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diff --git a/old/60282-0.txt b/old/60282-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 286bb0c..0000000 --- a/old/60282-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3758 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of African Colonization by the Free Colored -People of the United States, an Indispen, by David Christy - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: African Colonization by the Free Colored People of the United States, an Indispensable Auxiliary to African Missions. - A Lecture - -Author: David Christy - -Release Date: September 12, 2019 [EBook #60282] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AFRICAN COLONIZATION *** - - - - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, hekula03, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - - - - - AFRICAN COLONIZATION - BY - THE FREE COLORED PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STATES, - AN INDISPENSABLE AUXILIARY - TO AFRICAN MISSIONS. - A Lecture. - - - BY DAVID CHRISTY, - AGENT OF THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY FOR OHIO. - -[Illustration] - - CINCINNATI: - PUBLISHED BY J. A. & U. P. JAMES, - NO. 167 WALNUT STREET. - 1854. - - - - - PREFATORY REMARKS. - - -In the course of his labors, as Colonization Agent for Ohio, the writer, -at an early day, found it necessary to examine the subject of African -Missions. It was zealously urged, by many, that the Colonies of the -Society, instead of being auxiliaries to the evangelization of the -natives, presented an almost insuperable barrier to the spread of the -Gospel in Africa. The facts ascertained, during the investigations, have -been used, from time to time, in the Lectures delivered in different -parts of the State, with general satisfaction to the friends of -Colonization. The events of the last year or two in Africa, however, -have been so marked, and the superiority of the missions in Liberia over -all the others, so fully demonstrated, that the publication of the -results has been urged as an act of justice to the American Colonization -Society and to the Missions in the Republic. - -In the preparation of the Lecture, none but the best authorities have -been consulted, and the greatest care has been taken to avoid error. -References to the sources of information are given in a few instances. -Should any wish to verify the whole range of the facts stated, they will -find them, mostly, in the following works and periodicals: Choule’s -History of Missions, Reports of American Board of Commissioners for -Foreign Missions, Missionary Herald, African Repository, and the works -occasionally quoted in foot notes in the Lecture. - - - [Expense of stereotyping paid by Dr. Alexander Guy, Cincinnati.] - - - STEREOTYPED BY C. F. O’DRISCOLL, - 167 WALNUT STREET, CINCINNATI. - - - - - A LECTURE - ON - AFRICAN MISSIONS. - - -In temporal affairs, experience supplies the best rule for the guidance -of man. In spiritual concerns, the word of God is the law by which his -conduct must be governed. In relation to the spread of the Gospel, while -the Saviour has given a few general directions, as to the mode of its -propagation, he has left much to human wisdom, as to the measures by -which it is to be extended. Pagan countries differ so widely in their -civil relations, social customs, superstitions, and degrees of -intelligence, that corresponding variations must be made in the plans -for their evangelization. Africa, when first visited by the Missionary, -was one broad field of ignorance and barbarism. Its condition differed -so widely from that of any other country, where missions had been -established, that the efforts made for its redemption, could be little -else than experiments. - -The time has arrived when we may safely proceed to contrast the results -of the several classes of missions in Africa, ascertain what experience -teaches, and determine the rule by which the greatest progress is to be -made, in the extension of Civilization and Christianity, in that land of -darkness and desolation. This task we now propose to execute, and shall -take up the several missions in the following order: - -1. The missions founded in Liberia. - -2. Those in the English colonies of Recaptured Africans. - -3. Those among native tribes, beyond the protection of the colonies. - -4. Those to the natives of South Africa, within the English colonies of -white men. - - - I. _The Missions founded in Liberia._ - -Rev. SAMUEL J. MILLS is called the father of our Foreign Missionary -scheme. His heart first received the Divine impress of the spirit of -missions, and through him it was communicated to others. “I think I can -trust myself in the hands of God, and all that is dear to me; but I long -to have the time arrive, when the Gospel shall be preached to the _poor -Africans_.” This language, entered in his diary, while a student at -College,[1] proves that the thought of Africa was foremost in his mind. -He beheld her captive children, dwelling in our midst, deeply degraded. -From this condition they could not be elevated to the dignity of -freemen. Christian philanthropy made the effort, but was unable to -afford them relief.[2] Their country, too, was yet a bleeding victim, -with few to pity and none to protect. - -With the National Independence of our country, there arose higher -conceptions of the individual man. This was a logical inference from the -principles maintained. People found themselves capable of -self-government; hence, the individual must possess the capacity for -self-elevation. So reasoned the founders of our Republic; and, to this -end, equal laws and privileges were secured to every citizen, that the -improvement of all might be promoted. But in the case of the colored -man, the National Government was powerless. It possessed neither the -means, nor the constitutional authority, to change the relations in -which he stood to the whites. It only remained, therefore, to make the -colored man, himself, the instrument of his own redemption. No sooner -had this thought sprung into existence, than it was seized by the -Philanthropist; and, in his grasp, it suddenly expanded into the grand -idea of making him also the agent for the deliverance of his country. - -The time had come for SAMUEL J. MILLS to act. Five years had rolled away -since his companions, whom he had enlisted in the cause—JUDSON, NEWELL, -NOTT, HALL, and RICE—had gone to their fields of labor, in the East.[3] -Africa, as well as Asia, was now remembered by the friends of Foreign -Missions; and MILLS offered himself,[4] to open the pathway for the -colored man’s return, with the Gospel of peace, to the home of his -fathers. He accomplished his object, only to find his grave in the -ocean, thus marking the way the captive must pursue to reach a land of -freedom. - -The exploration of Mr. MILLS, was made in company with the Rev. EBENEZER -BURGESS, under a commission from the American Colonization Society. His -death was deeply lamented by the friends of Foreign Missions, but the -importance of the cause in which he fell, justified the sacrifice. The -favorable report made by Mr. BURGESS, enabled the Society to proceed in -its enterprise. The first emigrants, 86 in number, sailed for Africa, -February, 1820; and the Colony was first planted at Monrovia, January, -1822. The pecuniary income of the Society being small,[5] the emigration -was slow—only 1,232 persons having reached the Colony during the first -10 years. The average number of Colonists, up to the period when the -Colony became independent, was only about 170 per annum: the average -from the first of January, 1848, to the close of 1852, has been 540 per -annum: and for 1853, alone, it has been 782: thus showing a rapid -increase since the establishment of the Republic. Previous to that date, -three-fourths of the emigrants had been emancipated slaves, who received -their freedom on condition of going to Liberia; but, since its -independence, a largely increased proportion have been freemen. - -We shall not enter upon the history of the trials to which Liberia has -been subjected, as the main facts are familiar to every one. Her -extermination by war, on the one hand, has been thrice attempted by the -slave traders, through the agency of the native Africans; and, on the -other hand, her ruin has been sought, in the destruction of the -Colonization Society, by an immense moral force, at the head of which -stood men who are now the avowed enemies of the Bible. Good men, who, -for a time, were arrayed in opposition to Colonization, finding -themselves involved in a crusade against the introduction of the Gospel -into Africa, have, mostly, given in their adhesion to the cause, and -left the repudiators of Christianity and the traffickers in human flesh, -as the only enemies to African Colonization. The prayer of SAMUEL J. -MILLS, for the introduction of the Gospel into Africa, has been heard, -and Ethiopia now stretches forth her hands unto God. - -In proceeding to the missionary history of Liberia, we shall begin with -the METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The mission in the Republic of Liberia, -is her oldest in the Foreign field. The nucleus of this mission, -consisted of several members, and one or two local preachers, of the -Methodist Church, who went out with the first emigrants. In March, 1833, -the Rev. Melville B. Cox, the first ordained missionary, landed in -Monrovia. To maintain this mission, has cost much treasure, and many -precious lives; but the fruits of it are inestimable. It is now formed -into a regular Annual Conference, composed of three districts, each with -a presiding elder, and having its circuits, stations, and day and Sunday -schools. The mission now covers the whole territory of Liberia and that -of Cape Palmas.[6] The Conference consists of 21 members in full -connection and on trial, all of whom are colored men. Its churches, -according to the Agent’s Report, 1853, embrace 1,301 members, of whom -116 are natives, and there are 115 probationers. The Mission has 15 -Sunday schools, with 839 pupils, of whom 50 are natives; and 20 week-day -schools, with 513 scholars. There are also 7 schools among the natives, -with 127 pupils. - -The sums appropriated to sustain this mission were, for 1851, $22,000; -for 1852, $26,000; for 1853, $32,957; and for 1854, $32,957. This -liberality is sufficiently expressive of the confidence of the Methodist -Church in Liberia. The Report of the Board of Managers, for 1851, says: - -“All eyes are now turned toward this New Republic on the Western coast -of Africa, as the star of hope to the colored people, both bond and -free, in the United States. The Republic is establishing and extending -itself; and its Christian population is in direct contact with the -natives, both Pagans and Mohammedans. Thus the Republic has, indirectly, -a powerful missionary influence, and its moral and religious condition -is a matter of grave concern to the Church. Hence, the Protestant -Christian missions in Liberia, are essential to the stability and -prosperity of the Republic; and the stability and prosperity of the -Republic are necessary to the protection and action of the missions. It -will thus appear, (concludes the Report,) that the Christian education -of the people, is the legitimate work of the missions.” - -Governed by these considerations, the Methodists have erected a seminary -building, in Monrovia, at a cost of $10,000, which is now affording -instruction to youth in the higher departments of science and -literature. - -The Report for 1853,[7] speaks still more encouragingly of the mission -in Liberia. It says: - -“The value of this mission is, perhaps, inconceivable: it not only -dispenses the word of life to the people, but it contributes largely to -the maintenance of good morals and good order in the Republic, and thus -strengthens and assists in preserving the State. In this way it -indirectly contributes to make the Republic of Liberia a steady light, -beckoning the free colored people of this country to a land where they -can be truly free and equal, and where only they can be truly men and -govern themselves. The mission is thus assisting the State to give a -triumphant answer to our Southern States when they ask, If we set the -slave population at liberty, where can they go and be free and -prosperous? This is a result of immense value. It probably contains the -solution of the question of American slavery—that great mystery of -iniquity which dims the otherwise resplendent light of our glorious -Republic. And yet, further, this African mission in the Republic of -Liberia is a steady and shining light to the western portions of Africa, -where now reign the most degrading, cruel, and destructive superstitions -to be found in the world. Until within a quarter of a century past, many -thousands of human victims have been sacrificed annually, in their cruel -and dark religious rites, within sight of the coast; and not very far -removed from the coast these sacrifices still continue, to an extent of -which it makes one shudder to think, much less to behold. Can the Church -waver in her support of such a mission on the Western coast of Africa? -She will not.” - -By order of the General Conference, Bishop Scott made an official visit -to Liberia, at the close of 1852, and returned in April, 1853—having -spent seventy days in the Colonies. He represents the spiritual -condition of the Mission as, generally, healthy and prosperous; and the -work as going steadily onward. In relation to the civil and social -condition of the Colony, the Bishop bears the following testimony: - -“The government of the Republic of Liberia, which is formed on the model -of our own, and is wholly in the hands of colored men, seems to be -exceedingly well administered. I never saw so orderly a people. I saw -but one intoxicated colonist while in the country, and I heard not one -profane word. The Sabbath is kept with singular strictness, and the -churches crowded with attentive and orderly worshipers.”[8] - -But, as regards the missions among the natives, the Bishop says, very -little indeed has been done—much less than the friends of the mission -seem to have good reason to expect—much less than he himself expected. -The result of his inquiries is by no means flattering, and he felt, and -feared that the Board would feel, disappointed. These results, however, -he says, are not due to any want of faithfulness on the part of the -missionaries; as other denominations have not been more -successful—perhaps not quite so much so—but are the result of the -peculiar condition of the native population. These peculiarities will be -noticed under the head of the native missions. - - -THE AMERICAN BAPTIST MISSIONARY UNION, commenced its mission in Liberia, -in 1822, under the care of the Rev. Lot Carey and the Rev. Collin Teage; -who had been ordained to the ministry, in Richmond, Virginia, January, -1821. They were both colored men, and possessed of much intelligence and -energy. They commenced their labors in Monrovia, in the infant colony of -Liberia, and founded a Church during the first year. Lot Carey was -chosen pastor of the Church, and Mr. Teage removed for a time to Sierra -Leone. “In the performance of his duties as a missionary, Mr. Carey -evinced remarkable energy and faithfulness. He was born a slave in -Virginia, but many years before leaving Richmond he had purchased his -freedom and that of his two children, and had acquired the rudiments of -a superior education, and proved himself worthy of the highest trusts in -the business with which he was charged. On the pestilential shores of -Africa he soon found occasion for all the knowledge he had acquired, -both among his fellow emigrants and the rude barbarians from the -interior with whom they became associated. By his acquaintance with -medicine, he healed their maladies; by his sagacity in civil affairs, he -settled their disputes and aided in the organization of their infant -society; and by his earnestness and power as a preacher, he commended -the Gospel to their hearts and consciences with unusual success.”[9] - -In 1825, the Rev. Calvin Holton, a white man, went out as a missionary, -but died almost immediately after his arrival. “The mission continued to -be sustained by Mr. Carey, with the aid of two or three pious assistants -from among the emigrants. The resources by which it was kept alive were -supplied almost entirely by his own efforts, as the funds which were -furnished by the Board were of necessity at this time exceedingly -limited. The labors of the mission were bestowed upon the emigrant -colonists, and also, as far as possible, upon the natives of the -country, who had either been rescued from slave-ships and settled upon -the coast, or had voluntarily come in from the neighboring wilderness to -join the colonies of their more civilized brethren. Mr. Carey in this -manner preached and maintained schools at Monrovia, and also at Grand -Cape Mount, among the Veys, one of the most powerful and intelligent of -the tribes on the coast. At these and other settlements he was the life -and soul of nearly all the religious efforts and operations that were -carried on. He preached several times every week, superintended schools -both for religious and secular instruction,—in some of which he taught -himself,—traveled from one settlement to another, and watched with -constant vigilance and unremitting care over all the spiritual and the -social interests of the colonists. - -“In September, 1826, he was unanimously elected vice-agent of the -colony, and on the return of Mr. Ashmun to the United States, in 1828, -he was appointed to discharge the duties of Governor in the interim—a -task which he performed during the brief remnant of his life with -wisdom, and with credit to himself. His death took place in a manner -that was fearfully sudden and extraordinary. The natives of the country -had committed depredations upon the property of the colony, and were -threatening general hostilities. Mr. Carey, in his capacity as acting -Governor, immediately called out the military forces of the colony, and -commenced vigorous measures for repelling the assault and protecting the -settlements. He was at the magazine, engaged in superintending the -making of cartridges, when, by the oversetting of a lamp, a large mass -of powder became ignited, and produced an explosion which resulted in -the death of Mr. Carey and seven others who were engaged with him. In -this sudden and awful manner perished an extraordinary man,—one who in a -higher sphere might have developed many of the noblest energies of -character, and who, even in the humble capacity of a missionary among -his own benighted brethren, deserves a prominent place in the list of -those who have shed luster upon the African race. - -“At the period of Mr. Carey’s death, the Church, of which he was the -pastor, contained 100 members, and was in a highly flourishing -condition. It was committed to the charge of Collin Teage, who now -returned from Sierra Leone, and of Mr. Waring, one of its members, who -had lately been ordained a minister. The influences which had commenced -with the indefatigable founder of the mission continued to be felt long -after he had ceased to live. The Church at Monrovia was increased to 200 -members, and the power of the Gospel was manifested in other settlements -of the Colonization Society, and even among the rude natives of the -coast, of whom nearly 100 were converted to Christianity and united with -the several churches of the colony.”[10] - -In December, 1830, Rev. B. Skinner, a white man, with his wife and two -children, reached Monrovia, to take charge of the mission. They were all -seized with the African fever, soon after landing, and Mrs. Skinner and -the children died. Mr. S. so far recovered as to embark for home, in -July following, but died the twentieth day of the passage. - -In 1834, Dr. Skinner, the father of the missionary, went out as a -physician, and was afterward appointed governor of the colony. Soon -after his arrival, he recommended the Baptist Board to establish their -mission, for the benefit of the natives, among the Bassa tribe. - -In 1835, two other white men, Rev. G. W. Crocker, and Rev. Mr. Mylne, -were sent out to the Bassas. Mrs. Mylne, who had accompanied her -husband, died in a month, and Mr. M., after laboring nearly three years, -was forced, by ill health, to return to the United States. Mr. Crocker -continued his labors, and was married, in 1840, to Miss Warren, who had -gone out as a teacher. She died soon afterward, and the declining health -of Mr. Crocker compelled him to leave for the United States. - -In 1838, two years before Mr. Crocker left, he had been joined by Rev. -Ivory Clarke and wife, whites, who continued to occupy the station, and -labored with great success for several years. - -In December, 1840, Messrs. Constantine and Fielding, with their wives, -all whites, reached the Bassa mission. Mr. and Mrs. F. both died in six -weeks; and Mr. and Mrs. C. were so much debilitated by the fever that -they were compelled to return home in 1842. - -In 1844, the health of Mr. Crocker had become so far restored, that he -resolved to return to Africa; and, having been united in marriage to -Miss Chadbourne, he sailed for Liberia, but died two days after landing. -“Thus fell, in the midst of high raised hopes, and at an unexpected -moment, a missionary of no common zeal and devotion to the cause.”[11] - -On the death of Mr. Crocker, his widow attached herself to the mission, -and labored for its advancement for two years; when the wreck of her -constitution, under the influence of the climate, compelled her to -abandon the work, in 1846, and return home. - -In 1848, Mr. Clarke and his wife found their constitutions so completely -shattered, and their strength so nearly exhausted, that they left the -mission to return to the United States. But he had tarried at his post -too long; death overtook him on the passage, and the sea supplied him a -grave. - -Thus, after thirteen years’ labor, and the sacrifice of a noble band of -martyrs to the cause of African redemption, was the Bassa mission left -without a head, except so far as it could be supplied by the native -converts. Amongst them, there was one preacher and four teachers, who -kept up the organization of the little church, and continued the -schools. - -It was not until 1852, that the Board had any offers of missionaries for -Bassa, to supply the place of those who had fallen or retreated. In that -year, however, Rev. J. S. Goodman, and Rev. W. B. Shermer, and their -wives, offered themselves to the Board, and were accepted. They set sail -November 27, 1852, and were accompanied by Mrs. Crocker, who longed to -return to the mission and devote her life to the service of her Lord and -Master. - -This Mission family was permitted to reach its field of labor in safety; -but recent information brings the painful intelligence of the death of -Mrs. Crocker and Mrs. Shermer; and that Mr. Shermer himself, had also -been very ill, and had left Africa to return home by way of England. In -writing from London, under date of January 13, 1854, he says: “That -during the past twelve months, six missionaries of different -denominations have died, and eight have been and are obliged to return -to America; all of whom had gone to Africa within the last year. This is -indeed a fearful mortality among African missionaries. Yet God has a -people there, and if the white man can not live to evangelize them, he -can and will raise up other agencies. Educated colored men, in all -probability, must and will be the only instrumentality employed in the -conversion of Africa.”