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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f83d039 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #60035 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/60035) diff --git a/old/60035-0.txt b/old/60035-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 28320d3..0000000 --- a/old/60035-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21067 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Reformation in Europe in the -Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8, by J. H. Merle D'Aubigné - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8 - -Author: J. H. Merle D'Aubigné - -Translator: William L. B. Cates - -Release Date: August 1, 2019 [EBook #60035] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Wilson, David Edwards, Colin Bell, David -King, and the Online Distributed Proofreaders Team at -http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - - - - - - -History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8 - - - - - HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN. - - BY - - J. H. MERLE D’AUBIGNÉ, D.D., - - AUTHOR OF THE ‘HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY,’ - ETC. - - - ‘Les choses de petite durée ont coutume de devenir fanées, quand elles - ont passé - leur temps. - - ‘Au règne de Christ, il n’y a que le nouvel homme qui soit florissant, - qui ait de - la vigueur, et dont il faille faire cas.’ - - CALVIN. - - - VOL. IV. - - ENGLAND, GENEVA, FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ITALY. - - NEW YORK: - ROBERT CARTER & BROTHERS, - No. 530 BROADWAY. - 1866. - - - - - PREFACE. - - -This volume narrates the events of an important epoch in the Reformation -of England, Switzerland, France, Germany, and Italy. From the first the -author purposed to write a _History of the Reformation in Europe_, which -he indicated in the title of his work. Some persons, misled by the last -words of that title, have supposed that he intended to give a mere -biography of Calvin: such was not his idea. That great divine must have -his place in this history, but, however interesting the life of a man -may be, and especially the life of so great a servant of God, the -history of the work of God in the various parts of Christendom possesses -in our opinion a greater and more permanent interest. - - Deo soli gloria. Omnia hominum idola pereant! - -In the year 1853, in the fifth volume of his _History of the Reformation -of the Sixteenth Century_, the author described the commencement of the -reform in England. He now resumes the subject where he had left off, -namely, after the fall and death of Wolsey. The following pages were -written thirteen years ago, immediately subsequent to the publication of -the fifth volume; they have since then been revised and extended. - -The most important fact of that epoch in Great Britain is the act by -which the English Church resumed its independence. It was attended by a -peculiar circumstance. When Henry VIII. emancipated his people from the -papal supremacy, he proclaimed himself head of the Church. And hence, of -all Protestant countries, England is the one in which Church and State -are most closely united. The legislators of the Anglican Church -understood afterwards the danger presented by this union, and -consequently declared, in the Thirty-seventh Article (_Of the Civil -Magistrates_), that, ‘where they attributed to the King’s Majesty the -chief government, they gave not to their princes the ministering of -God’s word.’ This did not mean that the king should not preach; such an -idea did not occur to any one; but that the civil power should not take -upon itself to determine the doctrines of the divine Word. - -Unhappily this precaution has not proved sufficient. Not long since a -question of doctrine was raised with regard to the _Essays and Reviews_, -and the case having been carried on appeal before the supreme court, the -latter gave its decision with regard to important dogmas. The Privy -Council decided that the denial of the plenary inspiration of Scripture, -of the substitution of Christ for the sinner in the sacrifice of the -cross, and of the irrevocable consequences of the last judgment, was not -contrary to the profession of faith of the Church of England. When they -heard of this judgment, the rationalists triumphed; but an immense -number of protests were made in all parts of Great Britain. While we -feel the greatest respect for the persons and intentions of the members -of the judicial committee of the Privy Council, we venture to ask -whether this judgment be not subversive of the fundamental principles of -the Anglican Church; nay more (though in this we may be wrong), is it -not a violation of the English Constitution, of which the articles of -Religion form part? The fact is the more serious as it was accomplished -notwithstanding the opposition (which certainly deserved to be taken -into consideration) of the two chief spiritual conductors of the -Church—the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of all England, and the -Archbishop of York, both members of the council. Having to describe in -this volume the historical fact in which the evil originated, the author -is of opinion that he ought to point out respectfully but frankly the -evil itself. He does so with the more freedom because he believes that -he is in harmony on this point with the majority of the bishops, clergy, -and pious laymen of the English Church, for whom he has long felt -sincere respect and affection. - -But let us not fear. The ills of the Church must not prevent our -acknowledging that at no time has evangelical Christianity been more -widely extended than in our days. We know that the Christians of Great -Britain will not only hold firm the standard of faith, but will redouble -their efforts to win souls to the Gospel both at home and in the most -distant countries. And if at any time they should be compelled to make a -choice—and either renounce their union with the civil power, or -sacrifice the holy doctrines of the Word of God—there is not (in our -opinion) one evangelical minister or layman in England who would -hesitate a moment on the course he should adopt. - -England requires now more than ever to study the Fathers of the -Reformation in their writings, and to be animated by their spirit. There -are men in our days who are led astray by strange imaginations, and who, -unless precautions be taken against their errors, would overturn the -glorious chariot of Christian truth, and plunge it into the abyss of -superstitious Romanism or over the abrupt precipice of incredulity. On -one side, scholastic doctrines (as transubstantiation for instance) are -boldly professed in certain Protestant churches; monastic orders, popish -rites, candles, vestments of the fourteenth century, and all the -mummeries of the Middle Ages are revived. On the other side, a -rationalism, which, though it still keeps within bounds, is not the less -dangerous on that account, is attacking the inspiration of Scripture, -the atonement, and other essential doctrines. May we be permitted to -conjure all who have God’s glory, the safety of the Church, and the -prosperity of their country at heart, to preserve in its integrity the -precious treasure of God’s Word, and to learn from the men of the -Reformation to repel foolish errors and a slavish yoke with one hand, -and with the other the empty theorems of an incredulous philosophy. - -I would crave permission to draw attention to a fact of importance. A -former volume has shown that the spiritual reformation of England -proceeded from the Word of God, first read at Oxford and Cambridge, and -then by the people. The only part which the king took in it was an -opposition, which he followed out even to the stake. The present volume -shows that the official reformation, the reform of abuses, proceeded -from the Commons, from the most notable laymen of England. The king took -only a passive part in this work. Thus neither the internal nor the -external reform proceeded from Henry VIII. Of all the acts of the -Reformation only one belongs to him: he broke with the pope. That was a -great benefit, and it is a great honor to the king. But could it have -lasted without the two other reforms? We much doubt it. The Reformation -of England primarily came from God; but if we look at secondary causes, -it proceeded from the people, and not from the sovereign. The noble -vessel of the political constitution, which had remained almost -motionless for centuries, began to advance at the first breath of the -Gospel. Rationalists and papists, notwithstanding all their hopes, will -never deprive Great Britain of the Reformation accomplished by the Word -of God; but if England were to lose the Gospel, she would at the same -time lose her liberty. Coercion under the reign of popery or excesses -under the reign of infidelity, would be equally fatal to it. - -A distinguished writer published in 1858 an important work in which he -treated of the history of England from the fall of Wolsey.[1] We have -great pleasure in acknowledging the value of Mr. Froude’s volumes; but -we do not agree with his opinions with respect to the character of Henry -VIII. While we believe that he rendered great services to England as a -king, we are not inclined, so far as his private character is concerned, -to consider him a model prince, and his victims as criminals. We differ -also from the learned historian in certain matters of detail, which have -been partly indicated in our notes. But every one must bear testimony to -the good use Mr. Froude has made of the original documents which he had -before him, and to the talent with which the history is written, and we -could not forbear rejoicing as we noticed the favorable point of view -under which, in this last work of his, he considers the Reformation. - -After speaking of England, the author returns to the history of Geneva; -and readers may perhaps complain that he has dwelt longer upon it than -is consistent with a general history of the Reformation. He acknowledges -that there may be some truth in the objection, and accepts his -condemnation in advance. But he might reply that according to the -principles which determine the characteristics of the Beautiful, the -liveliest interest is often excited by what takes place on the narrowest -stage. He might add that the special character of the Genevese Reform, -where political liberty and evangelical faith are seen triumphing -together, is of particular importance to our age. He might say that if -he has spoken too much of Geneva, it is because he knows and loves her; -and that while everybody thinks it natural for a botanist, even when -taking note of the plants of the whole world, to apply himself specially -to a description of such as grow immediately around him; a Genevese -ought to be permitted to make known the flowers which adorn the shores -upon which he dwells, and whose perfume has extended far over the world. - -For this part of our work we have continued to consult the most -authentic documents of the sixteenth century, at the head of which are -the Registers of the Council of State of Geneva. Among the new sources -that we have explored we may mention an important manuscript in the -Archives of Berne which was placed at our disposal by M. de Stürler, -Chancellor of State. This folio of four hundred and thirty pages -contains the minutes of the sittings of the Inquisitional Court of -Lyons, assembled to try Baudichon de la Maisonneuve for heresy. To avoid -swelling out this volume, it was necessary to omit many interesting -circumstances contained in that document; we should have curtailed them -even more had we not considered that the facts of that trial did not yet -belong to history, and had remained for more than three centuries hidden -among the state papers of Berne.[2] De la Maisonneuve was the chief -layman of the Genevese Reformation,—_the captain of the Lutherans_, as -he is frequently called by the witnesses in their depositions. The part -he played in the Reformation of Geneva has not been duly appreciated. No -doubt the excess of his qualities, particularly of his energy, sometimes -carried him too far; but his love of truth, indomitable courage, and -indefatigable activity make him one of the most prominent characters of -the Reform. The name of Maisonneuve no longer exists in that city; but a -great number of the most ancient and most respected families descend -from him, either in a direct or collateral line.[3] - -Another manuscript has brought to our knowledge the chief mission of the -embassy which solicited Francis I. to set Baudichon de la Maisonneuve at -liberty. The head of that embassy was Rodolph of Diesbach: M. Ferdinand -de Diesbach, of Berne, has had the kindness to place the manuscript -records of his family at our disposal; and the circumstance that we have -learnt from them does not give a very exalted idea of that king’s -generosity. - -The project of Francis I. and of Melancthon described in the portion of -the volume devoted to France and Germany, and the important letters -hitherto unknown in our language, which are given there, appear worthy -of the attention of enlightened and serious minds. - -We conclude with Italy. We could have wished to describe in this volume -Calvin’s journey to Ferrara, and even his arrival at Geneva; but the -great space given to other countries did not permit us to carry on the -Genevese Reformation to that period. Two distinguished men, whose -talents and labors we respect, M. Albert Rilliet, of Geneva, and M. -Jules Bonnet, of Paris, have had a discussion about Calvin’s transalpine -expedition. M. Rilliet’s essay (_Deux points obscurs de la vie de -Calvin_) was published as a pamphlet, and M. Bonnet’s answer (_Calvin en -Italie_) appeared in the _Revue Chrétienne_ for 1864, p. 461 sqq., and -in the _Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme Français_ -for 1864, p. 183 sqq. M. Rilliet denies that Calvin ever visited the -city of Aosta, and M. Bonnet maintains that he did. Data are -unfortunately wanting to decide a small number of secondary points; but -the important fact of Calvin’s journey _through Aosta_, seems beyond a -doubt, and when we come to this epoch in the Reformer’s life, we will -give such proofs—in our opinion incontestable proofs—as ought to -convince every impartial mind. - -Before describing Calvin’s residence at Ferrara, the author had to -narrate the movements which had been going on in Italy from the -beginning of the Reformation. Being obliged to limit himself, -considering the extent of his task, he had wished at first to exclude -those countries in which the Reformation was crushed out, as Italy and -Spain. On studying more closely the work there achieved, he could not -make up his mind to pass it over in silence. Among the oldest editions -of the books of that period which he has made use of is a copy of the -works of Aonio Paleario (1552), recently presented by the Marquis Cresi, -of Naples, to the library of the School of Evangelical Theology at -Geneva. This volume wants thirty-two leaves (pp. 311 to 344), and at the -foot of p. 310 is the following manuscript note: _Quæ desunt pagellæ -sublatæ fuerunt de mandato Rev. Vicarii Neap._; ‘the missing pages were -torn out by order of the Reverend Vicar of Naples.’ This was an -annoyance to the author, who wished to read those pages all the more -because the inquisition had cut them out. Happily he found them in a -Dutch edition belonging to Professor André Cherbuliez. - -Some persons have thought that political liberty occupied too great a -space in the first volume of this history; we imagined, however, that we -were doing a service to the time in which we live, by showing the -coexistence in Geneva of civil emancipation and evangelical reform. On -the continent, there are men of education and elevated character, but -strangers to the Gospel, who labor under a mistake as to the causes -which separate them from Christianity. In their opinion it arises from -the circumstance that the Church whose head is at Rome is hostile to the -rights of the people. Many of them have said that religion might be -strengthened and perpetuated by uniting with liberty. But is it not -united with liberty in Switzerland, England, and the United States of -America? Why should we not see everywhere, and in France particularly, -as well as in the countries we have just named, religion which respects -the rights of God uniting with policy which respects the rights of the -people? It is not the Encyclic of Pius IX. that the Gospel claims as a -companion, it is liberty. The Gospel has need of liberty, and liberty -has need of the Gospel. The people who have only one or other of these -two essential elements of life are sick; the people who have neither are -dead. - -‘The greatest imaginable absurdity,’ says one of the eminent -philosophers and noble minds of our epoch, M. Jouffroy, ‘would be the -assertion that this present life is everything, and that there is -nothing after it. I know of no greater in any branch of science.’ Might -there not, however, be another absurdity worthy of being placed by its -side? The same philosopher says that, so far as regards our state after -this life, ‘science and philosophy have not, after two thousand years, -arrived at a single accepted result.’[4] Consequently, by the side of -the absurdity which M. Jouffroy has pointed out, we confidently place -another, as the second of ‘the greatest imaginable absurdities,’ namely, -that which consists in believing, after two thousand years of barren -labors, that there is another way besides Christianity to know and -possess the life invisible and eternal. The essential fact of the -history of religion and the history of the world: _God manifest in the -flesh_, is the ray from heaven which reveals that life to us, and -procures it for us. We know what a wind of incredulity has scattered -over barren sands many noble souls who aspire to something better, and -for whom Christ has opened the gates of eternity; but let us hope that -their fall will be only temporary, and that many, enlightened from on -high, turning their eyes away from the desert which surrounds them, and -lifting them towards heaven, will exclaim: _I will arise and go to my -Father_. - -We must, as Jouffroy says, ‘recommence our investigations;’ but ‘first -of all,’ he adds, ‘we must confess the secret vice which has hitherto -rendered all our exertions powerless.’ That secret vice consists in -considering the question in an intellectual and theoretical point of -view only, while it is absolutely necessary to grapple with it in a -practical way, and to make it an individual fact. The matter under -discussion belongs to the domain of humanity, not of philosophy. It does -not regard the understanding alone, but the conscience, the will, the -heart, and the life. The real vice consists in our not recognizing, -within us, the evil that separates us from God, and, without us, the -Saviour who leads us to Him. The royal road to learn and possess life -invisible and eternal is the knowledge and possession of that Son of -Man, of that Son of God, who said with authority: I AM THE WAY, THE -TRUTH, AND THE LIFE: NO MAN COMETH UNTO THE FATHER BUT BY ME. - -MERLE D’AUBIGNÉ. - -LA GRAVELINE, EAUX VIVES, GENEVA: -_May, 1866_. - -Footnote 1: - - _History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Queen - Elizabeth_, by J. A. Froude. - -Footnote 2: - - M. Gaberel has quoted some passages of this manuscript which concern - Geneva, in the first volume of his History of the Genevese Church. - -Footnote 3: - - M. Charles Eynard, a friend of the author’s, has communicated to him - some genealogies of the descendants of Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, in - which, besides a great number of Genevese names, are found those of - some foreign families,—Constant-Rebecque in Holland; the de Gasparins, - de Staëls, and other families of note in France, who descend from - Baudichon de la Maisonneuve through the Neckers. - -Footnote 4: - - See the works of M. Jouffroy, and the _Revue des Deux Mondes_ for 15th - March, 1865. - - - - - CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME. - - -BOOK VI. - -ENGLAND BEGINS TO CAST OFF THE PAPACY. - - -CHAPTER I. - -THE NATION AND ITS PARTIES. - -(AUTUMN 1529.) - - -Diverse Religious Tendencies—Evangelical Reformation and Legal -Reformation—Creation of a mighty Protestantism—Election of a new -Parliament—Alarm of the Clerical Party—The Three Parties—The Society of -Christian Brethren—General Movement in London—Banquet and Conversations -of Peers and Members of Parliament—Agitation among the People 1 - - -CHAPTER II. - -PARLIAMENT AND ITS GRIEVANCES. - -(NOVEMBER 1529.) - - -Impulse given to Political Liberty by the Reformation—Grievances put -forward by the House of Commons—Exactions, Benefices, Holy-days, -Imprisonments—The House of Commons defend the Evangelicals—Question of -the Bishops—Their Answer—Their Proceedings in the matter of Reform 9 - - -CHAPTER III. - -REFORMS. - -(END OF 1529.) - - -Abuses pointed out and corrected—The Clergy reform in -self-defence—Fisher accuses the Commons, who complain to the -King—Subterfuge of the Bishops—Rudeness of the Commons—Suppression of -Pluralities and Non-residence—These Reforms insufficient—Joy of the -People, Sorrow of the Clergy 15 - - -CHAPTER IV. - -ANNE BOLEYN’S FATHER BEFORE THE EMPEROR AND THE POPE. - -(WINTER OF 1530.) - - -Motives of Henry VIII.—Congress at Bologna—Henry sends an -Embassy—Cranmer added to the Embassy—The Pope’s Embarrassment and -Alarm—Clement grants the Englishmen an Audience—The Pope’s -Foot—Threats—Wiltshire received and checked by Charles—Discontent of the -English—Wiltshire’s Departure—Cranmer remains 20 - - -CHAPTER V. - -DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE DIVORCE AT OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE. - -(WINTER OF 1530.) - - -Parties at Cambridge—A noisy Assembly—Murmurs against the Evangelicals—A -Meeting declares for the King—Honor paid to Scripture—The King’s severe -letter to Oxford—Opposition of the younger Members of the University—The -King’s Anger—Another royal Mission to Oxford—The University decides for -the Divorce—Evangelical Courage of Chaplain Latimer—The King and the -Chancellor of Cambridge 29 - - -CHAPTER VI. - -HENRY VIII. SUPPORTED IN FRANCE AND ITALY BY THE CATHOLICS, AND BLAMED -IN GERMANY BY THE PROTESTANTS. - -(JANUARY TO SEPTEMBER 1530.) - - -The Sorbonne deliberates on the Divorce—The French Universities sanction -the Divorce—The Italian Universities do likewise—Opinion of -Luther—Cranmer at Rome—The English Nobles write to the Pope—The Pope -proposes that the King should have two Wives—Henry’s Proclamation -against Papal Bulls 38 - - -CHAPTER VII. - -LATIMER AT COURT. - -(JANUARY TO SEPTEMBER 1530.) - - -Latimer tempted by the Court; fortified by Study—Christian -Individuality—Latimer desires to convert the King—Desires for the -Church, Poverty, the Cross, and the Bible—He prays the King to save his -own Soul—Latimer’s Preaching—No Intermingling of the two -Powers—Latimer’s Boldness in the Cause of Morality—Priests denounce him -to the King—Noble Character of the Reformers 45 - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -THE KING SEEKS AFTER TYNDALE. - -(JANUARY TO MAY 1531.) - - -The Ivy and the Tree, or the Practice of Popery—Vaughan looks for the -invisible Tyndale—Vaughan visited by a Stranger—Interview between -Vaughan and Tyndale in a Field—Tyndale mistrusts the Clergy—The King’s -Indignation—Tyndale is touched by the royal Compassion—The King wishes -to gain Fryth—Faith first, and then the Church—Henry threatens the -Evangelicals with War 52 - - -CHAPTER IX. - -THE KING OF ENGLAND RECOGNIZED AS HEAD OF THE CHURCH. - -(JANUARY TO MARCH 1531.) - - -Supremacy of the Pope injurious to the State—All the Clergy declared -guilty—Challenged to recognize the royal Supremacy—Anguish of the -Clergy—They negotiate and submit—Discussions in the Convocation of -York—Danger of the royal Supremacy 60 - - -CHAPTER X. - -SEPARATION OF THE KING AND QUEEN. - -(MARCH TO JUNE 1531.) - - -The Divorce Question agitates the Country—A Case of Poisoning—Reginald -Pole—Pole’s Discontent—The King’s Favors—Pole’s Frankness and Henry’s -Anger—Bids Henry submit to the Pope—Queen Catherine leaves the Palace 66 - - -CHAPTER XI. - -THE BISHOPS PLUNDER THE CLERGY AND PERSECUTE THE PROTESTANTS. - -(SEPTEMBER 1531 TO 1532.) - - -Stokesley proposes that the inferior Clergy shall Pay—Riot among the -Priests—The Bishop’s Speech—A Battle—To conciliate the Clergy, Henry -allows them to persecute the Protestants 72 - - -CHAPTER XII. - -THE MARTYRS. - -(1531.) - - -The repentant Bilney preaches in the Fields—His Enemies and his -Friends—Bilney put into Prison, where he meets Petit—Disputation and -Trial—Bilney condemned to die—The parting Visit of his Friends—He is led -out to Punishment—His last Words—His Death—Imprisonment and Martyrdom of -Bayfield—Tewkesbury bound to the Tree of Truth—His Death—Numerous -Martyrs 77 - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -THE KING DESPOILS THE POPE AND THE CLERGY. - -(MARCH TO MAY 1532.) - - -Character of Thomas Cromwell—Abolition of First-Fruits—The Clergy bend -before the King—Two contradictory Oaths—Priestly Rumors—Sir Thomas More -resigns—The two Evils of a regal Reform 86 - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -LIBERTY OF INQUIRY AND PREACHING IN THE 16TH CENTURY. - -(1532.) - - -The Perils of a prosperous Nation—Lambert and free Inquiry—Luther’s -Principles—Images or the Word of God—Freedom of Preaching—St. Paul burnt -by the Bishop—Latimer disgusted with the Court—More Thieves than -Shepherds—A Don Quixote of Catholicism—Latimer summoned before the -Primate—His Firmness—Attempt to entrap Him—His Refusal to -recant—Excommunicated—Expedient of the Bishops—Latimer saved by his -Conformity with Luther 91 - - -CHAPTER XV. - -HENRY VIII. ATTACKS THE PARTISANS OF THE POPE AND OF THE REFORMATION. - -(1532.) - - -The Franciscans preach against the King—Henry likened to -Ahab—Disturbance in the Chapel—Christian Meetings in London—Bainham -persecuted by More—Summoned to abjure—The fatal Kiss—Bainham’s -Anguish—The Tragedy of Conscience—Bainham visited in his Dungeon—The Bed -of Roses—The Persecutor’s Suicide—Effect of the Martyrdoms—The true -Church of God 103 - - -CHAPTER XVI. - -THE NEW PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND. - -(FEBRUARY 1532 TO MARCH 1533.) - - -Who shall be Warham’s Successor?—Cranmer at Nuremberg—Osiander’s -Household—His Error—Cranmer marries—Is recalled to London—Refuses to -return—Follows the Emperor to Italy—Date of Henry’s Marriage with Anne -Boleyn—Cranmer returns to London—Struggle between the King and -Cranmer—The Pope has no Authority in England—Appointment of Bishops -without the Pope—Cranmer protests thrice—All Weakness is a Fault—The -true Doctrine of the Episcopate—The Appeal of the Reformers 112 - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -QUEEN CATHERINE DESCENDS FROM THE THRONE, AND QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN ASCENDS -IT. - -(NOVEMBER 1532 TO JULY 1553.) - - -Clement suggests that Henry should have two Wives—His perilous Journey -to Bologna—His Exertions for the Divorce—King’s Marriage with Anne -becomes known—France and England separate—A threatening Brief—The Pope -perplexed—Parliament emancipates England—Cranmer’s Letter to the -King—Modification demanded by the King—Henry expresses himself -clearly—Meeting of the Ecclesiastical Court—Catherine’s Firmness—Her -Marriage annulled—Queen Anne presented to the People—Her Progress -through the City—Feelings of the new Queen—Catherine and Anne—Threats of -the Pope and the King 125 - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - -A REFORMER IN PRISON. - -(AUGUST 1532 TO MAY 1533.) - - -Fryth’s charming Character—He returns to England—Purgatory—Homer saves -Fryth—The eating of Christ—Fryth goes over England—Tyndale’s Letter to -Fryth—More Hunts after Fryth—More’s Ill-temper—More and Fryth—Fryth in -Prison—He writes the _Bulwark_—Rastell converted—Fryth’s Visitors in the -Tower—Fryth and Petit—Cause and Effect 139 - - -CHAPTER XIX. - -A REFORMER CHOOSES RATHER TO LOSE HIS LIFE THAN TO SAVE IT. - -(MAY TO JULY 1533.) - - -Fryth summoned before a Royal Commission—Tyndale’s Letter to -Fryth—Cranmer attempts to save him—Lord Fitzwilliam, Governor of the -Tower—Fryth removed to Lambeth—Attempt at Conciliation—Fryth remains -firm—A Prophecy concerning the Lord’s Supper—The Gentleman and the -Porter desire to save Fryth—Their Plan—Fryth will not be saved—Fryth -before the Episcopal Court—Interrogated on the Real Presence—Cranmer -cannot save him—Fryth’s Condemnation and Execution—Influence of his -Writings 150 - - -CHAPTER XX. - -ENGLAND SEPARATES GRADUALLY FROM THE PAPACY. - -(1533.) - - -Sensation caused by Anne’s Marriage—Henry’s Isolation—The Protestants -reject him—Birth of Elizabeth—A new Star—English Envoys at -Marseilles—Bonner and Gardiner—Prepare for a Declaration of War—The -Pope’s Emotion—Henry appeals to a General Council—The Pope’s -Anger—Francis I. and Clement understand one another—The Pope’s -Answer—Bonner’s Rudeness—Henry’s Proclamation against the Pope—The -dividing Point 163 - - -CHAPTER XXI. - -PARLIAMENT ABOLISHES THE USURPATIONS OF THE POPES IN ENGLAND. - -(JANUARY TO MARCH 1534.) - - -Henry desires to separate Christendom from Rome—A Buffet to the Pope—The -People, not the King, want the Reformation—The Pope tries to gain -Henry—Cranmer presses forward—The Commons against Papal -Authority—Abolition of Romish Exactions—Parliament declares for the -faith of the Scriptures—Henry condemned at Rome—The Pope’s Disquietude—A -great Dispensation 175 - - -BOOK VII. - -MOVEMENTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND, AT GENEVA, AND IN FRANCE, -GERMANY, AND ITALY. - - -CHAPTER I. - -THE BISHOP ESCAPES FROM GENEVA NEVER TO RETURN. - -(JULY 1533.) - - -The Bishop desires to bury _the Sect_—Animated Conversations—Plan to -transfer the Prisoners—Great Animation—German Merchants and -Maisonneuve—He desires to rescue the Prisoners—Constitutional Order -restored—The Bishop wishes to get away—His last Night in Geneva—The -Flight—Deliverance—Joy and Sorrow—A Proverb 184 - - -CHAPTER II. - -TWO REFORMERS AND A DOMINICAN IN GENEVA. - -(JULY TO DECEMBER 1533.) - - -Arrival of Froment and Alexander—The Charitable Solomon—Order to preach -according to Scripture—Sermons in the Houses and the Streets—The Bishop -forbids the Preaching of the Gospel—Silent Answer—Invitation to a Great -Papist Preacher—Arrival of Furbity—He declaims against the Reading of -the Bible—Janin the Armorer—Reformers insulted; Exultation of the -Priests—Furbity challenges the Lutherans to Discussion—Froment’s -Reply—Tumult—Froment and Alexander banished—De la Maisonneuve departs -for Berne 194 - - -CHAPTER III. - -FAREL MAISONNEUVE AND FURBITY IN GENEVA. - -(DECEMBER 1533 TO JANUARY 1534.) - - -Report that Popery had triumphed—Arrival of Farel—His -Character—Baudichon de la Maisonneuve—Bernese Complaints and Demands—A -Plot breaks out—Armed Meetings of Huguenots for Worship—Christmas and -the New Year—The Dominican’s Farewell—Arming for the Bible—Arrival of -Ambassadors from Berne—Three Reformers in Geneva—Bernese demand a Public -Discussion 206 - - -CHAPTER IV. - -THE TOURNAMENT. - -(JANUARY TO FEBRUARY 1534.) - - -The Dominican refuses to speak—Liberalism and Inflexibility—The Colloquy -begins—Various Accusations—Were the Bernese pointed at?—The two -Champions—The Pope and the Scriptures—Interpretation of the Councils—The -Priests would be Everything—Farel’s Irony and Vehemence—The Roman -Episcopate—Preaching and Conversation—Stories about Farel—The Landlord -and his Servant—Legends and Rhymes—A Change in Preparation 217 - - -CHAPTER V. - -THE PLOT. - -(JANUARY AND FEBRUARY 1534.) - - -Supreme Interest of History—The Bishop meditates a _Coup d’État_—Meeting -of his Creatures to carry it out—The Sortie from the Palace—Two -Huguenots assassinated—The Defenders of the Middle Ages—Tumult in the -city—Consternation in the Council—Justice, not Rioting—Search at the -Palace—Scenes and Discovery—The Murderers sought in the Cathedral—The -South Tower—The Criminals discovered—Seizure of Documents relating to -the Plot—Condemnation and Fanaticism of the Murderer—He is hanged; his -Brother is saved—The Episcopal Secretary accused—The People elect a -Huguenot Council 229 - - -CHAPTER VI. - -A FINAL EFFORT OF ROMAN-CATHOLICISM. - -(FEBRUARY 10 TO MARCH 1, 1534.) - - -The Dominican before his judges—A staggering Recantation—Dominicans and -Franciscans—Father Coutelier, Superior of the Franciscans, arrives—His -first Sermon—He talks white and black—Has recourse to Flattery—A Baptism -at Maisonneuve’s—Evangelicals ask for a Church—Farel visits the Father -Superior—The Pope, the Beast of the Apocalypse 243 - - -CHAPTER VII. - -FAREL PREACHES IN THE GRAND AUDITORY OF THE CONVENT AT RIVE. - -(MARCH 1 TO APRIL 25, 1534.) - - -Huguenots in the Convent of Rive—Arrival of the Crowd—Farel preaches—Two -opposite Effects—Inspiration of God—Joy of the Evangelicals—Farewell of -the Bernese—Portier’s Execution—The two Preachers—The Friburgers break -the Alliance—Farel’s three Brothers in Prison—The Reformer’s -Anxiety—Human Affections 251 - - -CHAPTER VIII. - -A BOLD PROTESTANT AT LYONS. - -(1530 TO 1534.) - - -The Reliquary—A _Table d’Hôte_—Who is Petrus?—Struggle with two -Priests from Vienne—They abandon the Field—Maisonneuve must be -burnt—Danger—Arrival of Baudichon and Janin—They are sent to -Prison—Formation of the Court 261 - - -CHAPTER IX. - -BAUDICHON DE LA MAISONNEUVE BEFORE THE INQUISITIONAL COURT OF LYONS. - -(FROM APRIL 29 TO MAY 21.) - - -Examination—First Witnesses—Emotion at Geneva—The Merchants protest to -the Consulate—The Bernese—Interrogatory—Open-air Session in Front of the -Palace—The King shall be informed—The Inquisitors desire to convict -Baudichon—Alleged High Treason against Heaven 269 - - -CHAPTER X. - -THE TWO WORSHIPS IN GENEVA. - -(MAY TO JULY 1534.) - - -Morality in the Reformation—Apparition of the Virgin—A Savoyard -Procession—A second Procession enters Geneva—Images thrown down—The old -and the new Worship—The first Evangelical Pentecost—A Priest casts off -the old Man—Transformation—A Knight of Rhodes—Street Dances and -Songs—Preaching on the Ramparts 277 - - -CHAPTER XI. - -BOLDNESS OF TWO HUGUENOTS IN PRISON AND BEFORE THE COURT OF LYONS. - -(MAY TO JUNE 1534.) - - -The New Testament in the Prison Garden—Discussion—The Procession and the -Rogations—False Depositions—Janin’s Depression—Search for more -conclusive Evidence—Inquiries of De Simieux at Geneva—-Baudichon’s Pride -before the Court—Put into Solitary Confinement—The Prisoner threatens -his Judges—Heroic Resistance 286 - - -CHAPTER XII. - -SENTENCE OF DEATH. - -(JULY 1534.) - - -Severity to Maisonneuve—Coutelier’s Deposition—Maisonneuve accused of -relapsing—The Crime of being a Layman—Lyon and Chambury contend for -him—Final Summons—Sentence of the Court—Condemned to Death—No sword in -Religion—The effectual Remedy 295 - - -CHAPTER XIII. - -NIGHT OF THIRTY-FIRST OF JULY AT GENEVA. - -(JULY 1534.) - - -Festival of Corpus Christi—Marriage of an Ex-Priest—Discussion before -the Council—Baptism—The two Powers change Parts—An Attack preparing—A -Hunting Party—A Monk in the Pulpit confesses his Faults—Plan of -Attack—Projects of the Enemy—Arrival of the Savoyards—Warning given by a -Dauphinese—The Canons—Savoyards wait for the Signal—The Torch—Savoyards -retire—The Bishop—The Hunchback—The Conspirators flee—Meditation and -Vigilance—Catholics quit Geneva—Title to Citizenship—Alarm of the -Nuns—Tales about the Reformers 303 - - -CHAPTER XIV. - -AN HEROIC RESOLUTION AND A HAPPY DELIVERANCE. - -(AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER 1534.) - - -The Diesbachs of Berne—Mission of Rodolph of Diesbach to France—a -terrible Necessity—Resolution to destroy the Suburbs—Approaching -Danger—A Refugee from Avignon—Strappado at Peny—Effects produced by the -Order of Demolition—Opposition of Catholics—Maisonneuve is -liberated—Session at the Tour of Perse—The Prisoners restored to their -Families—Letter from Francis I.—Furbity demanded and refused 320 - - -CHAPTER XV. - -THE SUBURBS OF GENEVA ARE DEMOLISHED AND THE ADVERSARIES MAKE READY. - -(SEPTEMBER 1534 TO JANUARY 1535.) - - -Disorderly Lives of the Monks of St Victor—Ruins and Voices in the -Priory—Lamentations—Ramparts built—Asylums opened for the -Poor—Threats—Famine and a Circle of Iron—Brigandage—No more -Justice—Excommunication—Genevans appeal to the Pope—Firmness for the -Gospel and Liberty—Everything conspires against the City—Energy and -Moderation—Switzerland against Geneva—Confidence in God—Wisdom above -Strength—The Song of Resurrection 332 - - -CHAPTER XVI. - -THE KING OF FRANCE INVITES MELANCTHON TO RESTORE UNITY AND TRUTH. - -(END OF 1584 TO AUGUST 1535.) - - -Minority and Majority—Joy and Fear—Difference between Henry VIII. and -Francis I.—Erasmians and Politicians—The Moderate Evangelicals—Effect of -the Placards—The King tries to excuse himself—Protests of the decided -Protestants—Opinion of the Swiss—All Hope seems lost—A reforming -Pope—Papist Party in France—The Moderate Party—The two Du Bellays—What -is expected of Melancthon—Two Obstacles removed—Efforts of the -Mediators—What they think of Francis I.—An eloquent Appeal—Importance of -France for the Reformation—Melancthon tries to gain the Bishop of -Paris—The Bishop delighted—Francis I. to Melancthon—Is he -sincere?—Martyrdom of Cornon and Brion—Cardinal Du Bellay departs for -Rome—Hope of Reform in Italy—The diplomatic Du Bellay to Melancthon—Two -Natures in France—Fresh Entreaties—The King’s Idea—Applies to the -Sorbonne—Alarm of the Sorbonne—Trick of Cardinal de Tournon—Is a Mixed -Congress possible? 346 - - -CHAPTER XVII. - -WILL THE ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH UNITY AND TRUTH SUCCEED? - -(AUGUST TO NOVEMBER 1535.) - - -Individuality and Catholicity—Events in Germany—Importance of the -Mission to Germany—Melancthon’s Incertitude—Earnestness of the French -Envoy—Opposition of his Family—Melancthon’s Self-examination—Final -Assault—Melancthon consents—His Character—He goes to the -Elector—Solicits Permission—The Elector refuses—Melancthon’s -Sadness—-Luther agrees with him—Intervention with the Elector—Agitation -in Germany—Singular Fears of the Germans—The Elector’s Arguments—The -Elector prevails—Severe Letter to Melancthon—Melancthon’s -Sorrow—Luther’s Apprehensions Keeping aloof from the State—The Elector -to the King—Melancthon to Francis I.—He does not relinquish his -Design—His Ardor—The King resumes his Project—Opposition of the -Catholics—The Elector receives Du Bellay—Du Bellay before the -Assembly—His Speech—Intercession in Behalf of the Evangelicals—The Two -Parties come to an Understanding—The Papacy—Transubstantiation—The -Mass—Images—Free Will—Purgatory—Good Works—Monasteries—Celibacy—The two -Kinds—The Sorbonne and Justification—The Reform of Francis -I.—Intervention in behalf of the Oppressed—Political Alliance—Francis I. -plays two parts—The Communion of Saints 372 - - -CHAPTER XVIII. - -THE GOSPEL IN THE NORTH OF ITALY. - -(1519 TO 1536.) - - -Flames in Italy—The Bookseller of Pavia—The Books of the -Reformers—Enthusiasm for Luther—Alarm of the Pope and -Cardinals—Venice—Roselli to Melancthon—Many Springs of living -Water—Curione—His studies and Spiritual Wants—Reads Luther and -Zwingle—Departs for Germany—Is arrested and sent to the Convent of St. -Benignus—The Shrine and the Bible—Curione during the Plague—The -Preachers of Popery—Attack and Defence—Curione sent to Prison—Chained to -the Wall—He recognizes the Room—Seeks a means of Safety—Singular -Expedient—His Escape—He teaches at Pavia—Renée of France—Mecænas and -Dorcas—Resurrection of Christianity—The Duchess’s Guests 406 - - -CHAPTER XIX. - -THE GOSPEL IN THE CENTRE OF ITALY. - -(1520 TO 1536.) - - -Character of Occhino—Seeks Salvation in Asceticism—A -Contrast—Scripture—Occhino’s Itinerant Ministrations—Crowded -Congregations—His Preaching—A Child of Florence—Ambitious of -Learning—-Study and Preaching—Aonio Paleario—Leaves Rome for Sienna—Poem -on Immortality—Paleario crosses the Threshold—His Wife and Children—Love -of the Country—His friend Bellantes—Conspiracy against Paleario—Faustus -Bellantes informs him of it—Paleario remains firm—His Wife—The -Reformers—Twelve Accusers—They appear before the Archbishop—Everything -seems against Paleario—His Fears—He appears before the Senate—He defends -himself—The Germans—Plea for the Reformers—Revival of Learning—Jesus -Christ a Stumbling-block—The Martyr’s Words—Paleario’s Wife and -Friends—His Acquittal and Departure—The Evangelicals of Bologna—Their -Address to the Saxon Ambassador—St. Paul explained 428 - - -CHAPTER XX. - -THE GOSPEL AT NAPLES AND AT ROME. - -(1520 TO 1536.) - - -Alfonso Valdez at Worms—A Dialogue by Valdez—The Chastisement of -God—Approbation and Disapprobation—Mercury and Charon—Satan—Juan Valdez -at Naples—Influence of Juan Valdez—Chiaja and Pausilippo—Conversion of -Peter Martyr—His Method of Preaching—Purgatory—Opposition—Galeazzo -Caraccioli converted—A Letter from Calvin—Illustrious Women at -Chiaja—Ideas there discussed—Occhino preaches at Naples—The -Triumvirs—Charles V. arrives at Naples—Conversation between Giulia -Colonna and Valdez—Perfection—Assurance of Salvation—Humility—The royal -Road—Meditations—Preachers of Fables—Valdez’ good and bad -Qualities—Edict against the Lutherans—Carnesecchi—Secretary to Clement -VII.—Interview with Charles V.—Carnesecchi’s Conversion—Divers -Categories—Flaminio—A poor Student—Values the Treasures of Heaven—The -Guest of Ghiberto and Caraffa—Flaminio’s Faith—Opposes and loves -Carnesecchi—Approximates Catholicism—Oratory of Divine Love—Its -Members—An Evangelical Monk—A Venetian Senator—Contarini’s -Influence—Strange Call—He accepts the Cardinalate—Preserves his -Independence—Contarini’s View—Dawn in Italy—The two Camps—Hopes—The -Times of Rome—Glory to the Martyrs 454 - - - - - BOOK VI. - ENGLAND BEGINS TO CAST OFF THE PAPACY. - - - CHAPTER I. - THE NATION AND ITS PARTIES. - (AUTUMN 1529.) - - -England, during the period of which we are about to treat, began to -separate from the pope and to reform her Church. In the history of that -country the fall of Wolsey divides the old times from the new. - -The level of the laity was gradually rising. A certain instruction was -given to the children of the poor; the universities were frequented by -the upper classes, and the king was probably the most learned prince in -Christendom. At the same time the clerical level was falling. The clergy -had been weakened and corrupted by its triumphs, and the English, -awakening with the age and opening their eyes at last, were disgusted -with the pride, ignorance, and disorders of the priests. - -While France, flattered by Rome calling her its eldest daughter, desired -even when reforming her doctrine to preserve union with the papacy; the -Anglo-Saxon race, jealous of their liberties, desired to form a Church -at once national and independent, yet remaining faithful to the -doctrines of Catholicism. Henry VIII. is the personification of that -tendency, which did not disappear with him, and of which it would not be -difficult to discover traces even in later days. - -Other elements calculated to produce a better reformation existed at -that time in England. The Holy Scriptures, translated, studied, -circulated, and preached since the fourteenth century by Wickliffe and -his disciples, became in the sixteenth century, by the publication of -Erasmus’s Testament, and the translations of Tyndale and Coverdale, the -powerful instrument of a real evangelical revival, and created the -scriptural reformation. - -These early developments did not proceed from Calvin,—he was too young -at that time; but Tyndale, Fryth, Latimer, and the other evangelists of -the reign of Henry VIII., taught by the same Word as the reformer of -Geneva, were his brethren and his precursors. Somewhat later, his books -and his letters to Edward VI., to the regent, to the primate, to Sir W. -Cecil and others, exercised an indisputable influence over the -reformation of England. We find in those letters proofs of the esteem -which the most intelligent persons of the kingdom felt for that simple -and strong man, whom even non-protestant voices in France have declared -to be “the greatest Christian of his age.”[5] - -[Sidenote: Reform, Evangelical and Legal.] - -A religious reformation may be of two kinds: internal or evangelical, -external or legal. The evangelical reformation began at Oxford and -Cambridge almost at the same time as in Germany. The legal reformation -was making a beginning at Westminster and Whitehall. Students, priests, -and laymen, moved by inspiration from on high, had inaugurated the -first; Henry VIII. and his parliament were about to inaugurate the -second, with hands occasionally somewhat rough. England began with the -spiritual reformation, but the other had its motives too. Those who are -charmed by the reformation of Germany sometimes affect contempt for that -of England. “A king impelled by his passions was its author,” they say. -We have placed the scriptural part of this great transformation in the -first rank; but we confess that for it to lay hold upon the people in -the sixteenth century, it was necessary, as the prophet declared, that -kings should be its nursing-fathers, and queens its nursing-mothers.[6] -If diverse reforms were necessary, if by the side of German cordiality, -Swiss simplicity, and other characteristics, God willed to found a -protestantism possessing a strong hand and an outstretched arm; if a -nation was to exist which with great freedom and power should carry the -Gospel to the ends of the world, special tools were required to form -that robust organization, and the leaders of the people—the commons, -lords, and king—were each to play their part. France had nothing like -this: both princes and parliaments opposed the reform; and thence partly -arises the difference between those two great nations, for France had in -Calvin a mightier reformer than any of those whom England possessed. But -let us not forget that we are speaking of the sixteenth century. Since -then the work has advanced; important changes have been wrought in -Christendom; political society is growing daily more distinct from -religious society, and more independent; and we willingly say with -Pascal, “Glorious is the state of the Church when it is supported by God -alone!” - -Two opposing elements—the reforming liberalism of the people, and the -almost absolute power of the king—combined in England to accomplish the -legal reformation. In that singular island these two rival forces were -often seen acting together; the liberalism of the nation gaining certain -victories, the despotism of the prince gaining others; king and people -agreeing to make mutual concessions. In the midst of these compromises, -the little evangelical flock, which had no voice in such matters, -religiously preserved the treasure entrusted to it: the Word of God, -truth, liberty, and Christian virtue. From all these elements sprang the -Church of England. A strange church some call it. Strange indeed, for -there is none which corresponds so imperfectly in theory with the ideal -of the Church, and, perhaps, none whose members work out with more power -and grandeur the ends for which Christ has formed his kingdom. - -[Sidenote: New Parliament Summoned.] - -Scarcely had Henry VIII. refused to go to Rome to plead his cause, when -he issued writs for a new parliament (25th September, 1529). Wolsey’s -unpopularity had hitherto prevented its meeting: now the force of -circumstances constrained the king to summon it. When he was on the eve -of separating from the pope, he felt the necessity of leaning on the -people. Liberty is always the gainer where a country performs an act of -independence with regard to Rome. Permission being granted in England -that the Holy Scriptures should regulate matters of religion, it was -natural that permission should also be given to the people and their -representatives to regulate matters of state. The whole kingdom was -astir, and the different parties became more distinct. - -The papal party was alarmed. Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, already very -uneasy, became disturbed at seeing laymen called upon to give their -advice on religious matters. Men’s minds were in a ferment in the -bishop’s palace, the rural parsonage, and the monk’s cell. The partisans -of Rome met and consulted about what was to be done, and retired from -their conferences foreseeing and imagining nothing but defeat. Du -Bellay, at that time Bishop of Bayonne, and afterwards of Paris, envoy -from the King of France, and eye-witness of all this agitation, wrote to -Montmorency; “I fancy that in this parliament the priests will have a -terrible fright.”[7] Ambitious ecclesiastics were beginning to -understand that the clerical character, hitherto so favorable to their -advancement in a political career, would now be an obstacle to them. -“Alas!” exclaimed one of them, “we must off with our frocks.”[8] - -Such of the clergy, however, as determined to remain faithful to Rome -gradually roused themselves. A prelate put himself at their head. -Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was learned, intelligent, bold, and -slightly fanatical; but his convictions were sincere, and he was -determined to sacrifice everything for the maintenance of catholicism in -England. Though discontented with the path upon which his august pupil -King Henry had entered, he did not despair of the future, and candidly -applied to the papacy our Saviour’s words,—_The gates of hell shall not -prevail against it_. - -A recent act of the king’s increased Fisher’s hopes. Sir Thomas More had -been appointed chancellor. The Bishop of Rochester regretted, indeed, -that the king had not given that office to an ecclesiastic, as was -customary; but he thought to himself that a layman wholly devoted to the -Church, as the new chancellor was, might possibly, in those strange -times, be more useful to it than a priest. With Fisher in the Church, -and More in the State (for Sir Thomas, in spite of his gentle _Utopia_, -was more papistical and more violent than Wolsey), had the papacy -anything to fear? The whole Romish party rallied round these two men, -and with them prepared to fight against the Reformation. - -Opposed to this hierarchical party was the political party, in whose -eyes the king’s will was the supreme rule. The Dukes of Norfolk and -Suffolk, president and vice-president of the Council, Sir William -Fitz-William, lord-admiral, and those who agreed with them, were opposed -to the ecclesiastical domination, not from the love of true religion, -but because they believed the prerogatives of the State were endangered -by the ambition of the priests, or else because, seeking honor and power -for themselves, they were impatient at always encountering insatiable -clerks on their path. - -Between these two parties a third appeared, on whom the bishops and -nobles looked with disdain, but with whom the victory was to rest at -last. In the towns and villages of England, and especially in London, -were to be found many lowly men, animated with a new life,—poor -artisans, weavers, cobblers, painters, shopkeepers,—who believed in the -Word of God, and had received moral liberty from it. During the day they -toiled at their respective occupations; but at night they stole along -some narrow lane, slipped into a court, and ascended to some upper room -in which other persons had already assembled. There they read the -Scriptures and prayed. At times even during the day, they might be seen -carrying to well-disposed citizens certain books strictly prohibited by -the late cardinal. Organized under the name of “The Society of Christian -Brethren,” they had a central committee in London, and missionaries -everywhere, who distributed the Holy Scriptures and explained their -lessons in simple language. Several priests, both in the city and -country, belonged to their society. - -This Christian brotherhood exercised a powerful influence over the -people, and was beginning to substitute the spiritual and life-giving -principles of the Gospel for the legal and theocratic ideas of popery. -These pious men required a moral regeneration in their hearers, and -entreated them to enter, through faith in the Saviour, into an intimate -relation with God, without having recourse to the mediation of the -clergy; and those who listened to them, enraptured at hearing of truth, -grace, morality, liberty, and of the Word of God, took the teachings to -heart. Thus began a new era. It has been asserted that the Reformation -entered England by a back-door. Not so; it was the true door these -missionaries opened, having even prior to the rupture with Rome preached -the doctrine of Christ.[9] Idly do men speak of Henry’s passions, the -intrigues of his courtiers, the parade of his ambassadors, the skill of -his ministers, the complaisance of the clergy, and the vacillations of -parliament. We, too, shall speak of these things; but above them all -there was something else, something better,—the thirst exhibited in this -island for the Word of God, and the internal transformation accomplished -in the convictions of a great number of its inhabitants. This it was -that worked such a powerful revolution in British society. - -[Sidenote: Table Talk.] - -In the interval between the issuing of the writs and the meeting of -parliament, the most antagonistic opinions came out. Conversation -everywhere turned on present and future events, and there was a general -feeling that the country was on the eve of great changes. The members of -parliament who arrived in London gathered round the same table to -discuss the questions of the day. The great lords gave sumptuous -banquets, at which the guests talked about the abuses of the Church, of -the approaching session of parliament, and of what might result from -it.[10] One would mention some striking instance of the avarice of the -priests; another slyly called to mind the strange privilege which -permitted them to commit, with impunity, certain sins which they -punished severely in others. “There are, even in London, houses of -ill-fame for the use of priests, monks, and canons.[11] And,” added -others, “they would force us to take such men as these for our guides to -heaven.” Du Bellay, the French ambassador, a man of letters, who, -although a bishop, had attached Rabelais to his person in the quality of -secretary, was frequently invited to parties given by the great lords. -He lent an attentive ear, and was astonished at the witty, and often -very biting remarks uttered by the guests against the disorders of the -priests. One day a voice exclaimed,—“Since Wolsey has fallen, we must -forthwith regulate the condition of the Church and of its ministers. We -will seize their property.” Du Bellay, on his return home, did not fail -to communicate these things to Montmorency. “I have no need,” he says, -“to write this strange language in cipher; for the noble lords utter it -at open table. I think they will do something to be talked about.”[12] - -The leading members of the Commons held more serious meetings with one -another. They said they had spoken enough, and that now they must act. -They specified the abuses they would claim to have redressed, and -prepared petitions for reform to be presented to the king. - -Before long the movement descended from the sphere of the nobility to -that of the people; a sphere always important, and particularly when a -social revolution is in progress. Petty tradesmen and artisans spoke -more energetically than the lords. They did more than speak. The -apparitor of the Bishop of London having entered the shop of a mercer in -the ward of St. Bride, and left a summons on the counter calling upon -him to pay a certain clerical tax, the indignant tradesman took up his -yard-measure, whereupon the officer drew his sword, and then, either -from fear or an evil conscience, ran away. The mercer followed him, -assaulted him in the street, and broke his head. The London shopkeepers -did not yet quite understand the representative system; they used their -staves when they should have waited for the speeches of the members of -parliament. - -The king tolerated this agitation because it forwarded his purposes. -There were advisers who insinuated that it was dangerous to give free -course to the passions of the people, and that the English, combining -great physical strength with a decided character, might go too far in -the way of reform, if their prince gave them the rein. But Henry VIII., -possessing an energetic will, thought it would be easy for him to check -the popular ebullition whenever he pleased. When Jupiter frowned, all -Olympus trembled. - -Footnote 5: - - These letters will be found in Bonnet’s _Lettres Françaises de Calvin_ - i. pp. 261, 305, 332, 345, 374. _Zurich Letters_, ii. pp. 70, 785, &c. - -Footnote 6: - - Isaiah xlix. 23. - -Footnote 7: - - Le Grand, _Preuves du Divorce_, p. 378. - -Footnote 8: - - “Il nous faudra jeter le froc aux orties.”—Ibid. - -Footnote 9: - - “Certain preachers who presumed to preach openly or secretly in a - manner contrary to the catholic faith.”—Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 677. - -Footnote 10: - - Le Grand, _Preuves du Divorce_, Du Bellay to Montmorency, p. 374. - -Footnote 11: - - “Communis pronuba inter presbyteros, fratres, monacos et - canonicos.”—Hall, _Criminal Causes_, p. 28. - -Footnote 12: - - “Je crois qu’ils vont faire de beaux miracles.”—Le Grand, _Preuves_, - p. 374. - - - - - CHAPTER II. - PARLIAMENT AND ITS GRIEVANCES. - (NOVEMBER 1529.) - - -[Sidenote: Opening Of The New Parliament.] - -On the morning of the 3d of November, Henry went in his barge to the -palace of Bridewell; and, having put on the magnificent robes employed -on great ceremonies, and followed by the lords of his train, he -proceeded to the Blackfriars church, in which the members of the new -parliament had assembled. After hearing the mass of the Holy Ghost, -king, lords, and commons met in parliament; when, as soon as the king -had taken his seat on the throne, the new chancellor, Sir Thomas More, -explained the reason of their being summoned. Thomas Audley, chancellor -of the Duchy of Lancaster, was appointed speaker of the lower house. - -Generally speaking, parliament confined itself to passing the -resolutions of the government. The Great Charter had, indeed, been long -in existence, but, until now, it had been little more than a dead -letter. The Reformation gave it life. “Christ brings us out of bondage -into liberty by means of the Gospel,” said Calvin.[13] This -emancipation, which was essentially spiritual, soon extended to other -spheres, and gave an impulse to liberty throughout all Christendom. Even -in England such an impulse was needed. Under the Plantagenets and the -Tudors the constitutional machine existed, but it worked only as it was -directed by the strong hand of the master. Without the Reformation, -England might have slumbered long. - -The impulse given by religious truth to the latent liberties of the -people was felt for the first time in the parliament of 1529. The -representatives shared the lively feelings of their constituents, and -took their seats with the firm resolve to introduce the necessary -reforms in the affairs of both Church and State. Indeed, on the very -first day several members pointed out the abuses of the clerical -domination, and proposed to lay the desires of the people before the -king. - -The Commons might of their own accord have applied to the task, and, by -proposing rash changes, have given the Reform a character of violence -that might have worked confusion in the State; but they preferred -petitioning the king to take the necessary measures to carry out the -wishes of the nation; and accordingly a petition, respectfully worded, -but in clear and strong language, was agreed to. The Reformation began -in England, as in Switzerland and Germany, with personal conversions. -The individual was reformed first; but it was necessary for the people -to reform afterwards, and the measures requisite to success could not be -taken, in the sixteenth century, without the participation of the -governing powers. Freely, therefore, and nobly, a whole nation was about -to express to their ruler their grievances and wishes. - -[Sidenote: Petition Of The Commons.] - -On one of the first days of the session the speaker and certain members, -who had been ordered to accompany him, proceeded to the palace. “Your -highness,” they began, “of late much discord, variance, and debate hath -arisen, and more and more daily is likely to increase and ensue amongst -your subjects, to the great inquietation, vexation, and breach of your -peace, of which the chief causes followingly do ensue.”[14] - -This opening could not fail to excite the king’s attention and the -Speaker of the House of Commons began boldly to unroll the long list of -the grievances of England. “First, the prelates of your most excellent -realm, and the clergy of the same, have in their convocations made many -and divers laws without your most royal assent, and without the assent -of any of your lay subjects. - -“And also many of your said subjects, and specially those that be of the -poorest sort, be daily called before the said spiritual ordinaries or -their commissaries, on the accusement of light and indiscreet persons, -and be excommunicated and put to excessive and impostable charges. - -“The prelates suffer the priests to exact divers sums of money for the -sacraments, and sometimes deny the same without the money be first paid. - -“Also the said spiritual ordinaries do daily confer and give sundry -benefices unto certain young folks, calling them their nephews or -kinsfolk, being in their minority and within age, not apt nor able to -serve the cure of any such benefice ... whereby the said ordinaries -accumulate to themselves large sums of money, and the poor silly souls -of your people perish without doctrine or any good teaching. - -“Also a great number of holydays be kept throughout this your realm, -upon the which many great, abominable, and execrable vices, idle and -wanton sports be used, which holydays might by your majesty be made -fewer in number. - -“And also the said spiritual ordinaries commit divers of your subjects -to ward, before they know either the cause of their imprisonment, or the -name of their accuser.”[15] - -Thus far the Commons had confined themselves to questions that had been -discussed more than once; they feared to touch upon the subject of -heresy before the Defender of the Roman Faith. But there were -evangelical men among their number who had been eye-witnesses of the -sufferings of the reformed. At the peril, therefore, of offending the -king, the Speaker boldly took up the defence of the pretended heretics. - -“If heresy be ordinarily laid unto the charge of the person accused, the -said ordinaries put to them such subtle interrogatories concerning the -high mysteries of our faith, as are able quickly to trap a simple -unlearned layman. And if any heresy be so confessed in word, yet never -committed in thought or deed, they put the said person to make his -purgation. And if the party so accused deny the accusation, witnesses of -little truth or credence are brought forth for the same, and deliver the -party so accused to secular hands.” - -The Speaker was not satisfied with merely pointing out the disease: “We -most humbly beseech your Grace, in whom the only remedy resteth, of your -goodness to consent, so that besides the fervent love your Highness -shall thereby engender in the hearts of all your Commons towards your -Grace, ye shall do the most princely feat, and show the most charitable -precedent that ever did sovereign lord upon his subjects.” - -The king listened to the petition with his characteristic dignity, and -also with a certain kindliness. He recognized the just demands in the -petition of the Commons, and saw how far they would support the -religious independence to which he aspired. Still, unwilling to take the -part of heresy, he selected only the most crying abuses, and desired his -faithful Commons to take their correction upon themselves. He then sent -the petition to the bishops, requiring them to answer the charges -brought against them, and added that henceforward his consent would be -necessary to give the force of law to the acts of Convocation. - -[Sidenote: Reply Of The Bishops.] - -This royal communication was a thunderbolt to the prelates. What! the -bishops, the successors of the apostles, accused by the representatives -of the nation, and requested by the king to justify themselves like -criminals!... Had the Commons of England forgotten what a priest was? -These proud ecclesiastics thought only of the indelible virtues which, -in their view, ordination had conferred upon them, and shut their eyes -to the vices of their fallible human nature. We can understand their -emotion, their embarrassment, and their anger. The Reformation which had -made the tour of the continent was at the gates of England; the king was -knocking at their doors. What was to be done? they could not tell. They -assembled, and read the petition again and again. The Archbishop of -Canterbury, and the Bishops of London, Lincoln, St. Asaph, and Rochester -carped at it and replied to it. They would willingly have thrown it into -the fire,—the best of answers in their opinion; but the king was -waiting, and the Archbishop of Canterbury was commissioned to enlighten -him. - -Warham did not belong to the most fanatical party; he was a prudent man, -and the wish for reform had hardly taken shape in England when, being -uneasy and timid, he had hastened to give a certain satisfaction to his -flock by reforming abuses which he had sanctioned for thirty years.[16] -But he was a priest, a Romish priest; he represented an inflexible -hierarchy. Strengthened by the clamors of his colleagues, he resolved to -utter the famous _non possumus_, less powerful, however, in England than -in Rome. - -“Sire,” he said, “your Majesty’s Commons reproach us with uncharitable -behavior.... On the contrary, we love them with hearty affection, and -have only exercised the spiritual jurisdiction of the Church upon -persons infected with the pestilent poison of heresy. To have peace with -such had been against the gospel of our Saviour Christ, wherein he -saith, _I came not to send peace, but a sword_. - -“Your Grace’s Commons complain that the clergy daily do make laws -repugnant to the statutes of your realm. We take our authority from the -Scriptures of God, and shall always diligently apply to conform our -statutes thereto; and we pray that your Highness will, with the assent -of your people, temper your Grace’s laws accordingly; whereby shall -ensue a most sure and hearty conjunction and agreement. - -“They accuse us of committing to prison before conviction such as be -suspected of heresy.... Truth it is that certain apostates, friars, -monks, lewd priests, bankrupt merchants, vagabonds, and idle fellows of -corrupt intent have embraced the abominable opinions lately sprung up in -Germany; and by them some have been seduced in simplicity and ignorance. -Against these, if judgment has been exercised according to the laws of -the Church, we be without blame. - -“They complain that two witnesses be admitted, be they never so defamed, -to vex and trouble your subjects to the peril of their lives, shames, -costs, and expenses.... To this we reply, the judge must esteem the -quality of the witness; but in heresy no exception is necessary to be -considered, if their tale be likely. This is the universal law of -Christendom, and hath universally done good. - -“They say that we give benefices to our nephews and kinsfolk, being in -young age or infants, and that we take the profit of such benefices for -the time of the minority of our said kinsfolk. If it be done to our own -use and profit, it is not well; but if it be bestowed to the bringing up -and use of the same parties, or applied to the maintenance of God’s -service, we do not see but that it may be allowed.” - -As for the irregular lives of the priests, the prelates remarked that -they were condemned by the laws of the Church, and consequently there -was nothing to be said on that point. - -Lastly, the bishops seized the opportunity of taking the offensive:—“We -entreat of your Grace to repress heresy. This we beg of you, lowly upon -our knees, so entirely as we can.”[17] - -Such was the brief of Roman Catholicism in England. Its defence would -have sufficed to condemn it. - -Footnote 13: - - In Johannem, viii. 36. - -Footnote 14: - - MS. petition in Record Office: Froude, _History of England_, i. pp. - 208, 214. - -Footnote 15: - - Petition of the Commons: Froude’s _England_, i. pp. 208-216. - -Footnote 16: - - “Within these ten weeks, I reformed many other things.”—Froude, i. - 233, _Reply of the Bishops_. - -Footnote 17: - - _The Answer of the Ordinaries._ Record Office MS. Froude, i. p. 225. - - - - - CHAPTER III. - REFORMS. - (END OF 1529.) - - -[Sidenote: Indignation At The Reply.] - -The answer of the bishops was criticised in the royal residence, in the -House of Commons, at the meetings of the burgesses, in the streets of -the capital, and in the provinces, everywhere exciting a lively -indignation. “What!” said they, “the bishops accuse the most pious and -active Christians of England,—men like Bilney, Fryth, Tyndale, and -Latimer,—of that idleness and irregularity of which their monks and -priests are continually showing us examples. To no purpose have the -Commons indisputably proved their grievances, if the bishops reply to -notorious facts by putting forward their scholastic system. We condemn -their practice, and they take shelter behind their theories; as if the -reproach laid against them was not precisely that their lives are in -opposition to their laws. ‘The fault is not in the Church,’ they say. -But it is its ministers that we accuse.” - -The indignant parliament boldly took up the axe, attacked the tree, and -cut off the withered and rotten branches. One bill followed another, -irritating the clergy, but filling the people with joy. When the legacy -dues were under discussion, one of the members drew a touching picture -of the avarice and cruelty of the priests. “They have no compassion,” he -said. “The children of the dead should all die of hunger and go begging, -rather than they would of charity give to them the silly cow which the -dead man owed, if he had only one.” There was a movement of indignation -in the house, and they forbade the clergy to take any mortuary fees when -the effects were small. - -“And that is not all,” said another. “The clergy monopolize large tracts -of land, and the poor are compelled to pay an extravagant price for -whatever they buy. They are everything in the world but preachers of -God’s Word and shepherds of souls. They buy and sell wool, cloth, and -other merchandise; they keep tanneries and breweries.... How can they -attend to their spiritual duties in the midst of such occupations?”[18] -The clergy were consequently prohibited from holding large estates or -carrying on the business of merchant, tanner, brewer, etc. At the same -time plurality of benefices (some ignorant priests holding as many as -ten or twelve) was forbidden, and residence was enforced. The Commons -further enacted that any one seeking a dispensation for non-residence -(even were the application made to the pope himself) should be liable to -a heavy fine. - -The clergy saw at last that they must reform. They forbade priests from -keeping shops and taverns, playing at dice or other games of chance, -passing through towns and villages with hawks and hounds, being present -at unbecoming entertainments, and spending the night in suspected -houses.[19] Convocation proceeded to enact severe penalties against -these disorders, doubling them for adultery, and tripling them for -incest. The laity asked how it was that the Church had waited so long -before coming to this resolution, and whether these scandals had become -criminal only because the Commons condemned them? - -[Sidenote: Bishops Accuse The Commons.] - -But the bishops who reformed the lower clergy did not intend to resign -their own privileges. One day, when a bill relating to wills was laid -before the upper house, the Archbishop of Canterbury and all the other -prelates frowned, murmured, and looked uneasily around them.[20] They -exclaimed that the Commons were heretics and schismatics, and almost -called them infidels and atheists. In all places good men required that -morality should again be united with religion, and that piety should not -be made to consist merely in certain ceremonies, but in the awakening of -the conscience, a lively faith, and holy conduct. The bishops, not -discerning that God’s work was then being accomplished in the world, -determined to maintain the ancient order of things at all risks. - -Their efforts had some chance of success, for the House of Lords was -essentially conservative. The Bishop of Rochester, a sincere but -narrow-minded man, presuming on the respect inspired by his age and -character, boldly came forward as the defender of the Church. “My -lords,” he said, “these bills have no other object than the destruction -of the Church; and, if the Church goes down, all the glory of the -kingdom will fall with it. Remember what happened to the Bohemians. Like -them our Commons cry out,—‘Down with the Church!’ Whence cometh that -cry? Simply from lack of faith.... My lords, save the country, save the -Church.” - -This speech made the Commons very indignant. Some members thought the -bishop denied that they were Christians. They sent thirty of their -leading men to the king. “Sire,” said the Speaker, “it is an attaint -upon the honor of your Majesty to calumniate before the upper house -those whom your subjects have elected. They are accused of lack of -faith, that is to say, they are no better than Turks, Saracens, and -heathens. Be pleased to call before you the bishop who has insulted your -Commons.” - -The king made a gracious reply, and immediately sent one of his officers -to invite the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishop of Rochester, and six -other prelates to appear before him. They came, quite uneasy as to what -the prince might have to say to them. They knew that, like all the -Plantagenets, Henry VIII. would not suffer his clergy to resist him. -Immediately the king informed them of the complaint made by the Commons, -their hearts sank, and they lost courage. They thought only how to -escape the prince’s anger, and the most venerated among them, Fisher, -having recourse to falsehood, asserted that, when speaking about “lack -of faith,” he had not thought of the Commons of England, but of the -Bohemians only. The other prelates confirmed this inadmissible -interpretation. This was a graver fault than the fault itself, and the -unbecoming evasion was a defeat to the clerical party from which they -never recovered. The king allowed the excuse; but he afterwards made the -bishops feel the little esteem he entertained for them. As for the House -of Commons, it loudly expressed the disdain aroused in them by the -bishops’ subterfuge. - -One chance of safety still remained to them. Mixed committees of the two -houses examined the resolutions of the Commons. The peers, especially -the ecclesiastical peers, opposed the reform by appealing to usage. -“Usage!” ironically observed a Gray’s-inn lawyer; “the usage hath ever -been of thieves to rob on Shooter’s hill, _ergo_ it is lawful, and ought -to be kept up!” This remark sorely irritated the prelates: “What! our -acts are compared to robberies!” But the lawyer, addressing the -Archbishop of Canterbury, seriously endeavored to prove to him that the -exactions of the clergy, in the matter of probates and mortuaries, were -open robbery. The temporal lords gradually adopted the opinions of the -Commons. - -In the midst of these debates, the king did not lose sight of his own -interests. Six years before, he had raised a loan among his subjects; he -thought parliament ought to relieve him of this debt. This demand was -opposed by the members most devoted to the principle of the Reformation; -John Petit, in particular, the friend of Bilney and Tyndale, said, in -parliament,—“I give the king all I lent him; but I cannot give him what -others have lent him.” Henry was not, however, discouraged, and finally -obtained the act required. - -[Sidenote: Pluralism Abolished.] - -The king soon showed that he was pleased with the Commons. Two bills met -with a stern opposition from the Lords; they were those abolishing -pluralism and non-residence. These two customs were so convenient and -advantageous that the clergy determined not to give them up. Henry, -seeing that the two houses would never agree, resolved to cut the -difficulty. At his desire eight members from each met one afternoon in -the Star Chamber. There was an animated discussion; but the lay lords, -who were in the conference, taking part with the commons, the bishops -were forced to yield. The two bills passed the Lords the next day, and -received the king’s assent. After this triumph the king adjourned -parliament in the middle of December. - -The different reforms that had been carried through were important, but -they were not the Reformation. Many abuses were corrected, but the -doctrines remained unaltered; the power of the clergy was restricted, -but the authority of Christ was not increased; the dry branches of the -tree had been lopped off, but a scion calculated to bear good fruit had -not been grafted on the wild stock. Had matters stopped here, we might -perhaps have obtained a Church with morals less repulsive, but not with -a holy doctrine and a new life. But the Reformation was not contented -with more decorous forms, it required a second creation. - -At the same time parliament had taken a great stride towards the -revolution that was to transform the Church. A new power had taken its -place in the world: the laity had triumphed over the clergy. No doubt -there were upright catholics who gave their assent to the laws passed in -1529; but these laws were nevertheless a product of the Reformation. -This it was that had inspired the laity with that new energy, parliament -with that bold action, and given the liberties of the nation that -impulse which they had wanted hitherto. The joy was great throughout the -kingdom; and, while the king removed to Greenwich to keep Christmas -there “with great plenty of viands, and disguisings, and interludes,” -the members of the Commons were welcomed in the towns and villages with -public rejoicings.