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diff --git a/old/60132-8.txt b/old/60132-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 12cf956..0000000 --- a/old/60132-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2801 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Animals of Yellowstone National Park, by -Harold J. Brodrick - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Wild Animals of Yellowstone National Park - Yellowstone Interpretive Series Number 1 - -Author: Harold J. Brodrick - -Release Date: August 18, 2019 [EBook #60132] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILD ANIMALS OF YELLOWSTONE PARK *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - _WILD ANIMALS - OF - YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK_ - - -A presentation of general information on many of the mammals most -commonly seen in Yellowstone, illustrated with drawings of many of the -species described. - - _by_ - Harold J. Brodrick - - Yellowstone Interpretive Series - Number 1 - - [Illustration: YELLOWSTONE LIBRARY AND MUSEUM ASSOC.] - - Yellowstone National Park - Yellowstone Park, Wyoming - 1954 - - Reprinted March 1959 - - -This booklet is published by the Yellowstone Library and Museum -Association, a non-profit organization whose purpose is the stimulation -of interest in the educational and inspirational aspects of -Yellowstone's history and natural history. The Association cooperates -with and is recognized by the National Park Service of the United States -Department of the Interior, as an essential operating organization. It -is primarily sponsored and operated by the Naturalist Division in -Yellowstone National Park. - -As one means of accomplishing its aims the Association has published a -series of reasonably priced booklets which are available for purchase by -mail throughout the year or at the museum information desks in the park -during the summer. - - YELLOWSTONE INTERPRETIVE SERIES - Number Title and Author - - 1 _Wild Animals of Yellowstone National Park_ by Harold J. Brodrick - 2 _Birds of Yellowstone National Park_ by Harold J. Brodrick - 3 _Yellowstone Fishes_ by James R. Simon - 4 _The Story of Old Faithful Geyser_ by George D. Marler - 5 _Reptiles and Amphibians of Yellowstone National Park_ by - Frederick B. Turner - 6 _Yellowstone's Bannock Indian Trails_ by Wayne F. Replogle - 7 _The Story of Man in Yellowstone_ by Dr. M. D. Beal - 8 _The Plants of Yellowstone National Park_ by W. B. McDougall and - Herma A. Baggley - -Orders or letters of inquiry concerning publications should be addressed -to the Yellowstone Library and Museum Association, Yellowstone Park, -Wyoming. - - Copyright 1952 by the - Yellowstone Library and Museum Association - Revised 1954 - - - - - PREFACE - - -PURPOSE - -Visitors to Yellowstone have for many years found the larger mammals of -the region of unusual interest. The demand for some printed information -in general terms and at a reasonable cost have prompted the preparation -of this handbook. - -The aim of this publication is to provide those interested with a few -facts about the more commonly seen mammals of Yellowstone. People want -to be better informed on the variety of animals found here; this -handbook should be helpful. It is hoped that the statements concerning -locations where certain species are most apt to be seen will assist many -people to enjoy the pleasures of watching these animals and observing -their interesting behavior. The illustrations and descriptions of the -various species are intended to aid in the identification of animals -seen for those not familiar with wildlife. If the book fulfills these -needs it will have served its purpose. - - -ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - -The assistance of Dr. C. Max Bauer, Chief, Geology Branch (retired), -National Park Service and of Chief Park Naturalist David de L. Condon in -making criticisms and suggestions on the material presented here is -acknowledged. The cooperation of the Yellowstone Library and Museum -Association in publishing the book is appreciated and I wish to thank -Yellowstone National Park for the use of copies of original paintings by -E. J. Sawyer for some of the illustrations. I also wish to acknowledge -the aid rendered by all others who participated in the editing and -completion of the manuscript for publication. - - -NOTES - -The scientific names used were taken from A FIELD GUIDE TO THE MAMMALS -by Burt and Grossenheider, and where subspecific names are used, they -were checked in the Journal of Mammalogy for current usage. The -authorities for each name are omitted here as not having any particular -interest to the non-professional. Those study specimens available in the -Yellowstone Museums were used as reference material. The title "Wild -Animals of Yellowstone National Park" is used, even though this book -treats only the mammals and omits dealing with other animal life forms. -The average person thinks of mammals as the animals and usually thinks -of other life forms by more specific names. - - Harold J. Brodrick - April 1952 and - May 1954 - - - EDITOR'S NOTE - -This second edition of WILD ANIMALS OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK has -been revised by the Naturalist Staff at Yellowstone. The revisions -consist mainly of a revision to the scientific names of the animals to -bring them into conformance with more recent scientific nomenclature, -and also to bring some of the text material into conformance with -preferred American usage. These additions, corrections and deletions -have been made in accordance with either the United States Government -Printing Office Style Manual or Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary -(1950). All of the generic and specific names have been changed to agree -with those in A Field Guide to the Mammals by Burt and Grossenheider. -Where subspecies are concerned, the Journal of Mammalogy has been used -as the authority. - - May 1954 - - - "I'LL TELL THE WORLD!" - THE ANIMALS ALONE - ARE WORTH YOUR TRIP TO - YELLOWSTONE - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - Page - PREFACE - Purpose iii - Acknowledgments iii - Notes iii - Editor's Note iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS - INTRODUCTION 1 - ANIMALS - Pronghorn (Antelope) 3 - Bison (Buffalo) 5 - Wapiti (Elk) 7 - Moose 9 - Deer 11 - Bighorn 12 - Black Bear 14 - Grizzly Bear 17 - Cougar 20 - Coyote 22 - Wolf 24 - Marmot 26 - Mantled Ground Squirrel 28 - Uinta Ground Squirrel 30 - Chipmunk 34 - Pine Squirrel 35 - Beaver 37 - Otter 40 - Mink 42 - Marten 42 - Porcupine 44 - Badger 46 - White-footed Mouse 49 - Meadow Mouse 50 - Wood Rat 53 - Muskrat 54 - Pika 56 - Cottontail 57 - Snowshoe Rabbit 59 - Jackrabbit 61 - Additional Animal List - Flying Squirrel 63 - Weasel 63 - Skunk 63 - Red Fox 64 - Bobcat 64 - Lynx 64 - Wolverine 64 - Pocket Gopher 65 - Jumping Mouse 65 - Red-backed Mouse 65 - Shrews 65 - Bats 66 - BIBLIOGRAPHY 66 - - - - - INTRODUCTION - - -Yellowstone National Park was established on March 1, 1872 by an act -passed by the Congress of the United States of America. It is a -mountainous area mostly in the northwestern corner of Wyoming, with -small sections extending into Montana and Idaho. The area set aside as a -National Park is 3,471.51 square miles. It provides within its -boundaries environmental conditions which make it possible for many of -the mammals representative of the Rocky Mountains to carry out their -complete life cycle without fear of persecution by man. - -The men that first conceived the idea of preserving the Yellowstone area -as a great National Park were primarily concerned with the preservation -of the natural wonders such as the geysers and hot spring phenomena, the -canyon and waterfalls, and the lakes. In those days little thought was -given to the need for preserving our wild animals. However, it soon -became apparent that the wild animals, once thought to be unlimited in -numbers, would have to have protection if they were going to be -preserved for future generations. Yellowstone soon became known nearly -as much for its wildlife as for its natural wonders. - -The wild animals of Yellowstone National Park are widely distributed -over the park area, some of them being restricted to limited areas due -to the difference in elevation and the availability of the certain types -of habitat which they require, while others range over a wider part of -the park, especially during certain seasons of the year. - -The higher mountain meadows are ideal summer ranges for the larger -mammals. These animals would normally work down into the lower country -outside of Yellowstone to the north for the winter. Since that area is -now mostly under fence they have been forced to do the best they can up -in the winter snows of the lower sections of the park. Bears and several -of the smaller animals go into hibernation as soon as or even before the -first snow squalls of winter appear so the long winter in the high -country holds no terrors for them. - -It is the policy of the National Park Service to present these animals -to the visiting public in as near their natural environment as possible, -each species being left to carry on its normal existence unassisted -wherever possible. Unfortunately the lack of sufficient winter range -within the park for unlimited numbers of animals has made it necessary -that the numbers of bison, elk and antelope be controlled and management -practices be put into effect in order to hold the number down to the -carrying capacity of the range. So far these three species of animals -have presented the only problem as far as overpopulation is concerned. - -Predatory animals, especially the coyote, wolf and mountain lion were at -one time controlled by hunting. The present policy is to let the -predators carry on their own normal life as it is believed to be best -for them and all other animals concerned and only in unusual -circumstances will any control measures be carried out. - - - - - ANIMALS - - - PRONGHORN - Antilocapra americana - -The Pronghorn or American Antelope was almost as well known as the -buffalo to the early settlers of the West. In fact it has been -estimated, by some, to have been present in nearly as large numbers as -the buffalo but never to have concentrated in such large herds. - -It once ranged the territory from eastern Kansas, western Iowa and -Minnesota westward to the valleys of California and northern Mexico -northward to southern Saskatchewan and Alberta. It is a typical animal -of the plains and open rolling country--few animals are more fleet or -wary than the pronghorn. Unfortunately their curiosity in regard to any -object that they do not recognize or understand helped make them a -fairly easy mark for the hunters. Many are the tales of the pronghorns -being coaxed into gun range by their curiosity in a handkerchief or -strip of bright cloth waving in the breeze. - -The pronghorn is the only antelope in the world with branched or pronged -horns and has the unique characteristic among all hollow-horned -ruminants of shedding the outer covering of the horns annually. In the -Yellowstone area this horny sheath sheds from the permanent bony core -usually during November or December. The core is covered with a blackish -skin, at first, then finally by the horny material that forms gradually -downward from the tip. - -Another characteristic of these animals is a conspicuous rump patch -composed of white hairs, longer than any found elsewhere on the body. -Through development of certain muscles it is possible for the animal to -erect these white hairs until they stand out stiffly forming a dazzling -white rosette. This is done in times of excitement and is usually -considered a danger signal. - -The tiny antelope kids are born in late May or June, usually twins but -sometimes one or three. During the first several days after birth they -remain carefully hidden in the grass but soon gain their strength and -are able to keep up with their mother. It is interesting to note that -antelope does occasionally seem to act as baby tenders for other does. -Observers have reported upon a number of occasions seeing from four to -six or seven kids following one doe without any other doe being visible -in the immediate vicinity; or sometimes two does may be together with -eight or ten young. The same practice has been observed with the -bighorns. - - [Illustration: Pronghorn] - -Enemies are principally coyotes, bobcats, and eagles in the case of the -young. - -General description: A little smaller than the average deer, with simple -horns slightly curved and with one lateral prong. Horns present in both -sexes though smaller or sometimes lacking in the female. Color -reddish-brown or tan with darker brown to blackish mane, white rump and -whitish or creamy underparts. Males about 54 inches in length, height at -shoulder 34 to 36 inches and weight 100 to 125 pounds. Females smaller. - -Terms: Male--buck; female--doe; young--kids. - -Where found: Near Gardiner, between Gardiner and Mammoth, Swan Lake -Flats, Mammoth to Tower Fall, along Yellowstone River below the Canyon -and in the Lamar River valley and Slough Creek area. The park antelope -population