[12] - -The mission, before the recent deaths, consisted of 2 stations, 2 -missionaries, 4 female assistants, and 4 native assistants. Its Church -has 16 members; and it has 2 day-schools with 36 pupils, and 2 -Sabbath-Schools with 60 pupils. - - -THE FOREIGN MISSIONARY BOARD OF THE SOUTHERN BAPTIST CONVENTION, came -into existence in 1845. Its organization was a result of the differences -of opinion, on the subject of slavery, among the members of the American -Baptist Missionary Union. The Liberia Churches, which were founded by -Lot Carey, Collin Teage, and their successors, connected themselves with -the Southern Board, while Bassa, alone, continued its adherence to the -Northern Board. This arrangement gave the Southern Board, at once, a -strong missionary force in Liberia; and the mission has continued to -prosper under their supervision. At present, it is composed of 13 -stations, 19 missionaries and teachers, 11 day-schools, 400 scholars, -and 584 communicants. As far as we can learn, all these missionaries are -colored men. - -The Board proposes to occupy three stations in Central Africa, by six -missionaries, four of whom are already secured, and have departed for -their field of labor. The mission field in Africa, is represented as -very important and very inviting, both on account of the constantly -increasing emigration from the United States, and the facilities enjoyed -for the evangelization of the heathen tribes. During the meeting of the -Convention at Baltimore, in June, 1853, the advantages of Central Africa -were discussed at length; and the Rev. T. J. Bowen,[13] who had explored -the field, delivered an address, in which he spoke particularly of -Yoruba, as a country with a delightful climate, apparently healthy, and -moderately fertile. The people, he said, are far above savages, polite -in their manners, quite intelligent, and dwelling in walled cities, some -of which cover an area as large as the city of New York. They are -prepared by their religion, he conceives, to appreciate the value of the -great Sacrifice and Mediator, Jesus, and are willing and anxious to hear -the Gospel; and some of them, during his short stay of eight weeks, gave -evidence of a change of heart and of faith in Christ. He was the first -white man who had visited some parts of that country; and “his narrative -was at once surprising and encouraging.” - - -THE PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF MISSIONS, (O. S.,) sent their first -missionaries to West Africa, in 1833. The Rev. J. B. Pinney was the -pioneer in this mission. In the earlier years of its existence, it was -greatly interrupted and retarded by the sickness or death of its -missionaries; but within the last few years its prospects are more -encouraging. In 1837, attempts were made to establish missions among the -natives, and the efforts continued throughout a series of years. Much -labor and several valuable lives were sacrificed in the work, and the -only remaining fruit is a single station, at Settra Kroo, with a small -school for native children. In 1850, a new mission to the natives was -commenced at Corisco Island, which, thus far, is very promising. - -The mission in Liberia, for colonists and natives, was the first -established and has been more prosperous. It now embraces 116 church -members, 2 ordained ministers and 1 licentiate, 3 congregations, and -flourishing Sabbath-schools. The day-schools are well attended, by both -colonists and natives. The Board, 1852, sent out the Rev. D. A. Wilson, -a white man, of finished education, to take charge of the Alexander High -School, and raise it to the grade of a college. At Monrovia, the press -for admission into the English school of Mr. James, is represented as so -great, that it had been found almost impossible to keep the number as -low as fifty scholars—the number had averaged 70, and in consequence of -the inadequacy of teachers, the progress of the pupils had been less -rapid than, under other circumstances, must have been the case. - -The Board urges the necessity of multiplying the number of educated -ministers and teachers in Liberia; and offers, as an argument in favor -of that field, and the one on Corisco Island, that these missions are -likely soon to yield abundant fruits of Gospel culture. The following is -the closing sentence of the Report: “Their past and touching history; -their sphere of labor on a continent so benighted, and yet separated -from this country only by the Atlantic; and the residence among us of so -many of the children of Africa, many of whom are in the communion of our -churches;—all seem to direct a large share of the missionary strength of -our body to be employed hereafter in connection with these missions, and -in the general field of labor to which they are doors of entrance.” - - -The Mission of the AMERICAN PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH, in Liberia, was -regularly commenced in the year 1836, at Cape Palmas. It now embraces 6 -clergymen, including Bishop Payne. A high school has been established -for training colonist teachers and missionaries. Connected with this -school are 5 candidates for orders, 3 of whom are natives. The number of -youth in this school at present, is 10; who are supported at the expense -of the mission. The children of the colonists, to the number of 15 or -20, are admitted as day scholars. A female colonist day school is also -in operation, with an attendance of 45 to 50 children. The mission -includes 4 stations, at all of which native boarding-schools are, or -have been, maintained with some good degree of regularity. The average -attendance of scholars here has been over 100, and the number instructed -in the way of salvation at least 1,000. Day-schools are and have been -taught, in which many heathen children have learned to read, and also -acquired that knowledge which maketh wise unto salvation. -Sunday-schools, composed of boarding scholars, and children from heathen -towns, have been another means of good. The Gospel has been, and is -still, preached to nearly the whole Grebo tribe, numbering a population -of some 25,000; besides which, a congregation in Maryland, in Liberia, -has been supplied with stated services. More than 100 have been admitted -to baptism, or having previously received this rite, been enrolled as -communicants of the Church. Some of these have apostatized, others have -died in the faith; while about 80 still remain members of the Church -militant. The Grebo dialect has been reduced to writing, and many -portions of the Scriptures, and other books, published in it. A printing -press is in operation, from which, besides other publications, a small -Missionary paper is issued. It should be named, as one of the most -important fruits of the Mission, that a wide-spread conviction of the -truth of Christianity has been produced in the native mind, and an -expectation that, at no distant time, it must supersede the religion of -the country.[14] - -Such is the prosperous condition of this mission, that the Rev. John -Payne, long at its head, was, in 1850, appointed a Missionary Bishop for -Africa. He is a white man, highly educated, and eminently qualified for -the sacred office to which he has been chosen. Since entering upon his -duties, the agencies for extending the mission have been greatly -increased. A station has been commenced at Monrovia, under the care of a -colored clergyman, formerly of New York city, whose education was -finished in England; and a large additional force of white missionaries -has been sent out to occupy other posts. The foundation of an Orphan -Asylum, to cost $2,000, has been laid at Cape Palmas; and the funds to -erect two church edifices have been supplied to the Bishop. Of the white -missionaries, one male and one female have recently died; in other -respects the prospects of the mission are very encouraging. - -Mrs. Payne and one of the other ladies of the mission, have returned -during the last year, to recruit their health. - -In speaking of the necessity of extended effort in the Republic of -Liberia, the Bishop makes this important statement: “It is now very -generally admitted, that Africa must be evangelized chiefly by her own -children. It should be our object to prepare them, so far as we may, for -their great work. And since colonists afford the most advanced material -for raising up the needed instruments, it becomes us, in wise -co-operation with Providence, to direct our efforts in the most -judicious manner to them. To do this, the most important points should -be occupied, to become in due time radiating centers of Christian -influence to Colonists and Natives.”[15] - - -THE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY SOCIETY, sent a missionary to Liberia, -in November, 1853. The Christian Church has several of its members in -that Republic, as Colonists. The missionary now sent is a colored man, -and will not only look after their spiritual interests, but attempt the -performance of missionary labor in general. His name is ALEX. CROSS; and -he was a slave until within a short time of his having been appointed to -the mission work. The friends of the cause in Kentucky, where he lived, -purchased him and offered him to the Society—his master generously -accepting half his value as a servant. His wife and child were free, and -accompanied him to Liberia. Mr. Cross is a man of more than ordinary -talent; and with such additional education as he can obtain at Monrovia, -he must make a useful man. - - -THE ASSOCIATE REFORMED SYNOD OF THE SOUTH, have resolved on establishing -a mission in Liberia; and have four native boys in the course of -instruction, at the expense of the Synod, in the school of Mr. Erskine, -at Kentucky, in Liberia. The Synod entered upon this work, a few years -since, with earnestness and energy, but have met with many serious -obstacles in the accomplishment of their purpose. - - -This closes our inquiries into the condition of the missions in Liberia. -A remark or two, only, need be offered as to its social and civil -condition. The citizens of the Republic are colored men, and enjoy a -perfect equality under its constitution. They possess all the attributes -of sovereignty, enacting and administering their own laws; but in -purchasing territory from the African kings, the right of sovereignty -and of soil is acquired, not to exclude the native people from the -lands, but, as they adopt habits of civilization, to put them in -possession of fee simple titles to their homes, on the same conditions -allowed to the colonists. - -By the influence of the colony over the native tribes, and the terms of -its treaties with them, it has abolished human sacrifices, and the -trials for witchcraft within its jurisdiction; driven the traffic in -slaves from more than 600 miles of coast; exerted a controlling -influence in suppressing native wars; and affords protection to 300,000 -people, now within its purchased territory, or in treaty with the -Republic. - -The history of a single case will illustrate the manner in which Liberia -exerts her influence in preventing the native tribes from warring upon -each other. The territory of Little Cape Mount, Grand Cape Mount, and -Gallinas, was purchased, three or four years since, and added to the -Republic.[16] The chiefs, by the terms of sale, transferred the rights -of sovereignty and of soil to Liberia, and bound themselves to obey her -laws. The government of Great Britain had granted to Messrs. Hyde, Hodge -& Co., of London, a contract for the supply of laborers, from the coast -of Africa, to the planters of her West India colonies. This grant was -made under the rule for the substitution of _apprentices_,[17] to supply -the lack of labor produced by the emancipation of the slaves. The agents -of Messrs. Hyde, Hodge & Co., visited Grand Cape Mount, and made an -offer of $10[18] per head to the chiefs, for each person they could -supply as _emigrants_ for this object. The offer excited the cupidity of -some of the chiefs; and, to procure the emigrants and secure the bounty, -one of them, named Boombo, of Little Cape Mount, resorted to war upon -several of the surrounding tribes. He laid waste the country, burned the -towns and villages, captured and murdered many of the inhabitants, -carried off hundreds of others, and robbed several factories in that -region, belonging to merchants of Liberia. On the 26th of February, -1853, President Roberts issued his proclamation enjoining a strict -observance of the law regulating passports, and forbidding the sailing -of any vessel, with emigrants, without first visiting the port of -Monrovia, where each passenger should be examined as to his wishes. On -the first of March the President, with 200 men, sailed for Little Cape -Mount, arrested Boombo and 50 of his followers, summoned a council of -the other chiefs at Monrovia for his trial on the 14th, and returned -home with his prisoners. At the time appointed, the trial was held, -Boombo was found guilty of “_High Misdemeanor_,” and sentenced “to make -restitution, restoration, and reparation of goods stolen, people -captured, and damages committed: to pay a fine of $500, and be -imprisoned for two years.”[19] When the sentence was pronounced, the -convict shed tears, regarding the ingredient of imprisonment in his -sentence, to be almost intolerable. These rigorous measures, adopted to -maintain the authority of the Government and majesty of the laws, have -had a salutary influence upon the chiefs. No outbreaks have since -occurred, and but little apprehension of danger for the future is -entertained. - -The missionaries and teachers in Liberia, are nearly all colored men, -and citizens of the Republic, who yield a cordial support to its laws, -and enjoy ample protection under its government. These missionaries have -the control of the schools and churches; and, consequently, they possess -the entire direction of the intellectual, moral, and religious training -of the youth. Liberia, therefore, may be denominated a _Missionary -Republic_. And such is the influence the colony has exerted over the -natives, that their heathenish customs and superstitions are fast -disappearing before the advancing Christian civilization. In the country -of Messurado, including the seat of government, there no longer exists a -single temple of heathen worship.[20] - -The religious and educational statistics of Liberia are not complete, -but are sufficient to show, that the different churches have more than -2,000 communicants; the Sabbath-schools more than 1500 children, of whom -500 are natives; while in the day-schools there are not less than 1,400 -pupils. - -Of the _white_ missionaries who entered the field in Liberia, during the -first thirty years of its existence, but two or three remained at the -close of that period—all the others having died or been disabled by the -loss of health. Take, as an example, the Episcopal Mission. _Twenty_ -white laborers, male and female, entered that mission, up to 1849, of -whom only the Rev. Mr. Payne and his wife, and Dr. Perkins remained. All -the others had fallen at their posts or been forced to retreat. Take -that of the Presbyterian Board also: Of _nineteen_ white missionaries, -male and female, sent out, up to May, 1851, _nine_ had died, _seven_ -returned, and _three_ remained; while of _fourteen_ colored -missionaries, male and female, employed, but _four_ have died, and _one_ -returned on account of ill health. Take the Methodists likewise: Of the -_thirteen_ white missionaries sent out, _six_ had died, _six_ returned, -and _one_ remained, in 1848; while of _thirty-one_ colored missionaries -employed by this church, only _seven_ had died natural deaths, and -_fourteen_ remained in active service. The extent of this mortality -among the white missionaries will be comprehended, when it is stated, -that their average period of life, up to nearly the last named date, has -been only two years.[21] The mission work in Liberia, therefore, has -necessarily fallen into the hands of colored men; and, thus, the -Providence of God has afforded to that race an opportunity to display -their powers, and to show to the world what, under favorable -circumstances, they are capable of achieving. - -In relation to the influence exerted by Liberia, on the cause of African -Missions, BISHOP SCOTT testifies as follows: - -“In my judgment, the bearing of African Colonization on the cause of -Christian Missions, in that vast peninsula of darkness and sin, ought to -be sufficient, in the absence of every other consideration, to secure -for that great enterprise, the warm and steady support of every lover of -Christ.”[22] - -If, then, a Colony of colored men, beginning with less than 100, and -gradually increasing to 9,000, has, in 30 years, established an -Independent Republic amidst a savage people; destroyed the slave trade -on 600 miles of the African coast; put down the heathen temples in one -of its largest counties; afforded security to all the missions within -its limits; and now casts its shield over 300,000 native inhabitants; -what may not be done in the next 30 years, by Colonization and Missions -combined, were sufficient means supplied to call forth all their -energies? - - - II. _The Missions in the English Colonies of Recaptured Africans._ - -These Missions are next in importance, and have been next in success, to -those of Liberia. The term, _recaptured_, has reference to the natives -rescued from the slave-ships, on the coast of Africa, by the English -squadron. The principal Colony of this class, is at Sierra Leone. It was -first established as a private enterprise, through the exertions of -GRANVILLE SHARP, afterwards placed under the control of a chartered -company, and, finally, taken under the care of the British government. -It had for its object, chiefly, the suppression of the slave trade and -the civilization of Africa. - -The origin of this Colony has such an intimate connection with the rise -of the Anti-Slavery sentiment in England, and the adoption of the -measures which have done so much toward the redemption of Africa, that -the principal facts of its history must be stated. - -On the 22d of May, 1772, Lord Mansfield decided the memorable Somerset -case, and pronounced it unlawful to hold a slave in Great Britain.[23] -Previous to this date, many slaves had been introduced into English -families, and, on running away, the fugitives had been delivered up to -their masters, by order of the Court of King’s Bench, under Lord -Mansfield; but now the poor African, no longer hunted as a beast of -prey, in the streets of London, slept under his roof, miserable as it -might be, in perfect security.[24] - -To GRANVILLE SHARP belonged the honor of this achievement. By the -decision, about 400 negroes were thrown upon their own resources. They -flocked to Mr. Sharp as their patron; but considering their numbers, and -his limited means, it was impossible for him to afford them adequate -relief. To those thus emancipated, others, discharged from the army and -navy, were afterwards added, who, by their improvidence, were reduced to -extreme distress. After much reflection, Mr. Sharp determined to -colonize them in Africa. - -Here, then, was first conceived the idea of African colonization; but -this benevolent scheme could not be executed at once, and the -blacks—indigent, unemployed, despised, forlorn, vicious—became such -nuisances, as to make it necessary they should be sent somewhere, and no -longer suffered to infest the streets of London.[25] Private benevolence -could not be sufficiently enlisted in their behalf, and fifteen years -passed away, when Government, anxious to remove what it regarded as -injurious, at last came to the aid of Mr. Sharp, and supplied the means -of their transportation and support.[26] - -In April, 1787, these colored people, numbering over 400, were put on -shipboard for Africa, and, in the following month, were landed in Sierra -Leone. A plentiful supply of rum had been furnished, and, for reasons -unexplained, they were accompanied by 60 whites, most of whom were -females of the worst character.[27] Intemperance and debauchery so -generally prevailed, during the voyage, that nearly one half of them -died on the passage and within four months after landing. The sickness -of their chaplain, the deaths of their agents, and the consequent -desertions of the emigrants, reduced the Colony, during the first year, -to 40 persons, and endangered its existence. The next year, 39 new -emigrants arrived, with abundant supplies, and the deserters returned, -so as to secure a force of 130 persons to the Colony. During the -following year, internal discord, succeeded by an attack from a native -chief, dispersed the colonists throughout the country; and, again, -through Mr. Sharp’s exertions, an agent was sent to their relief, who -collected them together, and furnished arms for their defense. - -In March, 1792, a reinforcement of 1,131 blacks, from Nova Scotia, -arrived at Sierra Leone. These men were fugitive slaves, who had joined -the English during the American Revolutionary war, and had been promised -lands in Nova Scotia; but the government having failed to meet its -pledge, and the climate proving unfavorable, they sought refuge in -Africa. A fever which had attacked the emigrants in Halifax, and from -which 65 had died on the passage, still prevailed among them after -landing; so that, from its effects, together with the influence of the -climate, 130 more died the first year in Sierra Leone. - -About this time the Colony passed from the care of Mr. Sharp, to that of -the Company. This led to the sending of 119 whites, along with a -Governor, as counselors, physicians, soldiers, clerks, overseers, -artificers, settlers, and servants. Of this company 57 died within the -year, 22 returned, and 40 remained.