[21] In the people’s eyes their representatives were -like soldiers who had just gained a brilliant victory. The clergy alone, -in all England, were downcast and exasperated. On returning to their -residences the bishops could not conceal their anguish at the danger of -the Church.[22] The priests, who had been the first victims offered up -on the altar of reform, bent their heads. But if the clergy foresaw days -of mourning, the laity hailed with joy the glorious era of the liberties -of the people, and of the greatness of England. The friends of the -Reformation went farther still; they believed that the Gospel would work -a complete change in the world, and talked, as Tyndale informs us, “as -though the golden age would come again.”[23] - -Footnote 18: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 611. - -Footnote 19: - - “Quod non pernoctent in locis suspectis. Mulierum colloquia suspecta - nullatenus habeant.”—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. pp. 717, 722, &c. - -Footnote 20: - - “The Archbishop of Canterbury and all the bishops began to frown and - grunt.”—Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 612. - -Footnote 21: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 614. - -Footnote 22: - - “The great displeasure of spiritual persons.”—Ibid. - -Footnote 23: - - Tyndale’s _Works_, i. p. 421. - - - - - CHAPTER IV. - ANNE BOLEYN’S FATHER BEFORE THE EMPEROR AND THE POPE. - (WINTER OF 1530.) - - -Before such glorious hopes could be realized, it was necessary to -emancipate Great Britain from the yoke of Romish supremacy. This was the -end to which all generous monks aspired; but would the king assist them? - -[Sidenote: Henry’s Motives.] - -Henry VIII. united strength of body with strength of will; both were -marked on his manly form. Lively, active, eager, vehement, impatient, -and voluptuous,—whatever he was, he was with his whole soul. He was at -first all heart for the Church of Rome; he went barefoot on pilgrimages, -wrote against Luther, and flattered the pope. But before long he grew -tired of Rome, without desiring the Reformation. Profoundly selfish, he -cared for himself alone. If the papal domination offended him, -evangelical liberty annoyed him. He meant to remain master in his own -house,—the only master, and master of all. Even without the divorce, -Henry would possibly have separated from Rome. Rather than endure any -contradiction, this singular man put to death friends and enemies, -bishops and missionaries, ministers of state, and favorites—even his -wives. Such was the prince whom the Reformation found King of England. - -History would be unjust, however, were it to maintain that passion alone -urged him to action. The question of the succession to the throne had -for a century filled the country with confusion and blood. This Henry -could not forget. Would the struggles of the two Roses be renewed after -his death, occasioning, perhaps, the destruction of an ancient monarchy? -If Mary, a princess of delicate health, should die, Scotland, France, -the party of the White Rose, the Duke of Suffolk, whose wife was Henry’s -sister, might drag the kingdom into endless wars. And even if Mary’s -days were prolonged, her title to the crown might be disputed, no female -sovereign having as yet sat upon the throne. Another train of ideas also -occupied the king’s mind. He inquired sincerely whether his marriage -with the widow of his brother was lawful. Even before its consummation, -he had felt doubts about it. But even his defenders, if there are any, -must acknowledge that one circumstance contributed at this time to give -unusual force to these scruples. Passion impelled the king to break a -holy bond; he loved another woman. - -Catholic writers imagine that this guilty motive was the only one. It is -a mistake, for the two former indisputably occupied Henry’s mind. As for -parliament and people, the king’s love for Anne Boleyn affected them -very little. It was the reason of state which made them regard the -divorce as just and necessary.[24] - -A congress was at that time sitting at Bologna with great pomp.[25] On -the 5th of November, Charles V. having arrived from Spain, had entered -the city, attended by a magnificent suite, and followed by 20,000 -soldiers. He was covered with gold, and shone with grace and majesty. -The pope waited for him in front of the church of San Petronio, seated -on a throne, and wearing the triple crown. The emperor, master of Italy, -which his soldiers had reduced to the last desolation,[26] fell -prostrate before the pontiff, but lately his prisoner. The union of -these two monarchs, both enemies of Henry VIII., seemed destined to ruin -the King of England and thwart his great affair. - -[Sidenote: Henry’s Embassy To Rome.] - -And yet, not long before, an ambassador from Charles V. had been -received at Whitehall: it was Master Eustace Chappuis, who had already -discharged a mission to Geneva.[27] He came to solicit aid against the -Turks. Henry caught at the chance: he imagined the moment to be -favorable, and that he ought to despatch an embassy to the head of the -empire and the head of the Church. He sent for the Earl of Wiltshire, -Anne Boleyn’s father; Edward Lee, afterwards Archbishop of York; -Stokesley, afterwards Bishop of London, and some others. He told them -that the emperor desired his alliance, and commissioned them to proceed -to Italy, and explain to Charles V. the serious motives that induced him -to separate from Catherine. “If he persists in his opposition to the -divorce,” continued Henry, “threaten him, but in covert terms. If the -threats prove useless, tell him plainly that, in accord with my friends, -I will do all I can to restore peace to my troubled conscience.” He -added with more calmness,—“I am resolved to fear God rather than man, -and to place full reliance on comfort from the Saviour.”[28] Was Henry -sincere when he spoke thus? No one can doubt of his sensuality, his -scholastic catholicism, and his cruel violence:—must we also believe in -his hypocrisy? He was no doubt under a delusion, and deceived himself on -the state of his soul. - -An important member was added to the deputation. One day when the king -was occupied with this affair, Thomas Cranmer appeared at the door of -his closet with a manuscript in his hand. Cranmer had a fine -understanding, a warm heart, a character perhaps too weak, but extensive -learning. Captivated by the Holy Scriptures, he desired to seek for -truth nowhere else. He had suggested a new point of view to Henry VIII. -“The essential thing,” he said, “is to know what the Word of God teaches -on the matter in question.” “Show me that,” exclaimed the king. Cranmer -brought him his treatise, in which he proved that the Word of God is -above all human jurisdiction, and that it forbids marriage with a -brother’s widow. Henry took the work in his hand, read it again and -again, and praised its excellence. A bright idea occurred to him. “Are -you strong enough to maintain before the Bishop of Rome the propositions -laid down in this treatise?” said the king. Cranmer was timid, but -convinced and devoted. “Yes,” he made answer, “with God’s grace, and if -your Majesty commands it.” “Marry, then,” exclaimed Henry with delight, -“I will send you.”[29] Cranmer departed with the others in January, -1530. - -[Sidenote: Clement’s Alarm.] - -While Henry’s ambassadors were journeying slowly, Charles V., more -exasperated than ever against the divorce, endeavored to gain the pope. -Clement VII., who was a clever man, and possessed a certain kindly -humor, but was at heart cunning, false, and cowardly, amused the -puissant emperor with words. When he learned that the King of England -was sending an embassy to him, he gave way to the keenest sorrow. What -was he to do? which way could he turn? To irritate the emperor was -dangerous; to separate England from Rome would be to endure a great -loss. Caught between Charles V. and Henry VIII., he groaned aloud; he -paced up and down his chamber gesticulating; then suddenly stopping, -sank into a chair and burst into tears. Nothing succeeded with him: it -was, he thought, as if he had been bewitched. What need was there for -the King of England to send him an embassy? Had not Clement told Henry -through the Bishop of Tarbes: “I am content the marriage should take -place, provided it be without my authorization.”[30] It was of no use: -the pope asked him to do without the papacy, and the king would only act -with it. He was more popish than the pope. - -To add to his misfortunes, Charles began to press the pontiff more -seriously, and yielding to his importunities, Clement drew up a brief on -the 7th of March, in which he commanded Henry “to receive Catherine with -love, and to treat her in all things with the affection of a -husband.”[31] But the brief was scarcely written when the arrival of the -English embassy was announced. The pope in alarm immediately put the -document back into his portfolio, promising himself that it would be -long before he published it. - -As soon as the English envoys had taken up their quarters at Bologna, -the ambassadors of France called to pay their respects. De Gramont, -Bishop of Tarbes, was overflowing with politeness, especially to the -Earl of Wiltshire. “I have shown much honor to M. de Rochford,” he wrote -to his master on the 28th of March. “I went out to meet him. I have -visited him often at his lodging. I have fêted him, and offered him my -solicitations and services, telling him that such were your orders.”[32] -Not thus did Clement VII. act: the arrival of the Earl of Wiltshire and -his colleagues was a cause of alarm to him. Yet he must make up his mind -to receive them: he appointed the day and the hour for the audience. - -Henry VIII. desired that his representatives should appear with great -pomp, and accordingly the ambassador and his colleagues went to great -expense with that intent.[33] Wiltshire entered first into the -audience-hall; being father of Anne Boleyn, he had been appointed by the -king as the man in all England most interested in the success of his -plans. But Henry had calculated badly: the personal interest which the -earl felt in the divorce made him odious both to Charles and Clement. -The pope, wearing his pontifical robes, was seated on the throne -surrounded by his cardinals. The ambassadors approached, made the -customary salutations, and stood before him. The pontiff, wishing to -show his kindly feelings towards the envoys of the “_Defender of the -Faith_,” put out his slipper according to custom, presenting it -graciously to the kisses of those proud Englishmen. The revolt was about -to begin. The earl, remaining motionless, refused to kiss his holiness’s -slipper. But that was not all; a fine spaniel, with long silky hair, -which Wiltshire had brought from England, had followed him to the -episcopal palace. When the bishop of Rome put out his foot, the dog did -what other dogs would have done under similar circumstances: he flew at -the foot, and caught the pope by the great toe.[34] Clement hastily drew -it back. The sublime borders on the ridiculous: the ambassadors, -bursting with laughter, raised their arms and hid their faces behind -their long rich sleeves. “That dog was a _protestant_,” said a reverend -father. “Whatever he was,” said an Englishman, “he taught us that a -pope’s foot was more meet to be bitten by dogs than kissed by Christian -men.” The pope, recovering from his emotion, prepared to listen, and the -count, regaining his seriousness, explained to the pontiff that as Holy -Scripture forbade a man to marry his brother’s wife, Henry VIII. -required him to annul as unlawful his union with Catherine of Aragon. As -Clement did not seem convinced, the ambassador skilfully insinuated that -the king might possibly declare himself independent of Rome, and place -the British church under the direction of a patriarch. “The example,” -added the ambassador, “will not fail to be imitated by other kingdoms of -Christendom.”[35] - -The agitated pope promised not to remove the suit to Rome, provided the -king would give up the idea of reforming England. Then, putting on a -most gracious air, he proposed to introduce the ambassador to Charles V. -This was giving Wiltshire the chance of receiving a harsh rebuff. The -earl saw it; but his duty obliging him to confer with the emperor, he -accepted the offer. - -The father of Anne Boleyn proceeded to an audience with the nephew of -Catherine of Aragon. Representatives of two women whose rival causes -agitated Europe, these two men could not meet without a collision. True, -the earl flattered himself that as it was Charles’s interest to detach -Henry from Francis I., that phlegmatic and politic prince would -certainly not sacrifice the gravest interests of his reign for a matter -of sentiment; but he was deceived. The emperor received him with a calm -and reserved air, but unaccompanied by any kindly demonstration. The -ambassador skilfully began with speaking of the Turkish war; then -ingeniously passing to the condition of the kingdom of England, he -pointed out the reasons of state which rendered the divorce necessary. -Here Charles stopped him short: “Sir Count, you are not to be trusted in -this matter; you are a party to it; let your colleagues speak.” The earl -replied with respectful coldness: “Sire, I do not speak here as a -father, but as my master’s servant, and I am commissioned to inform you -that his conscience condemns a union contrary to the law of God.”[36] He -then offered Charles the immediate restitution of Catherine’s dowry. The -emperor coldly replied that he would support his aunt in her rights, and -then abruptly turning his back on the ambassador, refused to hear him -any longer.[37] - -Thus did Charles, who had been all his life a crafty politician, place -in this matter the cause of justice above the interests of his ambition. -Perhaps he might lose an important ally; it mattered not; before -everything he would protect a woman unworthily treated. On this occasion -we feel more sympathy for Charles than for Henry. The indignant emperor -hastily quitted Bologna, on the 22d or 24th of February. - -The earl hastened to his friend M. de Gramont, and, relating how he had -been treated, proposed that the kings of France and England should unite -in the closest bonds. He added, that Henry could not accept Clement as -his judge, since he had himself declared that he was ignorant of the law -of God.[38] “England,” he said, “will be quiet for three or four months. -Sitting in the ballroom, she will watch the dancers, and will form her -resolution according as they dance well or ill.”[39] A rule of policy -that has often been followed. - -[Sidenote: Gramont’s Policy.] - -Gramont was prepared to make common cause with Henry against the -emperor; but, like his master, he could not make his mind to do without -the pope. He strove to induce Clement to join the two kings and abandon -Charles; or else—he insinuated in his turn—England would separate from -the Romish Church. This was to incur the risk of losing Western Europe, -and accordingly the pope answered with much concern: “I will do what you -ask.” There was, however, a reserve; namely, that the steps taken -overtly by the pope would absolutely decide nothing. - -Clement once more received the ambassador of Henry VIII. The earl -carried with him the book wherein Cranmer proved that the pope cannot -dispense any one from obeying the law of God, and presented it to the -pope. The latter took it and glanced over it, his looks showing that a -prison could not have been more disagreeable to him than this -impertinent volume.[40] The Earl of Wiltshire soon discovered that there -was nothing for him to do in Italy. Charles V., usually so reserved, had -made the bitterest remarks before his departure. His chancellor, with an -air of triumph, enumerated to the English ambassador all the divines of -Italy and France who were opposed to the king’s wishes. The pope seemed -to be a puppet which the emperor moved as he liked, and the cardinals -had but one idea,—that of exalting the Romish power. Wearied and -disgusted, the earl departed for France and England with the greater -portion of his colleagues. - -Cranmer was left behind. Having been sent to show Clement that Holy -Scripture is above all Roman pontiffs, and speaks in a language quite -opposed to that of the popes, he had asked more than once for an -audience at which to discharge his mission. The wily pontiff had replied -that he would hear him at Rome, believing he was thus putting him off -until the Greek calends. But Clement was deceived; the English doctor, -determining to do his duty, refused to depart for London with the rest -of the embassy, and repaired to the metropolis of Catholicism. - -Footnote 24: - - “All indifferent and discreet persons judged that it was right and - necessary.”—Hall, _Chronicles of England_, p. 784. - -Footnote 25: - - “Congressus iste magna cum pompa fiet.”—_State Papers_, vii. p. 209. - We must not confound this congress with the one held later in this - city. See antea, vol. ii. book ii. chap. xxv. xxvi. xxix. - -Footnote 26: - - Letter from Sir H. Carew to Henry VIII.: _State Papers_, vii. 225. - -Footnote 27: - - Antea, vol. i. ch. ix. - -Footnote 28: - - Instruction to Wiltshire: _State Papers_, vii. p. 230. - -Footnote 29: - - Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. 9. - -Footnote 30: - - Le Grand, _Preuves_, p. 400. - -Footnote 31: - - “Reginam complectendo, affectione maritali tractet in omnibus.”—Le - Grand, _Preuves_, p. 451. - -Footnote 32: - - Ibid. p. 399. - -Footnote 33: - - “Esso Conte habi commissione far una grossa spesa.”—_Lettre de Joachim - de Vaux_, ibid. p. 409. - -Footnote 34: - - “The spaniel took fast with his mouth the great toe of the - pope.”—Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. 9. - -Footnote 35: - - “Che l’altri regni questo imitando.”—Le Grand, _Preuves du Divorce_, - p. 419. - -Footnote 36: - - Le Grand, _Preuves_, pp. 401, 454. - -Footnote 37: - - Le Grand, _Preuves_, pp. 401, 454. - -Footnote 38: - - “He declared himself ignorant of that law.”—_State Papers_, xii. p. - 230. - -Footnote 39: - - Le Grand, _Preuves_, pp. 401, 455. - -Footnote 40: - - ‘A book as welcome to his Holiness as a prison.’—Fuller, _Church - History_, p. 182. - - - - - CHAPTER V. - DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE DIVORCE AT OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE. - (WINTER OF 1530.) - - -[Sidenote: Wiltshire’s Departure.] - -At the same time that Henry sent ambassadors to Italy to obtain the -pope’s consent, he invited all the universities of Christendom to -declare that the question of divorce was of divine right, and that the -pope had nothing to say about it. It was his opinion that the universal -voice of the Church ought to decide, and not the voice of one man. - -First, he attempted to canvass Cambridge, and, as he wanted a skilful -man for that purpose, he applied to Wolsey’s old servant, Stephen -Gardiner, an intelligent, active, wily churchman and a good catholic. -One thing alone was superior to his catholicism,—his desire to win the -king’s favor. He aspired to rise like the cardinal to the summit of -greatness. Henry named the chief almoner, Edward Fox, as his colleague. - -Arriving at Cambridge one Saturday about noon, in the latter half of -February, the royal commissioners held a conference in the evening with -the vice-chancellor (Dr. Buckmaster), Dr. Edmunds, and other influential -men who had resolved to go with the court. But these doctors, members of -the political party, soon found themselves checked by an embarrassing -support on which they had not calculated; it was that of the friends of -the Gospel. They had been convinced by the writing which Cranmer had -published on the divorce. Gardiner and the members of the conference, -hearing of the assistance which the evangelicals desired to give them, -were annoyed at first. On the other hand, the champions of the court of -Rome, alarmed at the alliance of the two parties who were opposed to -them, began that very night to visit college after college, leaving no -stone unturned that the peril might be averted. Gardiner, uneasy at -their zeal, wrote to Henry VIII:—‘As we assembled, they assembled; as we -made friends, they made friends.’[41] Dr. Watson, Dr. Tomson, and other -fanatical individuals at one time shouted very loudly, at another spoke -in whispers.[42] They said that Anne Boleyn was a heretic, that her -marriage with Henry would hand England over to Luther; and they related -to those whom they desired to gain—wrote Gardiner to the king—‘many -fables too tedious to repeat to your Grace.’ These ‘fables’ would not -only have bored Henry, but greatly irritated him. - -[Sidenote: A Noisy Meeting.] - -The vice-chancellor, flattering himself that he had a majority, -notwithstanding these clamors, called a meeting of the doctors, -bachelors of divinity, and masters of arts, for Sunday afternoon. About -two hundred persons assembled, and the three parties were distinctly -marked out. The most numerous and the most excited were those who held -for the pope against the king. The evangelicals were in a minority, but -were quite as decided as their adversaries, and much calmer. The -politicians, uneasy at seeing the friends of Latimer and Cranmer -disposed to vote with them, would have, however, to accept of their -support, if they wished to gain the victory. They resolved to seize the -opportunity offered them. ‘Most learned senators,’ said the -vice-chancellor, ‘I have called you together because the great love -which the king bears you engages me to consult your wisdom.’ Thereupon -Gardiner and Fox handed in the letter which Henry had given them, and -the vice-chancellor read it to the meeting. In it the king set forth his -hopes of seeing the doctors unanimous to do what was agreeable to him. -The deliberations commenced, and the question of a rupture with Rome -soon began to appear distinctly beneath the question of the divorce. -Edmunds spoke for the king, Tomson for the pope. There was an -interchange of antagonistic opinions and a disorder of ideas among many; -the speakers grew warm; one voice drowned another, and the confusion -became extreme.[43] - -The vice-chancellor, desirous of putting an end to the clamor, proposed -referring the matter to a committee, whose decision should be regarded -as that of the whole university, which was agreed to. Then, seeing more -clearly that the royal cause could not succeed without the help of the -evangelical party, he proposed some of its leaders—Doctors Salcot, Reps, -Crome, Shaxton, and Latimer—as members of the committee. On hearing -these names, there was an explosion of murmurs in the meeting. Salcot, -Abbot of St. Benet’s, was particularly offensive to the doctors of the -Romish party. ‘We protest,’ they said, ‘against the presence in the -committee of those who have approved of Cranmer’s book, and thus -declared their opinion already.’ ‘When any matter is talked of all over -the kingdom,’ answered Gardiner, ‘there is not a sensible man who does -not tell his friends what he thinks about it.’ The whole afternoon was -spent in lively altercation. The vice-chancellor, wishing to bring it to -an end, said: ‘Gentlemen, it is getting late, and I invite every one to -take his seat, and declare his mind by a secret vote.’[44] It was -useless; no one took his seat; the confusion, reproaches, and -declamations continued. At dark, the vice-chancellor adjourned the -meeting until the next day. The doctors separated in great excitement, -but with different feelings. While the politicians saw nothing else to -discuss but the question of the king’s marriage, the evangelicals and -the papists considered that the real question was this: Which shall rule -in England—the Reformation or Popery? - -The next day, the names of the members of the committee having been put -to the vote, the meeting was found to be divided into two equal parties. -In order to obtain a majority Gardiner undertook to get some of his -adversaries out of the way. Going up and down the Senate-house, he began -to whisper in the ears of some of the less decided; and, inspiring them -either with hope or fear, he prevailed upon several to leave the -meeting.[45] - -The grace was then put to the vote a third time and passed. Gardiner -triumphed. Returning to his room, he sent the list to the king. Sixteen -of the committee, indicated by the letter A, were favorable to his -majesty. ‘As for the twelve others,’ he wrote, ‘we hope to win most of -them by _good means_.’ The committee met, and took up the royal demand. -They carefully examined the passages of Holy Scripture, the explanations -of translators, and gave their opinion.[46] Then followed the public -discussion. Gardiner was not without fear; as there might be skilful -assailants and awkward defenders, he looked out for men qualified to -defend the royal cause worthily. It was a remarkable circumstance that, -passing over the traditional doctors, he added to the defence—of which -he and Fox were the leaders—two evangelical doctors, Salcot, Abbot of -St. Benet’s, and Reps. He reserved to his colleague and himself the -political part of the question; but notwithstanding all his catholicism, -he desired that the scriptural reasons should be placed foremost. The -discussion was conducted with great thoroughness,[47] and the victory -remained with the king’s champions. - -[Sidenote: Majority For The King.] - -On the 9th of March, the doctors, professors, and masters having met -after vespers in the priory hall, the vice-chancellor said: ‘It has -appeared to us as most certain, most in accord with Holy Scripture, and -most conformable to the opinions of commentators, that it is contrary to -divine and natural law for a man to marry the widow of his brother dying -childless.’[48] Thus the Scriptures were really, if not explicitly, -declared by the university of Cambridge to be the supreme and only rule -of Christians, and the contrary decisions of Rome were held to be not -binding. The Word of God was avenged of the long contempt it had -endured, and, after having been put below the pope’s word, was now -restored to its lawful place. In this matter Cambridge was right. - -[Sidenote: The King’s Letter To Oxford.] - -It was necessary to try Oxford next. Here the opposition was stronger, -and the popish party looked forward to a victory. Longland, Bishop of -Lincoln and chancellor of the university, was commissioned by Henry to -undertake the matter; Doctor Bell, and afterwards Edward Fox, the chief -almoner, being joined with him. The king, uneasy at the results of the -negotiation, and wishing for a favorable decision at any cost, gave -Longland a letter for the university, through every word of which an -undisguised despotism was visible. ‘We will and command you,’ he said, -‘that ye, not leaning to wilful and sinister opinions of your own -several minds, considering that we be your sovereign liege lord, and -totally giving your affections to the true overtures of divine learning -in this behalf, do show and declare your true and just learning in the -said cause.... And we, for your so doing, shall be to you and to our -university there so good and gracious a lord for the same, as ye shall -perceive it well done in your well fortune to come. And in case you do -not uprightly handle yourselves herein, we shall so quickly and sharply -look to your unnatural misdemeanor herein, that it shall not be to your -quietness and ease hereafter.... Accommodate yourselves to the mere -truth; assuring you that those who do shall be esteemed and set forth, -and the contrary neglected and little set by.... We doubt not that your -resolution shall be our high contentation and pleasure.’ - -This royal missive caused a great commotion in the university. Some -slavishly bent their heads, for the king spoke rod in hand. Others -declared themselves convinced by the political reasons, and said that -Henry must have an heir whose right to the throne could not be disputed. -And, lastly, some were convinced that Holy Scripture was favorable to -the royal cause. All men of age and learning, as well as all who had -either capacity or ambition, declared in favor of the divorce. -Nevertheless a formidable opposition soon showed itself. - -The younger members of the Senate were enthusiastic for Catherine, the -Church, and the pope. Their theological education was imperfect; they -could not go to the bottom of the question, but they judged by the -heart. To see a Catholic lady oppressed, to see Rome despised, inflamed -their anger; and, if the elder members maintained that their view was -the more reasonable, the younger ones believed theirs to be the more -noble. Unhappily, when the choice lies between the useful and the -generous, the useful commonly triumphs. Still, the young doctors were -not prepared to yield. They said—and they were not wrong—that religion -and morality ought not to be sacrificed to reasons of state, or to the -passions of princes. And, seeing the spectre of Reform hidden behind -that of the divorce, they regarded themselves as called upon to save the -Church. ‘Alas!’ said the royal delegates, the Bishop of Lincoln and Dr. -Bell, ‘alas! we are in continual perplexity, and we cannot foresee with -any certainty what will be the issue of this business.’[49] - -They agreed with the heads of houses that, in order to prepare the -university, three public disputations should be solemnly held in the -divinity schools. By this means they hoped to gain time. ‘Such -disputations,’ they said, ‘are a very honorable means of amusing the -multitude until we are sure of the consent of the majority.’[50] The -discussions took place, and the younger masters, arranging each day what -was to be done or said, gave utterance to all the warmth of their -feelings. - -When the news of these animated discussions reached Henry, his -displeasure broke out, and those immediately around him fanned his -indignation. ‘A great part of the youth of our university,’ said the -king, ‘with contentious and factious manners, daily combine -together.’... The courtiers, instead of moderating, excited his anger. -Every day, they told him, these young men, regardless of their duty -towards their sovereign, and not conforming to the opinions of the most -virtuous and learned men of the university, meet together to deliberate -and oppose his majesty’s views. ‘Hath it ever been seen,’ exclaimed the -king, ‘that such a number of right small learning should stay their -seniors in so weighty a cause?’[51] Henry, in exasperation, wrote to the -heads of the houses: ‘_Non est bonum irritare crabrones_.’ It is not -good to stir a hornet’s nest. This threat excited the younger party -still more: if the term ‘hornet’ amused some, it irritated others. In -hot weather, the hornet (the king) chases the weaker insects; but the -noise he makes in flying forewarns them, and the little ones escape him. -Henry could not hide his vexation; he feared lest the little flies -should prove stronger than the big hornet. He was uneasy in his castle -of Windsor; and the insolent opposition of Oxford pursued him wherever -he turned his steps—on the terrace, in the wide park, and even in the -royal chapel. ‘What!’ he exclaimed, ‘shall this university dare show -itself more unkind and wilful than all other universities, abroad or at -home?’[52] Cambridge had recognized the king’s right, and Oxford -refused. - -Wishing to end the matter, Henry summoned the High-Almoner Fox to -Windsor, and ordered him to repeat at Oxford the victory he had gained -at Cambridge. He then dictated to his secretary a letter to the -recalcitrants: ‘We cannot a little marvel that you, neither having -respect to our estate,—being your prince and sovereign lord,—nor yet -remembering such benefits as we have always showed unto you, have -hitherto refused the accomplishment of our desire. Permit no longer the -private suffrages of light and wilful heads to prevail over the learned. -By your diligence redeem the errors and delays past. - -‘Given under our signet, at our castle of Windsor.’[53] - -Fox was entrusted with this letter. - -The Lord High-Almoner and the Bishop of Lincoln immediately called -together the younger masters of the university, and declared that a -longer resistance might lead to their ruin. But the youth of Oxford were -not to be overawed by threats of violence. Lincoln had hardly finished -when several masters of arts protested loudly. Some even spoke ‘very -wickedly.’ Not permitting himself to be checked by such rebellion, the -bishop ordered the poll to be taken. Twenty-seven voted for the king, -and twenty-two against. The royal commissioners were not yet satisfied; -they assembled all the faculties, and invited the members to give their -opinion in turn. This intimidated many, and only eight or ten had -courage enough to declare their opposition frankly. The bishop, -encouraged by such a result, ordered that the final vote should be taken -by ballot. Secrecy emboldened many of those who had not dared to speak; -and, while thirty-one voted in favor of the divorce, twenty-five opposed -it. That was of little consequence, as the two prelates had the -majority. They immediately drew up the statute in the name of the -university, and sent it to the king. After which the bishop, proud of -his success, celebrated a solemn mass of the Holy Ghost.[54] The Holy -Ghost had not, however, been much attended to in the business. Some had -obeyed the prince, others the pope; and, if we desire to find those who -obeyed Christ, we must look for them elsewhere. - -[Sidenote: Latimer’s Evangelical Courage.] - -The university of Cambridge was the first to send in its submission to -Henry. The Sunday before Easter (1530), Vice-Chancellor Buckmaster -arrived at Windsor in the forenoon. The court was at chapel, where -Latimer, recently appointed one of the king’s chaplains, was preaching. -The vice-chancellor came in during the service, and heard part of the -sermon. Latimer was a very different man from Henry’s servile courtiers. -He did not fear even to attack such of his colleagues as did not do -their duty: ‘That is no godly preacher that will hold his peace, and not -strike you with his sword that you smoke again.... Chaplains will not do -their duties, but rather flatter. But what shall follow? Marry, they -shall have God’s curse upon their heads for their labor. The minister -must reprove without fearing any man, even if he be threatened with -death.’[55] Latimer was particularly bold in all that concerned the -errors of Rome which Henry VIII. desired to maintain in the English -Church. ‘Wicked persons (he said),—men who despise God,—call out, “We -are christened, therefore are we saved.” Marry, to be christened and not -obey God’s commandments is to be worse than the Turks! Regeneration -cometh from the Word of God. It is by believing this Word that we are -born again.’[56] - -Thus spoke one of the fathers of the British Reformation: such is the -real doctrine of the Church of England; the contrary doctrine is a mere -relic of popery. - -As the congregation were leaving the chapel, the vice-chancellor spoke -to the secretary (Cromwell) and the provost, and told them the occasion -of his visit. The king sent a message that he would receive the -deputation after evening service. Desirous of giving a certain -distinction to the decision of the universities, Henry ordered all the -court to assemble in the audience-chamber. The vice-chancellor presented -the letter to the king, who was much pleased with it. ‘Thanks, Mr. -Vice-Chancellor,’ he said; ‘I very much approve the way in which you -have managed this matter. I shall give your university tokens of my -satisfaction.... You heard Mr. Latimer’s sermon,’ he added, which he -greatly praised, and then withdrew. The Duke of Norfolk, going up to the -vice-chancellor, told him that the king desired to see him the following -day. - -The next day Dr. Buckmaster, faithful to the appointment, waited all the -morning; but the king had changed his mind, and sent orders to the -deputy from Cambridge that he might depart as soon as he pleased. The -message had scarcely been delivered before the king entered the gallery. -An idea which quite engrossed his mind urged him on; he wanted to speak -with the doctor about the principle put forward by Cranmer. Henry -detained Buckmaster from one o’clock until six, repeating, in every -possible form, ‘Can the pope grant a dispensation when the law of God -hath spoken?’[57] He even displayed much ill-humor before the -vice-chancellor, because this point had not been decided at Cambridge. -At last he quitted the gallery; and, to counterbalance the sharpness of -his reproaches, he spoke very graciously to the doctor, who hurried away -as fast as he could. - -Footnote 41: - - Burnet, _Records_, i. - -Footnote 42: - - ‘In the ears of them.’—Ibid. p. 39. - -Footnote 43: - - ‘Et res erat in multa confusione.’—Burnet, _Records_, i. p. 79, - Gardiner to the king. - -Footnote 44: - - ‘To resort to his seat apart, every man’s mind to be known - secretly.’—Burnet, _Records_, i. p. 80. - -Footnote 45: - - ‘To cause some to depart the house.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 46: - - ‘S. Scripturæ locorum conferentes, tum etiam interpretum.’—Burnet, - _Records_, iii. p. 22. - -Footnote 47: - - ‘Publicam disputationem matura deliberatione.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 48: - - ‘Scrutatis diligentissime Sacræ Scripturæ locis.’—Burnet, _Records_, - iii. p. 22. - -Footnote 49: - - ‘In doubt always.’—_State Papers_, i. p. 377. - -Footnote 50: - - ‘Most convenient way to entertain the multitude.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 51: - - Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 26. - -Footnote 52: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 53: - - Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 26. - -Footnote 54: - - _State Papers_, i. p. 379, and note. - -Footnote 55: - - Latimer, _Sermons_ (Parker Soc.), pp. 46, 381. - -Footnote 56: - - Ibid. pp. 126, 471. - -Footnote 57: - - ‘An papa potest dispensara.’—Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 24. - - - - - CHAPTER VI. - HENRY VIII. SUPPORTED IN FRANCE AND ITALY BY THE CATHOLICS, AND BLAMED - IN GERMANY BY THE PROTESTANTS. - (JANUARY TO SEPTEMBER 1530.) - - -[Sidenote: Henry Appeals To Foreign Opinion.] - -The king did not limit himself to asking the opinions of England; he -appealed to the universal teaching of the Church, represented according -to his views by the universities and not by the pope. The element of -individual conviction, so strongly marked in Tyndale, Fryth, and -Latimer, was wanting in the official reformation that proceeded from the -prince. To know what Scripture said, Henry was about sending delegates -to Paris, Bologna, Padua, and Wittemburg; he would have sent even to the -East, if such a journey had been easy. That false catholicism which -looked for the interpretation of the Bible to churches and declining -schools where traditionalism, ritualism, and hierarchism were magnified, -was a counterfeit popery. Happily the supreme voice of the Word of God -surmounted this fatal tendency in England. - -Henry VIII., full of confidence in the friendship of the King of France, -applied first to the university of Paris; but Dr. Pedro Garry, a Spanish -priest, as ignorant as he was fanatical (according to the English -agents),[58] eagerly took up the cause of Catherine of Aragon. Aided by -the impetuous Beda, he obtained an opinion adverse to Henry’s wishes. - -When he heard of it, the alarmed prince summoned Du Bellay, the French -ambassador, to the palace, gave him for Francis I. a famous diamond -fleur-de-lis valued at 10,000_l._ sterling, also the acknowledgments for -100,000 livres which Francis owed Henry for war expenses, and added a -gift of 400,000 crowns for the ransom of the king’s sons. Unable to -resist such strong arguments, Francis charged Du Bellay to represent to -the faculty of Paris ‘the great scruples of Henry’s conscience;’[59] -whereupon the Sarbonne deliberated, and several doctors exclaimed that -it would be an attaint upon the pope’s honor to suppose him capable of -refusing consolation to the wounded conscience of a Christian. During -these debates, the secretary took the names, received the votes, and -entered them on the minutes. A fiery papist observing that the majority -would be against the Roman opinion, jumped up, sprang upon the -secretary, snatched the list from his hands, and tore it up. All started -from their seats, and ‘there was great disorder and tumult.’ They all -spoke together, each trying to assert his own opinion; but as no one -could make himself heard amid the general clamor, the doctors hurried -out of the room in a great rage. ‘Beda acted like one possessed,’ wrote -Du Bellay. - -Meanwhile the ambassadors of the King of England were walking up and -down an adjoining gallery, waiting for the division. Attracted by the -shouts, they ran forward, and seeing the strange spectacle presented by -the theologians, and ‘hearing the language they used to one another,’ -they retired in great irritation. Du Bellay, who had at heart the -alliance of the two countries, conjured Francis I. to put an end to such -‘impertinences.’ The president of the parliament of Paris consequently -ordered Beda to appear before him, and told him that it was not for a -person of his sort to meddle with the affairs of princes, and that if he -did not cease his opposition, he would be punished in a way he would not -soon forget. The Sorbonne profited by the lesson given to the most -influential of its members, and on the 2nd of July declared in favor of -the divorce by a large majority. The universities of Orleans, Angers, -and Bourges had already done so, and that of Toulouse did the same -shortly after.[60] Henry VIII. had France and England with him. - -This was not enough: he must have Italy also. He filled that peninsula -with his agents, who had orders to obtain from the bishops and -universities the declaration refused by the pope. A rich and powerful -despot is never in want of devoted men to carry out his designs. - -The university of Bologna, in the states of the Church, was, after -Paris, the most important in the Catholic world. A monk was in great -repute there at this time. Noble by birth and an eloquent preacher, -Battista Pallavicini was one of those independent thinkers often met -with in Italy. The English agents applied to him; he declared that he -and his colleagues were ready to prove the unlawfulness of Henry’s -marriage, and when Stokesley spoke of remuneration, they replied, ‘No, -no! what we have received freely, we give freely.’ Henry’s agents could -not contain themselves for joy; the university of the pope declares -against the pope! Those among them who had an inkling for the -Reformation were especially delighted. On the 10th June the eloquent -monk appeared before the ambassadors with the judgment of the faculty, -which surpassed all they had imagined. Henry’s marriage was declared -‘horrible, execrable, detestable, abominable for a Christian and even -for an infidel, forbidden by divine and human law under pain of the -severest punishment.[61]... The holy father, who can do almost -everything,’ innocently continued the university, ‘has not the right to -permit such a union.’ The universities of Padua and Ferrara hastened to -add their votes to those of Bologna, and declared the marriage with a -brother’s widow to be ‘null, detestable, profane, and abominable.’[62] -Henry was conqueror all along the line. He had with him that universal -consent which, according to certain illustrious doctors, is the very -essence of Catholicism. Crooke, one of Henry’s agents, and a -distinguished Greek scholar, who discharged his mission with -indefatigable ardor, exclaimed that ‘the just cause of the king was -approved by all the doctors of Italy.’[63] - -[Sidenote: Protestants Condemn The Divorce.] - -In the midst of this harmony of catholicity, there was one exception, of -which no one had dreamt. That divorce which, according to the frivolous -language of a certain party, was the cause of the Reformation in -England, found opponents among the fathers and the children of the -Reformation. Henry’s envoys were staggered. ‘My fidelity bindeth me to -advertise your Highness,’ wrote Crooke to the king, ‘that all Lutherans -be utterly against your Highness in this cause, and have letted -[hindered] as much with their wretched poor malice, without reason or -authority, as they could and might, as well here as in Padua and -Ferrara, where be no small companies of them.’[64] The Swiss and German -reformers having been summoned to give an opinion on this point, Luther, -Œcolampadius, Zwingle, Bucer, Grynæus, and even Calvin,[65] all -expressed the same opinion. ‘Certainly,’ said Luther, ‘the king has -sinned by marrying his brother’s wife; that sin belongs to the past; let -repentance, therefore, blot it out, as it must blot out all our past -sins. But the marriage must not be dissolved; such a great sin, which is -future, must not be permitted.[66] There are thousands of marriages in -the world in which sin has a part, and yet we may not dissolve them. _A -man shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh._ This law -is superior to the other, and overrules the lesser one.’ The collective -opinion of the Lutheran doctors was in conformity with the just and -Christian sentiments of Luther.[67] Thus (we repeat) the event which, -according to Catholic writers, was the cause of the religious -transformation of England, was approved by the Romanists and condemned -by the evangelicals. Besides, the latter knew very well that a -Reformation must proceed, not from a divorce or a marriage, not from -diplomatic negotiations or university statutes, but from the power of -the Word of God and the free conviction of Christians. - -[Sidenote: English Address To The Pope.] - -While these matters were going on, Cranmer was at Rome, asking the pope -for that discussion which the pontiff had promised him at their -conference in Bologna. Clement VII. had never intended to grant it: he -had thought that, once at Rome, it would be easy to elude his promise; -it was that which occupied his attention just now. Among the means which -popes have sometimes employed in their difficulties with kings, one of -the most common was to gain the agents of those princes. It was the -first employed by Clement; he nominated Cranmer grand almoner for all -the states of the King of England, some even say for all the Catholic -world. It was little more than a title, and ‘was only to stay his -stomach for that time, in hope of a more plentiful feast hereafter, if -he had been pleased to take his repast on any popish preferment.’[68] -But Cranmer was influenced by purer motives; and without refusing the -title the pope gave him,—since having the task of winning him to the -king’s side, he would thus have compromised his mission,—he made no -account of it, and showed all the more zeal for the accomplishment of -his charge. - -The embassy had not succeeded, and they were getting uneasy about it in -England. Some of the pope’s best friends could not understand his -blindness. The two archbishops, the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the -marquises of Dorset and Exeter, thirteen earls, four bishops, -twenty-five barons, twenty-two abbots, and eleven members of the Lower -House determined to send an address to Clement VII. ‘Most blessed -father,’ they began, ‘the king, who is our head and the life of us all, -has ever stood by the see of Rome amidst the attacks of your many and -powerful enemies, and yet he alone is to reap no benefit from his -labors.... Meanwhile we perceive a flood of miseries impending over the -commonwealth.[69] If your Holiness, who ought to be our father, have -determined to leave us as orphans, we shall seek our remedy -elsewhere.... He that is sick will by any means be rid of his distemper; -and there is hope in the exchange of miseries, when, if we cannot obtain -what is good, we may obtain a lesser evil.... We beseech your Holiness -to consider with yourself; you profess that on earth you are Christ’s -vicar. Endeavor then to show yourself so to be by pronouncing your -sentence to the glory and praise of God.’ Clement gained time: he -remained two months and a half without answering, thinking about the -matter, turning it over and over in his mind. The great difficulty was -to harmonize the will of Henry VIII., who desired another wife, and that -of Charles V., who insisted that he ought to keep the old one.... There -was only one mode of satisfying both these princes at once, and that was -by the king’s having the two wives together. Wolsey had already -entertained this idea. More than two years before the pope had hinted as -much to Da Casale: ‘Let him take another wife,’ he had said, speaking of -Henry.[70] Clement now recurred to it, and having sent privately for Da -Casale, he said to him: ‘This is what we have hit upon: we permit his -Majesty to have two wives.’[71] The infallible pontiff proposed bigamy -to a king. Da Casale was still more astonished than he had been at the -time of Clement’s first communication. ‘Holy father,’ he said to the -pope, ‘I doubt whether such a mode will satisfy his Majesty, for he -desires above all things to have the burden removed from his -conscience.’[72] - -This guilty proposal led to nothing; the king, sure of the lords and of -the people, advanced rapidly in the path of independence. The day after -that on which the pope authorized him to take two wives, Henry issued a -bold proclamation, pronouncing against whosoever should ask for or bring -in a papal bull contrary to the royal prerogative ‘imprisonment and -further punishment of their bodies according to his Majesty’s good -pleasure.[73] Clement, becoming alarmed, replied to the address: ‘We -desire as much as you do that the king should have male children; but, -alas! we are not God to give him sons.’[74] - -Men were beginning to stifle under these manœuvres and tergiversations -of the papacy; they called for air, and some went so far as to say that -if air was not given them, they must snap their fetters and break open -the doors. - -Footnote 58: - - Stokesley to the Earl of Wiltshire, January 16, 1530: _State Papers_, - vii. p. 227. - -Footnote 59: - - Le Grand, _Preuves du Divorce_, p. 459. This letter is from Du Bellay, - and not from Montmorency, as a distinguished historian has supposed. - -Footnote 60: - - The opinions of these universities are given in Burnet’s _Records_, i. - p. 83. - -Footnote 61: - - ‘Tale conjugium horrendum esse, execrabile, detestandum, viroque - christiano etiam cuilibet infideli prorsus abominabile.’—Rymer, - _Acta_, vi. p. 155. - -Footnote 62: - - Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 87. - -Footnote 63: - - _State Papers_, vii. p. 242. - -Footnote 64: - - Burnet, _Records_, i. p. 82. - -Footnote 65: - - Calvin’s letter or dissertation (_Calvini Epistolæ_, p. 384) - harmonizes the apparently contradictory passages of Leviticus and - Deuteronomy; but I much doubt if it belongs to this period. - -Footnote 66: - - ‘Tam grande peccatum futurum permitti non debet.’—Lutheri _Epp._ iv. - p. 265. - -Footnote 67: - - Burnet, _Records_, i. p. 88. - -Footnote 68: - - Fuller, _Church History_, p. 182. - -Footnote 69: - - ‘Malorum pelagus reipublicæ nostræ imminere cernimus ac certum quoddam - diluvium comminari.’—Rymer, _Acta_, vi. p. 160. - -Footnote 70: - - ‘Rex aliam uxorem ducat.’—Letter of G. Da Casale, Orvieto, January 13, - 1528. - -Footnote 71: - - ‘Ut duas uxores habeat.’—Rome, September 28, 1530. Herbert, p. 330. - -Footnote 72: - - ‘An conscientiæ satisfieri posset, quam V. M. imprimis exonerare - cupit.’—Herbert, p. 330. - -Footnote 73: - - Collier, ii. p. 60. - -Footnote 74: - - ‘Sed pro Deo non sumus, ut liberos dare possimus.’—Herbert, p. 338. - - - - - CHAPTER VII. - LATIMER AT COURT. - (JANUARY TO SEPTEMBER 1530.) - - -[Sidenote: Proclamation Against Papal Bulls.] - -Henry, seeing that he could not obtain what he asked from the pope, drew -nearer the evangelical party in his kingdom. In the ranks of the -Reformation he found intelligent, pious, bold, and eloquent men, who -possessed the confidence of a portion of the people. Why should not the -prince try to conciliate them? They protest against the authority of the -pope: good! he will relieve them from it; but on one condition, -however,—that if they reject the papal jurisdiction they recognize his -own. If Henry’s plan had succeeded, the Church of England would have -been a Cæsareo-papistical Church (as we see elsewhere) planted on -British soil; but it was the Word of God that was destined to replace -the pope in England, and not the king. - -The first of the evangelical doctors whom Henry tried to gain was -Latimer. He had placed him, as we have seen, on the list of his -chaplains. ‘Beware of contradicting the king,’ said a courtier to him, -one day, mistrusting his frankness. ‘Speak as he speaks, and instead of -presuming to lead him, strive to follow him.’ ‘Marry, out upon thy -counsel!’ replied Latimer; ‘shall I say as he says? Say what your -conscience bids you.... Still, I know that prudence is necessary. - - Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed sæpe cadendo. - -The drop of rain maketh a hole in the stone, not by violence, but by oft -falling. Likewise a prince must be won by a little and a little.’ - -This conversation was not useless to the chaplain, who set to work -seriously amid all the tumult of the court. He studied the Holy -Scriptures and the Fathers, and frankly proclaimed the truth from the -pulpit. But he had no private conversation with the king, who filled him -with a certain fear. The thought that he did not speak to Henry about -the state of his soul troubled him. One day, in the month of November, -the chaplain was in his closet, and in the volume of St. Augustine which -lay before him he read these words: ‘He who for fear of any power _hides -the truth_, provokes the wrath of God to come to him, for he fears men -more than God.’ Another day, while studying St. Chrysostom, these words -struck him: ‘he is not only a traitor to the truth who openly for truth -teaches a lie; but he also who _does not freely pronounce and show the -truth_ that he knoweth.’ These two sentences sank deeply into his -heart.[75] ‘They made me sore afraid,’ he continued, ‘troubled and vexed -me grievously in my conscience.’ He resolved to declare what God had -taught him in Scripture. His frankness might cost him his life (lives -were lost easily in Henry’s time); it mattered not. ‘I had rather suffer -extreme punishment,’ he said, ‘than be a traitor unto the truth.’[76] - -[Sidenote: Latimer’s Letter To Henry.] - -Latimer reflected that the ecclesiastical law, which for ages had been -the very essence of religion, must give way to evangelical faith—that -the form must yield to the life. The members of the Church (calling -themselves regenerate by baptism) used to attend catechism, be -confirmed, join in worship, and take part in the communion without any -real individual transformation; and then finally rest all together in -the churchyard. But the Church, in Latimer’s opinion, ought to begin -with the conversion of its members. Lively stones are needed to build up -the temple of God. Christian individualism, which Rome opposed from her -theocratic point of view, was about to be revived in Christian society. - -The noble Latimer formed the resolution to make the king understand that -all real reformation must begin at home. This was no trifling matter. -Henry, who was a man of varied information and lively understanding, but -was also imperious, passionate, fiery, and obstinate, knew no other rule -than the promptings of his strong nature; and although quite prepared to -separate from the pope, he detested all innovations in doctrine. Latimer -did not allow himself to be stopped by such obstacles, and resolved to -attack this difficult position openly. - -‘Your Grace,’ he wrote to Henry, ‘I must show forth such things as I -have learned in Scripture, or else deny Jesus Christ. The which denying -ought more to be dreaded than the loss of all temporal goods, honor, -promotion, fame, prison, slander, hurts, banishment, and all manner of -torments and cruelties, yea, and death itself, be it never so shameful -and painful.[77]... There is as great distance between you and me as -between God and man; for you are here to me and to all your subjects in -God’s stead; and so I should quake to speak to your Grace. But as you -are a mortal man having in you the corrupt nature of Adam, so you have -no less need of the merits of Christ’s passion for your salvation than I -and others of your subjects have.’ - -Latimer feared to see a Church founded under Henry’s patronage, which -would seek after riches, power, and pomp; and he was not mistaken. ‘Our -Saviour’s life was very poor. In how vile and abject a place was the -mother of Jesus Christ brought to bed! And according to this beginning -was the process and end of his life in this world.... But this he did to -show us that his followers and vicars should not regard the treasures of -this world.... Your Grace may see what means and craft the spirituality -imagine to break and withstand the acts which were made in the last -parliament against their superfluities.’ - -Latimer desired to make the king understand who were the true -Christians. ‘Our Saviour showed his disciples,’ continued he, ‘that they -should be brought before kings. Wherefore take this for a sure -conclusion, that where the Word of God is truly preached there is -persecution, and where quietness and rest in worldly pleasure, there is -not the truth.’ - -Latimer next proceeded to declare what would give real riches to -England. ‘Your Grace promised by your last proclamation that we should -have the Scripture in English. Let not the wickedness of worldly men -divert you from your goodly purpose and promise. There are prelates who, -under pretence of insurrection and heresy, hinder the Gospel of Christ -from having free course.... They would send a thousand men to hell ere -they send one to God.’[78] - -Latimer had reserved for the last the appeal he had determined to make -to his master’s conscience: ‘I pray to God that your Grace may do what -God commandeth, and not what seemeth good in your own sight; that you -may be found one of the members of his Church and a faithful minister of -his gifts, and not,’ he added, showing contempt for a title of which -Henry was very proud, ‘and not a defender of his faith; for he will not -have it defended by man’s power, but by his word only. - -‘Wherefore, gracious king, remember yourself. Have pity on your soul, -and think that the day is even at hand when you shall give account of -your office and of the blood that hath been shed with your sword. In the -which day that your Grace may stand steadfastly and not be ashamed, but -be clear and ready in your reckoning, and to have (as they say) your -_quietus est_ sealed with the blood of our Saviour Christ, which only -serveth at that day, is my daily prayer to Him that suffered death for -our sins which also prayeth to His Father for grace for us -continually.’[79] - -Thus wrote the bold chaplain. Such a letter from Latimer to Henry VIII. -deserved to be pointed out. The king does not appear to have been -offended at it. He was an absolute prince, but there was occasionally -some generosity in his character. He therefore continued to extend his -kindness to Latimer, but did not answer his appeal. - -[Sidenote: Latimer’s Preaching.] - -Latimer preached frequently before the court and in the city. Many noble -lords and old families still clung to the prejudices of the middle ages; -but some had a certain liking for the Reformation, and listened to the -chaplain’s preaching, which was so superior to ordinary sermons. His art -of oratory was summed up in one precept: ‘Christ is the preacher of all -preachers.’[80] ‘Christ,’ he exclaimed, ‘took upon him our sins: not the -work of sin—not to do it—not to commit it, but to purge it; and that way -he was the great sinner of the world.[81]... It is much like as if I -owed another man 20,000_l._, and must pay it out of hand, or else go to -the dungeon of Ludgate; and, when I am going to prison, one of my -friends should come and ask, “Whither goeth this man: I will answer for -him; I will pay all for him.” Such a part played our Saviour Christ with -us.’ - -Preaching before a king, he declared that the authority of Holy -Scripture was above all the powers of the earth. ‘God,’ he said, ‘is -great, eternal, almighty, everlasting; and the Scripture, because of -him, is also great, eternal, most mighty, and holy.... There is no king, -emperor, magistrate, or ruler but is bound to give credence unto this -holy word.’[82] He was cautious not to put the ‘two swords’ into the -same hand. ‘In this world God hath two Swords,’ he said; ‘the temporal -sword resteth in the hands of kings, whereunto all subjects—as well the -clergy as the laity—be subject. The spiritual sword is in the hands of -the ministers and preachers of God’s Word to correct and reprove. Make -not a mingle-mangle of them. To God give thy soul, thy faith; ... to the -king, tribute and reverence.[83] Therefore let the preacher amend with -spiritual sword, fearing no man, though death should ensue.’[84] Such -language astonished the court. ‘Were you at the sermon to day?’ said one -of his hearers to a zealous courtier one day. ‘Yes,’ replied the latter. -‘And how did you like the new chaplain?’ ‘Marry, even as I liked him -always—a seditious fellow.’[85] - -[Sidenote: Latimer’s Boldness.] - -Latimer did not permit himself to be intimidated. Firm in doctrine, he -was at the same time eminently practical. He was a moralist; and this -may explain how he was able to remain any time at court. Men of the -world, who soon grow impatient when you preach to them of the cross, -repentance, and change of heart, cannot help approving of those who -insist on certain rules of conduct. The king found it convenient to keep -a great number of horses in abbeys founded for the support of the poor. -One day when Latimer was preaching before him, he said,—‘A prince ought -not to prefer his horses above poor men. Abbeys were ordained for the -comfort of the poor, and not for kings’ horses to be kept in them.’[86] - -There was a dead silence in the congregation—no one dared turn his eyes -towards Henry—and many showed symptoms of anger. The chaplain had hardly -left the pulpit, when a gentleman of the court, the lord-chamberlain -apparently, went up to him and asked, ‘What hast thou to do with the -king’s horses? They are the maintenances and part of a king’s honor, and -also of his realm; wherefore, in speaking against them, ye are against -the king’s honor.’ ‘To take away the right of the poor,’ answered -Latimer, ‘is against the honor of the king.’ He then added, ‘My lord, -God is the grand-master of the king’s house, and will take account of -every one that beareth rule therein.’[87] - -Thus the Reformation undertook to re-establish the rule of conscience -even in the courts of princes. Latimer knowing, like Calvin, that ‘the -ears of the princes of this world are accustomed to be pampered and -flattered,’ armed himself with invincible courage. - -The murmurs grew louder. While the old chaplains let things take their -course, the other wanted to restore morality among Christians. The -Reformer was alive to the accusations brought against him, for his was -not a heart of steel. Reproaches and calumnies appeared to him sometimes -like those impetuous winds which force the husbandman to fly hurriedly -for shelter to some covered place. ‘O Lord!’ he exclaimed in his closet, -‘these people pinch me; nay, they have a full bite at me.’[88] He would -have desired to flee away to the wilderness, but he called to mind what -had been done to his Master; ‘I comfort myself,’ he said, ‘that Christ -Himself was noted to be a stirrer up of the people against the emperor.’ - -The priests, delighted that Latimer censured the king, resolved to take -advantage of it to ruin him. One day, when there was a grand reception, -and the king was surrounded by his councillors and courtiers, a monk -slipped into the midst of the crowd, and, falling on his knees before -the monarch, said, ‘Sire, your new chaplain preaches sedition.’ Henry -turned to Latimer: ‘What say you to that, sir?’ The chaplain bent his -knee before the prince; and, turning to his accusers, said to them, -‘Would you have me preach nothing concerning a king in the king’s -sermon?’ His friends trembled lest he should be arrested. ‘Your Grace,’ -he continued, ‘I put myself in your hands: appoint other doctors to -preach in my place before your Majesty. There are many more worthy of -the room than I am. If it be your Grace’s pleasure, I could be content -to be their servant, and bear their books after them.[89] But if your -Grace allow me for a preacher, I would desire you give me leave to -discharge my conscience. Permit me to frame my teaching for my -audience.’ - -Henry, who always liked Latimer, took his part, and the chaplain retired -with a low bow. When he left the audience, his friends, who had watched -this scene with the keenest emotion, surrounded him, saying, with tears -in their eyes,[90] ‘We were convinced that you would sleep to-night in -the Tower.’ ‘_The king’s heart is in the hand of the Lord_,’ he -answered, calmly. - -The evangelical Reformers of England nobly maintained their independence -in the presence of a catholic and despotic king. Firmly convinced, free, -strong men, they yielded neither to the seductions of the court nor to -those of Rome. We shall see still more striking examples of their -decision, bequeathed by them to their successors. - -Footnote 75: - - ‘I marked them earnestly in the inward parts of mine heart.’—Latimer, - _Remains_, p. 298. - -Footnote 76: - - Latimer, _Remains_, p. 208. - -Footnote 77: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 298 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 78: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 306 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 79: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 309 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 80: - - Ibid. i. p. 155. - -Footnote 81: - - Ibid. p. 223. - -Footnote 82: - - Latimer, _Works_, i. p. 85 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 83: - - Ibid. p. 295. - -Footnote 84: - - Ibid. p. 86. - -Footnote 85: - - Ibid. p. 134. - -Footnote 86: - - Ibid. p. 93. - -Footnote 87: - - Latimer, _Works_, i. p. 93. - -Footnote 88: - - Ibid. p. 134. - -Footnote 89: - - Ibid. The preacher, when he left the vestry, was followed to the - pulpit by an attendant carrying his books. - -Footnote 90: - - Latimer, _Works_, i. p. 135. - - - - - CHAPTER VIII. - THE KING SEEKS AFTER TYNDALE. - (JANUARY TO MAY 1531.) - - -[Sidenote: The Oak And The Ivy.] - -Henry VIII., finding that he wanted men like Latimer to resist the pope, -sought to win over others of the same stamp. He found one, whose lofty -range he understood immediately. Thomas Cromwell had laid before him a -book, then very eagerly read all over England, namely, the _Practice of -Prelates_. It was found in the houses not only of the citizens of -London, but of the farmers of Essex, Suffolk, and other counties. The -king read it quite as eagerly as his subjects. Nothing interested him -like the history of the slow but formidable progress of the priesthood -and prelacy. One parable in particular struck him, in which the oak -represented royalty, and the ivy the papacy. ‘First, the ivy springeth -out of the earth, and then awhile creepeth along by the ground till it -find a great tree. There it joineth itself beneath alow unto the body of -the tree, and creepeth up a little and a little, fair and softly. And at -the beginning, while it is yet thin and small, that the burden is not -perceived, it seemeth glorious to garnish the tree in the winter, and to -bear off the tempests of the weather. But in the mean season it -thrusteth roots into the bark of the tree to hold fast withal; and -ceaseth not to climb up till it be at the top and above all. And then it -sendeth its branches along by the branches of the tree, and overgroweth -all, and waxeth great, heavy, and thick; and sucketh the moisture so -sore out of the tree and its branches, that it choketh and stifleth -them. And then the foul stinking ivy waxeth mighty in the stump of the -tree, and becometh a seat and a nest for all unclean birds and for blind -owls, which hawk in the dark and dare not come at the light. Even so the -Bishop of Rome at the beginning crope along upon the earth.... He crept -up and fastened his roots in the heart of the emperor, and by subtilty -clamb above the emperor, and subdued him, and made him stoop unto his -feet and kiss them another while. Yea, when he had put the crown on the -emperor’s head, he smote it off with his feet again.’[91] - -Henry would willingly have clapped his hand on his sword to demand -satisfaction of the pope for this outrage. The book was by Tyndale. -Laying it down, the king reflected on what he had just read, and thought -to himself that the author had some striking ideas ‘on the accursed -power of the pope,’ and that he was besides gifted with talent and zeal, -and might render excellent service towards abolishing the papacy in -England. - -Tyndale, from the time of his conversion at Oxford, set Christ above -everything. He boldly threw off the yoke of human traditions, and would -take no other guide but Scripture only. Full of imagination and -eloquence, active and ready to endure fatigue, he exposed himself to -every danger in the fulfilment of his mission.[92] Henry ordered Stephen -Vaughan, one of his agents, then at Antwerp, to try and find the -Reformer in Brabant, Flanders, on the banks of the Rhine, in Holland, -... wherever he might chance to be; to offer him a safe-conduct under -the sign-manual, to prevail on him to return to England, and to add the -most gracious promises in behalf of his Majesty.[93] - -To gain over Tyndale seemed even more important than to have gained -Latimer. Vaughan immediately undertook to seek him in Antwerp, where he -was said to be, but could not find him. ‘He is at Marburg,’ said one; -‘at Frankfort,’ said another; ‘at Hamburg,’ declared a third. Tyndale -was invisible now as before. To make more certain, Vaughan determined to -write three letters directed to those three places, conjuring him to -return to England.[94] ‘I have great hopes,’ said the English agent to -his friends, ‘of having done something that will please his Majesty.’ -Tyndale, the most scriptural of English reformers, the most inflexible -in his faith, laboring at the Reformation with the cordial approbation -of the monarch, would truly have been something extraordinary. - -Scarcely had the three letters been despatched when Vaughan heard of the -ignominious chastisement inflicted by Sir Thomas More on Tyndale’s -brother.[95] Was it by such indignities that Henry expected to attract -the Reformer? Vaughan, much annoyed, wrote to the king (26th January, -1531) that this event would make Tyndale think they wanted to entrap -him, and he gave up looking after him. - -[Sidenote: Vaughan Meets Tyndale.] - -Three months later (17th April), as Vaughan was busy copying one of -Tyndale’s manuscripts in order to send it to Henry (it was his answer to -the _Dialogue_ of Sir Thomas More), a man knocked at his door. ‘Some -one, who calls himself a friend of yours, desires very much to speak -with you,’ said the stranger, ‘and begs you to follow me.’—‘Who is this -friend? Where is he?’ asked Vaughan.—‘I do not know him,’ replied the -messenger; ‘but come along, and you will see for yourself.’ Vaughan -doubted whether it was prudent to follow this person to a strange place. -He made up his mind, however, to accompany him. The agent of Henry VIII. -and the messenger threaded the streets of Antwerp, went out of the city, -and at last reached a lonely field, by the side of which the Scheldt -flowed sluggishly through the level country.[96] As he advanced, Vaughan -saw a man of noble bearing, who appeared to be about fifty years of age. -‘Do you not recognize me?’ he asked Vaughan. ‘I cannot call to mind your -features,’ answered the latter. ‘My name is Tyndale,’ said the stranger. -‘Tyndale!’ exclaimed Vaughan, with delight. ‘Tyndale! what a happy -meeting!’ - -Tyndale, who had heard of Henry’s new plans, had no confidence either in -the prince or in his pretended Reformation. The king’s endless -negotiations with the pope, his worldliness, his amours, his persecution -of evangelical Christians, and especially the ignominious punishment -inflicted on John Tyndale: all these matters disgusted him. However, -having been informed of the nature of Vaughan’s mission, he desired to -turn it to advantage by addressing a few warnings to the prince. ‘I have -written certain books,’ he said, ‘to warn your Majesty of the subtle -demeanor of the clergy of your realm towards your person, in which doing -I showed the heart of a true subject; to the intent that your Grace -might prepare your remedies against their subtle dreams. An exile from -my native country, I suffer hunger, thirst, cold, absence of friends, -everywhere encompassed with great danger, in innumerable hard and sharp -fightings, I do not feel their asperity, by reason that I hope with my -labors to do honor to God, true service to my prince, and pleasure to -his commons.’[97] - -‘Cheer up,’ said Vaughan, ‘your exile, poverty, fightings, all are at an -end; you can return to England.’... ‘What matters it,’ said Tyndale, ‘if -my exile finishes, so long as the Bible is banished? Has the king -forgotten that God has commanded His Word to be spread throughout the -world? If it continues to be forbidden to his subjects, very death were -more pleasant to me than life.’[98] - -Vaughan did not consider himself worsted. The messenger, who remained at -a distance, and could hear nothing, was astonished at seeing the two men -in that solitary field conversing together so long and with so much -animation. ‘Tell me what guarantees you desire,’ said Vaughan: ‘the king -will grant them you.’ ‘Of course the king would give me a safe-conduct,’ -answered Tyndale; ‘but the clergy would persuade him that promises made -to heretics are not binding.’ Night was coming on. Henry’s agent might -have had Tyndale followed and seized.[99] The idea occurred to Vaughan, -but he rejected it. Tyndale began, however, to feel himself ill at -ease.[100] ‘Farewell,’ he said; ‘you shall see me again before long, or -hear news of me.’ He then departed, walking away from Antwerp. Vaughan, -who re-entered the city, was surprised to see Tyndale make for the open -country. He supposed it to be a stratagem, and once more doubted whether -he ought not to have seized the Reformer to please his master. ‘I might -have failed of my purpose,’ he said.[101] Besides it was now too late, -for Tyndale had disappeared. - -[Sidenote: The King On Tyndale’s Treatise.] - -As soon as Vaughan reached home, he hastened to send to London an -account of this singular conference. Cromwell immediately proceeded to -court, and laid before the king the envoy’s letter and the Reformer’s -book. ‘Good!’ said Henry; ‘as soon as I have leisure, I will read them -both.’[102] He did so, and was exasperated against Tyndale, who refused -his invitation, mistrusted his word, and even dared to give him advice. -The king in his passion tore off the latter part of Vaughan’s letter, -flung it in the fire, and entirely gave up his idea of bringing the -Reformer into England to make use of him against the pope, fearing that -such a torch would set the whole kingdom in a blaze. He thought only how -he could seize him and punish him for his arrogance. - -He sent for Cromwell. Before him on the table lay the treatise by -Tyndale, which Vaughan had copied and sent. ‘These pages,’ said Henry to -his minister, while pointing to the manuscript, ‘These pages are the -work of a visionary: they are full of lies, sedition, and calumny. -Vaughan shows too much affection for Tyndale.[103] Let him beware of -inviting him to come into the kingdom. He is a perverse and hardened -character, who cannot be changed. I am too happy that he is out of -England.’ - -Cromwell retired in vexation. He wrote to Vaughan; but the king found -the letter too weak, and Cromwell had to correct it to make it harmonize -with the wrath of the prince.[104] An ambitious man, he bent before the -obstinate will of his master; but the loss of Tyndale seemed -irreparable. Accordingly, while informing Vaughan of the king’s anger, -he added that, if wholesome reflection should bring Tyndale to reason, -the king was ‘_so inclined to mercy, pity, and compassion_’[105] that he -would doubtless see him with pleasure. Vaughan, whose heart Tyndale had -gained, began to hunt after him again, and had a second interview with -him. He gave him Cromwell’s letter to read, and, when the Reformer came -to the words we have just quoted about Henry’s compassion, his eyes -filled with tears.[106] ‘What gracious words!’ he exclaimed. ‘Yes,’ said -Vaughan; ‘they have such sweetness that they would break the hardest -heart in the world.’ Tyndale, deeply moved, tried to find some mode of -fulfilling his duty towards God and towards the king. ‘If his Majesty,’ -he said, ‘would condescend to permit the Holy Scriptures to circulate -among the people in all their purity, as they do in the states of the -emperor and in other Christian countries, I would bind myself never to -write again. I would throw myself at his feet, offering my body as a -sacrifice, ready to submit, if necessary, to torture and death.’ - -But a gulf lay between the monarch and the Reformer. Henry VIII. saw the -seeds of heresy in the Scriptures, and Tyndale rejected every -reformation which they wished to carry out by proscribing the Bible. -‘Heresy springeth not from the Scriptures,’ he said, ‘no more than -darkness from the sun.’[107] Tyndale disappeared again, and the name of -his hiding-place is unknown. - -[Sidenote: Henry Fails To Gain Tynsdale.] - -The King of England was not discouraged by the check he had received. He -wanted men possessed of talent and zeal—men resolved to attack the pope. -Cambridge had given England a teacher who might be placed beside, and -perhaps even above, Latimer and Tyndale. This was John Fryth. He -thirsted for the truth; he sought God, and was determined to give -himself wholly to Jesus Christ. One day Cromwell said to the king, ‘What -a pity it is, your Highness, that a man so distinguished as Fryth in -letters and sciences should be among the sectarians!’ Like Tyndale, he -had quitted England. Cromwell, with Henry’s consent, wrote to Vaughan: -‘His Majesty strongly desires the reconciliation of Fryth, who (he -firmly believes) is not so far advanced as Tyndale in the evil way. -Always full of mercy, the king is ready to receive him to favor. Try to -attract him charitably, politically.’ Vaughan immediately began his -inquiries,—it was May, 1531,—but the first news he received was that -Fryth, a minister of the Gospel, was just married in Holland. ‘This -marriage,’ he wrote to the king, ‘may by chance hinder my -persuasion.’[108] This was not all: Fryth was boldly printing, at -Amsterdam, Tyndale’s answer to Sir Thomas More. Henry was forced to give -him up, as he had given up his friend. He succeeded with none but -Latimer, and even the chaplain told him many harsh truths. There was a -decided incompatibility between the spiritual reform and the political -reform. The work of God refused to ally itself with the work of the -throne. The Christian faith and the visible Church are two distinct -things. Some (and among them the Reformers) require Christianity—a -living Christianity; others (and it was the case of Henry and his -prelates) look for the Church and its hierarchy, and care little whether -a living faith be found there or not. This is a capital error. Real -religion must exist first; and then this religion must produce a true -religious society. Tyndale, Fryth, and their friends desired to begin -with religion; Henry and his followers with an ecclesiastical society -hostile to faith. The king and the reformers could not, therefore, come -to an understanding. Henry, profoundly hurt by the boldness of those -evangelical men, swore that, as they would not have peace, they should -have war, ... war to the knife. - -Footnote 91: - - ‘Dominus autem papa statim percussit cum pede suo coronam imperatoris - et dejecit eam in terram.’—Tyndale, _Practice of Prelates_, p. 170 - (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 92: - - _History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, vol. v. - -Footnote 93: - - ‘Upon the promise of your Majesty, be content to repair into - England.’—Vaughan to Henry VIII. Cotton MSS. Galba, bk. x. fol. 42. - _Bible Ann._ i. p. 270. - -Footnote 94: - - ‘Whatsoever surety he could reasonably desire.’—Vaughan to Cromwell, - ibid. p. 270. - -Footnote 95: - - _History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, tom. v. book - xx. ch. 15. - -Footnote 96: - - ‘He brought me without the gates ... into a field.’—Anderson, _Annals - of the English Bible_, p. 272. - -Footnote 97: - - Anderson (Chr.), _Annals of the English Bible_, p. 152. - -Footnote 98: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 99: - - ‘Lest I would have persued him.’—Anderson, p. 152. - -Footnote 100: - - ‘Being something fearful.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 101: - - Cotton MSS. Titus, bk. i. fol. 6, 7. Anderson, _Annals_, i. p. 273. - -Footnote 102: - - ‘At opportune leasure his Highness would read the content.’—Ibid p. - 275. - -Footnote 103: - - ‘Ye bear much affection toward the said Tyndale.’—Cotton MSS. Galba, - bk. x. fol. 388. Anderson, _Annals_, p. 275. - -Footnote 104: - - The corrections are still to be seen in the original draft, and are - indicated in the biographical notice of Tyndale at the beginning of - his _Practices_ (Parker Society), pp. 46, 47. - -Footnote 105: - - _State Papers_, vii. p. 303. - -Footnote 106: - - ‘In such wise that water stoode in his eyes.’—_State Papers_, vii. p. - 303. - -Footnote 107: - - Tyndale, _Exposition_, p. 141. - -Footnote 108: - - _State Papers_, vii. p. 302. - - - - - CHAPTER IX. - THE KING OF ENGLAND RECOGNIZED AS HEAD OF THE CHURCH. - (JANUARY TO MARCH 1531.) - - -Henry VIII. desired to introduce great changes into the ecclesiastical -corporation of his kingdom. His royal power had much to bear from the -power of the clergy. It was the same in all Catholic monarchies; but -England had more to complain of than others. Of the three estates, -Clergy, Nobility, and Commons, the first was the most powerful. The -nobility had been weakened by the civil wars; the commons had long been -without authority and energy; the prelates thus occupied the first rank, -so that in 1529 an archbishop and cardinal (Wolsey) was the most -powerful man in England, not even the king excepted. Henry had felt the -yoke, and wished to free himself, not only from the domination of the -pope, but also from the influence of the higher clergy. If he had only -intended to be avenged of the pontiff, it would have been enough to -allow the Reformation to act; when a mighty wind blows from heaven, it -sweeps away all the contrivances of men. But Henry was deficient neither -in prudence nor calculation. He feared lest a diversity of doctrine -should engender disturbances in his kingdom. He wished to free himself -from the pope and the prelates, without throwing himself into the arms -of Tyndale or of Latimer. - -[Sidenote: Papal Rule Hurtful To The State.] - -Kings and people had observed that the domination of the papacy, and its -authority over the clergy, were an insurmountable obstacle to the -autonomy of the State. As far back as 1268, St. Louis had declared that -France owed allegiance to God alone; and other princes had followed his -example. Henry VIII. determined to do more—to break the chains which -bound the clergy to the Romish throne, and fasten them to the crown. The -power of England, delivered from the papacy, which had been its -cankerworm, would then be developed with freedom and energy, and would -place the country in the foremost rank among nations. The renovating -spirit of the age was favorable to Henry’s plans; without delay he must -put into execution the bold plan which Cromwell had unrolled before his -eyes in Whitehall Park. Henry could think of nothing but getting himself -recognized as head of the Church. - -This important revolution could not be accomplished by a simple act of -royal authority—in England particularly, where constitutional principles -already possessed an incontestable influence. It was necessary to -prevail upon the clergy to cross the Rubicon by emancipating themselves -from Rome. But how bring it about? This was the subject of the -meditations of the sagacious Cromwell, who, gradually rising in the -king’s confidence to the place formerly held by Wolsey, made a different -use of it. Urged by ambition, possessing an energetic character, a sound -judgment, unshaken firmness, no obstacle could arrest his activity. He -sought how he could give the king the spiritual sceptre, and this was -the plan on which he fixed. The kings of England had been known -occasionally to revive old laws fallen into desuetude, and visit with -heavy penalties those who had violated them. Cromwell represented to the -king that the statutes made punishable any man who should recognize a -dignity established by the pope in the English Church; that Wolsey, by -exercising the functions of papal legate, had encroached upon the rights -of the Crown and been condemned, which was but justice; while the -members of the clergy—who had recognized the unlawful jurisdiction of -the pretended legate—had thereby become as guilty as he had been. ‘The -statute of _Præmunire_,’ he said, ‘condemns them as well as their -chief.’ Henry, who listened attentively, found the expedient of his -Secretary of State was in conformity with the letter of the law, and -that it put all the clergy in his power. He did not hesitate to give -full power to his ministers. Under such a state of things there was not -one innocent person in England; the two houses of parliament, the privy -council, all the nation must be brought to the bar. Henry, full of -‘condescension,’ was pleased to confine himself to the clergy. - -[Sidenote: Embarrassment Of The Clergy.] - -The convocation of the province of Canterbury having met on the 7th of -January, 1531, Cromwell entered the hall, and quietly took his seat -among the bishops; then rising, he informed them that their property and -benefices were to be confiscated for the good of his Majesty, because -they had submitted to the unconstitutional power of the cardinal. What -terrible news! It was a thunderbolt to those selfish prelates; they were -amazed. At length some of them plucked up a little courage. ‘The king -himself had sanctioned the authority of the cardinal-legate,’ they said. -‘We merely obeyed his supreme will. Our resistance to his Majesty’s -proclamations would infallibly have ruined us.’—‘That is of no -consequence,’ was the reply; ‘there was the law: you should obey the -constitution of the country even at the peril of your lives.’[109] The -terrified bishops laid at the foot of the throne a magnificent sum, by -which they hoped to redeem their offences and their benefices. But that -was not what Henry desired: he pretended to set little store by their -money. The threat of confiscation must constrain them to pay a ransom of -still greater value. ‘My lords,’ said Cromwell, ‘in a petition that some -of you presented to the pope not long ago, you called the king your -_soul_ and your _head_.[110] Come, then, expressly recognize the -supremacy of the king over the Church,[111] and his majesty, of his -great goodness, will grant you your pardon.’ What a demand! The -distracted clergy assembled, and a deliberation of extreme importance -began. ‘The words in the address to the pope,’ said some, ‘were a mere -form, and had not the meaning ascribed to them.’—‘The king being unable -to untie the Gordian knot at Rome,’ said others, alluding to the -divorce, ‘intends to cut it with his sword.’[112]—‘The secular power,’ -exclaimed the most zealous, ‘has no voice in ecclesiastical matters. To -recognize the king as head of the Church would be to overthrow the -catholic faith.... The head of the Church is the pope.’ The debate -lasted three days, and, as Henry’s ministers pointed to the theocratic -government of Israel, a priest exclaimed, ‘We oppose the New Testament -to the Old; according to the gospel, Christ is head of the Church.’ When -this was told the king, he said, ‘Very well, I consent. If you declare -me _head of the Church_ you may add _under God_.’ In this way the papal -claims were compromised all the more. ‘We will expose ourselves to -everything,’ they said, ‘rather than dethrone the Roman pontiff.’ - -The Bishops of Lincoln and Exeter were deputed to beseech the king to -withdraw his demand: they could not so much as obtain an audience. Henry -had made up his mind: the priests must yield. The only means of their -obtaining pardon (they were told) was by their renouncing the papal -supremacy. The bishops made a fresh attempt to satisfy both the -requirements of the king and those of their own conscience. ‘Shrink -before the clergy and they are lions,’ the courtiers said; ‘withstand -them and they are sheep.’—‘Your fate is in your own hands. If you refuse -the king’s demand, the disgrace of Wolsey may show you what you may -expect.’ Archbishop Warham, president of the Convocation, a prudent man, -far advanced in years, and near his end, tried to hit upon some -compromise. The great movements which agitated the Church all over -Europe disturbed him. He had in times past complained to the king of -Wolsey’s usurpations,[113] and was not far from recognizing the royal -supremacy. He proposed to insert a simple clause in the act conferring -the required jurisdiction on the king, namely, _Quantum per legem -Christi licet_, so far as the law of Christ permits. ‘Mother of God!’ -exclaimed the king, who, like his royal brother Francis I., had a habit -of saying irreverent things, ‘you have played me a shrewd turn. I -thought to have made fools of those prelates, and now you have so -ordered the business that they are likely to make a fool of me. Go to -them again, and let me have the business passed without any _quantums_ -or _tantums_.... So far as the law of Christ permits! Such a reserve -would make one believe that my authority was disputable.’[114] - -[Sidenote: The Clergy Submit.] - -Henry’s ministers ventured on this occasion to resist him: they showed -him that this clause would prevent an immediate rupture with Rome, and -it might be repealed hereafter. He yielded at last, and the archbishop -submitted the clause with the amendment to convocation. It was a solemn -moment for England. The bishops were convinced that the king was asking -them to do what was wrong, the end of which would be a rupture with -Rome. In the time of Hildebrand the prelates would have answered No, and -found a sympathetic support in the laity. But things had changed; the -people were beginning to be weary of the long domination of the priests. -The primate, desirous of ending the matter, said to his colleagues: ‘Do -you recognize the king as sole protector of the Church and clergy of -England, and, so far as is allowed by the law of Christ, also as your -supreme head?’ All remained speechless. ‘Will you let me know your -opinions?’ resumed the archbishop. There was a dead silence. ‘Whoever is -silent seems to consent,’ said the primate.—‘Then we are all silent,’ -answered one of the members.[115] Were these words inspired by courage -or by cowardice? Were they an assent or a protest? We cannot say. In -this matter we cannot side either with the king or with the priests. The -heart of man easily takes the part of those who are oppressed; but here -the oppressed were also oppressors. Convocation next gave its support to -the opinion of the universities respecting the divorce, and thus Henry -gained his first victory. - -Now that the king had the power, the clergy were permitted to give him -their money. They offered a hundred thousand pounds sterling,—an -enormous sum for those times,—nearly equivalent to fifteen times as much -of our money. On the 22d of March, 1531, the courteous archbishop signed -the document which at one stroke deprived the clergy of England of both -riches and honor.[116] - -The discussion was still more animated in the Convocation of York. ‘If -you proclaim the king supreme head,’ said Bishop Tonstal, ‘it can only -be in temporal matters.’—‘Indeed!’ retorted Henry’s minister, ‘is an act -of convocation necessary to determine that the king reigns?‘—‘If -spiritual things are meant,’ answered the bishop, ‘I withdraw from -convocation that I may not withdraw from the Church.’[117] - -‘My lords,’ said Henry, ‘no one disputes your right to preach and -administer the sacraments.[118] Did not Paul submit to Cæsar’s tribunal, -and our Saviour himself to Pilate’s?’ Henry’s ecclesiastical theories -prevailed also at York. A great revolution was effected in England, and -fresh compromises were to consolidate it. - -The king, having obtained what he desired, condescended in his great -mercy to pardon the clergy for their unpardonable offence of having -recognized Wolsey as papal legate. At the request of the commons this -amnesty was extended to all England. The nation, which at first saw -nothing in this affair but an act enfranchising themselves from the -usurped power of the popes, showed their gratitude to Henry; but there -was a reverse to the medal. If the pope was despoiled, the king was -invested. Was not the function ascribed to him contrary to the Gospel? -Would not this act impress upon the Anglican Reformation a territorial -and aristocratic character, which would introduce into the Reformed -Church the world with all its splendor and wealth? If the royal -preëminence endows the Anglican Church with the pomps of worship, of -classical studies, of high dignities, will it not also carry along with -it luxury, sinecures, and worldliness among the prelates? Shall we not -see the royal authority pronounce on questions of dogma, and declare the -most sacred doctrines indifferent? A little later an attempt was made to -limit the power of the king in religious matters. ‘We give not to our -princes the ministry of God’s Word or sacraments,’ says the -thirty-seventh Article of Religion. - -Footnote 109: - - ‘They ought to take notice of the constitution at their - peril.’—Collyers, ii. p. 61. Burnet, p. 108. - -Footnote 110: - - ‘Regia majestas nostrum caput atque anima.’—Collyers, _Records_, p. 8, - 30 July, 1530. - -Footnote 111: - - ‘Ecclesiæ protector et supremum caput.’—Collyers, ii. p. 62. - -Footnote 112: - - ‘Seeing this Gordian knot, to play the noble Alexander.’—Foxe, _Acts_, - v. p. 55. - -Footnote 113: - - Strype’s _Memorials_, i. p. 111. - -Footnote 114: - - Tytler, _Life of Henry VIII._, p. 312. - -Footnote 115: - - ‘Qui tacet consentire videtur. Itaque tacemus omnes.’—Collyers, p. 63. - -Footnote 116: - - The act is given in Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 742, and Rymer, - _Fœdera_, vi. p. 163. - -Footnote 117: - - ‘Ne ab ecclesia catholica dissentire videar, expresse - dissentio.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 745. - -Footnote 118: - - Collyers, ii. p. 64. - - - - - CHAPTER X. - SEPARATION OF THE KING AND QUEEN. - (MARCH TO JUNE 1531.) - - -The king, having obtained so important a concession from the clergy, -turned to his parliament to ask a service of another kind,—one in his -eyes still more urgent. - -On the 30th of March, 1531, the session being about to terminate, Sir -Thomas More, the chancellor, went down to the House of Commons, and -submitted to them the decision of the various universities on the king’s -marriage and the power of the pope. The Commons looked at the affair -essentially from a political point of view; they did not understand -that, because the king had lived twenty years with the queen, he ought -not to be separated from her. The documents placed before their eyes -‘made them detest the marriage’ of Henry and Catherine.[119] The -chancellor desired the members to report in their respective counties -and towns that the king had not asked for this divorce of his own will -or pleasure, but ‘only for the discharge of his conscience and surety of -the succession of his crown.’[120] ‘Enlighten the people,’ he said, ‘and -preserve peace in the nation, with the sentiments of loyalty due to the -monarch.’ - -[Sidenote: Catherine’s Reply.] - -The king hastened to use the powers which universities, clergy, and -parliament had placed in his hands. Immediately after the prorogation -certain lords went down to Greenwich and laid before the queen the -decisions which condemned her marriage, and urged her to accept the -arbitration of four bishops and four lay peers. Catherine replied, sadly -but firmly,—‘I pray you tell the king I say I am his lawful wife, and in -that point I will abide until the court of Rome determine to the -contrary.’[121] - -The divorce which, notwithstanding Catherine’s refusal, was approaching, -caused great agitation among the people; and the members of parliament -had some trouble to preserve order, as Sir Thomas More had desired them. -Priests proclaimed from their pulpits the downfall of the Church and the -coming of Antichrist; the mendicant friars scattered discontent in every -house which they entered, the most fanatical of them not fearing to -insinuate that the wrath of God would soon hurl the impious prince from -his throne. In towns and villages, in castles and alehouses, men talked -of nothing but the divorce and the primacy claimed by the king. Women -standing at their doors, men gathering round the blacksmith’s forge, -spoke more or less disrespectfully of parliament, the bishops, the -dangers of the Romish Church, and the prospects of the Reformation. If a -few friends met at night around the hearth, they told strange tales to -one another. The king, queen, pope, devil, saints, Cromwell, and the -higher clergy formed the subject of their conversation. The gipsies at -that time strolling through the country added to the confusion. -Sometimes they would appear in the midst of these animated discussions, -and prophesy lamentable events, at times calling up the dead to make -them speak of the future. The terrible calamities they predicted froze -their hearers with affright, and their sinister prophecies were the -cause of disorders and even of crimes. Accordingly an act was passed -pronouncing the penalty of banishment against them.[122] - -An unfortunate event tended still more to strike men’s imaginations. It -was reported that the Bishop of Rochester, that prelate so terrible to -the reformers and so good to the poor, had narrowly escaped being -poisoned by his cook. Seventeen persons were taken ill after eating -porridge at the episcopal palace. One of the bishop’s gentlemen died, as -well as a poor woman to whom the remains of the food had been given. It -was maliciously remarked that the bishop was the only one who frankly -opposed the divorce and the royal supremacy. Calumny even aimed at the -throne. When Henry heard of this, he resolved to make short work of all -such nonsense; he ordered the offence to be deemed as high-treason, and -the wretched cook was taken to Smithfield, there to be _boiled to -death_.[123] This was a variation of the penalty pronounced upon the -evangelicals. Such was the cruel justice of the sixteenth century. - -[Sidenote: Reginald Pole.] - -While the universities, parliament, convocation, and the nation appeared -to support Henry VIII., one voice was raised against the divorce. It was -that of a young man brought up by the king, and that voice moved him -deeply. There still remained in England some scions of the house of -York, and among them a nephew of that unhappy Warwick whom Henry VII. -had cruelly put to death. Warwick had left a sister Margaret, and the -king, desirous of appeasing the remorse he suffered on account of the -tragical end of that prince, ‘the most innocent of men,’[124] had -married her to Sir Richard Pole, a gentleman of her own family. She was -left a widow with two daughters and three sons. The youngest, Reginald, -became a favorite with Henry VIII., who destined him for the -archiepiscopal see of Canterbury. ‘Your kindnesses are such,’ said Pole -to him, ‘that a king could grant no more, even to a son.’[125] But -Reginald, to whom his mother had told the story of the execution of the -unhappy Warwick, had contracted an invincible hatred against the Tudors. -Accordingly, in despite of certain evangelical tendencies, Pole, seeing -Henry separating from the pope, resolved to throw himself into the arms -of the pontiff. Reginald, invested with the Roman purple, rose to be -president of the council and primate of all England under Queen Mary. -Elegant in his manners, with a fine intellect, and sincere in his -religious convictions, he was selfish, irritable, and ambitious. Desires -of elevation and revenge led a noble nature astray. If the branch of -which he was the representative was ever to recover the crown, it could -only be by the help of the Roman pontiffs. Henceforward their cause was -his. Loaded with benefits by Henry VIII., he was incessantly pursued by -the recollection of the rights of Rome and of the White Rose; and he -went so far as to insult before all Europe the prince who had been his -first friend. - -At this time Pole was living at a house in the country, which Henry had -given him. One day he received at this charming retreat a communication -from the Duke of Norfolk. ‘The king destines you for the highest honors -of the English Church,’ wrote this nobleman, ‘and offers you at once the -important sees of York and Winchester, left vacant by the death of -Cardinal Wolsey.’ At the same time the duke asked Pole’s opinion about -the divorce. Reginald’s brothers, and particularly Lord Montague, -entreated him to answer as all the catholic world had answered, and not -irritate a prince whose anger would ruin them all. The blood of Warwick -and the king’s revolt against Rome induced Pole to reject with horror -all the honors which Henry offered; and yet that prince was his -benefactor. He fancied he had discovered a middle course which would -permit him to satisfy alike his conscience and his king. - -He went to Whitehall, where Henry received him like a friend. Pole -hesitated in distress; he wished to let the king know his thoughts, but -the words would not come to his lips. At last, encouraged by the -prince’s affability, he summoned up his resolution, and, in a voice -trembling with emotion, said: ‘You must not separate from the queen.’ -Henry had expected something different. Is it thus that his kindnesses -are repaid? His eyes flashed with anger, and he laid his hand on his -sword. Pole humbled himself. ‘If I possess any knowledge, to whom do I -owe it unless to your Majesty? In listening to me you are listening to -your own pupil.’[126] The king recovered himself, and said,—‘I will -consider your opinion, and send you my answer.’ Pole withdrew. ‘He put -me in such a passion,’ said the king to one of his gentlemen, ‘that I -nearly struck him.... But there is something in the man that wins my -heart.’ - -Montague and Reginald’s other brother again conjured him to accept the -high position which the king reserved for him; but his soul revolted at -being subordinate to a Tudor. He therefore wrote a memoir, which he -presented to Henry, and in which he entreated him to submit implicitly -the divorce question to the court of Rome. ‘How could I speak against -your marriage with the queen?’ he said. ‘Should I not accuse your -Majesty of having lived for more than twenty years in an unlawful -union?[127] By the divorce you will array all the powers against -you,—the pope, the emperor; and as for the French ... we can never find -in our hearts to trust them. You are at this moment on the verge of an -abyss.... One step more, and all is over.[128] There is only one way of -safety left your Grace, and that is submission to the pope.’ Henry was -moved. The boldness with which this young nobleman dared accuse him, -irritated his pride; still his friendship prevailed, and he forgave it. -Pole received the permission he had asked to leave England, with the -promise of the continued payment of his pension. - -[Sidenote: Catherine Leaves Windsor.] - -Reginald Pole was, as it were, the last link that united the royal pair. -Thus far the king had continued to show the queen every respect; their -mutual affection seemed the same, only they occupied separate -rooms.[129] Henry now decided to take an important step. On the 14th of -July a new deputation entered the queen’s apartment, one of whom -informed her that as her marriage with Prince Arthur had been duly -consummated she could not be the wife of her husband’s brother. Then -after reproaching her with having, contrary to the laws of England and -the dignity of the crown, cited his Majesty before the pope’s tribunal, -he desired her to choose for her residence either the castle of Oking or -of Estamsteed, or the monastery of Bisham. Catherine remained calm, and -replied,—‘Wheresoever I retire, nothing can deprive me of the title -which belongs to me. I shall always be his Majesty’s wife.’[130] She -left Windsor the same day, and removed to the More, a splendid mansion -which Wolsey had surrounded with beautiful gardens; then to Estamsteed, -and finally to Ampthill. The king never saw her again; but all the -papists and discontented rallied round her. She entered into -correspondence with the sovereigns of Europe, and became the centre of a -party opposed to the emancipation of England. - -Footnote 119: - - Lord Herbert, p. 353. - -Footnote 120: - - Hall, _Chron. of England_, p. 780. - -Footnote 121: - - Herbert, p. 354. - -Footnote 122: - - Bill against conjuration, witchcraft, sorcerers, &c. Henry VIII. cap. - viii. - -Footnote 123: - - Burnet, i. p. 110. - -Footnote 124: - - ‘Omnium innocentissimum.’—Pole, _De Unitate_, p. 57. - -Footnote 125: - - ‘Ut nec rex pater principi filio majus dare possit.’—Pole, _De - Unitate_, p. 85. - -Footnote 126: - - ‘Cum me audies, alumnum tuum audies.’—Pole, _De Unitate_, p. 3. - -Footnote 127: - - ‘Infra etiam belluarum vitam.’—Ibid. p. 55. - -Footnote 128: - - ‘The king standeth even upon the brink of the water; all his honor is - drowned.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 129: - - ‘Had he not forborne to come to her bed.’—Lord Herbert, p. 335. - -Footnote 130: - - ‘To what place soever she removed, nothing could remove her from being - the king’s wife.’—Herbert, p. 354. - - - - - CHAPTER XI. - THE BISHOPS PLUNDER THE CLERGY, AND PERSECUTE THE PROTESTANTS. - (SEPTEMBER 1531 TO 1532.) - - -As Henry, by breaking with Catherine, had broken with the pope, he felt -the necessity of uniting more closely with his clergy. Wishing to -proceed to the establishment of his new dignity, he required bishops, -and particularly dexterous bishops. He therefore made Edward Lee, -Archbishop of York, and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester; and -these two men, devoted to scholastic doctrines, ambitious and servile, -were commissioned to inaugurate the new ecclesiastical monarchy of the -King of England. Although the pope had hastened to send off their bulls, -they declared they held their dignity ‘immediately and only’ of the -king,[131] and began without delay to organize a strange league. If the -king needed the bishops against the pope, the bishops needed the king -against the reformers. It was not long before this alliance received the -baptism of blood. - -But before proceeding so far, the prelates deliberated about the means -of raising the 118,000_l._ they had bound themselves to pay the king. -Each wished to make his own share as small as possible, and throw the -largest part of the burden upon his colleagues. The bishops determined -to place it in great measure on the shoulders of the parochial clergy. - -Stokesley, Bishop of London, began the battle. An able, greedy, violent -man, and jealous of his prerogatives, he called a meeting of six or -eight priests on whom he believed he could depend, in order to draw up -with their assistance such resolutions as he could afterwards impose -more easily upon their brethren. These picked ecclesiastics were desired -to meet on the 1st of September, 1531, in the chapter-house of St. -Paul’s. - -The bishop’s plan had got wind, and excited general indignation in the -city. Was it just that the victims should pay the fine? Some of the -laity, delighted at seeing the clergy quarrelling, sought to fan the -flame instead of extinguishing it. - -[Sidenote: A Clerical Riot.] - -When the 1st of September arrived the bishop entered the chapter-house -with his officers, where the conference with the eight priests was to be -held. Presently an unusual noise was heard round St. Paul’s: not only -the six or eight priests, but six hundred, accompanied by a great number -of citizens and common people, made their appearance. The crowd swayed -to and fro before the cathedral gates, shouting and clamoring to be -admitted into the chapter-house on the same footing as the select few. -What was to be done? The prelate’s councillors advised him to add a few -of the less violent priests to those he had already chosen. Stokesley -adopted their advice, hoping that the gates and bolts would be strong -enough to keep out the rest. Accordingly he drew up a list of new -members, and one of his officers, going out to the angry crowd, read the -names of those whom the bishop had selected. The latter came forward, -not without trouble; but at the same time the excluded priests made a -vigorous attempt to enter. There was a fierce struggle of men pushing -and shouting, but the bishop’s officials having passed in quickly, those -who had been nominated hurriedly closed the doors. So far the victory -seemed to rest with the bishop, and he was about to speak, when the -uproar became deafening. The priests outside, exasperated because their -financial matters were to be settled without them, protested that they -ought to hold their own purse-strings. Laying hands on whatever they -could find, and aided by the laity, they began to batter the door of the -chapter-house. They succeeded: the door gave way, and all, priests and -citizens, rushed in together.[132] The bishop’s officials tried in vain -to stop them; they were roughly pushed aside.[133] Their gowns were -torn, their faces streamed with perspiration, their features were -disfigured, and some even were wounded. The furious priests entered the -room at last, storming and shouting. It was more like a pack of hounds -rushing on a stag than the reverend clergy of the metropolis of England -appearing before their bishop. The prelate, who had tact, showed no -anger, but sought rather to calm the rioters. ‘My brethren,’ he said, ‘I -marvel not a little why ye be so heady. Ye know not what shall be said -to you, therefore I pray you hear me patiently. Ye all know that we be -men frail of condition, and by our lack of wisdom have misdemeaned -ourselves towards the king and fallen in a _præmunire_, by reason -whereof all our lands, goods, and chattels were to him a forfeit, and -our bodies ready to be imprisoned. Yet his Grace of his great clemency -is pleased to pardon us, and to accept of a little instead of the whole -of our benefices—about one hundred thousand pounds, to be paid in five -years. I exhort you to bear your parts towards payment of this sum -granted.’[134] - -This was just what the priests did not want. They thought it strange to -be asked for money for an offence they had not committed. ‘My lord,’ -answered one, ‘we have never offended against the _præmumire_, we have -never meddled with cardinal’s faculties.[135] Let the bishops and abbots -pay; they committed the offence, and they have good places.’—‘My lord,’ -added another, ‘twenty nobles[136] a year is but a bare living for a -priest, and yet it is all we have. Everything is now so dear that -poverty compels us to say No. Having no need of the king’s pardon we -have no desire to pay.’ These words were drowned in applause. ‘No,’ -exclaimed the crowd, which was getting noisy again, ‘we will pay -nothing.’ The bishop’s officers grew angry, and came to high words; the -priests returned abuse for abuse; and the citizens, delighted to see -their ‘masters’ quarrelling, fanned the strife. From words they soon -came to blows. The episcopal ushers, who tried to restore order, were -‘buffeted and stricken,’ and even the bishop’s life was in danger. At -last the meeting broke up in great confusion. Stokesley hastened to -complain to the chancellor, Sir Thomas More, who, being a great friend -of the prelate’s, sent fifteen priests and five laymen to prison. They -deserved it, no doubt; but the bishops, who, to spare their superfluity, -robbed poor curates of their necessaries, were more guilty still. - -[Sidenote: The Bishops And Priests.] - -Such was the unity that existed between the bishops and the priests of -England at the very time the Reformation was appearing at the doors. The -prelates understood the danger to which they were exposed through that -evangelical doctrine, the source of light and life. They knew that all -their ecclesiastical pretensions would crumble away before the breath of -the divine Word. Accordingly, not content with robbing of their little -substance the poor pastors to whom they should have been as fathers, -they determined to deprive those whom they called _heretics_, not only -of their money, but of their liberty and life. Would Henry permit this? - -The king did not wish to withdraw England from the papal jurisdiction -without the assent of the clergy. If he did so of his own authority, the -priests would rise against him and compare him to Luther. There were at -that time three great parties in Christendom: the evangelical, the -catholic, and the popish. Henry purposed to overthrow popery, but -without going so far as evangelism: he desired to remain in catholicism. -One means occurred of satisfying the clergy. Although they were -fanatical partisans of the Church, they had sacrificed the pope; they -now imagined that, by sacrificing a few heretics, they would atone for -their cowardly submission. In a later age Louis XIV. did the same to -make up for errors of another kind. The provincial synod of Canterbury -met and addressed the king: ‘Your Highness one time defended the Church -with your pen, when you were only a member of it; now that you are its -supreme head, your Majesty should crush its enemies, and so shall your -merits exceed all praise.’[137] - -In order to prove that he was not another Luther, Henry VIII. consented -to hand over the disciples of that heretic to the priests, and gave them -authority to imprison and burn them, provided they would aid the king to -resume the power usurped by the pope. The bishops immediately began to -hunt down the friends of the Gospel. - -A will had given rise to much talk in the county of Gloucester. William -Tracy, a gentleman of irreproachable conduct and ‘full of good works, -equally generous to the clergy and the laity,’[138] had died, praying -God to save his soul through the merits of Jesus Christ, but leaving no -money to the priests for masses. The primate of England had his bones -dug up and burnt. But this was not enough: they must also burn the -living. - -Footnote 131: - - ‘Immediately and only upon your grace.’—Juramentum. Rymer, _Acta_, vi. - p. 169. - -Footnote 132: - - ‘The rest forced the door, rushed in, and the bishop’s servants were - beaten and ill-used.’—Burnet, i. p. 110. - -Footnote 133: - - ‘They struck the bishop’s officers over the face.’—Hall, _Chronicles - of England_, p. 783. - -Footnote 134: - - Hall, _Chronicles_. - -Footnote 135: - - Ibid. p. 783. - -Footnote 136: - - The noble was worth six shillings and eightpence. - -Footnote 137: - - ‘Tanta ejus Majestatis merita quod nullis laudibus æquari - queant.’—_Concilia_, M. Brit. p. 742. - -Footnote 138: - - Latimer, _Sermons_, i. p. 46 (Parker Soc.); Tyndale, _Op._ iii. p. - 231. - - - - - CHAPTER XII. - THE MARTYRS. - (1531.) - - -[Sidenote: Proclamation Against Papal Bulls.] - -The first blows were aimed at the court-chaplain. The bishops, finding -it dangerous to have such a man near the king, would have liked (Latimer -tells us) to place him on burning coals.[139] But Henry loved him, the -blow failed, and the priests had to turn to those who were not so well -at court. Thomas Bilney, whose conversion had begun the Reformation in -England,[140] had been compelled to do penance at St. Paul’s Cross; but -from that time he became the prey of the direst terror. His backsliding -had manifested the weakness of his faith. Bilney possessed a sincere and -lively piety, but a judgment less sound than many of his friends. He had -not got rid of certain scruples which in Luther and Calvin had yielded -to the supreme authority of God’s Word.[141] In his opinion none but -priests consecrated by bishops had the power to bind and loose.[142] -This mixture of truth and error had caused his fall. Such sincere but -imperfectly enlightened persons are always to be met with—persons who, -agitated by the scruples of their conscience, waver between Rome and the -Word of God. - -At last faith gained the upper hand in Bilney. Leaving his Cambridge -friends, he had gone into the Eastern counties to meet his martyrdom. -One day, arriving at a hermitage in the vicinity of Norwich, where a -pious woman dwelt, his words converted her to Christ.[143] He then began -to preach ‘openly in the fields’ to great crowds. His voice was heard in -all the county. Weeping over his former fall, he said: ‘That doctrine -which I once abjured is the truth. Let my example be a lesson to all who -hear me.’ - -Before long he turned his steps in the direction of London, and, -stopping at Ipswich, was not content to preach the Gospel only, but -violently attacked the errors of Rome before an astonished -audience.[144] Some monks had crept among his hearers, and Bilney, -perceiving them, called out: ‘_The Lamb of God taketh away the sins of -the world._ If the Bishop of Rome dares say that the hood of St. Francis -saves, he blasphemes the blood of the Saviour.’ John Huggen, one of the -monks, immediately made a note of the words. Bilney continued: ‘To -invoke the saints and not Christ, is to put the head under the feet and -the feet above the head.’[145] Richard Seman, the other brother, took -down these words. ‘Men will come after me,’ continued Bilney, ‘who will -teach the same faith, the true gospel of our Saviour, and will -disentangle you from the errors in which deceivers have bound you so -long.’ Brother Julius hastened to write down the bold prediction. - -Latimer, surrounded by the favors of the king and the luxury of the -great, watched his friend from afar. He called to mind their walks in -the fields round Cambridge, their serious conversation as they climbed -the hill afterwards called after them the ‘heretic’s hill,’[146] and the -visits they had paid together to the poor and to the prisoners.[147] -Latimer had seen Bilney very recently at Cambridge in fear and anguish, -and had tried in vain to restore him to peace. ‘He now rejoiced that God -had endued him with such strength of faith that he was ready to be burnt -for Christ’s sake.’ - -[Sidenote: Bilney And Petit In Prison.] - -Bilney, drawing still nearer to London, arrived at Greenwich about the -middle of July. He procured some New Testaments, and, hiding them -carefully under his clothes, called upon a humble Christian named -Staple. Taking them ‘out of his sleeves,’ he desired Staple to -distribute them among his friends. Then, as if impelled by a thirst for -martyrdom, he turned again towards Norwich, whose bishop, Richard Nix, a -blind octogenarian, was in the front rank of the persecutors. Arriving -at the solitary place where the pious ‘anachoress’ lived, he left one of -the precious volumes with her. This visit cost Bilney his life. The poor -solitary read the New Testament, and lent it to the people who came to -see her. The bishop, hearing of it, informed Sir Thomas More, who had -Bilney arrested,[148] brought to London, and shut up in the Tower. - -Bilney began to breathe again: a load was taken off him; he was about to -suffer the penalty his fall deserved. In the room next his was John -Petit, a member of parliament of some eloquence, who had distributed his -books and his alms in England and beyond the seas. Philips, the -under-gaoler of the Tower, who was a good man, told the two prisoners -that only a wooden partition separated them, which was a source of great -joy to both. He would often remove a panel, and permit them to converse -and take their frugal meals together.[149] - -This happiness did not last long. Bilney’s trial was to take place at -Norwich, where he had been captured: the aged Bishop Nix wanted to make -an example in his diocese. A crowd of monks—Augustins, Dominicans, -Franciscans, and Carmelites—visited the prison of the evangelist to -convert him. Dr. Gall, provincial of the Franciscans, having consented -that the prisoner should make use of Scripture,[150] was shaken in his -faith; but, on the other hand, Stokes, an Augustin and a determined -papist, repeated to Bilney: ‘If you die in your opinions, you will be -lost.’ - -The trial commenced, and the Ipswich monks gave their evidence. ‘He -said,’ deposed William Cade, ‘that the Jews and Saracens would have been -converted long since, if the idolatry of the Christians had not -disgusted them with Christianity.’—‘I heard him say,’ added Richard -Neale: ‘“down with your gods of gold, silver, and stone.”’—‘He stated,’ -resumed Cade, ‘that the priests take away the offerings from the saints, -and hang them about their women’s necks; and then, if the offerings do -not prove fine enough, they are put upon the images again.’[151] - -Every one foresaw the end of this piteous trial. One of Bilney’s friends -endeavored to save him. Latimer took the matter into the pulpit, and -conjured the judges to decide according to justice. Although Bilney’s -name was not uttered, they all knew who was meant. The Bishop of London -went and complained to the king that his chaplain had the audacity to -defend the heretic against the bishop and his judges.[152] ‘There is not -a preacher in the world,’ said Latimer, ‘who would not have spoken as I -have done, although Bilney had never existed.’ The chaplain escaped once -more, thanks to the favor he enjoyed with Henry. - -Bilney was condemned, and, after being degraded by the priests, was -handed over to the sheriff, who, having great respect for his virtues, -begged pardon for discharging his duty. The prudent bishop wrote to the -chancellor, asking for an order to burn the heretic. ‘Burn him first,’ -rudely answered More, ‘and then ask me for a bill of indemnity.’[153] - -[Sidenote: Bilney With His Friends.] - -A few of Bilney’s friends went to Norwich to bid him farewell: among -them was Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury. It was in the evening, and -Bilney was taking his last meal. On the table stood some frugal fare -(ale brew), and on his countenance beamed the joy that filled his soul. -‘I am surprised,’ said one of his friends, ‘that you can eat so -cheerfully.’—‘I only follow the example of the husbandmen of the -county,’ answered Bilney, ‘who, having a ruinous house to dwell in, yet -bestow cost so long as they may hold it up.’ With these words he rose -from the table, and sat down near his friends, one of whom said to him: -‘To-morrow the fire will make you feel its devouring fierceness, but -God’s Holy Spirit will cool it for your everlasting refreshing.’ Bilney, -appearing to reflect upon what had been said, stretched out his hand -towards the lamp that was burning on the table, and placed his finger in -the flame. ‘What are you doing?’ they exclaimed. ‘Nothing,’ he replied; -‘I am only trying my flesh. To-morrow God’s rods shall burn my whole -body in the fire.’ And, still keeping his finger in the flame, as if he -were making a curious experiment, he continued: ‘I feel that fire by -God’s ordinance is naturally hot; but yet I am persuaded, by God’s Holy -Word and the experience of the martyrs, that when the flames consume me -I shall not feel them. Howsoever, this stubble of my body shall be -wasted by it, a pain for the time is followed by joy unspeakable.’[154] -He then withdrew his finger, the first joint of which was burnt. He -added, ‘_When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be -burnt._’[155] ‘These words remained imprinted on the hearts of all who -heard them until the day of their death,’ says a chronicler. - -Beyond the city gate—that known as the _Bishop’s gate_—was a low valley, -called the _Lollards’ pit_: it was surrounded by rising ground, forming -a sort of amphitheatre. On Saturday, the 19th of August, a body of -javelin-men came to fetch Bilney, who met them at the prison gate. One -of his friends approaching and exhorting him to be firm, Bilney replied: -‘When the sailor goes on board his ship and launches out into the stormy -sea, he is tossed to and fro by the waves; but the hope of reaching a -peaceful haven makes him bear the danger. My voyage is beginning, but -whatever storms I shall feel, my ship will soon reach the port.’[156] - -Bilney passed through the streets of Norwich in the midst of a dense -crowd; his demeanor was grave, his features calm. His head had been -shaved, and he wore a layman’s gown. Dr. Warner, one of his friends, -accompanied him; another distributed liberal alms all along the route. -The procession descended into the Lollards’ pit, while the spectators -covered the surrounding hills. On arriving at the place of punishment, -Bilney fell on his knees and prayed, and then rising up, warmly embraced -the stake and kissed it.[157] Turning his eyes towards heaven, he next -repeated the Apostles’ Creed, and when he confessed the incarnation and -crucifixion of the Saviour his emotion was such that even the spectators -were moved. Recovering himself, he took off his gown, and ascended the -pile, reciting the hundred and forty-third psalm. Thrice he repeated the -second verse: ‘_Enter not into judgment with thy servant for in thy -sight shall no man living be justified_.’ And then he added: ‘_I stretch -forth my hands unto thee; my soul thirsteth after thee_.’ Turning -towards the executioner, he said: ‘Are you ready?’—‘Yes,’ was the reply. -Bilney placed himself against the post, and held up the chain which -bound him to it. His friend Warner, with eyes filled with tears, took a -last farewell. Bilney smiled kindly at him and said: ‘Doctor, _pasce -gregem tuum_; feed your flock, that when the Lord cometh he may find you -so doing.’ Several monks who had given evidence against him, perceiving -the emotion of the spectators, began to tremble, and whispered to the -martyr: ‘These people will believe that we are the cause of your death, -and will withhold their alms,’ Upon which Bilney said to them: ‘Good -folks, be not angry against these men for my sake; even should they be -the authors of my death, _it is not they_.’[158] He knew that his death -proceeded from the will of God. The torch was applied to the pile: the -fire smouldered for a few minutes, and then suddenly burning up -fiercely, the martyr was heard to utter the name of Jesus several times. -A strong wind which blew the flames on one side prolonged his agony; -thrice they seemed to retire from him, and thrice they returned, until -at length, the whole pile being kindled, he expired. - -[Sidenote: Revolution In Men’s Mind.] - -A strange revolution took place in men’s minds after this death: they -praised Bilney, and even his persecutors acknowledged his virtues. -‘Mother of Christ,’ exclaimed the Bishop of Norwich (it was his usual -oath), ‘I fear I have burnt Abel and let Cain go.’ Latimer was -inconsolable; twenty years later he still lamented his friend, and one -day (preaching before Edward VI.) he called to mind that Bilney was -always doing good, even to his enemies, and styled him ‘that blessed -martyr of God.’[159] - -One martyrdom was not sufficient for the enemies of the Reformation. -Stokesley, Lee, Gardiner, and other prelates and priests, feeling -themselves guilty towards Rome, which they had sacrificed to their -personal ambition, desired to expiate their faults by sacrificing the -reformers. Seeing at their feet a fatal gulf, dug between them and the -Roman pontiff by their faithlessness, they desired to fill it up with -corpses. The persecution continued. - -There was at that time a pious evangelist in the dungeons of the Bishop -of London. He was fastened upright to the wall, with chains round his -neck, waist, and legs. Usually the most guilty prisoners were permitted -to sit down, and even to lie on the floor; but for this man there was no -rest. It was Richard Bayfield, accused of bringing from the continent a -number of New Testaments translated by Tyndale.[160] When one of his -gaolers told him of Bilney’s martyrdom, he exclaimed: ‘And I too, and -hundreds of men with me, will die for the faith he has confessed.’ He -was brought shortly afterwards before the episcopal court. ‘With what -intent,’ asked Stokesley, ‘did you bring into the country the errors of -Luther, Œcolampadius the great heretic, and others of that damnable -sect?’—‘To make the Gospel known,’ answered Bayfield, ‘and to glorify -God before the people.’[161] Accordingly, the bishop, having condemned -and then degraded him, summoned the lord mayor and sheriffs of London, -‘by the bowels of Jesus Christ’ (he had the presumption to say), to do -to Bayfield ‘according to the _laudable custom_ of the famous realm of -England.’[162] ‘O ye priests,’ said the gospeller, as if inspired by the -Spirit of God, ‘is it not enough that your lives are wicked, but you -must prevent the life according to the Gospel from spreading among the -people?’ The bishop took up his crosier and struck Bayfield so violently -on the chest that he fell backwards and fainted.[163] He revived by -degrees, and said, on regaining his consciousness: ‘I thank God that I -am delivered from the wicked church of Antichrist, and am going to be a -member of the true Church which reigns triumphant in heaven.’ He mounted -the pile; the flames touching him only on one side, consumed his left -arm. With his right hand Bayfield separated it from his body, and the -arm fell. Shortly after this he ceased to pray, because he had ceased to -live. - -John Tewkesbury, one of the most respected merchants in London, whom the -bishops had put twice to the rack already, and whose limbs they had -broken,[164] felt his courage revived by the martyrdom of his friend. -CHRIST ALONE, he said habitually: these two words were all his theology. -He was arrested, taken to the house of Sir Thomas More at Chelsea, shut -up in the porter’s lodge, his hands, feet, and head being held in the -stocks;[165] but they could not obtain from him the recantation they -desired. The officers took him into the chancellor’s garden, and bound -him so tightly to the _tree of truth_, as the renowned scholar called -it, that the blood started out of his eyes; after which they scourged -him.[166] Tewkesbury remained firm. - -On the 16th of December the Bishop of London went to Chelsea and formed -a court. ‘Thou art a heretic,’ said Stokesley, ‘a backslider; thou hast -incurred the great excommunication. We shall deliver thee up to the -secular power.’ He was burnt alive at Smithfield on the 20th of -December, 1531. ‘Now,’ said the fanatical chancellor, ‘now is he -uttering cries in hell!’ - -[Sidenote: Utopias Of The Bishops.] - -Such were at this period the cruel _utopias_ of the bishops and of the -witty Sir Thomas More. Other evangelical Christians were thrown into -prison. In vain did one of them exclaim: ‘the more they persecute this -sect, the more will it increase.’[167] That opinion did not check the -persecution. ‘It is impossible,’ says Foxe (doubtless with some -exaggeration), ‘to name all who were persecuted before the time of Queen -Anne Boleyn. As well try to count the grains of sand on the seashore!’ - -Thus did the real Reformation show by the blood of its martyrs that it -had nothing to do with the policy, the tyranny, the intrigues, and the -divorce of Henry VIII. If these men of God had not been burnt by that -prince, it might possibly have been imagined that he was the author of -the transformation of England; but the blood of the reformers cried to -heaven that he was its executioner. - -Footnote 139: - - ‘Ye would have raked in the coals.’—Latimer, _Works_, i. p. 46 (Parker - Soc.); Tyndale, _Op._ iii. p. 231. - -Footnote 140: - - _History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, vol. v. bk. - xviii. ch. ii. ix. xii.; bk. xix. ch. vii.; bk. xx. ch. xv. - -Footnote 141: - - ‘A man of a timorous conscience, and not fully resolved touching that - matter of the Church.’—Foxe, _Acts_, p. 649. - -Footnote 142: - - ‘Soli sacerdotes, ordinati ritè per pontifices, habent claves.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 143: - - ‘The anachoress whom he had converted to Christ.’—Foxe, _Acts_, p. - 642. - -Footnote 144: - - Herbert, p. 357. - -Footnote 145: - - ‘Like as if a man should take and strike off the head and set it under - the foot, and to set the foot above.’—Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 649. - -Footnote 146: - - Latimer, _Remains_, p. xiii. - -Footnote 147: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 148: - - ‘Fit empoigner.’—Crespin, _Actes des Martyrs_, p. 101. - -Footnote 149: - - Strype, p. 313. - -Footnote 150: - - ‘As he had planted himself upon the firm rock of God’s Word.’—Foxe, - _Acts_, iv. p. 643. - -Footnote 151: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 648. - -Footnote 152: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 330 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 153: - - Ibid. p. 650. - -Footnote 154: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 650 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 155: - - Isaiah xliii. 2. In Bilney’s Bible, which is preserved in the library - of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, this passage (verses 1-3) is - marked in the margin with a pen. - -Footnote 156: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 654 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 157: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 655, note. - -Footnote 158: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 655 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 159: - - ‘And toward his enemy so charitable.’—Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 330. - (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 160: - - _History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, vol. v. bk. xx. - ch. xv. - -Footnote 161: - - ‘To the intent that the Gospel of Christ might be set forward.’—Foxe, - _Acts_, iv. p. 683. - -Footnote 162: - - Ibid. p. 687. - -Footnote 163: - - ‘He took his crozier-staff and smote him oh the breast.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 164: - - _History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, vol. v. bk. xx. - ch. vii. - -Footnote 165: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 689. - -Footnote 166: - - ‘And also twisted in his brows with small ropes so that the - blood....’—Ibid. - -Footnote 167: - - Cotton MS. Anderson, _Annals of Bible_, i. p. 310. ‘It will cause the - sect to wax greater, and those errors to be more plenteously sowed in - the realm, than heretofore.’ - - - - - CHAPTER XIII. - THE KING DESPOILS THE POPE AND THE CLERGY. - (MARCH TO MAY 1532.) - - -Henry VIII. having permitted the bishops to execute their task of -persecution, proceeded to carry out his own, that of making the papacy -disgorge. Unhappily for the clergy, the king could not attack the pope, -and they entirely escaped the blows. The duel between Henry and Clement -was about to become more violent, and in the space of three months -(March, April, and May) the Romish Church, stripped of important -prerogatives, would learn that, after so many ages of wealth and honor, -the hour of its humiliation had come at last. - -Henry was determined, above all things, not to permit his cause to be -tried at Rome. What would be thought if he yielded? ‘Could the pope,’ -wrote Henry to his envoys, ‘constrain kings to leave the charge God had -entrusted to them, in order to humble themselves before him? That would -be to tread under foot the glory of our person and the privileges of our -kingdom. If the pope persists, take your leave of the pontiff, and -return to us immediately,’—‘The pope,’ added Norfolk, ‘would do well to -reflect if he intend the continuance of good obedience of England to the -see apostolic.’[168] - -Catherine on her part did not remain behind: she wrote a pathetic letter -to the pope, informing him that her husband had banished her from the -palace. Clement, in the depths of his perplexity, behaved, however, very -properly: he called upon the king (25th January) to take back the queen, -and to dismiss Anne Boleyn from court. Henry spiritedly rejected the -pontiff’s demand. ‘Never was a prince treated by a pope as your Holiness -has treated me,’ he said; ‘not painted reason,[169] but the truth alone, -must be our guide.’ The king prepared to begin the emancipation of -England. - -[Sidenote: Character Of Cromwell.] - -Thomas Cromwell is the representative of the political reform achieved -by that prince. He was one of those powerful natures which God creates -to work important things. His prompt and sure judgment taught him what -it would be possible to do under a Tudor king, and his intrepid energy -put him in a position to accomplish it. He had an instinctive horror of -superstitions and abuses, tracked them to their remotest corner, and -threw them down with a vigorous arm. Every obstacle was scattered under -the wheels of his car. He even defended the evangelicals against their -persecutors, without committing himself, however, and encouraged the -reading of Holy Scripture; but the royal supremacy, of which he was the -originator, was his idol. - -The exactions of Rome in England were numerous: the king and Cromwell -were content for the moment to abolish one, the appropriation by the -papacy of the first year’s income of all ecclesiastical benefices. -‘These _annates_,’ said Cromwell, ‘have cost England eight hundred -thousand ducats since the second year of Henry VII.[170] If, in -consequence of the abolition of annates, the pope does not send a bishop -his bull of ordination, the archbishop or two bishops shall ordain him, -as in the old times.’ Accordingly, in March, 1532, the Lower House -agreed to a resolution, which they expressed in these words: _A cest -bille les communes sont assentes_, To this bill the Commons assent. - -The bishops were overjoyed: they had to incur great expenses for their -establishment, and the first money arising from their benefice went to -the pope. Their friends used to make them pecuniary advances; but if the -bishop died shortly after his enthronization, these advances were lost. -Some of the bishops, fearing the opposition of the pope, exclaimed: -‘These exactions are contrary to God’s law. St. Paul bids us withdraw -ourselves from all such as walk inordinately. Therefore, if the pope -claims to keep the annates, let it please your Majesty and parliament to -withdraw the obedience of the people from the see of Rome.’[171] The -king was more moderate than the prelates: he said he would wait a year -or two before giving his assent to the bill. - -If the bishops refused the pope his ancient revenue, they refused the -king the new authority claimed by the crown, and maintained that no -secular power had any right to meddle with them.[172] Cromwell resisted -them, and determined to carry out the reform of abuses. ‘The clergy,’ -said the Commons to the king, ‘make laws in convocation without your -assent and ours which are in opposition to the statutes of the realm, -and then excommunicate those who violate such laws.’[173] A second time -the frightened bishops vainly prayed the king to make his laws harmonize -with theirs. Henry VIII. insisted that the Church should conform to the -State, and not the State to the Church, and he was inexorable. The -bishops knew well that it was their union with powerful pontiffs, always -ready to defend them against kings, which had given them so much -strength in the middle ages, and that now they must yield. They -therefore lowered their flag before the authority which they had -themselves set up. Convocation did, indeed, make a last effort. It -represented that ‘the authority of bishops proceeds immediately from -God, and from no power of any secular prince, as _your Highness hath -shown in your own book most excellently written against Martin Luther_.’ -But the king was firm, and made the prelates yield at last.[174] Thus -was a great revolution accomplished: the spiritual power was taken away -from those arrogant priests who had so long usurped the rights of the -members of the Church. It was only justice; but it ought to have been -placed in better hands than those of Henry VIII. - -[Sidenote: Contradictory Oaths.] - -Cromwell was preparing a fresh blow that would strike the pontiff’s -triple crown. He drew his master’s attention to the oaths which the -bishops took at their consecration, both to the king and to the pope. -Henry first read the oath to the pope. ‘I swear,’ said the bishop, ‘to -defend the papacy of Rome, the regality of St. Peter, against all men. -If I know of any plot against the pope, I will resist it with all my -might, and will give him warning. Heretics, schismatics, and rebels to -our holy father, I shall resist and persecute with all my power.’[175] -On the other hand, the bishops took an oath to the king at the same -time, wherein they renounced every clause or grant which, coming from -the pope, might be in any way detrimental to his Majesty. In one breath -they must obey the pope and disobey him. - -Such contradictions could not last: the king wanted the English to be, -not with Rome but with England. Accordingly he sent for the Speaker of -the Commons, and said to him: ‘On examining the matter closely, I find -that the bishops, instead of being wholly my subjects, are only so by -halves. They swear an oath to the pope quite contrary to that they swear -to the crown; so that they are the pope’s subjects rather than -mine.[176] I refer the matter to your care.’ Parliament was prorogued -three days later on account of the plague; but the prelates declared -that they renounced all orders of the pope prejudicial to his Majesty’s -rights.[177] - -The political party was delighted, the papal party confounded. The -convents reëchoed with rumors, maledictions, and the strangest projects. -The monks, during the visits they made in their daily rounds, raved -against the encroachments made on the power of the pope. When they went -up into the pulpit, they declaimed against the sacrilege of which -Cromwell (they said) was the author and the English people the victims. - -To the last the English priests had hoped in Sir Thomas More. That -disciple of Erasmus had acted like his master. After assailing the -Romish superstitions with biting jests, he had turned round, and seeing -the Reformation attack them with weapons still more powerful, he had -fought against the evangelicals with fire. For two years he had filled -the office of lord-chancellor with unequalled activity and integrity. -Convocation having offered him four thousand pounds sterling ‘for the -pains he had taken in God’s quarrel,’[178] he answered: ‘I will receive -no recompense save from God alone;’ and when the priests urged him to -accept the money he said: ‘I would sooner throw it into the Thames.’ He -did not persecute from any mercenary motives; but the more he advanced, -the more bigoted and fanatical he became. Every Sunday he put on a -surplice and sang mass at Chelsea. The Duke of Norfolk surprised him one -day in this equipment. ‘What do I see?’ he exclaimed. ‘My -lord-chancellor acting the parish clerk ... you dishonour your office -and your king.’[179]—‘Not so,’ answered Sir Thomas, seriously, ‘for I am -honoring his master and ours.’ - -The great question of the bishop’s oath warned him that he could not -serve both the king and the pope. His mind was soon made up. In the -afternoon of the 16th of May he went to Whitehall gardens, where the -king awaited him, and in the presence of the Duke of Norfolk resigned -the seals.[180] On his return home, he cheerfully told his wife and -daughters of his resignation, but they were much disturbed by it. As for -Sir Thomas, delighted at being freed from his charge, he indulged more -than ever in his flagellations, without renouncing his witty -sayings—Erasmus and Loyola combined in one. - -Henry gave the seals to Sir Thomas Audley, a man well disposed towards -the Gospel: this was preparing the emancipation of England. Yet the -Reformation was still exposed to great danger. - -[Sidenote: Real Founders Of Reform.] - -Henry VIII. wished to abolish popery and set catholicism in its -place—maintain the doctrine of Rome, but substitute the authority of the -king for that of the pontiff. He was wrong in keeping the catholic -doctrine; he was wrong in establishing the jurisdiction of the prince in -the church. Evangelical Christians had to contend against these two -evils in England, and to establish the supreme and exclusive sovereignty -of the Word of God. Can we blame them if they have not entirely -succeeded? To attain their object they willingly have poured out their -blood. - -Footnote 168: - - _State Papers_, vol. vii. p. 349. - -Footnote 169: - - Burnet, _Records_, i. p. 100. - -Footnote 170: - - This was equivalent to two millions and a half sterling of our money. - Burnet, _Records_, ii. p. 96. _Statutes of the Realm_, iii. p. 388. - -Footnote 171: - - Strype, _Eccl. Memor._ i. pt. ii. p. 158. - -Footnote 172: - - ‘There needeth not any temporal power to concur with the - same.’—Strype, _Eccl. Memor._ i. p. 202. - -Footnote 173: - - ‘Declaring the infringers to incur into the terrible sentence of - excommunication’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 751. - -Footnote 174: - - ‘The king made them buckle at last.’—Strype, _Eccles. Memorials_, i. - p. 204. - -Footnote 175: - - ‘Prosequar et impugnabo.’—Burnet, _Reformation_, i. p. 250 (Oxford, - 1829). - -Footnote 176: - - Burnet, _Hist. Reform._ i. p. 249 (Oxford, 1829). - -Footnote 177: - - Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 354. - -Footnote 178: - - Thomas More, by his grandson, p. 187. - -Footnote 179: - - Ibid. p. 193. - -Footnote 180: - - ‘In horto suo.’—Rymer, vi. p. 171. - - - - - CHAPTER XIV. - LIBERTY OF INQUIRY AND OF PREACHING IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. - (1532.) - - -There are writers who seriously ascribe the Reformation of England to -the divorce of Henry VIII., and thus silently pass over the Word of God -and the labors of the evangelical men who really founded protestant -Christianity in that country. As well forget that light proceeds from -the sun. But for the faith of such men as Bilney, Latimer, and Tyndale, -the Church of England, with its king, ministers of state, parliament, -bishops, cathedrals, liturgy, hierarchy, and ceremonies, would have been -a gallant bark, well supplied with masts, sails, and rigging, and manned -by able sailors; but acted on by no breath from heaven. The Church would -have stood still. It is in the humble members of the kingdom of God that -its real strength lies. ‘Those whom the Lord has exalted to high -estate,’ says Calvin, ‘most often fall back little by little, or are -ruined at one blow.’ England, with its wealth and grandeur, needed a -counter-poise: the living faith of the poor in spirit. If a people -attain a high degree of material prosperity; if they conquer by their -energy the powers of nature; if they compel industry to lavish its -stores on them; if they cover the seas with their ships, the more -distant countries with their colonies and marts, and fill their -warehouses and their dwellings with the produce of the whole earth, then -great dangers encompass them. Material things threaten to extinguish the -sacred fire in their bosoms; and unless the Holy Ghost raises up a -salutary opposition against such snares, that people, instead of acting -a moralizing and civilizing part, may turn out nothing better than a -huge noisy machine, fitted only to satisfy vulgar appetites. For a -nation to do justice to a high and glorious calling, it must have within -itself the life of faith, holiness of conscience, and the hope of -incorruptible riches. At this time there were men in England in whose -hearts God had kindled a holy flame, and who were to become the most -important instruments of its moral transformation. - -[Sidenote: Lambert’s Examination.] - -About the end of 1531, a young minister, John Nicholson, surnamed -Lambert, was on board one of the ships that traded between London and -Antwerp. He was chaplain to the English factory at the latter place, -well versed in the writings of Luther and other reformers, intimate with -Tyndale, and had preached the Gospel with power. Being accused of heresy -by a certain Barlow, he was seized, put in irons, and sent to London. -Alone in the ship, he retraced in his memory the principal events of his -life—how he had been converted at Cambridge by Bilney’s ministry; how, -mingling with the crowd around St. Paul’s Cross, he had heard the Bishop -of Rochester preach against the New Testament; and how, terrified by the -impiety of the priests, and burning with desire to gain the knowledge of -God, he had crossed the sea. When he reached England, he was taken to -Lambeth, where he underwent a preliminary examination. He was then taken -to Ottford, where the archbishop had a fine palace, and was left there -for some time in a miserable hole, almost without food. At last he was -brought before the archbishop, and called upon to reply to forty-five -different articles. - -Lambert, during his residence on the Continent, had become thoroughly -imbued with the principles of the Reformation. He believed that it was -only by entire freedom of inquiry that men could be convinced of the -truth. But he had not wandered without a compass over the vast ocean of -human opinions: he had taken the Bible in his hand, believing firmly -that every doctrine found therein is true, and everything that -contradicts it is false. On the one hand he saw the ultramontane system -which opposes religious freedom, freedom of the press, and even freedom -of reading; on the other hand protestantism, which declares that every -man ought to be free to examine Scripture and submit to its teachings. - -The archbishop, attended by his officers, having taken his seat in the -palace chapel, Lambert was brought in, and the examination began. - -‘Have you read Luther’s books?’ asked the prelate. - -‘Yes,’ replied Lambert, ‘and I thank God that ever I did so, for by them -hath God shown me, and a vast multitude of others also, such light as -the darkness cannot abide.’ Then testifying to the freedom of inquiry, -he added: ‘Luther desires above all things that his writings and the -writings of all his adversaries may be translated into all languages, to -the intent that all people may see and know what is said on each side, -whereby they may better judge what is the truth. And this is done not -only by hundreds and thousands, but by whole cities and countries, both -high and low. But (he continued) in England our prelates are so drowned -in voluptuous living that they have no leisure to study God’s Scripture; -they abhor it, no less than they abhor death, giving no other reason -than the tyrannical saying of Sardanapalus: _Sic volo, sic jubeo, sit -pro ratione voluntas_, So I will, so do I command, and let my will for -reason stand.’[181] - -Lambert, wishing to make these matters intelligible to the people, said: -‘When you desire to buy cloth, you will not be satisfied with seeing one -merchant’s wares, but go from the first to the second, from the second -to the third, to find who has the best cloth. Will you be more remiss -about your soul’s health?... When you go a journey, not knowing -perfectly the way, you will inquire of one man after another; so ought -we likewise to seek about entering the kingdom of heaven. Chrysostom -himself teaches you this.[182]... Read the works not only of Luther, but -also of all others, be they ever so ill or good. No good law forbids it, -but only constitutions pharisaical.’ - -Warham, who was as much opposed then to the liberty of the press as the -popes are now, could see nothing but a boundless chaos in this freedom -of inquiry. ‘Images are sufficient,’ he said, ‘to keep Christ and His -saints in our remembrance.’ But Lambert exclaimed: ‘What have we to do -with senseless stones or wood carved by the hand of man? That Word which -came from the breast of Christ Himself showeth us perfectly His blessed -will.’[183] - -Warham having questioned Lambert as to the number of his followers, he -answered: ‘A great multitude through all regions and realms of -Christendom think in like wise as I have showed. I ween the multitude -mounteth nigh unto the one half of Christendom.’[184] Lambert was taken -back to prison; but More having resigned the seals, and Warham dying, -this herald of liberty and truth saw his chains fall off. One day, -however, he was to die by fire, and, forgetting all controversy, to -exclaim in the midst of the flames: ‘Nothing but Jesus Christ.’ - -[Sidenote: Latimer’s Evangelical Courage.] - -There was a minister of the Word in London who exasperated the friends -of Rome more than all the rest; this man was Latimer. The court of Henry -VIII., which was worldly, magnificent, fond of pleasures, intrigue, the -elegances of dress, furniture, banquets, and refinement of language and -manners, was not a favorable field for the Gospel. ‘It is very -difficult,’ said a reformer, ‘that costly trappings, solemn banquets, -the excesses of pride, a flood of pleasure and debauchery should not -bring many evils in their train.’ Thus the priests and courtiers could -not endure Latimer’s sermons. If Lambert was for freedom of inquiry, the -king’s chaplain was for freedom of preaching: his zeal sometimes touched -upon imprudence, and his biting wit, his extreme frankness, did not -spare his superiors. One day, some honest merchants, who hungered and -thirsted for the Word of God, begged him to come and preach in one of -the city churches. Thrice he refused, but yielded to their prayers at -last. The death of Bilney and of the other martyrs had wounded him -deeply. He knew that wild beasts, when they have once tasted blood, -thirst for more, and feared that these murders, these butcheries, would -only make his adversaries fiercer. He determined to lash the persecuting -prelates with his sarcasms. Having entered the pulpit, he preached from -these words in the epistle of the day: _Ye are not under the law, but -under grace_.[185] ‘What!’ he exclaimed, ‘St. Paul teaches Christians -that they are not under the law.... What does he mean?... No more law! -St. Paul invites Christians to break the law. Quick! inform against St. -Paul, seize him and take him before my Lord Bishop of London!... The -good apostle must be condemned to bear a fagot at St. Paul’s Cross. What -a goodly sight to see St. Paul with a fagot on his back, before my lord -in person seated on his episcopal throne!... But no! I am mistaken, his -lordship would not be satisfied with so little ... he would sooner burn -him.’[186] - -This ironical language was to cost Latimer dear. To no purpose had he -spoken in one of those churches which, being dependencies of a -monastery, were not under episcopal jurisdiction: everybody about him -condemned him and embittered his life. The courtiers talked of his -sermons, shrugged their shoulders, pointed their fingers at him when he -approached them, and turned their backs on him. The favor of the king, -who had perhaps smiled at that burst of pulpit oratory, had some trouble -to protect him. The court became more intolerable to him every day, and -Latimer, withdrawing to his closet, gave vent to many a heavy sigh. -‘What tortures I endure!’ he said; ‘in what a world I live! Hatred ever -at work; factions fighting one against the other; folly and vanity -leading the dance; dissimulation, irreligion, debauchery, all the vices -stalking abroad in open day.... It is too much. If I were able to do -something ... but I have neither the talent nor the industry required to -fight against these monsters.... I am weary of the court.’ - -[Sidenote: Latimer Quits The Court.] - -Latimer had recently been presented to the living of West Kington, in -the diocese of Salisbury. Wishing to uphold the liberty of the Christian -Church, and seeing that it existed no longer in London, he resolved to -try and find it elsewhere. ‘I am leaving,’ he said to one of his -friends: ‘I shall go and live in my parish.’—‘What is that you say?’, -exclaimed the other; ‘Cromwell, who is at the pinnacle of honors, and -has profound designs, intends to do great things for you.... If you -leave the court, you will be forgotten, and your rivals will rise to -your place.’—‘The only fortune I desire,’ said Latimer, ‘is to be -useful.’ He departed, turning his back on the episcopal crosier to which -his friend had alluded. - -Latimer began to preach with zeal in Wiltshire, and not only in his own -parish, but in the parishes around him. His diligence was so great, his -preaching so mighty, says Foxe,[187] that his hearers must either -believe the doctrine he preached or rise against it. ‘Whosoever entereth -not into the fold by the door, which is Christ, be he priest, bishop, or -pope, is a robber,’ said he. ‘In the Church there are more thieves than -shepherds, and more goats than sheep.’[188] His hearers were astounded. -One of them (Dr. Sherwood) said to him: ‘What a sermon, or rather what a -satire! If we believe you, all the hemp in England would not be enough -to hang those thieves of bishops, priests, and curates.[189]... It is -all exaggeration, no doubt, but such exaggeration is rash, audacious, -and impious.’ The priests looked about for some valiant champion of -Rome, ready to fight with him the quarrel of the Church. - -One day there rode into the village an old doctor, of strange aspect; he -wore no shirt, but was covered with a long gown that reached down to the -horse’s heels, ‘all bedirted like a slobber,’ says a chronicler.[190] He -took no care for the things of the body, in order that people should -believe he was the more given up to the contemplation of the interests -of the soul. He dismounted gravely from his horse, proclaimed his -intention of fasting, and began a series of long prayers. This person, -by name Hubberdin, the Don Quixote of Roman-catholicism, went wandering -all over the kingdom, extolling the pope at the expense of kings and -even of Jesus Christ, and declaiming against Luther, Zwingle, Tyndale, -and Latimer. - -On a feast-day Hubberdin put on a clerical gown rather cleaner than the -one he generally wore, and went into the pulpit, where he undertook to -prove that the new doctrine came from the devil—which he demonstrated by -stories, fables, dreams, and amusing dialogues. He danced and hopped and -leaped about, and gesticulated, as if he were a stage-player, and his -sermon a sort of interlude.[191] His hearers were surprised and -diverted; Latimer was disgusted. ‘You lie,’ he said, ‘when you call the -faith of Scripture a new doctrine, unless you mean to say that it makes -new creatures of those who receive it.’ - -Hubberdin being unable to shut the mouth of the eloquent chaplain with -his mountebank tricks, the bishops and nobility of the neighborhood -resolved to denounce Latimer. A messenger handed him a writ, summoning -him to appear personally before the Bishop of London to answer touching -certain excesses and crimes committed by him.[192] Putting down the -paper which contained this threatening message, Latimer began to -reflect. His position was critical. He was at that time suffering from -the stone, with pains in the head and bowels. It was in the dead of -winter, and moreover he was alone at West Kington, with no friend to -advise him. Being of a generous and daring temperament, he rushed -hastily into the heat of the combat, but was easily dejected. ‘Jesu -mercy! what a world is this,’ he exclaimed, ‘that I shall be put to so -great labor and pains above my power for preaching of a poor simple -sermon! But we must needs suffer, and so enter into the kingdom of -Christ.’[193] - -The terrible summons lay on the table. Latimer took it up and read it. -He was no longer the brilliant court-chaplain who charmed fashionable -congregations by his eloquence; he was a poor country minister, forsaken -by all. He was sorrowful. ‘I am surprised,’ he said, ‘that my lord of -London, who has so large a diocese in which he ought to preach the Word -in season and out of season,[194] should have leisure enough to come and -trouble me in my little parish ... wretched me, who am quite a stranger -to him.’ He appealed to his ordinary; but Bishop Stokesley did not -intend to let him go, and being as able as he was violent, he prayed the -archbishop, as primate of all England, to summon Latimer before his -court, and to commission himself (the Bishop of London) to examine him. -The chaplain’s friends were terrified, and entreated him to leave -England; but he began his journey to London. - -[Sidenote: Attempt To Entrap Latimer.] - -On the 29th of January, 1532, a court composed of bishops and doctors of -the canon law assembled, under the presidency of Primate Warham, in St. -Paul’s Cathedral. Latimer having appeared, the Bishop of London -presented him a paper, and ordered him to sign it. The reformer took the -paper and read it through. There were sixteen articles on belief in -purgatory, the invocation of saints, the merit of pilgrimages, and -lastly on the power of the keys which (said the document) belonged to -the bishops of Rome, ‘even should their lives be wicked,’[195] and other -such topics. Latimer returned the paper to Stokesley, saying: ‘I cannot -sign it.’ Three times in one week he had to appear before his judges, -and each time the same scene was repeated: both sides were inflexible. -The priests then changed their tactics: they began to tease and -embarrass Latimer with innumerable questions. As soon as one had -finished, another began with sophistry and plausibility, and -interminable subterfuges. Latimer tried to make his adversaries keep -within the circle from which they were straying, but they would not hear -him. - -One day, as Latimer entered the hall, he noticed a change in the -arrangement of the furniture. There was a chimney, in which there had -been a fire before: on this day there was no fire, and the fireplace was -invisible. Some tapestry hung down over it, and the table round which -the judges sat was in the middle of the room. The accused was seated -between the table and the chimney. ‘Master Latimer,’ said an aged -bishop, whom he believed to be one of his friends, ‘pray speak a little -louder: I am hard of hearing, as you know.’ Latimer, surprised at this -remark, pricked up his ears, and fancied he heard in the fireplace the -noise of a pen upon paper.[196] ‘Ho, ho!’ thought he, ‘they have hidden -some one behind there to take down my answers.’ He replied cautiously to -captious questions, much to the embarrassment of the judges. - -Latimer was disgusted, not only with the tricks of his enemies, but -still more with their ‘troublesome unquietness;’[197] because by keeping -him in London they obliged him to neglect his duties, and especially -because they made it a crime to preach the truth. The archbishop, -wishing to gain him over by marks of esteem and affection, invited him -to come and see him; but Latimer declined, being unwilling at any price -to renounce the freedom of the pulpit. The reformers of the sixteenth -century did not contend that all doctrines should be preached from the -same pulpit, but that evangelical truth should be freely preached -everywhere. ‘I have desired and still desire,’ wrote Latimer to the -archbishop, ‘that our people should learn the difference between the -doctrines which God has taught and those which proceed only from -ourselves. Go, said Jesus, and _teach all things_.... What things?... -_all things whatsoever I have commanded you_, and not _whatsoever you -think fit to preach_.[198] Let us all then make an effort to preach with -one voice the things of God. I have sought not my gain, but Christ’s -gain; not my glory, but God’s glory. And so long as I have a breath of -life remaining, I will continue to do so.’[199] - -Thus spoke the bold preacher. It is by such unshakable fidelity that -great revolutions are accomplished. - -[Sidenote: Latimer Excommunicated.] - -As Latimer was deaf to all their persuasion, there was nothing to be -done but to threaten the stake. The charge was transferred to the -Convocation of Canterbury, and on the 15th of March, 1532, he appeared -before that body at Westminster. The fifteen articles were set before -him. ‘Master Latimer,’ said the archbishop,’the synod calls upon you to -sign these articles.’—‘I refuse,’ he answered.—All the bishops pressed -him earnestly. ‘I refuse absolutely,’ he answered a second time. Warham, -the friend of learning, could not make up his mind to condemn one of the -finest geniuses of England. ‘Have pity on yourself,’ he said. ‘A third -and last time we entreat you to sign these articles.’ Although Latimer -knew that a negative would probably consign him to the stake, he still -answered, ‘I refuse absolutely.’[200] - -The patience of Convocation was now exhausted. ‘Heretic! obstinate -heretic!’ exclaimed the bishops. ‘We have heard it from his own mouth. -Let him be excommunicated.’ The sentence of excommunication was -pronounced, and Latimer was taken to the Lollards’ Tower. - -Great was the agitation both in city and court. The creatures of the -priests were already singing in the streets songs with a burden like -this: - - Wherefore it were pity thou shouldst die for cold.[201] - -‘Ah!’ said Latimer in the Martyr’s Tower, ‘if they had asked me to -confess that I have been too prompt to use sarcasm, I should have been -ready to do so, for sin is a heavy load. O God! unto Thee I cry; wash me -in the blood of Jesus Christ.’ He looked for death, knowing well that -few left that tower except for the scaffold. ‘What is to be done?’ said -Warham and the bishops. Many of them would have handed the prisoner over -to the magistrate to do what was customary, but the rule of the papacy -was coming to an end in England, and Latimer was the king’s chaplain. -One dexterous prelate suggested a means of reconciling everything. ‘We -must obtain something from him, be it ever so little, and then report -everywhere that he has recanted.’ - -Some priests went to see the prisoner: ‘Will you not yield anything?’ -they asked.—‘I have been too violent,’ said Latimer, ‘and I humble -myself accordingly.’—‘But will you not recognize the merit of -works?’—‘No!’—‘Prayers to the saints?’—‘No!’—‘Purgatory?’—‘No!’—‘The -power of the keys given to the pope?’—‘No! I tell you.’—A bright idea -occurred to one of the priests. Luther taught that it was not only -permitted, but praiseworthy, to have the crucifix and the images of the -saints, provided that it was merely to remind us of them and not to -invoke them. He had added, that the Reformation ought not to abolish -fast days, but to strive to make them realities.[202] Latimer declared -that he was of the same opinion. - -The deputation hastened to carry this news to the bishops. The more -fanatical of them could not make up their minds to be satisfied with so -little. What! no purgatory, no virtue in the mass, no prayers to saints, -no power of the keys, no meritorious works! It was a signal defeat; but -the bishops knew that the king would not suffer the condemnation of his -chaplain. Convocation decided, after a long discussion that if Master -Latimer would sign the two articles, he should be absolved from the -sentence of excommunication. In fact, on the 10th of April the Church -withdrew the condemnation it had already pronounced.[203] - -Footnote 181: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. pp. 184, 185. - -Footnote 182: - - Chrysostom, in opere imperfecto. - -Footnote 183: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 203. - -Footnote 184: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 225. - -Footnote 185: - - Romans, vi. 14. - -Footnote 186: - - Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 326 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 187: - - Foxe, _Acts_, vii. p. 454. - -Footnote 188: - - ‘Plures longe fures esse quam pastores.’—Foxe, _Acts_, vii. p. 479. - -Footnote 189: - - ‘Quibus latronibus suffocandis ne Angliæ totius canavum sufficere - prædicabas.’—Ibid. p. 478. - -Footnote 190: - - Strype, i. p. 245. - -Footnote 191: - - Strype, i. p. 245. - -Footnote 192: - - ‘Crimina seu excessus graves personaliter responsurus.’—Ibid. p. 455. - -Footnote 193: - - ‘Oportet pati et sic intrare.’—Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 351 (Parker - Soc.). - -Footnote 194: - - ‘Tempestive, itempestive, privatim, publice.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 195: - - ‘Etiam si male vivant.’—Latimer, _Works_, ii. p. 466 (Parker Soc.); - and Foxe, _Acts_, vii. p. 456. - -Footnote 196: - - ‘I heard a pen walking in the chimney behind the cloth.’—Latimer, - _Sermons_, i. p. 294. - -Footnote 197: - - Foxe, _Acts_, vii. p. 455. - -Footnote 198: - - ‘Non dicit omnia quæ vobis ipsis videntur prædicanda.’—Foxe, _Acts_, - iii. p. 747. - -Footnote 199: - - ‘Donec respirare licebit, stare non desinam.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 200: - - ‘Tertio requisitus ut subscriberet, recusavit.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, - iii. p. 747. - -Footnote 201: - - Strype, _Records_, i. p. 180. - -Footnote 202: - - Luther, _Wieder die himmlischen Propheten_, and _Explication du 6me - chapitre de St. Mathieu_. - -Footnote 203: - - ‘Fuit absolutus a sententia excommunicationis.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, - iii. p. 747. - - - - - CHAPTER XV. - HENRY VIII. ATTACKS THE PARTISANS OF THE POPE AND THE REFORMATION. - (1532.) - - -[Sidenote: Franciscans Preach At Henry.] - -The vital principle of the Reformation of Henry VIII. was its opposition -both to Rome and the Gospel. He did not hesitate, like many, between -these two doctrines: he punished alike, by exile or by fire, the -disciples of the Vatican and those of Holy Scripture. - -Desiring to show that the resolution he had taken to separate from -Catherine was immutable, the king had lodged Anne Boleyn in the palace -at Greenwich, although the queen was still there, and had given her a -reception room and a royal state. The crowd of courtiers, abandoning the -setting star, turned towards that which was appearing above the horizon. -Henry respected Anne’s person and was eager that all the world should -know that if she was not actually queen she would be so one day. There -was a want of delicacy and principle in the king’s conduct, at which the -catholic party were much irritated, and not without a cause. - -The monks of St. Francis who officiated in the royal chapel at Greenwich -took every opportunity of asserting their attachment to Catherine and to -the pope. Anne vainly tried to gain them over by her charms; if she -succeeded with a few, she failed with the greater number. Their -superior, Father Forest, Catherine’s confessor, warmly defended the -rights of that unhappy princess. Preaching at St. Paul’s Cross, he -delivered a sermon in which Henry was violently attacked, although he -was not named. Those who had heard it made a great noise about it, and -Forest was summoned to the court. ‘What will be done to him?’ people -asked; but instead of sending him to prison, as many expected, the king -received him well, spoke with him for half an hour, and ‘sent him a -great piece of beef from his own table.’ - -On returning to his convent, Forest described with triumph this -flattering reception; but the king did not attain his object. Among -these monks there were men of independent, perhaps of fanatical, -character, whom no favors could gain over. - -One of them, by name Peto, until then unknown, but afterwards of great -repute in the catholic world as cardinal legate from the pope in -England,[204] thinking that Forest had not said enough, determined to go -further. Anne Boleyn’s elevation filled him with anger: he longed to -speak out, and as the king and all the court would be present in the -chapel on the 1st of May, he chose for his text the words of the prophet -Elijah to King Ahab: _The dogs shall lick thy blood_.[205] He drew a -portrait of Ahab, described his malice and wickedness, and although he -did not name Henry VIII., certain passages made the hearers feel -uncomfortable. At the peroration, turning towards the king, he said: -‘Now hear, O king, what I have to say unto thee, as of old time Micaiah -spoke to Ahab. This new marriage is unlawful. There are other preachers -who, to become rich abbots or mighty bishops, betray thy soul, thy -honor, and thy posterity. Take heed lest thou, being seduced like Ahab, -find Ahab’s punishment ... who had his blood licked up by the dogs.’ - -The court was astounded; but the king, whose features were unmoved -during this apostrophe, waited until the end of the service, left the -chapel as if nothing had happened, and allowed Peto to depart for -Canterbury. But Henry could not permit such invectives to pass -unnoticed. A clergyman named Kirwan was commissioned to preach in the -same chapel on the following Sunday. The congregation was still more -numerous than before, and more curious also. Some monks of the order of -Observants, friends of Peto, got into the rood-loft, determined to -defend him. The doctor began his sermon. After establishing the -lawfulness of Henry’s intended marriage, he came to the sermon of the -preceding Sunday and the insults of the preacher. ‘I speak to thee, -Peto,’ he exclaimed, ‘who makest thyself Micaiah; we look for thee, but -thou art not to be found, having fled for fear and shame.’ There was a -noise in the rood-loft, and one of the Observants named Elstow rose and -called out: ‘You know that Father Peto is gone to Canterbury to a -provincial council, but I am here to answer you. And to this combat I -challenge thee, Kirwan, prophet of lies, who for thy own vainglory art -betraying thy king into endless perdition.’ - -The chapel was instantly one scene of confusion: nothing could be heard. -Then the king rose: his princely stature, his royal air, his majestic -manners overawed the crowd. All were silent, and the agitated -congregation left the chapel respectfully. Peto and his friend were -summoned before the council. ‘You deserve to be sewn in a sack and -thrown into the Thames,’ said one. ‘We fear nothing,’ answered Elstow; -‘the way to heaven is as short by water as by land.’[206] - -Henry having thus made war on the partisans of the pope, turned to those -of the Reformation. Like a child, he see-sawed to and fro, first on one -side, then on the other; but his sport was a more terrible one, for -every time he touched the ground the blood spurted forth. - -[Sidenote: Christian Meetings In London.] - -At that time there were many Christians in England to whom the Roman -worship brought no edification. Having procured Tyndale’s translation of -the Word of God, they felt that they possessed it not only for -themselves but for others. They sought each others company, and met -together to read the Bible and receive spiritual graces from God. -Several Christian assemblies of this kind had been formed in London, in -garrets, in warehouses, schools and shops, and one of them was held in a -warehouse in Bow Lane. Among its frequenters was the son of a -Gloucestershire knight, James Bainham, by name, a man well read in the -classics, and a distinguished lawyer, respected by all for his piety and -works of charity. To give advice freely to widows and orphans, to see -justice done to the oppressed, to aid poor students, protect pious -persons, and visit the prisons, were his daily occupations. ‘He was an -earnest reader of Scripture, and mightily addicted to prayer.’[207] When -he entered the meeting, every one could see that his countenance -expressed a calm joy; but for a month past his Bow Lane friends noticed -him to be agitated and cast down, and heard him sighing heavily. The -cause was this. Sometime before (in 1531), when he was engaged about his -business in the Middle Temple, this ‘model of lawyers’ had been arrested -by order of More, who was still chancellor, and taken like a criminal to -the house of the celebrated humanist at Chelsea. Sir Thomas, quite -distressed at seeing a man so distinguished leave the Church of Rome, -had employed all his eloquence to bring him back; but finding his -efforts useless, he had ordered Bainham to be taken into his garden and -tied to ‘the tree of truth.’ There the chancellor whipped him, or caused -him to be whipped: we adopt the latter version, which is more -probable.[208] Bainham having refused to give the names of the gentlemen -of the Temple tainted with heresy, he was taken to the Tower. ‘Put him -on the rack,’ cried the learned chancellor, now become a fanatical -persecutor. The order was obeyed in his presence. The arms and legs of -the unfortunate protestant were seized by the instrument and pulled in -opposite directions; his limbs were dislocated, and he went lame out of -the torture-chamber.[209] - -[Sidenote: Bainham Persecuted.] - -Sir Thomas had broken his victim’s limbs, but not his courage; and -accordingly when Bainham was summoned before the Bishop of London, he -went to the palace rejoicing to have to confess his Master once more. -‘Do you believe in purgatory?’ said Stokesley to him sternly. Bainham -answered: ‘_The blood of Jesus Christ cleanseth us from all sin_.’[210] -‘Do you believe that we ought to call upon the saints to pray for us?’ -He again answered: ‘_If any man sin, we have an advocate with the -Father—Jesus Christ the righteous_.’[211] - -A man who answered only by texts from Scripture was embarrassing. More -and Stokesley made the most alluring promises, and no means were spared -to bend him.[212] Before long they resorted to more serious -representations: ‘The arms of the Church your mother are still open to -you,’ they said; ‘but if you continue stubborn, they will close against -you forever. It is now or never!’ For a whole month the bishop and the -chancellor persevered in their entreaties; Bainham replied: ‘My faith is -that of the holy Church.’ Hearing these words, Foxford, the bishop’s -secretary, took out a paper. ‘Here is the abjuration,’ he said; ‘read it -over.’ Bainham began: ‘I voluntarily, as a true penitent returned from -my heresy, utterly abjure’.... At these words he stopped, and glancing -over what followed, he continued: ‘No, these articles are not heretical, -and I cannot retract them.’ Other springs were now set in motion to -shake Bainham. The prayers of his friends, the threats of his enemies, -especially the thought of his wife, whom he loved, and who would be left -alone in destitution, exposed to the anger of the world: these things -troubled his soul. He lost sight of the narrow path he ought to follow, -and five days later he read his abjuration with a faint voice. But he -had hardly got to the end before he burst into tears, and said, -struggling with his emotion: ‘I reserve the doctrines.’ He consented to -remain in the Roman Church, still preserving his evangelical faith. But -this was not what the bishop and his officers meant. ‘Kiss that book,’ -they said to him threateningly. Bainham, like one stunned, kissed the -book; that was the sign; the adjuration was looked upon as complete. He -was condemned to pay a fine of twenty pounds sterling, and to do penance -at St. Paul’s Cross. After that he was set at liberty, on the 17th of -February. - -Bainham returned to the midst of his brethren: they looked sorrowfully -at him, but did not reproach him with his fault. That was quite -unnecessary. The worm of remorse was preying on him; he abhorred the -fatal kiss by which he had sealed his fall; his conscience was never -quiet; he could neither eat nor sleep, and trembled at the thought of -death. At one time he would hide his anguish and stifle it within his -breast; at another his grief would break forth, and he would try to -relieve his pain by groans of sorrow. The thought of appearing before -the tribunal of God made him faint. The restoration of conscience to all -its rights was the foremost work of the Reformation. Luther, Calvin, and -an endless number of more obscure reformers had reached the haven of -safety through the midst of such tempests. ‘A tragedy was being acted in -all protestant souls,’ says a writer who does not belong to the -Reformation—the eternal tragedy of conscience. - -Bainham felt that the only means of recovering peace was to accuse -himself openly before God and man. Taking Tyndale’s New Testament in his -hand, which was at once his joy and his strength, he went to St. -Austin’s church, sat down quietly in the midst of the congregation, and -then at a certain moment stood up and said: ‘I have denied the -truth.’... He could not continue for his tears.[213] On recovering, he -said: ‘If I were not to return again to the doctrine I have abjured, -this word of Scripture would condemn me both body and soul at the day of -judgment.’ And he lifted up the New Testament before all the -congregation. ‘O my friends,’ he continued, ‘rather die than sin as I -have done. The fires of hell have consumed me, and I would not feel them -again for all the gold and glory of the world.’[214] - -Then his enemies seized him again and shut him up in the bishop’s -coal-cellar, where, after putting him in irons, they left him for four -days. He was afterwards taken to the Tower, where he was scourged every -day for a fortnight, and at last condemned as a relapsed heretic. - -[Sidenote: Bainham Executed.] - -On the eve of the execution four distinguished men, one of whom was -Latimer, were dining together in London. It was commonly reported that -Bainham was to be put to death for saying that Thomas à Becket was a -traitor worthy of hell. ‘Is it worth a man’s while to sacrifice his life -for such a trifle?’ said the four friends. ‘Let us go to Newgate and -save him if possible.’ They were taken along several gloomy passages, -and found themselves at last in the presence of a man, sitting on a -little straw, holding a book in one hand and a candle in the other.[215] -He was reading; it was Bainham. Latimer drew near him: ‘Take care,’ he -said, ‘that no vainglory make you sacrifice your life for motives which -are not worth the cost.’ ‘I am condemned,’ answered Bainham, ‘for -trusting in Scripture and rejecting purgatory, masses, and meritorious -works.’—‘I acknowledge that for such truths a man must be ready to die.’ -Bainham was ready; and yet he burst into tears. ‘Why do you weep?’ asked -Latimer. ‘I have a wife,’ answered the prisoner, ‘the best that man ever -had. A widow, destitute of everything and without a supporter, everybody -will point at her and say, That is the heretic’s wife.’[216] Latimer and -his friends tried to console him, and then they departed from the gloomy -dungeon. - -The next day (30th of April, 1532) Bainham was taken to the scaffold. -Soldiers on horseback surrounded the pile: Master Pave, the city clerk, -directed the execution. Bainham, after a prayer, rose up, embraced the -stake, and was fastened to it with a chain. ‘Good people,’ he said to -the persons who stood round him, ‘I die for having said it is lawful for -every man and woman to have God’s book. I die for having said that the -true key of heaven is not that of the Bishop of Rome, but the preaching -of the Gospel. I die for having said that there is no other purgatory -than the cross of Christ, with its consequent persecutions and -afflictions.’—‘Thou liest, thou heretic,’ exclaimed Pave; ‘thou hast -denied the blessed sacrament of the altar.’—‘I do not deny the sacrament -of Christ’s body,’ resumed Bainham, ‘but I do deny your idolatry to a -piece of bread.’—‘Light the fire,’ shouted Pave. The executioners set -fire to a train of gunpowder, and as the flame approached him, Bainham -lifted up his eyes towards heaven, and said to the town clerk: ‘God -forgive thee! the Lord forgive Sir Thomas More ... pray for me, all good -people!’ The arms and legs of the martyr were soon consumed, and -thinking only how to glorify his Saviour, he exclaimed: ‘Behold! you -look for miracles, you may see one here; for in this fire I feel no more -pain than if I were on a bed of roses.’[217] The primitive Church hardly -had a more glorious martyr. - -Pave had Bainham’s image continually before his eyes, and his last -prayer rang day and night in his heart. In the garret of his house, far -removed from noise, he had fitted up a kind of oratory, where he had -placed a crucifix, before which he used to pray and shed bitter -tears.[218] He abhorred himself: half mad, he suffered indescribable -sorrow, and struggled under great anguish. The dying Bainham had said to -him: ‘May God show thee more mercy than thou hast shown to me!’ But Pave -could not believe in mercy: he saw no other remedy for his despair than -death. About a year after Bainham’s martyrdom, he sent his domestics and -clerks on different errands, keeping only one servant-maid in the house. -As soon as his wife had gone to church, he went out himself, bought a -rope, and hiding it carefully under his gown, went up into the garret. -He stopped before the crucifix, and began to groan and weep. The servant -ran upstairs. ‘Take this rusty sword,’ he said, ‘clean it well, and do -not disturb me.’ She had scarcely left the room when he fastened the -rope to a beam and hanged himself. - -The maid, hearing no sound, again grew alarmed, went up to the garret, -and seeing her master hanging, was struck with terror. She ran crying to -the church to fetch her mistress home;[219] but it was too late: the -wretched man could not be recalled to life. - -[Sidenote: The True Church Of God.] - -If the deaths of the martyrs plunged the wicked into the depths of -despair, it often gave life to earnest souls. The crowd which had -surrounded the scaffold of these men of God dispersed in profound -emotion. Some returned to their fields, others to their shops or -workrooms; but the pale faces of the martyrs followed them, their words -sounded in their souls, their virtues softened many hearts most averse -to the Gospel. ‘Oh! that I were with Bainham!’ exclaimed one.[220] These -people continued for some time to frequent the Romish churches but ere -long their consciences cried aloud to them: ‘It is Christ alone who -saves us;’ and they forsook the rites in which they could find no -consolation. They courted solitude; they procured the writings of -Wickliffe and of Tyndale, and especially the New Testament, which they -read in secret, and if any one came near, hid them hastily under a bed, -at the bottom of a chest, in the hollow of a tree, or even under stones, -until the enemy had retired and they could take the books up again. Then -they whispered about them to their neighbors, and often had the joy of -meeting with men who thought as they did. A surprising change was taking -place. While the priests were loudly chanting in the cathedrals the -praises of the saints, of the Virgin, and of the _Corpus Domini_, the -people were whispering together about the Saviour _meek and lowly in -heart_. All over England was heard a still, small voice such as Elijah -heard, and on hearing it wrapped his face in his mantle and stood silent -and motionless, because the Lord was there. Great changes were about to -take place. - -It is not without reason that we describe in some detail in this history -the lives and deaths of these evangelical men. We desire to show that -the Church in England, as in all the world, is not a mere ecclesiastical -hierarchy, in which prelates exercise dominion over the inheritance of -the Lord; nor a confused assemblage of men, whose spirit imagines about -religion all kinds of doctrines contrary to the revelation from heaven, -and whose profession of faith comprehends all the opinions that are -found in the nation, from catholic scholasticism to pantheistic -materialism. The Church of God, raised above the human systems of the -superstitious and the incredulous alike, is the assembly of those who by -a living faith are partakers of the righteousness of Christ and of the -new life of which the Holy Ghost is the creator—of those in whom -selfishness is vanquished, and who give themselves up to the Saviour to -achieve with their brethren the conquest of the world. Such is the true -Church of God; very different, it will be seen, from all those invented -by man. - -Footnote 204: - - Tyndale, _Treatises_, p. 38; Strype, _Memorials_, i. 257, iii., bk. i. - p. 257; bk. ii. pp. 30, 136. - -Footnote 205: - - 1 Kings xxi. 19. - -Footnote 206: - - Tyndale, _Treatises_, p. 38. Stowe, _Annals_, 562. - -Footnote 207: - - Foxe _Acts_, iv. p. 697. - -Footnote 208: - - Both Strype (_Memorials_, i. p. 35) and Foxe (_Acts_, iv. p. 698) say, - _and whipped him_; but More denied it. - -Footnote 209: - - ‘Sir Thomas More being present himself, till in a manner he had lamed - him.’—Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 698. - -Footnote 210: - - 1 John i. 7. - -Footnote 211: - - Ibid. ii. 1. - -Footnote 212: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 700. - -Footnote 213: - - ‘Stood up there before the people in his pew with weeping - tears.’—Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 702. - -Footnote 214: - - ‘He would not feel such a hell again as he did feel.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 215: - - Strype, _Annals_, i. p. 372. - -Footnote 216: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 217: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 705. - -Footnote 218: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 219: - - Foxe, _Acts_, iv. p. 706. - -Footnote 220: - - Ibid. v. p. 32. - - - - - CHAPTER XVI. - THE NEW PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND. - (FEBRUARY 1532 TO MARCH 1533.) - - -A man who for more than thirty years had had an important voice in the -management of the ecclesiastical affairs of the kingdom now disappeared -from the scene to give place to the most influential of the reformers of -England. Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, a learned canonist, a skilful -politician, a dexterous courtier, and the friend of letters, had made it -his special work to exalt the sacerdotal prerogative, and to that end -had had recourse to the surest means, by fighting against the idleness, -ignorance, and corruption of the priests. He had even hoped for a reform -of the clergy, provided it emanated from episcopal authority. But when -he saw another reformation accomplished in the name of God’s Word, -without priests and against the priests, he turned round and began to -persecute the reformers, and to strengthen the papal authority. Alarmed -at the proceedings of the Commons, he sent for three notaries, on the -24th February, 1532, and protested in their presence against every act -of parliament derogatory to the authority of the Roman pontiff.[221] - -[Sidenote: Death Of Warham.] - -On the 22d August of the same year, just at the very height of the -crisis, ‘the second pope,’ as he was sometimes called, was removed from -his see by death, and the people anxiously wondered who would be -appointed to his vacant place. - -The choice was important, for the nomination might be the symbol of what -the Church of England was to be. Would he be a prelate devoted to the -pope, like Fisher; or a catholic favorable to the divorce, like -Gardiner; or a moderate evangelical attached to the king, like Cranmer; -or a decided reformer, like Latimer? At this moment, when a new era was -beginning for Christendom, it was of consequence to know whom England -would take for her guide; whether she would march at the head of -civilization, like Germany, or bring up the rear, like Spain and Italy. -The king did not favor either extreme, and hesitated between the two -other candidates. All things considered, he had no confidence in such -men as Longland and Gardiner, who might promise and not fulfil. He -wanted somebody less political than the one and less fanatical than the -other,—a man separated from the pope on principle, and not merely for -convenience. - -Cranmer, after passing a few months at Rome, had returned to -England.[222] Then, departing again for Germany on a mission from the -king, he had arrived at Nuremburg, probably in the autumn of 1531. He -examined with interest that ancient city,—its beautiful churches, its -monumental fountains, its old and picturesque castle; but there was -something that attracted him more than all these things. Being present -at the celebration of the sacrament, he noticed that while the priest -was muttering the Gospel in Latin at the altar, the deacon went up into -the pulpit, and read it aloud in German.[223] He saw that, although -there was still some appearance of catholicism in Nuremburg, in reality -the Gospel reigned there. One man’s name often came up in the -conversations he had with the principal persons in the city. They spoke -to him of Osiander as of a man of great eloquence.[224] Cranmer followed -the crowd which poured into the church of St. Lawrence, and was struck -with the minister’s talent and piety. He sought his acquaintance, and -the two doctors had many a conversation together, either in Cranmer’s -house or in Osiander’s study; and the German divine, being gained over -to the cause of Henry VIII., published shortly after a book on unlawful -marriages. - -[Sidenote: Osiander’s Error.] - -Cranmer, who had an affectionate heart, loved to join the simple meals, -the pious devotions, and the friendly conversations at Osiander’s house: -he was soon almost like a member of the family. But, although his -intimacy with the Nuremburg pastor grew stronger every day, he did not -adopt all his opinions. When Osiander told him that he must substitute -the authority of Holy Scripture for that of Rome, Cranmer gave his full -assent; but the Englishman perceived that the German entertained views -different from Luther’s on the justification of the sinner. ‘What -justifies us,’ he said, ‘is not the imputation of the merits of Christ -by faith, but the inward communication of his righteousness.’ ‘Christ,’ -said Cranmer, ‘has paid the price of our redemption by the sacrifice of -his body and the fulfilling of the law; and if we heartily believe in -this work which he has perfected, we are justified. The justified man -must be sanctified, and must work good works; but it is not the works -that justify him.’[225] The conversation of the two friends turned also -upon the Lord’s Supper. Whatever may have been Cranmer’s doctrine -before, he soon came (like Calvin) to place the real presence of Christ -not in the wafer which the priest holds between his fingers, but in the -heart of the believer.[226] - -In June, 1532, the protestant and Roman-catholic delegates arrived at -Nuremburg to arrange the religious peace. The celibacy of the clergy -immediately became one of the points discussed. It appeared to the -chiefs of the papacy impossible to concede that article. ‘Rather abolish -the mass entirely,’ exclaimed the Archbishop of Mayence, ‘than permit -the marriage of priests.’ ‘They must come to that at last,’ said Luther; -‘God is overthrowing the mighty from their seat.’[227] Cranmer was of -his opinion. ‘It is better,’ he said, ‘for a minister to have his own -wife than to have other men’s wives, like the priests.’[228] ‘What -services may not a pious wife do for the pastor her husband,’ added -Osiander, ‘among the poor, the women, and the children?’ - -Cranmer had lost his wife at Cambridge, and his heart yearned for -affection. Osiander’s family presented him a touching picture of -domestic happiness. One of its members was a niece of Osiander’s -wife.[229] Cranmer, charmed with her piety and candor, and hoping to -find in her the virtuous woman who is a crown to her husband, asked her -hand and married her, not heeding the unlawful command of those who -‘forbid to marry.’[230] - -Still Cranmer did not forget his mission. The King of England was -desirous of forming an alliance with the German protestants, and his -agent made overtures to the electoral prince of Saxony. ‘First of all,’ -answered the pious John Frederick, ‘the two kings (of France and -England) must be in harmony with us as to the articles of faith.’[231] -The alliance failed; but at the same moment, affairs took an unexpected -turn. The emperor, who was marching against Solyman, desired the help of -the King of England, and Granvelle had some talk with Cranmer on the -subject. The latter was procuring carriages, horses, boats, tents, and -other things necessary for his journey, with the intention of rejoining -the emperor at Lintz, when a courier suddenly brought him orders to -return to London.[232] It was very vexatious. Just as he was on the -point of concluding an alliance with the nephew of Queen Catherine, in -which the matter of the divorce would consequently be arranged, Henry’s -envoy had to give up everything. He wondered anxiously what could be the -motive of this sudden and extraordinary recall. The letters of his -friends explained it. - -[Sidenote: Cranmer’s Hesitation.] - -Warham was dead, and the king thought of Cranmer to succeed him as -Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all England. The reformer was -greatly moved: ‘Alas,’ he exclaimed, ‘no man has ever desired a -bishopric less than myself.[233] If I accept it, I must resign the -delights of study and the calm sweetness of an obscure condition.’[234] -Knowing Henry’s domineering character and his peculiar religious -principles, Cranmer thought that with him the reformation of England was -impossible. He saw himself exposed to disputes without end: there would -be no more peace for the most peaceable of men. A brilliant career, an -exalted position—he was terrified. ‘My conscience,’ he said, ‘rebels -against this call. Wretch that I am! I see nothing but troubles and -conflicts and insurmountable dangers in my path.’ - -Upon mature reflection, Cranmer thought he might get out of his -difficulty by gaining time, hoping that the king, who did not like -delays, would doubtless give the see to another.[235] He sent an answer -that important affairs prevented his return to England. Solyman had -retreated before the emperor; the latter had determined to pass through -Italy to Spain, and had appointed a meeting with the pope at Piacenza or -Genoa. Henry’s ambassador thought it his duty to neutralize the fatal -consequences of this interview; and Charles having left Vienna on the -4th of October, Cranmer followed him two days later. The exalted dignity -that awaited him oppressed him like the nightmare. On his road he found -neither inhabitants nor food, and hay was his only bed.[236] Sometimes -he crossed battle-fields covered with the carcasses of Turks and -Christians. A comet appeared in the east foreboding some tragic event. -Many declared they had seen a flaming sword in the heavens. ‘These -strange signs,’ he wrote to Henry,’announce some great mutation.’[237] -Cranmer and his colleagues could not gain the pope to their side. -Several months passed away, during which men’s minds became so excited, -that the cardinals forgot all decorum. ‘Alas!’ says a catholic -historian, ‘all the time this affair continued, they went to the -consistory as if they were going to a play.’[238] Charles V. prevailed -at last. - -Then came that famous interview (October 1532) between the kings of -France and England at Calais and Boulogne, which we have described -elsewhere;[239] and the two princes having come to an understanding, -Henry thought seriously of bringing the matter to an end. Did he marry -Anne Boleyn at that time? Everything seems to point in that direction; -and if we are to believe some of the most trustworthy historians, the -marriage took place in the following month of November.[240] Perhaps it -was quite a private wedding, the legal formalities not being completed. -Contemporary testimony is at variance, and the point has not been -cleared up. In any case, Henry determined to wait before making the -marriage public. The conference the pope was about to hold at Bologna -with the ambassador of Francis I.; the probability of an interview -between the king of France and the pontiff at Marseilles, which might -give a new aspect to the great affair; and perhaps the desire to confer -about it with Cranmer, for whom he destined the see of Canterbury—seem -to have induced the prince to defer the ceremony for a few weeks. He -lost no time, however, in summoning the future primate to London. - -A report having circulated in Italy, that the king was about to place -Cranmer at the head of the English Church, the imperial court treated -him with unusual consideration. Charles V., his ministers, and the -foreign ambassadors, said openly that such a man richly deserved to hold -a high place in the favor and government of the king his master.[241] -About the middle of November, the emperor gave Cranmer his farewell -audience; and the latter arrived in England not long after. Not wishing -to act in opposition to general usage and clerical opinion, he thought -it more prudent to leave his wife for a time with Osiander. He sent for -her somewhat later, but she was never presented at court. It was not -necessary, and it might only have embarrassed the pious German lady. - -[Sidenote: Cranmer And The King.] - -As soon as Cranmer reached London, he waited upon the king, being quite -engrossed in thinking of what was about to take place between his -sovereign and himself. Henry went straight to the point: he told him -that he had nominated him Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer objected, -but the king would take no refusal. In vain did the divine urge his -reasons: the monarch was firm. It was no slight matter to contend with -Henry VIII. Cranmer was alarmed at the effect produced by his -resistance. ‘Your Highness,’ he said, ‘I most humbly implore your -Grace’s pardon.’[242] - -When he left the king, he hurried off to his friends, particularly to -Cromwell. The burden which Henry was laying upon him seemed more -insupportable than ever. Knowing how difficult it is to resist a prince -of despotic character, he foresaw conflicts and perhaps compromises, -which would embitter his life, and he could not make up his mind to -sacrifice his happiness to the imperious will of the monarch. ‘Take -care,’ said his friends, ‘it is as dangerous to refuse a favor from so -absolute a prince as to insult him.’ But Cranmer’s conscience was -concerned in his refusal. ‘I feel something within me,’ he said,[243] -‘which rebels against the supremacy of the pope, and all the -superstitions to which I should have to submit as primate of England. -No, I will not be a bishop!’ He might sacrifice his repose and his -happiness, expose himself to painful struggles; but to recognize the -pope and submit to his jurisdiction was an insurmountable obstacle. His -friends shook their heads. ‘Your _nolo episcopari_,’ they said, ‘will -not hold against our master’s _volo te episcopum esse_.[244] And after -all, what is it? Permitting the king to place you at the summit of -honors and power.... You refuse all that men desire.’ ‘I would sooner -forfeit my life,’ answered Cranmer, ‘than do anything against my -conscience to gratify my ambition.’[245] - -Henry vexed at these delays, again summoned Cranmer to the palace, and -bade him speak without fear. ‘If I accept this office,’ replied that -sincere man, ‘I must receive it from the hands of the pope, and this my -conscience will not permit me to do.... Neither the pope nor any other -foreign prince has authority in this realm.’[246] Such a reason as this -had great weight with Henry. He was silent for a little while as if -reflecting,[247] and then said to Cranmer: ‘Can you prove what you have -just said?’ ‘Certainly I can,’ answered the doctor; ‘Holy Scripture and -the Fathers support the supreme authority of kings in their kingdoms, -and thus prove the claims of the pope to be a miserable usurpation.’ - -Such a statement bound Henry to take another step in his reforms. As he -had not yet thought of establishing bishops and archbishops without the -pope, he sent for some learned lawyers, and asked them how he could -confer the episcopal dignity on Cranmer without wounding the conscience -of the future primate. The lawyers proposed, that as Cranmer refused to -submit to the Roman primacy, some one should be sent to Rome to do in -his stead all that the law required. ‘Let another do it if he likes,’ -said Cranmer, ‘but _super animam suam_, at the risk of his soul. As for -me I declare I will not acknowledge the authority of the pope any -further than it agrees with the Word of God; and that I reserve the -right of speaking against him and of attacking his errors.’ - -The lawyers found bad precedents to justify a bad measure. ‘Archbishop -Warham,’ they said, ‘while preserving the advantages he derived from the -state, protested against everything the state did prejudicial to Rome. -If the deceased archbishop preserved the rights of the papacy, why -should not the new one preserve those of the kingdom?... Besides (they -added) the pope knows very well that when they make oath to him, every -bishop does so _salvo ordine meo_, without prejudice to the rights of -his order.’[248] - -It having been conceded that in the act of consecration ‘the rights of -the word of God’ should be reserved, Cranmer consented to become primate -of England. Henry VIII., who was less advanced in practice than in -theory, all the same demanded of Clement VII. the bulls necessary for -the inauguration of the new archbishop. The pontiff only too happy to -have still something to say to England, hastened to dispatch them, -addressing them directly to Cranmer himself. But the latter who would -accept nothing from the pope, sent them to the king, declaring that he -would not receive his appointment from Rome.[249] - -[Sidenote: Cranmer’s Protest.] - -By accepting the call that was addressed to him, Cranmer meant to break -with the order of the Middle Ages, and re-establish, so far as was in -his power, that of the Gospel. But he would not conceal his intentions: -all must be done in the light of day. On the 30th of March, 1533, he -summoned to the chapter-house of Westminster Watkins, the king’s -prothonotary, with other dignitaries of the Church and State. On -entering, he took up a paper, and read aloud and distinctly: ‘I, Thomas, -Archbishop of Canterbury, protest openly, publicly, and expressly,[250] -that I will not bind myself by oath to anything contrary to the law of -God, the rights of the King of England, and the laws of the realm; and -that I will not be bound in aught that concerns liberty of speech, the -government of the Church of England, and the reformation of all things -that may seem to be necessary to be reformed therein. If my -representative with the pope has taken in my name an oath contrary to my -duty, I declare that he has done so without my knowledge, and that the -said oath shall be null. I desire this protest to be repeated at each -period of the present ceremony.’[251] Then turning to the prothonotary: -‘I beg you to prepare as many copies as may be necessary of this my -protest.’ - -Cranmer left the chapter-house and entered the abbey, where the clergy -and a numerous crowd awaited him. He was not satisfied with once -declaring his independence of the papacy; he desired to do it several -times. The greater the antiquity of the Romish power in Britain, the -more he felt the necessity of proclaiming the supremacy of the divine -Word. Having put on his sacerdotal robes, Cranmer stood at the top of -the steps of the high altar, and said, turning towards the assembly: ‘I -declare that I take the oath required of me only under the reserve -contained in the protest I have made this day in the chapter-house.’ -Then bending his knees before the altar, he read it a second time in -presence of the bishops, priests, and people;[252] after which the -bishops of Lincoln, Exeter, and St. Asaph consecrated him to the -episcopate. - -The archbishop, standing before the altar, prepared to receive the -pallium, but first he had a duty to fulfil: if he sacrificed his repose, -he did not intend to sacrifice his convictions. For the third time he -took up the protest, and again read it[253] before the immense crowd -that filled the cathedral.[254] The accustomed order of the ceremony -having been twice interrupted by an extraordinary declaration, all were -at liberty to praise or blame the action of the prelate as they pleased. -Cranmer having thus thrice published his reserves, read at last the oath -which the Archbishops of Canterbury were accustomed to make to St. Peter -and to the holy apostolic Church of Rome, with the usual protest: _salvo -meo ordine_ (without prejudice to my order). - -Cranmer’s triple protest was an act of Christian decision. Some time -afterwards he said: ‘I made that protest in good faith: I always loved -simplicity and hated falseness.’ But it was wrong of him to use after it -the formula ordinarily employed in consecrations. Doubtless it was -nothing more than a form; a form that was imposed by the king, and -Cranmer protested against all the bad it might contain: still ‘it is -necessary to walk consistently in all things,’ as Calvin says;[255] and -we here meet with one of those weaknesses which sometimes appear in the -life of the pious reformer of England. He ought at no price to have made -oath to the pope; that oath was a stain which in some measure tinged the -whole of his episcopate. Yet if we were to condemn him severely, we -should be forgetting that striking truth—_in many things we offend all_. -Cranmer was the first in the breach, and he has claims to the -consideration of those who are comfortably established in a position -gained by him with so much suffering. The energy with which he thrice -proclaimed his independence deserves our admiration. Nevertheless all -weakness is a fault, and when that fault is committed in high station it -may lead to fatal consequences. The sanctity of the oath taken by -churchmen was compromised by Cranmer’s act, and we have seen in later -times other divines secretly communing with Romish doctrines while -appearing to reject popery. There have sometimes been disguised papists -in the protestant Church of England. - -[Sidenote: Cranmer’s Labors.] - -After the ceremony the new archbishop returned to his place at Lambeth. -From that hour this patron of letters, a scholar himself, a truly pious -man, a distinguished preacher, and of indefatigable industry, never -ceased to labor for the good of the Church. He was able to introduce -Christian faith into many hearts, and sometimes to defend it against the -king’s ill-humor. He constantly endeavored to spread around him -moderation, charity, truth, piety, and peace. When Cranmer became -primate of all England, on the 30th of March, 1533, in that cathedral of -Westminster, the burial-place of kings, the papal order was interred, -and it might be foreseen that the apostolic order would be revived. -England preserved episcopacy because it was the form under which she had -received Christianity in the second century, and because she thought it -necessary for the functions of inspection and government in the Church. -But she rejected that Roman superstition which makes bishops the sole -successors of the apostles, and maintains that they are invested with an -indelible character and a spiritual power which no other minister -possesses.[256] ‘Most assuredly,’ said Cranmer, ‘at the beginning of the -religion of Christ, bishops and presbyters (priests) were not two -things, but one only.’[257] He declared that a bishop was not necessary -to make a pastor; that not only presbyters possessed this right, but -‘_the people also by their election_.’ ‘Before there were Christian -princes, it was the people,’ he said, ‘who generally elected the bishops -and priests.’ Cranmer was not the only man who professed these -principles, which make of the episcopalian and the presbyterian -constitution two varieties, having many things in common. The most -venerable fathers of the Anglican Church—Pilkington, Coverdale, -Whitgift, Fulke, Tyndale, Jewel, Bradford, Becon, and others—have -acknowledged the identity of bishops and presbyters. By the Reformation, -England belongs not to the papistical system of episcopacy, but to the -evangelical system. A public act which would bring back that Church to -her holy origin, would be a source of great prosperity to her. - -The great reformers of England did not separate from Rome only, but also -from the semi-catholicism that was intended to be substituted for it. To -them the spirit and the life were in the ministry of the Word of God, -and not in rites and ceremonies. By their noble example they have called -all men of God to follow them. - -Footnote 221: - - ‘Protestamur quod nolumus alicui statuto edito in derogationem Romani - pontificis consentire.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 746. - -Footnote 222: - - There is a letter of his dated from Hampton Court, 12th June, 1531. - -Footnote 223: - - Cotton Ms., Vitellius, bk. xxi. p. 54. - -Footnote 224: - - ‘Commendatus primoribus civitatis facundia sua.’—Camerarius - _Melanchthonis Vita_, p. 285. - -Footnote 225: - - ‘It excludeth them from the office of justifying.’—_Homily of - Salvation._ Cranmer, _Works_, ii. p. 129 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 226: - - ‘Christ is corporally in heaven and spiritually in his lively - members.’—Cranmer, _On the Lord’s Supper_, p. 33. - -Footnote 227: - - Lutheri _Opp._ xxii. p. 1808. - -Footnote 228: - - Cranmer, _Works_, p. 219 (Parker Soc.). - -Footnote 229: - - ‘Hæc erat neptis uxoris Osiandri.’—Godwin, _Annales Angl._ p. 167. - -Footnote 230: - - 1 Timothy iv. 3. - -Footnote 231: - - Seckendorf, _Hist. Lutheranismi_, 1532. - -Footnote 232: - - Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 232. - -Footnote 233: - - Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 332. - -Footnote 234: - - Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. 65. - -Footnote 235: - - ‘Thinking that he would be forgetful of me in the meantime.’—Cranmer, - _Remains_, p. 216. - -Footnote 236: - - ‘I found in no town, man, woman, nor child, meat, drink, nor - bedding.’—Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 223. - -Footnote 237: - - Ibid, p. 225. - -Footnote 238: - - Le Grand, _Histoire du Divorce_, i. p. 229. - -Footnote 239: - - _History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century_, tom. ii. bk. - ii. ch. xxi. - -Footnote 240: - - This is the date given by Hall, _Chronicles_, fol. 209; Holinshed, - _Chronicles_, iii, p. 629; Strype, _Cranmer’s Mem._ p. 16; Collyers, - ii. p. 71. Others hesitate between November and January (1533); - Burnet, i. p. 121; Herbert, p. 369; Benger, p. 336, &c. - -Footnote 241: - - ‘They judge him a man right worthy to be high in favor and authority - with his prince.’—_State Papers_ (Henry VIII.) vii. p. 391. - -Footnote 242: - - Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. 66. - -Footnote 243: - - ‘Aliquid intus.’ - -Footnote 244: - - ‘I am unwilling to be made a bishop.’ ‘I desire you to be a - bishop.’—Fuller, _Eccl. Hist._ bk. v. p. 184. - -Footnote 245: - - Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. 66. - -Footnote 246: - - Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 223. - -Footnote 247: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 248: - - Bossuet makes this remark when speaking of Cranmer’s oath.—_Histoire - des Variations_, liv. vii. p. 11. - -Footnote 249: - - ‘Quas bullas obtulit tum regi.’ Lambeth MS. No. 1136. - -Footnote 250: - - ‘Palam et publice et expresse protestor.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. - 757. - -Footnote 251: - - ‘Quas protestationes in omnibus clausulis et sententiis dictorum - juramentorum repetitas et recitatas volo.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. - p. 757. - -Footnote 252: - - ‘Eandem sedulam perlegit.’—Lambeth MS. No. 2106. - -Footnote 253: - - ‘Qua protestatione per eundem reverendissimum tertio facta.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 254: - - ‘In the presence of so much people as the church could hold.’—Card. - Pole. - -Footnote 255: - - ‘Il faut marcher rondement en toutes choses.’ - -Footnote 256: - - Concilium Tridentinum, Sessio prima. - -Footnote 257: - - Resolutions of certain bishops. Burnet, _Records_, bk. iii. art. 21; - Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 117. - - - - - CHAPTER XVII. -QUEEN CATHERINE DESCENDS FROM THE THRONE, AND QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN ASCENDS - IT. - (NOVEMBER 1532 TO JULY 1553.) - - -Cranmer was on the archiepiscopal throne: if Anne Boleyn were now to -take her seat on the royal throne by the side of Henry, it was the -pope’s opinion that everything would be lost. Clement recurred once more -to his favorite suggestion of bigamy, already advised by him in 1528 and -1530. True, this suggestion could not be acceptable either to Henry or -to Charles V., but that made it all the better in the eyes of the -pontiff: he would then have the appearance of assenting to the king’s -plans without running the least risk of seeing them realized. ‘Rather -than do what his Majesty asks,’ he said to one of the English envoys, ‘I -would prefer granting him the necessary dispensation to have two wives: -that would be a smaller scandal.’[258] - -[Sidenote: Tenacity Of The Pope.] - -The tenacity with which the pope advised Henry again and again to commit -the crime of bigamy has not prevented the most illustrious advocates of -catholicism from exclaiming that ‘to have two wives at once is a mystery -of iniquity, of which there is no example in Christendom.’[259] A -singular assertion after a cardinal and then a pope had on several -occasions advised what they called ‘a mystery of iniquity.’ Again, for -the third time, the king refused a remedy that was worse than the -disease. - -The pope wished at any price to prevent Rome from losing England; and -turning to the other side, he resolved to try to gain over Charles V. -and prevail upon him not to oppose the divorce. In order to succeed, -Clement determined to undertake a journey to Bologna in the worst season -of the year. He started on the 18th of November with six cardinals and a -certain number of attendants, and took twenty days to reach that city by -way of Perugia. Most of his officers had done everything to dissuade him -from this painful expedition, but in vain. The rain fell in torrents; -the rivers were swollen and unfordable; the roads muddy and broken up; -the mules sank of fatigue one after another; the couriers who preceded -him solicited the pope to travel on foot: and at last his Holiness’s -favorite mule broke its leg. It mattered not: he must oppose the -Reformation of England: the poor pontiff, already sick, had but this one -idea. But the discomforts of the journey increased; the pope often -arrived at inns where there was no bed, and had to sleep among the -straw.[260] At last he reached Bologna on the 7th of December, but in -such a plight that, notwithstanding his love for ceremonies, he entered -the city furtively. - -Another disappointment awaited him. The Cardinal of Ancona died, the -most influential member of the Sacred College, and on whom Clement -relied to gain over the emperor, who greatly respected him. But this did -not cool the pontiff’s zeal: ‘I am thoroughly decided to please the king -in this great matter,’[261] he said to Henry’s envoys, and added: ‘To -have universal concord between all the princes of Christendom, I would -give a joint of my hand.’[262] In fact Clement set to work and went so -far as to tell Charles that, according to the theologians, the pope had -no right to grant a dispensation for a marriage between brother and -sister; but the emperor was immovable. The pope then proposed a truce of -three or four years between Henry, Francis, and Charles, during which he -would convoke a general council, to whom he would remit the whole -affair. Francis informed Henry that all this was nothing but a -trick.[263] - -[Sidenote: Henry Marries Anne Boleyn.] - -The king, convinced that the pope was trifling with him, no longer -hesitated to follow the course which the interests of his people and his -own happiness seemed to point out. He determined that Anne Boleyn should -be his wife and Queen of England also. It was now that, according to the -second hypothesis, the marriage took place. Cranmer states in a letter -written on the 17th of June, 1533, that he did not perform the ceremony, -that he did not hear of it until a fortnight after, and that it was -celebrated ‘much about Saint Paul’s day last[264] (25th of January, -1533). Which date must we accept: this, or the 15th of November, given -by Hall, Hollinshed, Burnet, and others? Cranmer’s language is not -precise enough to settle the question. - -Whatever may have been the date of the marriage—November or January—it -became the universal topic of conversation in the beginning of 1533; -people did not speak of it publicly, but in private, some attacking and -others defending it. If the members of the Romish party circulated -ridiculous stories and outrageous calumnies against Anne, the members of -the national party replied that the purity of her life, her moderation, -her chastity, her mildness, her discretion, her noble and exalted -parentage, her pleasing manners, and (they added somewhat later) her -fitness to give a successor to the crown of England, made her worthy of -the royal favor.[265] Men may have gone too far in their reproaches as -well as in their eulogies. - -This important step on the part of Henry VIII. was accompanied with an -explosion of murmurs against Clement VII. ‘The pope,’ he said, ‘wanders -from the path of the Redeemer, who was obedient in this world to -princes. What! must a prince submit to the arrogance of a human being -whom God has put under him? Must a king humble himself before that man -above whom he stands by the will of God? No! that would be a perversion -of the order God has established.’ This is what Henry represented to -Francis through Lord Rochford;[266] but the words did not touch the King -of France, for the emperor was just then making several concessions to -him, and the evangelicals of Paris were annoying him. From that hour the -cordial feeling between the two monarchs gradually decreased. England -turned her eyes more and more towards the Gospel, and France towards -Rome. Just at the time when Anne Boleyn was about to reign in the -palaces of Whitehall and Windsor, Catherine de Medicis was entering -those of St. Germain and Fontainebleau. The contrast between the two -nations became daily more distinct and striking: England was advancing -towards liberty, and France towards the dragonnades. - -[Sidenote: Brief Of Excommunication.] - -The divorce between Rome and Whitehall soon became manifest. A brief of -Clement VII. posted in February on the doors of all the churches in -Flanders, in the states of the king’s enemy, and as near to England as -possible, attracted a great number of readers.[267] ‘What shall we do?’ -said the pontiff to Henry. ‘Shall we neglect thy soul’s safety?... We -exhort thee, our son, under pain of excommunication, to restore Queen -Catherine to the royal honors which are due to her, to cohabit with her, -and to cease to associate publicly with Anne; and that within a month -from the day on which this brief shall be presented to thee. Otherwise, -when the said term shall have elapsed, we pronounce thee and the said -Anne to be _ipso facto_ excommunicate, and command all men to shun and -avoid your presence.’[268] It would appear that this document, demanded -by the imperialists, had been posted throughout Flanders without the -pope’s knowledge.[269] - -A copy was immediately forwarded to the king by his agents. He was -surprised and agitated, but believed at last that it was forged by his -enemies.[270] How could he imagine that the pope, just at the very time -he was showing the king especial marks of his affection,[271] would -(even conditionally) have anathematized and isolated him in the midst of -his people? Henry sent a copy of the document to Benet, his agent at -Rome, and desired him to ascertain carefully whether it did really -proceed from the pope or not. - -Benet presented the document to Clement as a paper forwarded to him by -his friends in Flanders. The latter was ‘ashamed and in great -perplexity,’ wrote the envoy.[272] He then read it again more -attentively, stopped at certain passages, and seemed as if he were -choking. Having come to the end, he expressed his surprise, and -pretended that the copy differed from the original. ‘There is one -mistake in particular which almost chokes the pope every time it is -mentioned,’ wrote Benet to Cromwell. This mistake was the including of -Queen Anne Boleyn in the censure, without giving her previous warning, -which (they said) was contrary to all the commandments of God. -Accordingly Dr. Benet received orders to bring up this mistake -frequently in his audiences with the pope; and he did not fail to do so. -At this moment, in which he was about to lose England, the pope was more -uneasy at having committed an error of form with regard to Anne Boleyn -than with having struck the monarch of a powerful kingdom with an -interdict. There is, besides, no doubt that he dictated the unhappy -phrase himself. - -Benet and his friends took advantage of the pope’s vexation, and even -increased it: they communicated the brief to the dignitaries of the -Church in Clement’s household, and the latter acknowledged that the -document must be offensive to his Majesty of England, and that ‘the pope -was much to blame.’[273] Benet transmitted the pontiff’s _errata_ to the -king, but it was too late: the blow had taken effect. The indignant -Henry was about to proceed ostentatiously to the very acts which Rome -threatened with her thunders. - -Whilst the pope was hesitating, England firmly pursued her emancipation. -Parliament met on the 4th of February, and the boldest language was -uttered. ‘The people of England, in accord with their king,’ said -eloquent speakers, ‘have the right to decide supremely on all things -both temporal and spiritual;[274] and certainly the English possess -intelligence enough for that. And yet, in spite of the prohibitions -issued by so many of our princes, we see bulls arriving every moment -from Rome to regulate wills, marriages, divorces—everything, in short. -We propose that henceforward these matters be decided solely before the -national tribunals.’ The law passed. Appeals, instead of being made to -Rome, were to be made in the first instance to the bishop, then to the -archbishop, and, if the king was interested in the cause, to the Upper -Chamber of the ecclesiastical Convocation. - -The king took immediate advantage of this law to inquire of Convocation -whether the pope could authorize a man to marry his brother’s widow. Out -of sixty-six present, and one hundred and ninety-seven who voted by -proxy, there were only nineteen in the Upper House who voted against the -king. The opposition was stronger in the Lower House; but even this -agreed with the other house in declaring that Pope Julius II. had -exceeded his authority in giving Henry a dispensation, and that the -marriage, was consequently null from the very first. - -[Sidenote: Cranmer’s Letter.] - -Nothing remained now but to proceed to the divorce. On the 11th of -April, two days before Easter, Cranmer, as archbishop, wrote a letter to -the king, in which he set forth, that desiring to fill the office of -Archbishop of Canterbury, ‘according to the laws of God and Holy Church, -for the relief of the grievances and infirmities of the people, God’s -subjects and yours in spiritual causes,’[275] he prayed his Majesty’s -favor for that office.[276] Cranmer did not decline the royal -intervention, but he avoided confounding spiritual with temporal -affairs.[277] - -Henry, who was doubtless waiting impatiently for this letter, was -alarmed as he read the words ‘according to the laws of God and Holy -Church.’ God and the Church.... Well! but what of the king and the royal -supremacy? The primate seemed to assert the right of acting _proprio -motu_, and, while asking the king’s favor, to be doing a simple act of -courtesy.... Did the Church of England claim to take the pontiff’s place -and station, and leave the king aside?... That was not what Henry meant. -Tired of the pretensions of the Pope of Rome, would he suffer a pope on -a small scale at his side? He intended to be master in his own -kingdom—master of everything. The letter must be modified, and this -Henry intimated to Cranmer. - -That day or the next after the one on which this letter had been written -there was a great festival at court in honor of Anne Boleyn. ‘Queen Anne -that evening went in state to her closet openly as queen,’ says Hall. It -was probably during this festival that the king, taking the prelate -aside, desired him to suppress the unwelcome passage. The idea suggested -by an eminent historian, that Cranmer sent both the letters together to -Henry that he might choose which he would prefer, seems to me -inadmissible. Cranmer, as it would appear, submitted, waiting for better -days. On returning to Lambeth, he recopied his letter, omitting the -words which had been pointed out. Not content with asking the king’s -_favor_, he desired his _license_, his authorization to proceed. He -dated his second letter the same day, and sent it to his master, who was -satisfied with it.[278] - -This alone did not satisfy Henry: in his reply to the archbishop, he -marked still more strongly his intention not to have in England a -primate independent of the crown: ‘Ye, therefore, duly recognizing that -it becometh you not, being our subject, to enterprise any part of your -said office _without our license obtained so to do_.... In consideration -of these things, albeit we, being your king and sovereign, do recognize -no superior upon earth but only God; yet, because ye be under us, by -God’s calling and ours, the most principal minister of our spiritual -jurisdiction, we will not refuse your humble request.’ - -This language was clear. Henry VIII. did not, however, claim the -arbitrary authority to which the pope pretended: human and divine laws -were to be the supreme rule in England; but he, the king, was to be -their chief interpreter. Cranmer must understand that. ‘To these laws -we, as a Christian king,’ wrote Henry, ‘have always heretofore -submitted, and shall ever most obediently submit ourselves.’ The -ecclesiastical system which Henry VIII. established in England in 1533 -was not a free Church in a free State, and there is no reason to be -surprised at it. - -Cranmer, having received the royal license, set out for Mortloke manor -to prepare the act which, for six years, had kept England and the -continent in suspense. Taking the Bishops of Lincoln and Winchester and -some lawyers with him, he proceeded quietly and without ostentation to -the priory of Dunstable, five miles from Ampthill, where Queen Catherine -was staying. He wished to avoid the notoriety of a trial held in London. - -[Sidenote: Ecclesiastical Court.] - -The ecclesiastical court being duly formed, Henry and Catherine were -summoned to appear before it on the 10th of May. The king was present by -attorney; but the queen replied: ‘My cause is before the pope; I accept -no other judge.’ A fresh summons was immediately made out for the 12th -of May, and, as the queen appeared neither in person nor by any of her -servants, she was pronounced contumacious,[279] and the trial went -forward. The king was informed every night of each day’s proceedings, -and he was often in great anxiety. Some unexpected event, an appeal from -Catherine, the sudden intervention of the pope or of the emperor might -stop everything. His courtiers were on the watch for news. Anne said -nothing, but her heart beat quick; and the ambitious Cromwell, whose -fortunes depended on the success of the matter, was sometimes in great -alarm. Cranmer rested on the declarations of Scripture, and showed much -equity and uprightness during the trial.[280] ‘I have willingly injured -no human being,’ he said. But he knew the queen had numerous partisans; -they would conjure her, perhaps, to appear before her judges. There -would then be a great stir, and the voice of the people would be -heard.[281] The archbishop could hardly restrain his emotion as he -thought of this. He must indeed expect an inflexible resistance on the -part of the queen; but, in the midst of all the agitation around her, -she alone remained calm and resolute. Her hand had grasped the pope’s -robe, and nothing could make her let it go. ‘I am the king’s lawful -wife,’ she repeated; ‘I am Queen of England. My daughter is the king’s -child: I place her in her father’s hands.’ - -On Wednesday the 23d of May, the primate, attended by all the -archiepiscopal court, proceeded to the church of St. Peter’s priory at -Dunstable, in order to deliver the final judgment of divorce. A few -persons attracted by curiosity were present; but, although Dunstable was -near Ampthill, all of Catherine’s household kept themselves respectfully -aloof from an act which was to deal their mistress such a grievous blow. -The primate, after reciting the decisions of the several universities, -provincial councils, and other premises, continued: ‘Therefore we, -Thomas, archbishop, primate, and legate, having first called upon the -name of Christ, and having God altogether before our eyes, do pronounce -and declare that the marriage between our sovereign lord King Henry and -the most serene Lady Catherine, widow of his brother, having been -contracted contrary to the law of God, is null and void; and therefore -we sentence that it is not lawful for the said most illustrious Prince -Henry and the said most serene Lady Catherine to remain in the said -pretended marriage.’[282] The act, drawn up very carefully by two -notaries, was immediately sent to the king. - -The divorce was pronounced, and Henry was free. Many persons gave way to -feelings of alarm: they thought that all Europe would combine against -England. ‘The pope will excommunicate the English,’ said some; ‘and then -the emperor will destroy them.’ But, on the other hand, the majority of -the nation desired to have done with a subject which had been agitating -their minds during the last seven years. England, getting out of a -labyrinth from which she had never expected to find an issue, began to -breathe again. - -Catherine’s marriage was declared to be null: it only remained now to -recognize Anne Boleyn’s. On the 28th of May, an archiepiscopal court -held at Lambeth, in the primate’s palace, officially declared that Henry -and Anne had been lawfully wedded, and the king had now no thought but -how to seal his union by the pomp of a coronation. It would certainly -have been preferable had the new queen taken her seat quietly on the -throne; but slanderous reports made it necessary for the king to present -his wife to the people in all the splendor of royalty. - -[Sidenote: Anne Presented To The People.] - -At three o’clock in the afternoon of Thursday before Whitsuntide, a -magnificent procession started from Greenwich. Fifty barges, adorned -with rich banners, conveyed the representatives of the different city -companies, and the metropolis joyfully hailed a union that promised to -inaugurate a future of light and faith: it was almost a religious -festival. On the banner of the Fishmongers was the inscription, _All -worship belongs to God alone_; on that of the Haberdashers, _My trust is -in God only_; on that of the Grocers, _God gives grace_; and on that of -the Goldsmiths, _To God alone be all the glory_. The city of London thus -asserted, in the presence of the immense crowd, the principles of the -Reformation. The lord mayor’s barge immediately preceded the galley, all -hung with cloth of gold, in which Anne was seated. Near it floated -another gay barge, on which a little mountain was contrived, planted -with red and white roses, in the midst of which sat a number of young -maidens singing to the accompaniment of sweet music. A hundred richly -ornamented barques, carrying the nobility of England, brought up the -magnificent procession, and a countless number of boats and skiffs -covered the river. The moment Anne set her foot on shore at the Tower, a -thousand trumpets sounded points of triumph, and all the guns of the -fortress fired such a peal as had seldom been heard before.[283] - -Henry, who liked the sound of cannon, met Anne at the gate and kissed -her, and the new queen entered in triumph that vast fortress from which, -three years later, she was to issue, by order of the same prince, to -mount, an innocent victim, the cruel scaffold. She smiled courteously on -all around; and yet, seized with a sudden emotion, she sometimes -trembled, as if, instead of the joyous flowers on which she trod with -light and graceful foot, she saw a deep gulf yawning beneath her. - -The king and queen passed the whole of the next day (Friday) at the -Tower. On Saturday Anne left it for Westminster.[284] The streets were -gay with banners, and the houses were hung with velvet and cloth of -gold. All the orders of the State and Church, the ambassadors of France -and Venice, and the officers of the court, opened the procession. The -queen was carried in a magnificent litter covered with white cloth shot -with gold, her head, which she held modestly inclined, being encircled -with a wreath of precious stones. The people who crowded the streets -were full of enthusiasm, and seemed to triumph more than she did -herself. - -The next day, Whit-Sunday, she proceeded for the coronation to the -ancient abbey of Westminster, where the bishops and the court had been -summoned to meet her. She took her seat in a rich chair, whence she -presently descended to the high altar and knelt down. After the -prescribed prayers she rose, and the archbishop placed the crown of St. -Edward upon her head. She then took the sacrament and retired; the Earl -of Wiltshire, her father, trembling with emotion, took her right hand -... he was at the pinnacle of happiness, and yet he was uneasy. Alas! a -caprice of the man who had raised his daughter to the throne might be -sufficient to hurl her from it! Anne herself, in the midst of all these -pomps, greater than any ever seen before at the coronation of an English -queen, could not entirely forget the princess whose place she had now -taken. Might not she be rejected in her turn?... In such a thought there -was enough to make her shudder. - -[Sidenote: Feelings Of The New Queen.] - -Anne did not find in her marriage with Henry the happiness she had -dreamt, and a cloud was often seen passing across those features once so -radiant. The idol to which this young woman had sacrificed -everything—the splendor of a throne—did not satisfy her longings for -happiness: she looked within herself, and found once more, as queen, -that attraction towards the doctrine of the Gospel which she had felt in -the society of Margaret of Valois, and which, amid her ambitious -pursuits, had been almost extinguished in her heart. She discovered that -for those who have everything, as well as for those who have nothing, -there is only one single good—God himself. She did not probably give -herself up entirely to Him, for her best impressions were often -fugitive; but she took advantage of her power to assist those who she -knew were devoted to the Gospel. She petitioned for the pardon of John -Lambert, who was still in prison, and that faithful confessor of Jesus -Christ settled in London, where he began to teach children Latin and -Greek, without however neglecting the defence of truth.[285] - -Two women had for some time attracted the eyes of all England—the one -who was ascending the throne, and the other who was descending from it. -Nothing awakens the sympathy of generous souls more than misfortune, and -particularly innocence in misfortune; and accordingly Catherine’s fate -will always excite a lively interest, even in the ranks of -protestantism. We must not forget, however, that Catherine’s cause was -that of the old times and of the Roman papacy, and that Anne’s cause was -identified with that light, liberty, and new life which have -distinguished modern times. It is true, Catherine died in disgrace, but -in peace, surrounded by her women, her officers, her faithful servants; -while the youthful Anne, separated from her friends, alone on a -scaffold, praying God to bless the prince who put her to death, had her -head cruelly cut off by the hangman’s sword. If on the one side there -was innocence and divorce, on the other there was innocence and -martyrdom. - -The king, who had informed Catherine through Lord Mountjoy of the -archiepiscopal sentence, officially communicated his divorce and -marriage to the various crowned heads of Europe, and particularly to the -King of France, the emperor, and the pope. The latter on the 11th of -July annulled the sentence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared the -king’s marriage with Anne Boleyn unlawful, and threatened to -excommunicate both, unless they separated before the end of September. -Henry angrily commanded his theologians to demonstrate that the bull was -a nullity, recalled his ambassador, the Duke of Norfolk, and said that -the moment was come for all monarchs and all Christian people to -withdraw from under the yoke of the Bishop of Rome. ‘The pope and his -cardinals,’ he wrote to Francis I., ‘pretend to have princes, who are -free persons, at their beck and commandment. Sire, you and I and all the -princes of Christendom must unite for the preservation of our rights, -liberties, and privileges; we must alienate the greatest part of -Christendom from the see of Rome.’[286] - -But Henry had scholastic prejudices, which made him fall into the -strangest contradictions. While he was employing his diplomacy to -isolate the pope, he still prayed him to declare the nullity of his -marriage with Catherine.[287] It is not at the court of this prince that -we must look for the real Reformation: we must go in search of it -elsewhere. - -Footnote 258: - - ‘Multo, minus scandalosum fuisset, dispensare cum Majestate vestra - super duabus uxoribus.’—Record Office MS. - -Footnote 259: - - Bossuet, _Hist. des Variations_, liv. vi. - -Footnote 260: - - ‘Compelled to lie in the straw.’—_State Papers_ (Henry VIII.), part - vii. p. 394. - -Footnote 261: - - ‘Utterly resolve to do pleasure to your Highness.’—Benet to Henry - VIII., _State Papers_, pp. 401, 402. - -Footnote 262: - - ‘He would it had cost him a joint of his hand.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 263: - - ‘Your Grace should give no credence thereto, for it is but - dissimulation.—Ibid. p. 422. - -Footnote 264: - - Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 246. - -Footnote 265: - - ‘The purity of her life, her constant virginity.’—Burnet, _Records_, - iii. p. 64; see, also, Wyatt, _Memoirs of Anne Boleyn_, p. 437. - -Footnote 266: - - Henry’s instructions to the Earl of Rochford are written in French, - probably that they might be shown to Francis.—_State papers_, vii. pp. - 429-431. - -Footnote 267: - - _State Papers_, vii. p. 421. A note mentions that the document cannot - be found. It is evidently the brief given by Le Grand, _Preuves du - Divorce_, p. 558. - -Footnote 268: - - ‘Te et ipsam Annam, excommunicationis pœna, innodatos declaramus.’—Le - Grand, _Preuves_, p. 567. - -Footnote 269: - - ‘Granted by the pope at the suits of the imperials.’—_State Papers_, - vii. p. 454. - -Footnote 270: - - ‘He can hardly believe it to be true rather than to be - counterfeited.’—Ibid. p. 421. - -Footnote 271: - - ‘In derogation both of justice and the affection lately shown by his - Holiness unto us.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 272: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 273: - - _State Papers_, vii. p. 454. - -Footnote 274: - - Statute against appeals, 24 Henry VIII. cap. 12; Collyers, _Ch. - History_, ii. - -Footnote 275: - - Wilkins, _Concilia Mag. Britanniæ_, iii. pp. 756-759. Rymer, Fœdera, - vi. p. 179. - -Footnote 276: - - _State Papers_ (Henry VIII.), i. p. 390. - -Footnote 277: - - ‘Your sufferance and grants.’—_State Papers_ (Henry VIII.), i. p. 390. - -Footnote 278: - - The two letters are in the State Paper Office; they are in Cranmer’s - handwriting, and appear to have been read, both of them, by the king. - Our hypothesis touching these letters differs from that of Mr. Froude - (_Hist. England_, i. p. 440). _State Papers_ (Henry VIII.), i. pp. - 390, 391. - -Footnote 279: - - ‘Vere et manifeste contumacem.’—_State Papers_ (Henry VIII.) i. p. - 394. - -Footnote 280: - - ‘My lord of Canterbury handleth himself very uprightly.’—Ibid. p. 395. - -Footnote 281: - - ‘A great bruit and voice of the people.’—Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 342. - -Footnote 282: - - ‘Non licere in eodem prætenso matrimonio remanere.’—Wilkins, - _Concilia_, iii. p. 759; Rymer, _Fœdera_, vi. p. 182. - -Footnote 283: - - Cranmer, _Remains_, p. 245. - -Footnote 284: - - Mr. Froude says that Anne went to the Tower on the 19th of May, and - that she quitted it for Westminster on the 31st, so that she resided - there for eleven days (_History of England_, i. pp. 450, 451). That - appears hardly probable, and is in contradiction to Cranmer’s - narrative, where we read: ‘Her grace came to the Tower on Thursday at - night.... Friday all day the king and queen tarried there.... The next - day, which was Saturday, the knights rid before the queen’s grace - towards Westminster.’—_Letters_, p. 245. - -Footnote 285: - - ‘Lambert delivered ... by the coming of Queen Anne.’—Foxe, _Acts_, v. - p. 225. - -Footnote 286: - - ‘To the clear alienation of a great part of Christendom from that - see.’—_State Papers_, vii. p. 477. - -Footnote 287: - - ‘That the matrimony was and is naught.’—Ibid. p. 498. - - - - - CHAPTER XVIII. - A REFORMER IN PRISON. - (AUGUST 1532 TO MAY 1533.) - - -[Sidenote: Fryth’s Noble Character.] - -One of the leading scholars of England was about to seal the testimony -of his faith with blood. John Fryth had been one of the most brilliant -stars of the university of Cambridge. ‘It would hardly be possible to -find his equal in learning,’ said many. Accordingly Wolsey had invited -him to his college at Oxford, and Henry VIII. had desired to place him -among the number of his theologians. But the mysteries of the Word of -God had more attraction for Fryth than those of science: the wants of -conscience prevailed in him over those of the intellect, and neglecting -his own glory, he sought only to be useful to mankind.[288] A sincere, -decided, and yet moderate Christian, preaching the Gospel with great -purity and love, this man of thirty seemed destined to become one of the -most influential reformers of England. Nothing could have prevented his -playing the foremost part, if he had had Luther’s enthusiastic energy or -Calvin’s indomitable power. There were less strong, but perhaps more -amiable features in his character; he taught with gentleness those who -were opposed to the truth, and while many, as Foxe says,[289] ‘take the -bellows in hand to blow the fire, but few there are that will seek to -quench it,’ Fryth sought after peace. Controversies between protestants -distressed him. ‘The opinions for which men go to war,’ he said, ‘do not -deserve those great tragedies of which they make us spectators. Let -there be no longer any question among us of Zwinglians or Lutherans, for -neither Zwingle nor Luther died for us, and we must be one in Christ -Jesus.’[290] This servant of Christ, meek and lowly of heart, like his -Master, never disputed even with papists, unless obliged to do so.[291] - -A true catholicism which embraced all Christians was Fryth’s distinctive -feature as a reformer. He was not one of those who imagine that a -national Church ought to think only of its own nation; but of those who -believe that if a Church is the depositary of the truth, she is so for -all the earth; and that a religion is not good, if it has no longing to -extend itself to all the races of mankind. There were some strongly -marked national elements in the English Reformation: the king and the -parliament; but there was also a universal element: a lively faith in -the Saviour of the world. No one in the sixteenth century represented -this truly catholic element better than Fryth. ‘I understand the Church -of God in a wide sense,’ he said. ‘It contains all those whom we regard -as members of Christ. It is a net thrown into the sea.’[292] This -principle, sown at that time as a seed in the English Reformation, was -one day to cover the world with missionaries. - -Fryth, having declined the brilliant offers the king had made to him -through Cromwell and Vaughan, joined Tyndale in translating and -publishing the Holy Scriptures in English. While laboring thus for -England, an irresistible desire came over him to circulate the Gospel -there in person. He therefore quitted the Low Countries, returned to -London, and directed his course to Reading, where the prior had been his -friend. Exile had not used him well, and he entered that town miserably -clothed, and more like a beggar than one whom Henry VIII. had desired to -place near him. This was in August 1532. - -His writings had preceded him. Having received, when in the Netherlands, -three works composed in defence of purgatory by three distinguished -men—Rastell, Sir Thomas More’s brother-in-law, More himself, and Fisher, -Bishop of Rochester—Fryth had replied to them: ‘A purgatory! there is -not _one_ only, there are _two_. The first is the _Word of God_, the -second is the _Cross of Christ_: I do not mean the cross of wood, but -the cross of tribulation. But the lives of the papists are so wicked -that they have invented a third.’[293] - -Sir Thomas, exasperated by Fryth’s reply, said with that humorous tone -he often affected, ‘I propose to answer the good young father Fryth, -whose wisdom is such that three old men like my brother Rastell, the -Bishop of Rochester, and myself are mere babies when confronted with -Father Fryth alone.’[294] The exile having returned to England, More had -now the opportunity of avenging himself more effectually than by his -jokes. - -[Sidenote: Fryth In The Stocks.] - -Fryth, as we have said, had entered Reading. His strange air and his -look as of a foreigner arriving from a distant country attracted -attention, and he was taken up for a vagabond. ‘Who are you?’ asked the -magistrate. Fryth, suspecting that he was in the hands of enemies of the -Gospel, refused to give his name, which increased the suspicion, and the -poor young man was set in the stocks. As they gave him but little to -eat, with the intent of forcing him to tell his name, his hunger soon -became insupportable.[295] Knowing the name of the master of the -grammar-school, he asked to speak with him. Leonard Coxe had scarcely -entered the prison, when the pretended vagabond all in rags addressed -him in correct latinity, and began to deplore his miserable captivity. -Never had words more noble been uttered in a dungeon so vile. The -head-master, astonished at so much eloquence, compassionately drew near -the unhappy man and inquired how it came to pass that such a learned -scholar was in such profound wretchedness. Presently he sat down, and -the two men began to talk in Greek about the universities and languages. -Coxe could not make it out: it was no longer simple pity that he felt, -but love, which turned to admiration when he heard the prisoner recite -with the purest accent those noble lines of the _Iliad_ which were so -applicable to his own case: - - ‘Sing, O Muse, - The vengeance deep and deadly; whence to Greece - Unnumbered ills arose; which many a soul - Of mighty warriors to the viewless shades - Untimely sent.’[296] - -Filled with respect, Coxe hurried off to the mayor, complained bitterly -of the wrong done to so remarkable a man, and obtained his liberation. -Homer saved the life of a reformer. - -Fryth departed for London and hastened to join the worshippers who were -accustomed to meet in Bow Lane. He conversed with them and exclaimed: -‘Oh! what consolation to see such a great number of believers walking in -the way of the Lord!’[297] These Christians asked him to expound the -Scriptures to them, and, delighted with his exhortations, they exclaimed -in their turn: ‘If the rule of St. Paul were followed, this man would -certainly make a better bishop than many of those who wear the -mitre.’[298] Instead of the crosier he was to bear the cross. - -[Sidenote: Fryth’s Eloquence.] - -One of those who listened was in great doubt relative to the doctrine of -the Lord’s Supper; and one day, after Fryth had been setting Christ -before them as the food of the Christian soul through faith, this person -followed him and said: ‘Our prelates think differently; they believe -that the bread transformed by consecration becomes the flesh, blood, and -bones of Christ; that even the wicked eat this flesh with their teeth, -and that we must adore the host.... What you have just said refutes -their errors, but I fear that I cannot remember it. Pray commit it to -writing.’ Fryth, who did not like discussions, was alarmed at the -request, and answered; ‘I do not care to touch that terrible -tragedy;’[299] for so he called the dispute about the Eucharist. The man -having repeated his request, and promised that he would not communicate -the paper to anybody, Fryth wrote an explanation of the doctrine of the -Sacrament and gave it to that London Christian, saying: ‘We must eat and -drink the body and blood of Christ, not with the teeth, but with the -hearing and through faith.’ The brother took the treatise, and, hurrying -home with it, read it carefully. - -In a short time every one at the Bow Lane meeting spoke about this -writing. One man, a false brother, named William Holt, listened -attentively to what was said, and thought he had found an opportunity of -destroying Fryth. Assuming a hypocritical look, he spoke in a pious -strain to the individual who had the manuscript, as if he had desired to -enlighten his faith, and finally asked him for it. Having obtained it, -he hastened to make a copy, which he carried to Sir Thomas More, who was -still chancellor. - -Fryth soon perceived that he had tried in vain to remain unknown; he -called with so much power those who thirsted for righteousness to come -to Christ for the waters of life, that friends and enemies were struck -with his eloquence. Observing that his name began to be talked of in -various places, he quitted the capital and travelled unnoticed through -several counties, where he found some little Christian congregations -whom he tried to strengthen in the faith. - -Tyndale, who remained on the continent, having heard of Fryth’s labors, -began to feel great anxiety about him. He knew but too well the cruel -disposition of the bishops and of More. ‘I will make the serpent come -out of his dark den,’ Sir Thomas had said, speaking of Tyndale, ‘as -Hercules forced Cerberus, the watch-dog of hell, to come out to the -light of day.... I will not leave Tyndale the darkest corner in which to -hide his head.’[300] In Tyndale’s eyes Fryth was the great hope of the -Church in England; he trembled lest the redoubtable Hercules should -seize him. ‘Dearly beloved brother Jacob,’ he wrote,—calling him Jacob -to mislead his enemies,—‘be cold, sober, wise, and circumspect, and keep -you low by the ground, avoiding high questions that pass the common -capacity. But expound the law truly, and open the veil of Moses to -condemn all flesh and prove all men sinners. Then set abroach the mercy -of our Lord Jesus, and let the wounded consciences drink of him.... All -doctrine that casteth a mist on these two to shadow and hide them, -resist with all your power.... Beloved in my heart, there liveth not one -in whom I have so great hope and trust, and in whom my heart rejoiceth, -not so much for your learning and what other gifts else you may have, as -because you walk in those things that the conscience may feel, and not -in the imagination of the brain. Cleave fast to the rock of the help of -God; and if aught be required of you contrary to the glory of God and -his Christ, then stand fast and commit yourself to God. He is our God, -and our redemption is nigh.’[301] - -Tyndale’s fears were but too well founded. Sir Thomas More held Fryth’s -new treatise in his hand: he read it and, gave way by turns to anger and -sarcasm. ‘Whetting his wits, calling his spirits together, and -sharpening his pen,’ to use the words of the chronicler,[302] he -answered Fryth, and described his doctrine under the image of a cancer. -This did not satisfy him. Although he had returned the seals to the king -in May, he continued to hold office until the end of the year. He -ordered search to be made for Fryth, and set all his bloodhounds on the -track. If the reformer was discovered he was lost; when Sir Thomas More -had once caught his man, nothing could save him—nothing but a merry -jest, perhaps. For instance, one day when he was examining a gospeller -named Silver: ‘You know,’ he said, with a smile, ‘that silver must be -tried in the fire.’ ‘Yes,’ retorted the accused instantly, ‘but not -quicksilver.’[303] More delighted with the repartee, set the poor wretch -at liberty. But Fryth was no jester: he could not hope, therefore, to -find favor with the ex-chancellor of England. - -[Sidenote: Fryth Hunted By More.] - -Sir Thomas hunted the reformer by sea and by land, promising a great -reward to any one who should deliver him up. There was no county or town -or village where More did not look for him, no sheriff or justice of the -peace to whom he did not apply, no harbor where he did not post some -officer to catch him.[304] But the answer from every quarter was: ‘He is -not here.’ Indeed, Fryth, having been informed of the great exertions of -his enemy, was fleeing from place to place, often changing his dress, -and finding safety nowhere. Determining to leave England and return to -Tyndale, he went to Milton Shone in Essex with the intention of -embarking. A ship was ready to sail, and quitting his hiding-place he -went down to the shore with all precaution. He had been betrayed. More’s -agents, who were on the watch, seized him as he was stepping on board, -and carried him to the Tower. This occurred in October 1532. - -Sir Thomas More was uneasy and soured. He beheld a new power lifting its -head in England and all Christendom, and he felt that in despite of his -wit and his influence he was unable to check it. That man so amiable, -that writer of a style so pure and elegant, did not so much dread the -anger of the king; what exasperated him was to see the Scriptures -circulating more widely every day, and a continually increasing number -of his fellow-citizens converted to the evangelical faith. These new -men, who seemed to have more piety than himself—he an old follower of -the old papacy!—irritated him sorely. He claimed to have alone—he and -his friends—the privilege of being Christians. The zeal of the partisans -of the Reformation, the sacrifice they made of their repose, their -money, and their lives, confounded him. ‘These diabolical people,’ he -said, ‘print their books at great expense, notwithstanding the great -danger; not looking for any gain, they give them away to everybody, and -even scatter them abroad by night.[305] They fear no labor, no journey, -no expense, no pain, no danger, no blows, no injury. They take a -malicious pleasure in seeking the destruction of others, and these -disciples of the devil think only how they may cast the souls of the -simple into hell-fire.’ In such a strain as this did the elegant utopist -give vent to his anger—the man who had dreamt all his life of the plan -of an imaginary world for the perfect happiness of every one. At last he -had caught the chief of these disciples of Satan, and hoped to put him -to death by fire. - -[Sidenote: Fryth’s Labors In Prison.] - -The news soon spread through London that Fryth was in the tower, and -several priests and bishops immediately went thither to try to bring him -back to the pope. Their great argument was that More had confuted his -treatise on the Lord’s Supper. Fryth asked to see the confutation, but -it was refused him. One day the Bishop of Winchester having called up -the prisoner, showed it to Fryth, and, holding it up, asserted that the -book quite shut his mouth: Fryth put out his hand, but the bishop -hastily withdrew the volume. More himself was ashamed of the apology and -did all he could to prevent its circulation. Fryth could only obtain a -written copy, but he resolved to answer it immediately. There was no one -with whom he could confer, not a book he could consult, and the chains -with which he was loaded scarcely allowed him to sit and write.[306] But -reading in his dungeon by the light of a small candle the insults of -More, and finding himself charged with having collected all the poison -that could be found in the writings of Wickliffe, Luther, Œcolampadius, -Tyndale, and Zwingle, this humble servant of God exclaimed: ‘No! Luther -and his doctrine are not the mark I aim at, but the Scriptures of -God.’[307] ‘He shall pay for his heresy with the best blood in his -body,’ said his enemies; and the pious disciple replied: ‘As the sheep -bound by the hand of the butcher with timid look beseeches that his -blood may soon be shed, even so do I pray my judges that my blood may be -shed _to-morrow_, if by my death the king’s eyes should be opened.’[308] - -Before he died, Fryth desired to save, if it were God’s will, one of his -adversaries. There was one of them who had no obstinacy, no malice: it -was Rastell, More’s brother-in-law. Being unable to speak to him or to -any of the enemies of the Reformation, he formed the design of writing -in prison a treatise which should be called the _Bulwark_. But strict -orders had recently arrived that he should have neither pen, ink, nor -paper.[309] Some evangelical Christians of London, who succeeded in -getting access to him, secretly furnished him with the means of writing, -and Fryth began. He wrote ... but at every moment he listened for fear -the lieutenant of the Tower or the warders should come upon him suddenly -and find the pen in his hand.[310] Often a bright thought would occur to -him, but some sudden alarm drove it out of his mind, and he could not -recall it.[311] He took courage, however: he had been accused of -asserting that good works were of no service: he proceeded to explain -with much eloquence all their utility, and every time he repeated: ‘Is -that nothing? is that still nothing? Truly, Rastell,’ he added, ‘if you -only regard that as useful which justifies us, the sun is not useful, -because it justifieth not.’[312] - -As he was finishing these words he heard the keys rattling at the door, -and, being alarmed, immediately threw paper, ink, and pen into a -hiding-place. However, he was able to complete the treatise and send it -to Rastell. More’s brother-in-law read it; his heart was touched, his -understanding enlightened, his prejudices cleared away; and from that -hour this choice spirit was gained over to the Gospel of Christ. God had -given him new eyes and new ears. A pure joy filled the prisoner’s heart. -‘Rastell now looks upon his natural reason as foolishness,’ he said. -‘Rastell, become a child, drinks the wisdom that cometh from on -high.’[313] - -The conversion of Sir Thomas More’s brother-in-law made a great -sensation, and the visits to Fryth’s cell became every day more -numerous. Although separated from his wife and from Tyndale, whom he had -been forced to leave in the Low Countries, he had never had so many -friends, brothers, mothers, and fathers; he wept for very joy. He took -his pen and paper from their hiding-place, and, always indefatigable, -began to write first the _Looking-glass of Self-knowledge_, and next a -_Letter to the faithful Followers of the Gospel of Christ_. ‘Imitators -of the Lord,’ he said to them, ‘mark yourselves with the sign of the -cross, not as the superstitious crowd does, in order to worship it, but -as a testimony that you are ready to bear that cross as soon as God -shall please to send it. Fear not when you have it, for you will also -have a hundred fathers instead of one, a hundred mothers instead of one, -a hundred mansions already in this life (for I have made the trial), and -after this life, joy everlasting.’[314] - -[Sidenote: Fryth Visits Petit.] - -At the beginning of 1533, Anne Boleyn having been married to the King of -England, Fryth saw his chains fall off: he was allowed to have all he -asked for, and even permitted to leave the Tower at night on parole. He -took advantage of this liberty to visit the friends of the Gospel, and -consult with them about what was to be done. One evening in particular, -after leaving the Tower, Fryth went to Petit’s house, anxious to embrace -once more that great friend of the Reformation, that firm member of -parliament, who had been thrown into prison as we have seen, and at last -set free. Petit, weakened by his long confinement, was near his end; the -persecution agitated and pained him, and it would appear that his -emotion sometimes ended in delirium. As he was groaning over the -captivity of the young and noble reformer, Fryth appeared. Petit was -confused, his mind wandered. Is it Fryth or his ghost? He was like the -apostles, when Rhoda came to tell them that Peter was at the gate -waiting to see them. But gradually recovering himself, Petit said: ‘You -here! how have you escaped the vigilance of the warders?’ ‘God himself,’ -answered Fryth, ‘gave me this liberty by touching their hearts.’[315] -The two friends then conversed about the true Reformation of England, -which in their eyes had nothing to do with the diplomatic proceedings of -the king. In their opinion it was not a matter of overloading the -external Church with new frippery, but ‘to increase that elect, -sanctified, and invisible congregation, elect before the foundation of -the world.’[316] Fryth did not conceal from Petit the conviction he felt -that he would be called upon to die for the Gospel. The night was spent -in such Christian conversation and the day began to dawn before the -prisoner hastened to return to the Tower. - -The evangelist’s friends did not think as he did. Anne Boleyn’s -accession seemed as if it ought to open the doors of Fryth’s prison, and -in imagination they saw him at liberty, and laboring either on the -continent or at home at that real reformation which is accomplished by -the Scriptures of God. - -But it was not to be so. Most of the evangelical men raised up by God in -England during the reign of Henry VIII. found—not the influence which -they should have exercised, but—death. Yet their blood has weighed in -the divine balance; it has sanctified the Reformation of England, and -been a spiritual seed for future ages. If the Church of that rich -country, which possesses such worldly splendor, has nevertheless -witnessed the development of a powerful evangelical life in its bosom, -it must not forget the cause, but understand, with Tertullian, that _the -blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church_. - -Footnote 288: - - ‘Serving for the common utility.’—Tyndale to Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. - 74. - -Footnote 289: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 10. - -Footnote 290: - - Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 421. - -Footnote 291: - - ‘He would never seem to strive against the papists.’—Foxe, _Acts_, v. - p. 9. - -Footnote 292: - - Fryth, _A Declaration of Baptism_, p. 287. - -Footnote 293: - - See Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 91. Preface to the Reader. - -Footnote 294: - - Anderson, _Annals of the Bible_, i. p. 338. - -Footnote 295: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 5. - -Footnote 296: - - Earl of Derby’s Translation. - -Footnote 297: - - He added: ‘Now have I experience of the faith which is in - you.’—Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 257. - -Footnote 298: - - Ibid. p. 324. - -Footnote 299: - - Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 321. - -Footnote 300: - - _Confutation of Tyndale’s Answer_, by Sir Thomas More, lord-chancellor - of England (1532). - -Footnote 301: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 133. - -Footnote 302: - - Ibid. p. 9. - -Footnote 303: - - Strype. i. p. 316. - -Footnote 304: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 6. - -Footnote 305: - - Preface to More’s Confutation, _Bible Ann._ i. p. 343. - -Footnote 306: - - ‘He was so loaded with iron that he could scarce sit with any - ease.’—Burnet, i. p. 161. - -Footnote 307: - - Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 342. - -Footnote 308: - - Ibid. p. 338. - -Footnote 309: - - The Subsidy or Bulwark; Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 242. - -Footnote 310: - - ‘I am in continual fear, lest the lieutenant or my keeper should espy - any such thing by me.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 311: - - ‘If any notable thing had been in my mind, it was clean lost.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 312: - - The Subsidy or Bulwark; Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 241. - -Footnote 313: - - The Subsidy or Bulwark; Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 211. - -Footnote 314: - - Ibid. p. 259. - -Footnote 315: - - Strype. - -Footnote 316: - - Tyndale and Fryth; _Works_, iii. p. 288. - - - - - CHAPTER XIX. - A REFORMER CHOOSES RATHER TO LOSE HIS LIFE THAN TO SAVE IT. - (MAY TO JULY 1533.) - - -The enemy was on the watch: the second period of Fryth’s captivity, that -which was to terminate in martyrdom, was beginning. Henry’s bishops, -who, while casting off the pope to please the king, had remained devoted -to scholastic doctrines, feared lest the reformer should escape them: -they therefore undertook to solicit Henry to put him to death. Fryth had -on his side the queen, Cromwell, and Cranmer. This did not discourage -them, and they represented to the king that although the man was shut up -in the Tower of London, he did not cease to write and act in defence of -heresy. It was the season of Lent, and Fryth’s enemies came to an -understanding with Dr. Curwin, the king’s chaplain, who was to preach -before the court. He had no sooner got into the pulpit than he began to -declaim against those who denied the material presence of Christ in the -host. Having struck his hearers with horror, he continued: ‘It is not -surprising that this abominable heresy makes such great progress among -us. A man now in the Tower of London has the audacity to defend it, and -no one thinks of punishing him.’ - -[Sidenote: Fryth Ordered For Trial.] - -When the service was over, the brilliant congregation left the chapel, -and each as he went out asked what was the man’s name. ‘Fryth’ was the -reply, and loud were the exclamations on hearing it. The blow took -effect, the scholastic prejudices of the king were revived, and he sent -for Cromwell and Cranmer. ‘I am very much surprised,’ he said, ‘that -John Fryth has been kept so long in the Tower without examination. I -desire his trial to take place without delay; and if he does not -retract, let him suffer the penalty he deserves.’ He then nominated six -of the chief spiritual and temporal peers of England to examine him: -they were the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishops of London and -Winchester, the lord chancellor, the Duke of Suffolk, and the Earl of -Wiltshire. This demonstrated the importance which Henry attached to the -affair. Until now, all the martyrs had fallen beneath the blows either -of the bishops or of More; but in this case it was the king himself who -stretched out his strong hand against the servant of God. - -Henry’s order plunged Cranmer into the cruellest anxiety. On the one -hand, Fryth was in his eyes a disciple of the Gospel; but on the other, -he attacked a doctrine which the archbishop then held to be Christian; -for, like Luther and Osiander, he still believed in consubstantiation. -‘Alas!’ he wrote to Archdeacon Hawkins, ‘he professes the doctrine of -Œcolampadius.’[317] He resolved, however, to do everything in his power -to save Fryth. - -The best friends of the young reformer saw that a pile was being raised -to consume the most faithful Christian in England. ‘Dearly beloved,’ -wrote Tyndale from Antwerp, ‘fear not men that threat, nor trust men -that speak fair. Your cause is Christ’s Gospel, a light that must be fed -with the blood of faith. The lamp must be trimmed daily, that the light -go not out.’[318] There was no lack of examples to confirm these words. -‘Two have suffered in Antwerp unto the great glory of the Gospel; four -at Ryselles in Flanders. At Rouen in France they persecute, and at Paris -are five doctors taken for the Gospel. See, you are not alone: follow -the example of all your other dear brethren, who choose to suffer in -hope of a better resurrection. Bear the image of Christ in your mortal -body, and keep your conscience pure and undefiled.... _Una salus victis, -nullam sperare salutem_: the only safety of the conquered is to look for -none. If you could but write and tell us how you are.’ In this letter -from a martyr to a martyr there was one sentence honorable to a -Christian woman: ‘Your wife is well content with the will of God, and -would not for her sake have the glory of God hindered.’ - -[Sidenote: Cranmer Would Save Fryth.] - -If friends were thinking of Fryth on the banks of the Scheldt, they were -equally anxious about him on the banks of the Thames. Worthy citizens of -London asked what was the use of England’s quitting the pope to cling to -Christ, if she burnt the servants of Christ? The little Church had -recourse to prayer. Archbishop Cranmer wished to save Fryth: he loved -the man and admired his piety. If the accused appeared before the -commission appointed by the king, he was lost: some means must be -devised without delay to rescue him from an inevitable death. The -archbishop declared that, before proceeding to trial, he wished to have -a conference with the prisoner, and to endeavor to convince him, which -was very natural. But at the same time the primate appeared to fear that -if the conference took place in London the people would disturb the -public peace, as in the time of Wickliffe.[319] He settled therefore -that it should be held at Croydon, where he had a palace. The primate’s -fear seems rather strange. A riot on account of Fryth, at a time when -king, commons, and people were in harmony, appeared hardly probable. -Cranmer had another motive. - -Among the persons composing his household was a gentleman of benevolent -character, and with a leaning towards the Gospel, who was distressed at -the cruelty of the bishops, and looked upon it as a lawful and Christian -act to rob them, if possible, of their victims. Giving him one of the -porters of Lambeth palace as a companion, Cranmer committed Fryth to his -care to bring him to Croydon. They were to take the prisoner a journey -of four or five hours on foot through fields and woods, without any -constables or soldiers. A strange walk and a strange escort.[320] - -Lord Fitzwilliam, first Earl of Southampton and governor of the Tower, -at that time lay sick in his house at Westminster, suffering such severe -pain as to force loud groans from him. On the 10th of June, at the -desire of my Lord of Canterbury, the archbishop’s gentleman, and the -Lambeth porter, Gallois, surnamed Perlebeane, were introduced into the -nobleman’s bedchamber, where they found him lying upon his bed in -extreme agony. Fitzwilliam, a man of the world, was greatly enraged -against the evangelicals, who were the cause, in his opinion, of all the -difficulties of England. The gentleman respectfully presented to him the -primate’s letter and the king’s ring. ‘What do you want?’ he asked -sharply, without opening the letter. ‘His grace desires your lordship to -deliver Master Fryth to us.’ The impatient Southampton flew into a -passion at the name, and cursed Fryth and all the heretics.[321] He -thought it strange that a gentleman and a porter should have to convey a -prisoner of such importance to the episcopal court: were there no -soldiers in the Tower? Had Fitzwilliam any suspicion, or did he regret -to see the reformer leave the walls within which he had been kept so -safely? We cannot tell: but he must obey, for they brought him the -king’s signet. Accordingly, taking his own hastily from his finger: -‘Fryth,’ he said, ‘Fryth.... Here, show this to the lieutenant of the -Tower, and take away your heretic quickly. I am but too happy to get rid -of him.’ - -A few hours later Fryth, the gentleman, and Perlebeane entered a boat -moored near the Tower, and were rowed speedily to the archbishop’s -palace at Lambeth. At first the three persons preserved a strict -silence, only interrupted from time to time by the deep sighs of the -gentleman. Being charged to begin by trying to induce Fryth to make some -compromise, he broke the silence at last. ‘Master Fryth,’ he said, ‘if -you are not prudent you are lost. What a pity! you that are so learned -in Latin and Greek and in the Holy Scriptures, the ancient doctors, and -all kinds of knowledge, you will perish, and all your admirable gifts -will perish with you, with little profit to the world, and less comfort -to your wife and children, your kinsfolk and friends.’... The gentleman -was silent a minute, and then began again: ‘Your position is dangerous, -Master Fryth, but not desperate: you have many friends who will do all -they can in your favor. On your part do something for them, make some -concession, and you will be safe. Your opinion on the merely spiritual -presence of the body and blood of the Saviour is premature: it is too -soon for us in England; wait until a better time comes!’ - -Fryth did not say a word: no sound was heard but the dash of the water -and the noise of the oars. The gentleman thought he had shaken the young -doctor, and, after a moment’s silence, he resumed: ‘My lord Cromwell and -my lord of Canterbury feel great affection for you: they know that, if -you are young in years, you are old in knowledge, and may become a most -profitable citizen of this realm.... If you will be somewhat advised by -their counsel, they will never permit you to be harmed; but if you stand -stiff to your opinion, it is not possible to save your life, for as you -have good friends so have you mortal enemies.’ - -[Sidenote: Attempt At Conciliation.] - -The gentleman stopped and looked at the prisoner. It was by such -language that Bilney had been seduced; but Fryth kept himself in the -presence of God, ready to lose his life that he might save it. He -thanked the gentleman for his kindness, and said that his conscience -would not permit him to recede, out of respect to man, from the true -doctrine of the Lord’s Supper. ‘If I am questioned on that point, I must -answer according to my conscience, though I should lose twenty lives if -I had so many. I can support it by a great number of passages from the -Holy Scriptures and the ancient doctors, and, if I am fairly tried, I -shall have nothing to fear.’—‘Marry!’ quoth the gentleman, ‘if you be -fairly tried, you would be safe; but that is what I very much doubt. Our -Master Christ was not fairly tried, nor would he be, as I think, if he -were now present again in the world. How, then, should you be, when your -opinions are so little understood and are so odious?’—‘I know,’ answered -Fryth, ‘that the doctrine which I hold is very hard meat to be digested -just now; but listen to me.’ As he spoke, he took the gentleman by the -hand: ‘If you live twenty years more, you will see the whole realm of my -opinion concerning this sacrament of the altar—all, except a certain -class of men. My death, you say, would be sorrowful to my friends, but -it will be only for a short time. But, all things considered, my death -will be better unto me and all mine than life in continual bondage. God -knoweth what he hath to do with his poor servant, whose cause I now -defend. He will help me, and no man shall prevail on me to step -backwards.’ - -The boat reached Lambeth. The travellers landed, entered the -archbishop’s palace, and, after taking some refreshment, started on foot -for Croydon, twelve miles from London. - -The three travellers proceeded over the hills and through the plains of -Surrey. Here and there flocks of sheep were grazing in the scanty -pastures, and to the east stretched vast woods. The gentleman walked -mournfully by the side of Fryth. It was useless to ask him again to -retract; but another idea engrossed Cranmer’s officer,—that of letting -Fryth escape. The country was then thinly inhabited: the woods which -covered it on the east and the chalky hills might serve as a -hiding-place for the fugitive. The difficulty was to persuade -Perlebeane. The gentleman slackened his pace, called to the porter, and -they walked by themselves behind the prisoner. When they were so far off -that he could not hear their conversation, the gentleman said: ‘You have -heard this man, I am sure, and noted his talk since he came from the -Tower.’—‘I never heard so constant a man,’ Perlebeane answered, ‘nor so -eloquent a person.’—‘You have heard nothing,’ resumed the gentleman, ‘in -respect both of his knowledge and his eloquence. If you could hear him -at the university or in the pulpit, you would admire him still more. -England has never had such a one of his age with so much learning. And -yet our bishops treat him as if he were a very dolt or an idiot.... They -abhor him as the devil himself, and want to get rid of him by any -means.’—‘Marry!’ said the porter, ‘if there were nothing else in him but -the consideration of his person both comely and amiable, his disposition -so gentle, meek, and humble, it were pity he should be cast away.’—‘Cast -away,’ interrupted the gentleman, ‘he will certainly be cast away if we -once bring him to Croydon.’ And lowering his voice, he continued: -‘Surely, before God I speak it, if thou, Perlebeane, wert of my mind, we -should never bring him thither.’—‘What do you mean?’ asked the -astonished porter. Then, after a moment’s silence, he added: ‘I know -that you have a great deal more responsibility in this matter than I -have; and therefore, if you can honestly save this man, I will yield to -your proposal with all my heart.’ The gentleman breathed again. - -[Sidenote: Attempt To Save Fryth.] - -Cranmer had desired that all possible efforts should be made to change -Fryth’s sentiments; and these failing, he wished to save him in another -way. It was his desire that the Reformer should go on foot to Croydon; -that he should be accompanied by two only of his servants, selected from -those best disposed towards the new doctrine. The primate’s gentleman -would never have dared to take upon himself, except by his master’s -desire, the responsibility of conniving at the escape of a prisoner who -was to be tried by the first personages of the realm, appointed by the -king himself. Happy at having gained the porter to his enterprise, he -began to discuss with him the ways and means. He knew the country well, -and his plan was arranged. - -‘You see yonder hill before us,’ he said to Perlebeane; ‘it is Brixton -Causeway, two miles from London. There are great woods on both sides. -When we come to the top, we will permit Fryth to escape to the woods on -the left hand, whence he may easily get into Kent, where he was born, -and where he has many friends. We will linger an hour or two on the road -after his flight, to give him time to reach a place of safety, and when -night approaches, we will go to Streatham, which is a mile and a half -off, and make an outcry in the town that our prisoner has escaped into -the woods on the right hand towards Wandsworth; that we followed him for -more than a mile, and at length lost him because we were not many -enough. At the same time we will take with us as many people as we can -to search for him in that direction; if necessary we will be all night -about it; and before we can send the news of what has happened to -Croydon, Fryth will be in safety, and the bishops will be disappointed.’ - -The gentleman, we see, was not very scrupulous about the means of -rescuing a victim from the Roman priests. Perlebeane thought as he did. -‘Your plan pleases me,’ he answered; ‘now go and tell the prisoner, for -we are already at the foot of the hill.’ - -The delighted gentleman hurried forward. ‘Master Fryth,’ he said, ‘let -us talk together a little. I cannot hide from you that the task I have -undertaken, to bring you to Croydon, as a sheep to the slaughter, -grieves me exceedingly, and there is no danger I would not brave to -deliver you out of the lion’s mouth. Yonder good fellow and I have -devised a plan whereby you may escape. Listen to me. The gentleman -having described his plan, Fryth smiled amiably, and said: ‘This, then, -is the result of your long consultation together. You have wasted your -time. If you were both to leave me here and go to Croydon, declaring to -the bishops you had lost me, I should follow after as fast as I could, -and bring them news that I had found and brought Fryth again.’ - -The gentleman had not expected such an answer. A prisoner refuse his -liberty! ‘You are mad,’ he said: ‘do you think your reasoning will -convert the bishops? At Milton Shone you tried to escape beyond the sea, -and now you refuse to save yourself!’—‘The two cases are different,’ -answered Fryth; ‘then I was at liberty, and, according to the advice of -St. Paul, I would fain have enjoyed my liberty for the continuance of my -studies. But now the higher power, as it were by Almighty God’s -permission, has seized me, and my conscience binds me to defend the -doctrine for which I am persecuted, if I would not incur our Lord’s -condemnation. If I should now run away, I should run from my God; if I -should fly, I should fly from the testimony I am bound to bear to his -Holy Word, and I should deserve a thousand hells. I most heartily thank -you both for your good will towards me; but I beseech you to bring me -where I was appointed to be brought, for else I will go thither all -alone.’[322] - -Those who desired to save Fryth had not counted upon so much integrity. -Such were, however, the martyrs of protestantism. The archbishop’s two -servants continued their route along with their strange prisoner. Fryth -had a calm eye and cheerful look, and the rest of the journey was -accomplished in pious and agreeable conversation. When they reached -Croydon, he was delivered to the officers of the episcopal court, and -passed the night in the lodge of the primate’s porter. - -[Sidenote: Fryth On The Real Presence.] - -The next morning he appeared before the bishops and peers appointed to -examine him. Cranmer and Lord Chancellor Audley desired his acquittal; -but some of the other judges were men without pity. - -The examination began: - -‘Do you believe,’ they said, ‘that the sacrament of the altar is or is -not the real body of Christ?’ Fryth answered, simply and firmly: ‘I -believe that the bread is the body of Christ in that it is broken, and -thus teaches us that the body of Christ was to be broken and delivered -unto death to redeem us from our iniquities. I believe the bread is the -body of Christ in that it is _distributed_, and thus teaches us that the -body of Christ and the fruits of his passion are distributed unto all -faithful people. I believe that the bread is the body of Christ so far -as it is _received_, and thus it teaches us that even as the outward man -receiveth the sacrament with his teeth and mouth, so doth the inward man -truly receive through faith the body of Christ and the fruits of his -passion.’ - -The judges were not satisfied: they wanted a formal and complete -retraction. ‘Do you not think,’ asked one of them, ‘that the natural -body of Christ, his flesh, blood, and bones, are contained under the -sacrament and are there present without any figure of speech?’—‘No,’ he -answered; ‘I do not think so;’ adding with much humility and charity: -‘notwithstanding I would not have that any should count my saying to be -an article of faith. For even as I say, that you ought not to make any -necessary article of the faith of your part; so I say again, that we -make no necessary article of the faith of our part, but leave it -indifferent for all men to judge therein, as God shall open their -hearts, and no side to condemn or despise the other, but to nourish in -all things brotherly love, and to bear one another’s infirmities.’[323] - -The commissioners then undertook to convince Fryth of the truth of -transubstantiation; but he quoted Scripture, St. Augustine and -Chrysostom, and eloquently defended the doctrine of the spiritual -eating. The court rose. Cranmer had been moved, although he was still -under the influence of Luther’s teaching.[324] ‘The man spoke -admirably,’ he said to Dr. Heath as they went out, ‘and yet in my -opinion he is wrong.’ Not many years later he devoted one of the most -important of his writings to an explanation of the doctrine now -professed by the young reformer; it may be that Fryth’s words had begun -to shake him. - -Full of love for him, Cranmer desired to save him. Four times during the -course of the examination he sent for Fryth and conversed with him -privately,[325] always asserting the Lutheran opinion. Fryth offered to -maintain his doctrine in a public discussion against any one who was -willing to attack it, but nobody accepted his challenge.[326] Cranmer, -distressed at seeing all his efforts useless, found there was nothing -more for him to do; the cause was transferred to the ordinary, the -Bishop of London, and on the 17th of June the prisoner was once more -committed to the Tower. The bishop selected as his assessors for the -trial, Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, and Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester: -there were no severer judges to be found on the episcopal bench. At -Cambridge, Fryth had been the most distinguished pupil of the clever and -ambitious Gardiner; but this, instead of exciting the compassion of that -hard man, did but increase his anger. ‘Fryth and his friends,’ he said, -‘are villains, blasphemers, and limbs of the devil.’[327] - -[Sidenote: Fryth Sentenced To Death.] - -On the 20th of June, Fryth was taken to St. Paul’s before the three -bishops, and though of a humble disposition and almost timid character, -he answered boldly. A clerk took down all his replies, and Fryth, -snatching up the pen, wrote: ‘I, Fryth think thus. Thus have I spoken, -written, defended, affirmed, and published in my writings.’[328] The -bishops having asked him if he would retract his errors, Fryth replied: -‘Let justice have its course and the sentence be pronounced.’ Stokesley -did not keep him waiting long. ‘Not willing that thou, Fryth, who art -wicked,’ he said, ‘shouldst become more wicked, and infect the Lord’s -flock with thy heresies, we declare thee excommunicate and cast out from -the Church, and leave thee unto the secular powers, most earnestly -requiring them in the truth of our Lord Jesus Christ that thy execution -and punishment be not too extreme, _nor yet the gentleness too much -mitigated_.’[329] - -Fryth was taken to Newgate and shut up in a dark cell, where he was -bound with chains on the hands and feet as heavy as he could bear, and -round his neck was a collar of iron, which fastened him to a post, so -that he could neither stand upright nor sit down. Truly the -‘gentleness’ was not ‘too much mitigated.’ His charity never failed -him. ‘I am going to die,’ he said, ‘but I condemn neither those who -follow Luther nor those who follow Œcolampadius, since both reject -transubstantiation.’[330] A young mechanic of twenty-four, Andrew -Hewet by name, was placed in his cell. Fryth asked him for what crime -he was sent to prison. ‘The bishops,’ he replied, ‘asked me what I -thought of the sacrament, and I answered, “I think as Fryth does.” -Then one of them smiled, and the Bishop of London said: “Why Fryth is -a heretic, and already condemned to be burnt, and if you do not -retract your opinion you shall be burnt with him.” “Very well,” I -answered, “I am content.”[331] So they sent me here to be burnt along -with you.’ - -On the 4th of July they were both taken to Smithfield: the executioners -fastened them to the post, back to back; the torch was applied, the -flame rose in the air, and Fryth, stretching out his hands, embraced it -as if it were a dear friend whom he would welcome. The spectators were -touched, and showed marks of lively sympathy. ‘Of a truth,’ said an -evangelical Christian in after days, ‘he was one of those prophets whom -God, having pity on this realm of England, raised up to call us to -repentance.’[332] His enemies were there. Cooke, a fanatic priest, -observing some persons praying, called out: ‘Do not pray for such folks, -any more than you would for a dog.’[333] At this moment a sweet light -shone on Fryth’s face, and he was heard beseeching the Lord to pardon -his enemies. Hewet died first, and Fryth thanked God that the sufferings -of his young brother were over. Committing his soul into the Lord’s -hands, he expired. ‘Truly,’ exclaimed many, ‘great are the victories -Christ gains in his saints.’ - -So many souls were enlightened by Fryth’s writings, that this reformer -contributed powerfully to the renovation of England. ‘One day, an -Englishman,’ says Thomas Becon, prebendary of Canterbury and chaplain to -Archbishop Cranmer, ‘having taken leave of his mother and friends, -travelled into Derbyshire, and from thence to the Peak, a marvellous -barren country,’ and where there was then ‘neither learning nor yet no -spark of godliness.’ Coming into a little village named Alsop in the -Dale, he chanced upon a certain gentleman also named Alsop, lord of that -village, a man not only ancient in years, but also ripe in the knowledge -of Christ’s doctrine. After they had taken ‘a sufficient repast,’ the -gentleman showed his guest certain books which he called his _jewels_ -and _principal treasures_: these were the New Testament and some books -of Fryth’s. In these godly treatises this ancient gentleman occupied -himself among his rocks and mountains both diligently and virtuously. -‘He did not only love the Gospel,’ adds Cranmer’s chaplain, he ‘_lived -it also_.’[334] - -Fryth’s writings were not destined to be read always with the same -avidity: the truth they contain is, however, good for all times. The -books of the apostles and of the reformers which that gentleman of Alsop -read in the sixteenth century were better calculated to bring joy and -peace to the soul than the light works read with such avidity in the -world. - -Footnote 317: - - Cranmer’s _Letters and Remains_, p. 246. - -Footnote 318: - - Tyndale to Fryth: Foxe, v. p. 132; Anderson, _Annals of Bible_, i. p. - 357. - -Footnote 319: - - ‘For there should be no concourse of citizens.’—Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. - 696. - -Footnote 320: - - The narrative from which we learn these particulars is given in the - eighth volume of Foxe’s _Acts_, and seems to have been written by the - gentleman himself. The circumstance that it is drawn up so as to - compromise neither himself nor Cranmer is of itself a confirmation. - -Footnote 321: - - Foxe, _Acts_, viii. p. 696. - -Footnote 322: - - Foxe, _Acts_, viii. Appendix. - -Footnote 323: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 12. - -Footnote 324: - - ‘Mit den Zähnen zu bissen.’—Plank. iii. p. 369. - -Footnote 325: - - ‘And surely I myself sent for him three or four times to persuade - him.’—Cranmer, _Remains_, _Letters_, p. 246. - -Footnote 326: - - ‘There was no man willing to answer him in open disputation.’—Foxe, - _Acts_, viii. p. 699. - -Footnote 327: - - Bishop Hooper, _Early Writings_, p. 245. - -Footnote 328: - - ‘Ego Frythus ita sentio, ita dixi, scripsi, affirmavi, &c.’—Foxe, - _Acts_, v. p. 14. - -Footnote 329: - - Ibid. p. 15. - -Footnote 330: - - ‘All the Germans, both of Luther’s side and also of - Œcolampadius.’—Tyndale and Fryth, _Works_, iii. p. 455. - -Footnote 331: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 18. - -Footnote 332: - - Becon, _Works_, iii. p. 11. - -Footnote 333: - - Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 10. - -Footnote 334: - - Becon, _Jewel of Joy_ (Parker Soc.), p. 420. - - - - - CHAPTER XX. - ENGLAND SEPARATES GRADUALLY FROM THE PAPACY. - (1533.) - - -[Sidenote: Anne Boleyn.] - -When Fryth mounted the scaffold, Anne Boleyn had been seated a month on -the throne of England. The salvoes of artillery which had saluted the -new queen had re-echoed all over Europe. There could be no more doubt: -the Earl of Wiltshire’s daughter, radiant with grace and beauty, wore -the Tudor crown; every one, especially the imperial family, must bear -the consequences of the act. One day Sir John Hacket, English envoy at -Brussels, arrived at court just as Mary, regent of the Low Countries, -was about to mount her horse. ‘Have you any news from England?’ she -asked him in French.—‘None,’ he replied. Mary gave him a look of -surprise,[335] and added: ‘Then I have, and not over good methinks.’ She -then told him of the king’s marriage, and Hacket rejoined with an -unembarrassed air: ‘Madam, I know not if it has taken place, but -everybody who considers it coolly and without family prejudice will -agree that it is a lawful and a conscientious marriage.’ Mary, who was -niece of the unhappy Catherine, replied: ‘Mr. Ambassador, God knows I -wish all may go well; but I do not know how the emperor and the king my -brother will take it, for it touches them as well as me.’—‘I think I may -be certain,’ returned Sir John, ‘that they will take it in good -part.’—‘That I do not know, Mr. Ambassador,’ said the regent, who -doubted it much; and then mounting her horse, she rode out for the -chase.[336] - -Charles V. was exasperated: he immediately pressed the pope to -intervene, and on the 12th of May, Clement cited the king to appear at -Rome. The pontiff was greatly embarrassed: having a particular liking -for Benet, Henry’s agent, he took him aside, and said to him -privately:[337] ‘It is an affair of such importance that there has been -none like it for many years. I fear to kindle a fire that neither pope -nor emperor will be able to quench.’ And then he added unaffectedly: -‘Besides, I cannot pronounce the king’s excommunication before the -emperor has an army ready to constrain him.’ Henry being told of this -_aside_ made answer: ‘Having the justice of our cause for us, with the -entire consent of our nobility, commons, and subjects, we do not care -for what the pope may do.’ Accordingly he appealed from the pope to a -general council. - -The pope was now more embarrassed than ever; ‘I cannot stand still and -do nothing,’ he said.[338] On the 12th of July he revoked all the -English proceedings and excommunicated the king, but suspended the -effects of his sentence until the end of September. ‘I hope,’ said Henry -contemptuously, ‘that before then the pope will understand his -folly.’[339] - -He reckoned on Francis I. to help him to understand it; but that prince -was about to receive the pope’s niece into his family, and Henry made -every exertion, but to no effect, to prevent the meeting of Clement and -Francis at Marseilles. The King of England, who had already against him -the Netherlands, the Empire, Rome, and Spain, saw France also slipping -from him. He was isolated in Europe, and that became a serious matter. -Agitated and indignant, he came to an extraordinary resolution, namely, -to turn to the disciples and friends of that very Luther whom he had -formerly so disdainfully treated. - -[Sidenote: Missions Of Vaughan And Mann.] - -Stephen Vaughan and Christopher Mann were despatched, the former to -Saxony, the other to Bavaria.[340] Vaughan reached Weimar on the 1st of -September, where he had to wait five days for the Elector of Saxony, who -was away hunting. On the 5th of September he had an audience of the -prince, and spoke to him first in French and then in Latin. Seeing that -the elector, who spoke neither French, English, nor Latin, answered him -only with nods,[341] he begged the chancellor to be his interpreter. A -written answer was sent to Vaughan at seven in the evening: the Elector -of Saxony turned his back on the powerful King of England. He was -unworthy, he said, to have at his court ambassadors from his royal -majesty; and besides, the emperor, who was his only master, might be -displeased. Vaughan’s annoyance was extreme. ‘Strange rudeness!’ he -exclaimed. ‘A more uncourteous refusal has never been made to such a -gracious proposition. And to my greater misfortune, it is the first -mission of kind with which I have ever been entrusted.’ He left Weimar -determined not to deliver his credentials either to the Landgrave of -Hesse or to the Duke of Lauenberg, whom he was instructed to visit: he -did not wish to run the chance of receiving fresh affronts. - -A strange lot was that of the King of England! the pope excommunicating -him, and the heretics desiring to have nothing to do with him! No more -allies, no more friends! Be it so: if the nation and the monarch are -agreed, what is there to fear? Besides at the very moment this affront -was offered him, his joy was at its height; the hope of soon possessing -that heir, for whom he had longed so many years, quite transported him. -He ordered an official letter to be prepared announcing the birth of a -prince ‘to the great joy of the king,’ it ran, ‘and of all his loving -subjects.’ Only the date of the letter was left blank. - -On the 7th of September, two days after the elector’s refusal, Anne, -then residing in the palace at Greenwich, was brought to bed of a fine -well-formed child, reminding the gossips of the features of both -parents; but alas! it was a girl. Henry, agitated by two strong -affections, love for Anne and desire for a son, had been kept in great -anxiety during the time of labor. When he was told that the child was a -girl, the love he bore for the mother prevailed, and though disappointed -in his fondest wishes, he received the babe with joy. But the famous -letter announcing the birth of a prince ... what must be done with it -now? Henry ordered the queen’s secretary to add an _s_ to the word -_prince_, and despatched the circular without making any change in the -expression of his satisfaction.[342] The christening was celebrated with -great pomp; two hundred torches were carried before the princess, a fit -emblem of the light which her reign would shed abroad. The child was -named Elizabeth, and Henry gave her the title of Princess of Wales, -declaring her his successor, in case he should have no male offspring. -In London the excitement was great; _Te Deums_, bells, and music filled -the air. The adepts of judicial astrology declared that the stars -announced a glorious future. A bright star was indeed rising over -England; and the English people, throwing off the yoke of Rome, were -about to start on a career of freedom, morality, and greatness. The firm -Elizabeth was not destined to shine by the amiability which -distinguished her mother, and the restrictions she placed upon liberty -tend rather to remind us of her father. Yet while on the continent kings -were trampling under foot the independence of their subjects, the -English people, under Anne Boleyn’s daughter, were to develop -themselves, to flourish in letters, and in arts, to extend navigation -and commerce, to reform abuses, to exercise their liberties, to watch -energetically over the public good, and to set up the torch of the -Gospel of Christ. - -[Sidenote: English Envoys At Marseilles.] - -The king of France very adverse to England’s becoming independent of -Rome, at last prevailed upon Henry to send two English agents (Gardiner -and Bryan) to Marseilles. ‘You will keep your eyes open,’ said Henry -VIII. to them, ‘and lend an attentive ear, but you will keep your mouths -shut.’ The English envoys being invited to a conference with Clement and -Francis, and solicited by those great personages to speak, declared that -they had no powers. ‘Why then were you sent?’ exclaimed the king unable -to conceal his vexation. The ambassadors only answered with a -smile.[343] Francis who meant to uphold the authority of the pope in -France, was unwilling that England should be free: he seems to have had -some presentiment of the happy effects that independence would work for -the rival nation. Accordingly he took the ambassadors aside, and prayed -them to enter immediately on business with the pontiff. ‘We are not here -for his Holiness,’ dryly answered Gardiner, ‘or to negotiate anything -with him, but only to do what the King of England commands us.’ The -tricks of the papacy had ruined it in the minds of the English people. -Francis I., displeased at Gardiner’s silence and irritated by his -stiffness, intimated to the King of England that he would be pleased to -see ‘better instruments’ sent.[344] Henry did send another instrument to -Marseilles, but he took care to choose one sharper still. - -Edward Bonner, archdeacon of Leicester, was a clever, active man, but -ambitious, coarse and rude, wanting in delicacy and consideration -towards those with whom he had to deal, violent, and, as he showed -himself later to the protestants, a cruel persecutor. For some time he -had got into Cromwell’s good graces, and as the wind was against popery, -Bonner was against the pope. Henry gave him his appeal to a general -council, and charged him to present it to Clement VII.: it was the ‘bill -of divorcement’ between the pope and England. Bonner, proud of being the -bearer of so important a message, arrived at Marseilles, firmly resolved -to give Henry a proof of his zeal. If Luther had burnt the pope’s bull -at Wittemberg, Bonner would do as much; but while Luther had acted as a -free man, Bonner was only a slave, pushing to fanaticism his submission -to the orders of his despotic master. - -Gardiner was astonished when he heard of Bonner’s arrival. What a -humiliation for him! He hung his head, pinched his lips,[345] and then -lifted up his eyes and hands, as if cursing the day and hour when Bonner -appeared. Never were two men more discordant to one another. Gardiner -could not believe the news. A scheme contrived without him! A bishop to -see one of his inferiors charged with a mission more important than his -own! Bonner, having paid him a visit, Gardiner affected great coldness, -and brought forward every reason calculated to dissuade him from -executing his commission.—‘But I have a letter from the king,’ answered -Bonner, ‘sealed with his seal, and dated from Windsor; here it is.’ And -he took from his satchel the letter in which Henry VIII. intimated that -he had appealed from the sentence of the pope recently delivered against -him.[346] ‘Good,’ answered Gardiner, and taking the letter he read: ‘Our -good pleasure is that if you deem it _good_ and _serviceable_ (Gardiner -dwelt upon those two words) you will give the pope notice of the said -appeal, according to the forms required by law; if not, you will -acquaint us with your opinion in that respect.—‘That is clear,’ said -Gardiner; ‘you should advise the king to abstain, for that notice just -now will be neither good nor serviceable.’—‘And I say that it is both,’ -rejoined Bonner. - -One circumstance brought the two Englishmen into harmony, at least for a -time. Catherine de Medicis, the pope’s niece, had been married to the -son of Francis I., and Clement made four French prelates cardinals. But -not one Englishman, not even Gardiner! That changed the question; there -could be no more doubt. Francis is sacrificing Henry to the pope, and -the pope insults England. Gardiner himself desired Bonner to give the -pontiff notice of the appeal, and the English envoy, fearing refusal if -he asked for an audience of Clement, determined to overleap the usual -formalities, and take the place by assault. - -[Sidenote: Clement And Bonner.] - -On the 7th of November, the Archdeacon of Leicester, accompanied by -Penniston, a gentleman who had brought him the king’s last orders, went -early to the pontifical palace, preparing to let fall from the folds of -his mantle war between England and the papacy. As he was not expected, -the pontifical officers stopped him at the door; but the Englishman -forced his way in, and entered a hall through which the pope must pass -on his way to the consistory. - -Ere long the pontiff appeared, wearing his stole, and walking between -the cardinals of Lorraine and Medicis, his train following behind. His -eyes, which were of remarkable quickness, immediately fell upon the -distant Bonner,[347] and as he advanced he did not take them off the -stranger, as if astonished and uneasy at seeing him. At length he -stopped in the middle of the hall, and Bonner, approaching the datary, -said to him: ‘Be pleased to inform his Holiness that I desire to speak -to him.’ The officer refusing, the intrepid Bonner made as if he would -go towards the pope. Clement, wishing to know the meaning of these -indiscreet proceedings, bade the cardinals stand aside, took off the -stole, and going to a window recess, called Bonner to him. The latter, -without any formality, informed the pope that the King of England -appealed from his decision to a general council, and that he (Bonner), -his Majesty’s envoy, was prepared to hand him the authentic documents of -the said appeal, taking them (as he spoke) from his portfolio. Clement, -who expected nothing like this, was greatly surprised: ‘it was a -terrible breakfast for him,’ says a contemporary document.[348] Not -knowing what to answer, he shrugged his shoulders, ‘after the Italian -fashion;’ and at last, recovering himself a little, he told Bonner that -he was going to the consistory, and desired him to return in the -afternoon. Then beckoning the cardinals, he left the hall. - -Henry’s envoy was punctual to the appointment, but had to wait for an -hour and a half, his Holiness being engaged in giving audience. At -length he and Penniston were conducted to the pope’s closet. Clement -fixed his eyes on the latter, and Bonner having introduced him, the pope -remarked with a mistrustful air: ‘It is well, but I also must have some -members of my council;’ and he ordered Simonetta, Capisuchi, and the -datary to be sent for. While waiting their arrival, Clement leant at the -window, and appeared absorbed in thought. At last, unable to contain -himself any longer, he exclaimed: ‘I am greatly surprised that his -Majesty should behave as he does towards me.’ The intrepid Bonner -replied: ‘His Majesty is not less surprised that your Holiness, who has -received so many services from him, repays him with ingratitude.’ -Clement started, but restrained himself on seeing the datary enter, and -ordered that officer to read the appeal which Bonner had just delivered -to him.[349] - -The datary began: ‘Considering that we have endured from the pope many -wrongs and injuries (_gravaminibus et injuriis_).’... Clasping his hands -and nodding dissent, Clement exclaimed ironically: ‘_O questo è molto -vero!_’ meaning to say that it was false, remarks Bonner.[350] The -datary continued: ‘Considering that his most holy Lordship strikes us -with his spiritual sword, and wishes to separate us from the unity of -the Church; we, desiring to protect with a lawful shield the kingdom -which God has given us,[351] appeal by these presents, for ourselves and -for all our subjects, to a holy universal council.’ - -[Sidenote: A General Council.] - -At these words, the pope burst into a transport of passion,[352] and the -datary stopped. Clement’s gestures and broken words uttered with -vehemence, showed the horror he entertained of a council.... A council -would set itself above the pope; a council might perhaps say that the -Germans and the King of England were right. ‘To speak of a general -council! O good Lord!’ he exclaimed.[353] - -The pope gave way to convulsive movements, folding and unfolding his -handkerchief, which was always a sign of great anger in him. At last, as -if to hide his passion, he said: ‘Continue, I am listening.’ When the -datary had ended, the pope said coldly to his officers: ‘It is well -written! _Questo è bene fatto._’ - -Then turning to Bonner, he asked: ‘Have you anything more to say to me?’ -Bonner was not in the humor to show the least consideration. A man of -the north, he took a pleasure in displaying his roughness and -inflexibility in the elegant, crafty, and corrupt society of Rome. He -boldly repeated the protest, and delivered the king’s ‘provocation’ to -the pope, who broke out into fresh lamentations. ‘Ha!’ he exclaimed -vehemently, ‘his Majesty affects much respect for the Church, but does -not show the least to me.’ He _snarled_[354] as he read the new -document.... Just at this moment, one of his officers announced the King -of France. Francis could not have arrived at a more seasonable moment. -Clement rose and went to the door to meet him. The king respectfully -took off his hat, and holding it in his hand made a low bow,[355] after -which he inquired what his Holiness was doing. ‘These English -gentlemen,’ said the pontiff, ‘are here to notify me of certain -provocations and appeals ... and for other matters,’[356] he added, -displaying much ill-humor. Francis sat down near the table at which the -pope was seated; and turning their backs to Henry’s envoy, who had -retired into an adjoining room, they began a conversation in a low tone, -which Bonner, notwithstanding all his efforts, could not hear. - -That conversation possibly decided the separation between England and -France. The king showed that he was offended at a course of proceeding -which he characterized as unbecoming; and Clement learnt, to his immense -satisfaction, that the English had not spoken to Francis about the -council. ‘If you will leave me and the emperor free to act against -England,’ he said to the king, ‘I will ensure you possession of the -duchy of Milan.’[357] The monarch promised the obedience of his people -to the decrees of the papacy, and the pope in his joy exclaimed: -‘_Questo è per la bontà vostra!_’ Bonner, who had not lost sight of the -two speakers, remarked that at this moment the king and the pope -‘laughed merrily together,’ and appeared to be the best friends in the -world. - -The king having withdrawn, Bonner, again approached the pope, and the -datary finished the reading. The Englishman had not been softened by the -mysterious conversation and laughter of Clement and Francis: he was as -rough and abrupt as the Frenchman had been smooth and amiable. It was -long since the papacy had suffered such insults openly, and even the -German Reformation had not put it to such torture. The Cardinal De -Medicis, chief of the malcontents, who had come in, listened to Bonner, -with head bent down and eyes fixed upon the floor: he was humiliated and -indignant. ‘This is a matter of great importance,’ said Clement; ‘I will -consult the consistory and let you know my answer.’ - -In the afternoon of Monday, 10th of November, Bonner returned to the -palace to learn the pope’s pleasure: but there was a grand reception -that day, the lords and ladies of the court of Francis I. were presented -to Clement, who did nothing for two hours but bless chaplets, bless the -spectators, and put out his foot for the nobles and dames to kiss.[358] - -[Sidenote: Clement’s Answer.] - -At last Bonner was introduced: ‘_Domine doctor, quid vultis?_ Sir -doctor, what do you want?’ said the pope. ‘I desire the answer which -your Holiness promised me.’ Clement, who had had time to recover -himself, replied: ‘A constitution of Pope Pius, my predecessor, condemns -all appeals to a general council. I therefore reject his Majesty’s -appeal as unlawful.’ The pope had pronounced these words with calmness -and dignity, but an incident occurred to put him out of temper. Bonner, -hurt at the little respect paid to his sovereign, bluntly informed the -pope that the Archbishop of Canterbury—that Cranmer—desired also to -appeal to a council. This was going too far: Clement, restraining -himself no longer, rose, and approaching Henry’s envoy, said to him: ‘If -you do not leave the room instantly, I will have you thrown into a -caldron of molten lead.’[359]—‘Truly,’ remarked Bonner, ‘if the pope is -a shepherd, he is, as the king my master says, a violent and cruel -shepherd.’[360] And not caring to take a leaden bath, he departed for -Lyons.[361] - -Clement was delighted not only at the departure, but still more at the -conduct of Bonner: the insolence of the English envoy helped him -wonderfully; and accordingly he made a great noise about it, complaining -to everybody, and particularly to Francis. ‘I am wearied, vexed, -disgusted with all this,’ said that prince to his courtiers. ‘What I do -with great difficulty in a week for my good brother (Henry VIII.), his -own ministers undo in an hour.’ Clement endeavored in secret -interviews[362] to increase this discontent, and he succeeded. The -mysterious understanding was apparent to every one, and Vannes, the -English agent, who never lost sight either of the pope or the king, -informed Cromwell of the close union of their minds.[363] - -When Henry VIII. learnt that the King of France was slipping from him, -he was both irritated and alarmed. Abandoned by that prince, he saw the -pope launching an interdict against his kingdom, the emperor invading -England, and the people in insurrection.[364] He had no repose by night -or day: his anger against the pope continued to increase. Wishing to -prevent at least the revolts which the partisans of the papacy might -excite among his subjects, he dictated a strange proclamation to his -secretary: ‘Let no Englishman forget the most noble and loving prince of -this realm,’ he said, ‘who is most wrongfully judged by the _great -idol_, and most _cruel enemy to Christ’s religion, which calleth himself -Pope_. Princes have two ways to attain right—the general council and the -sword. Now the king, having appealed from the unlawful sentence of the -Bishop of Rome to a general council lawfully congregated, the said -usurper hath rejected the appeal, and is thus outlawed. By holy -Scripture, there is no more jurisdiction granted to the Bishop of Rome -than to any other bishop. Henceforth honor him not as an idol, who is -but a man usurping God’s power and authority; and a man neither in life, -learning, nor conversation like Christ’s minister or disciple.’[365] - -Henry having given vent to his irritation, bethought himself, and judged -it more prudent not to publish the proclamation. - -At Marseilles England and France separated: the first, because she was -withdrawing from the pope; the other, because she was drawing nearer to -him. It is here that was formed that secret understanding between Paris -and Rome which, adopted by the successors of Francis I., and more or -less courted by other sovereigns of Christendom, has for several -centuries filled glorious countries with despotism and persecution, and -often with immorality. The interview at Marseilles between the pope and -the King of France is the dividing point: since that time, governments -and nations in the train of Rome have been seen to decline, while those -who separated from it have begun to rise. - -Footnote 335: - - ‘She gave me a look as to that she should marvell thereof.’—_State - Papers_, vii. p. 451. - -Footnote 336: - - ‘Setting forward to ride out a hunting.’—_State Papers_, vii. p. 451. - -Footnote 337: - - ‘Taking me aside, showed unto me secretly.’—Ibid. p. 457. - -Footnote 338: - - ‘So sore for him to stand still and do nothing.’—Ibid. p. 469. - -Footnote 339: - - _State Papers_ (Henry VIII.), vii. p. 496. - -Footnote 340: - - _State Papers_, (Henry VIII.), vii. p. 501. - -Footnote 341: - - ‘Sed tantum annuit capite.’—Ibid. p. 502. - -Footnote 342: - - This official document is given in the _State Papers_, i. p. 407. An - examination of the manuscript in the Harleian collection, shows that - the _s_ was added afterwards in the two following passages: ‘bringing - forth of a prince_s_’ and ‘preservation of the said prince_s_.’ - -Footnote 343: - - Le Grand, _Hist. du Divorce_, i. p. 269. - -Footnote 344: - - Ibid. p. 587. - -Footnote 345: - - ‘Making a plairemouth with his lip.’—Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 152. - -Footnote 346: - - Cranmer’s _Memorials_, Appendix, p. 8. - -Footnote 347: - - ‘The pope whose sight is incredulous quick, eyed me.’—Burnet, - _Records_, iii. p. 38. - -Footnote 348: - - Ibid. p. 51. - -Footnote 349: - - ‘His Holiness, delivering it to the datarie, commanded him to read - it.’—Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 23. - -Footnote 350: - - Burnet, _Records_, iii. pp. 37-46; Rymer, _Acta_, vi. pars ii. p. 188. - -Footnote 351: - - ‘Legitimo defensionis clypeo protegere.’—Rymer, _Acta_, vi. pars ii. - p. 188. - -Footnote 352: - - ‘He fell in a marvellous great choler and rage.’—Burnet, _Records_, - iii. p. 54. - -Footnote 353: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 354: - - ‘Wherein the pope snarling.’—Ibid. p. 42. - -Footnote 355: - - ‘The French king making very low _curtisie_, putting off his bonnet - and keeping it off.’—Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 42. - -Footnote 356: - - ‘Questi signori Inglesi sono stati quà per intimare certi provocationi - et appellationi. . . . e di fare altre cose.’—Ibid. - -Footnote 357: - - Le Grand, _Histoire du Divorce_, i. p. 268. - -Footnote 358: - - Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 42. - -Footnote 359: - - Ibid, i. p. 130. - -Footnote 360: - - ‘Immitis et crudelis pastor.’—Rymer, _Acta_, p. 188. - -Footnote 361: - - Cranmer’s appeal was not written till later, except there be some - error in the date. Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 24. - -Footnote 362: - - ‘Hæc omnia a pontifice cum rege amotis arbitris tractata.’—_State - Papers_ (Henry VIII.), vii. p. 222. - -Footnote 363: - - ‘De summa animorum conjunctione.’—Ibid. p. 523. - -Footnote 364: - - Strype, _Eccles. Mem._ i. p. 22. - -Footnote 365: - - Strype, _Eccles. Mem._ p. 226 (Oxf. 1822). - - - - - CHAPTER XXI. - PARLIAMENT ABOLISHES THE USURPATIONS OF THE POPES IN ENGLAND. - (JANUARY TO MARCH 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Cry Against The Papacy.] - -While the papacy was intriguing with France and the empire, England was -energetically working at the utter abolition of the Roman -authority.[366] ‘One loud cry must be raised in England against the -papacy,’ said Cromwell to the council. ‘It is time that the question was -laid before the people. Bishops, parsons, curates, priors, abbots, and -preachers of the religious orders should all declare from their pulpits -that the Bishop of Rome, styled the Pope, is subordinate, like the rest -of the bishops, to a general council, and that he has no more rights in -this kingdom than any other foreign bishop.’ - -It was necessary to pursue the same course abroad. Henry resolved to -send ambassadors to Poland, Hungary, Saxony, Bavaria, Pomerania, -Prussia, Hesse, and other German states, to inform them that he was -touched with the zeal they had shown in defence of the Word of God and -the extirpation of ancient errors, and to acquaint all men that he was -himself ‘utterly determined to reduce the pope’s power _ad justos et -legitimos mediocritatis suæ modos_, to the just and lawful bounds of his -mediocrity.’[367] - -He did not stop here. Desiring above all things to withdraw France from -under the influence of Rome, he instructed his ambassadors to tell -Francis I. in his name and in the name of the people: ‘We shall shortly -be able to give unto the pope such a buffet as he never had -before.’[368] This was quite in Henry’s style. ‘Things are going at such -a rate here,’ wrote the Duke of Norfolk to Montmorency, ‘that the pope -will soon lose the obedience of England; and other nations, perceiving -the great fruits, advantage, and profit that will result from it, will -also separate from Rome.’[369] - -All this was serious: there was some chance that Norfolk’s prophecy -would be fulfilled. The poor pontiff could think of nothing else, and -began to believe that the idea of a council was not so unreasonable -after all, since the place and time of meeting and mode of proceeding -would lead to endless discussions; and if the meeting ever took place, -he would thus be relieved of a responsibility which became more -oppressive to him every day. He therefore bade Henry VIII. be informed -that he agreed to call a general council. But events had not stood -still; the position was not the same. ‘It is no longer necessary,’ the -king answered coldly. In his opinion, the Church of England was -sufficient of herself, and could do without the Church of Rome. - -The King of France, growing alarmed, immediately resumed his part of -mediator. Du Bellay, his ambassador at Rome, made indefatigable efforts -to inspire the consistory with an opinion favorable to Henry VIII. -According to that diplomatist, the King of England was ready to -re-establish friendly relations with Clement VII., and it was parliament -alone that desired to break with the papacy forever: it was the people -who wished for reform, it was the king who opposed it. ‘Make your -choice,’ he exclaimed with eloquence.[370] ‘All that the king desires is -peace with Rome; all that the commonalty demands is war. With whom will -you go—with your enemies or with your friend?’ Du Bellay’s assertions, -though strange, were based upon a truth that cannot be denied. It was -the best of the people who wanted protestantism in England, and not the -king. - -[Sidenote: Alarm Of The Court Of Rome.] - -The court of Rome felt that the last hour had come, and determined to -despatch to London the papers necessary to reconcile Henry. It was -believed on the Continent that the King of England was going to gain his -cause at last, and people ascribed it to the ascendency of French policy -at Rome since the marriage of Catherine de Medicis with Henry of -Orleans. But the more the French triumphed, the more indignant became -the Imperialists. To no purpose did the pope say to them: ‘You do not -understand the state of affairs: the thing is done.... The King of -England is married to Anne Boleyn. If I annulled the marriage, who would -undertake to execute my sentence?’—‘Who?’ exclaimed the ambassadors of -Charles V., ‘who?... The emperor.’[371] The weak pontiff knew not which -way to turn: he had but one hope left—if Henry VIII., as he expected, -should re-establish catholicism in his kingdom, a fact so important -would silence Charles V. - -This fact was not to be feared: a movement had begun in the minds of the -people of Great Britain which it was no longer possible to stop. While -many pious souls received the Word of God in their hearts, the king and -the most enlightened part of the nation were agreed to put an end to the -intolerable usurpations of the Roman pontiff. ‘We have looked in the -Holy Scriptures for the rights of the papacy,’ said the members of the -Commons house of parliament, ‘but, instead of finding therein the -institution of popes, we have found that of kings—and, according to -God’s commandments, the priests ought to be subject to them as much as -the laity.’—‘We have reflected upon the wants of the realm,’ said the -royal council, ‘and have come to the conclusion, that the nation ought -to form one body; that one body can have but one head, and that head -must be the king.’ The parliament which met in January, 1534, was to -give the death-blow to the supremacy of the pope. - -This blow came strictly neither from Henry nor from Cranmer, but from -Thomas Cromwell.[372] Without possessing Cranmer’s lively faith, -Cromwell desired that the preachers should open the Word of God and -preach it ‘with pure sincereness’ before the people,[373] and he -afterwards procured from every Englishman the right to read it. Being -pre-eminently a statesman of sure judgment and energetic action, he was -in advance of his generation; and it was his fate, like those generals -who march boldly at the head of the army, to procure victory to the -cause for which he fought; but, persecuted by the traitors concealed -among his soldiers, to be sacrificed by the prince he had served, and to -meet a tragical death before the hour of his triumph. - -The Commons, wishing to put an end to the persecutions practised by the -clergy against the evangelical Christians, summoned—it was a thing -unprecedented[374]—the Lord-bishop of London to appear at their bar to -answer the complaint made against him by Thomas Philips, one of the -disciples of the Reformation. The latter had been lying in prison three -years under a charge of heresy. The parliament, unwilling that a bishop -should be able at his own fancy to transform one of his Majesty’s -subjects into a heretic, brought in a bill for the repression of -doctrines condemned by the Church. They declared that, the authority of -the Bishop of Rome being opposed to Holy Scripture and the laws of the -realm, the words and acts that were contrary to the decisions of the -pontiff could not be regarded as heresies. Then turning to the -particular case which had given rise to the grievance, parliament -declared Philips innocent and discharged him from prison. - -After having thus upheld the cause of religious liberty, the Commons -proceeded to the definitive abolition of the privileges which the -bishops of Rome had successively usurped to the great detriment of both -Church and people. They restored to England the rights of which Rome had -despoiled her. They prohibited all appeals to the pope, of what kind -soever they might be,[375] and substituted for them an appeal to the -king in chancery. They voted that the election of bishops did not -concern the court of Rome, but belonged to the chief ecclesiastical body -in the diocese, to the chapter ... at least in appearance; for it really -appertained to the crown, the king designating the person whom the -chapter was to elect. This strange constitution was abolished under -Edward VI., when the nomination of the bishops was conferred purely and -simply on the king. If this was not better, it was at least more -sincere; but the singular _congé d’élire_ was restored under Elizabeth. - -[Sidenote: Complaint Of Romish Exactions.] - -At the same time new and loud complaints of the Romish exactions were -heard in parliament. ‘For centuries the Roman bishops have been -deceiving us,’ said the eloquent speakers, ‘making us believe that they -have the power of dispensing with everything, even with God’s -commandments. We send to Rome the treasures of England, and Rome sends -us back in return ... a piece of paper. The monster which has fattened -on the substance of our people bears a hundred different names. They -call it reliefs, dues, pensions, provisions, procurations, delegation, -rescript, appeal, abolition, rehabilitation, relaxation of canonical -penalties, licenses, Peter’s pence, and many other names besides. And -after having thus caught our money by all sorts of tricks, the Romans -laugh at us in their sleeves.’ Parliament forbade everybody, even the -king himself,[376] to apply to Rome for any dispensation or delegation -whatsoever, and ordered them, in case of need, to have recourse to the -Archbishop of Canterbury. Then, immediately putting these principles -into practice, they declared the king’s marriage with Catherine to be -null, for ‘no man has power to dispense with God’s laws,’[377] and -ratified the marriage between Henry and Anne, proclaiming their children -heirs to the crown. At the same time, wishing England to become entirely -English, they deprived two Italians, Campeggi and Ghinucci, of the sees -of Salisbury and Worcester, which they held. - -It was during the month of March, 1534—an important date for -England—that the main branches of the tree of popery were thus lopped -off one after another. The trunk indeed remained, although stripped; but -yet a few months, and that too was to strew the earth with its fall. -Still the Commons showed a certain degree of consideration. When Clement -had threatened the king with excommunication, he had given him three -months’ grace; England, desiring to return his politeness, informed the -pope that he might receive some compensation. At the same time she made -an important declaration: ‘We do not separate from the Christian -Church,’ said the Commons, ‘but merely from the usurped authority of the -Pope of Rome; and we preserve the catholic faith, as _it is set forth in -the Holy Scriptures_.’ All these reforms were effected with great -unanimity, at least in appearance. The bishops, even the most -scholastic, such as Stokesley of London, Tonstal of Durham, Gardiner of -Winchester, and Rowland Lee of Coventry, declared the Roman papacy to be -of human invention, and that the pope was, in regard to them, only a -_bishop_, a _brother_, as his predecessors had been to the bishops of -antiquity.[378] Every Sunday during the cessation of parliament a -prelate preached at St. Paul’s Cross ‘that the pope was not the head of -the Church,’ and all the people said AMEN. - -Meanwhile Du Bellay, the French ambassador at Rome, was waiting for the -act by which the King of England was to bind himself once more to the -pope—an act which Francis I. still gave him reason to expect. Every -morning he fancied it would arrive, and every evening his expectations -were disappointed. He called upon the English envoys, and afterwards at -the Roman chancery, to hear if there was any news; but everywhere the -answer was the same—nothing. - -[Sidenote: Henry’s Condemnation.] - -The term fixed by Clement VII. having elapsed, he summoned the -consistory for Monday the 23d of March. Du Bellay attended it, still -hoping to prevent anything being done that might separate England from -the papacy. The cardinals represented to him, that as the submission of -Henry VIII. had not arrived, nothing remained but for the pope to -fulminate the sentence. ‘Do you not know,’ exclaimed Du Bellay, in -alarm, ‘that the courier charged with that prince’s despatches has seas -to cross, and the winds may be contrary? The King of England waited your -decision for six years, and cannot you wait six days?’[379] ‘Delay is -quite useless,’ said a cardinal of the imperial faction; ‘we know what -is taking place in England. Instead of thinking of reparation, the king -is widening the schism every day. He goes so far as to permit the -representation of dramas at his court, in which the holy conclave, and -some of your most illustrious selves in particular, are held up to -ridicule.’ The last blow, although a heavy one, was unnecessary. The -priests could no longer contain their vexation; the rebellious prince -must be punished. Nineteen out of twenty-two cardinals voted against -Henry VIII.; the remaining three only asked for further enquiry. Clement -could not conceal his surprise and annoyance. To no purpose did he -demand another meeting, in conformity with the custom which requires -two, and even three consultations:[380] overwhelmed by an imposing and -unexpected majority, he gave way. - -[Sidenote: The Pope’s Disquietude.] - -Simonetta then handed him the sentence, which the unhappy pope took and -read with the voice of a criminal rather than of a judge. ‘Having -invoked the name of Christ, and sitting on the throne of justice,[381] -we decree that the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry, King -of England was and is valid and canonical; that the said King Henry is -bound to cohabit with the said queen; to pay her royal honors; and that -he must be constrained to discharge these duties.’ After pronouncing -these words the poor pontiff, alarmed at the bold act he had just -performed, turned to the envoys of Charles V. and said to them: ‘I have -done my duty; it is now for the emperor to do his, and to carry the -sentence into execution.’ ‘The emperor will not hold back,’ answered the -ambassadors; but the thing was not so easily done as said. - -Thus the great affair was ended; the King of England was condemned. It -was dark when the pope quitted the consistory; the news so long expected -spread immediately through the city; the emperor’s partisans, -transported with joy, lit bonfires in all the open places, and cannons -fired repeated salvoes. Bands of Ghibelines paraded the streets, -shouting, _Imperio e Espagna_ (the Empire and Spain). The whole city was -in commotion. The pope’s disquietude was still further increased by -these demonstrations. ‘He is tormented,’ wrote Du Bellay to his master. -Clement spent the whole night in conversation with his theologians. -‘What must be done? England is lost to us. Oh! how can I avert the -king’s anger?’ Clement VII. never recovered from this blow; the thought -that under his pontificate Rome lost England made him shudder. The -slightest mention of it renewed his anguish, and sorrow soon brought him -to the tomb. - -Yet he did not know all. The evil with which Rome was threatened was -greater than he had imagined. If in this matter there had been nothing -more than the decision of a prince discontented with the court of Rome, -a contrary decision of one of his successors might again place England -under the dominion of the pontiffs; and these would be sure to spare no -pains to recover the good graces of the English kings. But in despite of -Henry VIII., a pure doctrine, similar to that of the apostolic times, -was spreading over the different parts of the nation; a doctrine which -was not only to wrest England from the pope, but to establish in that -island a true Christianity—a vast evangelical propaganda which should -plant the standard of God’s word even at the ends of the world. The -empire of Christendom was thus to be taken from a church led astray by -pride, and which bade mankind unite with it that they might be saved; -and to be given to those who taught that, according to the divine -declarations, none could be saved except by uniting with Jesus Christ. - -Footnote 366: - - _State Papers_ (Henry VIII.), t. vii. p. 526. - -Footnote 367: - - Burnet, _Records_, iii. p. 69. - -Footnote 368: - - _State Papers_, vol. vii. p. 526. - -Footnote 369: - - Le Grand, _Preuves_, p. 591. - -Footnote 370: - - ‘He eloquently declared our king’s message.’—Lord Herbert, _Life of - Henry VIII._ p. 396, fol. - -Footnote 371: - - ‘That the emperor would be the executor.’—Ibid. p. 553. - -Footnote 372: - - For Cromwell’s early history, see the _History of the Reformation_, - vol. v. bk. xx. ch. xiv. - -Footnote 373: - - Lord Cromwell to Parker. - -Footnote 374: - - ‘Not fit for any of the Peers to appear and answer at the bar of the - House of Commons.’—Collyers, ii. p. 83. - -Footnote 375: - - Collyers, ii. p. 84. - -Footnote 376: - - ‘Neither the king, his successor, nor his subjects to apply to the see - of Rome.’—Collyers, ii. p. 84. - -Footnote 377: - - Ibid. p. 85. - -Footnote 378: - - ‘Solum Romanum episcopum et fratrem, ut primis episcopis mos - erat.’—Wilkins, _Concilia_, iii. p. 782. - -Footnote 379: - - Herbert, _Life of Henry VIII._ p. 396. Burnet, _Hist. Ref._ i. p. 131. - -Footnote 380: - - ‘What could not be done in less than three consistories, was now - despatched in one.’—_Herbert_, p. 397. - -Footnote 381: - - ‘Christi nomine invocato, in throno justitiæ pro tribunali - sedentes.’—Foxe, _Acts_, v. p. 657. - - - - - BOOK VII. -MOVEMENTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND, AT GENEVA, IN FRANCE, GERMANY, - AND ITALY. - - - CHAPTER I. - THE BISHOP ESCAPES FROM GENEVA, NEVER TO RETURN. - (JULY 1533.) - - -[Sidenote: Spirit Of The Times.] - -We have seen the Reformation advancing in the bosom of a great nation; -we shall now see it making progress in one of the smallest. The fall of -Wolsey in England and the flight of the bishop-prince from Geneva are -two historical dates which bear a certain resemblance. After the -disappearance of these two prelates, there was a forward movement in -men’s minds, and the Reformation advanced with more decided steps. Those -two countries are now, as regards their importance, at the two extreme -points in the line of nations; but in the sixteenth century the humble -city of the Leman played a more important part in the Church of Christ -than the mighty England. Calvin and his school did more than the Tudors, -the Stuarts, and their divines, to check the reaction of the papacy and -secure the triumph of true Christianity. The sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries have proclaimed Geneva the antagonist of Rome; and, in truth, -the petty band which marched under its banner, held their ground for -nearly two centuries against the powerful and well-disciplined army of -the Roman pontiffs. We have not forgotten Wittemberg, we shall not -forget Geneva. The historian is not allowed to pass by the little ones -who have had their share in the developments of the human mind. To those -who repose beneath the healthful shade of the great Gospel oak, and -under its green boughs, we must relate the story of the acorn from which -it sprang. The man who despises humble things cannot understand great -things. ‘The Lord,’ says Calvin, ‘purposely made his kingdom to have -small and lowly beginnings, in order that his divine power should be -better known, when we see a progress that had never been expected.’ - - * * * * * - -On the 1st of July, 1533, the Bishop of Geneva had returned to his city -with the aid of the priests, the catholics, the Friburgers, and the -‘mamelukes,’ with the intention of ‘burying that sect,’ as he called the -Reformation. Many of the most devoted friends of the Gospel were in -exile or in the episcopal prison; hostile bands appeared in the -neighborhood of the city, and all expected a victory of the Roman party. -The tree was about to be violently uptorn before it had given any shade. -But when God has placed a germ of religious, or even of political, life -among a people, that life triumphs despite all the opposition of men. -There are rocks and mountains which seem as if they would stop the -course of the mighty waters, and yet the rivers still run on their way. -The exasperated Pierre de la Baume chafed in Geneva, and beat the earth -as if to crush reform and liberty beneath his feet; but by so doing he -opened a gulf, in which were swallowed up his rights as a prince, his -privileges as a bishop, taxes, revenue, priests, monks, mitres, images, -altars, and all the religion of the Roman pontiffs. - -If the bishop was uneasy, the people were uneasy likewise. It was not -only strong men who spoke against the abuses of the papacy, but even -women extolled the prerogatives of the evangelical faith. One day (in -June or July, 1533) there was a large party at one of their houses, and -two gentlemen of the neighboring district, Sire de Simieux and M. de -Flacien, ‘besides seven or eight of their varlets,’ were invited. In -their presence the wife of Baudichon de la Maisonneuve professed the -evangelical truth. De Simieux having reproved the Genevese lady, ‘It is -very clear you are a good Papist,’ said she. ‘And that you are a good -Lutheran,’ retorted De Simieux. ‘Would to God,’ exclaimed the lady, -‘that we were all so, for it is a good thing and a good law!’[382] The -two gentlemen had had enough; they took leave of the ladies, and their -eight ‘varlets’ followed them. Another incident will still better show -the spirit of the times. - -An evangelical named Curtet had just been murdered. Many huguenots -thought it strange that, while their adversaries struck down a man,—a -real image of God,—they must respect images made of wood, canvas, or -stone. There was a deservedly celebrated place in Geneva, formerly -occupied by the castle of Gondebaud, King of Burgundy, whence his niece -Clotilda, one day escaped to marry and convert Clovis. It was a very -ancient arcade, only pulled down within these few years,[383] and known -as the _Porte du Château_ (the castle gate). Near this place stood an -image of the Virgin, an object of great veneration.[384] On the 12th of -July, 1533, some ‘Lutherans,’ believing it to be blasphemy against God -to regard the Virgin as ‘the salvation of the world,’ went to the gate, -carried away the image, broke it to pieces, and burnt it. - -The bishop, feeling that such men as these were capable of anything, -resolved to put the imprisoned huguenots beyond their reach. A report -soon spread abroad that he was secretly preparing boats to convey the -prisoners during the night to Friburg or the castle of Chillon, ‘there -to do his pleasure on them.’[385] All the huguenot population was in -commotion; each man shouldered his arquebuse and joined his company; -Philip, the captain-general, ordered the approaches to the lake to be -guarded, so as to prevent the captive citizens from being conveyed -elsewhere. - -[Sidenote: Uneasiness In The City.] - -The noble enthusiasm which the Reformation kindles in the soul uplifts a -man; while the philosophic indifference of scholars and priests serves -but to degrade him. The Genevans, filled with love for justice and -liberty, were ready to risk all that they held most dear in order to -prevent innocent citizens from being unjustly condemned, and a prelate -sent by the pope from usurping rights which belonged to the magistrates -elected by the people. An extraordinary agitation prevailed in men’s -minds, and several huguenots proceeded to the shore of the lake. Pierre -Verne, taking advantage of the darkness, got into the boats fastened to -the bank, and cut the mooring-ropes as well as the cords to which the -oars were lashed, so that they were made unserviceable.[386] Numerous -patrols traversed the streets, the armed men being accompanied by -citizens, both young and old, carrying _montres de feu_, that is, rods -tipped with iron, having several lighted matches or port-fires at the -end, which were used at that time to discharge the arquebuses. The -dreaded hour when the evil use which princes make of their power -accelerates their ruin, had arrived at last for the Bishop of Geneva. De -la Baume and his partisans, who watched from their windows the passage -of these excited bands, were surprised at the number of arquebusiers -with which the city was suddenly thronged. ‘They were informed that for -each arquebusier there were three or four match-men, which caused great -alarm to those in the palace.’ A comet that appeared during the month of -July alarmed them still more.[387] As yet the huguenots wanted a man to -lead the way; they were to find him in Baudichon de la Maisonneuve. - -The Lutheranism of that citizen was of old date. He was a great friend -of John Lullin, who possessed, it will be remembered, the hostelry of -the Bear, at that time much frequented by German traders, who were, for -the most part, Lutherans. Some Nuremburg merchants of the name of Toquer -arrived there during the Lent of 1526.[388] De la Maisonneuve, who had -much business with Germany, went often to see them, ‘eating and drinking -with them.’ Their conversation was very animated, and usually turned -upon religion. As early as 1523 the traders of Nuremburg had heard the -Gospel from the mouth of Osiander, and they endeavored to propagate it -wherever they went. Their words struck De la Maisonneuve all the more -‘because at that time there was no mention of Lutheranism in Geneva, or -next to none, at least.’[389] There was at that time in Lullin’s service -a young man of Lyons, named Jean Demai, about twenty-five years of age, -and very attached to the Roman Church. While waiting at table, he -listened attentively to the conversation between Baudichon and the -Germans, and kept it in his memory. The daring Genevese did not restrain -himself, and said, sometimes at dinner, sometimes at supper,[390] ‘God -did not ordain Lent. It is mere folly to confess to the priests, for -they cannot absolve you. It is an abuse to go to mass. All the religious -orders, mendicants, and others, are nonsense.’ ‘What, then, will you do -with the monks?’ asked one of the party. ‘Set them all to till the -earth,’ he replied. ‘If you say such things,’ observed a catholic, ‘the -Church will refuse you burial.’ ‘When I die,’ he answered, ‘I will have -no preaching at my funeral, and no bells tolled; I will be buried -wherever I please.’[391] Baudichon’s remarks were not kept within the -walls of the hostelry of the Bear. Before long they were repeated -throughout the city and neighborhood. ‘That man,’ said many, ‘is one of -the principal Lutherans and in the front rank of those who set them -going.’[392] That is what he was about to do. - -[Sidenote: Baudichon Recovers The Prisoners.] - -On the 12th of July, 1533, Baudichon had passed the day in the country, -making preparations for the harvest. Returning from the fields at night, -he was surprised to see an extraordinary guard at the city gate, and on -asking what it meant, he was told that the episcopalians were going to -convey the prisoners to some place of strength. Immediately he -determined to compel the bishop—but solely through fear—to follow the -course prescribed by the laws. He desired fifty of the most resolute of -his friends to take each an iron-tipped staff and to place five matches -at the end. He then concealed them all in a house not far from the -palace. Ere long darkness covered the city; there was nobody in the -streets except a few patrols. De la Maisonneuve bade the men of his -troop light their matches, and put himself at their head. In their left -hands they held the staff, and the sword in their right. Entering the -palace, and making their way to the prince’s apartment, they appeared -before him, surrounded him with their two hundred and fifty lights; and -Baudichon, acting as spokesman, called upon him to surrender his -prisoners to their lawful judges. The bishop stared with amazement at -this band of men with their swords and flaming torches; the night season -added to his terror, and he thought that if he did not give way he would -be put to death. Baudichon had no such idea; but Pierre de la Baume, -imagining his last hour had come,[393] gave the required order. Upon -which the troop defiled before him with their port-fires, and quitted -the episcopal palace. The huguenot prisoners having been transferred to -the syndics, the latter intrusted them to the gaoler of the same prison -‘to keep them securely under pain of death.’ They had passed from the -arbitrary power of the bishop to the lawful authority of the councils. -Constitutional order was restored.[394] - -The bishop passed a very agitated night. The huguenots and the torches -and the swords with which he had been surrounded would not let him -sleep; and, when daylight came, he, as well as his courtiers, was quite -unmanned. The 13th of July fell on Sunday, and what a Sunday! ‘I shall -leave the city,’ the prelate said to his servants. A rumor of his -approaching departure having got abroad, some of the canons hurried to -the palace to dissuade him. ‘I will go,’ he repeated. To no effect did -his followers represent to him that, if he left, the catholic faith, the -episcopate, the authority of the prince, his revenues, would all be -lost; nothing could shake him. He was determined to go. A Thomas à -Becket would have died on the spot; but Pierre de la Baume, says a -contemporary document, ‘was very warm about his own safety, but more -than cold for the church.’[395] - -One thought, however, disturbed the timid bishop; and the proceedings of -the syndics, Du Crest and Coquet, who came to beg him not to desert the -city and his flock, served but to increase his distress. If the -huguenots knew of his departure, he thought they might possibly stop him -and bring him back to the palace. He dreamt of nothing but persecution; -he saw nothing but prisons, swords, and corpses. He made up his mind to -deceive the syndics, and assured them he would return in six weeks -without fail; but he promised himself that Geneva should never see him -again. He then asked the magistrates for six score of arquebusiers to -protect his departure the next morning. - -The syndics having determined to convene the council, the ushers went -round the city and roused the councillors from their beds. Geneva -desired to keep her bishop, while the bishop wished to desert her. The -council ordered that next morning at daybreak, for fear the prelate -should leave early, the syndics should go and point out the necessity -for his remaining.[396] - -[Sidenote: The Bishop Anxious To Leave.] - -The syndics had scarcely left him when he fell into fresh terrors. He -thought that the mustering of six-score arquebusiers would spread abroad -the news of his departure, that the huguenots would rush to arms, that -he would find himself between two parties armed with spears and -arquebuses.... He must make haste and depart alone, by night or at peep -of day, without any parade, before the syndics could have time to -assemble the council, which, he fancied, could not meet before the -morrow. No one slept in the palace that night; all were busy preparing -for the departure, and they took care that nothing should betray to the -outside the agitation that reigned within. That was a terrible night. -Two spectres appeared to the bishop and dismayed him—the Gospel and -liberty. He saw no means of escaping them but flight. But what would the -duke and the pope say? To quiet his conscience, he wrote, at the last -moment, a letter to the council, in which he enjoined them to oppose the -evangelical meetings, and to maintain the Romish religion ‘_mordicus_, -tooth and nail.’ - -Daylight would soon appear; they were dejected in the palace, but -everything was ready for flight. At that moment there was a knocking at -the gate.... It was the four syndics; the bishop was a few minutes too -late.... The syndics entered, and conjured Pierre de la Baume in the -name of peace, country, and religion. They pointed out to him the -consequences of his departure; the monarchical power crumbling away, the -republic rising upon its ruins, the Church of Rome disappearing, and -that of the innovators taking shape.... - -But nothing could move the bishop; he remained insensible as a statue. -They next entreated him to leave the state affairs in order; to appoint, -during his absence, a vicar, an official, a judge of appeal. Pierre de -la Baume refused everything. One only thought filled his mind—he wanted -to get away. ‘Alas!’ said the moderate catholics, ‘he does not set the -state in order, and as for the church over which he is pastor ... he -abandons his flock.’[397] When the syndics had withdrawn, he gave the -signal for departure. There was not a moment to lose, he thought; it -will soon be broad daylight, and who knows but the magistrates, who set -so much upon his presence, may give orders to stop him. Let every man do -his duty! Let there not be a minute’s delay! The bishop took care not to -leave the palace either by the principal entrance or by the ordinary -gates of the city. In the vaults of the building was a passage which led -to an unfrequented street—the Rue du Boule, now the Rue de la Fontaine. -By following this street, the bishop could reach a secret postern in the -wall of the city, which Froment calls _la fausse porte du sel_. Then -Pierre de la Baume would be outside of Geneva; then he would be safe. -Accordingly the bishop quitted his apartments, descended to the basement -of the palace, and made his escape from that edifice (which is now a -prison) like a malefactor escaping from his dungeon. His officers were -downcast; they would have wished to crush those insolent huguenots, but -were obliged to leave them a clear field. The bishop himself, forced to -quit his palace and his power, felt great vexation.[398] He looked about -him with uneasiness, and trembled lest he should see the huguenots -appear at the corner of the street. The encroachments he had made on the -liberties of the citizens were not of a nature to tranquillize him, and -in his distress he quickened his steps. - -[Sidenote: The Bishop’s Departure.] - -The fugitive band reached the secret postern; the prelate had the key; -he passed through and stood on the shore of the lake. There was no enemy -in sight. He entered a boat which had been got ready for him, and -reached the other bank. He sprang immediately upon the horse that was -waiting for him, and rode off at a gallop. He felt the weight upon his -heart grow lighter the farther he went. Now the fierce huguenots will -trouble him no more, and he will ‘make good cheer.’ ‘He retired to the -Tower of May,’ says the chronicle, ‘and never returned again.’[399] - -Baudichon de la Maisonneuve had succeeded beyond his expectations. Not -only had the prisoners been rescued from the unlawful power of the -bishop, but the prelate himself had disappeared. A few huguenots, waving -their _montres de feu_, had been sufficient to deliver Geneva. Not a -drop of blood had been shed. ‘As at the sound of the trumpets of Gideon, -and at the sight of his lamps,’ said the evangelists, ‘the Amalekites -and the Midianites fled during the night, so did the bishop and his -followers flee away at the sound of the arms and at the sight of the -fire.’[400] - -Early in the morning of the 14th of July, the news of the bishop’s -departure circulated through the city. The catholic members of the -council, deserted by a perjured prince, felt themselves unable -henceforth to oppose the torrent which was advancing with irresistible -power. ‘All the catholics,’ says Sister Jeanne, ‘were sorely grieved.’ -The pope blamed the bishop for abandoning his church, and reproached him -for his cowardice.[401] ‘That miserable city, having lost its prince and -pastor,’ said people in Italy, ‘will become the asylum of every villain -and the throne of heresy.’[402] But what caused so much sorrow to the -papists was the source of immense joy to the evangelicals. They -contended that the prince by running away abdicated his usurped power, -and that the citizens resumed their rights.[403] The sun of Geneva was -setting, according to the old style (that of the Roman court); but -according to the new (that of the Gospel), it was rising; and Geneva, -illumined by its rays, was to communicate that divine light to others. -The 14th of July, 1533, witnessed in Geneva the fall of that hybrid -power[404] which claims to hold two swords in its hand. Since then other -bishop-kings have also disappeared, even in the most catholic countries; -and the last, that of Rome, totters on his pedestal. The people of -Geneva, from the time when they lost sight of that shameless and -pitiless prelate, ceased to care about him, and never asked after him. -They even invented a by-word, in use to this day; and when they wish to -speak of a man for whom they feel a thorough indifference, they say: _Je -ne m’en soucie pas plus que de Baume_ (I do not care a straw about -him).[405] - -Footnote 382: - - ‘Une bonne chose et une bonne loi.’ MS. du procès inquisitionnel de - Lyon (Archives de Berne), pp. 200-202. - -Footnote 383: - - About 1836. - -Footnote 384: - - Registre du Conseil, _ad locum_. - -Footnote 385: - - ‘Et illic en faire à son plaisir.’ - -Footnote 386: - - ‘Ni tirer ni nager’ (neither pull nor steer), alluding to the peculiar - mode of rowing employed on the lake. - -Footnote 387: - - Berne MSS., _Hist. Helvet._ v. p. 125. - -Footnote 388: - - ‘About eight years ago,’ says an authority of 1534 (MS. du procès - inquisitionel de Lyon). The reading of the MS. is _Toquer_, which is - probably not the correct spelling of the German name. - -Footnote 389: - - ‘Ou du moins était-ce comme rien.’ - -Footnote 390: - - ‘Soit en dînant, soit en soupant.’—_MS. de Lyon._ - -Footnote 391: - - MS. du procès de Lyon, pp. 294-297. - -Footnote 392: - - ‘Les mettent en train.’—MS. du procès de Lyon, p. 185. - -Footnote 393: - - Sœur Jeanne. _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 68. - -Footnote 394: - - Registres du Conseil des 10, 11, 12 Juillet. Froment, _Gestes de - Genève_, pp. 62, 63. Roset MS. - -Footnote 395: - - ‘Fort échauffé pour sa propre personne, plus que froid pour - l’église.’—Registre du Conseil du 13 Juillet; Froment, _Gestes de - Genève_, p. 63, Berne MS. - -Footnote 396: - - Registre du Conseil du 13 Juillet 1533. - -Footnote 397: - - Le Curé Besson: _Mémoires pour l’Histoire Ecclésiastique du Diocèse de - Genève_, p. 63. - -Footnote 398: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 63. - -Footnote 399: - - Roset MS. - -Footnote 400: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 62, 63. - -Footnote 401: - - Le Curé Besson, _Mémoires pour l’Histoire Ecclésiastique du Diocèse de - Genève_, p. 63. - -Footnote 402: - - Briève Relation de la Révolte de la Ville de Genève. MS. in the - Archives Générales du Royaume d’Italie, paquet 14. - -Footnote 403: - - Letter to Lord Townsend, by the Secretary of State Chouet. Berne MSS. - vi. 57. - -Footnote 404: - - It was also on the 14th of July, two centuries and a half later - (1789), that the reign of the feudal system came to an end. - -Footnote 405: - - ‘I care no more for him than for Baume,’ that is, _not at all_. This - expression owes its origin to the name of La Baume, last bishop of - Geneva. _Glossaires Genevois_ de Gaudy et de J. Humbert. - - - - - CHAPTER II. - TWO REFORMERS AND A DOMINICAN IN GENEVA. - (JULY TO DECEMBER 1533.) - - -The bishop had fallen from his throne, and with him had expired a -despotism which offensively usurped the liberties of the people; the -lawful magistrates once more sat in their curule chairs, with liberty -and justice at their sides. They investigated the cases of the citizens -whom Pierre de la Baume claimed to get rid of without the formality of -trial. The only man who could be accused of Wernly’s death was Pierre -l’Hoste, and he had taken refuge in the Dominican church, where the -bishop had not cared to follow him. The syndics went to the church; the -poor wretch, shaking in every limb, clung vainly to the altar, and cried -out: ‘I claim the privileges accorded to this sanctuary.’ He was -arrested and the inquiry commenced. It proved the innocence of the -imprisoned Huguenots, and showed that the disturbance in which Wernly -fell had been caused by the violence of the canon himself, who was armed -from head to foot, and had taunted his adversaries with loud cries. The -magistrates, however, thought that the blood of the victim called for -the blood of him who had shed it. Pierre l’Hoste, the carman of the -city, denied striking the fatal blow, but confessed that he had struck -Wernly: he was condemned and beheaded. All the other prisoners were -released. - -But there was no relief to Claudine Levet’s sorrow; her husband was -still confined in Castle Gaillard, and the governor refused to release -him. The council entreated the Bernese deputies in Geneva to intercede -in behalf of the prisoner, and on the 4th of September, one of them, -accompanied by J. Lullin and C. Savoye, having gone out to -Ville-la-Grand, about a league from the city, Aimé Levet was surrendered -to them.[406] - -[Sidenote: Froment And Alexander Arrive.] - -While this pious man lay in the Gaillard dungeons, the insults heaped -upon him, the harshness of the prison, and the almost certain death -which threatened him, had given his faith a new life; so that when the -castellan had released him from his bonds, he inwardly vowed that he -would make his deliverance accelerate the triumph of the Gospel. He had -scarcely reached home, when he wrote to Anthony Froment, the evangelist, -whose church had been the market-place, and whose pulpit a fishwife’s -stall, and conjured him to return. The latter did not hesitate, and -knowing that the struggles which awaited him there were beyond the -strength of one man, he invited one of the brethren from Paris, and at -that time in the Pays de Vaud to accompany him. This was Alexander -Canus, called also Dumoulin. One day, therefore, Aimé and Claudine Levet -saw the two evangelists arrive. One lodged with them at St. Gervais on -the right bank, and the other at Claude Salomon’s, near the Molard, on -the left bank; being thus quartered in the two parts into which the city -was divided, they could share the labor. - -Salomon, who shared with Levet the honor and danger of receiving the -evangelists, was as gentle as his friend Maisonneuve was quick and often -violent. One day, shortly after the bishop’s flight, the latter saw in -front of him in the street two of the bishop’s partisans, whom he -suspected to be getting up some conspiracy; his blood boiled at the -sight, and he exclaimed: ‘there are so many traitors here.... My fingers -itch to be at them.’[407] A sense of duty, however, restrained him, and -he did nothing. But Salomon was calm and full of charity and compassion: -he felt none of these passing ebullitions, and thought only of visiting -the sick and the poor, and sheltering strangers whom the Romish -persecutions drove to Geneva. ‘These poor refugees,’ he said, ‘are more -destitute than all the rest.’ His wife, ‘neither dainty nor nice,’[408] -lavished her cares on them. They were the Gaius and Dorcas of Scripture. - -[Sidenote: Order To Preach The Scriptures.] - -Froment and Alexander, quartered on both sides of the Rhone, preached -the Word in private houses with such power that the new faith extended -far and wide, ‘like the layers of a vine;’[409] the old stocks producing -young shoots, which took root and formed other stocks. The priests were -alarmed, and exclaimed that if those doctrines continued to be so -preached, all the country would soon be infested with the sect. They -applied to the bishop, who was at his castle of May—restless, agitated, -and reproaching himself with his disgraceful flight. Wishing to redeem -that fault, he replied on the 24th of October, forbidding any preaching -in Geneva except according to ancient custom. The exulting priests -presented these episcopal letters to the council. The bishop’s cowardly -behavior had estranged the magistrates. ‘_Preach the Gospel_,’ answered -the council, ‘_and say nothing which cannot be proved by Holy -Scripture_.’ These important words, which gave the victory to the -Reformation, may still be read in the official minutes. - -Great was the joy among the reformed. They saw in these words a decree -which made evangelical Christianity a lawful religion[410] at Geneva (as -at Rome in the third and fourth centuries), and authorized them to form -a Church which should be free without being dominant. The same fact has -reappeared at other times and in other countries. From that day, all who -had any leaning towards the Gospel would go to the house of Maisonneuve -or of some other huguenot leader, and sit down in the largest room. -Presently the preacher would enter, take his place before a table, and -usually (as it would seem) under the mantel-piece of the large -projecting fireplace. He would then proclaim the Word of God. These -evangelists ‘_did not fret themselves_,’ they did not speak with -bitterness like some others, and make a great noise; but invited souls -to approach Christ without fear, because he is _meek and lowly in -heart_; and such simple genial preaching attracted all who heard it. The -bishop exclaimed that it was only ‘painted language,’ and ‘sham -tenderness;’ but the number of hearers became so considerable that the -two missionaries were forced to preach in the streets and cross-ways of -the city at the Molard, the foot of Coutance, and other places. As soon -as they appeared anywhere a numerous assembly gathered round them, the -hearers crowded one upon another, and the living words addressed to them -bore more fruit than scholastic or trivial sermons delivered in fine -churches to hearers dozing in comfortable seats. ‘These preachings in -houses, streets, and cross-ways,’ said Froment himself, ‘are not without -danger to life, but are a great advancement to the Word, and detriment -to popery.’[411] - -The catholic party became alarmed; their leaders met, and the -procurator-fiscal with the bishop’s officers and the priests, who were -‘greatly envenomed against the two reformers,’[412] resolved to -apprehend them. Whenever a meeting was formed, the sergeants came upon -it unexpectedly. ‘But as soon as they saw the levelled halberds, the -faithful, greatly increased in number, did their duty, surrounded their -ministers, and helped them to escape.’ In consequence of this, the -episcopal police went more craftily to work: they kept watch upon the -ministers, and came upon them when they were alone, ‘aiming at nothing -less than their lives.’[413] But these efforts of the priests increased -the respect men felt for the evangelists. ‘Such persecutions,’ said the -huguenots, ‘are a sign by which we may know that the ministers are -excellent servants of Christ.’[414] - -The bishop, vexed at having left his episcopal city, could find rest -nowhere. At one time he was at the Tower of May, at another at -Lons-le-Saulnier, now at Arbois, now elsewhere. The thought that two -reformers had come to take his place in Geneva disturbed him; and when -he found that the citizens paid no attention to his strict prohibition -of Gospel preaching sent on the 24th of October, his exasperation was at -its height. ‘We must apply an heroic remedy to the disease,’ he said, -and on the 20th of November he dictated letters patent addressed to the -procurator-fiscal. - -[Sidenote: Gospel Preaching Forbidden.] - -The Great Council met on the 30th of November to hear the letters read. -‘We command,’ said the bishop, ‘that no one in our city of Geneva -preach, expound, or cause to be preached or expounded, secretly or -publicly, or in any manner whatsoever, the _holy page_, the _holy -Gospel_,[415] unless he have received our express permission, under pain -of perpetual excommunication and a fine of one hundred livres.’ The Two -Hundred were astounded, the evangelicals were indignant, and the better -catholics hung their heads. A bishop to forbid the preaching of the -_holy page_, of the _holy Gospel_! ... to forbid it too in the very -season (Advent) when it was usual to proclaim it! To excommunicate all -who preach it! To forbid its being taught _in any manner whatsoever_! To -forbid them to talk of it in courts or gardens, or elsewhere! Not a -room, not a cellar, kitchen, or garret was excepted! The Apostle Paul -declares, however, that _the Gospel of Christ must not be hindered_. The -emotion of the Two Hundred was so great that all deliberation became -impossible; ‘_the whole council rose and went out_,’ we read in the -minutes of the sitting. Such was the mute but energetic reply made by -Geneva to its bishop. - -In the city the emotion was still greater, and vented itself in murmurs -and sighs, and also in ironical jests. ‘Have you heard the news?’ said -the huguenots: ‘the bishop is going to issue an order with sound of -trumpet, forbidding us to speak either good or evil of God and Christ.’ -The silly prohibition was like oil thrown upon the fire: the preachings -became more frequent, and even the indifferent began to read the -Scriptures. Froment and his friends distributed evangelical books in -abundance: first the New Testament, then various treatises recently -composed, such as _La Vérité cachée_, _La Confrérie du Saint-Esprit_, -_La Manière du Baptême_, _La Cène de Jésus-Christ_, and _Le Livre des -Marchands_.[416] De Vingle, the printer, and one of his men, named -Grosne, helped them in this work. But the papists sometimes treated the -colporteurs roughly; a gentleman of the neighborhood, having caught -Grosne on the high road, cut off his ears.[417] This had no effect; the -people thirsted for the truth, and all were eager to hear the Word of -God. - -The leaders of the episcopal party, seeing that nothing could stop these -_prêcheurs de cheminées_ (chimney-preachers) and their hearers, looked -about for a preacher whose energetic eloquence might rekindle the -expiring Roman fervor,—one of those stout champions who can deal heavy -blows in serious contests. For three or four centuries the Dominicans -had played, as inquisitors, the chief parts in the papacy; they were -skilful, eloquent, shrewd in government, persevering in their designs, -inflexible in dogma, prodigal of threats, condemnations, and the stake. -There was much talk in Savoy, and even in Geneva, about one of them,—a -doctor of the Sorbonne, named Guy Furbity,—‘a great theologian,’ they -said, ‘an enthusiastic servant of the pope, a sworn enemy of the -Reformation, daring and violent to the last degree.’[418] Just then he -was preaching at Chambéry and Montmeillan, charming all hearers. The -Genevese catholics petitioned the Sorbonne for this great preacher. Such -a rock, transported to the valley of the Leman, would, they thought, -check the devastating torrent of reform. Their prayer was granted, and -Furbity flattered himself that he was going to win a fairer crown than -all his predecessors. Proud of his order, his reputation, and his -Church, he arrived in Geneva with haughty head, glaring eyes, and -threatening gestures; one might have imagined that he was going to crush -all his adversaries to powder. ‘Ah! those poor Lutherans,’ he said -disdainfully, ‘those poor chimney-preachers!’ ‘He was in a passion,’ -says Froment.[419] The huguenots said, as they pointed him out, ‘Look at -that Atlas, who fancies he carries the tottering Church of the Roman -pontiff on his shoulders.’[420] - -[Sidenote: Furbity Abuses Bible-Readers.] - -A plot had been formed, of which Furbity was to be the chief instrument. -The syndics, Du Crest, Baud, Malbuisson, and many other good Genevans -had been gained over by the priests to the cause of the pope, and by -this means the latter held in their hands the council, the treasury, the -artillery, and, in one word, the city property, besides the ignorant -populace.[421] The Sorbonne doctor had hardly alighted at the convent of -his order when a deputation from the canons came and asked him to preach -in the cathedral and not in the Dominican church. ‘The sermons delivered -at St. Pierre’s, said the monks, ‘will produce a greater -sensation.’—‘Very good,’ said Furbity, ‘I promise you that I will cry -out pretty loudly against the modern heretics.’ It was objected that it -was contrary to the established custom to have such preachings in the -cathedral. ‘We will put him there by force of arms,’ answered the -churchmen, ‘and he shall say what he pleases.’ - -On the morning of Sunday, the 30th of November, a certain number of -priests and laymen armed themselves; and the zealous Furbity, taking his -place in the middle of the band, proceeded to the cathedral. ‘Really,’ -said some of the Genevese with astonishment, ‘he is going to preach by -main force.’ But he restrained himself that day, and he met with no -opposition. The next day, Monday, he went to work in earnest. His sermon -was a continued declamation, full of pompous phrases extolling the -papacy, and of invectives against the preachers. ‘In the pulpit he -behaves like a madman,’ said Froment, who was present; ‘he roars without -rhyme or reason.’ But the bigots were in ecstasies. ‘Have you heard Dr. -Furbity?’ they said in the city. On Wednesday an immense crowd assembled -to hear him. The Dominican went into the pulpit resolved to crush the -heretics, as his patron, St. Dominick had done before him. - -He imagined that his great business was to lower the Bible and then to -exalt the pope, and he set to work accordingly. ‘All who read the -Scriptures in the vulgar tongue,’ he said, ‘are gluttons, drunkards, -debauchees, blasphemers, thieves, and murderers.... Those who support -them are as wicked as they, and God will punish them. All who will not -obey the pope, or the cardinals, or the bishops, or the curates, or the -vicars, or the priests, are the devil’s flock. They are marked by him, -worse than Jews, traitors, murderers, and brigands, and ought to be -hanged on the gallows. All who eat meat on Friday and Saturday, are -worse than Turks and mad dogs.... Beware of these heretics, these -Germans, as you would of lepers and rottenness. Have no dealings with -them in the way of business or otherwise, and do not let them marry your -daughters. You had better give them to the dogs.’[422] - -Among the evangelicals who listened to this string of abuse was one -Janin, a man of small stature, a maker of pikes, halberds, javelins, and -arrows, whence he was usually called the _collonier_, or armorer. His -activity was indefatigable; he was present everywhere; he held -discussions in private and preached ‘to companies, urging with all his -might’ those who listened to him to embrace the faith which Luther had -found in the Holy Scriptures.[423] Having gone to St. Pierre’s, he sat -down near some good catholics, among others Pierre Pennet, whose -brothers were soon to become famous in Geneva for their zeal in behalf -of the Romish faith. Janin, unable to put up with such insulting -language, became restless, and exclaimed that the preacher did not know -what he was saying. The catholics around him, annoyed at being disturbed -in their devotions, said: ‘Begone; one preacher is enough here.’[424] -But they had some trouble to make him hold his tongue. A more telling -interruption was to disturb the orator before long. - -[Sidenote: Furbity Challenges The Lutherans.] - -The Dominican saw clearly that abuse alone would not restore the papacy; -its fundamental doctrines must be established, and this he undertook to -do in other discourses. Continuing to insult the reformers as ‘wretches -who, instead of wearing the _robe_, are dressed like _brigands_,’ he -maintained that priests only, by virtue of the sacramental institution, -could bring souls into communion with God. He even used language that -must have sounded strange to the worshippers of Mary. ‘A priest who -consecrates the elements of the Sacrament,’ he said, ‘is above the Holy -Virgin, for she only gave life to Jesus Christ once, whereas the priest -creates him every day, as often as he likes. If a priest pronounces the -sacramental words over a sack full of bread, or in a cellar full of -wine, all the bread, by that very act, is transformed and becomes the -precious body of Christ, and all the wine is changed into blood—which is -what the Virgin never did.... Ah! the priest! ... you should not merely -salute him, you should kneel and prostrate yourselves before him.’ - -This was not enough; the Dominican thought it his duty to establish the -doctrine of transubstantiation, on which the dignity of the priest is -founded. He exclaimed: ‘We must believe that the body of Jesus Christ is -in the host in flesh and bone. We must believe that he is there as much -as he was in the Blessed Virgin’s womb, or on the wood of the true -cross. We must believe it under pain of damnation, for our holy -theological faculty of Paris at the Sorbonne, and our mother the holy -Church, believe it. Yes; Jesus Christ is in the host, as he was in the -Virgin’s womb, ... but small ... as small as an ant. It is a matter that -admits of no further discussion.’ - -Whereupon the Dominican, satisfied that he had gained a signal victory, -indulged in the impetuosity of his clerical haughtiness, and, pouring -out a torrent of insults, exclaimed: ‘Where are those wretched Lutherans -who preach to the contrary? Where are these heretics, these rascals, -these worse than Jews, Turks and heathens?... Where are these fine -_chimney-preachers_? Let them come forward, and they shall be -answered.... Ha! ha! They will take good care not to show themselves, -except at the chimney-corner, for they are only brave in deceiving poor -women and such as know nothing.’[425] - -Having spoken thus, the monk sat down, proud of his eloquence. A great -agitation prevailed in the congregations; the reformers were challenged -to the combat; the people wondered whether they would reply to the -challenge. There was a momentary pause, when Froment rose, and standing -in the middle of the church, motioned them with his hand to be silent. -‘For the love of God,’ he said, ‘listen to what I have to tell you!’ The -congregation turned their eyes on the person who uttered these words, -and the evangelist, with sonorous voice, exclaimed: ‘Sirs, I offer my -life—yea, I am ready to go the stake if I do not show, by Holy -Scripture, that what Dr. Furbity has just said is false, and the -language of Antichrist.’ He then adduced scriptural authorities against -the Dominican’s assertions. ‘It is the truth,’ exclaimed the reformers; -and some of them looking towards the monk, called out: ‘Let him answer -that.’ Furbity, astonished at hearing himself refuted by such plain -passages, dared not rise, but remained fixed to his seat, hiding his -head in the pulpit. ‘Let him answer,’ shouted the huguenots on all -sides: their shouts were useless. - -[Sidenote: Tumult In The Church.] - -The canons and their friends, finding their oracle was dumb, ventured -upon a controversy which was much more in their line. They drew their -swords (priests often wore swords in those times), and approaching -Froment, exclaimed: ‘Kill him—kill the Lutheran!... Ah! the wretch! he -has dared take our good father to task.’ Nothing but death could expiate -the crime of a layman who had ventured to contradict a priest. There was -only one point on which these churchmen were not agreed: it was whether -they should _burn_ or _drown_ the evangelist. Some shouted: ‘Burn -him—burn him!’ and others: ‘To the Rhone with him!’—‘There was no small -commotion,’ writes Froment. Just as the priests were about to carry him -off, Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, Ami Perrin, Janin le Collonier, and -others rallied round him like a body-guard, wishing to get him out of -the church. This did not calm the tumult; the people ran after him, and -the magistrates would have arrested him. ‘They crowded upon one -another,’ says Froment, ‘either to see him, or to strike him, or to -carry him off.’ The tumultuous crowd made a last effort to lay hold of -the evangelist, just as they reached the great doors of the cathedral. -Baudichon de la Maisonneuve observing this, halted, drew his sword, and, -facing the rioters, cried in a loud voice: ‘I will kill the first man -that touches him. Let the law prevail; and if any one has done wrong, -let him be punished.’ The catholics, intimidated by Maisonneuve’s look, -shrank back; and Froment’s friends, taking advantage of this favorable -moment, dragged him away from his enemies. Then, ‘the women, as if they -were mad, rushed after him with great fury, throwing many stones at -him.’[426] The huguenot Perrin, more politic than evangelical, alarmed -at the tumult, said to Froment: ‘We have spoilt the business; it was -going on very well, and now all is lost.’ _The other_ (by which words -Froment indicates himself), sure of his cause, answered simply: ‘All is -won!’ The future showed that he was right. When Froment arrived at -Baudichon’s house,—the usual asylum of the friends of the Gospel,—Le -Collonier took him up to the hayloft and carefully hid him under the -hay. De la Maisonneuve and Janin had afterwards to pay dearly for their -kind offices. The latter had scarcely quitted the loft when Claude Baud -arrived with his officers and his halberds. ‘They searched the house all -over, and even thrust their spears into the hay, but finding nobody they -withdrew.’[427] - -Alexander, who had not spoken in the church, had accompanied his friend -as far as the great doors. Seeing Froment led away by Janin, and -believing him safe, he halted ‘at the top of the steps in the midst of -the people,’ and, not permitting himself to be intimidated by the -popular fury, he exclaimed: ‘He very properly took him to task. Doctor -Furbity has preached against the holy books; he is a false prophet.’ The -syndics, pleased to catch one at least, carried Alexander off to the -town-hall, and some demanded that he should be sentenced to death. The -sage Balthasar resisted this: ‘It was not this man who caused the -uproar,’ he said. ‘Besides, he is a Frenchman; and the King of France -may perhaps take _some opportunity_ against our city if we put his -subjects to death.’ The two ‘_Mahometists_’ were banished for life from -the city, under pain of death; and, at the same time, it was agreed that -the Advent preachers should be told ‘to preach the Gospel only, in order -to avoid disturbance.’ - -Alexander was conducted by the watch out of the city to a place called -La Monnaye, where, seeing the crowd following him, he turned towards -them and said: ‘I shall not take my rest like a soldier whose time of -service is over.’ He then addressed the crowd for two hours, and many -were won to the Gospel. De la Maisonneuve having returned home, went in -search of Froment in the hayloft; and as soon as it was night, the two -friends quitted Geneva secretly, took up Alexander at La Monnaye, and -then all three set off for Berne. - -Footnote 406: - - Registre du Conseil des 6, 7, 8, 12, 17, Août et 4 Septembre - 1533.—Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 60. Roset MS. liv. iii. ch. xvi. - -Footnote 407: - - ‘La main me fourmille que je n’agisse contre les traîtres!’ - -Footnote 408: - - ‘Nullement délicate ni mignarde.’—Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 68. - Registre du Conseil du 12 Octobre 1535. - -Footnote 409: - - ‘A la façon des provins.’ - -Footnote 410: - - Religio licita. - -Footnote 411: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 66. - -Footnote 412: - - ‘Fort envenimés contre les deux réformateurs.’ - -Footnote 413: - - ‘Ne voulant pas moins que la _jacture_ de leur vie.’ - -Footnote 414: - - Froment, _Gestes_, p. 66. - -Footnote 415: - - ‘Neminem clam, palam, occulte vel publice sacram paginam, sacrum - Evangelium exponere aut alias quomodocumque dicere.’—Gaberel, _Lettres - patentes de l’Evêque. Pièces justificatives_, i. p. 42. - -Footnote 416: - - The Hidden Truth. The Brotherhood of the Holy Ghost. The Manner of - Baptism. The Supper of Jesus Christ. The Tradesmen’s Book. - -Footnote 417: - - MS. du procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 6 et 7. - -Footnote 418: - - Berne MSS. _Hist. Helv._ v. 12. - -Footnote 419: - - ‘Il était enflambé.’—Froment, _Gestes_. - -Footnote 420: - - ‘Velut alter Atlas qui instanti causæ catholicæ succollaret.’—_Geneva - Restituta_, p. 63. - -Footnote 421: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 66-68. La Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du - Calvinisme_, p. 70. - -Footnote 422: - - See the documents attached to the trial, in the Registres du Conseil - du 27 Janvier 1534. - -Footnote 423: - - ‘Prêchant à des compagnies induisant de toute sa possibilité, &c.’—MS. - du procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 29. - -Footnote 424: - - Ibid. p. 37. - -Footnote 425: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 69-71. Gautier MS. - -Footnote 426: - - ‘Les femmes comme enragées . . . de grande furie, lui jetant force - pierres.’—Froment, _Gestes merveilleux de Genève_, pp. 71-74. Sœur - Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 70. Gautier MS. - -Footnote 427: - - Registre du Conseil du 2 Décembre 1533. - - - - - CHAPTER III. - FAREL, MAISONNEUVE, AND FURBITY IN GENEVA. - (DECEMBER 1533 TO JANUARY 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Furbity Visited By The Catholics.] - -De la Maisonneuve was determined to uphold the liberty of -Gospel-preaching. ‘We are called Lutherans,’ said Froment; ‘now, -_Luther_ in German means _clear_, and there is nothing clearer than the -Gospel of Jesus Christ. The Lutheran cause is the cause of light.’ And -therefore De la Maisonneuve desired to propagate it. - -The zealous huguenot did not lose a moment after his arrival at Berne. -He told all his friends (of whom he had many) what was going on at -Geneva. Froment and Alexander, who stood by his side, supported his -complaints and repeated the insults of the Dominican. The Bernese were -exasperated by the abuse the monk had heaped upon the protestants, but -they were animated by a nobler motive. They had thought that Geneva, so -famous for the energetic character of its citizens, would be a great -gain for the Reformation; and now people were beginning to say in Savoy, -in the Pays de Vaud, at Freiburg, and in France, that the reforming -movement was crushed in the huguenot city. ‘A great rumor,’ says Farel, -‘spread everywhere touching Geneva, how that Master Furbity had -triumphed in his disputations with the Lutherans.’[428] The Bernese -resolved to assist the threatened Reform by despatching to Geneva ... -not large battalions, but a humble preacher of the Gospel. They sent -William Farel as Maisonneuve’s companion. - -On Sunday, December 21, the feast of St. Thomas of Canterbury, Furbity, -proud at having to eulogize so heroic a saint, was more energetic than -ever. ‘All who follow that cursed sect,’ he cried, ‘are lewd and -gluttonous livers, wanton, ambitious, murderers, and thieves, who live -like beasts, loving their own sensuality, acknowledging neither a God -nor a superior.’ These words raised the enthusiasm of the catholics, the -chief of whom resolved to go in a body to the bishop’s palace to thank -the reverend father. The noble Perceval de Pesmes, _capitaine des bons_, -‘the captain of the good,’ as the nuns called him, was at their head. -‘Most reverend father,’ said the descendant of the Crusaders, ‘we thank -you for preaching such good doctrine, and beg you will fear -nothing.’—‘Hold fast to the sword, captain; on my side I will use the -spirit and the tongue.’ The compact being made, the deputation withdrew. - -They had scarcely quitted the episcopal palace, when a strange report -circulated through the town. ‘De la Maisonneuve has returned from Berne -and brought the notorious William Farel with him!’ Farel having -re-entered Geneva, was not to leave it again until the work of the -Reformation was completed there. ‘What!’ exclaimed the catholics, ‘that -wretch, that devil whom we drove out is come back!’ They were so -exasperated that De Pesmes, Malbuisson, and others, meeting Farel and -Maisonneuve in the street that very day, drew their swords and fell upon -them; they were rescued by some huguenots. The episcopalians consulted -together, and decided to take up arms to expel the reformer. - -[Sidenote: Farel And Baudichon.] - -Not without reason were the catholics alarmed. Farel was a hero. A work -that is beginning requires one of those strong men who, by the energy of -their will, surmount all obstacles, and set in motion all the forces of -their epoch to carry out the plan they have conceived. Calvin and Luther -are the great men of the Reformation in the sixteenth century. Calvin -defended it against dangerous enemies; he gave to the renovated Church a -body of divinity and a simple powerful constitution. The scriptural -faith which he has set forth is making, and will make, the circuit of -the world. But when he arrived at Geneva, the Reform was already -accomplished outwardly. Farel is really the reformer of that city as -well as of other places in Switzerland and France. A noble and simple -evangelist, his genius was less great, his name less illustrious than -his successor’s; but he ceased not to expose his life in fierce combats -for the Saviour, and, in the order of grace, he was in that beautiful -country enclosed between the Alps and the Jura what fire is in the order -of nature—the most powerful of God’s agents. He was not, as is sometimes -imagined, a hot-headed man, liable to fits of violence and temper. With -energy he combined prudence—with zeal, impartiality. ‘Would to God,’ he -said, on the occasion of his discussion with Furbity, ‘that each man -would state each thing without leaning to one side more than to the -other.’