fluctuates over the years from a minimum of about 200 animals -to a maximum of 800. - - - BISON (BUFFALO) - Bison bison - -The Yellowstone Park Bison or Buffalo is one of the remnant groups of -the former millions that once roamed over the country between the -Atlantic Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. - -Gradually pushed backward or killed by the advancing line of the -settlements they were finally confined to the plains areas west of the -Mississippi, where, in the period shortly before and after the Civil -War, great numbers were slaughtered yearly until the seemingly countless -herds were thoughtlessly reduced to a straggling few. In fact, they were -almost exterminated before a relatively small group of persons became -conscious of the condition and through continued efforts were able to -bring about the preservation of a few small herds, herds that through -careful protection and management have now increased to possibly 25,000 -head, mainly in Canada. With the exception of the beaver, the bison -played a more important role in the life of the Indian and the settler -than any other animal in the country. - -The bison, while doing well under management practices, has fortunately -resisted domestication. They are of very uncertain disposition and it is -dangerous to approach them closely on foot. - -Protected by a coat of thick hair, quite shaggy on the foreparts, the -bison is able to withstand the severest weather of winter. He doesn't -seem to mind as long as it is possible to paw or root down through the -snow to reach the grass beneath. - - [Illustration: Bison] - -The single bison calf is usually born between April and June, and at -first is red brown in color, short necked but without the noticeable -hump of its mother. They are hardy and playful and soon able to follow -the herd. Mother very carefully watches her calf and protects it at all -times. - -General description: A large, ox-like animal with large head and short -curved horns, a high hump at the shoulder and very heavy forequarters. -Dark brown in color, hair very shaggy on the foreparts. Bulls total -length about 11 feet, height at shoulder 70 inches and weight 1800 -pounds or more. Cows about 7 feet in length, 60 inches height and 800 to -1200 pounds in weight. Both sexes have horns but those of the cows are -smaller. - -Terms: Male--bull; female--cow; young--calf. - -Where found: East of Tower Junction along the Lamar River and northward. -A herd on Pelican Creek, one ranging in Hayden Valley, and another in -the Lower Geyser Basin. During the summer months small numbers may -occasionally be seen along the Gibbon River, Madison River, in the Lower -Geyser Basin, in Hayden Valley and along the east shore of the lake -between Fishing Bridge and Lake Butte. The larger herds go into the -higher country during the summer and are seldom seen. - -An attempt is made through management operations to maintain a park -population of from 1000 to 1200 of these animals. - - - WAPITI (ELK) - Cervus canadensis - -The American Elk or Wapiti is, with the exception of the moose, the -largest member of the deer family in North America. Once widely -distributed over much of North America it has now been eliminated from -most of its former range until now the Yellowstone region has the -largest number of wapiti to be found in the world. There are smaller -numbers in scattered places in the Rocky Mountains from northern New -Mexico to Montana, Idaho, Washington and Manitoba, with small introduced -herds in other places. - -The elk is the most polygamous of the deer family. In the fall each bull -tries to collect the largest harem he can and many spectacular fights -result from the clash of rivals that may try to rob each other of a part -of the herd. It isn't long, however, until the bulls forget their -rivalry and, leaving the cows, they get together by themselves until the -next fall. - - [Illustration: Elk] - -In the past elk were in the habit of feeding up into the mountains -during the summer and migrating to lower country for the winter. The -westward-moving settlers gradually took over the winter range for -agriculture and forced the elk to remain in the mountains throughout the -year. Winter hardships have been severe and many of them have died of -starvation. This lack of winter range has always been a serious problem -in caring for both the northern and southern Yellowstone herds. They -depend more upon grass as food than the other members of the deer -family. - -The cow elk has one, rarely two young at a time, which are born in May -and June. At first they are weak and so are kept hidden for several days -until able to keep up with their mother. The young are spotted for the -first few months, but lose their markings by late summer. - -General description: A very large deer with a shaggy mane and short -tail. The males with widely branching antlers which are shed annually; -females do not have antlers. In color the sexes are slightly different. -The males have head and neck a dark chestnut brown, sides and back a -yellowish to brownish gray. Females less strongly marked but both with a -large straw-colored rump patch. Males much larger than females. Total -length. Males 115 inches, height at shoulder 60 inches, weight 700 to -1000 pounds. Females 88 inches in length, 56 inches in height, and 500 -to 600 pounds in weight. - -Terms: Male--bull; female--cow; young--calf. - -Where found: The elk migrate to the higher meadows during the summer but -some are usually to be seen in the meadows along the Madison River, the -small meadows between Mammoth and Old Faithful, between Norris and -Canyon, and from the Lake to the East Entrance. The over all summer park -population usually equals or exceeds 15,000 animals. - - - MOOSE - Alces americana shirasi - -The Moose is the largest of our North American deer. The Shiras Moose -which is found in Yellowstone and surrounding areas is slightly smaller -than the typical American moose, which is found in the northern states -east of the Rockies and north to the Arctic. In Europe the moose found -there is commonly called elk. This has of course resulted in some -confusion between it and our animal known as the elk. - -The large, ungainly and grotesque appearing moose is very unlike the -graceful deer. The ugly face with its long nose, high and heavy -shoulders and much smaller hindquarters, and the long legs all tend to -make its appearance seem a caricature. But in spite of his size, -appearance, and his mighty spread of antlers, the bull moose can, if he -chooses, drift through the woodland as quiet as a mouse; then again he -may give the sound effect of a herd of elephants on a stampede. - -Marshy meadows and the margins of lakes or streams are the favorite -summer haunts of the moose. His usual summer diet consists of the -various aquatic plants and his long legs are of great assistance in -wading for the plants as well as helping him get through the deep snows -of winter. The moose is better fitted to withstand the rigors of winter -than the deer and elk and is accustomed to remaining in higher country -during the winter. During such times his food is made up of the foliage, -twigs and bark of trees and shrubs. Moose are powerful swimmers and dive -for aquatic plants if the water is too deep for wading. - -The moose calf is born late in May or June, usually one the first year -and frequently twins thereafter, but rarely triplets. They remain with -their mother during the first year. She is very protective and does not -hesitate to attack any animal or human that she thinks may harm the -calves. In fact, any moose has a very uncertain temper and it is not -wise to approach one too closely. - - [Illustration: Moose] - -General description: A large, dark-colored animal with heavy humped -shoulders, a large head with broad, pendulous muzzle, large ears; throat -with a hanging growth of skin and hair called the "bell." Males with -broad, heavy, palmate antlers which are shed annually; average spread 52 -to 58 inches; females do not have antlers. Total length of animal about -9 feet, height at shoulder 66 to 78 inches and weight 900 to 1400 -pounds. Females about three quarters the size of males. Color -blackish-brown with pale brown along the back and pale ears; legs washed -with tawny gray. - -Terms: Male--bull; female--cow; young--calf. - -Where found: Most likely to be seen in Swan Lake Flat and Willow Park -between Mammoth and Norris; in the Dunraven Pass area; along Lewis River -above Lewis Canyon and between Fishing Bridge and the East Entrance. -Active all day but they are best seen early in the morning or in late -afternoon and evening. Moose are also numerous in the Falls River Basin, -Pelican Creek, Slough Creek areas and along the Yellowstone River above -the Lake. These animals are thought to number between 500 and 700 for -the entire park area and seem to maintain a rather constant level. - - - MULE DEER - Odocoileus hemionus - -The Rocky Mountain Mule Deer, or Blacktail Deer, is a popular animal in -the park. The Whitetail deer also was sometimes found in the lower -elevations in earlier times but has not been seen in the park for some -years. The mule deer gets its name from the family characteristic of the -very large mule-like ears. - - [Illustration: Rocky Mountain Mule Deer] - -Mule deer are generally distributed over most of the park during the -summer but do not tend to go above timberline as much as do the elk. In -the winter they drift down to the lower, more protected ranges, but, not -in migratory herds as the elk do. - -Their food consists of grass, twigs, foliage of trees and shrubs, plants -and fruits. They especially like leaves and buds and sometimes prove -destructive to the shrubbery about the developed areas where the -landscaping must be protected. - -The fawns, one, frequently two and occasionally three in number, are -born in late May to July. They are beautiful little spotted creatures -that are kept hidden for a time until able to follow their mother. Quite -frequently people, upon finding a fawn hidden in the bushes, take it -away thinking that something has happened to its mother. This should not -be done for it almost invariably does much more harm than good. Once in -a while something does happen to the mother but in most cases she is not -far away and will return to the fawn when the proper time comes. - -General description: A rather large deer with large ears; antler tines -pronged; tip of tail black. Female without antlers. Males shed their -antlers sometime between December and April annually. Summer color tawny -to yellowish brown with large patch of white on rump, throat white. In -the winter they are dark gray instead of brownish. Males, total length -68 inches, height at shoulder 42 inches and weight 150 to 200 pounds for -the average buck. Females smaller. - -Terms: Male--buck; female--doe; young--fawn. - -Where found: In the summertime they are well scattered over the park and -may possibly be seen along the trails at the edges of open meadows along -the roadside, or near developed areas, day or night. The population -varies from year to year and of recent years from a maximum of 1200 to a -minimum of about 600. - - - BIGHORN - Ovis canadensis - -An interesting inhabitant of the roughest, rockiest mountain country as -well as the high arctic alpine meadows is the Bighorn or Rocky Mountain -Sheep. The sure-footedness with which they will dash, in full flight, up -or down seemingly impossible slopes is truly amazing. Negotiating with -ease places that the most skillful mountaineer, with all his climbing -equipment, can scale only by slow and laborious means. Even the -picturesque ram with his great recurved horns can leap from point to -point with grace and agility. - -It might well be mentioned here that the fable of the ram habitually -jumping and landing on his horns is not true. They are used, however, as -fighting equipment and the shock they can withstand is terrific as the -rams square off about thirty yards apart, then dash at each other until -they collide head-on with all the speed and power they can muster. This -continues until one or the other finally retires groggily from the -scene. The ewe also has horns but they are short and only slightly -curved. - - [Illustration: Bighorn] - -Bighorns eat practically any of the plant life that grows within their -domain, which is preferably near and above timber line in the -summertime. There they remain during the summer. In the winter they -select either open, windswept slopes that will be kept free from snow or -else drift down to the lower, more protected places in the valleys. - -The bighorn ewe has one or two lambs which are born in the spring. Their -lambs soon learn to play like our domestic sheep, and before they are -very old are given their mountain-climbing lessons by watchful mothers. -When still quite small they can follow the band with almost as much -skill as the older ones. - -Their ancient enemies are the wolves, coyotes, mountain lions, bobcats -and, in the case of the young, the eagles. In Yellowstone, wolves, lions -and bobcats are now rare in occurrence. These create a hazardous life -for the mountain sheep. Then with the addition of