[28] - -As soon as health would permit, the Nova Scotia fugitives proceeded to -work vigorously, in clearing lands and building houses; and, in the -succeeding year, two churches were erected, and a school of 300 pupils -established. - -These fugitives must have been men of more than ordinary energy of -character. This opinion is sustained by the subsequent events of their -history. When the French fleet, in 1794, burned their houses and -destroyed their property, it was but a short time until the Colony was -again in a prosperous condition. But their physical energy and industry, -were not their most remarkable characteristics. When Granville Sharp’s -mild system of government, admitting colored men to share in its -administration, was superseded by the more rigid laws of the Company, -which excluded them from office, they resisted the change. Though, in -America, they had fought on the side of Britain, in Africa, they -espoused the cause of Republican principles. Their disappointment in not -receiving the promised lands in Nova Scotia, had given them no very -favorable opinion of English justice. When required to submit to the -authority of the Governor, and to a different policy from what they had -embraced on emigrating, they denied they owed subjection to the new -laws, or to any laws except of their own enactment. Ascertaining that -the legal powers of the Company were inadequate to the enforcement of -its authority, they boldly asserted their claim to the sovereignty, and -their right to exclude from the administration all but officers of their -own choice. Parliament, on learning the posture of affairs, at once -granted the Company ample powers to extinguish this little blaze of -Democracy; but the Colonists as resolutely determined to resist; and, on -September 10th, 1800, announced their purpose of assuming all political -power in the settlement. The Governor, left in the minority, had to -employ the natives to aid him. As the insurgents refused all -accommodation, there was no alternative but a resort to force. At this -moment, 550 Maroons, (free negroes,) from Jamaica,[29] were landed; and, -joining the Governor, he was enabled to defeat the rebels. Three of the -leaders in this struggle were taken and afterwards executed; and so well -pleased was Parliament, at seeing Democracy cut up by the roots, that it -voted the Governor $105,000, to erect a fortification and aid in paying -the Company’s debts. - -Two subsequent attacks by the natives, together with the urgent appeals -of the Company, led the Government, the first of January, 1808, to -assume the sovereignty over the Colony, and provide for its safety. This -measure was the more agreeable to Granville Sharp and the Company, as he -had sunk $7,000 and it $410,000 in the enterprise. The arrangement was -equally necessary to England, as, in that year, she rendered herself -illustrious by the abolition of the slave trade; and needed Sierra Leone -to carry on her operations, and to provide for the slaves she might -rescue from the traders. - - -Missions for the benefit of this Colony, were first attempted in 1792, -again in 1795, and in 1797; but all these efforts failed; because of the -disaffection of the Nova Scotia fugitives, and because the slave trade, -then a legal traffic to British subjects, was prosecuted everywhere upon -the African coast, and even within Sierra Leone. In 1804, the Church -Missionary Society sent out its missionaries, with orders to seek for -stations out of the colony, because of the opposition within it; but in -this they did not succeed. In 1808, when the slave trade was abolished, -these missionaries commenced ten stations beyond the limits of the -Colony, according to their instructions, but were unable to sustain -them. The natives, interested in the slave trade, burned the mission -houses and churches, destroyed the growing crops of the missionaries, -threatened their lives, and otherwise persecuted them. When England -abandoned the traffic in slaves, she but surrendered its monopoly to -France, Spain and Portugal; hence, there was no diminution of its -extent, or abatement of its horrors, but a vast increase of both:[30] -and, as the missions from 1792 to 1808, failed both in and out of the -Colony; so the continuance of the trade, beyond its limits, after 1808, -drove the missionaries within its jurisdiction, to enjoy its protection. -But these stations were not abandoned, until after a long struggle to -sustain them—the last one having been maintained until 1818. - -From 1808, the work of missions in Sierra Leone, was successfully begun; -and the first dawn of hope for oppressed Africa, arose with the first -blow aimed at the slave-trade. Up to this date, the slave-trader had -held undisputed sway on the coast of Africa, and the introduction of the -Gospel was impossible. The slave-trade, it would seem, is an evil so -horrid, that the Almighty refused to give success to the missionary, -unless that outrage upon humanity should first be suppressed. - -The Episcopal mission, established in Sierra Leone, in 1808, has been -continued without interruption, except what necessarily arose from the -great mortality among the missionaries. A college and several schools -were established at an early day, in which orphan and destitute children -were boarded and instructed.[31] Besides teaching the schools, the -missionaries preached to the adults, a few of whom embraced the Gospel; -but no very encouraging progress was made for many years. In 1817, -however, the labors expended began to unfold their effects, and the -mission to make encouraging advances; so that, by 1832, it had 638 -communicants and 294 candidates in its churches, 684 Sabbath school -scholars, and 1,388 pupils in its day-schools. - -Thus, in 45 years after the founding of Sierra Leone, and 24 after the -abolition of the slave-trade, was the basis of this mission broadly and -securely laid. Since that period it has been extended eastward to -Badagry, Abbeokuta, and Lagos. In connection with all these missions, -but chiefly in Sierra Leone, the Episcopal Church, in 1850, had 54 -seminaries and schools, 6,600 pupils, 2,183 communicants, and 7,500 -attendants on public worship. Of the teachers in the schools at Sierra -Leone, it is worthy of remark, that only _five_ were Europeans, while -_fifty-six_ were native Africans. Such is the prosperous condition of -these missions, at present, and the amount of superintendency they -require, that the REV. MR. VIDAL has been ordained a Bishop for West -Africa, and sent forth to his field of labor. - -The English Wesleyan Methodists, through the influence of the Rev. Dr. -Coke, sent a missionary, in 1811, to the Nova Scotia free blacks, in -Sierra Leone; and, in the course of a year, the converts were reported -at 60.[32] In 1831, _twenty years_ after the commencement of the -mission, it included but 2 missionaries, 294 church members, and about -160 pupils in its schools. The Wesleyan Mission, like the Episcopal, -progressed slowly at first; but, as it collected the elements of -progress within its bosom, it also, began to expand, and is now -advancing prosperously. Its stations have been extended westward to the -Gambia, and eastward to various points, including Cape Coast Castle, -Badagry, Abbeokuta, and Kumasi. In connection with these missions, the -Wesleyan Methodists, in 1850, had 44 chapels, 13 out-stations, 42 -days-chools, 97 teachers, 4,500 pupils, including those in the Sabbath -schools, 6,000 communicants, on trial 560, and 14,600 attendants on -public worship. - -But these colonies of Recaptured Africans, are too important an agency -in the redemption of Africa, to be passed over without further -consideration; so that their position and that of Liberia, in this -respect, may be clearly comprehended. In addition to Sierra Leone, they -include several minor stations; two of which are on the Gambia, and the -others on the coast east of Liberia. - -From documents presented to Parliament, it appears, that, in 1850, there -was a Christian population, in Sierra Leone, of more than 36,000, out of -about 45,000. In this population, it was estimated, that there were -representatives of no fewer than one hundred different tribes, speaking -different languages and dialects; so that there are already converts -prepared, as far as the knowledge of the languages is concerned, to go -forth in every direction, and to explain to their countrymen, in their -own tongue, the truths of revelation. Since the subject was before -Parliament, BISHOP VIDAL has commenced his labors, and this question has -received particular attention. It has been ascertained that no fewer -than 151 distinct languages, besides several dialects, are spoken in -Sierra Leone. They have been arranged under 26 groups; but there still -remain 54 unclassified, which are more distinct from each other, and -from all the rest, than the languages of Europe are from one another; -thus unfolding to the view of the Christian philanthropist, an agency, -in the course of preparation, which, under Divine Providence, may carry -the Gospel to the unnumbered millions of immortal souls inhabiting the -continent of Africa. - -A few facts will show that this is not an idle speculation, but that she -has successfully entered upon her great mission. - -Among the Recaptured Africans introduced into Sierra Leone, and brought -under the civilizing influences of its Christian institutions, none have -made such rapid progress as the people of Yoruba, a country lying -eastward of the kingdom of Dahomey. Their first appearance in the Colony -was about 1822. Many of them soon acquired a considerable amount of -intelligence and a little property. In 1839, they had become quite -numerous, and a party of them purchased a vessel, hired a white captain, -and commenced a traffic with Badagry. This town is at a point on the -coast from which the Yoruba country can be most easily reached. The -trade thus begun soon led to a rapid emigration from Sierra Leone, and -the planting of missions at both Badagry and Abbeokuta, the capital of -Yoruba. - -Abbeokuta is a walled city, founded in 1825, from the fragments of the -tribes of the kingdom of Yoruba, who escaped the invading armies of the -Fellatahs, while this powerful people were the principal “slave hunters” -for the traders of the western coast of Africa. It contains the remains -of 130 towns, and at present embraces a population of nearly 100,000. -Badagry, in 1850, contained about 11,000 inhabitants. The Sierra Leone -emigrants, at the former city, numbered three thousand, and, at the -latter, several hundred. At the period when the emigration commenced, -and for several years afterward, the slave-trade prevailed on the coast; -and the people of Badagry and Abbeokuta were engaged in supplying the -market with slaves. This led them to wage frequent wars, and kept up -feelings of hostility throughout the country. In these slave hunts, the -people of Lagos bore a conspicuous part. This town is about 36 miles to -the eastward of Badagry, is large and populous, and had hitherto been -the head-quarters of the slave-trade in the Bight of Benin. The river -Ossa, a lagoon, running parallel with the coast, unites these two -places. - -The Episcopal Mission at Sierra Leone, sent an exploring committee to -Abbeokuta in 1842, and early in 1845 its first missionaries landed at -Badagry. In both instances they found the Wesleyans in advance of them. -Being unable to reach Abbeokuta, on account of existing wars, a mission -was founded at Badagry. In 1846, a noted slave-dealer of the coast, -forced the warring tribes to cease hostilities, that he might collect -his slaves from the interior; and the missionaries, embracing this -moment of peace, were enabled to reach Abbeokuta. - -Among the Episcopal Missionaries, was the Rev. Samuel Crowther, a native -of Yoruba, who had been captured by the Fellatahs, in 1821, and sold to -the traders at Lagos. Shipped on board a slaver for Brazil, recaptured -by an English cruizer, educated at Sierra Leone, ordained to the -ministry of the Gospel in England, he had now returned, after -twenty-five years of sanctified captivity, to proclaim the way of -salvation to his relatives and countrymen; and he had the inexpressible -gratification of finding his mother and two sisters, soon after his -arrival, and of being instrumental in her conversion to Christianity. - -The chiefs of Abbeokuta received the missionaries with kindness; and, no -wonder, as some of them had relatives of their own, sitting by them, who -had been liberated by the English. - -With the favorable regard of the chiefs, and the co-operation of many of -the emigrants from Sierra Leone, the Gospel, for a time, had free course -in Abbeokuta; and its population listened with a willing ear to the -offers of eternal life. But, in 1848, the native priests, priestesses, -and slave-catchers, stirred up a spirit of persecution against the -converts, and the Gospel was greatly hindered. This persecution -continued, with some intervals in its violence, throughout the two -succeeding years. In January, 1851, the British consul, Mr. Beecroft, -visited Abbeokuta, and his presence had a salutary effect in overawing -the enemies of Christianity, and disposing the chiefs to abandon the -slave-trade. He gave them notice, also, that the king of Dahomey had -projected an attack upon their city, in his next campaign for capturing -slaves, and that his Amazons had doomed it to destruction. - -Thus warned, the walls were somewhat repaired, and the population roused -to a sense of their danger; when, on March 3d, 1851, the Dahomian army, -of 10,000 men and 6,000 women, made an assault upon the city. Abbeokuta -had only 8,000 warriors to oppose this force; but many of its women ran -to and fro, amidst the flying bullets, with food and water for the -soldiers on the walls, that they might remain at their posts to fight -for life and liberty. For six long hours the murderous strife continued, -when the Dahomians began to waver, and the Abbeokutans, rushing out, put -them to flight; and, pressing closely on their rear, continued the -slaughter until darkness led them to return. At early dawn the pursuit -was renewed, and, at seventeen miles distance, another battle ensued in -which the Abbeokutans were again victorious. The loss of the Dahomians -was 3,000 killed and 1,000 taken prisoners. Of the slain nearly 1,800 -were left before the walls of Abbeokuta. These were the flower of the -enemy’s army, chiefly women, who are always placed foremost in the -battles, as more reliable than the men.[33] - -Thus was Abbeokuta and its missionaries mercifully delivered from -destruction. Even the heathen openly acknowledged that they owed the -victory to the God of the Christians; and all felt that the missionaries -were their truest friends.[34] - -In November, following, Capt. Forbes, of her Majesty’s navy, was -commissioned to negotiate treaties with the authorities of Abbeokuta. He -found but little difficulty in persuading the chiefs to sign a treaty -for the abolition of the slave-trade and human sacrifices—enormities -which had extensively prevailed—and for the extension of the missions -into the interior, and the toleration of religion. Having taken with him -several cannon, he planted them on the walls of the city, and taught -some of the citizens how to use them. - -The mission in Abbeokuta, being thus freed from embarrassment, is -prospering, and the missionaries are extending their operations to the -neighboring towns. It would seem, indeed, as if the whole of the Yoruba -territory were bidding the missionary welcome, and encouraging him -onward in the work of its evangelization.[35] The Gospel, it is true, -still meets with opposition; but the chiefs, mostly, are friendly and -send their children to the schools. Open persecution is no longer -permitted; and, but for the continual apprehension of another attack -from Dahomey, the missionaries would seem to be secured against farther -interruptions. - -But while the missions are prosperous at Abbeokuta, far different have -been the results at Badagry. The events that have transpired at the two -places, have also been very different. Akitoye, the lawful king of -Lagos, was driven away in 1845, and fled first to Abbeokuta and then to -Badagry. Kosoko, the usurper, being in league with the king of Dahomey, -engaged largely in the slave-trade and kept up constant wars on the -neighboring towns. Some of the chiefs at Badagry espoused the cause of -Akitoye, while others resolved to support Kosoko. Akitoye was friendly -to the missions and attended the Sabbath-school and preaching; but his -opponents were the enemies of the missionaries and engaged in the -slave-trade. In June, 1851, Kosoko and his party attacked Akitoye, in -Badagry, and for two days the demons of cruelty, rapine, and murder, -reigned triumphant in the town; and only left it when it was reduced to -ruins. Fire and sword had done their utmost on Badagry; and nothing -escaped the devouring element but the two mission premises, and the -chief part of the English trading house. During the remainder of the -year, all was confusion and ruin. The Abbeokutans sent 800 men to the -aid of Akitoye, and by one party or the other, the towns along the Ossa -were destroyed without mercy. - -It is worthy of remark, that at Badagry, as at Sierra Leone, the mission -made no progress while the population were engaged in the slave-trade. -Neither of the three Episcopal missionaries, who labored in Badagry, -either alone or conjointly, were permitted to see any satisfactory fruit -of their spiritual labors.[36] The town yet remains nearly in ruins—a -few of the inhabitants, only, having returned and rebuilt their houses. -Lagos, therefore, was selected as the head-quarters of the mission, and -Badagry reduced to an out-station, with only a catechist. - -The treaty between the chiefs of Abbeokuta and Captain Forbes, bound -them to promote the interests of the missions, and to abolish the -slave-trade. It secured to them, in turn, the protection of England. But -Kosoko, of Lagos, and his confederates, resolved to prevent the -introduction of Christianity, civilization and legitimate traffic into -that region, to destroy Abbeokuta, and to persevere in the slave-trade. -The British squadron, therefore, having found its efforts by sea, to -suppress the traffic, altogether unavailing, and to save its ally, -Abbeokuta, from destruction, proceeded to Lagos, December, 1851, -bombarded the town, took it in possession, dethroned Kosoko, and -restored Akitoye to his rightful possessions. So imminent was the danger -to Abbeokuta, that Kosoko had marched at the head of a large army to -destroy it, and was only diverted from his purpose by the attack upon -his capital. The Portuguese slave-dealers were immediately expelled, and -thus, for the moment, the slave-trade was suppressed in the Bight of -Benin. - -But the hateful slave-trade, of which Lagos had long been the chief -mart, had thoroughly engrained itself in the thoughts, habits, and -hearts of the people. Taught by the slave-dealer to consider the English -as natural enemies, they only awaited a suitable opportunity to renew a -trade so lucrative as the capture and sale of their fellow men. -Accordingly, about nine months after the expulsion of Kosoko, the -Portuguese traders returned and secretly renewed the traffic in slaves. -Akitoye, faithful to his treaty with the English, interposed his -authority for its suppression. This led to an insurrection against him -and for the restoration of Kosoko. The Portuguese supplied the -insurgents with arms and ammunition; and, on the morning of August 6th, -1853, the war commenced in the streets of Lagos. The contest was kept up -till night, many were killed and wounded on both sides, and the greater -part of the town destroyed by fire. One of the mission houses was -consumed, with nearly all of its contents; and the other would have -shared the same fate, but for the protection afforded by the army of -Akitoye, and by Capt. Gardner, of the British navy, then in port with -his vessel. A cessation of hostilities took place for a few days, during -which Kosoko entered the town and joined the rebels. The union of his -forces with theirs, gave him a great superiority over Akitoye; and the -missionaries, and the English consul, had no other expectation but that -they would all be murdered. At this critical moment, Admiral Bruce, with -a part of his squadron, appeared in sight, landed nine gun-boats, well -manned, and sent a detachment of marines to protect the missionaries. -This alarmed Kosoko, and, on the night following, August 13, he and his -allies stole out of Lagos. Thus was the mission once more providentially -delivered from destruction.[37] - -On the 2d of September, King Akitoye died suddenly, and his son, Dosumu, -was elected in his stead. How far he may be able or willing to resist -the renewal of the slave-trade remains to be seen. The missionaries, at -the latest advices, were greatly discouraged, being worn down with -fatigue and anxiety, and almost shut out from the hope of planting the -Gospel in Lagos, as it has been done in Abbeokuta. - - -These important movements show how the English Colonies are operating as -agencies in extending civilization and the Gospel in Africa; and how the -Providence of God is overruling the wicked actions of men for the -advancement of the kingdom of Christ. - -But while we present these cheering evidences of the success of the -missions in this field, we would call attention to an important -difference in the results here and in Liberia. Sierra Leone and Liberia -were founded with similar objects in view: the removal of a class of -persons unhappily situated, the improvement of their condition, the -civilization of Africa, and the suppression of the slave-trade. In both -cases the colonies were founded in the midst of barbarous tribes; and -with men but recently escaped or liberated from the bonds of slavery. -Sierra Leone received her emigrants nearly all at once; while Liberia -was more than ten years in obtaining an equal number. With the exception -of the few survivors of the London expedition, the settlers in both -colonies had the same early training, under the slavery of Virginia, -Maryland, and the Carolinas. Up to 1800, the emigrants to Sierra Leone -had been enlightened men, mostly from the same region which, -subsequently, supplied to Liberia her citizens. From that period, the -population of Sierra Leone has been increased, not by additions of -civilized men,[38] but first by the Maroons, and afterward by natives -introduced by the English cruizers; until, at present, _sixty-six years_ -from the founding of the colony, it includes 45,000 people, reckoned -subjects of Great Britain. With the exception of a few recaptured slaves -landed in Liberia, by American cruizers, its population, each succeeding -year from the first, has received accessions of civilized men, who have -won the confidence of the surrounding tribes, added them to their -communities, instructed them in the arts of civilization, allowed them -the benefits of their schools, and a participation in civil affairs; -until, at present, _thirty-three years_ after the commencement of the -colony, it includes 80,000 people, recognized citizens of the Republic. - -Now, mark the difference: in 66 years, Sierra Leone, aided by a large -naval squadron, has grown into a British Colony of 45,000 subjects; -while, in 33 years, or half the time, Liberia, with an influx of only -1,044 recaptured Africans, has become a Republic of 80,000 citizens.[39] - -As to the success of the Missions in the two colonies, accurate -statistics are not at hand; but from what has been stated, it appears -that for the first 30 years of their existence, the increase in Liberia -has been more than double that in Sierra Leone. - -With these facts before us, it becomes a matter of great moment to -determine what has been the cause of the difference in the prosperity of -the two Colonies. It can not be attributed to any great inequality -between their emigrants, as, mostly, they had an identity of origin; nor -to any great difference among the natives, as the diversity of languages -in the one, would be balanced by the greater degradation of the -other.[40] Then, as there was, originally, no material difference in -their populations, the greater success of the citizens of Liberia, in -maintaining their civil and religious institutions, can not be a result -of their attainments under the slavery of the United States, but must be -a consequence of their intellectual advancement after reaching the -Colony. Neither can the cause of the difference be found in the -educational and religious institutions of the two Colonies, as these are -identical in both. The difference, therefore, can exist, only, in the -greater extent of the social and civil privileges which the Liberians -have enjoyed in their form of government. Look at the facts. From the -time Sierra Leone passed out of the hands of Granville Sharp, the -colored people have been excluded from participating in the government. -The offices have been filled with white men, who reside among the -negroes, in the position and attitude of a superior race, born to -command; while the colonists are made to feel that their destiny is to -obey: hence, in prosecuting their education, the youth of that Colony -have had their mental powers dwarfed, by the absence of the stimulants -which the hope of social and political advancement afford. In Liberia -the policy has been the reverse. From the beginning, the minor offices -were held by the colored men; and for the past twelve years, no white -man has held any office, civil or military, in the Colony. Thus, the -posts of honor have been open to the competition of every Liberian; and, -catching the progressive spirit of the age, the colonists have aspired -to the dignity of Nationality; have established an Independent Republic; -and have progressed, in their civil and religious relations, with a -rapidity doubly as great as Sierra Leone.