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diff --git a/old/60118-8.txt b/old/60118-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0e9e059..0000000 --- a/old/60118-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,781 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Casa Grande Ruins Trail, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Casa Grande Ruins Trail - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: August 17, 2019 [EBook #60118] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASA GRANDE RUINS TRAIL *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - Casa Grande Ruins Trail - - - _15 cents if you take this booklet home_ - - CASA GRANDE RUINS NATIONAL MONUMENT - ARIZONA - - [Illustration: Map of Compound A] - - - - - SAFETY - -You are in a desert area. Sometimes the desert can be harsh. Cactus -spines can hurt. Intense heat can cause varying degrees of discomfort. -Poisonous animals, though rare, are here. Know your own limitations, and -exercise caution. - - - - - NATIONAL PARK AND MONUMENTS - - -Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, one of more than 280 areas -administered by the National Park Service, United States Department of -the Interior, was set aside because of its outstanding archeological -values. This area belongs to you and is part of your heritage as an -American citizen. The men and women in the uniform of the National Park -Service are here to assist you and will welcome the opportunity to make -your visit to Casa Grande Ruins more enjoyable. - -The National Park Service was created in 1916 to preserve the National -Parks and Monuments for your enjoyment and that of future generations. -Federal law prohibits activities which would destroy any of the works of -nature or man that are preserved here. These include such activities as -hunting, woodcutting, collecting--even taking of small pieces such as -broken pottery. Please help preserve Casa Grande Ruins National -Monument, and remember: A thoughtless act on your part can destroy in a -few moments something that has been here for centuries. Please stay on -the designated trail. - - DON'T FORGET YOUR CAMERA - - - - - Casa Grande Ruins Trail - - -The Casa Grande Trail is about 400 yards long and an easy walk. Numbered -stakes along the trail are set at points of interest, and corresponding -numbered paragraphs in this booklet explain the features. - -You may enter the Casa Grande (Big House) only on a ranger-conducted -guided tour. - - -1. - -From about 2,000 years ago until about A.D. 1450, people living in this -area developed and expanded a stone-age civilization that the -archeologists call the Hohokam (Ho-Ho-Kahm) culture. Hohokam means -"those who have gone" in the language of the nearby Pima Indians, who -are probably descendants of these prehistoric people. - -The Hohokam lived in this region for many centuries before building -walled villages like this between A.D. 1300 and 1450. Primarily farmers, -raising corn, beans, squash, and cotton, they developed extensive -irrigation canal systems that took water from the Gila (Hee-la) River. -About A.D. 1450, this village and others like it were abandoned. We do -not know why. When the Spaniards explored this area, they found Pimas, -living in open villages and irrigating their farmlands, several miles to -the west. - - -2. Village Wall. - -The wall around this village originally stood 7 to 11 feet high. There -were no doorways in it. This wall and building of this village are of -caliche, a limy subsoil found 2 to 5 feet below the surface of this -region. To get in or out of the village the Indians used ladders to -climb over the wall. The foundations, all that remain of the wall, are -covered with wire reinforced, tinted-cement stucco to protect them. -Stepping or sitting on the walls may damage them. Help us to protect the -walls. - - -3. Living Room. - -This room is one of approximately 60 rooms inside the compound wall. -Walls and floors were made of caliche, and ceilings were layers of -poles, saguaro ribs, and reeds capped with a covering of caliche. Some -rooms, like this one, had doorways; other rooms had hatchways in the -roof centers. A small clay fire pit, about 1 foot in diameter, was in -the center of each room. During hot weather, cooking was done out of -doors. (_See_ next page). - - -4. The Casa Grande--Northeast Corner. - -The Casa Grande was first seen by a European on November 27, 1694, when -Father Kino, a Jesuit missionary and explorer, visited the area. He -called the building the Casa Grande, or Big House, because it was the -biggest structure he had seen in southern Arizona. - -The large steel canopy was erected in 1932 to protect the Casa Grande -from rain. This building has not been restored, but to keep it from -crumbling further, the ruin was stabilized in 1891. The undercut base of -the ruin was filled with bricks and cement, two-by-fours were placed -over the doorways, and two steel rods were inserted to brace the