man and his impact -upon them they have had trouble even holding their own and in recent -years are threatening to become another of our vanishing species, -especially because of the keen competition with elk for forage. - -General description: A large, blocky wild sheep, covered with a thick -coat of hair, not wool, brownish to grayish brown in color with a -creamy-white rump. Males with massive horns which curl back, out, -downward then forward and up. Females with more slender, short and -slightly curved horns. Total length five to six feet, 38 to 42 inches in -height at shoulder and 200 to 300 pounds in weight. Females smaller. - -Terms: Male--ram; female--ewe; young--lamb. - -Where found: Summer in higher mountain ridges especially around Mt. -Washburn, Quadrant Mountain and on Sepulchre Mountain. In winter they -usually migrate down lower especially to the Mt. Everts section between -Mammoth and Gardiner. They are often seen in the vicinity of the -junction of the Lamar and Yellowstone Rivers and occasionally near Oxbow -Creek. Of recent years the Yellowstone population seems to be declining. -The population has changed from an estimated maximum of about 400 to an -estimated minimum of 170. - - - BLACK BEAR - Ursus americanus - -The question most frequently asked by the park visitor is, "Where can I -see a bear?" For this natural born clown of the woods is probably our -best known park animal. The black bear is smart and quickly adapts -himself to a life of comparative ease. Why rustle for a living when a -few antics and a little begging about the camps or along the roadside -will produce a nice array of scraps or sweets, thinks he. - -That is when the trouble starts for both bear and visitor. For Mr. Bear, -regardless of how friendly he may seem, is a dangerous, wild animal, -capable of inflicting severe injury by one blow of his powerful paw or a -bite from his well-armed jaws. A visitor who feeds or even approaches a -bear too closely not only is risking injury to himself but is -contributing to a condition that may cause the injury of an innocent -visitor in the future. He also is violating regulations which have been -established in an attempt to provide protection for the visitor and the -animals. - -Once fed, the bear continues to expect food. He prowls around the camps -and a smell of food is an invitation to break into cabin, tent or car, -which he can and does do with comparative ease. The offenses he commits -pile up--injuries to persons, damage to property--until the offender -must be either taken for a long ride or shot. One less bear for a -visitor to see, yet the visitor has done much to cause this by his -failure to observe the rules against feeding these animals. Every year a -long list of personal injuries, varying from slight to serious occur. -Property damage incidents accumulate in ever-increasing numbers. For -your safety, for the safety of other visitors and the sake of the bear -do not feed, molest, tease or treat him as a pet. Help to keep them as a -natural part of our wildlife. - -The cinnamon and brown bears of this country are simply color phases of -the black bear, the blonds and brunettes of the family. The various -graduations of color are frequently intermixed in the same family; hence -it is a common occurrence to see a black bear female with brown cubs, a -brown and a black cub, or even all three colors. - -The bears hibernate during the winter months, usually from late October -or November to March or April depending upon the weather conditions. In -the fall they put on a thick layer of fat which furnishes the needed -nourishment during the winter. During this hibernation they are not in a -deep sleep as has sometimes been thought; they remain conscious and -although sleepy are frequently restless and move around occasionally. -Hibernation dens are usually in caves, or under windfalls, buildings or -other protected places. - - [Illustration: American Black Bear] - -It is during hibernation that the young are born, usually in January. At -first the cubs are very small, only about eight inches long, weighing -from eight to twelve ounces and are naked, blind and helpless. The black -bear usually has two cubs though occasionally one, three or four. The -cubs grow rapidly and are able to follow their mother around when she -comes out of hibernation. If mother is a highway or camp beggar the cubs -soon learn it too and then the trouble starts. The female bear is a good -mother and it is extremely dangerous to come between her and the cubs. -She makes the cubs mind, spanking them vigorously if they fail to do so. -The cubs hibernate with their mother their first winter and are then -usually weaned by the next summer. The female black bear has a new -litter of cubs only every two or three years. - -These animals are omnivorous, eating anything that comes their way, -grass, fruit, berries, roots, mammals, birds, carrion, grubs and ants, -fish, frogs etc. - -General description: A medium-sized bear, with considerable variation in -color, from glossy black to cinnamon brown or yellowish, often with a -brown muzzle. Claws of forefeet curved and slightly longer than those of -hind feet. Its generally smaller size, straight facial profile and lack -of shoulder hump distinguishes the black from the grizzly bear. Adult -blacks can climb trees readily. Sexes are alike in appearance, with -total length of about 60 inches, tail 5 inches, height at shoulder from -25 to 35 or more inches and weight from 200 to 400 pounds, occasionally -over. - -Terms: Male--boar; female--sow; young--cubs. - -Where found: Throughout the park, though most frequently seen in the -vicinity of camps and cabin areas. It is possible to see them any time -night or day but it is dangerous to approach them too closely at any -time; a mother with cubs is doubly dangerous. Extreme care should be -used in parking to watch bears so that you do not create a highway -traffic hazard which endangers the lives of others. Do not permit the -bear to approach closely. Never place yourself or others in a position -of danger with respect to these animals. - -PARK REGULATIONS PROHIBIT THE FEEDING OR MOLESTING OF THE BEARS. ABIDE -BY THEM. - - - GRIZZLY BEAR - Ursus horribilis ssp. - -There are probably more Grizzlies in Yellowstone Park now than in any -other area of the United States. Elsewhere they have been reduced by -extensive hunting. Members of this genus are the largest and most -formidable of the carnivorous animals of North America. The variety -found in the park is probably surpassed in size only by the Giant Brown -Bear of Alaska and the White Bear of the Arctic seas. - - [Illustration: Grizzly Bear] - -Fortunately the Yellowstone grizzly is inclined to mind his own business -and is not addicted to the panhandling or clowning traits of the black -bear. He does sometimes come into the camps and cabin areas in search of -food but generally is seen only rarely by visitors. In the woods, if -given a reasonable chance, he will move away from your vicinity. -However, a grizzly surprised at close range will frequently charge the -person, surprising him. In this event a tree is the safest place to -attain as the adult grizzly is unable to climb trees. - -The grizzly is a large animal but in spite of this is able to travel -with tremendous speed and can outrun a horse for a short distance. He is -powerful enough to kill elk and other large animals and he does -doubtless occasionally attack large mammals if the opportunity seems -favorable. He often takes sick or feeble animals or young ones. However, -the grizzly is usually content to make a diet of grass, roots, berries, -fruits, mushrooms, ants, mice, rats, gophers and other small animals and -any carrion he happens to find. In areas outside of the park occasional -individuals have been known to kill cattle, sheep and hogs. - -The grizzly hibernates like the black bear, although frequently at -higher elevations, where the period is longer due to weather conditions. - -Grizzly cubs are born in January and are blind, naked and helpless, and -weigh possibly as much as a pound at birth. One or two, and occasionally -three or four, are born in each litter. Litters usually occur every -second or third year. A grizzly cub can climb trees readily until he is -about a year old, after that his claws become too long and blunt and he -loses his inclination for climbing. - -General description: A large heavily built bear with a dished face that -gives a concave profile, a broad head and a hump at the shoulders. Tail -short, claws long and slightly curved with whitish or yellowish streaks. -Color subject to seasonal and individual variation, yellowish brown to -blackish with a sprinkling of whitish or silvery-tipped hairs. In winter -the coat appears grayer with the silver hairs more pronounced, hence the -name Silvertip. Underparts are colored the same except for lacking the -grizzling. Sexes colored alike but the females are somewhat smaller in -size than males. Males are six to eight feet in length, tail two inches, -with height at shoulder from three to nearly four feet. The weight -varies from 350 to 900 pounds with some individuals running to nearly -1200 pounds. - -Terms: Male--boar; female--sow; young--cubs. - -Where found: Throughout the park but most common near the Canyon, -Fishing Bridge and Old Faithful. Usually stirring around most frequently -in the evening or during the night. - - - COUGAR - Felis concolor - -Mountain Lion, Panther, Puma or Painter are other names applied to this, -the largest of our North American unspotted cats. - -In spite of blood-tingling tales to the contrary, under normal -conditions the cougar is a harmless animal as far as man is concerned. -For unless wounded or cornered it is extremely shy and is one of the -most difficult of wild animals to see under normal circumstances. -Physically it is quite capable of killing an unarmed person but -generally its inclinations are to very carefully avoid humans instead. -However, if wounded, in defending its young, or treed in the chase this -cat should be respected. - -The cougar is frequently a wide-ranging hunter and its hunting territory -may be the area in a radius of thirty to fifty miles from the home den. -For that reason it is widely distributed and does not become very -numerous in any comparatively small area. - -The range of the cougar is comparable with that of the various species -of deer since they and the other larger mammals of that type are the -cougars' preferred food. They have been found to be quite destructive to -domestic stock also and have been extensively hunted for that reason. -Normally the cougar does not kill more than it needs at a time and is -known to cache the uneaten portion of a carcass for future use. However, -occasional animals have acquired reputations as killers. - -A cougar's den is usually in a cave but may be in the shelter of -windfalls if a suitable cave is lacking. Here the young, from one to -three or four in number, averaging two, are born. They are generally -born in late winter or early spring, but may be born in any month of the -year. Like our domestic cat, the cougar is a playful animal; adults as -well as young have been found to be rather easily tamed. The young are -spotted for approximately six months after birth. - - [Illustration: Cougar] - -General description: A very large cat with a proportionally small head -and a long cylindrical tail. Body long, lithe and powerful. Fur soft and -rather short, of a tawny or dull yellowish-brown color. The males are -somewhat larger than females. Length 7 or 8 feet and weight about 150 -pounds. - -Terms: Male--tom or lion; female--lioness; young--cubs or kittens. - -Where found: Rare in the park and has seldom been seen. Ranges the -timbered mountain areas and may be about during the daytime but most -usually in the evening or night. Its scream is supposed to be -blood-curdling but that of the bobcat has probably been mistaken for the -cougar on frequent occasions. Cougars have been reported so rarely and -their sign seen so little that they are considered one of the rarest of -animals in the park. - - - COYOTE - Canis latrans - -The "little wolf" was a common sight on the western prairies in earlier -times, his nightly serenade ringing out from the summits of the buttes -through which the lonely trails wound. In spite of the persecution by -man the coyote is just as common, even now, in many parts of his range, -and even in the more settled farming areas his intelligence and wily -ways have enabled him to continue a precarious existence. - -Coyotes are not only accused of making serious depredations on game -animals but on domestic animals as well. It is true that they have -caused damage in stock-growing areas among sheep, poultry and young -animals, for in such areas other food is scarce. The coyotes of -Yellowstone were originally blamed for serious wildlife losses until the -results of careful research proved differently. This research has shown -us that the chief food of the coyote consists of marmots, picket-pins, -mice, rabbits and other small animals as well as carrion. Seldom are -larger wild animals killed other than the young, the old, sick or -crippled that