[41] - -But time will not allow us to extend our comparisons. The superiority of -the free institutions of Liberia, as an agency for overcoming the -obstacles to civilization and Christianity in Africa, will be farther -noticed in the progress of our investigations. At present we need only -say, in relation to both Colonies, that, as the result of English and -American philanthropy, there is now a line of coast of more than 1,800 -miles, from the Gambia on the West, to Lagos on the East, where the -slave-trade is suppressed, and Christianity is introduced; and, that -within this region, once the undisputed empire of the slave-trader, -there are now 30,000 attendants on public worship, 10,300 church -members, 152 schools, 13,600 pupils, and a band of teachers, nearly all -of whom are natives or Liberians. - -Such are the results within these Colonies, where the missionaries have -enjoyed the protection of Government, and the aid of civilized colored -men; such are the fruits of the English and American Colonization of the -African race on the soil of their Father-land; and such the prospects of -the moral redemption of the people of that continent, by the return of -its captive sons, bearing in their hands the lamp of the Gospel. - - - III. _The Missions among the Native Tribes, beyond the Influence and - Protection of the Colonies._ - -A full history of these missions, including the facts illustrative of -the obstacles to the progress of Christianity, where the restraints of -civil government are not felt by the population, would be of thrilling -interest. But this would require a volume. We must limit ourselves to -two or three; and shall first direct attention to those of the American -Board on the Gaboon, in West Africa, and among the Zulus, in South -Africa. - -The first of these missions was begun in 1834, at Cape Palmas; but owing -to mistaken impressions in relation to the influence of the Colonies on -the work, it was removed, in 1842, to the Gaboon, 1200 miles eastward. -On entering this region, the missionary, the Rev. J. L. Wilson, -encouraged by the attention of the chiefs, entertained such hopes of -success, as to lead the Board to send additional missionaries to his -aid. Some of the native converts at Cape Palmas, accompanying him to the -Gaboon, served as a nucleus for a church at the new station. But on -trial, the difficulties inherent in African heathenism were found to be -much more perplexing and insurmountable, in his new field, than those he -left behind in his old one. - -The Report of the Board for 1850, says: “There is yet but one Church in -the mission, and this contains 22 members, 11 of whom were received on -profession of their faith, in 1849—a greater number than have been -received in all the years since the removal of the mission to the -Gaboon. Here, as in South Africa, the habit of taking many wives, or -rather concubines, operates as a great hindrance to the Gospel; and the -evil is much aggravated by the late free introduction of American Rum, -which has exerted a most pernicious influence all along the coast.” - -A letter from the Rev. Mr. Wilson, of March, 1851, draws a still more -discouraging picture of the prospects of the mission: “In some -respects,” he says, “our missionary operations seem to be quite -stationary. We have had no accessions to our church for some time past; -and some who were added last year, do not give us all the satisfaction -we had hoped for. If we had other converts, we should be almost afraid -to receive them into the church, by reason of the many temptations to -which they are exposed; growing out of the loose and perverted state of -morals in this community. Nor do we see how society can be placed on -such a footing as to make it possible for us to organize a pure Church, -until there is a general outpouring of God’s Spirit upon the people.” -Then, depicting the general prevalence of polygamy, or what is worse, -Mr. Wilson thus concludes: “Demoralizing as this state of society is, -the people are, nevertheless, firmly attached to it, and will continue -to be so, until they are inspired with better and purer feelings by the -Holy Ghost.” - -Dr. Ford, another member of this mission, in an appeal for more female -laborers, draws a still darker portraiture of the deep moral degradation -existing around him. “The condition of African women is beyond -description deplorable. No one can appreciate it without seeing it. They -are bought and sold, whipped, worked, and despised. Unquestionably they -become surly, malicious, and perverse; and under the detestable system -of polygamy which prevails everywhere, they are perfectly faithless to -their husbands. They are our most bitter enemies, bearing a great -dislike to religion, and this they communicate to their children.” - -The Report for 1851, speaks more encouragingly, though it records no -increase of members. The Report for 1852, shows that the mission stood -thus: 4 stations, 6 missionaries, 1 physician, 4 female assistants, 5 -native helpers, and 5 schools with about 100 pupils. One member had been -added during the year, two Christian marriages solemnized, and four -persons baptized. A considerable reduction of the missionary force had -occurred during the year, from deaths and the failure of health; so that -only two of the stations had been sustained during the whole year. The -Report for 1853, records no new admissions to the church. Only two -ordained missionaries were left in the mission, and only two stations -have been occupied since July.[42] It is remarked, that though the -intelligence from the mission “is less cheering in some respects than we -might wish, in others it is satisfactory and encouraging. Two things, -however, are greatly needed. The converting energy of the Spirit is a -constant and palpable necessity; and the mission should be largely -reinforced without delay. Who will cry mightily unto the Lord for his -quickening grace? Who will devote themselves to the missionary work -among the benighted children of Africa?”[43] - -Mr. Preston has settled 60 miles above the Baraka station, which is near -the mouth of the Gaboon, to study the Pangwe language, and to explore -the hill country; where the mission has been directed to establish a new -station, on account of its greater healthiness, and to operate among the -Pangwe people. He has found the country disturbed by wars, and that the -Pangwe tribe are cannibals. Prisoners of war and persons condemned for -witchcraft, had been eaten, to Mr. Preston’s own knowledge. Such things, -he says, are of frequent occurrence; and yet these people work very -neatly in iron of their own smelting, and in brass obtained from -traders—thus affording evidences of a nearer approach to civilization -than the tribes on the coast. - -Though the progress of this mission has been slow, and but few converts -have been gathered into the church; yet the labors of the missionaries -have, by no means, been unproductive of good results. The native -languages have been mastered, portions of the scriptures translated into -them, and the pupils in their schools will soon be able to read the -sacred word, to their parents and friends, in their native tongue. - -The Rev. Mr. Wilson, the founder of this mission, has been obliged to -retire from the work, on account of ill health. At the meeting of the -American Board, in 1852, he was present, explained the condition of the -mission, its encouragements and discouragements, and urged an extended -effort to take advantage of the present friendly disposition of the -natives to gain footholds for schools and churches throughout the -country. In relation to the discouragements, he said, that in -penetrating the interior, they found the difficulty of traveling very -great—their progress being embarrassed by the want of an organized -government. They were thus exposed to the attacks of robbers and -marauders, who might kill them without being amenable to any power on -earth. - -From these facts it would seem, that Civil Government is greatly needed -for the protection of the Gaboon Mission; and, that instead of its being -considered an obstacle, as was the case at Cape Palmas, it is now viewed -as necessary to its success: and, if necessary at the Gaboon, it must be -equally so in all other parts of Africa. - -If this view were generally admitted, a great impulse would be given to -our system of African Colonization. Civil government has not been -organized in Africa, except by Colonization from either Europe or -America; nor can it exist, except among civilized men. Before it can be -organized at the Gaboon, an emigration of civilized men must supply the -necessary population; or a generation or two pass away, while the work -of education prepares the natives for the adoption of civilized customs. -The climate forbids the settlement of white men at the Gaboon, or upon -any part of the western coast of Africa; and civil government, -therefore, can not be introduced by them. Colored men, alone, can live -in the enjoyment of vigorous health in that region, and they alone can -accomplish this work. As the United States, alone, can supply a -sufficient number of intelligent colored men to fill it with colonies; -it follows, that colonization, from the United States to Africa, is -necessary to the speedy organization of civil government and the more -rapid extension of Christianity in that country. - - -The Mission of the American Board to the Zulus, in South Africa, was -begun in 1835. One station was commenced among the maritime Zulus, under -king Dingaan, who resided on the east side of the Cape, some 70 miles -from Port Natal; and the other among the interior Zulus, under king -Mosilikatsi.[44] This station was broken up in 1837, by a war between -the Zulus and the Boers, who were then emigrating from the Cape. The -missionaries were forced to leave, and join their brethren at Natal; -but, in doing this, they were compelled to perform a journey of 1,300 -miles, in a circuitous route, 1,000 of which was in ox wagons, through -the wilderness, while they were greatly enfeebled by disease, and -disheartened by the death of the wife of one of their party. - -The missionaries to the maritime Zulus, when their brethren from the -interior joined them, had succeeded in establishing one station among -king Dingaan’s people, and another at Port Natal, where a mixed -population, from various tribes, had collected among the Dutch Boers, -then settling in and around that place. In 1838 a war occurred between -Dingaan and the Boers, which broke up the missions and compelled the -missionaries to seek refuge on board some vessels, providentially at -Natal, in which some of them sailed to the United States, and others to -the Cape. - -Peace being made in 1839, a part of the missionaries returned to Natal -and resumed their labors. But a revolt of one half the Zulus in 1840, -under Umpandi, led to another war, in which the new chief and the Boers -succeeded in overthrowing Dingaan. His death by the hand of an old -enemy, into whose territory he fled, left the Zulus under the rule of -Umpandi. This chief allowed the mission in his territory to be renewed -in 1841. But, in 1842, a war broke out between the Boers, at Natal, and -the British; who, to prevent the Boers from organizing an independent -government, had taken possession of that place. In this contest, the -Boers were forced to submit to British authority, and British law was -extended to the population around Natal. This led to large desertions of -the Zulus to Natal, to escape from the cruelties of Umpandi; and he, -becoming jealous of the missionary, attacked the mission and butchered -three of the principal families engaged in its support. Thus, a second -time, was this mission broken up and the mission family forced to -retreat to Natal. - -Here, then, at the opening of 1843, nearly eight years after the -missionaries reached Africa, they had not a single station in the Zulu -country, to which they had been sent; and they were directed, by the -Board, to abandon the field. From this they were prevented, by the -timely remonstrances of the Rev. Dr. Philip, of the English mission at -the Cape. - -A crisis, however, had now arisen, by which the conflicting elements, -hitherto obstructing the Gospel, were rendered powerless or reduced to -order, by the strong arm of Great Britain. The fierce Boers had -destroyed the power of both Mosilikatsi and Dingaan, and taught the Zulu -people that they could safely leave the standard of their chiefs; while -the Boers, in turn, had been subjected to British authority, along with -the Zulus whom they had designed to enslave. The basis of a colony, -under the protection of British law, was thus laid at Natal, which -afforded security to the missionaries, and enabled them to establish -themselves on a permanent basis. An attempt was also made to renew the -mission in the Zulu territory, but Umpandi refused his assent, and the -strength of the mission was concentrated within the Natal Colony. - -Owing to the continued cruelties of Umpandi, the desertions of his -people to Natal increased, until the Colony included a native -population, mostly Zulus, of nearly 100,000. - -No serious interruptions have occurred, since the British occupied -Natal; and opportunities have been afforded for studying the Zulu -character, and the remaining obstacles to missionary success among that -people. Time has shown, that the tyranny of the chiefs, and the wars of -the tribes with each other, or with the whites, are not the most -obstinate difficulties to be overcome. - -From the Report of the Board for 1850, we learn, that though there were -then, in this field, 12 missionaries, 14 assistants, 6 native helpers, -18 places of preaching, and 8 schools; there were but 78 church members -and 185 pupils. The Report attributes the slow progress made, to the -extreme moral degradation of the population; and, in mentioning -particulars, names polygamy as the most prominent. As among the native -Africans generally, so is it here, superstition and sensuality are the -great barriers to the progress of the Gospel. - -But these difficulties do not deter the American Board from persevering -in their great work of converting Africa. The men composing the Board -know, full well, that the evils existing in all mission fields can only -be removed by God’s appointed means, the Gospel; and, that to withdraw -it from Africa, would be to render its evils perpetual. Hence, as -obstacles rise, they multiply their agencies for good: and, in view of -the consistent conduct and piety of the native converts, the Report of -1850, recommends the establishment of a Theological school for training -a native ministry for that field. The Reports for 1851 and 1852 are more -encouraging, and show an increase of 86 church members, 16 children -baptized, and 15 Christian marriages solemnized. The Report for 1853 is -less encouraging. The whole number of church members is now 141, of whom -only 8 were received during the year. Family schools are sustained at -all the stations; _but none of the heathen send their children_. Three -day-schools are taught by native converts, in which the children of -those residing at the stations, where they are located, receive -instruction. One girls’ school, consisting of about 20 pupils, is taught -by Mrs. Adams.[45] The Christian Zulus are advancing in civilization and -in material prosperity; but the heathen population are manifesting more -and more of stupid indifference or bitter hostility to the Gospel. This -is more particularly indicated in their refusal to send their children -to school. - -The passage of this mission from the class beyond the protection of the -Colonies, to that of those deriving security from them, released it from -the annoyances occasioned by native wars, and left it to contend with -the obstacles, only, which are inherent in heathenish barbarism. It had, -consequently, begun to progress encouragingly. But a new element of -disturbance has recently been introduced, which threatens to be no less -hurtful than the old causes of interruption and insecurity. We refer to -the immigration of the English into the Natal Colony, and their efforts -to dispossess the Zulus of their lands. - -Before taking any further notice of this threatening evil, we must call -particular attention to another point, the importance of which has, -perhaps, been too much overlooked. In January, 1853, the Rev. Mr. Tyler -thus wrote: - -“I have many thoughts, of late, concerning the great obstacle which lies -in the way of elevating the Zulus. It seems to me that it is _their deep -ignorance_. We find it exceedingly difficult to throw even one ray of -light into minds so darkened and perverted by sin. * * Of the great mass -who attend our services on the Sabbath, but few, probably, have any -clear knowledge of the plan of salvation through faith in Christ. -Especially is this true of the female sex, whose condition, both -temporal and spiritual, seems almost beyond the reach of improvement.” - -Mr. Tyler proceeds to show, that the Zulus, in their _religious belief_, -their _worship_, and their blind submission to the _witch-doctors_, -evince the most deep, gross, and stupid ignorance imaginable; but he -presents nothing as belonging to that people, which is not common to the -African tribes generally. Without, at present, remarking on the relation -which the _ignorance of barbarism_, bears to the progress of missions, -we shall recur to the effects of the immigration of the whites into the -Colony of Natal. - -When the Zulus deserted their king and took refuge at Natal, there were -but few whites present to be affected by the movement, and allotments of -lands were readily obtained for them. Soon afterwards, however, an -emigration from Great Britain began to fill up the country. The main -object of the whites was agriculture, and the best unoccupied lands were -soon appropriated. The new immigrants then commenced settling on the -possessions of the Zulus. The designs of the whites soon manifested -itself so openly, that the missionaries have been obliged to interpose -for the protection of the natives. Accordingly, a committee of their -number was deputed to wait upon the Lieutenant Governor, to learn his -intentions on the subject. The report of the interview, as made to the -American Board, reads as follows: - -“He plainly gave us to understand, that instead of collecting the -natives in bodies, as has hitherto been the policy, it was his purpose -to disperse them among the colonists, and the colonists among them. The -natural result will be, to deteriorate our fields of labor, by -diminishing the native population, and by introducing a foreign element, -which, as all missionary experience proves, conflicts with -christianizing interests. Nor did he assure us that even our stations -would not be infringed by foreign settlers; but our buildings and their -bare sites, he encouraged us to expect, would at all events remain to us -undisturbed. But lest this statement convey an impression which is too -discouraging, we would say, that many of our fields embrace tracts of -country so broken, as not to be eligible as farms for the immigrants; -and, hence, no motive would exist for dispossessing the native -occupants, unless it would be to transfer them to the more immediate -vicinity of the white population, in order to facilitate their obtaining -servants; which at present is so difficult as to be considered one of -the crying evils of the colony. So deep is the feeling on this subject, -that many and strenuous are those who advocate a resort to some system -of actual imprisonment. This seems a strange doctrine to be held by the -sons of Britain!” - -Then, after expressing an opinion that the obstacles in the way of this -measure may prevent its execution for some years to come, the report -concludes: - -“Yet it is more than probable, that some of our stations will experience -the disadvantages of the too great proximity of white settlers. The -evils of such a proximity are aggravated by the prejudices which exist -against missionaries and their operations. And perhaps we should say, -that, as American missionaries, we are regarded with still greater -jealousy. We fear it will require years to live down these prejudices. -Public opinion is more or less fashioned by the influence of -unprincipled speculators, alike ignorant of missionaries, their labors, -or the native people. Such men, greedy of the soil of the original -proprietors, are naturally jealous and envious of those who, they -suppose, would befriend the natives in maintaining their rights. If we -speak at all, of course we must say what we think to be justice and -truth. If we remain silent, as we have hitherto done, we are -misrepresented, and our motives are impugned. So that whichever course -we take, we can not expect to act in perfect harmony with all the -interests of all the men who, within the last few years, have come to -the colony.”