south -wall. - - [Illustration: _Living Room_] - - [Illustration: _The Casa Grande, Northeast Corner_] - - -5. The North Side. - -The wood over the doorway is not original. There is no original wood -remaining in the Casa Grande. Father Kino reported it as burned out -prior to his 1694 visit. - -Though four stories high, only the upper three stories of the Casa -Grande were used. The five ground-story rooms were filled with earth to -form a platform foundation, and a ladder was used to gain access to the -second story through the doorway seen here. - -To the right of the doorway and about shoulder high are a line of holes -in the wall. These show where a roof, probably for shade, was socketed -into the wall. - - -6. West Side. - -Notice the series of horizontal cracks along the west wall of the Casa -Grande. The cracks show that the walls were built with layers of caliche -mud. Each layer was about 26 inches thick. Bricks were not used. The -Indians did not make adobe bricks until taught by the Spanish priests -centuries later. - -Above the enlarged open doorway is a blocked one. The upper doorway was -sealed by the Indians, but they left a small opening for ventilation at -the bottom of the block. The large hole above the blocked doorway is -where the original wooden lintel poles rotted away, causing part of the -wall to fall. - -Both to left and right of the blocked doorway are small windows in the -north and south rooms. The left window is round and the right window is -square. - -In the 1880's, Ed Schieffelin, the founder of Tombstone, Arizona, took -this photograph of the Casa Grande. The structure has deteriorated -little since then. - - -7. South Side. - -Here are two more blocked doorways that originally led into the west -second and third-story rooms. Doorways made by these Indians are smaller -than modern entryways, but this does not mean that the people were -small. During bad weather these openings could have been closed off with -mats and skins, and the smaller the doorway, the easier it was to block. -Moreover, it let in less cold air. - - [Illustration: _West Side of the Casa Grande_] - -The round holes in a line between the doorways were beam sockets. Poles -of pinyon pine and/or juniper formed the ceilings and spanned the width -of the room. - - [Illustration: _Cross-section Drawing of a Roof._] - -The interior plaster of the west wall was made from caliche, ground fine -in a stone mortar and with the gravel sifted out. This plaster is more -than 650 years old. - -Names cut into the plaster date from the last half of the last century, -and were cut into the plaster before the ruin was protected by the -Federal government. Because of these names, and the fact that the -interior of the Casa Grande may easily be vandalized, visitors are -permitted to enter the ruin only on ranger-conducted guided tours. - - -8. Southeast Corner. - -The walls of the Casa Grande are heavy and massive, ranging in thickness -from 4½ to 1¾ feet. To save work and to reduce weight on the foundation, -the Indians narrowed the walls as they built them up. The outside -surface bows inward as the wall rises. The inside surface, however, is -nearly vertical. (_See_ photo). - - [Illustration: _Southeast Corner of the Casa Grande_] - - -9. Buried Walls. - -If you look closely at the surface of the ground you can see the tops of -the walls of some rooms. These rooms are unexcavated. Probably the floor -of this room is less than one foot below ground surface, and only the -foundations of the walls remain. - - -10. Southwest Building. - -The high walls shown at top of the next page are all that remain of a -three-story building that stood in this southwest corner of the walled -village. These rooms apparently were living rooms where several families -slept, worked, and stored their food, tools, and clothing. One of the -large red Hohokam jars in the Visitor Center exhibit room was recovered -near here. - - -11. Outer Wall. - -This is another part of the village wall. To save labor, the west side -of the three-story building was built against the wall. During the -winter of 1906-07, Dr. J. W. Fewkes conducted excavations in this ruin -for the Smithsonian Institution. He found debris along the outside of -the wall indicating that it once stood 7 to 11 feet high. (Bottom, -left). - - [Illustration: _Southwest Building_] - - [Illustration: _Outer Wall_] - - -12. - -From this vantage point you can view the whole compound. The walls -enclosed an area of 2-1/8 acres. Most of the dwellings in the village -were one story high. - -In 1951, Paul Coze, an Arizona artist, painted a restoration of the -Ruin. This painting, on page 10, may help you visualize what the village -looked like 650 years ago. The high standing walls to your left are -remains of the tall building in the lower left-hand corner of the -painting. - -The prehistoric Indian canal used to irrigate farmlands in this area lay -north of the Monument but curved to the south and passed near the farm -shed visible one-half mile to the west. The high bank to the south and -west is the line of the modern canal. The Indians cultivated the land to -the west beyond the modern canal, walking from one-half to one mile to -reach their fields. - - -13. Southeast Quarter. - -The vacant area to your right once had houses on it, but they were of -rather flimsy upright-pole-and-mud construction and little remains of -them but floors and wall post holes. The open places in the village were -used for children's play, work areas, outdoor cooking, and other -purposes. - - -14. The Casa Grande. - -Again we come back to the Casa Grande. This is a unique structure in -this region and its major purpose or function is not known. It does not -have the appearance of a normal dwelling. Theories that the structure -might have been a fort-like watchtower fail to explain what people the -Casa Grande folk might have been watching. (There is no real evidence of -warfare or strife.) Recent investigations have suggested that certain -openings in the upper walls may have been utilized for astronomical -observations, but whether the entire structure was built for this -purpose is mere speculation. - - Take nothing but pictures-- - Leave nothing but footprints - - -15. Font's Room. - -This building stood two stories high. Socket holes for the first-story -ceiling can still be seen on the east side of the high wall. The room is -called Font's Room for Father Font, a Spanish Franciscan priest who -visited here in 1775. - - [Illustration: _Paul Coze Painting. Restoration of the Casa Grande_] - - [Illustration: _The Casa Grande_] - - [Illustration: _Font's Room_] - - -16. The Trash Mound. - -Look over the village wall and to the east, between the residences and -the Visitor Center. About 150 feet away is the low mound that was one of -the trash dumps for this village. This is where the Hohokam for over a -century threw their broken pottery, tools, shell jewelry, garbage, and -other refuse. From this mound came much of our information about the -material remains of these ancient people. In order to protect -archeological values, visitors are not allowed on the mound. - - -17. Shell Pendants. - -The turquoise and shell mosaic emblems in the Visitor Center jewelry -exhibit were found in 1926 in the west end of this room during -excavations to stabilize the walls. They are exceptionally fine examples -of prehistoric mosaic handicraft. (_See_ photo on back cover). - - -18. - -To return to the Visitor Center take the path to the right. - - -We hope you have enjoyed your trip along the Casa Grande trail. The -National Park Service rangers are here to assist you in any way they can -and will do their best to answer your questions. - - - - - LAND AND WATER CONSERVATION FUND ACT OF 1965 - - -America's growing need for outdoor recreation areas was recognized by -Congress with the passage of the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of -1965. This law authorizes entrance and users' fees at Federal Recreation -Areas and dedicates the money from those fees, plus revenue from the -sale of surplus Federal real estate and the Federal tax on fuel used in -pleasure boats, to the purchase and development of public recreation -lands and waters. - -Roughly 40 percent of your entrance fee goes to buy additional Federal -Recreation Areas--a share in the California Redwoods, a bit of Fire -Island, a view from Spruce Knob, a safe haven for the vanishing whooping -crane, or the purchase of Hubbell Trading Post in northeastern Arizona. -The other 60 percent goes to the states and through them to towns and -counties to buy and develop "near to home" recreation areas such as -Picacho State Park, Arizona. These grants are matched with an equal -amount from state and local sources. - -The $10 annual permit which is valid for some 7,000 Federal areas -administered by the National Park Service, Forest Service, Bureau of -Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Bureau of Land Management, Bureau of -Reclamation, Tennessee Valley Authority and Corps of Engineers may be -purchased at Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. For additional -information about the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 ask a -ranger. - - -This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service - by the - Southwest Parks and Monuments Association - -A non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting -historical, scientific and educational activities of the National Park -Service. - - -5th Ed. 1-73-20M - - [Illustration: Turquoise and shell mosaic emblems] - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Casa Grande Ruins Trail, by Anonymous - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CASA GRANDE RUINS TRAIL *** - -***** This file should be named 60118-8.txt or 60118-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/6/0/1/1/60118/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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