are comparatively easy prey. It was customarily assumed -that when coyotes were seen on a carcass that they were the cause of the -death, when actually many of the animals died from other causes before -the coyotes found them. - -In fact, the elimination of the coyotes, it is thought by some, would -mean the increase of rodents to such an extent that we would be faced -with a serious problem of over-population of them, as well as a probable -increase in disease among the larger animals. The deer, elk and others -of the larger animals, in good physical condition, are capable of -killing the coyote and it is a frequent sight to see several of them -chasing a coyote instead of being chased. An over-population of coyotes -can become a menace to any animal, large or small, and in some instances -control of coyote numbers has been found necessary. - - [Illustration: Coyote] - -The coyote home is in some little cave or cavity among rocks or a burrow -in the ground. The five to seven young are born in April and are well -cared for by both parents. By August they are nearly full grown and are -hunting in family groups. Come winter the young disperse to new range -areas and have been known to travel many miles from their place of -birth. - -General description: A rather small, slender animal resembling a -shepherd dog in general appearance, with a fairly long and heavy coat, -coarsely grizzled buffy, grayish and black, almost yellowish in some -subspecies; underparts lighter. Tail large and bushy. Males larger than -females. Total length 3½ to 4½ feet; height at shoulder 16 to 18 inches -and weight 35 to 45 pounds. - -Here in Yellowstone large coyotes are frequently mistaken for the gray -wolf which is very rare. However, the wolf is a much larger, heavier and -more powerful animal, weighing from 80 to 100 or more pounds and is 5½ -or more feet in length. - -Terms: Male--dog; female--bitch; young--pups. - -Where found: Throughout the park at practically all elevations. Most -frequently seen in the open meadows in daytime or evening. Howls most -often during the night. Often seen in the winter on the lower range -lands, especially around or near the carcasses of animals which have -died and become carrion. - - - GRAY WOLF - Canis lupus - -To many weary emigrants crouched beside their campfires along the rutted -wagon trails which lead onward into the west and to many lonely -homesteaders sitting in their cabins on a wintry night the eerie sound -of the long deep howl of the Gray Wolf, drifting along on the night -wind, gave a feeling of foreboding and a threat of the sinister. -Actually the wolf's howl is very much like that of a large dog and the -wild setting is required to give the feeling that it imparts to the -listeners. - -This animal has been known under the various names of Gray Wolf; Timber -Wolf; Lobo; Loafer and Buffalo Wolf. - - [Illustration: Gray Wolf] - -Once widely distributed over most of the United States the several -species of wolves have been exterminated over most of their range and -are now restricted to a few of the more remote areas. The wolf is almost -entirely carnivorous in food habits with a preference for the larger -wild animals and domestic stock when available and so has been -persistently hunted by man. Due to their larger size, appetites and -different characteristics from those of the coyote the wolves were not -able to adapt themselves to the inroads of civilization and so have been -pushed continually farther back into the unsettled areas and may soon -vanish entirely from the scene. - -Wolves became rather numerous at different times in the earlier days of -this park's history. They were persistently hunted during the period of -the Army administration and for a time after the National Park Service -took over the administration, until the time that the policy of letting -the predators carry on their own natural existence unmolested was -established. During this first period the numbers of the wolves were so -depleted that today they are very rare in the park area. - -Park visitors frequently mistake one of the larger coyotes for a wolf -and report it as such. But to a person familiar with both animals there -is a decided difference. The average wolf is nearly twice as heavy as a -coyote, larger and more powerful, with larger legs and feet and a -broader head and muzzle. They are seldom seen from the highways except -possibly in the winter and there have been no more than one or two -authentic sight records of the animals or their tracks reported annually -in recent years. - -Wolves ordinarily utilize either a natural cave, a hollow log, a hole -dug in the ground by themselves or one dug by other animals, for a -nursery den. According to several authorities, the nest for the young is -not lined with any material. The young, numbering from 3 to 13 but -usually 6 to 8, are born in March or April. They are blind and nearly -naked. Most evidence found in available literature indicates that the -adults pair permanently and the male assists in securing food for the -family. - -General description: Much like a large dog, larger, heavier and more -powerful than the coyote. There is no color difference between males and -females and the individual varies little if any in color during the -different seasons of the year. However, there is a great color variation -between different individuals, the color ranging from gray, either light -or dark, sprinkled with black or darkish on upper parts and yellowish -white underparts to dark and almost black individuals. Males are -largest, averaging from 75 to 100 pounds or more in weight and over five -feet in length. Females from 60 to 80 pounds and slightly under five -feet. - -Term: Male--dog; female--bitch; young--pups. - -Where found: Might be encountered in various sections of the park but -most recent records are from the northeast part from Canyon north and -east to Lamar River and Slough Creek drainages. Probably follow the elk -herds in the winter. - - - GOLDEN-MANTLED MARMOT - Marmota flaviventris nosophora - -The Golden-mantled Marmot is one of the familiar animals of Yellowstone. -Known to many people as a woodchuck or groundhog, the Yellowstone -representatives never worry about whether they will see their shadow on -the proverbial groundhog day. They remain snug in their beds for they -know that they don't want to come out for another six weeks or more -anyhow. - -In fact, they spend over half of their life sleeping, for they hibernate -from about the first of September until early April. The summer months -are then spent in accumulating a layer of fat to carry them through the -next long sleep. - - [Illustration: Marmot] - -Marmots are found throughout the park at all altitudes wherever suitable -rocky slopes can be found. They are commonly seen from the highway on -rock piles or near culverts. Such areas provide the most suitable -protection since they are slow and fat and easily caught if found too -far away from a safe retreat. Easily tamed, they soon adjust themselves -to the presence of numerous visitors and even congregate in the vicinity -of lodges and cabin areas where shelter under buildings is handy and -scraps of food are plentiful. - -The marmot well deserves its early name of "Whistler" for his piercing -warning whistle is commonly heard whenever anything startles him. And -immediately upon hearing it every other marmot in the vicinity pops his -head up for a quick look, then starts for home. Their favorite retreat -is on a rock or knoll or log, near the home entrance, where a good view -of the surrounding area can be had. Bears, badgers, coyotes, lynxes and -some of the larger hawks are their principal enemies. - -Their food consists of vegetation of various kinds, clover, grass, -seeds, and foliage of native plants as well as cultivated crops when -such are within their feeding range. In some instances marmots have -proved quite destructive to gardens and other crops. - -The marmot's home is either in a burrow dug in open ground or under -boulders or in cavities under rockslides. In this den, the young, -numbering from four to six, are born in May. The adults usually -hibernate earlier in the season than the young as it takes the latter a -little longer to get the necessary accumulation of fat to sustain them -over the winter. - -General description: A large rodent with a heavy-set body and short -tail. Head broad and short, ears low and rounded, fur long and coarse. -The color is ochraceous above and reddish below with golden-buff mantle -on the anterior back. The males are about 24 inches in length, maximum -weight about 10 pounds. Females a little smaller. - -Where found: Throughout the park at all elevations except in -heavy-timbered areas. They are out at any time during daylight hours. - - - MONTANA MANTLED GROUND SQUIRREL - Citellus lateralis cinerascens - -This Ground Squirrel is frequently mistaken for a chipmunk although -quite a bit larger in size. This mistaken identity is chiefly due to the -stripes on the side of the back. It must be remembered, however, that -the real chipmunk has stripes on the face also which this ground -squirrel does not have. They do look and behave much like big chipmunks, -especially resembling the chipmunk of the eastern states. - -The Mantled Ground Squirrel seldom climbs much above the ground and -lives in burrows or crevices in the rocks or under logs. They prefer -grassy, open, forested areas rather than open meadows. - - [Illustration: Mantled Ground Squirrel] - -These little animals are quite easily tamed and soon learn to hang -around camps and parking areas where they wait to be fed. They are -equipped with cheek pouches which they fill until they appear to have an -extra bad case of the mumps. - -They hibernate in the late summer or early autumn and emerge again the -following April. A supply of food is stored during the summer season; -however, the heavy layer of fat acquired is the nourishment for the -winter sleep. - -Only one litter of from four to seven young is born each season, usually -during May. - -Their food consists of seeds, grain, buds, green vegetation, insects and -their larvae, and occasionally young birds, eggs and mice. Chief enemies -are hawks and the various small carnivores. - -General description: A small to medium sized ground-dwelling squirrel, -larger and more robust than chipmunks but not as heavily built as the -Uinta Ground Squirrel. Tail about half as long as the head and body, -flat and bushy. Color of upper parts dark chestnut red mantle bordering -which are light-gray stripes with black on either side of the light -stripe; under parts yellow to yellowish-white. Upper parts grayer in -winter. No stripes on side of head. Length about 11 inches. Sexes alike. - -Where found: Generally distributed over the park and is best seen around -camps and woodland margins. Active in daytime only. - - - UINTA GROUND SQUIRREL - Citellus armatus - -This Ground Squirrel, commonly called Picket-pin, is abundant throughout -most of the open, grassy valleys of the park. It comes into lawns and -frequently lives under nearby buildings. - -The picket-pin is extremely curious and the sight of any strange object -or movement immediately has him standing rigidly on tip-toe to examine -whatever attracted his attention. This position he assumes does so -resemble the appearance of a pin to which some horse was previously -tethered that the reason for the origin of his name can readily be seen. - -These little animals spend over half of their lives sleeping in their -snug underground nests. They spend the summer accumulating a heavy layer -of fat and then go into hibernation late in August to emerge the -following April. - -The young, from five to fourteen in number, are born in May or June. -Only one litter a year is born; however, this species is so numerous and -prolific that its many enemies can hardly keep it in check. - -Most common enemies are badgers, coyotes, bears, foxes, weasels, hawks -and most small carnivores. These all depend upon the picket-pin for at -least part if not considerable of their diet during the summer and they -frequently are dug out after they are in hibernation. This control is -beneficial since the picket-pin is a host to the wood tick carrying -spotted fever. - -The food of the ground squirrel is chiefly seeds, nuts, grain, green -vegetation, roots, insects and larvae with occasionally young birds, -mammals and eggs. It stores grain and seeds in underground storerooms -for emergency use the following spring as it does not eat during the -winter hibernation. - -General description: A terrestrial, burrowing squirrel with short tail -and small ears, body robust with short limbs. Tail about one-quarter the -total length, flat and moderately bushy. Color mixed gray and black with -a wash of dark brown on the back; underparts gray washed buffy. Sexes -alike. Total length about 11 inches. - -Where found: Open, grassy areas throughout the valleys of the park. -Active in daytime only. - - [Illustration: Uinta Ground Squirrel] - - [Illustration: GUIDE MAP OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK] - - GATES OPEN 7:00 A.M. TO 11:00 P.M. DURING MAIN SEASON - MAXIMUM SPEED 45 MILES - TRUCKS AND