[46] - -The danger from the inroads of the whites must be imminent, when the -missionaries venture to speak so freely in their official report. The -grounds of these fears will be understood, when we present the facts -connected with our next class of missions. The fate of the Kaffirs, -doubtless, awaits the Zulus, if English cupidity is not restrained by a -merciful Providence. - -The Bishop of Cape Town, in speaking of the disastrous effects of the -late Kaffir war, has recently expressed the opinion, that, in less than -five years, another equally terrible in its results, in all probability, -will occur between the whites and the Zulus; and as a consequence of the -large number of Europeans who are mixing among them, and whose chief -object appears to be their own enrichment, at the expense of that -people. - - -THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION, which is organized on strictly -Anti-Slavery principles, has a mission at Kaw-Mendi, 50 or 60 miles -north-west of Liberia, which belongs to the class of native missions. -This mission had its origin in the return of the “Amistad Slaves,” to -their native country, in 1842. The Rev. Mr. Raymond went out at the head -of this mission. On reaching Africa, he found wars everywhere prevailing -to such an extent, that he could not reach the Mendi country, to which -these people belonged, and was forced to settle at Kaw-Mendi, but 40 -miles from the coast. The continuation of these wars greatly hindered -the progress of the mission, as long as Mr. Raymond lived, and for more -than a year after his successor, the Rev. George Thompson, took charge -of the station, in 1848. Mr. Thompson thus became painfully familiar -with African warfare; and represents it as having been conducted with -the utmost cruelty—whole towns being depopulated and multitudes driven -to the coast and sold to the slave-traders of the Gallinas. Mr. Thompson -was in Africa about two years and a half, and was also greatly hindered -by these wars in his efforts to instruct the people; until, happily, the -British squadron forcibly suppressed the traffic in slaves, at Grand -Cape Mount and the Gallinas, and thus put an end to the market. The -supplies of European merchandise being thus cut off from the -slave-trading kings, along the coast, they were induced to sell their -territory to President Roberts, and place themselves under the -jurisdiction of Liberia. One of the stipulations in the treaties, -requires the Liberians to establish trading posts in the territory, for -the supply of goods to the native population; that they might no longer -have any excuse for continuing the slave-trade. - -Kaw-Mendi is in the rear of the Gallinas. The termination of the demand -for slaves, at once disposed the tribes around the mission to make peace -with each other; and Mr. Thompson was eminently successful in -reconciling the warring parties to each other. But several months -elapsed, from the date of the destruction of the slave-factories, before -peace could be restored or the Gallinas purchased. Though often -attempted, neither of these objects could be accomplished during the -existence of the slave-trade; and, when effected, both were the result -of the adoption of measures for the purchase of Gallinas, as a new field -for the operations of the American Colonization Society. It is a curious -coincidence, that the letter of the Rev. Mr. Thompson, informing the -Board of his success in making peace among the tribes; and that of -President Roberts to the Colonization Society, announcing the purchase -of Gallinas, were both written on the same day. - -Mr. Thompson had so many urgent solicitations from the chiefs, for -missionaries to come and reside in their territory, that the society -sent out a reinforcement of eight males and females, in December, 1850; -and he, himself, returned to the United States, during the same month, -to remove his family to Kaw-Mendi. The new missionaries reached the -mission in safety, in February, 1851, and found Mr. Brooks, in whose -care it had been left, in the peaceful pursuit of his duties, and the -people urgent for more teachers. Before the close of the year, however, -the mission was shrouded in gloom. “The war had recommenced its ravages; -and sickness and death had performed a fearful work among the little -company of missionaries.” Three of the females had died by the 10th of -June. The Board report the condition of the mission, at the close of -1851, as encouraging, and that some additions had been made to the -church during the year. - -The Report for 1852, says, that the mission has labored under serious -embarrassments, and that its operations have been retarded throughout a -great part of the year, by the illness of many of its members; and that -it has been impossible to commence the new stations authorized the last -year. The Board, during this year, appointed a large number of new -missionaries, so as to increase the Mendi mission to 17, including males -and females. This reinforcement was accompanied by the Rev. George -Thompson and his family, who now returned to the field of his former -labors. - -The Report for 1853, informs us that the new missionaries had reached -Africa, early in February; and that all of them had suffered more or -less from sickness during the acclimating season. The older -missionaries, too, continued to suffer from the debilitating influence -of the climate. In June the eldest son of Mr. Thompson died, and soon -afterwards Mrs. Thompson’s health so far failed that she had to be -removed by her husband to the United States. Mr. Arnold and his wife -have also been compelled to ask for a dismission from the service, on -account of the state of his health. - -During the whole of the year reported, the country has been suffering -under one of the most wide-spread and desolating wars that has been -known there since the establishment of the mission. It has so far -hindered the progress of the work, as to allow of the opening of but one -of the stations contemplated, that of Tissana, up the Big Boom river. -The latest advices from the mission, says the Report, encourage the hope -that the war will soon be brought to a close; and the opinion is -expressed that the infamous slave-trade was at the bottom of it.[47] - -The school at Kaw-Mendi has received several additions to its numbers -during the year, and the new one at Tissana has been commenced with -encouraging prospects. The chiefs, with but a single exception, have -consented to the establishment of missions and schools among their -people. The Report closes by remarking, “that the published observations -of other laborers on that continent serve to show, that white men can -live and labor there; and that there are in the interior, towards which -they are pressing, more civilized, intelligent, and powerful nations and -regions of country, not only less inimical than those they now occupy, -to the health of the white man, but even more healthy than many parts of -the United States. The Spirit and providence of God thus beckon us -onward, and woe will be upon us if we falter in our course.” - -The Report is dated September, 1853, and Mr. Thompson, in company with -Mr. Condit, sailed again for Africa, in November. Letters have been -received from him at Sierra Leone, where he landed in January, on his -way to Kaw-Mendi. Thus has this devoted missionary, for the third time, -braved the dangers of the African climate. - -Intelligence from Kaw-Mendi, as late as October, 1853, has been -received. The mission at Tissana has been abandoned, on account of the -distracted state of the country between it and Kaw-Mendi, produced by -the continuation of the wars; and, in lieu thereof, a station has been -commenced at Sherbro Island, where peace and safety prevail. The school -at Kaw-Mendi, is prospering, writes Dr. Cole; but “of the one hundred -children there gathered, the mass,” he says, “are yet heathen, with the -habits that ignorance, superstition and nakedness beget. Bad as these -are, they form the most hopeful material for missionary culture, and it -is for their elevation and purification our missionaries toil. Oh! how -much they need the sympathies and prayers of God’s people.”[48] Mr. -Gray, who went out three years since, has returned with his wife to -recruit his health. - - -To gain a clear view of the hindrances to the missions among the -natives, we must add the testimony of Bishop Scott, to that already -presented. - -The first difficulty which meets the missionary, he says, on going to -this people, is an unknown and uncultivated tongue; a tongue, too, which -varies so much, as he passes from one tribe to another, within the space -of only a few miles, that it often amounts to a different language. The -nature of this obstacle will be so easily comprehended, that the details -given by the Bishop, need not be quoted. He thus proceeds: - -“But now another difficulty assails him—one which his knowledge of men -in other parts of the world had given him no reason to anticipate. -Though he may in some way get over the difficulty presented in a rude -foreign tongue, yet he now finds, to his utter surprise, that he can not -gain access to this people unless he _dash_ them, (that is, make them -presents,) and only as he dashes them. When, where, or how this wretched -custom arose I can not tell, but it is found to prevail over most parts -of Africa, and, so far as I know, nowhere else. But what shall our -missionary now do? Will he dash them? Will he dash them ‘much plenty?’ -Then they will hear him—they will flock around him—nay, he may do with -them almost as he wists, and a nation may be born in a day. But let him -not be deceived, for all is not gold, here especially, that glitters. So -soon as he withholds his dashes, ten to one they are all _as they were_. -But is he poor and can not dash them?—or able, but on principle will -not? Then, as a general fact, he may go home. They will not hear him at -all, nor treat him with the least respect. Indeed, they will probably -say, ‘He no good man,’—and it will be well for him if they do not get up -a palaver against him and expel him from their coasts. This dashing is a -most mischievous custom—dreadfully in the way of missionary labor, and I -know not how it is to be controlled. I am sick of the very sound of the -word. The Lord help poor Africa! - -“But the difficulties multiply. Now a hydra-headed monster gapes upon -our missionary, of most frightful aspect, and as tenacious of life as -that fabled monster of the ancient poets. It is _polygamy_. He finds to -his grief and surprise, that every man has as many wives as he can find -money to buy. He must give them all up but one, if he would be a -Christian. But will he give them up? Not easily. He will give up almost -any thing before he will give up his wives. They are his slaves, in -fact; they constitute his wealth. And then it is difficult, not to say -impossible, to persuade him that it is not somehow morally wrong to put -them away. ‘Me send woman away?—where she go to?—what she do?’ This I -consider the hugest difficulty with which Christianity has to contend in -the conversion of this people, and makes me think that she must look -mainly to the rising generation. - -“But here, too, a difficulty arises. The female children are contracted -away—are sold, in fact—by their parents while they are yet very young, -often while they are infants; and if the missionary would procure them -for his schools, he must pay the dower—some fifteen or twenty dollars. - -“But our missionary finds that the whole social and domestic -organization of these people is opposed to the pure, chaste, and comely -spirit of the Gospel, and that, to succeed in this holy work, it must -not only be changed, but revolutionized—upturned from the very -foundation. Is there no difficulty here? Are habits and customs, so long -established and so deeply rooted, to be given up without a struggle? The -native people, both men and women, go almost stark naked, and they love -to go so—and are not abashed in the presence of people better dressed; -they eat with their hands, and dip, and pull, and tear, with as little -ceremony and as little decency as monkeys, and they love to eat so; they -sleep on the bare ground, or on mats spread on the ground, and they love -to sleep so; the men hunt or fish, or lounge about their huts, and smoke -their pipes, and chat, and sleep, while their wives, _alias_ their -slaves, tend and cut and house their rice—cut and carry home their -wood—make their fires, fetch their water, get out their rice, and -prepare their ‘chop,’—and all, even the women, love to have it so. And -to all the remonstrances of the missionary, they oppose this simple and -all-settling reply. ‘This be countryman’s fash.’ They seem incapable of -conceiving that your fash is better than theirs, or that theirs is at -all defective. Your fash, they will admit, may be better for you, but -theirs is better for them. So the natives of Cape Palmas have lived, in -the very midst of the colonists, for some twenty years, and they are the -same people still, with almost no visible change.” - -The Bishop next notices their superstitions and idolatries, and the -evils connected with their belief in witchcraft; and says, that though, -by the influence of the colony and missions, their confidence is, in -some places, being shaken in some of them; they generally even yet think -you a fool, and pity you, if you venture to hint that there is nothing -in them. But we must not quote him farther than to include his closing -remarks: - -“But what! Do you then think that there is no hope for these heathen, or -that we should give up all hopes directed to that end? Not I, indeed. -Very far from it. I would rather reiterate the noble saying of the -sainted Cox: ‘Though a thousand fall even, in this attempt, yet let not -Africa be given up.’ I mention these things to show, that there are -solid reasons why our brethren in Africa have accomplished so little; -and also to show, that the Churches at home must, in this work -particularly, exercise the patience of faith and the labor of love. We -must still pound the rock, even though it is hard, and our mallets be -but of wood. It will break one day.” - - -Our inquiries into the condition of the Missions among the natives, -where civil government exerts no influence, must now be closed. The -state of things is about this: The chiefs, ambitious of distinction and -avaricious, often favor the settlement of missionaries, on account of -the consequence it gives them, or from mercenary motives; the division -of the population into small tribes, and their marauding dispositions, -leads to frequent wars; the tyranny of the chiefs, and their fear of -losing their influence, often leads them, after having admitted the -missionary, to oppose his work and deter their people from attending his -preaching; the existence of slavery and hereditary chieftainism, leaves -the mass of the population incapable of independent action; the -ignorance of barbarism, overshadowing their minds, renders them -incapable of comprehending moral truth; the superstitions of ages are -not to be given up, readily, for a religion they can not comprehend; the -custom of receiving _dashes_, tends to prejudice the native against the -missionary; and, above all, the practice of polygamy, ministering to the -indolence and sensuality of the men, and reducing the women to the -condition of slaves, stands as a wall of adamant in the way of the -progress of the Gospel. - -These are the more prominent barriers to the success of missions in -Africa, where civil government exerts no power, and the influence of -Christian society is not felt. - -It will not be improper here, to pause and observe, that there seems to -be a marked difference between the agencies necessary to secure success -in propagating the Gospel among an Asiatic and an African population. -Both, it must be remembered, are heathen; but the minds of the one are -enlightened, of the other barbarous. In Asia, where a knowledge of -agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and the mechanical and fine arts -prevail, the mental culture of the people renders them accessible to the -Gospel. Many of them can comprehend its truths, when heard from the lips -of the preacher, or when read in the printed Scriptures. For this -reason, some of the prominent missions in India have relied upon the -preaching of the word, as their principal agency; while circulating the -Scriptures and teaching the youth, have been employed only as -auxiliaries. Others have relied mainly upon the multiplication of -facilities for educating the youth; while spreading the printed word, -and employing the foreign preacher, have been considered as secondary -matters—the chief hope being in the preparation of a _native ministry_, -who should ultimately enter largely upon that work. Others, again, have -combined all these agencies, as means which God has blessed in the -conversion of sinful men. The whole of these systems have been -successful in Asia, and their supporters, respectively, see but little -cause for changing their measures. - -But in Africa, and among the North American Indians, where the -intellectual faculties of the population are shrouded in the darkness of -barbarism,[49] the preaching of the word, in the commencement of a -mission, has been but rarely successful in producing conversions; while -the total ignorance of letters among these people, has rendered the -circulation of the Scriptures useless. Christian missionaries, -therefore, in attempting to introduce the Gospel among the Indians or -Africans, have been forced to rely upon the education of youth as the -means of success. - -But whether in North America, Africa or Asia—whether converted while -training in the schools, or under the reading or preaching of the -word—the multiplication of native agents to take part in the work, -greatly promotes the progress of the Gospel. So well is this now -understood, that the preparation of native teachers and preachers, has -become the chief aim of all missions to the heathen; and the persistence -in one or the other of the systems of operations to which we have -referred, is due to the importance they respectively attach to an -educated ministry. - -While, however, teaching, reading, and preaching, are the chief -instrumentalities for the conversion of the world; the progress of the -Gospel, everywhere, is greatly accelerated by the presence of a -Christian population, whose example aids in overturning the customs and -superstitions of the people, and commends the religion of Christ to -their confidence. As a mission, then, adds to the number of its -converts, or receives additions of civilized emigrants, its ability of -becoming more and more aggressive is increased, and its powers of -progression multiplied. - -Where reliance is placed upon education, mainly, for introducing the -Gospel, its progress is necessarily slow; because a generation, or two, -is needed to bring forward a competent number of agents to take -possession of the field. The drawbacks, too, are very great—much seed -being sown, which falls upon stony ground. If schools are conducted upon -a large scale, the children must be supported by their parents; and, in -such cases, the superstitions and vices of heathenism have, but too -often, an easy victory over the doctrines and precepts of Christianity. -In this respect no new principle has been discovered. In Christian -countries, where custom, law, and the example of parents, combine to -give the ascendency to virtue, who can hope that his children will -escape moral contamination, if they be permitted to mingle, at will, -with the vicious and depraved. How much more, then, are the children of -the heathen endangered, if left in the care of licentious and idolatrous -parents, among a population where the laws of virtue are unknown? - -To avoid these evils, Bishop Scott urges, that the native children, -attending the Methodist schools in Liberia, be taken into the families -of the missionaries—a system which has been pursued with success, by -some of the other societies. - -But we need not extend these observations. It is not difficult to -comprehend the connection which exists between Colonization and the more -rapid extension of the Gospel in Africa; and to see the superiority of -the missions in Liberia, to those among the natives. Look but a moment -at its advantages. Liberia contains a greater number of the elements of -success, than are embraced in the missions to the natives, or in those -of any other class; and, consequently, must be more efficient in -promoting the evangelization of the African people. The overawing -influence of its laws upon the natives—the permanency of its schools—the -circulation of the Scriptures and religious tracts among those taught to -read—the protection afforded by its government to the missionaries—the -constant preaching of the word—the high morality of its Christian -population—the influx of civilized emigrants who are the descendants of -those cruelly torn from their shores in former years—all tend directly -to promote the work of missions. Colonization, therefore, supplies to -the missions in Liberia, at once, the instrumentalities which those -among the natives are only able to acquire after many years of toil. - - -IV. _The Missions in Connection with the Colonies of White Men in South - Africa._ - -We must refer a moment to the civil history of South Africa, as it is -essential to the proper understanding of its Missionary history. - -The Dutch took possession of the Cape in 1650, and this occupancy was -followed by an extensive emigration of that people to Cape Town and its -vicinity. The encroachments of the emigrants upon the Hottentots, soon -gave rise to wars, which resulted in the enslavement of this feeble -race. The English captured Cape Town in 1795, ceded it back in 1801, -retook it in 1808, and still hold it in possession. - -The climate of South Africa being favorable to the health of Europeans, -an English emigration to the Cape commenced soon after it became a -British province. This led to further encroachments upon the native -tribes, and to much disaffection upon the part of the Dutch, who were -designated by the term _Boers_.[50] They remained in the Colony, -however, until 1834, when the emancipation act, of the British -Parliament, set the Hottentots free. This so enraged the Boers, that -they emigrated in large bodies beyond the limits of Cape Colony. In -seeking new homes, they came in contact with the Zulus, as already -stated, and aided in the subjugation of that powerful people. Driven by -the English from the Zulu country, the Boers passed on to the -north-west, far into the interior, where we shall soon hear from them -again. - -The English, in extending their settlements to the north-east of Cape -Town, soon came into collision with the Kaffirs; who, being a powerful -and warlike race, made a vigorous resistance to their advances. The -Kaffirs stole the cattle of the whites, and the whites retaliated on the -Kaffirs. These depredations often resulted in wars, each of which gave -the English government a pretext to add a portion of the Kaffir -territory to its own. As war followed on war, the Kaffirs improved in -the art, acquired something of the skill of their enemies, and learned -the use of European weapons. Thus every Kaffir war became more -formidable, requiring more troops, costing more money, and, of course, -demanding more territory. In consequence of these various annexations -from the Kaffirs, Zulus, and others, the English possessions in South -Africa now cover a space of 282,000 square miles; 105,000 of which have -been added since 1847—the year of the great failure in the cotton crop -of the United States. - - -The Missionary History of South Africa, though of great interest, must -also be very brief. - -A Moravian mission, begun in 1736, among the Hottentots, was broken up -at the end of six years, by the Dutch authorities, and its renewal -prevented for 49 years. Having been resumed in 1792, it was again -interrupted in 1795, but soon afterwards restored under British -authority. Here, the hostility of the Dutch government to Christian -Missions excluded the Gospel from South Africa during a period of half a -century. - -A mission to the Kaffirs, begun in 1799, by Dr. Vanderkemp, was -abandoned in a year, on account of the jealousies of that people towards -the whites, and their plots to take his life. The other missions, of -various denominations, begun from time to time, in South Africa, have -also been interrupted and retarded by the wars of the natives with each -other, and more especially with the whites. - -The pecuniary loss to the English, by the war of 1835, was $1,200,000; -and by that of 1846–7, $3,425,000. This, however, was a matter of little -importance, compared with the moral bearings of these conflicts. The -missions suffered more or less in all the wars, either by interruptions -of their labors, or in having their people pressed into the army. In -that of 1846–7, the London Society had its four stations in the Kaffir -country entirely ruined, and its missionaries and people compelled to -seek refuge in the Colony. - -But the most disastrous of all these conflicts, and that which has cast -the deepest gloom over the South African Missions, was the Kaffir war of -1851–2–3. These missions, with the exception of that to the Zulus, are -under the care of ten missionary societies, all of which are European. -They had recovered from the shocks of the former wars, and were in an -encouraging state; when, in December, 1850, the Kaffir war broke out. In -consequence of that war, many of the missions have been reduced to a -most deplorable condition; and afford a sad commentary on the doctrine -that the white and black races, in the present moral condition of the -world, can dwell together in harmony. - -The missions of the Scotch Free Church were in the very seat of war, the -buildings of two of them destroyed, and the missionaries forced to flee -for their lives; while the third was only saved by being fortified. - -The Berlin Missionary Society, had its missionaries driven from two of -its stations, during the progress of the war. - -The Mission of the United Presbyterian Synod of Scotland, which -consisted of three stations, were all involved in ruin. The war laid -waste the mission stations, scattered the missionaries and converts, -suspended entirely the work of instruction, and has done an amount of -evil which can scarcely be exaggerated. The Report for 1853, says, that -the mission can not be resumed on its old basis, as the Kaffirs around -their stations are to be driven away; and though the native converts, -numbering 100, might be collected at one of the stations, it is deemed -better that a delegation visit South Africa, and report to the Board a -plan of future operations. - -The London Missionary Society also suffered greatly, and some of their -missionaries were stript of every thing they possessed. The Report, for -1853, says: “This deadly conflict has at length terminated, and -terminated, as might have been foreseen, by the triumph of British arms. -The principal Kaffir chiefs, with their people, have been driven out of -their country; and their lands have been allotted to British soldiers -and colonists. And on the widely extended frontier there will be -established military posts, from which the troops and the settlers are -to guard the colony against the return of the exiled natives.” - -Such, indeed, was the hostility of the whites toward the missionaries -themselves, at one of the Churches in the white settlements, that -_bullets_ were not unfrequently dropped into the collection plates.