperlinks in the Table of Subjects lead
-to the photographs.</p>
-</div></div>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
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