TRAILERS 30 MILES - OBSERVE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS WHEN VISITING HOT WATER AREAS. - STAY ON MAIN PATHS! - ABIDE BY ALL RULES. - PROTECT THE GEYSER AND HOT SPRING FORMATIONS! - FEEDING OR MOLESTING BEARS IS DANGEROUS - BE CAREFUL WITH FIRE IN THE WOODS - HELP US PRESERVE YOUR PARK - - CAMPING is permitted throughout Yellowstone National Park on - specially designated camp sites easily recognized by signs. Leave - clean grounds for the next camper. - - - CHIPMUNK - Eutamias sp. - -One of the most active and interesting of the smaller animals of the -park. This genus is represented in the park by three species. - - [Illustration: Chipmunk] - -Chipmunks are chiefly terrestrial in habit although they can and do -frequently climb into low trees and bushes. The different species of -Western Chipmunks vary greatly in their preferred habitat from sagebrush -flats to heavily wooded areas. Each type of environment has its distinct -type of chipmunk. - -The color patterns of the chipmunks vary, each type having its own -distinctive pattern; however, the group as a whole is distinguished from -other squirrels by the stripes on both body and face. The smaller ground -squirrels may have some stripes on the body but do not have striped -faces. - -Chipmunks are universal favorites with visitors. Lively, interesting, -and full of curiosity, they are quite easily tamed and soon learn to -frequent the picnic areas and campgrounds. Here they take their toll of -food bits from each group of people, either eating it on the spot or -carrying it away to store for future use. - -Their food consists mainly of seeds, berries, nuts, buds, some insects -and any food scraps they may chance to find around camps. Their winter -stores are located close to their nest, in underground cavities. - -The chipmunks are not active outside during the stormy periods of winter -but since they do not become fat in the fall and use some of their food -stores during the winter it is not thought that they go into a complete -period of hibernation like some of the other animals. Exactly what they -do and how they live in Yellowstone during the winter, however, remains -yet to be determined. - -Their nest is made underground as they burrow into the earth at the foot -of a stump, log or rock. In this nest the litter of four to six young -are born in the spring. It is not likely that they have more than one -litter a year here in the north. - -The following forms of Chipmunks are found in Yellowstone Park: - - - Buff-bellied Chipmunk--Eutamias amoenus luteiventris - -This is the abundant little striped chipmunk seen throughout most of the -park along the roads and trails and around camp sites. Upper parts with -five dark and four light longitudinal stripes from shoulder to base of -tail. Median stripe from crown to root of tail. Whitish stripes bordered -by dark, above and below eye. Underparts buffy; color rich; 8½ inches -over-all length. - - - Uinta Chipmunk--Eutamias umbrinus - -Generally scattered over the park but not as common as the above. Larger -in size, 10 inches over-all length; under parts whitish and stripes not -as conspicuous as in the Buff-bellied. - - - Wasatch Chipmunk--Eutamias minimus consobrinus - -These little chipmunks were reported by Bailey to be found near -Yellowstone Lake and near the eastern and southern boundaries of the -park in high, open valleys. They are hard to distinguish from the -buff-bellied chipmunk, as their white belly is somewhat concealed. They -are slightly smaller in size. A gray form of this species has been -reported from Swan Lake Flat but it is probably rare. - - - PINE SQUIRREL - Wind River Mountains Red Squirrel, or Chickaree - Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ventorum - -These little animals are abundant throughout the forested sections of -the park. Lively and noisy, they immediately give voice to a tirade of -scolding and chattering at the approach of an outsider to their domain. - - [Illustration: Pine Squirrel] - -Friendly by nature they become quite tame wherever the park visitors are -found, especially such areas as provide an opportunity to pick up chance -bits of food. Alert and inquisitive they pry into anything that attracts -their attention. - -This squirrel has been frequently accused of destroying the nests of its -bird neighbors and eating the eggs and young. This is true to some -extent, especially among certain individuals. However, some of this -damage is compensated by their unintentional benefit in assisting in -reforestation. Cones and seeds that are buried for winter use are -frequently overlooked and some of these later germinate and grow. - -Pine squirrels do not hibernate during the winter and are active at all -times except during periods of storms. They build warm nests either in -hollow trees, woodpecker holes, or balls of leaves and fibers firmly -anchored among the branches of a tree. They industriously collect large -stores of cones for the winter food supply. These are either stored in -hollows or more often buried in storage pits in the ground. After the -ground is covered with its winter blanket of snow the squirrels make -numerous tunnels under the snow which gives them access to the storage -places and act as a protected place where they can scamper about. - -The young are usually born in May or June, and number four or five to -the litter with seldom more than one litter a year. Young squirrels are -blind, naked and helpless for several weeks after birth. - -A pine squirrel's diet consists of nuts, seeds, berries, inner aspen -bark, mushrooms, and some animal food such as birds' eggs and -fledglings. - -Its enemies are hawks, owls, pine martens and weasels, and occasionally -the larger carnivores. - -General description: A small arboreal squirrel with flat, bushy tail; -fairly long ears and fairly long pelage. Dark olivaceous with white -underparts in summer, while in winter it is rusty-red above, sides -olive-gray and underparts gray. Sexes alike. Total length about 13½ -inches, tail over 1/3 of the length. - -Where found: Abundant in all forested areas. Active during the daytime -only. - - - Beaver - Castor canadensis missouriensis - -The quest for the fur of this little wilderness engineer did more to -bring about the exploration of the west than any other one factor. The -first daring explorers were continually pushing ever forward into the -unknown regions searching for the wealth of furs and establishing the -fur trade with the Indians. Thus, the first white man known to have -entered the region later known as Yellowstone Park was John Colter, the -representative of a fur trader. - -These activities greatly depleted the beaver populations but under -protection in recent years they have staged a satisfactory recovery in -many parts of their former range. - -The dams constructed by this animal are well known. Made of sticks, logs -and mud, they are a remarkable accomplishment. The dam is for the -purpose of impounding a pond of water in which to construct the beaver -lodge or house. This also is made of sticks and mud with a room in the -middle, above water level, reached by several underwater passages. The -pond must be of sufficient depth to provide plenty of water below the -level of the winter ice. - - [Illustration: Beaver] - -Sometimes when suitable ponds or still water are available the beaver -digs a sloping tunnel into the bank of a stream, with a room at the end -and above the high water level. - -The beaver is a gnawing animal equipped with strong, sharp, chisel-like -teeth which it uses to cut down and trim the trees for construction -material for the house and dam as well as for food. Expert at cutting -down the trees but not as expert, as stories say, in dropping the tree -in a desired spot. This is not premeditated. The tree falls where it may -and has been known to fall on the little sawyer when he failed to move -away fast enough. The tree, after being cut, is trimmed into suitable -sections and skidded to the pond and floated to the desired location. -The trees and shrubs preferred and mainly cut are willow and aspen. - -The beaver's winter diet consists of bark from the tree branches that it -stores up by sticking them into the mud at the bottom of the pond. In -the summer the bark diet is supplemented by the addition of roots and -green vegetation. - -The four to six young are born in the house or the bank den in May or -June where they remain until able to make the underwater swim to the -outside where they soon assist their parents in the work of the colony. - -The beaver is equipped with a large flat paddle-like tail. However, -contrary to stories, he does not use it as a trowel or as a means of -transporting mud. It is an excellent rudder and also a prop or brace for -the owner while he stands up to cut down a tree. The resounding slap of -the tail upon the surface of the pond is an excellent warning signal -that immediately puts the colony on guard. - -General description: Largest of the North American rodents, stocky, with -webbed hind feet and broad, flat, scaly tail, ears short, fur thick, -rich dark brown. Total length 43 inches; weight from 30 pounds to a -maximum of 68 pounds. Tail 4 or 5 inches wide and 12 to 16 inches long. - -Where found: Along almost every stream in Yellowstone. They might be -seen in the beaver ponds in Willow Park, or along Pelican Creek; or at -the beaver ponds and Floating Island Lake between Mammoth and Tower -Fall. Longest dam in the park approximately 1000 feet in length is at -Beaver Lake opposite Obsidian Cliff. The best time to see beaver is in -the evening. Beaver change their locations frequently and it is -difficult to predict, from season to season, where they can best be -seen. - - - OTTER - Lutra canadensis - -This large member of the weasel family can outswim some fish. His lithe -shape and short powerful legs with broad webbed feet make him an expert -and his graceful maneuvers in the water are very interesting to see. - -The principal item of the Otter's diet is fish which are supplemented by -frogs or crayfish and such young ducks, muskrats or other small mammals -or birds as they may have occasion to catch. Their habitat is therefore -near suitable streams, lakes or ponds. They have been known, on some -occasions, however, to undertake fairly long overland journeys between -streams. - -The otter is a rather friendly fellow, fairly easily tamed and observed. -They usually travel in pairs or family groups. Otters are playful and -are in the habit of making slides down steep clay-banks or snowdrifts -where they seem to have great sport coasting down on the chest and -belly, ending up in the water with a loud splash. This they do over and -over like a group of small children. - -The den is located near the water, either as a burrow in a bank or under -protecting tree roots or rocks. Here the one to three or four young are -born in late April, there being only one family a year. - -Otters are strong and capable fighters, a match for a dog on land and -more than a match for one in the water. They have no particular enemies -except man. The rich brown fur has brought a high price on the fur -market and trapping operations have resulted in the animal becoming rare -outside of such protected areas as Yellowstone. The rather short dense -pelt is considered to be one of the most durable of furs and it, -together with the layer of fat underlying the skin, make the otter -impervious to the icy water in which he spends much of his time. - -General description: A long, lithe-bodied animal with webbed feet and a -long, tapering, muscular tail. Size large, head broad and flat, legs -short. Color of upperparts a uniform, dark, rich, glossy-brown; -underparts lighter with a grayish tinge. Total length 40-45 inches, tail -12½ to 15 inches; and weight 18 to 25 pounds. - -Terms: Sexes--Male and Female; young--pups or kittens. - - [Illustration: Otter] - -Where found: They are active all of the year and are found on many -streams and lakes throughout the park. Best seen near the outlet of -Lewis Lake and near the boat docks at Lake and West Thumb. Active at all -hours. - - - WESTERN MINK - Mustela vison energumenos - -The mink is a large weasel of slightly heavier build and semi-aquatic in -habit. Found widely distributed in forests or on plains but always along -watercourses where it establishes its den. This may be a burrow in the -bank, under logs or rocks and similar places. - -They are strong and graceful swimmers and are fully capable of catching -trout and other fish which form a part of their diet, as well as frogs -and crayfish. They also hunt on shore for muskrats, mice, rabbits, -snakes, birds and similar forms of small animal life. The mink is -sometimes of bloodthirsty temperament, killing for the pleasure, but is -not ordinarily considered quite as much inclined this way as the smaller -weasels. - -The odor of the musk carried by the mink as well as the other weasels is -strong and very offensive. This is released in moments of excitement. - -The mink has but one litter of young a year, numbering five or six in -the average litter, which are born in April or May. - -General description: A slender weasel-like animal