[51] - -Both Moravian and Wesleyan Missions have been destroyed. In one -instance, 250 Hottentots perished by the hands of English soldiers, in -the same Church where they had listened to the word of God from the -Moravian missionaries; not because they were enemies, but in an attempt -to disarm a peaceable population. Such are the cruelties incident to -this war! - -The Paris Missionary Society, has thirteen stations in South Africa. Its -Report, for 1853, complains of the interruptions and injuries which its -missions have suffered, in consequence of the military commotions which -have prevailed in the fields occupied by its missionaries. In alluding -to the obstacles to the Gospel, which everywhere exist, Dr. Grandpierre, -the Director of the Society, says: “But how are these obstacles -multiplied, when the missionary is obliged to encounter, in the lives of -nominal Christians, that which gives the lie to his teachings. Irritated -by the measures which are employed against them, may not the aborigines -rightfully say to the whites, with more truth than ever, ‘You call -yourselves the children of the God of peace; and yet you make war upon -us. You teach justice; but you are guilty of injustice. You preach the -love of God; and you take away our liberty and our property.’” - -One of the Scotch Societies, near the close of the Kaffir war, when -summing up the effects it had produced, draws this melancholy picture: - -“All missionary operations have been suspended; the converts are either -scattered or compelled, by their hostile countrymen, to take part in the -revolt; the missionaries have been obliged to leave the scenes of their -benevolent labors; hostile feelings have been excited between the black -and white races, which it will require a long period to soothe down; and -the prospects of evangelizing Kaffirland have been rendered dark and -distant.” - - -But we are not yet done recounting the obstacles to the progress of the -Gospel in South Africa, and the oppressions to which its population are -subjected. Our last reference to the Boers, left them emigrating toward -the interior of Africa. It appears that they have selected territory and -organized themselves into a government, under the title of the “Free -Republic;” and that, in the course of the last year their independence -has been acknowledged by Great Britain. The Boers, although recognized -as a nation, seem little disposed to peace; but have, lately, proceeded -to destroy some of the stations of the London Missionary Society, and to -drive two English missionaries from their territory. They have also -attacked and plundered three of the native tribes, killing 60 men and -taking a number of women and children prisoners. Their movements seem to -indicate that they are determined to prevent the English from extending -northward into their vicinity; and it is feared they will enslave or -ruin the native tribes among whom they have settled. When charged with -this design, they denied it, and claimed that the servitude they adopt -is not _slavery_, but a system of _apprenticeship_—such, we suppose, as -the English have established, to secure laborers for their West India -plantations. The missionaries, however, have ascertained that the -natives are bought and sold by them; and from this fact it is inferred, -that the fate of the Hottentots, in former years, will, doubtless, be -the lot of the natives who are now in the power of the Boers. Alas! for -poor Africa! - -Referring to these events, the London Society expresses the opinion, -that, hereafter, the missionaries will not be left untrammeled, or the -liberty of the natives preserved, in the “Free Republic,” unless the -British nation shall utter its voice distinctly and earnestly in behalf -of these unoffending myriads.[52] In that event, doubtless, the liberty -of the natives might be prolonged, until English emigrants should demand -their lands; and then, the fate of the Kaffirs would await them. - - -We must here close these investigations. In reflecting upon the -consequences attending the emigration of the English and Dutch into -South Africa, we can not but be struck with the sameness of the results -there, and those connected with European emigration among the North -American Indians. Unlike the emigration of the colored people into West -Africa, that of the whites into South Africa and North America, has -tended to the destruction of the native heathen, and not, as in Liberia, -to their moral redemption. Nor are the inducements to exchange heathen -customs for those of Christianity, as strong in South Africa as in -Liberia. The natives, in the former, on abandoning heathenism only -become subjects of British law, and not freemen, as in the latter, -participating in the affairs of government. The South African chief, has -even less reason than his people, to forsake his barbarism; as he only -thereby loses his power, and, from being himself a king, he becomes a -subject, and compelled to bow to the white man, who has robbed him of -his greatness. These obstacles to missionary progress in South Africa, -are daily on the increase, by additional European emigration; as each -white man, who sets his foot upon the Cape, but adds to the necessity -for robbing the natives of additional lands. On the contrary, each -colored emigrant to Liberia, by adding to the strength of the Republic, -is aiding in extending to the natives the blessings of freedom and of -peace, and securing to them their right to their homes under the -sanction of Christian laws. - -Thus, it appears, that, as the colonization of colored men in Liberia -elevates the native population, secures harmony of feeling and unity of -interest between the parties, gives distinction to the race, and secures -the more rapid extension of the Gospel; so the emigration of white men -into South Africa, tends to degrade the natives, produces enmity of -feeling and diversity of interest, destroys whatever of nationality they -possessed, and erects a mighty barrier against their conversion to -Christianity. - -The total missionary force in South Africa, is under the care of eleven -Missionary Societies, ten of which are European, and one American. Their -condition, in 1850, before the commencement of the Kaffir war, was as -follows:[53] Missionaries 214, assistant missionaries 155, native -assistants 8, communicants 12,116, schools 60, scholars 20,100. - - - CONCLUSION. - -Here we must close our inquiries, sum up the results, see what -experience teaches, draw the contrasts between these several classes of -Missions, and determine the best mode of employing human -instrumentalities for the extension of the Gospel in Africa. - -These Missions, as we have shown, had to be planted upon a broad field -of barbarism; where the civil condition, the objects of worship, the -social customs, the intellectual state of the people, were the -antagonists of what prevail under a Christian civilization. The -missionary’s task embraced much of toil, privation, danger, patience, -perseverance. Wars were to be turned into peace, superstitions -overthrown, polygamy abolished, ignorance dispelled, before civilization -and Christianity could be established. This was the work to be -accomplished. The results have been given in detail, and now they must -only be recapitulated and contrasted. - - -The Missions to the natives, beyond the protection of the colonies, have -made the least progress. They are established upon the proper basis, but -have fewer agencies employed than the other missions, and a -corresponding inefficiency is the result. Common schools, Sabbath -schools, and preaching, are means used for promoting the Gospel in all -the African missions. Those to the natives, are limited chiefly to these -three plans of operation, while the other missions possess many -subordinate means that greatly facilitate their progress. Preaching to -adults, though not altogether unsuccessful, has won but few converts, -and done but little for the overthrow of superstition. Education lays -the axe at the root of ignorance, but from the fewness of the teachers -and schools, the small attendance of pupils, and the reaction of -heathenism upon them, it has made very little impression on the -surrounding barbarism. Less, still, has been done by these missions, in -preventing native wars; while polygamy remains almost wholly unaffected -by them. The greatest difficulty, however, is, that the missionaries, -with very few exceptions, are white men, whose constitutions, generally, -yield to the effects of the climate, and the missions are constantly -liable to be weakened and broken up. This is true of the Gaboon and -Mendi Missions, particularly, and can be remedied, only, by substituting -colored missionaries, since they, alone, have constitutions adapted to -the climate. The mission to the Zulus differs from these two, in having -a climate better adapted to the Anglo-Saxon; but it has to contend with -the additional obstacle of a hostile white immigration, which threatens -its existence. As the customs and morals of Christianity become better -understood, at these missions, the enmity of the natives continues to -increase; and the missionary, after years of toil, feels, more and more, -the indispensable necessity of multiplying the agencies for removing the -barriers to the Gospel by which he is surrounded. - - -The Missions in South Africa, by their early success, and the progress -they have always made in times of peace, afford ample evidence of the -practicability of Christianizing Africa, wherever civil government -protects the missionary, and prevents the prevalence of native wars. But -while we may here derive a powerful argument in favor of increased -effort for the extension of Christianity, where the conditions of -society are thus favorable; the additional lesson is impressed upon the -mind, with tremendous force, that the white and black races—that -Englishmen and Africans—can not dwell together as equals; but that the -intelligence and active energies of the one, when brought into conflict -with the ignorance and indolent habits of the other, must make the Negro -an easy prey to the Anglo-Saxon. The sad results of this conflict of -races, in the wars of the last few years, casts a deep gloom over the -future prospects of South Africa, and renders it doubtful whether the -missions can be sustained among the natives as independent tribes. It -would appear, that, under British policy, the loss of liberty is the -price at which the African must purchase Christianity. - -The immigration of Englishmen into South Africa, then, instead of -diminishing the obstacles to the success of the Gospel, is adding a new -one of an aggravated character. Nor can the difficulty be obviated. When -Christian missions harmonize with the policy of England, she grants them -protection; but when they stand in the way of the execution of her -schemes, they are brushed aside as objects of indifference, and treated -with no higher regard than pagan institutions. While her soldiers were -slaughtering the Christian Hottentots, in the church of the Moravians, -her revenues were upholding the heathen temples of India. As she designs -to build up an extensive white colony, in South Africa, the main -obstacles to these missions will be rendered as immovable as the British -throne. In this respect, they are more discouraging than those to the -natives, the barriers to which must be broken down by time and -perseverance. - -How strangely the cruelty of Great Britain, towards the Kaffirs, -contrasts with her humanity towards the recaptured Africans of Sierra -Leone! In the former case, she robbed the blacks of their possessions, -to give lands to her white subjects; in the latter, Cuba and Brazil were -deprived of their cargoes of slaves, to build up a colony for herself. -But how much stranger, still, does England’s conduct contrast with the -policy of American Colonization! Liberia, instead of robbing the Native -African of his rights, was founded, expressly, to rescue him from -oppression and superstition, and to bestow upon him liberty and the -Gospel of Christ. - - -The Missions in the English Colonies of Recaptured Africans, have been -more successful, and are more promising, than either of the two just -noticed. The cause of this difference should be considered. The -foundations of Sierra Leone were laid, when Africa was literally “the -land of the shadow of death.” Its corner stone inclosed the last link of -the shackles of slavery in England. Its founder looked forward to the -redemption of the land of Ham, as a result of the scheme he had -projected. A large majority of the emigrants who founded the Colony, had -been trained where Religion was free, and where Liberty was struggling -into birth. They had caught something of the spirit of freedom, and -wished to realize its blessings. These hopes were blasted; and, in -anger, they abandoned the churches they had built, rather than accept -religion at the hands of those who had denied them freedom. They failed -to discriminate between the unchristian policy of the English -government, and the Christian charity of the English Church. The -slave-trade was carried on under the flag that brought them the -missionary; and they turned coldly away from the man of God, to let him -re-embark for his English home, or sink to the grave beneath a tropical -sun. Thus did the Gospel fail in its establishment among the emigrants -of Sierra Leone. Neither could it succeed among the surrounding natives, -while the hunters of slaves kept the tribes in perpetual hostilities. -Thus twenty years rolled away, before the traffic in human flesh was -suppressed; and then, only, could Christianity gain a foothold. - -But the gift of equal rights was not included in the gift of the Gospel; -and half the stimulants to mental improvement remained unsupplied. The -agencies established, however, were not powerless for good. Security was -gained for the missionary, and the population could dwell in peace. The -Episcopal missionaries were driven into the Colony, to prosecute their -labors under its protection. The prejudices engendered by the early -collisions with the civil authorities, wore away with the lapse of time. -The American fugitives, who had refused the Gospel from the -Episcopalians, now accepted it from the Wesleyans. The denial of civil -rights to themselves, could not justify their refusal of eternal life -for their offspring. The children were gathered once more into the -schools, and education commenced. Sierra Leone was made the “city of -refuge,” for all who should be rescued from the horrors of the -slave-ships; and thus it became a central sun from which the light of -the Gospel could radiate to the farthest limits of Africa. - -Sierra Leone, as a mission field, is free from some of the most serious -difficulties which retard the progress of the Gospel among the Natives -and in South Africa. Its chief advantages consist in its freedom from -war; in the absence of white Colonists; and in the accumulating progress -of civilization. Its inhabitants possess such a unity of races, such a -social equality, as to prevent hostile collisions on account of color. -Its officers and principal merchants, only, are white; and, hence, fewer -occasions arise here than in South Africa, where the black man is made -to feel his inferiority to the white. The intellectual improvement of -its people has been much more rapid than that of the population in the -South African Missions; and, as a consequence, the teachers of the -schools and seminaries, in Sierra Leone and its connections, are, -mostly, colored men; while few, indeed, of the natives in the Colonies -of the Cape, have been able to attain such positions.[54] - -In these facts are we to find the causes of the superiority of the -Sierra Leone missions, over those to the Natives and to the South of -Africa. - -Sierra Leone, however, when contrasted with Liberia, is found to lack -some of the essential elements of progress possessed by the Republic. -The liberty secured to the citizens of Liberia, extends to all their -relations, personal, social, political. The people of Sierra Leone, -enjoy but two of these elements of progress. They have personal freedom -and a fair degree of social equality, but are deprived of the -third—political equality—which, above all, exerts the most potent -influence to stimulate the intellectual faculties of men. The young -convert in the seminary at Sierra Leone, doubtless, finds great -encouragement to mental improvement, in the prospect of becoming a -teacher, or in entering the ministry; but to the unconverted youth, in -the absence of the prospect of political promotion, there is, -absolutely, nothing to stimulate to efforts at high attainment in -science and literature. Thus the political system of Sierra Leone, -supplies but half the elements of progress to its people. Had it been -otherwise, had the aspirations of its early emigrants been cherished, -and its civil affairs committed mainly to their hands, the Colony might -now be in a far more advanced situation. This will be apparent on a -fuller contrast of its condition with that of Liberia. - - -Thirty years after the waves of the Atlantic had closed over the remains -of SAMUEL J. MILLS, it was proclaimed from the top of Montserado, that -the star of African Nationality, after ages of wandering, had found its -orbit in the galaxy of Nations. On that eventful day, a multitude of -grateful men, with their wives and little ones, were lifting up their -voices in thanksgiving and praise, to their Father in Heaven. Over their -heads waved a banner bearing the motto, “The love of liberty brought us -here.” The barbarism that excited the pity of MILLS and BURGESS had -disappeared; the superstitions over which they grieved had vanished; a -Christian Nation had been born; and the vault of heaven re-echoed to -their shouts of joy. - -It was thus that the Republic of Liberia was ushered into existence. -Sixty years were gone, since the establishment of Sierra Leone. How wide -the contrast between its history and that of Liberia! Liberty, at Sierra -Leone, had been rudely driven to the “bush.” Its people were held in -pupilage, bound by laws not of their own enactment, and governed by -officers of a race who had ever claimed the lordship over them. Taught -Religion, but deprived of Liberty, the manhood of mind could not be -fully developed. Uninstructed in human rights, they now yielded a -slavish submission to a distant throne. Not so in Liberia. Here, Liberty -and Religion had been rocked together in the same cradle. It was -Religion that had given Liberty to the Liberian. He knew nothing of the -one unconnected with the other. The Religion that had broken his -fetters, was itself free. Religious and political freedom, therefore, -was a principle dear to his heart. He spurned the idea, that man must -submit to dictation in religion and government; and, from the first, had -looked forward to the day, when his country should become a Christian -Republic. That day has come, and gone: and there the Liberian stands, a -citizen—a Christian; with no law—no restraint—no rule of conduct—but -what emanates from himself or his God. - -The Republic stands, pre-eminent, as an auxiliary to missions. Its -political system, embraces all the known elements of civil, social, and -intellectual advancement; while its citizens are controlled by the -preservative element of Christian morals. Its policy makes it but one -grand agency for overturning African barbarism. Its advantages over -every other scheme are so obvious, that it must be regarded as the model -system, to which all others should be conformed; and as the rule by -which, alone, missions to Africa must hereafter be conducted. - -The conquests of Liberia, over African barbarism, have been legitimate -results of the principles involved in her social and civil organization. -She offered to the natives an asylum from the merciless slave-catchers: -they removed within her limits to enjoy her protection. She employed -them in household affairs, agriculture, and the mechanic arts: they were -thus incorporated into her social system, attended the Church, and sent -their children to school. They wore _gri-gris_ and practiced polygamy: -these customs debarred them from political privileges. They offered -human sacrifices to their deities, and compelled those suspected of -witchcraft to drink a poisonous tea: the laws punished the taking of -life, in such modes, with the penalty of death. The surrounding tribes, -for their own safety, sought alliances with her: by the terms of the -treaties, she has kept them at peace, and prevented the trafficking in -slaves. - -Thus has Liberia, by offering the natives political equality, induced -them to abandon polygamy and superstition; thus has the fear of -punishment deterred them from the practice of their murderous cruelties; -thus has war been prevented and the slave-trade suppressed within her -bounds: and thus has American Colonization solved the great problem of -African Redemption. - - - - - APPENDIX. - - - The Opposition to Colonization and African Missions. - -We quote the following remarks, on the _primary sources_ of opposition -to the Civilization of Africa, from the Church Missionary Intelligencer, -December, 1853. This periodical is the organ of the English Episcopal -Church, and the opinions expressed are entitled to the most grave -consideration. Whatever interest the slave-trader may have in driving -English missionaries from Africa, will apply equally to those from -America, and to the labors of our Colonization Society. The writer, -after noticing the efforts made to withdraw the English squadron from -the coast of Africa, so as to leave the slave-trade once more free to -the traffickers in human flesh, says: - - -“But we have something more to say on this subject. The Missionary -element has also been introduced into the comments which have been made -on this affair, and has received no small amount of condemnation. Our -Missionaries at Lagos have thus been placed between two fires. The -efforts of Kosoko’s attacking party were evidently directed against -their dwellings, and this we can understand, for Kosoko and his abettors -well know that the extension of the Gospel carries with it the eventual -destruction of the slave-trade, and of every other enormity under which -human nature suffers. Christianity does that which the squadron can not -do. The latter cuts down the branches of the poison-bearing tree, but -the former kills it in its root. If this latter be not done, it will -sprout again. The strength of the slave-trade lies in the latent -sympathy of chiefs and people; and Christianity, by indisposing them to -it, and by directing their energies into other and wholesome channels, -is drying up the secret sources from whence its power has been derived. -The greatest benefit which the squadron has conferred upon Africa has -been to afford opportunity for the introduction of this beneficial -influence; and after a time, by the blessing of God, that influence will -have so increased, and the African mind, in consequence, have undergone -so complete a revolution, that the further presence of the squadron on -the coast will become unnecessary. That time has not come yet, but it -will do so, perhaps more rapidly than we could venture to anticipate. We -can, therefore, easily understand Kosoko’s antipathy to Missionaries, -and the exultation with which he would have seen them compelled to quit -the coast. - -“But there is an unfriendly feeling on the part of some at home, which -is not so intelligible. It betrays itself in a readiness to entertain -serious charges against Missionaries on _ex-parte_ evidence. * * * - -“We fear that in many quarters there is much misapprehension as to the -character and tendency of Missionary operations, and that by some they -are distrusted as being far otherwise than tranquilizing in their -influence. Has the Missionary element a tendency to complicate matters, -and render them more difficult of adjustment than they would otherwise -be? Is it irritating and war-producing? It has been so insinuated, if -not openly asserted. And we can understand from whence such insinuations -originate. The Gospel, in its action, must be subversive of the plans -and objects of numbers, especially in connection with Africa and the -slave-trade. There have been many sleeping partners in that traffic, men -who never touched a slave, but who have often clutched the gain; men who -have fed the traffic in secret, and furnished the materials for its -prosecution. It has been a wide-spread conspiracy for the degradation of -the African family. Men in Europe, America, Africa, have been bound -together in this unholy compact, each having assigned to him his own -particular department, and each full of energy in the prosecution of it. -Where were the printed goods fabricated that were used in barter between -the foreign and native slave-dealer? Where were forged the bolts, and -fetters, and chains, by which the limbs of the captured African were -constricted, and he was reduced to an incapability of resistance? -Perhaps nearer home than we could have imagined.