[429] But it must be acknowledged that he had more force than -circumspection, and an unparalleled activity was the principal feature -of his character. To venture everywhere, to act in all circumstances, to -preach in every place, to brave every danger, were his enjoyment and his -life. His excessive genius ‘delighted in adventure,’ as was said of a -celebrated conqueror, and he was never so truly happy as when he was in -the field. Farel began the work, and Calvin completed it. - -Another man, a layman, was called to play a part not less important in -the Genevan Reformation. It has been remarked[430] that in the great -revolutions of nations, God sometimes gives not a counsellor to be -listened to, but a torrent to be followed. There was indeed in Geneva a -mighty torrent rushing towards Reform, and the man who personified that -popular force was Baudichon de la Maisonneuve. Noble in heart as in -race, at first he had been merely an independent politician and an -opponent of the papacy; but, opening his house and his heart to the -Gospel, he came to love it more and more every day. Certainly he did not -possess all the evangelical graces; he was somewhat of a jester, and -might often be found laughing at the superstitions of his times. -Occasionally, also, he was violent in his acts and words. But the -republican energy that characterized him made him the fittest man to -cope with Rome, the Duke, and the Inquisition. Strong, proud, immovable, -he was on a small stage, what the Elector of Saxony and the Landgrave of -Hesse were on a larger stage, the patron of evangelical doctrine. -Although of noble descent, he was in trade, and had an extensive -business. Rich and generous, he provided for the wants of the new creed. -The magistrates of the cities with which he had dealings showed him much -consideration; and not only did the puissant republic of Berne intercede -in his favor, but King Francis I. also. De la Maisonneuve had no doubts -about the triumph of the Reformation. One day, as a Lausanne dealer was -buying one of his horses, the confident Genevan said to him: ‘You shall -pay me when no more masses are celebrated at Lausanne.’ Two or three -months later, when settling his accounts at Lyons, he said to one of his -correspondents: ‘You shall pay me when the priests in this city are what -those in Berne are now.’ This made the bigoted catholics exclaim: ‘He is -the cause of the perversion of Geneva. Would to God he had died ten -years ago!’[431] De la Maisonneuve had much affinity with Berthelier: -the latter began the independence of the city, the former introduced the -reform. They were both pioneers; but if Berthelier’s death was the most -heroic, Baudichon’s life was the most exemplary. - -De la Maisonneuve was able, in case of necessity, to unite prudence with -energy. On the 21st December, the Dominican having preached with great -_éclat_ in the cathedral, some of the reformed said, boldly: ‘Why should -not our minister (Farel) preach in the church as well as a popish -doctor?’ and invited the reformers to enter the building. The indignant -catholics exclaimed: ‘It shall cost us our lives sooner!’ De la -Maisonneuve calmed his friends; he wished to try legal means, and ask -the magistrates for a church. - -[Sidenote: The Plot Breaks Out.] - -The next day he appeared before the council, and handed in the letter -from the chiefs of the mighty Bernese republic. ‘What!’ they said, ‘you -expel from your city our servants, people attached to the Holy Word, -whom we commended to you, and at the same time you tolerate men who -blaspheme against God. Your preacher has attacked us; we shall prosecute -him, and call upon you to arrest him. Moreover, we ask for a place in -which Farel may preach the Gospel publicly.’ The larger portion of the -council was astounded at these two requests. They were about to -deliberate on them when a commotion was heard in the street. A plot had -broken out. - -It was near midday. Between eight and nine hundred priests and laymen -were going to the bishop’s palace, where they had appointed a meeting. -In the palace everything was astir; the cellars were open, and the -servants were running about with bottles in their hands. ‘They supplied -wine in profusion, and every man promised to do his duty. They were -respectable-looking people and well dressed.’ Two hundred men were to -stop at St. Pierre’s to attack the heretics in the rear. All the others -were to go down to the Molard, ‘burning for the cause of God,’ and -attack Baudichon’s house, where Farel was to be found.[432] - -De la Maisonneuve, understanding what was going on, hastily quitted the -council-chamber, and ran to defend his home.[433] His first care was to -hide Farel as well as he could, and then, while preparations were making -to storm his house, he took steps for its defence. But the council, -learning what was going on, left the hôtel de ville, and ordered the -bishop’s partisans to lay down their arms. It seemed strange to do so, -after so many protestations and so much zeal; yet they obeyed. ‘The -wicked build triumphs in the air,’ said the huguenots, ‘and all these -reports ended in smoke at last.’[434] - -Farel left his hiding-place and resumed his preachings in the houses; -but his audience had a singular appearance. In front of the minister -might be seen the proud features of the huguenots, with helmets on their -heads, swords by their sides, and some were armed with cuirass, -arquebuse, or halberd; for, since the last catholic resort to arms, they -feared a surprise. Baudichon watched over the assembly. Wearing an -allécret (a sort of light breastplate), and holding a staff in his hand, -he ‘set the people in order,’ assigning them their places, and whenever -he chanced to hear any conversation, ‘bidding them be silent;’ then -Farel would begin to speak and preach the Gospel with boldness.[435] - -The syndics, placed between the reformers and the catholics, could not -tell what to do. If they arrested Furbity, they would exasperate the -catholics and Savoyards; if they allowed him to continue his philippics -against the reformed, they would offend the huguenots and the Bernese. -The Two Hundred therefore resolved to leave the Dominican ostensibly at -large, at the same time treating him in reality as a prisoner. He might -go where he pleased, but attended by six guards, who followed him even -to the foot of the pulpit. ‘Alas!’ exclaimed his friends, ‘they have -placed the reverend father in the keeping of the watch!’ On hearing -which the monk observed, haughtily: ‘I am under restraint on account of -a set of people who are good for nothing.’ - -Christmas day arrived: the Dominican had ‘a very numerous audience, -particularly of women.’ Incense smoked on the altars; the chants -resounded in the choir; the faithful had never shown so much fervor, and -the monk preached with such warmth that, ‘within the memory of man, -there had never been so fine a service.’[436] At the same time, Farel, -plainly dressed, was preaching in a large room. There was no incense, no -tapers, no chanting, but the words of God which stirred men’s -consciences. This irritated Furbity still more, and on the last day of -the year he exclaimed from the pulpit: ‘All who follow the new law are -heretics and the most worthless of men.’[437] Thus ended the year 1533. - -[Sidenote: Furbity Takes Leave.] - -The new year was to make the balance incline to the side of the -Reformation; accordingly the clergy, as if terrified at the future, -resolved to destroy the tree by the roots, and inaugurated the first day -of the year 1534 by an extraordinary proclamation. ‘In the name of -Monseigneur of Geneva and of his vicar,’ said the priests from all the -pulpits, ‘it is ordered that no one shall preach _the Word of God_, -either in public or in private, and that all the books of Holy -Scripture, whether in French or in German, shall be burnt.’[438] The -reformed, who were present in great numbers in the church, were -staggered at the new-year’s gift which the bishop presented to his -people. The Dominican, who was preaching that day for the last time, -outdid the proclamation, and bade farewell of his audience in a paltry -epigram:— - - Je veux vous donner mes étrennes, - Dieu convertisse les luthériens! - S’ils ne se retournent à bien, - Qu’il leur donne fièvres quartaines! - Qui veut _si, prennent ses mitaines_![439] - -Notwithstanding his invocation of the quartan ague, the catholics said, -with tears in their eyes, ‘With what devotion he takes leave of us!’ -All, however, had not been equally touched: just as the monk was -preparing to depart, his guards stopped him, for he had forgotten that -he was a prisoner. - -Meanwhile the episcopal mandate was causing disturbance in the city. -‘Forbid the preaching of the Gospel,’ said some; ‘burn the holy books! -What a horrible notion! The Mahometans never did anything like it with -regard to the Koran, or the Ghebers with the books of Zoroaster. Those -who are charged to preach the Word of God are the very men to condemn it -to the flames!’ Thus catholics and evangelicals took up arms—the former -to destroy the Bible, the others to defend it. - -They remained under arms not only during the night of the first of -January, but also during the second, the third, and a part of the -fourth, bivouacking in the squares, and kindling great fires. The -citizens of Geneva had often taken up arms from other motives. If any -one had now gone to the catholics and asked them: ‘Why are you doing -this?’ they would have answered: ‘Because we desire to drive out the -Bible:’ and if the same question had been put to the reformed, they -would have answered: ‘Because we desire to keep it.’ These poor folks -had often nothing to eat or drink; and when any party sent to a house to -procure provisions, the other party often seized the spoil. They were -obliged to give the purveyors a strong escort.[440] - -It was a strange sight, no doubt, to see a town filled with armed men -because of the Word of peace. It was in this way that great emotions -displayed themselves at that epoch, and it would be ridiculous to -exhibit the men of the sixteenth century with the manners of the -nineteenth. The evangelical Christians believed that, if the Bible were -taken from them, Jesus would also be lost to them; it seemed that if -there were no more Scripture, there would be no more Christ, no more -salvation. The political huguenots, not troubling themselves about that -matter, thought that the Bible was the best means of getting rid of the -bishop. Consequently all alike passed the days and nights under arms -around the watchfires, being unwilling to have the Scriptures taken away -from them. The reformed, desiring to appear pacific, thought it their -duty to yield a little, and prevailed upon Alexander to withdraw, as he -had been lawfully banished. He turned his steps in the direction of -France, where he soon after found a martyr’s death. But the evangelical -cause in Geneva lost nothing, for, as Alexander left on one side, -Froment returned on the other; and almost at the same moment an embassy -from Berne, headed by Sebastian of Diesbach, appeared at the city gates. -These worthy deputies, seeing what was going on,—the bivouacks, the -soldiers, the spears, and arquebuses,—stopped their horses, examined the -groups with an air of astonishment, asked what it all meant, and finally -exhorted the rival parties to withdraw. The Genevese began to understand -the strangeness of their position: the huguenots felt that it was a -different power from that of their arquebuses which should defend the -Bible; the men of both parties, therefore, yielded to the wise -remonstrances of the Bernese, and every man retired to his own -house.[441] - -[Sidenote: Three Reformers In Geneva.] - -Diesbach and his colleagues came with the intent of prosecuting the -Dominican; but while shutting the door against the monk, they desired to -throw it wide open to the Reformation. Farel had been at Geneva some -time; Froment had just arrived; but that was not all. A man of modest -appearance, who formed part of the Bernese retinue, was to be more -formidable to Roman-catholicism than the illustrious ambassadors -themselves. They had with them the young and gentle Viret. Weak and -faint, he was still suffering from a wound inflicted by a priest of -Payerne, but the deputies of Berne had insisted on his accompanying -them. Thus Farel, Viret, and Froment—three men of lively faith and -indefatigable zeal—were going to work together in Geneva. Everything -seemed to indicate that the reformed bands of Switzerland were unmasking -their batteries and preparing to dismantle those of the pope. They were -about to open a sharp fire, which would beat down the thick walls that -for so long had sheltered the oracles and exactions of the papacy. - -Viret immediately asked after his friends Farel and Froment, who had -been forced to hide themselves during the armed crisis; some huguenots -went in search of them and brought them to the Tête-noire, where the -embassy was quartered. ‘You shall stay with us,’ said the Bernese; ‘we -will protect your liberty, and you shall announce the Gospel.’ The three -reformers immediately began to preach in private houses,[442] -proclaiming the authority and the doctrines of those Holy Scriptures -which the clergy had condemned. What a strange contradiction! The bishop -had just interdicted the Bible, and the three most powerful preachers in -the French tongue were now publicly teaching its divine lessons.... So -many and such good workmen had never before been seen in Geneva. ‘And -the papists dared do nothing against them.’[443] - -But the Bernese wanted more: ‘You protect that Dominican who slanders -our good reputation,’ they said to the council; ‘you despise our mode of -living, you condemn the holy Gospel of God, you maltreat those who -desire to understand it, and banish those who preach it: is that -conducting yourselves in conformity with the treaty of alliance? Let the -monk defend what he has taught: we have brought preachers who will show -him the falseness of his doctrine. If you refuse these requests, Berne -will find other means of vindicating her honor.’ The syndics replied to -the Bernese: ‘It is not our business to know what concerns priests; -apply to the prince-bishop.’—‘That is a mere evasion,’ answered Berne. -‘We give you back our letters of alliance.’ At these words the premier -syndic, becoming alarmed, offered to let the Dominican appear before -them. The Bernese accepted, but ‘on condition that the monk should be -obliged to answer the ministers before all the people.’[444] That was -the essential point. - -Footnote 428: - - _Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles et tumultes advenus à - Genève, avec la disputation faite l’an 1534._ This pamphlet is dated - April 1, 1534, and is from the pen of Farel, though the printer - describes it as being by a notary of Geneva. - -Footnote 429: - - _Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles et tumultes advenus à - Genève, avec la disputation faite l’an 1534_, avant-propos. - -Footnote 430: - - Thiers on the Insurrection in Spain. - -Footnote 431: - - MS. du procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. Archives de Berne, pp. 38, 198, - 229, 285. - -Footnote 432: - - Registre du Conseil du 22 Décembre 1533. Froment, _Gestes merveilleux - de Genève_, p. 78. Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 71. - _Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles_, &c. - -Footnote 433: - - Recent investigations indicate that this house was situated in the Rue - basse du Marché, in front of the Terraillet. - -Footnote 434: - - ‘Les méchants se bâtissent des triomphes en l’air, et tous ces bruits - ne sont finalement que fumée.’—_Lettres certaines._ Froment, _Gestes - de Genève_, p. 79. Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 73. - -Footnote 435: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 79. MS. du procès inquisitionnel de - Lyon, p. 226. - -Footnote 436: - - ‘De vie d’hommes, n’avait été fait si bel office.’ Registre du Conseil - des 23 et 24 Décembre et du 27 Janvier, 1534.—La Sœur Jeanne, _Levain - du Calvinisme_, p. 74. - -Footnote 437: - - Registre du Conseil des 27 et 28 Décembre.—Gautier MSC.—Ruchat, iii. - p. 245. - -Footnote 438: - - MSC. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xvii.—Registre du 1 Janvier, 1534.—Spon. - i. p. 50.—Ruchat, iii. p. 244.—Roset and Farel, both contemporaries, - and in a position to know the truth, report the fact that the Holy - Scriptures were to be _burnt_. The minutes of the council do not - mention it; but the secretary occasionally toned down what seemed too - strong for a council the majority of which was at that time catholic. - -Footnote 439: - - _Prendre ses mitaines_, a figurative expression for _prendre ses - mesures_.—_Lettres certaines_, &c. - -Footnote 440: - - Froment, _Actes de Genève_, p. 80. - -Footnote 441: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 80. - -Footnote 442: - - Farellus, Fromentius, Viretus intra privatos parietes in prædicando - Dei verbo. _Geneva restituta_, p. 65. - -Footnote 443: - - MSC. de Roset, _Chron._, lib. iii. ch. xviii.—Froment, _Gestes de - Genève_, pp. 80, 81.—Registre du Conseil du 5 Janvier. - -Footnote 444: - - Registre du Conseil des 7 et 8 Janvier, 1534.—Froment, _Gestes de - Genève_, pp. 80, 81.—Ruchat, iii. p. 245. - - - - - CHAPTER IV. - THE TOURNAMENT. - (JANUARY TO FEBRUARY 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: The Three Reformers.] - -The 9th of January was an important date in the history of the -Reformation of Geneva, and perhaps (we might add) in that of Europe. The -laity were about to resume their rights: a priest was to appear before -the Genevese laymen and the Bernese magistrates. As soon as the Council -of Two Hundred had assembled, the ambassadors entered, followed by three -persons who attracted the special attention of all present. The eyes -full of fire, the bold bravery, the indomitable features of one of them -marked him to be Farel. The second, less known, had, although young, the -prudence of a man in years and the sweetness of a St. John; this was -Viret. The third, short in stature and of mean appearance, decided in -his gait, lively, and talkative; this was Froment. They all took their -seats at the right of the premier syndic. The friar of the order of St. -Dominic, entering in his turn, sat on the left on a raised bench. They -had met to attack and defend the papacy. The tournament, at which a -great crowd of gentlemen and citizens was present, resembled one of -those ‘solemn judgments’ to which man had had recourse for ages to -terminate certain controversies. The subject of the dispute was more -important than usual. Truth and tradition, the middle ages and modern -times, independence and slavery, were in the balance. All, therefore, -who were interested in divine and human things, waited with impatience. -Their expectations were disappointed. - -Just as the struggle was about to begin, one of the combatants hung -back. The Dominican rose and said: ‘Messieurs, I am a monk and doctor of -Paris; I cannot appear before laymen without the license of my prelate.’ -He sat down. ‘You offered before all the people,’ said Sebastian of -Diesbach, ‘to defend your position by the Holy Scriptures, and now you -want a licence.’ Farel rose and observed, that the monk and the great -apostle were of contrary opinions; ‘St. Paul refused, in such a case, to -appear before the priests at Jerusalem, and appealed to Cæsar. Now Cæsar -was certainly a layman, and what is more—a heathen.’ The monk forbore to -reply to this invincible argument; but looking with pity on the -individual who had dared speak to him, said, with a gesture of contempt, -‘that he had nothing to do with that man.’ Then, remembering how the -strappado and the stake brought such cavillers to their senses in Paris, -he added: ‘Let him go and speak like that in France!’ ‘Good father,’ -said the premier syndic, ‘since you will not answer when our lords of -Berne accuse you, leave that place and sit on the bench yonder, where -you shall hear the rest.’ The monk of St. Dominic had to quit his place -of honor and go to the bar; but notwithstanding this humiliation, he -again refused to speak. The syndics then sent to ask the grand-vicar to -give him leave to answer; but this dignitary replied: ‘I am ill.’ The -deputies made the same request to the official, M. de Veigy, who -answered: ‘The bishop has forbidden me to do so.’ ‘Shameful!’ exclaimed -many; ‘all these priests refuse to give an account of their faith.’ The -Dominican said to the council: ‘Let my lords the ambassadors select as -judges two doctors from Germany; and we will select two from Paris; then -I will reply not only to Farel, Viret, and Froment, but to a hundred or -two hundred of such preachers.... Alone I will meet them all!’ The -Bernese declared they would trust the matter to those only who were -lawfully authorized. They wanted more. The refusal of the Dominican -served but to increase their desire to see the Reformation freely -preached in Geneva. Not contenting themselves with a theological -discussion, they said to the syndics: ‘The way to pacify the city and to -be just towards all, is to pick out one of the parish churches and -appoint a preacher of the Gospel to it. Those who wish to go to the -sermon, will go to the sermon; those who wish to go to mass, will go to -mass; every man is to remain free in his conscience; no one shall be -constrained, and all will be satisfied.’ ‘We are only laymen,’ answered -the astonished syndics; ‘it is not our business to choose preachers and -assign them churches.’ The council sent a deputation to Berne to soften -the rigor of the chiefs of the state; but it was useless. The greater -the _suppleness_ (to use the language of a manuscript) shown by the -Genevans, the greater the inflexibility displayed by the Bernese. It was -a struggle between the pliant and the rigid; and the pliant, as usual, -were compelled to give way.[445] - -[Sidenote: Reparation Demanded.] - -The Bernese ambassadors pursued their plans with vigor, and demanded -reparation for the insults of the Dominican, and a church for the -preachers of the Gospel. ‘If you refuse,’ added Diesbach, ‘we shall -return you the seals of our alliance; we shall take back ours; we shall -prosecute the monk ... and whomsoever we think fit.’ The Two Hundred -were astounded, involuntary tears escaped from the eyes of some, and -even the people outside were much disturbed (says the Council minute). -Joining deeds to words, Sebastian of Diesbach placed the letters of -alliance on the table. The whole assembly immediately rose up with -indescribable emotion, and with tears begged the ambassadors to take -back their letters. ‘We will do our best to satisfy you!’ exclaimed the -premier-syndic, stout catholic as he was. The stern Bernese noble was -touched. ‘We take them back,’ he said at last; ‘but we protest that we -shall return them if you do not satisfy our demands.’[446] Everything -was then prepared for the trial. Geneva undertook to bear the axe into -the wilderness of church abuses: a priest, accused by laymen, was about -to be tried by laymen. This in itself was a revolution. - -[Sidenote: The Monk On His Trial.] - -On the 27th January, the Two Hundred sitting as a court of justice, -Furbity was brought before them. He had taken courage; his erect head -and confident look showed that he believed himself sure of victory. He -called upon the Bernese to set forth their grievances, but protested -against the inquiry on account of the sacerdotal character with which he -was invested. Then the following colloquy took place:— - -AMBASSADOR.—You preached publicly that four kinds of executioners -divided the robe of our Saviour Jesus Christ at the foot of the cross, -and that the first were Germans. That word concerns us. - -MONK.—I never used such words; and I do not know to what country the -executioners belonged. - -AMBAS.—We will prove this charge presently. You said that those who eat -meat on Friday and Saturday are worse than Jews, Turks, and mad dogs. - -MONK.—I did not mean thereby to offend their Excellencies of Berne; I -was preaching only to the people of this city. - -AMBAS.—You said that all who read the Holy Scriptures in the vulgar -tongue are no better than lewd livers, gluttons, drunkards, blasphemers, -murderers, and robbers. - -MONK.—I affirm that I have not abused my lords of Berne. - -AMBAS.—You spoke in a general manner, and consequently included them in -your accusation. - -MONK.—I was speaking to the Genevese only. - -AMBAS.—You said: ‘Avoid these wicked modern heretics, these Germans, as -you would lepers and unclean persons. Do not let them marry your -daughters, you had better give them to the dogs.’ - -MONK.—I deny having preached that article. - -AMBAS.—You said: ‘That the modern heretics, who will not obey the pope -or the cardinals, bishops, and curates, are on that account the devil’s -flock and worse than mad dogs ... and ought to be hanged on the -gallows.’ - -MONK.—That is an article of faith, and I have not to answer for it -before you. - -PREMIER-SYNDIC.—You are commanded to answer. - -MONK.—I shall not answer. - -PREMIER-SYNDIC.—The charge is confessed. - -AMBAS.—‘Most honored lords, we belong to those who read Scripture in the -vulgar tongue. We belong to those who hold our Lord as _sole head of the -Church_, as its everlasting and sovereign pastor; and, moreover, we are -Germans; and for this reason we believe the said articles have been -uttered against us. If we were what these articles say, we should -deserve corporal punishment; and therefore we demand, in terms of the -_lex talionis_, that the said preacher be visited with a punishment -similar to that which we should have incurred.’ - -The reasoning of the ambassador was not irrefutable. Envoys from Zurich, -Basle, and other Evangelical cantons, even from the landgrave of Hesse -or the elector of Saxony might just as well accuse the monk of having -insulted them. But it is precisely this which explains the conduct of -the Bernese deputies. Protestantism had been abused, its fundamental -principles trampled under foot. The Bernese did not prosecute the monk -in order to avenge a personal affront; what they wanted was to see the -Word of God set in the place of the word of the pope, and the -Reformation established in Geneva. The Gospel was on trial and not my -lords of Berne; but the latter considered themselves the champions of -the Reformation in Switzerland, and when enemies attacked it, they -thought it their duty to defend it. To have kept out of the lists would -have been disobedience to the supreme judge of the combat. The -ambassadors brought up fourteen witnesses ready to swear that the monk -had said what was ascribed to him.[447] - -Furbity seeing no other means of escape, determined to fight for Rome. -On Thursday, 29th January, a rumor spread through the city that the monk -would hold a discussion with the reformers. The Two Hundred, and a -certain number of other citizens, met in the Hotel de Ville to be -present at this important struggle. - -One of the tourneys of the Reformation at Geneva was about to begin; the -two combatants were in the lists. On one side the Dominican, the -champion of Rome, came forward with scholastic learning that was not to -be despised, a front of adamant, lungs strong enough to reduce all his -rivals to silence, and a tongue furnished with an inexhaustible flow of -words.[448] At once violent and skilful, he made use of every weapon, -and possessed a particular art of glozing over his errors and rendering -them less apparent.[449] On the other side was Farel, less experienced -than his rival in the tricks of dialectics, but full of love for the -truth, firm as a warrior advancing to defend it, and ready to confound -the monk’s scholastic arguments by the invincible demonstrations of the -Scriptures of God. Possessing a manly eloquence and sonorous voice, his -clear, energetic, and at times ironical language, did prompt justice -upon the sophisms of his adversaries[450]. - -The reformer rose first and said: ‘This is a serious business; let us -therefore speak with all mildness. Let not one strive to get the better -of the other. We can have no nobler triumph than to see the truth -prevail. So that it be acknowledged by all, I willingly consent to -forfeit my life.’ Touched by his words, the assembly exclaimed: ‘Yes, -yes! that is what we desire.’ - -Furbity began by asserting the authority of the pope. He maintained that -the heads of the Church may ordain things that are not in Scripture, and -to prove it, he quoted Deuteronomy: ‘If there arise a matter too hard -for thee in judgment, thou shalt come unto the priests, and thou shalt -observe to do according to all that they inform thee.’[451] - -Farel, on the contrary, maintained the authority of the Holy Scriptures, -and declared that all doctrine must be founded on them alone. He called -to mind that God, in this very book of Moses, had said: ‘_Ye shall not -add unto the Word which I command you, neither shall you diminish aught -from it_.’[452] ‘What is said of the Levitical priest in the Old -Testament (he added) ought to be applied, not to the Romish priests, but -to Jesus Christ, who is the everlasting high-priest. To him, therefore, -we must go, him we must obey, and not the priest.’[453] ‘Christ,’ -exclaimed Furbity, ‘gave to St. Peter the key of the kingdom of heaven, -and St. Peter transmitted it to the priests, his successors.’ ‘The key -of the heavenly kingdom,’ answered Farel, ‘is the Word of God. If any -one believes in the promises of grace with all his heart, heaven opens -for him. If any one rejects them, heaven is closed against him.’ - -As it was growing late, the discussion was adjourned to the next day, -and Furbity said haughtily that he was ready. A voice from the midst of -the crowd called out: ‘Endeavor to hold more to the Word of God and less -to the teaching of the Sorbonne.’ ‘I shall behave like a man,’ he -answered. ‘If the strength of a man consists in his want of sense, then -you are a true man,’ rudely returned the speaker. - -The next day the discussion entered upon a new phase. - -[Sidenote: Interpretation By The Councils.] - -Farel maintained throughout the right and duty of the Christian people -to read the Scriptures, to understand them, and to submit to them alone. -Furbity, on the contrary, asserted that the Scriptures should be read by -the clergy only, and understood conformably with the interpretation of -the councils. He proved his point by reasons which might have some force -in the eyes of his friends, but they had none for Farel, who maintained -the necessity of the immediate contact of each Christian soul with the -Scriptures of God. It was not from councils (he contended) nor from -popes, but from the Word of God itself that every Christian must receive -by faith the truth which saves. The first assembly at Jerusalem -(ordinarily termed the first council), was it not, according to the -account in the Acts, composed of apostles, elders, and of the _whole -church_, and did it not begin its letter with: ‘The apostles and elders -and _brethren_’? Defending, therefore, the rights of the lay members of -the flock, he declaimed energetically against the institution of all -those dignitaries who, in the Romish Church, are _lords over God’s -heritage_: ‘You invent all sorts of things,’ he said to the -Dominican,[454] ‘you introduce diversities of orders, a countless number -of eminences, bishops, prelates, archbishops, primates, cardinals, -popes, and other superiorities of which Scripture makes no mention. You -do everything to your own fancy, without any regard to God or the right. -The apostles took counsel with the whole assembly of the believers, but -you ... you do everything, you are everything! ... you cut and shape as -you please. The Christian people are no more called by you into council -than dogs and brutes. Your ordinances must be adored, and those of God -be trodden under foot. Your papal monarchy surpasses all others in -pride, pomp, and feasting. You want those who are to teach the people to -be princes with lordships, estates, law-courts, and governments. You -want to have a rich triumphant Jesus, who shall put to death all who -contradict him.... Ah! sirs, the Saviour was not such here below: he was -poor, humble, put to death, and his disciples were banished, imprisoned, -stoned, and killed.... What similarity is there between the Apostolic -Church and yours?... The supreme argument in yours is the -executioner.... The apostles did not, like you, fulminate fierce -excommunications; they did not, like you, imprison and condemn.... No! -Jesus is not in the midst of you. He is in the midst of those who are -expelled, beaten, burnt for the Gospel, as the martyrs were in the time -of the primitive Church.’ - -[Sidenote: Farel’s Thunders.] - -The reformer’s energetic words sounded like a peal of thunder to his -antagonist. Furbity was confounded and bewildered; his ideas became -confused; he lost his presence of mind, and, wishing to establish the -doctrine of the episcopate as it is understood at Rome, he quoted the -verse in which it is said that a bishop ought to be _the husband of one -wife_, which greatly amused the assembly. He did more: desiring to prove -that there had been bishops of the Roman model in the apostolic times, -he mentioned Judas Iscariot. ‘It is written of Judas,’ he said, ‘his -bishopric let another take: _Episcopatum suum accipiat alter_. As Judas -had a bishopric, he must of necessity have been a bishop;’ and he -concluded there was no salvation out of the Roman episcopate. The doctor -had not kept his promise to behave _like a man_. Farel smiled at the -strange argument, and began to lash the Dominican with the scourge of -irony. ‘As you have quoted that good bishop, Judas,’ he said, ‘Judas, -who sold the Saviour of the world; as you have asserted that he had a -diocese, pray tell me in what part of the Roman empire it lay, and how -much it was worth, according to the customary language of Rome. That -bishop, whose name you use, is very like certain prelates who, instead -of preaching the Word of God, _carry the bag_,[455] and instead of -glorifying Jesus Christ, sell him by selling his members, whose souls -they hand over to the devil, receiving money from him in exchange.’[456] - -The monk, astonished at such boldness, again exclaimed in a threatening -manner: ‘Go and repeat what you say at Paris, or any other city of -France.’ So sure was he that the evangelist would be sent to the stake -there that he could not refrain from repeating such a peremptory -argument. It was all that Farel would have desired: ‘Would to God that I -were allowed to explain my faith publicly,’ he said; ‘I should prove it -by Holy Scripture, and if I did not, I would consent to be put to -death.’ - -As the discussion went on, the feelings grew inflamed on both sides—some -defending Furbity, others supporting Farel. - -No one was more assiduous at this verbal tournament than Baudichon de la -Maisonneuve; he accompanied the evangelical champion, both as he went to -the meeting and returned from it, being unwilling to leave to others the -care of protecting his person. The catholics did not fail to notice the -constant goings and comings of the great citizen; it quite shocked them: -his intimacy with the detested heretic seemed to them most disgraceful. -A young man of five-and-twenty, named Delorme, who was born at Fontenay, -a league and a half from the city, and who for upwards of a year had -been following his business with a relative in Geneva, specially watched -Baudichon, and was surprised to see so great a gentleman pay such -frequent visits to the poor preacher, Farel.[457] He made a note of it, -which, on a future day he made use of. - -The disputation went on all through Friday. The market on Saturday, the -services on Sunday, and the Feast of the Purification which fell on -Monday, interrupted it for three days. The three ministers took -advantage of the leisure given them to preach to the people with fervor. -Each day they proclaimed the Gospel in the large hall of their friend’s -house, and Baudichon watched to see that everything went on in an -orderly manner—which was very necessary, for the sensation excited by -the discussion attracted large crowds. In the evening the evangelicals -met in different houses and conversed together until far into the night. -During the daytime they endeavored to attract to their assemblies such -as still hesitated between popery and the Reformation. ‘Ah,’ exclaimed -young Delorme with vexation, ‘see what efforts they are making to -increase their party.’[458] All Geneva was in a ferment. - -[Sidenote: Tales About Farel.] - -But the sensation was not confined to that city: the anger excited by -the discussions manifested itself in violent speeches in the surrounding -districts. The idle, the curious, and the devout would stop and question -travellers ‘to learn the great news from Geneva which they so desired to -know.’[459] Many priests and monks preached in the villages round the -city against _heretics_ and _heresy_; and in Geneva, as well as in other -places through which Farel had passed, there was always some friar or -old woman to tell strange stories about the reformer. ‘He has no whites -to his eyes,’ they would say; ‘his beard is red and stiff, and there is -a devil in every hair of it. He has horns on his head, and his feet are -cloven like a bullock’s.... Lastly—and this seemed more horrible than -all the rest—he is the son of a Jew of Carpentras.’[460] - -All these stories, flying about the city, reached the Tête-Noire inn, -where the Bernese and the three reformers lodged. The domestic life of -this hostelry was not edifying. The landlord (according to the -chronicle) had two wives: his lawful spouse and a servant who acted as -the mistress. The former, an upright person, behaved becomingly to the -preachers of the Gospel, though she did not like them; but the other -woman detested them, and every time they entered the house, both master -and servant scowled at them. They restrained themselves however before -the illustrious lords of Berne, greeting them with forced smiles; but -made up for it when they were alone with the preachers. The latter -usually dined together; and the landlord and servant, while waiting on -them, heard language from the lips of the evangelists which greatly -provoked them. Instead of the idle stories and jests so common at the -dinner-table, the three ministers would exchange words of truth with one -another; and this conversation, so new to the two listeners, caused them -to make wry faces (as Froment records, who saw them). The three guests -had scarcely quitted the room when the servant, who had restrained -herself, would cry out after them: ‘Heretics! traitors! brigands! -huguenots! Germans!’ ... ‘I had rather,’ said the landlord, ‘that they -went away without paying (that was saying a great deal), provided it was -a long way off ... so long that we should never see them again.’ These -two wretched people felt that the doctrine of the Bible condemned their -disorderly lives, and the hatred they felt towards the holiness of God’s -Word was vented on those who proclaimed it. - -‘The adulterous servant, unable to serve the preachers as Herodias -served John the Baptist,’ says Froment, ‘avenged herself in another -manner.’ Addressing one of those women who prate at random about -everything: ‘Only imagine what I have seen,’ said she; ‘one night as the -preachers were going to bed, I stole up softly after them, and, -approaching the door, I peeped through a hole.... What did I see? They -were _feeding devils_!’ The neighbor’s dismay did not hinder the servant -from continuing: ‘These devils were like black cats ... their eyes -flashed fire, their claws were crooked and pointed ... they were under -the table ... moving backwards and forwards.... Yes; I saw them through -the hole.’ In a short time all the gossips of the quarter knew it; ‘at -which there was a great stir in the neighborhood.’[461] - -To this story of the servant, the priests added theirs, and said: ‘There -are three devils in Geneva in the form of men—Farel, Viret, Froment; and -many demoniacs. If ever you listen to those three goblins, they will -spring upon you, enter into your body, and you are done for.’[462] Not -satisfied merely with repeating such absurdities in their conversation, -the priests began to preach to the people upon ‘the three devils.’ Next -a song was written on them; and ere long the catholic mob went up and -down the streets singing these rude rhymes:— - - Farel farera, - Viret virera, - Froment on moudra, - Dieu nous aidera - Et le diable les emportera.[463] - -The popular epigram was mistaken. At the very moment when the catholics -were singing it about the city, tragic events were coming that were to -change everything in Geneva. It was the Roman Church that was about to -_veer_ and popery to depart. - -Footnote 445: - - Registre du Conseil des 10, 11, 12 Janvier, 1534.—Ruchat, iii. p. 251, - 252.—MSC. de Gautier. - -Footnote 446: - - Registre du Conseil des 25 et 26 Janvier, 1534.—MSC. de Roset, liv. - ii. ch. xviii. etc. - -Footnote 447: - - Registre du Conseil du 27 Janvier, 1534.—_Lettres certaines d’aucuns - grands troubles._ - -Footnote 448: - - Furbito homine sinuoso, cui firma latera, frons ferrea.—_Geneva - restituta_, p. 68. - -Footnote 449: - - Pictæ tectoria linguæ.—_Persius._ - -Footnote 450: - - Farello pro veritate strenue stante, etc.—_Geneva restituta._ - -Footnote 451: - - Deuteronomy xvii. 8-10. - -Footnote 452: - - Deuteronomy iv. 2. - -Footnote 453: - - Farel indicated the passages taken from the following chapters: - Hebrews v. to x.; Romans xiv.; Matthew v.; Luke xxiv.; John v. viii. - xii. xiv.; Romans xv.; Galatians i.; Deuteronomy xviii. - -Footnote 454: - - _Lettres certaines_, &c., by Farel. - -Footnote 455: - - Au lieu de porter la Parole de Dieu, portent la bourse. - -Footnote 456: - - _Lettres certaines._ - -Footnote 457: - - MSC. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 80. - -Footnote 458: - - Ibid. p. 81. - -Footnote 459: - - _Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles_, &c. This work, which is - dated Geneva, 1st April 1534, and consequently appeared two months - after the discussion, is the principal source whence we have taken our - account of these discussions. - -Footnote 460: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 86. - -Footnote 461: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 85. - -Footnote 462: - - Ibid. - -Footnote 463: - - Farel shall depart, Viret shall veer (go away); Froment (corn) shall - be ground in the mill; God will help us, and the devil shall run away - with them all. Froment’s _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 84-86. - - - - - CHAPTER V. - THE PLOT. - (JANUARY AND FEBRUARY 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Christendom In Sixteenth Century.] - -In the sixteenth century a consciousness of justice, truth, and liberty -was awakening throughout Christendom, and men were beginning to protest -everywhere, particularly in Geneva, at the lamentable perversions of -social and religious life imposed by popery in times gone by. But the -expiring Middle Ages rose energetically against this awakening which was -to condemn them to be reckoned among the dead. The object of the -struggle going on was to secure the triumph of the Reformation—or, as -others expressed it, the triumph of progress and civilization. This -struggle is the supreme interest of history. The intrigues of courts, -and even the battles of armies, which are more pleasing to certain -minds, are trifles in comparison with these mighty movements of -humanity. Nevertheless, if they had their grandeur and their necessity, -they had their danger also. To preserve the ship, launched into the open -sea, from striking upon the treacherous shoals of disorder and -libertinage, it was necessary that the Lord should command it. At the -time when mankind were breaking the secular chains of popery and the -fantastic institutions of feudalism, it was necessary they should cleave -to the sovereign Master, who alone gives the breath of life to -individuals and to nations. If England has so long enjoyed the precious -fruits of liberty, and if France has not yet been able to secure them, -it is because the former welcomed the Reformation and the latter -rejected it. One of the great evils springing out of popery was the -blunting of the moral sense; and the revival of the sixteenth century -was a moral revival. In catholicism there were sincere men; but -everything was good in their eyes, provided they attained an end which -they believed to be glorious. And hence, strange to say, pretended -preservers of order easily became assassins. - -[Sidenote: Meditated Coup-D’-État.] - -The Bishop of Geneva watched attentively from his silent priory all that -was passing in his diocese, at that time so strangely agitated. He -desired to reascend his double throne, and still hoped to reëstablish -the authority of the prince and the pope in the city. Many catholics, -especially at the courts of the bishop and the duke, could really see -nothing in this reformation of doctrine but ‘a popular tumult, which -would be of short duration.’ ‘The aspect of affairs will soon change,’ -they said.[464] Perhaps if Calvin had not come, this prophecy might have -been fulfilled; but others saw things in darker colors. The _tempest of -Luther_ would, in their opinion, upset everything; the same wave that -now threatened the power of the pontiff would ere long sweep away the -power of kings. Men did not know how to act that they might prevent such -a misfortune; and the most decided said plainly, that the only means of -saving Geneva was to set up one supreme magistrate. Did not the Romans -create dictators in the hour of extreme peril? All these councils of -Twenty-five, of Sixty, of Two Hundred, and, above all, the General -Council of the people were (the Episcopals thought) both useless and -pernicious. The administration ought to be placed in the hands of one -man, and be given preferably to one of the lords of Friburg. The fervent -catholicism of that canton and its resentment at Wernli’s death -guaranteed the fidelity with which the mission would be fulfilled. It -does not appear that anything was decided about the selection; but the -bishop made up his mind to attempt a bold stroke of policy. Having come -to an understanding with the Duke of Savoy,[465] he signed at Arbois the -instruments which set up in Geneva a _Lieutenant of the prince_ in -temporal matters _with full powers of punishing criminals_. The document -was immediately forwarded to Portier, the episcopal secretary, the -bishop’s confidential man, who was to determine, in accordance with the -heads of the party, the favorable moment and the best means of carrying -it into execution. On his side the duke did not keep them waiting for -assistance. Portier received blank warrants, sealed with the ducal arms, -with authority to use them as he pleased, so as to bring the matter to a -happy issue. The plot was skilfully devised. The court of Turin, the -lords of Friburg, and the mamelukes were all to assist the bishop; but, -according to the received formula, ‘God was there and the republic of -Berne.’[466] - -Indeed, it seemed at first that the instrument was destined to remain -mere waste paper. The episcopal plot existed; the deed had been signed -by the prince-bishop on the 12th of January, but on the first of -February it was still a dead letter. Portier, aware of the spirit with -which the citizens were animated, feared to make the episcopal ordinance -known, either to magistrates or people. Privately, however, he discussed -with some of his confidants the means of putting it into execution; -among them were two brothers named Pennet, one of whom was the episcopal -jailer. The bishop’s partisans at Geneva, as well as at Arbois and -Turin, thought that logical discussions only did harm: that they should -have recourse to more vigorous measures; that force only would constrain -the Genevese to bend their necks to the yoke; and, finally, that a riot -which disturbed the public peace would be, even if it failed, the best -means of justifying the nomination of a lieutenant invested with -absolute power. Some hot-headed episcopals, and particularly the two -Pennets, the _séides_ of the party, resolved to act immediately: ‘They -undertook, with several others, to spill much blood,’ says a document -written a few days after the affair.[467] - -[Sidenote: Two Huguenots Assassinated.] - -On Tuesday, 3d February, the most excitable of the episcopal party met -at the palace: Pennet, the jailer, his brother Claude, Jacques Desel, -and several others. It was after dinner. Inflamed by the desire of -saving the authority of the prince and the pope, excited by the -ordinance which they had hitherto kept by them, and irritated at seeing -Furbity, the Dominican, contradicted by Farel and prosecuted by the -Bernese, perhaps also (as some have believed) acting under positive -orders emanating from the bishop, these men armed themselves and issued -from the palace, ‘proposing to strike and kill the others,’ says the -document which we have just quoted. These fanatics—we believe them to -have been sincere, but unhappily of opinion that to stab a heretic was -one of the most meritorious works to win heaven—these fanatics entered -the court of St. Pierre’s. Just as they came in front of the steps, and -the large platform on which the white marble portal of the cathedral -opens, they met two huguenots, Nicholas Porral, the notary, and Stephen -d’Adda.[468] Their blood boiled at the sight of the two heretics: Pennet -the jailer drew his sword, sprung at Porral, struck him; and, seeing him -fall, impudently continued his way, with his band, by the Rue du Perron -to the Molard, the rallying ground of all rioters. D’Adda, and some -other huguenots who had come up, surrounded the wounded Porral, lifted -him up, and, wishing to stop the commencing riot as soon as possible, -carried him to the hotel-de-ville, and laid him, all pale and bleeding, -before the syndics and the council. - -The magistrates were moved at the sight as of old—if we may compare the -great things of antiquity with the little things that inaugurated modern -times—as of old the corpse of Cæsar, gashed with wounds and carried -through the Forum, excited the indignation and cries of the startled -people. D’Adda informed the syndics of Pennet’s violent attack, and -called for the punishment of the assassin. But he had scarcely ceased -speaking when a great noise was heard from without: the court-yard of -the hotel-de-ville was filled with agitated citizens; tumultuous shouts -were raised, the gates of the hall were dashed open and ‘incontinent -(says the Register) many people rushed in furiously crying out: Justice! -justice!’ An estimable man, a worthy tradesman and zealous huguenot, -Nicholas Berger by name, who lived in the Rue du Perron, happened to be -in his shop just as the band, which had wounded Porral, was passing by. -Attracted by the noise, he had probably moved towards the door: Claude -Pennet observing him, stopped, and, as if jealous of his brother’s -exploit, sprung at the unarmed citizen, and with one blow of his dagger, -laid him dead at his feet. ‘All good men,’ added the citizens, ‘are -filled with horror, and demand that the criminal be punished according -to law.’ - -This event was not without importance. It was a new act in that -obstinate struggle which, at the beginning of the sixteenth century, -took place in a permanent manner in a little city on the shore of the -Leman lake, and was repeated in other shapes in other countries. -Combatants do not cross a frontier without marking their path by their -blood. Those who were then fighting the last battles of what may be -called the iron age, believed they were serving the cause of justice. -Impartial history shrinks from tracing too hideous a picture of these -insolent champions of Rome and feudalism. Even at Geneva, where they -were perhaps more violent than elsewhere, they were not all devoid of -generous sentiments. Undoubtedly many were animated by party-spirit; but -there were some also who desired the good of their country. In their -eyes, both religion and order were compromised by the alliance between -Switzerland and the Reformation, and that sacred cause could only be -upheld, they thought, by the energetic intervention of the episcopal -party. They were mistaken; but their error did not lie essentially in -that. The great evil consisted in the corruption of their moral sense by -the principles of a fanatical bigotry, so that all means appeared good -to attain their end; all—even the dagger. - -While the people were demanding justice for a double murder, there was a -great uproar in the city: the drums beat, and everybody ran to arms. The -citizens, who wanted independence and reform, exclaimed that the -bishop’s followers, unable to vanquish them by words, desired to triumph -over them by the _mandosse_ (a sort of Spanish sword). ‘It is the fifth -riot the priests have got up to save the mass,’ they said, as they took -up their arms, not to attack but to support the established authorities. - -The council was astounded at the news of Berger’s death. All its members -were opposed to such crimes; but three of the four syndics were -catholics: Du Crest, Claude Baud, and Malbuisson, and the councillors -were usually divided in the same proportion as the syndics. Besides -which, Portier, who headed the band, was the accredited agent of the -prince-bishop, whose authority the council desired to maintain. The -syndics were discussing what was to be done, when the ambassadors of -Berne demanded to speak with the council. The noble lords, who usually -maintained such a cold attitude, were much excited: ‘As we were coming -up to the hotel-de-ville,’ they said, ‘all the persons we met were -running to arms. It is to be feared that there will be a great butchery -(_tuerie_); we conjure you to look to it, and offer our services to -appease the disturbance.’ The premier syndic prayed them to do so; and, -when the Bernese had left, the council continued its deliberations. - -Meanwhile, the principle huguenots had met in consultation. Two of their -friends had just fallen beneath the blows of their adversaries: one of -them was dead; their party had taken up arms; Portier and the Pennets -had fled in alarm; the catholic faction was discouraged. In this state -of things it would have been easy for them to fall upon their -adversaries and gain a decisive victory; but sentiments of order and -legality prevailed among them. They had no desire to infringe the law -but to appeal to it; there were judges in Geneva. Blood must be avenged, -not by violence but by justice. ‘No disorder,’ said the huguenot chiefs, -‘no revenge, no attack, no fighting! ... but let us help the magistrates -that they may be able to do their duty.’ Five hundred armed citizens, -the most valiant men in Geneva, arrived in good order and drew up in -front of the hotel-de-ville, while their chiefs—Maisonneuve, Salomon, -Perrin, and Aimé Levet—went into the council-room. ‘Honored lords,’ they -said, ‘we have assembled for no other reason than to preserve order. We -fear lest the priests have prepared a fourth or fifth _émeute_; and -hence we are here in a body to avoid their fury and lend assistance to -the syndics. We pray that the murderers and those who counselled the -riot may be punished.’[469] There was not a moment’s hesitation: all, -catholics and protestants alike, desired the guilty to be punished, and -search was made for them. - -[Sidenote: The Bishop’s Palace Searched.] - -It was thought that they were hiding in the bishop’s palace: it was -probable, indeed, that secretary Portier, who lived there, had gone -thither and given a refuge to his accomplices, as being the safest place -in all Geneva. ‘We will go and take them there,’ said Syndic Du Crest, a -catholic but loyal man. The other syndics rose, and all quitted the -hotel-de-ville followed by their officers. At the imposing sight of the -chief magistrates of the city, demanding an entrance into the palace, -the bishop’s servants opened the doors, and a strict search began -immediately. Not a chamber or a cellar or a garret escaped the -inquisitive eyes of the magistrates and their sergeants; ‘but for all -the pains they took,’ says the ‘Council Register,’ ‘none of the culprits -were found.’ Many believed they had escaped; Perronnette alone, the -episcopal secretary’s wife, seeing the vigor with which the assassins -were hunted after, felt her anguish doubled as to the fate of her -husband. The syndics, wishing to prevent new intrigues, resolved to -leave a few of their officers in the episcopal mansion, with orders to -keep guard during the night. The men stationed themselves in the -vestibule to wait for the morning; but no one in the city knew they were -there. - -These brave men were talking of what was going on in Geneva, when a -little before eight o’clock at night (it had been dark for some time, as -it was the beginning of February), a low, smothered voice was heard in -the street, as if some one was speaking through the key-hole. The guards -listened. The voice was heard again and pronounced several times in a -distinct manner the name of the portress. ‘It was a priest softly -calling to the servant,’ says the ‘Council Register.’ The huguenots, -understanding instantly the advantage they could derive from this -unexpected circumstance, desired a young man who was with them to -imitate a woman’s voice and answer. Disguising his tones, he said: ‘What -do you want?’ The priest having no doubts about the sex and functions of -the speaker, said (still in a low voice) that he wanted certain keys for -Mr. Secretary Portier and Claude Pennet. It is probable they wished to -use them to hide in some safer place, and perhaps leave the city by a -secret gate. The young man, again assuming a female voice, said: ‘What -will you do with them?’ ‘I shall take them to St. Pierre’s church, where -they are hidden,’ answered the priest. It was just what the guard wanted -to know. One of them got up, opened the gate, and the priest, seeing an -armed man instead of a woman, fled in affright. The guard, without -stopping to pursue him, ran to the hotel-de-ville, where the council was -sitting _en permanence_, and told the whole story to the syndics. The -murderers whom they were looking for were hidden in the cathedral. The -magistrates determined to go there immediately. - -[Sidenote: The Search.] - -It was no slight task to seek the assassins in the vast cathedral, all -filled with chapels, altars, and other places where men could hide. The -syndics entered between eight and nine o’clock at night with a certain -number of officers carrying flambeaux. The doors were shut immediately, -so that no one could get out, and a dead silence prevailed in the nave. -Under the flickering light of the torches, this pile, one of the finest -monuments of the twelfth century, displayed all its august majesty. But -that splendor of byzantine and gothic architecture, those graceful -proportions, that admirable unity so well calculated to produce a deep -impression of grandeur and harmony, did not strike My Lords of Geneva, -who were thinking of other matters. Du Crest and his colleagues were not -occupied with architectural decorations and holy images.... They were -hunting for murderers. - -The search began: the magistrates and their officers went over the -chapels of the Holy Cross, the Virgin, St. Martin, St. Maurice, St. -Anthony, and nine others in the interior; they examined carefully the -eighteen altars, so richly adorned with all that the catholic worship -requires. The sergeants took their flambeaux into every corner, they -lifted up the carpets, they stooped to search for the culprits. The -apse, the transept, the sanctuary, they searched them all; they examined -the vestry, the stalls, the aisles, the galleries, the stairs—they found -nothing. They next went into the chapel of the Maccabees, adjoining the -cathedral, and which the cardinal-bishop, Jean de Brogny, had built a -century before, adorning it with magnificent carvings, gorgeous -paintings, and mouldings enriched with beads of gold. They passed by -those tables where might still be seen a young man keeping swine under -an oak, the cardinal desiring in this manner to recall the humble -recollections of his early life; but neither Portier, nor Pennet, nor -any of their accomplices could be found. The search had lasted nearly -three hours, and the magistrates and their officers were beginning to -lose all hope, when the idea occurred to one of them that possibly the -murderers they were looking after might be hidden in one of the three -towers. The syndics and their suite resolved to examine them, beginning -with the south tower, one hundred and fifty feet high. As they climbed -the numerous steps, they thought that, if the evidence of the priest was -true, the criminals must be there, and they might perhaps find not only -Portier and the Pennets, but a band of their friends well armed. The -stairs being very narrow, it would have been easy for the episcopals to -close the passage and even to kill some of those who were looking after -them. The men who executed the syndic’s orders ascended slowly and -steadily, and approached the great steeple with its four gothic windows -surmounted by semi-circular arches. The steps of this numerous party -re-echoed through the winding staircase. The officer of the Council, who -marched at the head of the band, having reached the top of the tower, -carefully put forward his torch and saw arms glittering and eyes -sparkling in one corner. He drew near, followed by his friends, and -discovered the crafty Portier and the violent Pennet, crouching down, -‘armed,’ says the Register, ‘with swords, iron pikes, axes, and daggers, -and covered with coats of mail.’ The two malefactors, although armed to -the teeth, did not think of defending themselves: they were more dead -than alive. The officers of the State seized them and shut them up in -the prison of the hotel-de-ville.[470] - -[Sidenote: The Plot Discovered.] - -While these things were going on at St. Pierre’s, the guard which the -syndics had left at the palace, encouraged by the success of their -stratagem, had resolved to take advantage of the opportunity to get at -the secrets of the house; and, assuming a simple, good-natured air, they -entered into conversation with the servants, questioning them so -skilfully that they soon knew all they wanted. ‘The bishop’s secretary, -alone and without support, is too weak,’ they said, ‘to withstand the -will of the council and people.’ ‘But he is not so _alone_ as you -think,’ answered one; ‘he has with him my lord the bishop, his highness -the Duke of Savoy;’ and then he continued proudly, ‘he has even received -letters from them!’ The independent citizens, affecting incredulity, -exclaimed! ‘What! Portier receive secret messages from such great -personages!’ ... One of the episcopals, piqued by the disdainful sneer, -declared aloud, ‘that the letters were in existence, _in buffeto_ (says -the Council Register, in its classic Latin), in the secretary’s buffet.’ -At these words the sly huguenots started up suddenly, and, hurrying in -great glee to Portier’s room, broke open the cupboard, took out the -papers lying there, and carried them to the syndics. This discovery was -still more important than the other. - -The magistrates hastened to open the packet, and found a bundle of -papers, all having reference to the plot which the bishop had contrived -for the subjugation of Geneva. They examined the contents and were -alarmed. ‘Here is an act signed by the bishop on the 12th of January -last,—only twenty days ago,—appointing a governor for the temporalities, -with power to punish rebels. The prince, of his mere caprice, -establishes an unconstitutional agent, who is to have no other law than -his own will. Here are blank warrants sealed with the arms of the Dukes -of Savoy. It is a downright conspiracy, a crime of high-treason.’ The -date of the act made it sufficiently clear that Pierre de la Baume was -the instigator of the troubles which had been on the point of throwing -the city into confusion. It was determined that Portier, the recognized -agent of this revolutionary intrigue, should be tried before the -syndics; and a public prosecutor, Jean Lambert, a sound huguenot, was -elected to conduct the proceedings.[471] - -However, before commencing this trial, that of Pennet, less complicated -than the other, was to be concluded. The case was clear, provided for by -the law, and not pardonable. Claude Pennet stood forward boldly, like a -man enduring persecution for the Christian religion. He was convicted of -having murdered Nicholas Berger in his shop at the Perron, and Syndic du -Crest, a catholic but a wise man, pronounced the sentence of death. This -made no change in Pennet’s manner. He did not repent the deed he had -done: fanaticism stifled the voice of conscience in him. It was the same -with all his friends, zealots of the Roman party. In them passion took -the place of reason, and they boasted of the murder as an honorable, -holy, and heroic act. Pennet asked to see Furbity, the Dominican, who -was detained in prison for having insulted the adversaries of Rome. The -monk of the order of the Inquisition was conducted to the murderer’s -cell, ‘and when they saw each other they could not forbear from -weeping,’ says the nun of St. Claire.[472] Pennet wished to die piously: -‘therefore this good catholic made his confession.’ ... ‘I am condemned -to the scaffold for the love of Jesus Christ,’ he said to the Dominican, -‘and I entreat your holy prayers.’ The reverend father, moved to tears -by the piety and wretched fate of this precious son of the Church, -kissed him, and said: ‘Sire Claude, go cheerfully and rejoice in your -martyrdom, nothing doubting; for the kingdom of heaven is open and the -angels are waiting for you.’[473] - -[Sidenote: Pennet’s Execution And Miracles.] - -The murder of which Pennet was guilty was, in the Dominican’s eyes, the -work of a saint. Most of the episcopals thought the same; and it was -feared that their party, which had the populace with them, would oppose -the execution of the sentence. De la Maisonneuve, determining to support -the law by force, collected a certain number of armed men in his -house.[474] But their intervention was not necessary. Nothing disturbed -the course of justice, and the executioner cut off the murderer’s head, -and hung his body on a gibbet. Before long, the populace was in -commotion. ‘Have you heard the news?’ people said. ‘Miracles are worked -at the place where Pennet’s body hangs. His face is as ruddy and his -lips as fresh as if he was alive, and a white dove is continually -hovering over his head.’ The devout made pilgrimages to the place of -execution. - -The other Pennet, the jailer who had wounded Porral, and who, says -Sister Jeanne, ‘was not less ardent than his brother in upholding the -holy catholic religion,’ was all this time lying hid in the house of a -poor beggar-woman, where the nuns of St. Claire, who alone were in the -secret, stealthily carried him food. The execution of his brother -alarmed him; so one night, when it froze hard, he left his hiding-place -barefoot, and arrived stealthily at the convent of St. Claire, where the -nuns provided him with a disguise, in which he escaped to Savoy. - -The third delinquent,—the State criminal, Portier,—remained. The matter -appeared so serious to the procurator-general that he desired it should -be communicated to the people. The Council General having met on the 8th -February, Lambert ordered the letters found at the palace, as well as -the duke’s blank warrants, to be read to the assembly. ‘What! a governor -of Geneva invested with the temporalities of the sovereign power, with -authority to punish citizens who maintain their political and religious -rights; the constitution of the State trampled under foot by the -prince-bishop; and the Duke of Savoy, that eternal enemy of Genevan -independence, forcibly aiding this usurpation and violence!’ All this -constituted a guilty plot, even in the eyes of right-minded catholics. -The voice of the people and the voice of justice were in harmony. The -procurator-general demanded that Portier should be brought before his -judges. The trial was much slower than that of the two Pennets had been, -for the Roman-catholics made every effort to save him, and even offered -large sums of money. But the procurator-general and the huguenots -represented continually that ‘there was a conspiracy against the -liberties of the city;’ it was not possible to save the episcopal -secretary. - -Yet Portier and his agents had merely begun to carry out the orders they -had received; the bishop was the real criminal. His quality of prince -covered his person, so that, even had he been in Geneva, not a hair of -his head would have fallen. But Pierre de la Baume was to receive the -punishment, which, by the will of God, falls upon unjust princes. He had -desired to employ his power for the purpose of oppression, and God -shattered that power. When the sealed letters of the bishop which gave -Geneva a dictator were read in the assembly of the people, the citizens -were shocked; a sullen silence betrayed their indignation; they seemed -to hear the funeral knell of an ancient dynasty that had departed. The -Genevese determined to break with the episcopal traditions, and to raise -to the government none but men known by their attachment to the union of -Geneva with Switzerland and to the cause of the Reformation. While, -among the syndics retiring from office, there was only one who belonged -to this category, four friends of independence were called by the people -to the first position in the State. They were Michael Sept, one of the -huguenots who, in 1526, had fled to Berne, and had brought back the -Swiss alliance; Ami de Chapeaurouge, Aimé Curtet, and J. Duvillard. The -executive council thus became a huguenot majority. It was the episcopal -conspiracy that struck the decisive blow, that threw wide open the -hitherto half-open door, and permitted the victorious Reformation to -enter the city.[475] - -Footnote 464: - - Crespin, _Actes des Martyrs_, p. 114. - -Footnote 465: - - MSC. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xxi.—MSC. de Gautier. - -Footnote 466: - - Registre du Conseil des 8 et 10 Février, 1534. - -Footnote 467: - - _Lettres certaines_, 1534. - -Footnote 468: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 245.—_Chron. msc._ de Roset.—_Hist. - msc._ de Gauthier.—Registre du Conseil. - -Footnote 469: - - Registre du Conseil du 3 Février, 1534.—MSC. de Roset, _Chron._ liv. - iii., ch. xix.—MSC. de Gautier. - -Footnote 470: - - Registre du Conseil du 3 Février, 1534. Spon. i. p. 516. Ruchat, iii. - p. 276. Balvignac, _Mèm. d’Archeologie_, iv. pp. 101-102. - -Footnote 471: - - Registre du Conseil des 3 et 8 Février, 1534. Ruchat, iii. p. 277. - Mém. de Gautier. - -Footnote 472: - - ‘Quand se virent l’un l’autre, ne se purent tenir de pleurer.’—La Sœur - Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_. - -Footnote 473: - - Ibid. pp. 82-83. - -Footnote 474: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 32. - -Footnote 475: - - Registre du Conseil des 8 et 10 Février, 1534. - - - - - CHAPTER VI. - A FINAL EFFORT OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM. - (FEBRUARY 10 TO MARCH 1, 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Furbity Summoned Before The Council.] - -Unequivocal tokens soon made known the change that had taken place. -Every one knew that the critical moment had arrived; but that it should -be salutary, it was necessary to enlighten the people and set distinctly -before them the end which it was proposed to attain. In all that -concerns religious questions, the first point is to understand them -thoroughly; vagueness always does injury to true religion. The -magistrates determined to make clear the points on which the discussion -turned, and accordingly the new syndics ordered Furbity to appear before -the Council. This body, which had called to their aid the deputies of -Berne and the three reformers, invited the monk to prove by the Holy -Scriptures, as he had promised, the doctrines he advanced. ‘In the first -place,’ they said, ‘you have accused those who eat meat, _which God hath -created to be received_,[476] of being worse than _Turks_.’—‘Sirs,’ -answered the monk, ‘I confess that our Lord did not make the prohibition -of which I spoke; I will, therefore, prove my statement by the decrees -of St. Thomas.’—‘Ho! ho!’ said Farel, ‘you pretended to prove everything -by the Word of God; you even consented, in the opposite case, to be -burnt at the stake, and now ... you give up the Scriptures!’ - -They did not confine themselves to this question; the lords of Berne -proved by fourteen witnesses the other errors preached by Furbity; for -instance: that God will punish those who read the Scriptures in the -vulgar tongue, and that Christ had given the papacy to St. Peter. They -proved, also, the reality of the abuse uttered by the Dominican against -the reformed Christians, except, however, that a _German_ (a Swiss -German) was among the executioners of our Lord: it appeared that some -wag had invented the story to ridicule the monk. The Bernese declared -that, as the monk was, according to his own confession, only ‘a preacher -of the decrees of St. Thomas’ and a story-teller, justice ought to have -its course. - -The Dominican began to be afraid, and offered to apologize in the -cathedral for the outrage to God and the lords of Berne. ‘We accept,’ -said the premier syndic, ‘and you will afterwards quit Geneva and never -return under pain of death.’ The Dominican desired nothing better than -to get away as soon as possible.[477] - -In consequence of this decision, the Dominican attended by his guard, -was led quietly to St. Pierre’s on Sunday, the 15th of February. He was -much agitated, walked hurriedly, and his mind was distracted with -contending emotions. On reaching the foot of the pulpit, he went into it -hastily, and, casting his eyes on the crowd which filled the church, his -confusion and embarrassment increased. He saw himself between two -powers—the horrible Bernese and the terrible Dominicans—and felt himself -unable to satisfy one without offending the other. He tried, however, to -recover himself, made the sign of the cross, said the _Ave Maria_, and -invoked the Virgin.... The Bernese looked surprised; but it was much -worse, when, instead of reading the retractation which the syndics had -given him, he began to skim it over, to wander from it, and finally to -say something quite different. One of the Bernese called to him: ‘Sir -Doctor, you have nothing to do here but to retract,’ and numerous voices -immediately seconded the remark. But the monk rambled wider than ever -from the question, hesitated, and became confused;[478] many of the -huguenots left their places, a great agitation pervaded the church, and -the patience of the congregation was becoming exhausted. ‘You are making -fools of us,’ they cried out to the monk. ‘Do not stuff our ears with -your usual nonsense. Come, a good _peccavi_!’[479] But there was no -retractation. A great uproar then arose; some violent men went up into -the pulpit, seized the disciple of St. Dominic, and dragged him down -roughly.[480] ‘They made the chair fall after him,’ says Sister Jeanne, -‘and he was nearly left dead on the spot’ (the good sister often colors -too highly). The catholics quitted the church in alarm, and the doctor -of the Sorbonne, having broken his promise, was led back to prison.[481] - -The Bernese ambassadors next appeared before the Council, and asked -permission for the Gospel to be publicly preached in one of the -churches. The syndics replied that it was just what they wanted, and -that they would require the Lent preacher to conform his sermons to the -Gospel. - -[Sidenote: Dominicans And Franciscans.] - -The fanatical Dominican, empowered to deliver the Advent lectures, -having compromised catholicism, and the council having declared against -every preacher who should not preach according to God’s Word, the -Genevan clergy determined to make a last effort. They said they must -choose a monk of another sort for the Lent course, and consequently -turned to the Franciscans, who had often dreamt of a transformation of -religious society. There were great differences between these two -mendicant orders: the Dominicans were rich, the Franciscans poor; the -Dominicans aimed at dominion, the Franciscans at humility; the -Dominicans were fossilized in their doctrines and customs, the -Franciscans were flexible and had a taste for innovations. They knew how -to catch the multitude by their enthusiasm and flagellations, by their -insinuating manners and miraculous visions. It is a man of this sort, -said the oldest of the catholics, that we want after the Dominican. If -Geneva had resisted the roughness of the one, it would be captivated by -the flatteries of the other. In this manner the clergy hoped to lead -Geneva insensibly back into the arms of Rome. - -Father Courtelier, superior of the Franciscans of Chambery, renowned for -his eloquence and wit, was invited to come and preach at Geneva during -Lent. He arrived on Saturday, the 14th of February: next morning (it was -the Sunday preceding Shrove Tuesday) he appeared before the Council. The -premier syndic, assuming a duty that was somewhat episcopal, said to -him: ‘Reverend father, you must preach nothing but the pure Gospel of -God.’—‘I undertake to do so,’ replied the monk, who had been well -tutored; ‘you will be satisfied.’ And then desiring to show how -accommodating he was, he presented nine articles, saying: ‘This is what -I desire to preach;’ adding, as if he was before the college of -cardinals: ‘Strike out what you do not approve of.’ The Council, in -great part Lutheran, finding themselves converted by the priest into a -court of doctrine, ordered the paper to be read. _Invocation of the -Virgin Mary_ was one of the articles; _Purgatory_ was another; _Prayer -for the dead_; _Invocation of the Saints_.... The huguenots objected, -and these four points were struck off the list; but he was allowed to -make the sign of the cross in the pulpit, to repeat the salutation of -the angel to Mary, which is recorded in the Gospel of St. Luke, and to -celebrate mass. The priest returned to his convent with the revised -articles.