nearly as large as a -house cat. Ears small, neck long, tail moderately bushy. The fur is soft -and dense, protected by long guard hairs, rich, glossy dark sooty brown -in color with a white area under the chin. Total length 24 inches, tail -8 inches; weight up to 2 pounds, the females somewhat smaller. - -Where found: Along some of the streams and ponds of the park but not -very common and seldom seen. - - - ROCKY MOUNTAIN PINE MARTEN - Martes caurina origenes - -This little animal is close kin to the famous Russian Sable and has a -valuable pelt or rich, dense fur. Expert climbers, they hunt through the -woods and capture a good portion of their menu from the tree tops. -Largely carnivorous the marten lives on small mammals and birds. Its -main foods in Yellowstone are squirrels, chipmunks, mice, rabbits, -grouse, and also some nuts, berries, fruits, insects or honey. - - [Illustration: Mink] - -Fearless and pugnacious they frequently quarrel among themselves and do -not hesitate to snarl or spit at man. One time a ranger was standing in -front of a patrol cabin when a marten came bounding toward him spitting -and snarling at every jump. To see what he would do the ranger made for -the cabin door and the marten came right after him even to the cabin -door. It was decided that they would be pretty tough to live with if -they suddenly became as big as bears with an increase in disposition -accordingly. A marten family quarrel sounds like a good cross section of -an alley-cat serenade. Being extremely active they are able to elude -most would-be enemies except possibly the Great Horned Owl. - -The marten nest is usually in a hollow tree or rarely in a burrow, where -the young, averaging 3 or 4 to a litter, are born late in April. It is -said that the young are blind for about the four weeks after birth. - -General description: A small animal, of weasel-like form, a little -smaller and more slender than a house cat; head rather small with ears -broad and rounded, tail bushy and cylindrical, about half as long as the -head and body. Fur soft, rich yellowish brown; legs, feet and tail dark -brown; buffy patches on throat and chest. Total length 25 to 28 inches, -weight 1½ to 4 pounds. Males largest. - -Where found: Fairly common throughout wooded sections of the park but -are shy and seldom seen, especially near habitations except isolated -cabins where they sometimes become rather tame. - - - PORCUPINE - Erethizon epixanthum - -The Yellow-haired Porcupine of Yellowstone occurs all over the park. -Being an unsociable sort of fellow he is usually found alone, except -during the mating season or when the young are yet with their mother. He -is a common animal but seldom seen. - -He is a heavy set, slow, clumsy animal with short legs and a waddling -walk. Very stupid and short-sighted with a habit of complaining audibly -to himself as he goes along. Since the porcupine is well protected by a -back full of loosely fastened quills, he is very unpopular with the -other animals, especially those that might have an idea of making a meal -of him. - - [Illustration: Pine Marten] - -The quills are his only battle equipment but are sufficient protection -against most animals. Each individual quill is equipped with sharp barbs -at the tip which easily penetrate flesh, gradually working their way -deeper and are very hard to extract. Porky, however, does not have the -power to throw his quills, in spite of stories to the contrary. When -attacked he bristles up and looks like an animated pincushion and a slap -from his quill-loaded tail is sufficient to fill the face and mouth of -his would be attacker with a painful collection of quills which he will -long remember. - -The porcupine's nose is very sensitive, a good blow on it being -sufficient to kill him, so he has learned to tuck it down between his -feet for protection, and to turn so that his back and tail are presented -to the enemy. There are no quills on his underside and an occasional -enemy has learned to reach under with a paw and quickly flip him over on -his back in order to expose the unprotected portion for final attack. - -The principal food of the porcupine, in winter, is the bark and small -twigs of various trees. In the summer, the bark, buds and foliage of -many trees, shrubs and plants are used. Porky is very fond of salt and -will gnaw on anything that contains it; shovel or other tool handles -with deposits of perspiration on them, or antlers after being shed, are -a delicacy. Occasionally he kills a tree by removing too much bark but -seldom does enough damage to be of economic importance. - -One litter with usually one, or rarely if ever two young, is born each -year in late April or May. A baby porcupine at birth weighs about a -pound and is as large or larger than a bear cub. The den is located -among rocks, in cavities under logs or fallen tree tops. However, during -most of the year, even in the winter, the favorite place is well up in -the tops of the trees. - -General description: A large, clumsy rodent with fairly soft hair with -which is mixed longer, coarser hair and many stiff, sharp, barbed spines -or quills over the upper parts and tail. Tail short, thick and muscular. -In color black with longer hairs tipped with greenish-yellow. Total -length 32 inches, weight 15 to a maximum of 35 to 40 pounds. - -Where found: In all timbered areas of the park and is sometimes seen -near the roadsides or trails either during the day or night. - - - BADGER - Taxidea taxus - -Many of the smaller animals, especially those of the rodent group, are -known for the dens and runways that they dig, some of them becoming -rather expert at this activity. Their burrowing activities, however, are -undertaken primarily as a means of providing a suitable home for the -animal. The Badger, however, is equipped by nature as an excavating -machine. He, too, makes a burrow for use as a home but this is only a -small part of his digging activities. - - [Illustration: Porcupine] - - [Illustration: Badger] - -Badgers are equipped with large strong claws, especially on the -forefeet, and backed by powerful muscles they can literally dig -themselves out of sight in a surprisingly short time, throwing out a -stream of dirt behind them like a mechanical elevator. It is this -ability that he depends upon as a means of securing his food. Badgers -are rather clumsy, heavy bodied and short legged animals, lacking the -speed and dexterity needed to capture their prey in the open, but how -they do like to dig for their food! Living primarily on the smaller -rodents, especially ground squirrels, the badger snoops from burrow to -burrow until his nose tells him that the occupant is at home, then dirt -starts to fly. If the ground squirrel has provided his home with some -extra entrances and he is quick to use one of them he may escape, -otherwise the badger has secured a dinner. - -Entirely beneficial from the standpoint of the kind of food he eats, the -badger's activities in obtaining it soon result in numerous holes -throughout the area where his foraging operations are carried on. In -areas where domestic stock are ranging these excavations made by the -badgers are hazards to the stock and rancher alike, often resulting in a -broken leg to the horse that steps into a hole and sometimes serious -injury to the rider when he is thrown from the horse as it falls. In -such areas this animal is usually hunted or trapped by man. In -Yellowstone he is left to live an undisturbed life. The badger is a -fearless and vicious little fighter, which combined with his digging -ability makes him a match for anything but man and his gun. - -Badgers inhabit the plains and prairies or open forests, wherever their -principal food items of ground squirrel, gopher or prairie-dog can be -obtained. They generally hibernate from October to March, except in the -southern portions of their range. The young, probably averaging about -three to a litter, are born in May or early June. - -General description: A low, heavy bodied animal with short legs, short -bushy tail and long shaggy fur. Color a silvery gray grizzled with -black. Head rather small, broad and flat with black and white striped -markings. Total length 28 inches and weight averaging about 14 pounds. - -Where found: Northern part of the Park from Mammoth to Tower Junction -and the Lamar Valley, in open sections. Occasionally seen in meadows of -the interior parts of the park where the picket-pins are to be found. -Badgers are not numerous, but could be called commonly seen residents, -especially of the northern side of the park. - - - SAGEBRUSH WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE - Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae - -The White-footed Mouse, Deer Mouse, or Vesper Mouse is an interesting -little animal, a member of a very large and widely distributed genus -whose members are generally the most common small animal of any given -region. They are clean little creatures with large bright eyes, large -ears, and tails about as long as their bodies, with gray or brown -upperparts and white feet and lower parts. - -These mice are found throughout the forests, among rocks, in meadows and -open grassy places, living in burrows, among rocks, or in hollow trees -and logs and they frequently come into camps and houses. They are expert -climbers and will readily take refuge in trees as well as into burrows -if the occasion warrants. - -White-footed mice depend upon seeds and grains, small nuts and dry -vegetable matter for their food rather than green vegetation like the -meadow mice, and are rarely carnivorous. - -They may have three or four litters of 3 to 7 young each year and so are -able to keep pace with the activities of their enemies which include all -of the smaller carnivorous animals and the owls. - -General description: Upper parts, pale cinnamon to brownish fawn, more -dusky along mid-back; underparts and feet white. Total length 6 to 7½ -inches with the tail being one-third to one-half of the total length. - - [Illustration: White-footed Mouse] - -Where found: It is possible to find them almost anywhere in the park but -since they are nocturnal they are rarely seen in the daytime. - - - MEADOW MOUSE OR VOLE - Microtus sp. - -The Meadow Mouse is one of the more common and widely distributed of our -small mammals. There are many species and subspecies and some form is to -be found practically anywhere in North America. - -These little mice prefer the open meadow country where there is plenty -of grass the entire year. They may be found in the moist to semi-arid -sections and anywhere from sea level to above timberline elevations. - -Their presence can be readily detected by the characteristic runways -through the grass. The mouse makes the runway both by cutting some of -the grass and pushing the balance to the side, and the floor of the -runway is kept free from all obstructions. A colony of mice will have a -regular labyrinth of these paths with frequent openings into underground -burrows and nests. The young are usually born in the underground nests. -However, many of the species also build surface nests of thick balls of -grass which are used during the winter time. In these nests, when snow -blankets the landscape they are warm and secure, and able to run about -their passage-ways, beneath the snow in their daily quest for food, for -they do not hibernate. - - [Illustration: Meadow Mouse] - -The food of the meadow mouse is chiefly vegetation: grass, foliage, -seeds, twigs, roots and bark and at times they may become very -destructive to field crops and orchards. - -This little animal is very prolific and usually has several litters each -year, with each litter consisting of from four to eight young. Were it -not for their many enemies they would soon overrun the grass lands and -do untold damage. As it is, their enemies, which are practically every -predatory animal and bird, can barely keep them in check. Meadow mice -serve as a valuable source of food for the smaller predatory animals -such as coyotes, foxes and for the various hawks and owls. - -There are four species of these mice that have been found in Yellowstone -Park: - -Sawatch Meadow Mouse: Microtus pennsylvanicus modestus. A medium-sized - mouse with upperparts dull ochraceous, sprinkled with black. - Underparts soiled whitish to ashy or cinnamon. In winter many - black hairs along upperparts and underparts with wash of creamy - white. Total length 7 inches, tail 1.8 inches. Has been found at - Mammoth Hot Springs, Upper and Lower Geyser Basins and Shoshone - Lake. - -Dwarf Meadow Mouse: Microtus montanus nanus. A small-sized, rather - short-tailed mouse with upperparts everywhere mixed gray, sepia - and blackish, feet grayish; tail bicolor, dusky gray and whitish; - underparts whitish. Total length 6 inches; tail 1.6 inches. Found - in the grass of meadows and upland slopes over most of the park - and appear to be the most abundant and generally distributed of - the meadow mice in the park. - -Cantankerous Meadow Mouse: Microtus longicaudus mordax. Resembles - Sawatch meadow mouse in size but the tail is longer, ears larger, - and color grayer. Upperparts grayish bister; sides grayer, - underparts