[55] Where was launched -the well-found bark, with such admirable sailing powers, the floating -prison of the poor slave? Whence the nautical skill that designed the -craft, and the able workmen who wrought it out, until she sailed from -the port which gave her birth, in every respect equipped and fitted for -the slave-trade, but not to be so used until, on the African coast, -transferred to other hands than those which took her there?[56] How -various and extensive the interests which were engaged in the -prosecution of the slave-trade, all which have been interfered with by -the interruption of the traffic on the coast. Many of these, to save -themselves from stagnation, have engaged in lawful commerce; but it is -with regret they have done so. Of course, in the eyes of such parties, -everything that interferes to prevent a return to the palmy days of -slave-trading prosperity, when abundant opportunity was afforded for the -gratification of more than one evil passion, becomes an object of -antipathy. The squadron on the coast, and the Missionaries on shore, are -alike detestable. If both could be removed something might be done, and -what so likely means as misrepresentation? The Missionaries are -self-interested, and obstruct the development of lawful traffic. The -squadron is unnecessary, and its interference on such occasions as that -of Lagos is in the highest degree mischievous. Credulous ears are not -wanting to become the depositories of whisperings such as these; and -soon the whole gloss finds its way into the columns of the daily press, -and influential journals become the exponents of charges which would be -serious indeed if they could be proved. But these misstatements require -to be promptly met, otherwise their effect might soon appear in a -gradual diminution of the repressive force on the coast, until it became -materially weakened. Meanwhile, the devastations of the cholera in Cuba -have been seriously diminishing the supply of working hands, and many -eager eyes are directed towards Africa to see whether the attempt could -be made to reopen the traffic with any prospect of success. Already new -vessels have been fitted out, and we may soon have painful evidence that -the trade is not extinct, and that, if we remove our foot from the neck -of our prostrate but not slain foe, he will rise up to resume the -contest.” - - - The English Apprenticeship System. - -President Roberts has written the following letter, to a gentleman in -England, in explanation of the influence exerted on the natives, by the -practice of purchasing apprentices, from the African chiefs, to serve as -laborers on the plantations of the British West Indies. Is not this -system virtually a renewal of the slave-trade, and a violation of -England’s treaty with the United States for its suppression? - - GOVERNMENT HOUSE, Monrovia, September, 1853. - -I assure you, sir, the Government of Liberia has no desire to, nor will -it interfere improperly with the operations of Messrs. Hyde, Hodge & -Co., nor will it place any unnecessary obstacles in the way of their -obtaining emigrants from the Liberian coast. The only object the -Government had in issuing the proclamation referred to, was, and still -is, to see that emigration from within its jurisdiction shall be free -and unconstrained. - -It is proper I should remark, that no facts have come to the knowledge -of the Government to induce the belief that Messrs. Hyde, Hodge & Co., -or their agents, have actually sent off persons, or that they would, -knowingly, send off any, without the voluntary consent of their natural -guardians. But the Government had good grounds for believing that -attempts were about to be made to force certain unfortunate persons to -emigrate without the facts of their coercion coming to the knowledge of -the emigration agents. - -During last year, serious disturbances rose between certain Vey and -Golah chiefs in the neighborhood of Grand Cape Mount. And, in the early -part of the present year, Boombo and George Cane, Vey chiefs, residing -respectively at Little and Grand Cape Mount, attacked and captured some -three or four native towns in the Dey and Golah district, and carried -away as captives several hundred of the inhabitants. Soon after these -occurrences, a report was rife here that George Cane had contracted with -the agents of Messrs. Hyde, Hodge & Co., to supply a number of -emigrants. Complaint was also made to the Government—by the chiefs who -had suffered—that Cane’s intentions were to send off to the West Indies -the captives he had taken from the towns. - -Now, that the agents of Messrs. Hyde, Hodge & Co., would countenance -constrained emigration, or that they would have received those persons, -knowing them to be captives, we had no reason to believe. But it is more -than likely that nine out of ten that would have been offered as -emigrants, at that time, would be of this unfortunate class. And the -chances were a hundred to one that the emigration agents would be -deceived in regard to the real condition of the people. Very possibly, -no complaint then and there would have been uttered by them. They were -suffering painful captivity; and whatever their feelings might be in -regard to emigration, they would gladly, perhaps, have availed -themselves of that or any other opportunity to escape the cruelties of -their captors. And, further, sir, I am assured these poor fellows were -given to understand that when they should be offered as emigrants, if -they disclosed their real condition, or refused to emigrate, their lives -would be sacrificed. Many of these captives have since been released, -and returned to their homes and families; and all, I am told, -corroborate this statement. Now, sir, under these circumstances, was it -unreasonable to suppose that many might be sent off without their -voluntary consent? And was it not the duty of the Government to provide -as far as possible the means of checking such outrages? Of course, in -all this there is no blame to be attached to Messrs. Hyde, Hodge & Co., -or their agents. - -But, my dear sir, with respect to this emigration business, the -strictest watchfulness must be observed; otherwise, the enterprise may -lead to abuses and evils of the most painful character. Not that -respectable British agents would knowingly be the means of producing -such results; but let the chiefs along the coast find that they can send -off captives, as emigrants, to the British West Indies, and obtain an -advance of _only ten dollars_ each, and the old system—war—of procuring -slaves will again be renewed. - - J. J. ROBERTS. - -[From the Liberia Herald.] - -Trial and Sentence of Boombo. - - MONROVIA, April 6th, 1853. - -We have seldom witnessed the trial of a case producing so much interest -as that of Boombo’s. The readers of the “Herald,” need not be told, that -Boombo is a chieftain of Little Cape Mount, that he had voluntarily -entered into an arrangement with the Government of Liberia, and -subscribed to demean himself according to the laws and constitution; -also, that he and his people lived on lands purchased by the Government -of Liberia from the native owners. Boombo, though bound by his solemn -engagements to refrain from wars, and not to disturb the peace and -quietness of the country, has repeatedly, since he placed himself under -the laws of Liberia, broken his engagements by carrying on predatory -wars, destroying towns and murdering and carrying into captivity -hundreds of inoffensive men, women and children. To all the -remonstrances of Government, Boombo gave no heed, and his bloody career -did not end until he was brought to this city a prisoner. George Cain, -of Grand Cape Mount, is also amenable to the laws of Liberia; and it is -now well ascertained that he was the principal actor in all the -disturbances created in the Little Cape Mount country. Boombo, it -appears, acted under his direction. - -At the last Court of “Quarter Sessions,” Boombo was indicted for “_High -Misdemeanor_”—the indictment set forth a general allegation and three -special counts. The first count charged the prisoner with violating his -obligations and allegiance to the Government, and that he did procure -and make war upon and against one Dwarloo Bey and certain other Golah -chiefs, occupying a portion of the territories of Grand and Little Cape -Mount—that he murdered the inhabitants—carried into captivity large -numbers of the defenseless; sacked, burned and pillaged towns and -villages, and laid waste the country. The second count charged, that -Boombo violated, etc., as before, that he did procure and make war upon -and against one Weaver, a Dey chieftain—crossing the Little Cape Mount -river, and entering the Dey country for that purpose; that he murdered -inhabitants, carried others into captivity, and sacked, burned, and -pillaged towns and villages, and laid waste the country. The third -count, charged that Boombo did violate, etc., as before, and that he -committed felony, by seizing and carrying off merchandise from factories -belonging to citizens of Monrovia. The Attorney-General, Wm. Draper, -Esq., was assisted in this case by David A. Madison, Esq., of Buchanan, -Grand Bassa. D. T. Harris, and J. B. Phillips, Esquires, appeared for -the prisoner, and we are pleased to say that these gentlemen did all -that honest and patriotic men could do for a man under such -circumstances. They ably and eloquently defended the prisoner upon every -point that formality and technicality would admit of, but as they could -not argue the lock off the door, and as the evidence, especially that -given by prisoner’s witnesses, was point blank against Boombo, the -verdict was, _guilty of each count_. - -The sentence was—restitution, restoration, and reparation of goods -stolen, people captured, and damages committed; to pay a fine of $500, -and be imprisoned for two years. When the sentence was pronounced the -convict shed tears, regarding the ingredient of imprisonment, in his -sentence, to be almost intolerable. It is hoped that this will prove a -salutary example to all other chieftains under the jurisdiction of this -Government, that they may, henceforward, be convinced of the -determination and power of the Government to administer justice in the -premises. It is the belief of many, that Boombo’s punishment, as per -sentence, is too great, but we believe to the contrary. Until rigorous -measures are used to deter chieftains from carrying on their predatory -wars, there can not be any guarantee, but that some part of our coast -will always be in a state of savage warfare. - - - - - ADDRESS - OF - THE OHIO COLONIZATION COMMITTEE, - TO - The Clergymen of Ohio. - - - CHRISTIAN BRETHREN: - -In our annual appeals to the churches, in behalf of the American -Colonization Society, frequent reference has been made to the purchase -of territory, in Africa, for an Ohio colony. The offer of funds for this -object, by CHARLES MCMICKEN, ESQ., was made in 1848, and the purchase -completed in 1850. - -In anticipation of this result, memorials were forwarded to Columbus, in -December, 1849, asking an appropriation, by the Legislature, to aid in -the establishment of an “Ohio in Africa.” Among these petitions was one -signed by the ministers of the Ohio Methodist Conference, the Ohio -Baptist Annual Convention, the New School Presbyterian Synod of -Cincinnati, the Old School Presbyterian Synod of Cincinnati, and the Old -School Presbyterian Synod of Ohio. - -In responding to these expressions of public sentiment, a resolution was -passed, by both branches of the Legislature, asking the General -Government to acknowledge the independence of Liberia; the Senate passed -another resolution, asking Congress to withdraw its squadron from the -coast of Africa, and to appropriate the $150,000 per annum, expended in -its support, to the cause of African Colonization, as a more efficient -means of suppressing the slave trade; and the House passed a bill, by a -large majority, making a liberal appropriation to aid the proposed -colony. The two last named measures were introduced so late in the -session, that they were not acted upon, except by the branches named, -and were postponed among the unfinished business. - -These indications of a friendly disposition, on the part of the -Legislature, to promote Colonization, together with some movements among -the colored people favorable to the proposed enterprise, led to the -appointment of a _Committee of Correspondence_, in 1850, to coöperate -with the Agent in carrying out the enterprise so happily set on foot by -Mr. McMicken. The committee was directed to give its counsel to the -Agent, and adopt such measures as it might deem necessary to promote the -cause of Colonization in the State; but, more especially, to aim at -enlisting the churches in the work. This it has done in various ways, as -may be seen by reference to the public prints. By its direction, the -Agent renewed his efforts for an appropriation from the Legislature, but -as a new Constitution was then in the course of preparation, that body -declined all further action, until the future policy of the State should -be settled. The Constitutional Convention was then approached, and it -was proposed to introduce a special clause into the new Constitution, -giving the Legislature power to appropriate money for African -Colonization. This measure was resisted by those who were striving to -secure the privileges of citizenship, in the State, for colored men; and -by those who desired to prevent the surrounding States from driving -their free colored people into Ohio. This last party being much the -strongest in the Convention, the friends of Colonization had either to -abandon their proposition, or couple it with a provision excluding any -further immigration of colored people into the State. This policy being -repugnant to their feelings, and the general powers conferred on the -Legislature being considered amply sufficient to warrant it in fostering -Colonization, the friends of the proposition declined to press its -passage, and it was abandoned. - -About this period, the project of encouraging Colonization, by -establishing a line of “Steam-Ships,” to run between this country and -Liberia, was agitated; and it so far received the advocacy of the public -press, as to lead to the hope that the General Government would adopt -the measure. - -This important movement was succeeded by “Stanley’s Bill,” to devote the -last instalment of the “Surplus Revenue,” to the several States, for -Colonization purposes, in the proportions required by the law of 1836. -As the success of this Bill, in Congress, would have given to the State -of Ohio, annually, thereafter, the sum of $33,454, to build up our “Ohio -in Africa,” it was considered of vital importance to secure its passage. -Instead, therefore, of approaching our Legislature, to ask an -appropriation, the Agent was directed to secure its influence with the -General Government, in behalf of “Stanley’s Bill;” but before -recommendatory resolutions could be carried through the Legislature, -that important measure received its deathblow in Congress. - -Public attention having been very fully directed, by these movements, to -the State and National Legislatures, as the proper patrons of -Colonization, the Agent found less disposition, among private -individuals, longer to sustain the enterprise, and consequently the -amount collected in the State has somewhat diminished. - -For want of funds to make the necessary improvements for the protection -of colonists, at the time the purchase of Mr. McMicken was effected, and -because but few emigrants were then in our offer, to begin a settlement, -no definite arrangement was made, with the authorities of Liberia, for -the allotment of lands for our colored people. The region purchased -embraces Grand Cape Mount and Gallinas, and includes a greater extent of -country than was covered by the donation of Mr. M. The whole of this -territory has been annexed to Liberia, and her laws extended over it. -This arrangement will secure to our emigrants the protection of the -Republic, and all the privileges enjoyed by any of its citizens. These -advantages will be more than an equivalent to the extra fifty or one -hundred acres of land, which Mr. McMicken originally proposed to give to -each family; inasmuch as this bonus may still be secured to our -emigrants, along with the protection of the Republic, by an arrangement -with its government. - -The recent disturbances at Grand Cape Mount, noticed in the accompanying -Lecture of our Agent, will create a necessity for its speedy settlement; -and, if we do not secure it for the colored people of Ohio, it must be -given to others, to prevent the native population from being shipped off -to the West Indies or Brazil. - -The Committee feels assured, that, with a few thousand dollars, it can -prevent this transfer to other parties, and secure the settlement of -Grand Cape Mount as an Ohio Colony. This it considers very important, as -a means of encouraging emigration. Believing that the funds would -ultimately be secured for this object, such measures have been adopted, -from time to time, as would promote that end. In March, 1850, sixteen -emigrants, with the Rev. W. W. Findlay at their head, went to Liberia, -to stand prepared to coöperate in founding our Colony. Mr. Findlay is -still urgent for the commencement of the settlement; and, though -comfortably situated on a farm, he offers to remove to Grand Cape Mount, -at any time his services are needed. Himself and family are now fully -acclimated, and are thus in a position to render efficient aid in -superintending improvements for us. - -About a year since, the colored people of Circleville, Ohio, appointed -one of their own number, Mr. T. J. Merrett, a delegate to Liberia, to -report on the condition and prospects of the Republic. Our Agent was -present at the meeting; the subject of an Ohio Colony was fully -explained, and the vote to commission the delegate was nearly unanimous. -He sailed for Liberia in April, 1853, remained there about six months, -and then returned to the United States. The vessel in which he embarked -was stripped of its masts and rigging, in a hurricane, during the -passage, its pumps rendered useless, and its hull only kept afloat by -constant bailing, until it was landed at St. Thomas for repairs. The -over-exertion and exposure incident to this disaster, induced ship-fever -on the vessel, to which Mr. Merrett fell a victim two days after landing -at Portland. While in Liberia, he had written an encouraging letter to -his friends in Circleville, but made no formal report, as he did not -live to reach home. Mr. Merrett was a man of good judgment, and highly -esteemed by his neighbors. His death is a serious loss to us, and has -somewhat interrupted our plans for commencing operations in Africa. - -The advantages lost in the death of Mr. Merrett, may be regained by -inviting Mr. Findlay to visit this country, to confer with the colored -people of our State. The committee will adopt this course, if the funds -to meet his expenses and make the necessary improvements at Grand Cape -Mount, are placed at its disposal. The employment of such agencies, in -other States, has tended to arouse a spirit of emigration, and should -not be overlooked by our own. - -The REV. JOHN MCKAY, a colored man, of Madison, Indiana, was employed in -that State last year, and succeeded in raising a company of twenty-five -emigrants, with whom he sailed to Liberia, in November. He touched at -Sierra Leone and Grand Cape Mount, and remained eighty-three days in -Liberia, to examine its condition. He returned to Indiana about the -first of May, and speaks in the most favorable terms of the civil, -social, and religious prosperity of the Republic. It is his intention to -return to Liberia with his family, after laboring awhile for the Indiana -State Board of Colonization. - -Mr. McKay informs our Agent, that the adaptation of the soil and climate -of Liberia, to the production of the best qualities of cotton, sugar, -and coffee, has been fully tested; and that the willingness of the -natives to engage in the cultivation of these products, under the -direction of the Liberians, is no longer doubtful. To develop the -unbounded agricultural resources of Africa, it only remains, therefore, -that the capital to pay for the native labor, and the men to superintend -it, should be supplied. The first of these elements of success is -offered by British capitalists, and the last can be furnished by the -American Colonization Society. - -Mr. J. B. Jordan, a highly