whitish. Lighter colored in the winter. Total length - 7.4 inches; tail 2.8 inches. These mice have been found at Mammoth - and Tower Fall and are probably common in most of the meadows of - the park, equally at home on dry ground or in mountain streams. - -Big-footed Meadow Mouse: Microtus richardsoni macropus. Largest of the - meadow mice. Total length 8.8 inches; tail 2.8 inches. Upperparts - dark sepia mixed with black, sides paler, feet gray; tail bicolor - sooty whitish; underparts washed with silvery-white. In winter - grayer above, more white below. Usually found close to water where - they swim much in the manner of muskrats. This mouse had been - taken at Heart Lake and its runways seen in marshy meadows of most - of the western part of the park. - - - WOOD RAT - Gray Bushytail Wood Rat--Neotoma cinerea - Colorado Bushytail Wood Rat--Neotoma cinerea orolestes - -Pack Rat or Trade Rat is the name commonly applied to this individual, -represented in the park by both of the above forms. Pest of the stations -and patrol cabins because of his fondness of getting into buildings and -collecting items of every description, especially those of shiny -appearance. These are packed to his nest, which is located either in -rock piles, cliffs or whenever possible in or around buildings. He cuts -open food containers, bedding and other contents and makes a general -mess. - -He frequently leaves some object in place of the stolen article, hence -the name trade rat. However, this trade is probably due to his dropping -something that he was already carrying, when he spied the new object -that was more attractive, rather than any desire to make a fair trade. -They gather anything that is of a convenient size to carry. - -The wood rat is a very clean animal, of no relation to the common barn -rat except in superficial resemblance. A vegetarian in diet he lives on -green vegetation such as grass and foliage, fruit, bark, roots, fungi, -seeds and nuts. He is active all year but seldom accumulates much of a -store of winter food. - -Mainly nocturnal in habit, they are, however, occasionally seen in the -daytime. Their principal enemies here are hawks, owls, weasels, coyotes -and martens. - -The young, from three to six in a litter, are born in June or July and -are duller in color than the parents. - -General description: Large in size, mouse-like in appearance. The fur is -fairly long, soft and grayish buff in color, darker in the Colorado -form, on the upperparts, white underparts and feet, and a large, bushy, -flattened almost squirrel-like tail. Total length 15 to 16 inches. Sexes -equal in size. - - [Illustration: Wood Rat or Rock Rat] - -Where found: Throughout the park. The gray wood rat mainly in the -transition zone in open country along the Yellowstone, Lamar and Gardner -Rivers and around Mammoth. Colorado wood rat in higher portions of the -park. - - - ROCKY MOUNTAIN MUSKRAT - Ondatra zibethica osoyoosensis - -Quiet streams or the shallow grassy margins of ponds and lakes are the -home of this valuable little fur-bearing animal. More valuable than many -people realize since few know that he is the Hudson Seal and other trade -names of our popular fur coats. Ironically, muskrat fur is used as an -excellent imitation of his greatest enemy, the mink, in the mink-dyed -muskrat coats. - -A hardy little animal that lives much like the beaver, in bank dens with -underwater entrances or in dome-shaped houses made of rushes, grass, -turf and mud instead of the coarser sticks and branches used by the -beaver. In these houses or bank dens they spend the winter in comfort. -Remaining active all of the year and seldom storing any food, muskrats -are out in the coldest weather. - -Their food consists of bulbs and tubers, roots, tender portions of -numerous marsh and water plants, sedges, grass and clover, and possibly -some small aquatic animal life, salamanders, etc. In the winter it is -sometimes necessary to make extensive excursions under the ice in search -of food. - - [Illustration: Muskrat] - -The young are born in the house or bank nests in May or June, usually -six or eight in a litter. In lower, milder sections more than one litter -is raised during the year. Fortunately muskrats are prolific breeders. - -The name muskrat originated from the fact that there are two glands near -the base of the tail that contain the strong though not unpleasant musk, -which may be left at intervals about his haunts possibly as signs or -marks of possession. While several may use the winter house the muskrat -is ordinarily rather fussy and gets into frequent fights over -territorial rights. - -General description: A rather large, robust, somewhat rat-like appearing -animal, with short legs and broad feet, the hind ones partially webbed; -tail long, scaly and sparsely haired, flattened laterally. Ears scarcely -showing above fur which is dense with longer guard hairs. Upperparts are -dark brown, underparts lighter in appearance. Total length 23½ inches, -tail 10 inches; weight about two pounds. - -Where found: Throughout the park along moving streams, like the -Yellowstone River between Lake and Canyon, and most of the ponds and -lakes. Frequently working in the morning and latter part of the -afternoon as well as at night. - - - PIKA - Ochotona princeps ventorum - -This little Pika, Cony or Rock Rabbit of Yellowstone is in reality a -diminutive, tailless rabbit. Common in the higher elevations wherever -loose rock piles and slides offer suitable locations for his home. - -Timid and secretive in nature and possessing a protective coloration -that makes them hard to locate in their rocky homes, the pikas are not -often noticed by the majority of park visitors. The call of a pika, a -squeaky bleat, has an elusive quality that confuses the hearer as to the -direction in which it originated. - -The best indications of the habitation of the pika are the small stacks -of hay among the rocks. He is an industrious little farmer and is -usually busy during the summer cutting and curing grass and plant -foliage for winter use. This material is first put in the sun to cure, -then piled in sheltered places among the rocks where it will be -accessible during the winter when the snow has made a protective blanket -over the landscape. In protected cavities and runways beneath the rocks, -with an ample supply of hay, the pika has nothing to worry about during -the winter months and find no need to hibernate. Just what family -activities they have during this period is not known. - -If an observer remains quiet near their rocky homes he may soon be -rewarded by a sight of them running silently about over the rocks, and -it may occasionally be possible to approach close enough for a picture. - -The young, from three to five in number, are born from late May or early -June to early September. Due to their secretive nature and the location -of their homes not a great deal is known yet about the home life of the -pika. - -General description: A short, chunky, apparently tailless rabbit-like -animal, ears rounded and of good size; legs short and hind legs very -little longer than forelegs. Color of upperparts grayish to buffy, -underparts whitish varying to cinnamon-buff. Sexes alike in color and -size; about 7½ inches long, height to shoulder 3½ inches and weight 4 to -7 ounces. - - [Illustration: Cony or Pika] - -Where found: Distributed throughout much of the park at elevations above -7,000 feet wherever rock slides and talus slopes are available. Most -likely seen around the Golden Gate, Sheepeater Cliffs, cliffs south and -west of the Upper Geyser Basin, rockslides along the Dunraven Pass road -and other such places. Look for the hay piles as indications. Active -during the daytime. - - - BLACK HILLS COTTONTAIL - Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri - -This shy and timid little rabbit leads a precarious existence in the -sagebrush-covered valleys of the lower portions of the park. Its -numerous enemies, especially the coyotes, foxes, bobcats, hawks and owls -keep the cottontail constantly on the alert and seldom far from dense -thickets or sheltering rocks. Its short legs are not a match for the -speedy coyote and so artful dodging and hiding tactics must be resorted -to. - -The mother cottontail makes a nest, lined with her own fur, in a -sheltered place where the young, born blind, naked and helpless, are -placed. They grow rapidly and are soon able to run about and play, then -it isn't long until they are out on their own. There are usually several -litters born each year; this helps keep up their numbers in spite of the -inroads made by the various enemies. - - [Illustration: Cottontail] - -General description: A small rabbit with short ears and legs. Upperparts -of creamy-buff color lightly grizzled with gray. Tail short and fluffy, -gray on top and white on underside. Total length 15 to 16 inches. - -Where found: Most likely to be seen near Mammoth and in sagebrush flats -along the Gardner River. Mainly found in the transition zone and lower. -Most frequently out in the early morning, evening or during the night. - - - ROCKY MOUNTAIN SNOWSHOE RABBIT - Lepus americanus bairdi - -The Varying Hare or Snowshoe Rabbit is found throughout the higher parts -of the mountains, fairly common but not abundant in numbers. Provided by -nature with special adaptations, this rabbit is not bothered greatly by -the winter storms and snow. Very large furry hind feet act as snowshoes -enabling these rabbits to scamper readily over the snow without sinking -in and thus are the basis for its common name. - -Nature also provides these hares with a camouflage to help protect them -from their enemies. Their summer coat of fur is dull brown in color -which blends well with the forest floor, while in the winter they get a -new coat of pure white, except for black ear tips, making them hardly -distinguishable from the snow drifts over which they run. This varying -color with the seasons is the source for the other name by which it is -known. - -These rabbits, like other members of the family, depend upon the foliage -of plants and shrubbery as their principal food; however, when this is -buried beneath the winter's snow their diet is frequently mainly -composed of the bark of bushes and small trees. - -The snowshoe rabbit makes a nest in a sheltered place, where the young, -usually three or four in number, are born. These young, unlike the -cottontail, have their eyes open and are covered with a coat of very -fine close hair. They leave the nest in about ten days. In some places -there may be more than one litter in a year. - -General description: Larger than a cottontail with long ears and hind -legs. Color of upperparts (summer) buffy grayish brown to rusty brown, -underparts and bottoms of feet white; (winter) white, with -black-bordered tips of the ears and underparts pale salmon. Total length -about 18½ inches. - - [Illustration: Varying Hare (Snowshoe Rabbit)] - -Where found: Likely to be seen almost anywhere in the wooded sections of -the park and near the camp and cabin areas. Especially during the early -morning and evening. They are generally rather tame. - - - WHITETAIL JACKRABBIT - Lepus townsendi campanius - -This big Prairie Hare is readily distinguishable from the other -jackrabbits by its all white tail. It may also be found at higher -elevations than the other species of jacks. Normally frequenting the -open country it has been seen in alpine meadows above timberline at -10,000 feet elevations. This species is the largest of the jackrabbits. - -All of the jackrabbits are known for their speed as they go bounding -over the prairie, covering twelve to fifteen feet at a jump. The -whitetail is the fastest and best jumper of the lot. When in high-gear -speed he is a match for all but the fleetest of greyhounds. - -The whitetail jackrabbit makes little if any nest for the young, but -like other rabbits, does have several forms scattered about his home -range. The form is simply a place just large enough to accommodate his -body, padded down and hollowed in a clump of grass, weeds or bushes. -Each individual has several of these forms and when not out feeding or -playing may usually be found crouched down in one or the other of them. -The young are fully furred and have their eyes open when born. They are -active but stay hidden close by one spot for the first two or three -weeks. There are usually about four to the litter and there probably is -more than one litter each year, at least in the warmer sections of their -range. - -The representatives of this species that live in the northern, colder -parts of the country change into a winter coat of white fur each fall -and like the snowshoe rabbit are protectively colored when out in the -snow. Their large feet also aid them in traveling over the snowdrifts. - -General description: A large, heavy bodied rabbit with large ears, long -legs, and a good sized fluffy tail that is all white throughout the -year. The color above is fairly uniform buffy gray, underparts white. -Its winter coat is much the same as the summer, though paler in tone, -except in the northern parts of the range, which includes Yellowstone, -where it becomes pure white with black tipped ears and irregular buffy -patches about the face. Total length 24 inches. - - [Illustration: White-tailed Jack Rabbit] - -Where found: Open sections in the northern parts of the park. Has been -seen on the highest slopes of Mount Washburn. Most frequently seen in -the early morning and evening. Not numerous. - - - - - ADDITIONAL ANIMALS - - -The following animals are also found in the park area: - -Bangs Flying Squirrel: Glaucomys sabrinus bangsi. A medium-sized - squirrel, total length about 12.5 inches. Upperparts dark grayish - cinnamon; underparts pinkish cinnamon. - - These squirrels are strictly nocturnal and for this reason it is - difficult to tell how common they really are. Found only in the - forested areas they nest in woodpecker holes or in hollows in the - trees or possibly build a nest among branches or utilize old pine - squirrel nests when hollows are not available. - - Probably common throughout most of the forests of the park. - -Mountain Weasel: Mustela frenata arizonensis. A medium-sized weasel - about 14 to 15.4 inches long. Upperparts raw umber-brown, darker - on the head; underparts yellow to orange with a white chin. In - winter the animal is all white with a black tip on the tail. - - Frequenting the more open ground in the park they live primarily - on rodents. In the winter they hunt beneath the snow. I have seen - them stick their heads up through the snow, look around and - quickly dive beneath again. - -Dwarf Weasel: Mustela streatori leptus. A very small weasel with a total - length of not over 9.8 inches. Upperparts dark brown; underparts - white. In winter it is white with black tip on the tail. - - Seldom seen but is probably found in most of the open sections of - the park as it is common on all sides. - - Weasels are strictly terrestrial and are very highly carnivorous - and blood thirsty. Very active and courageous attacking without - hesitation animals considerably larger than themselves. They have - very slender, long bodies and short legs. - -Northern Plains Skunk: Mephitis mephitis hudsonica. A large skunk with a - large bushy tail. Black in color with a broad white stripe along - each side of the back extending from nape of neck to base of tail. - - Reported as common in the lower northern valleys along the - Gardner, Yellowstone and Lamar Rivers and occasional in other - inland valleys by Bailey in 1923. - -Longtail Red Fox: Vulpes fulva macrourus. This species has a longer tail - than the average red fox. In color it is a reddish yellow to - golden yellow with grizzled whitish; underparts white; feet and - lower part of legs black. - - The red fox although not common is occasionally seen in the north - and northeastern sections of the park. It was at first regarded as - rare but seems to be increasing somewhat in recent years. - -Mountain Bobcat: Lynx rufus uinta. - -Canada Lynx: Lynx canadensis. These two animals are very similar in - habits though the lynx is more a dweller in the colder forest - regions while the bobcat may be found in more open areas closer to - habitation. Both have tufted ears and a short tail and neither of - the above species has the distinct spots that are characteristic - of some of the species of bobcats. The lynx is the largest of the - bobcats and is slightly larger than the mountain bobcat. The - bobcat has a tail seven or eight inches long with two black bands - on the upper surface in front of a black tip while the lynx has a - tail only about four inches long and with black only on the tip. - - These animals are rare in the park area and have only been - recorded in the northern section. My only observation of one was - about eight miles north of the park along the Yellowstone River. - -Wolverine: Gulo luscus. Heavily built animals with short legs, short - ears, a short bushy tail, and long coarse hair. Appearing much - like a small, short-legged bear. Total length is from 37 to 41 - inches and weight from 22 to 35 pounds. It is dark brown or - blackish in color with two broad, pale, lateral bands of brownish - white to yellowish white from shoulder to rump. - - The wolverine is a powerful and savage fighter, strictly - carnivorous and well earns its name of "glutton." It had a bad - reputation among trappers for it followed their trap lines, robbed - and even broke up their traps and dug up their food caches. - Wolverines are no longer common in this part of the country and - while there may have been a number of them in the park area some - years ago they are probably only very rare visitors now. - -Brown Pocket Gopher: Thomomys talpoides fuscus. The piles of dirt which - suddenly appear in the grass of lawns or meadows are made by the - pocket gopher. He excavates a network of tunnels below the sod - line, pushing the dirt through an opening on to the surface, then - filling the opening up again. Their food consists of vegetable - matter such as roots, bulbs, tubers and surface foliage and green - vegetation. - - The pocket gopher is rather small in size, about eight inches - long, including a tail of a little over two inches, and is light - brown in color. The tail is only sparsely haired and the front - feet are large and built for digging. The Uinta ground squirrel or - picket-pin is frequently referred to by some people as a gopher, - but it should not be confused with the true gopher and is seldom - seen above the ground. - - Found in meadows and open areas throughout the park. - -Rocky Mountain Jumping Mouse: Zapus princeps. Sometimes called Kangaroo - Mouse this little animal is a medium-sized mouse with greatly - elongated hind legs and a slender tail nearly six inches long. Its - upperparts are yellowish brown lightly sprinkled with blackish, - the underparts white. - - This mouse lives on vegetation and seeds. It is found throughout - the park in meadows and open country but nowhere abundantly. It - hibernates during the winter. - -Gale Redback Mouse: Clethrionomys gapperi galei. These mice live on - green vegetation, seeds, roots and stems and probably occupy most - of the forested sections of the park. They live in burrows and are - not very often seen. Several have been trapped in residences in - Mammoth. They are active all winter under the snow. - - They are small to medium sized mice with the upperparts reddish - chestnut distinctly differing from the buffy gray sides; - underparts whitish to yellowish gray. - -Dusky Shrew: Sorex obscurus. - -Mountain Water Shrew: Sorex palustris navigator. Most species of shrews - are smaller than any mice, with pointed noses, minute eyes, and - small ears which are hidden in the fur. They are insect eaters and - like any kind of fresh meat. They are active all winter. - - The dusky shrew is a sepia brown in color and is found throughout - most of the park area. Mountain water shrews make their homes in - banks of icy streams and are mouse-size with upper parts slaty - mixed with hoary. They have larger feet than the dusky shrew and - have bristly fringes along the toes with partial webs which equip - them for swimming readily. - - The Rocky Mountain Shrew (Sorex vagrans monticola) has been - collected once in the park and it is also probable that the Masked - Shrew (Sorex cinereus) is also here as it has been found in the - surrounding area. - -According to Bailey, Yeager and others the following bats have been -found in the park during the summer, all migrating south for the winter: - - Big Brown Bat: Eptesicus fuscus - Numerous over the central plateau section. - Hoary Bat: Lasiurus cinereus - A few range over most of the park. - Long-eared Bat: Myotis evotis - Numerous in the lower portions of the park. - Silver-haired Bat: Lasionycteris noctivagans - Fairly numerous in timbered areas. - Yellowstone Bat: Myotis lucifugus carissima - Numerous over most of the park and especially at Lake and around the - Devils Kitchen at Mammoth. - - - - - BIBLIOGRAPHY - - - Animal Life in Yellowstone National Park--Vernon Bailey - Yellowstone Information Manual--Fauna--Compiled by Dorr Yeager - Lives of Game Animals--E. T. Seton - Field Book of North American Mammals--H. E. Anthony - Meeting the Mammals--Victor H. Cahalane - A Field Guide to the Mammals--W. H. Burt and R. P. Grossenheider - How to Know the Mammals--E. S. Booth - - - - - INDEX - - - A - Alces americana shirasi, 9 - Antelope, 2, 3 - Antilocapra americana, 3 - - - B - Badger, 28, 30, 46, 48, 49 - Bat - Brown, 66 - Hoary, 66 - Long-eared, 66 - Silver-haired, 66 - Yellowstone, 66 - Bear, 1, 14, 15, 16, 17, 28, 30, 44 - Black, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19 - Brown, 15 - Cinnamon, 15 - Grizzly, 17, 18, 19 - Beaver, 5, 37, 38, 39, 40, 54 - Bighorn, 3, 12, 13 - Bison (Buffalo), 2, 5, 6 - Bison bison, 5 - Bobcat, 5, 22, 57, 64 - Buffalo (see Bison) - - - C - Canis latrans, 22 - lupus, 24 - Castor canadensis missouriensis, 37 - Cervus canadensis, 7 - Chickaree, 35 - Chipmunk, 28, 29, 34, 35, 42 - Buff-bellied, 35 - Uinta, 35 - Wasatch, 35 - Western, 34 - Citellus armatus, 30 - lateralis cinerascens, 28 - Clethrionomys gapperi galei, 65 - Cony, 56, 57 - Cottontail, 57, 58, 59 - Black Hills, 57 - Cougar, 20, 21 - Coyote, 2, 5, 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 53, 57 - - - D - Deer, 7, 8, 9, 20, 24 - Blacktail, 11 - Rocky Mountain Mule, 11 - Whitetail, 11 - - - E - Elk, 2, 7, 8, 9, 11, 19, 24 - Eptesicus fuscus, 66 - Erethizon epixanthum, 44 - Eutamias amoenus luteiventris, 35 - minimus consobrinus, 35 - umbrinus, 35 - - - F - Felis concolor, 20 - Flying Squirrel, Bangs, 63 - Fox, 30, 57 - Red, 64 - - - G - Glaucomys sabrinus bangsi, 63 - "Glutton," 64 - Gopher, Pocket, 65 - Groundhog, 26 - Ground Squirrel, 34, 48, 49 - Montana Mantled, 28, 29 - Uinta, 29, 30, 31, 65 - Gulo luscus, 64 - - - H - Hare, Prairie, 61 - Varying, 59, 60 - - - J - Jackrabbit, Whitetail, 61, 62 - - - L - Lasionycteris noctivagans, 66 - Lasiurus cinereus, 66 - Lepus americanus bairdi, 59 - townsendi campanius, 61 - Lion, Mountain, 2, 14, 20 - Loafer, 24 - Lobo, 24 - Lutra canadensis, 40 - Lynx, 28 - Canada, 64 - canadensis, 64 - rufus uinta, 64 - - - M - Marmot, 22, 26, 27 - Golden-Mantled, 26 - Marmota flaviventris nosophora, 26 - Marten, 53 - Pine, 37, 45 - Rocky Mountain, 42 - Martes caurina origenes, 42 - Mephitis mephitis hudsonica, 63 - Mice, 22, 42, 49 - Microtus longicaudus mordax, 52 - montanus nanus, 52 - pennsylvanicus modestus, 52 - richardsoni macropus, 53 - Mink, 42, 43, 54 - Moose, 7, 9, 10 - Mountain Lion, 2, 14, 20 - Mouse, 9 - Cantankerous, 52 - Dwarf Meadow, 52 - Jumping, 65 - Kangaroo, 65 - Meadow, 50, 51, 52, 53 - Redback, 65 - Sawatch, 52 - Vesper, 49 - White-footed, 49, 50 - Muskrat, 40, 42, 54, 55 - Mustela frenata arizonensis, 63 - streatori leptus, 63 - vison energumenos, 42 - Myotis evotis, 66 - lucifugus carissima, 66 - - - N - Neotoma cinerea, 53 - cinerea orolestes, 53 - - - O - Ochotona princeps ventorum, 56 - Odocoileus hemionus, 11 - Ondatra zibethica osoyoosensis, 54 - Otter, 40, 41 - Ovis canadensis, 12 - - - P - Painter, 20 - Panther, 20 - Peromyscus maniculatus artemisiae, 49 - Picket-pin, 22, 30, 49, 65 - Pika, 56, 57 - Porcupine, 44, 46, 47 - Yellow-haired, 44 - Pronghorn, 3, 4 - Puma, 20 - - - R - Rabbit, 22, 42 - Cottontail, 57, 58, 59 - Rock, 56 - Snowshoe, 59, 60, 61 - Rat, Pack, 53 - Rock, 54 - Trade, 53 - Wood, 53, 54 - Colorado Bushytail, 53 - Gray Bushytail, 53 - - - S - Sheep, Rocky Mountain, 12 - Shrew, Dusky, 65, 66 - Masked, 66 - Rocky Mountain, 66 - Water, 65, 66 - Skunk, Northern Plains, 63 - Snowshoe Rabbit, 59, 61 - Sorex cinereus, 66 - obscurus, 65 - palustris navigator, 65 - vagrans monticola, 66 - Squirrel, 34, 42, 63 - Bangs Flying, 63 - Flying, 63 - Ground, 34, 48, 49 - Montana Mantled, 28, 29 - Uinta, 29, 30, 31, 65 - Pine, 35, 36, 37 - Wind River Mountains, 35 - Sylvilagus nuttalli grangeri, 57 - - - T - Tamiasciurus hudsonicus ventorum, 35 - Taxidea taxus, 46 - Thomomys talpoides fuscus, 65 - - - U - Ursus americanus, 14 - horribilis, 17 - - - V - Vole, 50 - Vulpes fulva macrourus, 64 - - - W - Wapiti (Elk), 7 - Weasel, 30, 42, 53 - Dwarf, 63 - Mountain, 63 - "Whistler," 28 - Wolf, 2, 14, 25, 26 - Buffalo, 24 - Gray, 24, 25 - "Little," 22 - Timber, 24 - Wolverine, 64 - Woodchuck, 26 - Wood Rat, 53, 54 - - - Z - Zapus princeps, 65 - - - AS A CITIZEN - -1. TAKE PRIDE IN THIS, YOUR NATIONAL PARK - -2. Keep it unspoiled for your next visit and for those who follow you. - -3. See and learn all you can while you are here, you may only come once. - -4. Visit the Museums. They have been put here to help you to profit more - from your trip. - - - USE YOUR MAP - - PREVENT FOREST FIRES - - HELP Protect the Geysers, Pools and Terraces - The Rock and Mineral Formations - The Flowers and the Animal Life - - KEEP YELLOWSTONE CLEAN - - - DO YOU NEED HELP? - ASK - The Man in the Park Green - National Park Service Uniform - - He is anxious to help you - To See--To Benefit from and To Enjoy Your - National Parks - - [Illustration: Geyser] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - ---In the HTML version index, represented underscored page numbers by - italic font. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Wild Animals of Yellowstone National -Park, by Harold J. 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