intelligent merchant of Liberia, is expected -in Cincinnati, soon, to tarry a few weeks. He has been in correspondence -with some of the intelligent colored men of this city, for more than a -year past, and has expressed himself in the strongest terms, as to the -superiority of that Republic, over the United States, as a home for the -colored man. When on his way, at first, to Liberia, he visited our Agent -at Oxford, Ohio, and agreed to coöperate in the erection of the proposed -Ohio Colony. - -Our Agent has several applications for information, as to the time when -emigrants can remove to the proposed “Ohio in Africa;” and some have -resolved to proceed to Liberia, to undergo the acclimating process, -preparatory to entering into their inheritance. - -In connection with this subject, we are gratified in being able to -state, that companies of slaves, qualified to enter at once upon the -cultivation of the lands in Africa, are occasionally offered, and may be -of much value, as freemen, in our proposed settlement. In 1852, Mrs. -LUDLOW, of Cincinnati, presented twenty-one slaves, then in Texas, to -our Agent, as emigrants to Liberia; and they were forwarded in March, -1853, to their future homes. At the present moment, another family of -seventeen slaves, valued at about $15,000, is offered to him, and will -be accepted as soon as the preliminary arrangements for their removal -can be made. Their master is a resident of a State in which there is no -Colonization Agent; and, being acquainted with our Agent, he has -appealed to him to accept his slaves, and provide for them in a land of -freedom. As these people have been trained to Cotton-growing, it is -important they should be sent to our Colony, to promote the cultivation -of that valuable staple. Should they succeed well in Liberia, it is -expected that other emancipations in the same region will follow, and a -large number of cotton-growers thus be secured to aid in developing the -resources of the African Republic. - -The Resolutions of the Oxford Council, appended to this address, emanate -from colored men of more than ordinary intelligence. None of them are -advocates of Colonization, but they are capable of taking a -comprehensive view of the questions involved in the enslavement of their -race. They are now convinced, that unless the free colored people assume -a position enabling them to engage largely in tropical cultivation, -slavery, by retaining the monopoly of the supply of tropical products, -must continue to possess the power of extending itself at will. The only -question, with them, is, Where can the free colored people become the -most efficient agents in the deliverance and elevation of their race? -They have resolved, therefore, to collect information from Africa, while -others are investigating South America. The slavery question, in their -opinion, is now assuming a position in which attention must be more -fully directed to its economical aspects. Moral considerations, they -perceive, are powerless in arresting its progress. The cumulative -demands of commerce, for tropical productions, are stimulating slavery -in an unprecedented degree; and unless free labor can be enlisted in -tropical cultivation, it must continue to extend until the whole of -tropical America submits to its sway. - - -As only a part of the towns and congregations in Ohio could be visited -during a single year; as the opposition to Colonization had been more -extended, and its agencies more perfectly systematized here than, -perhaps, in any other State; as it was impossible to obtain audiences, -generally, to hear lectures, except on the Sabbath, when the secular -aspects of the subject could not be discussed; and, as the people of -African descent, almost to a man, were bitterly opposed to Liberia, and -willing to believe every ill report its enemies put into circulation; -the Agent found it necessary, at an early period of his labors, to -resort to his pen, as a means of correcting public sentiment, and -disseminating truth among the colored people. The fifth and last -document of this kind is forwarded herewith, and commended to your -attention. Its object, mainly, is to demonstrate the necessity of -Colonization as an auxiliary to missions in Africa; to show what colored -men, themselves, have accomplished for the elevation of their race; and -to afford the pastors of congregations a brief outline of facts to lay -before their people. - -Before the peace of the tribes around Cape Mount can be secured, and the -interference of foreigners to procure laborers for the West Indies, as -apprentices or slaves, can be prevented, we must settle a colony there; -and before this can be accomplished, suitable houses and fortifications, -for the comfort and security of emigrants, must be erected. The -government of Liberia, were it able, can not be expected to make these -improvements; and the Colonization Society, were it willing, is equally -unsupplied with funds for such an object. Aid is not expected, at -present, from either our State Legislature or from Congress. -Consequently, we are thrown back upon the liberality of the churches, -and of individuals, in our own State, for the means of rendering the -lands, purchased by Mr. McMicken, available to those for whom they were -designed. And shall we seize the opportunity now presented, by a -favoring Providence, for barring, forever, the traffickers in human -flesh, by whatever name they may be called, from all access to Grand -Cape Mount? Or, after the site has been secured, shall we suffer it to -be transferred to others, and the citizens of our State robbed, by their -own negligence, of the honor of perfecting what has been so successfully -commenced? - -To remove any remaining prejudices against Colonization, and to secure -more prompt and general action by the different Churches, appeals have -been made to the several Ecclesiastical Courts, where opportunity -offered, to recommend the cause of Colonization to their people. Three -Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Ohio, at their last -sessions, passed resolutions approving the Colonization Society; and two -of them—the Cincinnati and the Ohio, visited by our Agent—recommended -collections to be taken up in the Churches under their care. The General -Assemblies of both divisions of the Presbyterian Church, have also -recommended the Society to the patronage of their people. The Baptists -and the Protestant Episcopal Church, both, have missions in Liberia, and -their people need no other inducements, it is conceived, than the fact -that their contributions are needed, to enlist them in aiding emigration -to that Republic. The Associate Reformed Church, and the Reformed -Presbyterian Church, have also expressed their confidence in African -Colonization, and recommended their people to sustain the enterprise. -The newer division of the Baptists—the Christian Church—have recently -enlisted in the cause of African evangelization, and sent out a -missionary. The people of that denomination, doubtless, will unite with -us in promoting the great work of emigration to Africa. - -And now, Christian Brethren, with these facts before you, and with these -expressions of confidence in Colonization, by the Churches to which you -belong, may we not urge upon you to lay this subject promptly before -your people; so that, through your instrumentality and their pecuniary -aid, we may have the means placed in our hands of delivering Grand Cape -Mount from the long reign of rapine, cruelty, and war, to which it has -been doomed; and of placing it under the protection of the Banner of the -Cross, and subjecting it to the dominion of the Prince of Peace. - -You will readily understand, Dear Brethren, that the Committee has -progressed to a point, in its efforts to establish an Ohio Colony in -Africa, where it is powerless without money. And, having accomplished so -much—having territory enough, almost, for a kingdom—must all be lost for -want of the ability to proceed? We can not but believe that the -Christian people, under your care, will heartily respond to this appeal; -and, that they will give us, at once, ample means of carrying out all -the measures necessary to secure success. - - C. P. McILVAINE, - SAMUEL W. FISHER, - SAMUEL R. WILSON, - ALEXANDER GUY, - J. P. KILBRETH, - RUFUS KING, - JAMES HOGE, - H. H. LEAVITT, - H. G. COMINGO, - _Colonization Committee of Correspondence for Ohio_. - - DAVID CHRISTY, _Secretary of the Committee_. - - - ☞ All communications, in reference to this subject, and all - remittances of money, may be made to the Agent, DAVID CHRISTY, - Oxford, Butler county, Ohio, or to Rev. WM. MCLAIN, Washington City. - - ☞ The following paragraph, from the New York Times, was handed to - the Agent just as this Address was going to press. It affords a sad - confirmation of the doctrine of this Lecture, that there can be - little security for African Missions, except in connection with - Colonization: “Schooner _Cortes_, Capt. Stanhope, arrived at this - port yesterday morning, from Gaboon, West Coast of Africa, whence - she sailed April 14. We learn from Captain S., that on the 4th of - April, the Mission Houses, Church, and other houses, belonging to - the Church, at Corisco, were set on fire by the natives and entirely - destroyed. Two female servants belonging to the United States were - burned to death.” - - ☞ The Committee publish the annexed proceedings of the Oxford - Council, as a matter of news, and as an important step for the - colored people, without designing to indorse all the sentiments they - contain. - - ☞ Rev. G. G. LYONS, of Toledo, is an authorized Agent for - northwestern Ohio; and J. C. STOCKTON, of Mt. Vernon, for the - northeastern counties. - - - _From the Hamilton Intelligencer._ - - IMPORTANT DISCUSSION. - - _Oxford_, May 22, 1854. - - TO THE COLORED FREEMEN OF BUTLER COUNTY. - -At a meeting of the Oxford Council, auxiliary to the State Council of -the Free Colored People of Ohio, held on the 5th inst., the following -preamble and resolutions were adopted for consideration; and on the 12th -inst., an additional resolution was passed, inviting the members of the -several Councils, in Butler county, to participate in the discussion. -Notice is, therefore, hereby given, to all interested, that the -discussion of the said preamble and resolutions will be commenced on -Friday, the 26th inst., at two o’clock, P. M., in Oxford, and be -continued, from time to time, until disposed of by the Council. - - ALEXANDER PROCTOR, Pres’t. - - SAMUEL D. FOX, Secretary. - -Whereas, the Colored People of the United States, from the peculiar -crisis which has arrived in their condition, are taking their rights -into their own hands: - -And, whereas, slavery, that “sum of all villainies,” is lengthening its -cords and strengthening its stakes, and still more broadly exerting its -baleful influence over the free as well as the slave portion of our -people: - -And, whereas, we believe, that to remain passive and indifferent, under -all these great evils, is at once to show ourselves unworthy of those -noble rights for which we contend: - -And, whereas, the minds of the colored people, North, South, East, and -West, are agitated, and parties and factions are being organized all -over the Union, each urging its peculiar panacea for the ills we endure: - -And, whereas, others are engaged in making investigations relative to -Canada, the West Indies, and Central America, with the view of deciding -where the safest asylum can be secured for ourselves and our posterity: - -And, whereas, the time has fully come, we are convinced, when every -subject, every system, every argument, should be thoroughly examined; -and that to shrink from an honest and impartial investigation of all -systems and subjects, African colonization not excepted, is behind the -spirit of the age, and is pusillanimous rather than magnanimous: -therefore, - -_Resolved_, 1st, That we are in favor of availing ourselves of all the -information we can obtain, as to the advantages afforded to emigrants in -the Republic of Liberia, and the inducements held out by that Colony to -free colored people. - -2. That we will endeavor to procure all the correct knowledge we can, of -Grand Cape Mount, in Africa, as the point of emigration for any of our -people who may choose Liberia as their future home. - -3. That, being informed of the existence of an Association in England, -which has been organized to promote the agricultural resources of -Africa, by advances of goods and money to intelligent and honest -emigrants and colonists; we hereby authorize our President and Secretary -to correspond with the said association, and learn the extent of -encouragement it proposes to give to emigrants from the United States. - -4. That in the adoption of any or all of these resolutions, we do not -intend to be understood as committing ourselves either as Emigrationists -or Colonizationists, but as honest inquirers after truth, and as men not -afraid to investigate every question at issue in the great controversy -in which we are involved. - ------ - -Footnote 1: - - 1806. - -Footnote 2: - - Mr. Mills enlisted in this cause himself, but on the organization of - the American Colonization Society, he embarked in it as the more - practicable scheme. - -Footnote 3: - - 1812. - -Footnote 4: - - 1817. - -Footnote 5: - - The receipts, for the first six years, averaged only $3,276 per annum. - -Footnote 6: - - Cape Palmas, in its political organization, is a distinct colony from - Liberia. It was established by Maryland, and has recently declared its - independence. We shall speak of it, however, as a part of Liberia. - Their territories lie contiguous, and the Missions of most of the - Societies are common to both colonies. - -Footnote 7: - - Missionary Advocate, April, 1853. - -Footnote 8: - - Letter to the Colonization Herald—October, 1853. - -Footnote 9: - - Gammel’s History of the American Baptist Missions. - -Footnote 10: - - Gammel’s History of the American Baptist Missions. - -Footnote 11: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 12: - - Baptist Missionary Magazine, March, 1854. - -Footnote 13: - - Mr. Bowen was in Abbeokuta, when the king of Dahomey attempted its - destruction, as detailed hereafter. - -Footnote 14: - - Report of Bishop Payne, June 6, 1853. - -Footnote 15: - - Report of Bishop Payne, June 6, 1853. - -Footnote 16: - - The funds for this purpose were supplied as follows: Charles McMicken, - Esq., of Cincinnati, $5000; Solomon Sturges, Esq., of Putnam, Ohio, - $1000; and Samuel Gurney, Esq., of London, England, $5000. - -Footnote 17: - - This system, in its moral bearings upon the Islands, is little better - than the old African Slave trade. The disparity in the sexes is fully - as great under the _apprenticeship system_, as it was during the - prevalence of the slave trade, and it must be equally as demoralizing. - Take, as an example, a few imports of apprentices from India and - China, for the supply of English planters. The cargoes of five - vessels, were composed of 1,433 males, 257 females, and 84 children. - - The practical effect of this system upon Africa, in exciting wars, and - carrying off the male population, is identical with that of the slave - trade. See President Roberts’ letter on that subject in Appendix. - -Footnote 18: - - This sum is about equal to the price usually paid by the slave traders - for slaves. - -Footnote 19: - - African Repository, August, 1853. [See Appendix.] - -Footnote 20: - - Officer of U. S. Navy, in Gurley’s Report. Vice President Benson also - bears the following testimony to an improvement in the character of - the natives. - - “It is also gratifying to know that the natives are becoming - increasingly assimilated to us in manners and habits; their - requisitions for civilized productions increase annually; they are - seldom satisfied with the same size and quality of the piece of cloth - they wore last year—some of them habitually wear a pair of pantaloons, - shirt or coat, and others all of these at once: and of the thousands - that have intercourse with our settlements, and used to glory in their - greegree, and were afraid to utter an expression against it, very many - of them are now ashamed to be seen with a vestige of it about them, - and if a particle of it should be about them, they try to secrete it, - and if detected, it is with mortification depicted in their - countenances; they disclaim it, or make some excuse. There is also - manifestly, a spirit of commendable competition among them throughout - the country; they try to rival each other in many of the civilized - customs, a pride and ambition that I feel sure will never abate - materially, till they are raised to the perfect level of civilized - life, and flow in one common channel with us, civilly and religiously. - It is certainly progressing, and though some untoward circumstances - may retard its consummation, yet nothing shall ultimately prevent it.” - -Footnote 21: - - The details of mortality connected with the Baptist mission, have been - given full, as an example of the effects of the climate on white - missionaries. - -Footnote 22: - - Letter to the Colonization Herald, October, 1853. - -Footnote 23: - - “Immemorial usage preserves a positive law, after the occasion or - accident which gave rise to it, has been forgotten; and tracing - the subject to natural principles, the claim of slavery never can - be supported. The power claimed never was in use here, or - acknowledged by the law. Upon the whole, we can not say the cause - returned is sufficient by the law; and therefore the man must be - discharged.”—_Close of Lord Mansfield’s decision in the Somerset - case._ - -Footnote 24: - - Clarkson’s History of the slave trade. - -Footnote 25: - - Wadstrom, page 220. - -Footnote 26: - - Memoirs of Granville Sharp. - -Footnote 27: - - Wadstrom, page 221. - -Footnote 28: - - Wadstrom. - -Footnote 29: - - They had first gone to Nova Scotia, from whence they sailed to Sierra - Leone. - -Footnote 30: - - See my Lectures on African Colonization, and on the Relations of Free - Labor to Slave Labor, for the main facts in relation to the increase - of the Slave-trade. - -Footnote 31: - - It does not appear that the Nova Scotia fugitives sent their children - to these Schools. - -Footnote 32: - - Although these Nova Scotia free blacks,—or rather these American - fugitive slaves,—had gone to work so freely at first, in building - churches and establishing schools, nothing farther is heard of them, - in the history of missions, until the Wesleyans, 18 years afterwards, - undertook their spiritual oversight. Their failure in securing the - civil privileges for which they took up arms, seems to have placed - them in a position of antagonism to the English Church. - -Footnote 33: - - “Abbeokuta, or Sunrise in the Tropics.” - -Footnote 34: - - “Where are your charms?” said a Mohammedan chief, under whom part of - the Christian converts fought against the Dahomians. “You will all be - killed.” “We have no charms,” was the simple reply, “but our faith in - the Son of God, who died for sinners.” A watchful eye was kept upon - them in the field of battle, for it was said that Christianity was - making women of them; but they acquitted themselves like men: so much - so, as to gain the praise even of those who persecuted them; and the - result showed that it was possible to be brave, and yet Christian, and - to escape the risks of battle without amulets.—_Church Missionary - Intelligencer, Oct. 1853._ - - When, in the midst of the battle, another chief, addressing one of the - converts, exclaimed: “Ah, Kashi, if all fought like you, they might - follow what religion they like.”—“_Sunrise in the Tropics._” - -Footnote 35: - - Church Missionary Intelligencer, June, 1853. - -Footnote 36: - - Abbeokuta, or Sunrise in the Tropics. - -Footnote 37: - - Church Missionary Intelligencer, December, 1853. - -Footnote 38: - - Capt. Paul Cuffee, a wealthy colored man of Boston, in 1815, took out - 38 emigrants to Sierra Leone. - -Footnote 39: - - The whole population on the present enlarged territory of Liberia, is - estimated at 300,000; but the partly civilized population, called - citizens, is only 80,000. - -Footnote 40: - - The native population, along the coast, are found to be more degraded - than those of the interior. - -Footnote 41: - - BISHOP AMES, at the anniversary meeting of our Missionary Society, - held in Cincinnati, 1853, paid the following just compliment to the - Republic of Liberia:— - - “Nations reared under religious and political restraint are not - capable of self-government, while those who enjoy only partially these - advantages have set an example of such capability. We have in - illustration of this a well-authenticated historical fact: we refer to - the colored people of this country, who, though they have grown up - under the most unfavorable circumstances, were enabled to succeed in - establishing a sound republican government in Africa. They have given - the most clear and indubitable evidence of their capability of - self-government, and in this respect have shown a higher grade of - manhood than the polished Frenchman himself.”—_Methodist Mis. Adv._ - -Footnote 42: - - Missionary Herald, January, 1854. - -Footnote 43: - - Missionary Herald, August, 1853. - -Footnote 44: - - See Moffat’s South African Missions. - -Footnote 45: - - Missionary Herald, for December, 1853, and January, 1854. - -Footnote 46: - - Missionary Herald, February, 1853. - -Footnote 47: - - Recent developments at Sierra Leone, have proved, beyond all question, - that certain persons, in that English Colony, have long been secretly - engaged in the slave-trade. There is reason to believe, however, that - these wars have been excited by the English scheme of restocking their - West India plantations by purchasing _emigrants_, at $10 per head, - from the African chiefs. See the letter of President Roberts, on this - subject, in Appendix. - -Footnote 48: - - American Missionary, March, 1853. - -Footnote 49: - - Barbarism is the ignorance of infancy prolonged into adult age. This - definition will convey a true idea of its relations to moral and - religious truth. - -Footnote 50: - - The German term for farmers. - -Footnote 51: - - Missionary Magazine and Chronicle, October, 1853. - -Footnote 52: - - Report of Annual Meeting, May, 1853. - -Footnote 53: - - Baird’s Retrospect, pages 400–2. - -Footnote 54: - - The comparative condition of the missions in West Africa, South - Africa, and the West Indies, according to Baird’s Retrospect for 1850, - was as follows: - - W. Africa. S. Africa. W. Indies. - Missionaries, 93 214 283 - Assistant Missionaries, 170 155 36 - Native Assistants, 75 8 349 - Communicants, 9,625 12,116 75,503 - Schools, 152 60 160 - Pupils, 13,631 20,102 11,042 - -Footnote 55: - - In England. - -Footnote 56: - - United States. - ------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - - TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES - - - 1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. - 2. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as - printed. - 3. Footnotes have been re-indexed using numbers and collected together - at the end of the last chapter. - 4. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of African Colonization by the Free -Colored People of the United Sta, by David Christy - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AFRICAN COLONIZATION *** - -***** This file should be named 60282-0.txt or 60282-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/2/8/60282/ - -Produced by Richard Tonsing, hekula03, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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