[482] - -[Sidenote: Courtelier’s Sermon.] - -On Ash Wednesday the reverend superior went into the pulpit and labored -skilfully to retain Geneva in the orbit of the papacy. The two chiefs of -the Reformation—the layman Baudichon de la Maisonneuve and the reformer -Farel—with many of their _accomplices_ (as Father Courtelier styles -them),[483] desirous of hearing how the monk would manage to make the -pope and Luther agree, had gone to the Franciscan church at Rive -(Courtelier had not been admitted to the honor of the cathedral). The -monk began by repeating in a sonorous voice the invocation to the -Virgin: _Ave Maria_ ..., at which Farel and the huguenots called out so -that all could hear them: ‘It is a foolish thing to salute the Virgin -Mary!’—‘I do it _by permission of the Council_,’ answered the monk -ingenuously, and all the catholics in the congregation, desiring to -support their champion, began to cry out: _Ave Maria, gratia plena_! -There was such a loud and universal murmur, that Farel, Maisonneuve, and -their friends were obliged to hold their tongues.[484] - -Courtelier continued, endeavoring to speak at once according to the pope -and the Gospel. One sentence contradicted another; what was white one -moment was black the next; his sermon was a muddle of ideas without -issue, a strain of music without harmony. Farel and his friends soon -understood the manœuvre. ‘He is using a cloak to entrap us,’ they said, -‘and will take care not to show his teeth at starting. He gives us drink -... as they did at Babylon, poison in a golden chalice.’ Disgusted with -such trimming, Farel stood up and said: ‘You cannot teach the truth, for -you do not know it.’ The poor friar stopped short: resuming his courage -by degrees and wishing to please the friends of the Gospel, he began to -inveigh against both priests and popes. It was now the turn of the -catholics; and the Franciscan, noticing their anger and desiring to -regain their favor, began once more to vituperate the reformers. Without -doctrine, without opinions, he fluctuated between Rome and Wittemberg, -and instead of satisfying everybody, he exasperated both parties. ‘We -cannot serve God and the devil,’ said Froment with disgust. - -The reverend superior now changed his tactics, knowing, as all good -Franciscans did, that flies are to be caught with honey, and began to -praise the Genevans in extravagant language: ‘Ladies and gentlemen,’ he -said from the pulpit, ‘beware how you suffer yourselves to be seduced by -the people (Farel and his two friends) who teach you that you and your -fathers were idolaters, and that you are being led away to hell. No! you -are a noble and mighty city ... you are of good repute ... and worthy -people.... Ladies and gentlemen, always preserve your glorious title, -and make yourselves worthy of the great name borne by your noble city. -Is it not called _Geneva, Gebenna_,[485] that is to say, _gens bona, -gens benigna, gens sancta, gens præclara, gens devota_? ... a good, -merciful, holy, illustrious, and devout people.... Your name declares -it.’ The monk was inexhaustible in extravagant compliments, although he -knew very well what he ought to think of the ‘holiness’ of the Genevese, -and particularly of the monks and priests. - -This final effort of Roman-catholicism in Geneva did not succeed. On the -contrary, the huguenots, provoked by his fawning, said: ‘We do not -desire to please either gentlemen or ladies,’[486] and moved with firm -steps in the path of Reform. Farel, setting aside the manifold -ceremonies with which Rome had overburdened public worship, desired to -re-establish baptism in conformity with the Gospel institution, as a -sign of regeneration. The news spread, and excited great curiosity even -among the strangers who were in Geneva. On the 22d of February, the -first Sunday in Lent, two Savoyards, Claude Theveron of the mountains of -the Grand-Bornand, and Henry Advreillon of the parish of Thonon, were in -the Molard, where also a number of Genevans, both catholics and -Lutherans, had assembled. ‘Have you heard,’ said one of them, ‘that -there is going to be a baptism at Baudichon’s house?’—‘Let us go and see -what it is like,’ said the Savoyards; and, following some huguenots, -they entered a large hall, which had been contrived by removing the -partitions.[487] Some of the seats were already occupied; the two -strangers were able to find room, but the later arrivals were compelled -to stand near the door. ‘There must be three hundred and more present,’ -said Advreillon to his friend. On a raised chair sat a young man with -mild countenance and sharp eyes: they were told it was Viret of Orbe; -right and left of him were Farel and Froment. A gentleman of the city of -good appearance, who seemed to be between forty and fifty years old, -showed the people to their seats and watched to see that everything was -conducted with propriety. ‘That is Baudichon de la Maisonneuve,’ the -Savoyards were informed, ‘the master of the house, and the greatest -Lutheran in Geneva.’[488] - -[Sidenote: A Reformed Baptism.] - -The service then began. Viret’s gentle eloquence charmed his hearers; -the two strangers, however, would gladly have seen themselves outside of -the assembly into which they had impudently crept; but all the passages -were blocked up: ‘We cannot get out,’ said Advreillon, ‘because of the -great crowd of people;’ so they made up their minds to stay till the -end. As soon as the sermon was over, the two Savoyards were about to -leave, when De la Maisonneuve said aloud: ‘Let no one move, a baptism is -going to be celebrated here.’ The baptism took place, and Viret added: -‘It was with pure, fair water that John baptized Jesus Christ; to -baptize with oil, salt, and spittle as the hypocrites do, is wrong.’ The -two strangers, offended by such language, got away as fast as they -could. - -As many persons had been unable to take part in the service, the -huguenots, whose patience was exhausted, resolved to be no longer -satisfied with narrow halls, which did not permit all who loved the Word -of God to hear it. ‘Jesus Christ commands the Gospel to be preached in -all the world,’ said Farel, ‘it must therefore be preached in Geneva;’ -whereupon he asked for a church. The Bernese ambassadors undertook to -present the petition. ‘Most honored lords,’ they said to the Council, -‘when we and our ministers pass along the streets, people shout after -us: “Holla! heretics, you dare not appear in public, you preach your -heresies in holes and corners like pigsties.”[489] We have long put up -with this, and now we come to ask you for a church. No one will be -constrained to hear our preacher; every man will go to the worship he -prefers, and thus everybody will be satisfied.’ The syndics, greatly -embarrassed, declared they were grieved at the _ignominies_ heaped upon -the Bernese, but said it was not in their jurisdiction to assign a -pulpit to a Lutheran preacher; that it belonged to the prince-bishop and -his vicars. ‘Still,’ they added, ‘if you take of your own accord some -edifice in which you can preach your doctrines ... you are strong ... we -cannot resist you ... we dare not.’ - -[Sidenote: Farel And Courtelier.] - -The refusal of the syndics annoyed the evangelicals; Farel resolved to -have an interview with the father-superior. Did he wish to convince -Courtelier, at times so accommodating, that the evangelical doctrine -ought to be preached in the churches; or else, convinced, like Luther, -that the papacy was a power of Antichrist which resisted the kingdom of -God, did he desire to tell the cordelier his mind? We cannot say: -perhaps it was partly both. Accompanied by the intrepid Maisonneuve and -the wise councillor Balthasar, Farel proceeded to the Franciscan -convent. Courtelier received them in his cell, and the reformer having -complained that the Gospel truth could not be preached, the monk, -instead of making the least concession, took refuge behind the authority -of the pope, extolling his holiness’s infallibility and power. Had not -Alvarus Pelagius, a Franciscan like himself, declared that the -jurisdiction of the pope is universal, embracing the whole world, its -temporalities as well as its spiritualities?[490] Had not another monk -taught that ‘the pope is in the place of God?’[491] But Farel, instead -of seeking his ideas about Rome in the writings of the monks of the -middle ages, derived them from the Holy Scriptures, and particularly -from the Revelation of St. John. ‘Your holy Father,’ he said to the -superior, ‘is the beast whom the ignorant worship. John the Evangelist -tells us of a beast with seven heads,[492] which “devoureth them which -dwell upon the earth,” and makes war upon the saints, and he adds: _the -seven heads are seven hills_, on which it sits. _Seven hills_, do you -hear? Everybody knows that Rome is built on _seven hills_. Therefore the -holy see is not apostolical but diabolical.’ Courtelier was moved. He -remonstrated with Farel ‘as well as he could,’ he says; but the reformer -replied, the conversation grew warm, and at last the evangelists, unable -to convince the monk, took leave of him. Maisonneuve quitted the cell, -annoyed at Courtelier’s blindness, and all three left the convent -together. - -This energetic argument, which applied the prophecies of the Bible -respecting Antichrist to the pope, had already been employed by Luther. -No proof excited more anger among the Romanists or inspired the -evangelicals with more firmness. - -Footnote 476: - - 1 Timothy iv. 3. - -Footnote 477: - - _Lettres certaines_, &c. Registre du Conseil des 11, 12, 13, 15 - Février, 1534. Froment, _Gestes_, p. 87. - -Footnote 478: - - ‘Vagans et vacillans, sententiæ satisfacere neglexit.’—Registre du - Conseil du 15 Février, 1534. - -Footnote 479: - - ‘Nugis solitus plebis aures suspendere satageret.’—_Geneva restituta_, - pp. 6-9. - -Footnote 480: - - ‘Impostor suggestu deturbatus.’—_Geneva restituta_, pp. 6-9. - -Footnote 481: - - Registre du Conseil des 15, 16, 20 Février. Froment, _Gestes de - Genève_, p. 88. La Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 78. - -Footnote 482: - - Registre du Conseil des 15 et 16 Février, 1534. - -Footnote 483: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 331. - -Footnote 484: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 331-332. - -Footnote 485: - - The word _Gebenna_ occurs frequently in ancient documents. - -Footnote 486: - - ‘Nous ne voulons plaire, nous, ni à Monsieur ni à Madame.’—Froment, - _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 83-84. - -Footnote 487: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 231, 232, 236. - -Footnote 488: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 233, 234. - -Footnote 489: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 235, 236. - -Footnote 490: - - ‘Jurisdictionem habet universalem in toto mundo papa, nedum in - spiritualibus sed temporalibus.’—_De planctu ecclesiæ_, lib. i. cap. - xiii. - -Footnote 491: - - ‘Papa vice Dei, est omnium regnorum provisor.’—Aug. Triumphus, _Summa - de potestate ecclesiasticâ_, Qu. xlvi. art. 3. - -Footnote 492: - - Revelation xiii.-xx. - - - - - CHAPTER VII. - FAREL PREACHES IN THE GRAND AUDITORY OF THE CONVENT AT RIVE. - (MARCH 1 TO APRIL 25, 1534.) - - -The interview with the father-superior had been useless; the churches -remained closed. The evangelicals could wait no longer: the majority of -the inhabitants were for the Word of God, but not a church was opened to -them. The walls of St. Pierre, St. Gervais, St. Germain, and the -Madelaine contained merely the external and barren forms of the Roman -worship: life and movement were there no longer; they had passed into -the hearts of the resolute men and pious women who gathered round Farel. -Neither the hall in Maisonneuve’s house, nor any other sufficed for the -_lovers of the Word_. Every day numbers of hearers had to remain in the -street. ‘Alas!’ said they, ‘the Gospel can find nothing in Geneva but -_secret chambers_, and we can only whisper of the grace of Christ. And -yet grace ought to be proclaimed all through the city and spread even to -the ends of the world.’ They were about to take measures accordingly. - -[Sidenote: Farel In The Grand Auditory.] - -On the second Sunday in Lent (1st of March, 1534), after the -evangelicals had heard Farel in one of the usual halls, twenty-nine of -the most notable huguenots remained behind and began to inquire what -ought to be done. ‘The Council,’ reported one of them, ‘told my lords of -Berne to take any place they liked for their preacher ... well, suppose -we take one. It is God’s will to have the Gospel published. But the pope -with his people care no more about it than the priests of Bacchus, -Jupiter, and Venus did of old. Without any further petitioning let us do -what God commands.’ At these words Maisonneuve and the other huguenots -proceeded to the convent at Rive. Father Courtelier was preaching there: -he had just finished his sermon and the crowd were leaving the church. -The daring Baudichon informed the monks, to their great surprise, that -Farel was going to preach there, and also that the bells would be rung, -which did not astonish them less. Two or three huguenots, going into the -belfry, rang three loud peals at intervals during an hour. Meanwhile De -la Maisonneuve took his measures. Instead of taking possession of the -church, he selected a part of the convent named the _grand auditory_, or -the _cloister_. This part of the monastery was constructed in the shape -of a gallery, and had a court in the middle: it was more spacious than -the church, and would hold four or five thousand persons.[493] - -The sound of the bells at an unusual hour was heard all through the -city. Each note, as it rang in the ears of the Genevese, announced to -them that the Gospel, with which all Christendom was then agitated, was -at last about to be publicly proclaimed within their walls. ‘Master -Farel,’ they said, ‘is going to preach in the cloister at Rive,’ and a -crowd collected from all sides. People of every sort had assembled to -hear him: evangelicals, political huguenots, the indifferent and -bigoted. Certain priests gnashed their teeth and even attempted to turn -away some of their parishioners; but it was labor in vain: the number -increased every minute. Some Franciscan monks, who stared at the sight -of such an extraordinary multitude, could not resist the desire of going -to the grand auditory and hearing what was said. - -De la Maisonneuve gave the necessary orders for placing the people. The -assembly, although respectful, was profoundly agitated. In the place -where they had met, men of different parties crowded together: the -opportunity of hearing the famous Farel, and the object which such -meetings were to attain, namely, a change in the religion of Geneva—all -stirred their minds deeply. But if there was any unbecoming movement, -Maisonneuve, from his elevated place, imposed silence by his hand. At -length the reformer appeared. The catholics were astonished when they -saw him: ‘What!’ they said, ‘no sacerdotal ornaments! He is dressed like -a layman, with a Spanish cloak and brimmed cap.’[494] But under that cap -and cloak lay hid what was rarely found beneath the robes of priests—an -ardent soul, a heart overflowing with love, and such eloquence that the -hearers exclaimed, as Calvin did once: ‘Your thunders have caused an -indescribable trouble in my soul.’[495] Farel began to speak: borrowing -his fire from the writings of the prophets and apostles, says one of his -biographers, he enlightened and inflamed the heart.[496] He excited in -many a lively feeling of love for Christ. God, as Calvin says, was at -work in his own through the ministry of the reformer. Some began to -consider and to relish the grace which they had formerly swallowed -without tasting.[497] The assembly was charmed and enraptured; the souls -of many were inflamed by the ardor of the divine spirit. - -Among the Franciscans who listened to Farel was Jacques Bernard, -belonging to one of the best families in Geneva. He was lively, -intelligent, learned, and defiant, and had long been a sincere -worshipper of the Virgin. He had often spoken violently against the -reformers, and a few days before, meeting Farel and Viret, he told them -with a scowl: ‘In times past there were schismatics enough who forbade -men to salute the Virgin and make the sign of the cross.’ Then, without -another word, he rudely turned his back on them. But on this occasion no -one in the grand auditory was more attentive than Jacques. God gave him -_new eyes_ and _new ears_. It has been said that the convent at Rive was -to him as the road to Damascus—that there this new Saul became a new -Paul.[498] This first preaching of Farel’s contributed at least to -Bernard’s conversion, and ere long he maintained courageously the truths -he had once so much attacked. - -But this light, which had enlightened some, blinded others. The wrath of -the men devoted to the papacy knew no bounds; they indulged in terrible -bursts of passion, and their followers spread the flames through the -city. The conflagration broke out the next day. The Two Hundred were -hardly met, when Nicholas du Crest, the three Malbuissons, Girardin, and -Philip de la Rive, with several others, appeared before them and said: A -minister preached the new law yesterday in the cloister at Rive; we wish -to know if it was with your consent. At the same moment the ambassadors -of Berne arrived and held very different language: ‘What we have so long -asked for,’ they said, ‘has been accomplished _by the inspiration of -God_, without our knowing anything of it. The place which you had -refused us has been given by the Lord himself. Yes, God, by the -inspiration of the Holy Ghost, has put it into the hearts of your -citizens to have the Gospel preached in the grand auditory. Permit the -minister to continue his preaching in that place, and give no annoyance -to such as may go to hear him.’ - -[Sidenote: Farel Continues To Preach.] - -Although, to satisfy the catholics, the Council had at first hinted to -the Bernese that as they were returning home, it would be very natural -that they should take their ministers with them, Farel continued to -preach every day to numerous congregations. His hearers were more -convinced than ever of the errors of Rome and of the truth of the -evangelical doctrine—things which appeared to them as clear as the day. -Many threw aside their supineness; their contrite hearts joyfully -received the Saviour’s pardon, and, ‘caring no longer for the frivolous -things so esteemed by the papists,’ devoted themselves to works of true -innocence and charity. There was great cheerfulness in Geneva. Bands of -people paraded the city with songs of joy; groups assembled at the -Molard and conversed of the extraordinary things that were taking place. -The evangelicals no longer doubted of the victory. A young Savoyard, -named Henry Percyn, approaching one of these groups, recognized -Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, who, surrounded by several Lutherans, ‘was -talking to some catholics who were there.’ The latter defended their -Church: ‘Are these three chimney-preachers better than pope, bishop, -canons, priests, and monks?’ Maisonneuve replied: ‘I will bet one -hundred crowns to fifty, that next Easter not a single mass will be -celebrated in Geneva.’ None of the catholics would accept the wager. -Baudichon was mistaken, but by a few months only.[499] - -On Saturday, the 7th of March, the Bernese ambassadors attended the -evangelical assembly for the last time. They were leaving Farel, Viret, -and Froment without protection in the midst of deadly enemies, and -without force to resist them alone. Accordingly, as soon as the service -was ended, they rose and said: ‘Farewell, gentlemen of Geneva, we -commend our preachers to you.’[500]—‘It is not necessary to commend -them,’ answered a Genevese, ‘we know the danger they incur in trying to -rescue the people from the slavery into which they have fallen.’ As he -left the hall, Claude Bernard took the three evangelists home to his -house, where they lived henceforward. - -De la Maisonneuve departed about the same time as the Bernese, on his -way to Frankfort on business. At a date we cannot fix he took Farel and -Viret to Lausanne to ‘similarly seduce’ the inhabitants of that city; -but the Lausannese, the priests and their friends (for the middle-class -was favorable to the Reform), ‘drove the preachers away.’ It is scarcely -probable that the two reformers should have chosen to leave Geneva at -the important epoch of which we are treating; and yet a contemporary -document would lead us to believe so. When De la Maisonneuve reached -Frankfort, he conversed with the Lutherans and communicated, as it would -seem, according to the ritual of Luther.[501] - -Shortly after this, Portier was convicted of having conspired with the -bishop against the liberty of the city, and condemned to lose his head. -The law having punished the guilty, the public conscience was satisfied. -It is necessary that justice should reign among nations; when it is -trampled under foot and the guilty are held to be innocent, there rises -in the breasts of the good a cry of sorrow, we will not say of revenge. -But that condemnation was big with important consequences for Geneva; it -was, says the chronicler, ‘a terror to the creatures of the bishop.’ As -Portier had only carried out the orders of the prince, the condemnation -of the servant was that of the master. The episcopal agents began to -understand that they must obey the laws and pay respect to lay -tribunals. The power of the episcopal faction was broken.[502] - -[Sidenote: Farel’s Progress.] - -Farel became more energetic, while, on the other hand, the Franciscan -preacher did all he could to support the tottering papacy. It was not -only in the same country that these two contrary systems were then in -conflict: it was in the same city, in the same house,—the monastery at -Rive. One day the cordelier taught in the church that ‘the wafer ceases -to be bread, and that the _mouth_ receives the body of Jesus Christ;’ -while Farel said in the cloister: ‘It is true that the life is -_enclosed_ in the body of Christ; but we have no communion with him -except by a true faith. Faith is the mouth of the soul to receive the -Saviour.’ In the church the cordelier encouraged the purchase of -indulgences, the practice of penances and satisfactions; but in the -grand auditory Farel exclaimed: ‘All our sins are pardoned _freely_. How -dare the monks, then, set up their satisfactions, which the Word of God -has shattered to pieces?’[503] Gradually the cordelier lowered his tone: -the powerful voice of Farel was reducing him to silence. ‘You must -know,’ wrote Madame de la Maisonneuve to her husband, who was at -Frankfort, ‘you must know that Master William does his duty bravely in -announcing the Word of God.’ She added: ‘We have had no prohibitions: -nobody contradicts us. Our business increases greatly.’[504] - -Roman-catholicism was falling: Friburg hurried to its support. ‘Alas!’ -replied the syndics to the ambassadors, ‘we do not set Farel to preach: -it is the people. We could sooner stop a torrent than prevent people -going to hear them. So far as we are concerned, we have abolished no -ceremony, pulled down no church.’ Thus, at Geneva, as in mighty England, -it was the nation rather than its leaders who desired the Reform; and it -was the same everywhere. The Friburgers, calm and reserved, then stepped -forward in the midst of the assembly of the people, coldly laid their -letters of alliance before the premier syndic, and asked for those of -Geneva. ‘Keep them! keep them!’ was the cry on all sides; and the -citizens rushed towards the deputation, lavishing on them marks of -affection and prayers. Messieurs of Friburg, sternly shaking off their -embraces, departed, leaving the letters of alliance on the table. - -The alarmed Council now resolved to do all in their power to appease the -catholics and Friburgers. Every year at Easter a grand procession took -place, in which the images and relics of the saints were carried through -the city. The Council ordered the usual honors to be paid them. Aimé -Levet having declared that he would not forsake the living God for that -multitude of _petty gods_, the syndics served him with a special order -through the police. But still the Levets would hang no drapery upon -their house, and kept the shop open as on an ordinary day. For this -offence Aimé was kept three days in prison on bread and water. - -[Sidenote: Farel’s Domestic Troubles.] - -The consideration due to Friburg had led the magistrates to this act of -severity; but the evangelical movement was not checked by it. The -Christian meetings increased in number after Easter. Farel energetically -urged forward the car of Reform, and his voice by turns alarmed like the -thunders of Sinai, or consoled like the Beatitudes of the Gospel. Yet, -in the midst of these numerous works, he was often observed to pause, -overcome with sadness. The persecution continued in France: three -hundred Lutherans were in prison at Paris. ‘What restive horses are -these!’ he exclaimed. ‘They shrink back instead of advancing! What -adversaries are springing up against the Redeemer, who reigns with glory -in heaven! But God will not forsake his work.’[505] He had still keener -sorrows than these: his own brothers, Daniel, Walter, and Claude, had -been seized by the enemy from a desire to avenge upon them the _evil_ -which the reformer was doing. One of the three, who was younger than -himself, had been condemned to imprisonment for life, and his mother, -already a widow, was shedding tears of bitterness. ‘Alas!’ said William -Farel, ‘her son, who was born after me, has long been in prison, and has -greater sorrows to endure than I have.’ The reformer applied to friends -in high station to obtain his brother’s release from the king; but the -strictness of the prison had only been increased. ‘I know not,’ he said, -on the 28th of April, 1534, ‘who has so stirred the fire.... May it -please God that the poor prisoner hold firm and declare fearlessly what -ought to be said of the good Saviour.’[506] Farel possessed that filial -affection which is serious and respectful towards the father, tender and -gentle towards the mother. It made him exclaim in his anguish: ‘Alas! -the poor widow! O my anguish-stricken mother!’ The love he felt for -Christ had increased his natural affections. - -De la Maisonneuve, having returned to Geneva after Easter, was about to -start again for Lyons. Farel, knowing that his friend, De la Forge, the -merchant of Paris, would be going also to that city at this season of -the year, gave Baudichon a letter for his Paris brethren, at that time -so afflicted, directing his letter _to the holy vessel elect of God_. -‘Jesus,’ he wrote to this little flock in the capital, ‘is the rock of -offence against which the world has fought since the beginning of time, -and will always fight; but its efforts are vain. No council can -withstand God, and if the wicked lift their horns, they shall be -broken.’ He then solicited the intercession of the members of the church -in behalf of his brother. ‘I pray you,’ he said, ‘speak of my brother in -that quarter where you know better than myself that it is expedient to -do so. What! a protracted detention, the confiscation of his property, -six hundred crowns which the bishop has extracted from him—is not that -enough? Oh! that the poor fellow could be set at liberty! All here who -fear the Lord entreat you to exert yourselves for him.’[507] The -evangelicals of Geneva were interested in the fate of their reformer’s -brothers. At the same time Farel wrote also to De la Forge, commending -his brother to him, and knowing the perils with which the Parisian -merchant was threatened, he added: ‘If we have Jesus, that heavenly -treasure cannot be taken from us: let us march onwards, though all the -world should rise against Him.’ - -In treating of our reformers, we naturally bestow attention on their -labors, struggles, writings, and trials; it is well, however, to enter -sometimes into the inner sanctuary of their hearts and of their domestic -lives. We are touched and rejoice to find there such abundance of the -most legitimate and tenderest of human affections. They were men as well -as Christians. This fact is a proof of the sincerity of their piety; it -is like a spring of pure water gushing up on a field of battle, -refreshing and reviving those whom so many struggles might have wearied. - -Footnote 493: - - Froment, an eye-witness, says (_Gestes de Genève_, p. 82) that Farel - preached ‘in the grand auditory of the convent of Rive, without - entering the church.’ Father Courtelier, in his evidence at Lyons - (_Procès inquisitionnel_, p. 322), says that Farel preached ‘in the - same church and pulpit as himself.’ But Froment’s evidence is - corroborated by the Register of the Council of Geneva, which says, - that the meeting was held in the cloister or auditory. Courtelier, no - doubt only meant to say that Farel preached in the same edifice as - himself, without strictly designating the place. - -Footnote 494: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 323. - -Footnote 495: - - Sane me, tam vehementer conturbarunt tua illa fulgura.’—Calvini _Epp._ - -Footnote 496: - - Ancillon, _Vie de Farel_. - -Footnote 497: - - ‘Savourer la grâce ... avalée sans la goûter.’ - -Footnote 498: - - M. Archinard: _Edifices religieux de l’ancienne Genève_, p. 108. - -Footnote 499: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 226-227. - -Footnote 500: - - Registre du Conseil du 6 Mars, 1534. Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. - 91. MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 501: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 199, 200, 204. - -Footnote 502: - - Registre du Conseil du 10 Mars, 1534. - -Footnote 503: - - MS. de Gautier. Registre du Conseil du 18 Mars, 1534. - -Footnote 504: - - She dated her letter, _De Genève, trois semaines avant Pâques_, and - signed it: _La toute votre femme chérie, Baudichone_.—MS. du Procès - inquisitionnel, pp. 23-24. - -Footnote 505: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 11-12. - -Footnote 506: - - ‘Puisse à Dieu seulement que le pauvre prisonnier pousse outre et - déclare sans crainte ce qui doit être dit du bon Sauveur.’—Lettre aux - fidèles de Paris. (MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon.) - -Footnote 507: - - Geneva, April 25, 1534. MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. - - - - - CHAPTER VIII. - A BOLD PROTESTANT AT LYONS. - (1530 TO 1534.) - - -Farel, who was so distressed by the long captivity of one of the members -of his family, little suspected that a friend, loved by him as a -brother, would ere long be in a dungeon. De la Maisonneuve, who traded -in all sorts of merchandise, but particularly in silk fabrics, -jewellery, and furs, had been in the habit of attending the fairs of -Lyons for twenty years, and went there as often as three or four times a -year. Of late, the frankness with which he maintained the evangelical -doctrines had offended many persons, and thus paved the way for a -catastrophe which now seemed inevitable. Courted by the merchants, -esteemed by the magistrates, he was, on the other hand, in the bad books -of the priests, and the priests were powerful. - -[Sidenote: The Reliquary.] - -One day, in the year 1530, when he was at Nuremberg on business, a rich -merchant of that city, a sound protestant, who had no love for relics, -had given him a valuable reliquary in payment of a debt.[508] As Lyons -was noted for its devotion, Baudichon, who cared little for the object -and looked at it only as an article of merchandise, thought it might -fetch a good price in that city, and happening to go there not long -after, offered the little box to a money-changer. He would have done -better to have refused it at Nuremberg, but Christian wisdom was then -only dawning upon him. The money-changer took up the article and -examined it devoutly. On the top was an image of St. James in silver, -‘carefully wrought,’ and weighing about four marks. Underneath was the -reliquary: a box of silver with a glass allowing the inside to be seen, -and some little parchment labels indicating the names of the saints -whose relics were contained within. The Lyons money-changer looked with -adoration on the precious remains of St. Christopher, St. Syriac, and -another. He took off his cap, made a bow to the relics, and kissed them -devoutly; and as his wife and children had clustered round him with -pious curiosity, he made each of them kiss the sacred remains. Turning -to Maisonneuve, he said: ‘Sir Baudichon, I am surprised that you should -bring me this relic in such a manner.’ Maisonneuve replied: ‘It is very -likely they are the bones of some ordinary body which the priests give -the people to kiss to deceive them.’ At these words, an apprentice, of -the age of eighteen, a very bigoted youth, left the shop indignant, and -sat down on a bench in the street. The changer having paid Baudichon -seventy livres tournois for his merchandise, the huguenot departed. But -as he was passing in front of the bench, the apprentice, unable to -restrain his anger, insulted him. Maisonneuve was content to reply that -if he was in Geneva, ‘he would give him relics for nothing.’ This affair -began to make Baudichon suspected.[509] - -Next year (1531), when Maisonneuve was again at Lyons, and dining at the -table-d’hôte of the Coupe d’Or, he met with some merchants from the -neighboring provinces, and particularly from Auvergne, whose -inhabitants, upright and charitable, but ignorant and vindictive, were -distinguished at that time by a credulous devotion, as excessive as it -was superstitious. The Genevan did not scruple to declare his religious -convictions boldly before them, and the bigoted Auvergnats were much -surprised to hear him speak ‘_after his manner about the Gospel and -faith during all the meal_.’ ‘Hold your tongue,’ they said, angrily, ‘if -you were in our country, _you would be burnt_.’[510] - -[Sidenote: Who Is Petrus?] - -A year later (in 1532), also at fair time, De la Maisonneuve, Bournet, a -broker to whom he had confided an article of jewellery for sale, Humbert -des Oches, and other tradesmen were supping at the table-d’hôte of the -Coupe d’Or. It was one of those days on which the Church forbids the -eating of meat. Bournet had brought some fish, of which they all -partook, and Baudichon among them. This surprised one of the guests, who -asked him whether they eat meat at Geneva on fast days. ‘Certainly they -do,’ he answered, ‘and if I were in a place where it could be got, I -should make no difficulty about it, for God does not forbid it.’—‘The -pope and the Church forbid it,’ returned Bournet, sharply. Baudichon -declared that he did not acknowledge the pope’s power to forbid what God -permits. ‘God said to St. Peter,’ rejoined Bournet, ‘“_Whatsoever thou -shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven_” (Matthew xvi. 19). The -pope is now in the place of St. Peter; therefore’....—‘The pope and the -priests,’ retorted Maisonneuve, ‘are so far from being like St. Peter, -that there are many among them who lead evil lives, and require to be -set in order and reformed. The Word of God alone brings grace to the -sinner.’ He then began to repeat ‘some passages from the Gospels _in the -French language_,’ selecting those which announce Jesus Christ and the -complete pardon he gives. Every Christian who proclaims the Gospel -might, he declared, be God’s instrument to liberate souls from sin and -condemnation; and then, growing bolder, he exclaimed: ‘I am _Petrus_; -you (turning to Bournet) are _Petrus_. Every man is Peter, provided he -is firm in the faith of Jesus Christ.’ All present were much struck with -his observations, and the strange man became still blacker in their -eyes.[511] - -At the feast of the Epiphany in the year 1533, the brother of Lyonnel -Raynaud, priest of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, and Messire Jean -Barbier, of the cathedral of Vienne, arrived at the Coupe d’Or, with a -clerk in attendance upon the latter. They sat down to table with the -company. Everybody was speaking at once. One of the guests, however,—and -he was usually among those who talked the most,—seemed absorbed in -thought. De la Maisonneuve (for it was he) fixed his eyes on the priests -of Vienne, and, after a few moments, said to them, ‘Can you explain to -me why they put a certain cordelier to death at Vienne a few years ago?’ -He alluded to Stephen Renier, of whom we have spoken elsewhere.[512] ‘He -was a heretic,’ said Barbier, ‘and had taught endless errors at Annonay -and elsewhere.’ De la Maisonneuve boldly undertook his defence. ‘You did -wrong to put him to death,’ he said; ‘he was a truly good man, of sound -learning, and one likely to produce great fruits.’ The strife began -immediately. Baudichon affirmed that we were not required to keep the -commandments of the Church, but only those of God; while the priest -tried with all his might to prove that Baudichon was wrong. The Genevan -grew more animated, and spoke with great boldness. This new kind of -tournament absorbed all attention: the guests left off eating and -drinking, fixed their eyes on the two champions, and opened their ears -wide. A merchant of Vienne, one Master Simon de Montverban, an -acquaintance of Baudichon’s, and whom the latter had often soundly -beaten, observed to him: ‘You have found a man at last to answer you.’ -But the Genevan replied so forcibly to the arguments of the Viennese, -and the contest became so animated, that the three priests, suddenly -rising from table, quitted the room hastily, and went into a separate -chamber. ‘If this man were at Vienne,’ said Barbier, ‘I would have him -sent to prison.’ The prison and the stake which followed it were safer -arms than discussion.[513] - -[Sidenote: Hostility To Baudichon.] - -De la Maisonneuve, having returned to Lyons for the fairs of Easter and -of August, met a considerable number of merchants at the Coupe d’Or, and -immediately undertook to enlighten them, feeling that language was given -for such purposes; but, as he feared also that his scattered remarks, if -not followed up, would be insufficient to correct the tardiness of -certain men, he determined to make use of various stimulants. -Accordingly, he spared neither toil nor weariness. Simon de Montverban, -who was there again, was struck with his zeal, and complained of it. -‘Whenever the merchants take their meals,’ he said, ‘whenever he meets -them in the common hall, when they come in or go out, everywhere and -always, Baudichon gets talking and disputing about the Gospel.’ No -longer confining himself to questions of fasting or images, he went -straight to what was essential: he put forward Scripture as the fountain -of truth, and declared that every sinner, even the greatest, was saved -through uniting himself by faith to Jesus Christ. People censured him in -vain. In vain did two merchants, one named Arcon and the other Hugues, -repeat to every body and to Baudichon himself that, if he was in their -country, he would be burnt; the latter, who did not doubt them, -continued his arguments. Lyons was a free city during the fair, and he -took advantage of it to make the pure Gospel known. Simon de Montverban -complained to the Genevan huguenot’s brother-in-law, an ardent papist, -who made answer: ‘I wish that Baudichon had died ten years ago; he is -the cause of all the troubles at Geneva.’[514] - -De la Maisonneuve was again at Lyons at the feasts of All Saints -(November, 1533) and Epiphany (1534). One evening, when a numerous -company was supping at the inn, the conversation turned on the religious -circumstances of the times. After listening a while, he exclaimed: ‘It -is nonsense to pray to the saints, to hear mass, and confess to the -priests!’ and proceeded to quote _the Gospels and the Apostles_ to prove -what he said. ‘In our country,’ again asserted some who heard him, ‘at -Avignon, at Clermont you would be sent to the stake!’ It was the burden -of the old song, and they were only surprised that he was not burnt at -Lyons. De la Maisonneuve, knowing well that it was out of their Roman -piety that they wished to burn him, was content to smile. But his -calmness excited the wrath of his fellow-guests. The merchants of -Auvergne rose from the table in a fit of anger, and, addressing the -hostess, desired she would not receive Maisonneuve in future. ‘If we -find him here when we come again,’ they said, ‘we shall go and lodge -elsewhere.’ The landlady promised the Auvergnats not to receive him in -future.[515] - -The Easter fair of 1534 was drawing near, and as it was the most -considerable in the year, Maisonneuve did not want to miss it. But -circumstances had become more threatening and rendered the journey -dangerous. There were, as we have seen, in the castle of Peney on the -Lyons road, and other strong places, traitors who had fled from Geneva, -and carried off all the Genevans they could lay hands on. Baudichon’s -friends wished him to put off this journey. ‘The fair is free -(_franche_) to every one,’ he answered. ‘Ay!’ said Froment, ‘under the -papacy there are many franchises for thieves, robbers, and murderers; -but for the evangelicals all the liberties, franchises, and promises of -princes are broken.’[516] Maisonneuve knew this well, yet he was not a -man to be frightened. The report of his intentions having gone abroad, -certain _traitors_ (as Froment terms the fanatical partisans of the -bishop and pope) hastened to give their Lyons friends notice of -Baudichon’s approaching arrival, conjuring them to get him put to death. -‘He was spied and _recommended_ to their care.’[517] - -De la Maisonneuve, bearing Farel’s letters, started from Geneva in the -morning of the 25th of April, and arrived at Lyons on the 26th, having -no suspicion that his enemies were waiting for him and preparing his -scaffold. He had with him Janin the armorer, his aide-de-camp in -religious matters, who had supplied himself with evangelical books -printed at Neufchatel to circulate them in Lyons. Baudichon, as usual, -had alighted at the Coupe d’Or near St. Pierre-les-Nonnains, and was -cordially received by the landlady notwithstanding the promise she had -made the Auvergnats some months before. Janin stopped there also, and -stored his evangelical books away in the room that had been assigned -him. - -The next day there was a great disturbance at the inn. The merchants had -arrived from Auvergne, and one of the first persons they saw was the -famous heretic!... The color rushed to their cheeks, and they had words -with the hostess because she did not keep her promise. That they did not -content themselves with mere words, is clear from events which followed. -The bigots of France wished to share with the bigots of Geneva the honor -of putting to death the captain of the Lutherans.[518] - -Maisonneuve immediately began to look after Étienne de la Forge, in -order to hand him the reformer’s letters; but on going to his house in -the Place de l’Herberie, he learnt, to his great disappointment, that -the Parisian merchant had not yet arrived. - -[Sidenote: Baudichon And Janin Arrested.] - -The enemies of the Reformation lost no time. Informations were sworn -against Maisonneuve on the 27th of April, the day after his arrival, and -the following morning, the 28th, the officers of justice arrested him -and his friend Janin ‘by authority of the seneschal’s court of Lyons,’ -and shut him up in the king’s prison. But this was not what the priests -wanted. ‘These two men,’ they said, ‘being charged with offences against -our holy faith, the interest of the king our lord, and the common weal, -we demand that they be sent to the prison of the archiepiscopal see, and -that they be tried before the ecclesiastical judges.’[519] The two -prisoners were accordingly transferred to the archbishop’s prison. The -great huguenot saw that he had fallen into a trap, and prepared to meet -his enemies. - -There was great agitation in the episcopal palace. That church of Lyons -which had been the church of the primate of all the Gauls—of which -thirty bishops had been canonized—which had supplied so many cardinals, -legates, statesmen, and ambassadors—whose chapter, consisting of seventy -canons, had included the sons of emperors, kings, and dukes among their -number, and of which the kings of France were honorary canons—that -church was about to have the glory of trying and putting to death the -layman who was Farel’s right arm, as Jerome of Prague had been that of -John Huss. All its dignitaries—the deans, chamberlains, wardens, -provosts, knights, theologians, and school-men—all were talking of this -fortunate circumstance. The clergy of the metropolitan church of St. -John the Baptist, in particular, took an active part in the business, -and the walls of that vast Gothic building echoed to the oft-repeated -name of the captain of the Lutherans. On the 29th of April the members -of the _inquisitional court_ assembled in the hall of justice of the -episcopal prison, and, wearing their robes of office, took their seats -on the judicial benches. They were Stephen Faye, official of the -primacy, and Benedict Buatier, ordinary official of Lyons,—both of them -vicars-general of the primate of France. The third judge was John -Gauteret, inquisitor of ‘heretical pravity.’ Ami Ponchon, notary public, -was to act as secretary;[520] and Claude Bellièvre, king’s advocate, was -to aid them by his presence. The court being thus formed, they summoned -before them Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, who declared his name, age -(forty-six years), and condition, and the trial began.[521] - -Footnote 508: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 147. - -Footnote 509: - - All those particulars, as well as those which follow, are taken - literally from the depositions of the witnesses, made on oath, before - the court of Lyons, and are to be found in pages 132-147 of the - official manuscript. - -Footnote 510: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, déposition de Pécoud, pp. - 159-163. - -Footnote 511: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 209, 211, 217, 218. - -Footnote 512: - - Vol. i. p. 576. - -Footnote 513: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. There are three depositions with - regard to these facts: those of Barbier the priest, pp. 267-270; of - the furrier Simon de Montverban, pp. 274-278; and of friar Lyonnel, - pp. 305-312. - -Footnote 514: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 282-285. - -Footnote 515: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, pp. 298-300, 413-414. - -Footnote 516: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 241. - -Footnote 517: - - ‘Iceluy fut épié et recommandé.’—Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 241. - -Footnote 518: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, p. 424. - -Footnote 519: - - Ibid. p. 1. - -Footnote 520: - - All the procès-verbaux or minutes have his signature, with a curious - flourish (_parafe_) exactly alike on each. - -Footnote 521: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 5-6. - - - - - CHAPTER IX. - BAUDICHON DE LA MAISSONNEUVE BEFORE THE INQUISITIONAL COURT OF LYONS. - (FROM 29TH OF APRIL TO 21ST OF MAY, 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: The Examination.] - -The tribunal of priests wished to mark distinctly at the very outset -that the Romish doctrine was in question: it was necessary to proclaim -anew that _in instanti_, at the very moment, at the priest’s word, there -was no longer in the host either bread or wine, but only the body and -blood of the Saviour. ‘What do you think of the sacrament of the altar?’ -was the first question put by the court to Maisonneuve. He rejected the -Roman error; but his protestantism, as we have seen, came from Germany, -and the Lutherans taught that ‘in the sacrament of the altar, in the -bread and wine, were the true body, the true blood of Christ;’[522] and -as, according to the Lutheran doctrine, the presence was spiritual, -supernatural, and heavenly,[523] Maisonneuve, who professed this faith -and had taken the sacrament at Frankfort in the Lutheran church, -answered: ‘I believe that the real body of Christ is in the blessed -host,’[524] but knowing the axiom of jurisprudence, that no accused -person is bound to criminate himself, he would not declare his faith -more precisely. - -If this doctrine interested the court, the connection of the accused -with the chiefs of what they called _heresy_ had also a great importance -in their eyes, and a doctor well known in France had given them great -umbrage. ‘Do you know _Pharellus_?’ they asked Maisonneuve, who calmly -replied: ‘He is from Dauphiny; he was brought to Geneva by my lords of -Berne; and when I hear him, I believe as much of his sermons as seems -right, and no more.’ These two answers might have led some to hope that -they would exercise clemency towards the accused; but such was not the -intention of the canons of St. John. The court declared that the -witnesses would be examined on the following day. They were all to be -for the prosecution; they might invent, add, or exaggerate, and the -prisoner would not have it in his power to produce any witnesses for the -defence. - -The first who gave evidence was a young working-man, twenty-two years of -age, by name Philip Martin, and by trade a weaver. ‘I lived three years -in the city of Geneva,’ he said, ‘and during that time the Lutheran sect -multiplied exceedingly. I witnessed many armed assemblies and riots, -papists against evangelists, by day as well as by night. Among the most -prominent of the Lutheran party was Baudichon, and after him Jean -Philippe, Jean Golaz, Ami Perrin, who commonly were present at the armed -meetings, directing everything and providing for the expenses. About a -year ago a canon named Wernli was run through the body; Baudichon was -there, armed and wearing a cuirass.’[525] De la Maisonneuve calmly -interrupted him: ‘The witness does not speak the truth. When the canon -was wounded, I was in this very city of Lyons. I therefore charge him -with perjury, and desire that he be taken into custody.’ Martin had -borne false witness; this all who knew Maisonneuve at Geneva and Lyons -could declare. It was a bad beginning. - -On the first of May a fanatical youth, named Pierre, brother of the two -Pennets, who had been condemned for assassinating a citizen and -conspiring against the liberties of the city, gave his evidence. -‘Baudichon entirely supports this Lutheran sect,’ he said; ‘he is their -captain. One day last year he assembled all the Lutherans and armed them -to plunder the churches, which ended in the death of four persons sons -and the wounding of many others.’[526] This also was false: Vandel, a -huguenot, had been wounded in a riot got up by the priests; but there -had been no deaths. ‘The witness hates me,’ said Maisonneuve, ‘because -one of his brothers was executed by judicial authority.’—‘Baudichon,’ -continued Pennet, in greater excitement, ‘instead of fearing the -syndics, constrains them to humble themselves before him.’—‘I submit to -lose my head,’ exclaimed Maisonneuve, ‘in case the syndics declare that -I have ever done them any displeasure.’[527] The court rose. - -[Sidenote: Emotion At Geneva.] - -All this time Geneva was greatly agitated: the news of Baudichon’s -arrest had caused uneasiness among his friends. Men spoke about it ‘in -the city and in the fields,’ everywhere, in short. When friends met one -another, they asked: ‘Have you heard that Baudichon has been brought -before the archiepiscopal court of Lyons for being a Lutheran?’ The -devout (if we may use the words of the manuscript) ‘consigned him to -Satan, as being the principal cause of heresy in Geneva;’[528] while the -huguenots, agitated and alarmed at the dangers that threatened their -friend, considered what was to be done. They determined to act -immediately and simultaneously at Lyons, Berne, and even at Paris, if -they could. Thomas, Baudichon’s brother, started for Lyons at once, and -asked for an audience with Monseigneur du Peyrat, the king’s -Lieutenant-general. ‘For what reason,’ he said, ‘and by what authority -has my brother, Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, been sent to prison?’—‘I do -not detain him,’ answered du Peyrat; ‘apply to the vicars general.’ -Thomas, learning that his brother was in the hands of the priests, and -his danger therefore greater, resolved to make every effort to save him. - -Thomas and the Genevans were not the only persons interested in this -matter. Baudichon’s imprisonment was an attack upon the rights of the -foreign merchants, and compromised the fairs at Lyons. What German -Lutheran would come there in future? The inhabitants, especially the -innkeepers, tradespeople, and merchants, foresaw great pecuniary loss, -and the princes of commerce felt the injury done to one of their number. -There was, consequently, a great commotion in the city, and many -merchants, ‘as well of the city as foreigners,’ determining to complain -of it, proceeded to the _consulate_ (or town-council), to whom they -represented, ‘with much grief,’[529] that the imprisonment of Baudichon -de la Maisonneuve was an infringement of the privileges of the fairs; -and that many merchants had to receive from him certain sums which it -was impossible for him to pay now, because he could not collect the -money which other merchants owed him. ‘We pray you, therefore,’ they -said, in conclusion, ‘not to suffer our privileges to be -violated.’—‘Release my brother, _à pur et à plein_, without reserve,’ -added Thomas de la Maisonneuve. Four of the consuls seconded the -remonstrance.[530] The municipality resolved that Jean de la Bessie, -procurator-general of Lyons, and one councillor should demand -Baudichon’s liberation of the inquisitional court. ‘My brother,’ said -Thomas, ‘is a burgess of Berne and of Friburg, and by virtue of the -treaties between the king and the lords of the League, he cannot be made -a prisoner in this kingdom.’[531] The priests were determined to pay no -regard to the request of the magistrates: a serious incident roused them -from their listlessness. - -[Sidenote: Bernese Intervention.] - -A despatch had just arrived, addressed to Monseigneur the king’s -lieutenant-general: it was from the lords of Berne. The -lieutenant-general knew well the value of Swiss intervention. Had not -four hundred of them, at the battle of Sesia, after Bayard’s death, -checked, by their impetuosity and the sacrifice of their lives, the army -of the allies? Monseigneur du Peyrat determined, therefore, to support -the prayer of the Bernese, and gave the city secretary the necessary -instructions. The effect of the despatch was still greater upon Thomas -de la Maisonneuve. Now there could be no more delays! Impatient to see -his brother at liberty, imagining that he would succeed better by -hurrying the affair, he would not wait a day or an hour. He should have -considered that haste increases the chances of failure, and that the -impatient man compromises both his character and his cause; but he could -see nothing but Baudichon’s sufferings and the injury done to the -Genevese reformation by his captivity. He was no longer master of -himself: he wanted that very instant to deliver his brother from the -jaws of the lion. ‘Set him free immediately,’ he said, ‘so that we may -be able to answer the lords of Berne by the courier who is ready to -return.’ The vicars-general answered curtly: ‘We are in course to order -it, as is right.’[532] This cold formula appeared of evil omen to -Thomas, and from that hour his fears increased. - -On the other hand, Baudichon, informed of what was going on, took -courage; and the judges, fully aware that it would not do to condemn on -suspicious evidence a man who had such powerful supporters, determined -to entice Maisonneuve craftily into some heretical declaration. - -On the 5th of May the sergeants once more brought in their prisoner. -‘What are your opinions in regard to faith?’ asked the court. De la -Maisonneuve answered: ‘I am a good Christian; if you do not think so, -deliver me over to my superiors (the magistrates of Geneva) to examine -me.’ But instead of doing so, the vicars-general tried to induce him to -explain his ideas on the subject of transubstantiation, feeling sure of -catching him in an error. The prisoner only replied: ‘I am not bound to -answer you.’ The court tried in vain to induce him to speak: ‘I will not -make any reply,’ he repeated. They read to him Janin’s answer on the -sacrament, which was (it would appear) very shocking to Roman ears, and -asked him what he thought of it; but Baudichon did not fall into the -snare. ‘I am no judge,’ he said, ‘and it is not my business to decide -whether the answer is good or bad.’[533] Then taking the offensive, he -added: ‘If Frenchmen were imprisoned at Geneva for cases analogous to -mine, would you be pleased?’—‘You have Pharellus and other Frenchmen -there,’ answered the judges, ‘and have not surrendered them to the -king.’ The officials of Lyons complained to the man whom they kept in -prison because people were left at liberty in Geneva. Baudichon retorted -proudly: ‘Ours is a free city,’ and withdrew.[534] ‘They set their traps -in vain,’ said a reformer, speaking of the attacks of the papacy. ‘God -has victories abundantly in his hands to triumph over them and their -chief.’[535] - -The judges were greatly embarrassed: they desired, not to release -Maisonneuve, but (as he had often been told) to burn him; and yet, as it -was impossible for them not to reply, at least by some formalities, to -such high and mighty lords as Messieurs of Berne, they gave a certain -solemnity to their answer. On Wednesday, the 6th of May, the officials, -vicars-episcopal, inquisitors, and other ecclesiastical dignitaries, -took their seats in front of the main door of the archiepiscopal palace. -In public and in the open air they were about to hear the demand of the -Swiss, supported by the lieutenant-general of the king. The city clerk, -delegated by the councillors of Lyons, set forth the contents of the -letters from Berne, and at the same time Thomas de la Maisonneuve -presented two substantial merchants of the city as bail for his -brother.[536] The cause of the Genevese prisoner was growing in -importance: a sovereign state, which the king had every reason to treat -courteously, had taken up his defence; the trial was becoming an -international matter. The court knew that Francis I. was susceptible, -and that it was dangerous to thwart him, as he had shown in the case of -Beda. After full examination, therefore, they decreed that they ‘would -amply inform the king _our sire_, in order that he may make known his -good pleasure, and until his answer arrives, the said Baudichon shall -not be liberated; at the same time, he shall be permitted, on account of -his business, to speak with those who have dealings with him, in the -presence of the jailers of the archiepiscopal prison, who are enjoined -to treat him well and discreetly, according to his station.’[537] - -[Sidenote: Baudichon.] - -Two points were gained; Baudichon was to be treated like a prisoner of -mark, and his case was to be laid before the king. The memory of the -_estrapades_ of Paris was too recent for the evangelicals to entertain -very lively hopes: it was, however, a gleam of light. The judges -themselves, feeling that the matter was becoming difficult and success -doubtful, undertook to obtain a recantation from Baudichon, which would, -besides, be more glorious for Rome (they thought) than a sentence of -death. On the 21st of May, therefore, the court having called to their -aid two inquisitors skilful in controversy, Nicholas Morini and Jean -Rapinati, summoned Maisonneuve before them; when Father Morini -endeavored to prove to him out of Scripture the material presence of -Christ in the Sacrament. Baudichon understood the passages quoted -differently from the doctors. Refusing to stop at the material -substance, the flesh (as they did, and also the people of Capernaum who -are blamed in the Gospel), he held to our Saviour’s words: _It is the -spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing; the words that I -speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are life_.[538]—‘I understand -these words as well as you, and better, but I will not enter into any -discussion. I am not bound to answer inquisitors.’[539] The court, -provoked by these refusals, resolved to put the grand question to him: -‘Do you yield obedience to our holy father the pope of Rome?’ To the -great disappointment of the vicars-general and inquisitors, he simply -replied: ‘I am not bound to answer.’—‘We are your judges in this -matter,’ they exclaimed with irritation; ‘we order and summon you to -answer.’[540] But he would not; and then, recovering from their emotion, -they tried to surprise him by an insidious question. - -Alexander, who had preached the Gospel at Lyons with such energy, had -just been thrown into prison. If De la Maisonneuve acknowledged him for -his friend, they might easily class them together. The judges therefore -asked him insidiously, ‘whether Jacques de la Croix, _alias_ Alexander, -had not in former times eaten and drunk at his house?’—‘If he has eaten -and drunk at my house,’ responded Baudichon, ‘I hope it did him good.’ -And that was all. It was impossible to make the prisoner fall into the -trap: his good sense foiled all the plots of his adversaries. - -Thus did the judges hunt down an innocent man. At that time men set -themselves up between God and the soul of man. This was not only an -outrage upon human liberty, it was high-treason against Heaven. Such a -grave consideration imparts a tragic interest to this trial, and -encourages us conscientiously to reproduce all its painful phases. The -judge has no concern with the relations of the soul with its Creator. -‘The dominion of man ends where that of God begins.’[541] God does not -give his glory to another. Whoever desires to exercise authority over -the conscience is a madman; nay, more, he is an atheist. He presumes to -move God from his throne and sit in his place. - -Footnote 522: - - ‘Panam et vinum in cœna esse verum corpus et sanguinem Christi.’ _Ant. - Smalcad. Catech. major_, &c. - -Footnote 523: - - ‘Intelligimus spiritualem, supernaturalem, cœlestem modum.’—_Formula - Concordiæ_. - -Footnote 524: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 6-9. - -Footnote 525: - - ‘Embastonné et muni d’un allécret.’—MS. du Procès inquisitionnel. - -Footnote 526: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 34-41. - -Footnote 527: - - Ibid. p. 46. - -Footnote 528: - - ‘Le donnaient au diable.’—MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 87-88. - -Footnote 529: - - ‘Fort dolosés.’—MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 52, 53. - -Footnote 530: - - Henri Guyot, Benoît Rochefort, Pierre Manicier, and Simon Penet. MS. - du Procès inquisitionnel. - -Footnote 531: - - Ibid. pp. 47-50. - -Footnote 532: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 59-61. - -Footnote 533: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 62-65. - -Footnote 534: - - Ibid. pp. 66, 67. - -Footnote 535: - - Calvin. - -Footnote 536: - - Thomas Javellot and Loys de la Croix. MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, p. - 72. - -Footnote 537: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 69-76. - -Footnote 538: - - St. John vi. 63. - -Footnote 539: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 91-94. - -Footnote 540: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 95-96. - -Footnote 541: - - Said by Napoleon I. to a deputation from the Consistory of Geneva. - - - - - CHAPTER X. - THE TWO WORSHIPS IN GENEVA. - (MAY TO JULY 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Morality In The Reformation.] - -While they were prosecuting Maisonneuve on the banks of the Rhone and -the Saône, the struggle between catholicism and reform became more -active on the shores of Lake Leman: an evangelical was threatened with -death at Lyons, but Roman-catholicism was on the point of expiring at -Geneva. It was crumbling away beneath its own weight: the religious -orders, and especially the Franciscans, which had been founded to -support it, were now shaking its foundations. Notorious abuses and -scandalous disorders were making the protest against monkery and popery -more necessary every day. At the very moment when the trial was -beginning at Lyons (3d of May), an honorable lady of Geneva, Madam -Jaquemette Matonnier, passing near the Franciscan convent, observed a -woman noted for her disorderly life stealthily entering the building. -‘It would be better for you,’ she said, ‘to stay with your husband.’ At -these words, two monks who were standing at the door rushed violently -upon Madame Matonnier and beat her until the blood came. This incident, -which soon became known, aroused the whole city. The syndics went to the -convent, shut up the two monks in the prison, and took away the key. -‘Men who live in convents,’ said the people, ‘ought not to be stained -with such depravity; and yet it is hard to find one monastery out of ten -that is not a den of wantonness rather than the home of chastity.’ - -Sin begat death. The Romish clergy destroyed themselves by the -abominable manners of a great number of their members. But better times -were beginning; morality was springing, in company with faith, from the -tomb in which they had been buried so long, and were spreading through -Christendom the potent germs of a new life. A sad spectacle was that -presented by the Church at the beginning of the sixteenth century! There -were magnificent cathedrals, wealthy pontiffs, sumptuous rites, -admirable paintings, and harmonious chants; but in the midst of all -these pomps yawned an immense void: faith and life were wanting. -Religion was at that time like those winter trees whose frost-covered -branches glitter with a certain brightness under the rays of the sun, -but are all frozen. A new season was beginning, which, by bringing back -the sap into their sterile branches, would cover them with rich foliage -and make them produce savory fruit. We do not say, as an eminent -Christian has said, that the reaction of morality against formalism is -the great fact of the Reformation, its glory and its appropriate title. -Such an assertion omits one essential element. The grand title of the -Reformation is to have restored to Christendom religion in its entirety, -the truth with the life, doctrine with morality. If one had been -wanting, the other would not have sufficed, and the Reformation would -hot have existed. - -While Roman-catholicism was falling lower through the disorders of the -monks, evangelical Christianity was rising through the zeal of the -reformers. Farel, Viret, and Froment preached every day, either publicly -or in private houses, ‘to the great advancement of the Word of God, -which increased much.’ The Reformation was no longer a mere teaching; it -entered into the manners and worship, and produced life. On the Sunday -after Easter, Farel gave his blessing to the first evangelical marriage. - -[Sidenote: A Savoyard Procession.] - -When sincere catholics, and even those who were not so, saw these -strange contrasts, they imagined that the last hour of the papacy in -Geneva had arrived. A final effort must be made, but unfortunately the -remedies employed were not much better than the disease. One day a -report spread instantaneously through the whole city that the Blessed -Virgin, arrayed in white robes, had appeared to the curate in the church -of St. Leger, and ordered a grand procession of all the surrounding -districts. She added that if this were done, ‘the Lutherans would all -burst in the middle: but if the order was not obeyed, the city would be -swallowed up.’[542] The huguenots smiled, inquired into the matter, and -at the end of authentic investigations, discovered that the fine lady -was the curate’s housemaid. But many catholics in Geneva, and almost all -in Savoy, were convinced of the reality of the apparition. The clergy -mustered their forces. ‘It depends upon you,’ they said in many places, -‘to put all the heretics in Geneva to death.’ The devotees of the -neighboring parishes began to stir in this pious work, and on the 15th -of May a long procession of men, women, and children arrived before the -city. They were heard singing lustily in the Savoyard tongue— - - _Mare de Dy, pryy pou nous!_ - (Mother of God, pray for us!) - -The Council, fearing a disturbance, would not let them enter, and they -had to be content with going to Our Lady of Grace, near the Arve bridge. -As the poor people had eaten nothing on the road, and were exhausted, -the syndics sent them bread; and after taking some refreshments, the -assemblage turned homewards. Many Genevese, anxious to see them close, -went out of the city, and collected on their road, and as the Savoyards -passed before them singing _Mare de Dy, pryy pou nous!_ the bantering -huguenots answered to the same tune: _Frare Farel, pregy toujours!_ -Brother Farel, preach forever![543] - -All was not over: the story of the apparition of the Virgin and of her -commandment having reached as far as the capital of the Chablais, the -heights of Cologny were soon crowned by a numerous and compact -procession, in appearance more formidable than the first: it was the men -of Thonon and the adjoining places, who, carrying banners, crosses, and -relics, were descending the hill with a firm step. The stalwart pilgrims -boldly passed the gates of the city, the huguenots, who were listening -to Farel, not being there to prevent them; and on reaching the Bourg de -Four, halted before the church of St. Claire. The alarm spread -immediately: some citizens entering the auditory where Farel was -preaching, announced this Romish invasion. The reformer did not disturb -himself; but some of his hearers, the fiery Perrin, the energetic -Goulaz, and others, went out, and, charging the head of the procession, -drove back at the point of the sword the Savoyards who had entered -Geneva as if it were a village of the Chablais. The startled pilgrims -threw away their banners with affright, and fled from the city. Froment -supposes that as the enemy from within had not had time to join with -those from without, the plot had failed; but we rather believe that -these devout pilgrims calculated only on their litanies in their war -against the Lutherans. Those processions, those banners of the Virgin, -those paltry relics, inspired the reformed with a still deeper disgust -for Roman-catholicism: even the pomps of St. Pierre’s touched them -little more than the fetichism of the Savoyards. They were beginning to -understand that public worship ought not to be a spectacle, and that to -burden the Church with a multitude of rites is to rob her of the -presence of Christ. - -[Sidenote: The Images Destroyed.] - -The audacity displayed by these catholic bands emboldened some of the -huguenots. If Savoyards came to strengthen their faith in Geneva, ought -they to hesitate to show theirs? Some hot-headed members of the Reform -permitted themselves to be carried away to the committal of -reprehensible acts. Whenever they went to the Franciscan cloister, the -first object that struck their eyes was the image of St. Anthony of -Padua, a miracle-monger of the thirteenth century, having eight other -saints on each side of it. These pious figures, ranged over the convent -gate, irritated the huguenots. It was vain to tell them that pictures -are _the books of the ignorant_: the reformers answered that if the -catholic prelates left the duty of teaching the people to _idols_, they -would prefer remaining at home in their chairs. ‘If you had not taken -the Bible from the Church,’ said the huguenots, ‘you would have had no -necessity to hang up your paintings.’ Accordingly, between eleven and -twelve o’clock one Saturday night, nine men carrying a ladder approached -the convent, raised it silently against the porch, and then, with -hammers and chisels, began to destroy the images. They cut off the head -and limbs of the saint, leaving only his trunk; they did the same to the -others, and threw the fragments into the well of St. Clair. The night -passed without any disturbance, but in the morning there was a great -uproar in the city. ‘What a piteous sight!’ said the devout assembled -before the porch of St. Francis. The iconoclasts, who were discovered -after a little time, were punished, but the images were not restored. - -‘Alas!’ said the Friburgers, ‘Geneva is about to pull down the altars of -the Romish faith!’—‘It is,’ answered the Bernese, ‘because upon these -very altars the bishop desired to burn the venerable charters of her -people, and has sprinkled them with the blood of her most illustrious -citizens.’[544]... Sensuous worship no longer pleased the Genevans. -Those labored pictures, those sculptured angels, those dazzling -decorations, that charm of ceremonies and edifices, those shafts and -pediments, those unintelligible chants, those intoxicating perfumes, -those mechanical performances of the priests, with their gold and -lace—all these things disgusted them exceedingly. Since God is a spirit, -they said, those who worship him must worship him in spirit, by the -inward faith of the heart, by purity of conscience, and by offering -themselves to God to do his will. - -The hour had come when this spiritual worship was to be really -celebrated in Geneva: the Feast of Pentecost had arrived. On that day a -large crowd had assembled in the Great Auditory. It was not only such as -Vandel, Chautemps, Roset, Levet, with their wives and friends, who -resorted thither, but new hearers were added to the old ones. Farel -preached with fervor. He was accustomed to say that ‘God sends rain upon -one city when he pleases, while another city has not a single drop;’ and -therefore he conjured ‘all hearts thirsting with desire for the -preaching of the Gospel’[545] to pray that the Spirit might be given -them. We have not his Whitsunday sermon, he preached extempore; but we -know that he ended it by giving glory _to the Father, Son, and Holy -Ghost, the only true God_, and that his discourse bore good fruit. -Several circumstances had prepared his audience. The plot of the bishop -and the duke which God had frustrated, the nomination of the huguenot -syndics, the rupture with Friburg, Maisonneuve’s imprisonment—all these -events had stirred their hearts, had cleft them as the ploughshare -cleaves the earth, and opened them to the seed from heaven. What now -shone before the eyes of those who filled the Grand Auditory ‘were not -the petty flames of human candles, but Christ, the great sun of -righteousness, as if at noonday.’[546] While the priests were chanting -words that sounded only in the air, the voice of the reformer had -penetrated to the very bottom of men’s hearts. The proof was soon -visible. - -[Sidenote: Bernard’s CONVERSION.] - -When the sermon was over, Farel prepared to celebrate the Lord’s Supper -publicly, according to the Gospel form, and, standing with his brethren -Viret and Froment before a table, he gave thanks, took the bread, broke -it, and said: ‘_Take, eat_;’ and then, lifting up the cup, he added: -‘_This is the blood of the New Testament, which is shed for the -remission of sins_.’ The believers were beginning to draw near to -receive the communion of the Lord,[547] when an unexpected circumstance -fixed their attention. A priest of noble stature, wearing his sacerdotal -robes, left the place where he had been sitting among the congregation, -and approached the table. It was Louis Bernard, one of the twelve -_habilités_ of the cathedral, possessor of a wealthy benefice, and -brother of him who had been touched at the time of Farel’s first -preaching. Was he going to say mass? did he want to dispute with Farel? -or had he been converted? All were anxious to see what would happen. The -priest went up to the table, and then, to the general surprise, he took -off his sacerdotal vestments, flung away cope, alb, and stole, and said -aloud: ‘I throw off the old man, and declare myself a prisoner to the -Gospel of the Lord.’[548] Then, turning to the reformers and their -friends, he said: ‘Brethren, I will live and die with you for Jesus -Christ’s sake.’ All imagined they saw a miracle;[549] their hearts were -touched. Farel received Bernard like a brother; he broke bread with him, -gave him the cup, and, eating of the same morsel, the two adversaries -thus signified that they would in future love one another ‘with a -sincere and pure affection.’ The priest was not the only person who -threw off the foul robes of his ancient life, and put on the white robe -of the Lord. Many Genevans from that day began to think and live -differently from their fathers; but Louis Bernard was a striking type of -that transformation, and the crowd, as they quitted the church, could -not keep their eyes off him. They saw him returning full of peace and -joy to his father’s house, wearing a Spanish cape instead of the usual -priest’s hood. All the evangelicals,—‘men, women, and children,—went -with great joy to greet him and make their reverence.’[550] - -Another circumstance, quite as extraordinary, still further increased -the beauty of this festival. During the rejoicings of that first -evangelical Pentecost, a knight of Rhodes came to Geneva in search of -liberty of faith. A knight of Rhodes was a strange visitor in that city. -It was known confusedly that those warlike monks, instituted to defend -the pilgrims in the Holy Land, had been expelled from Jerusalem by -Soliman, and had finally settled in Malta. But why should this one come -to Geneva? The ex-knight, whose name was Pierre Gaudet, related how, -being born at St. Cloud, near Paris, he had heard the Gospel, and that, -having chosen for his glory the cross of the Son of God, he held the -world in contempt. The scandal he had thus occasioned had forced him to -flee. Having an uncle living about a league from Geneva—the commander of -Compesières—he had taken refuge with him; but feeling the need of -Christian communion, he had come to his brethren that he might enjoy it. -The huguenots received him like a friend. That city which had seen in -Berthelier and Lévrier the martyrs of liberty, was to have in Gaudet the -first martyr of the Gospel.[551] - -[Sidenote: Old And New Manners.] - -While the Word of God was forming new manners, the contrast of the old -manners asserted itself more boldly. The people of the lower classes—men -and women, youths and maidens—danced, according to custom, in the public -square on the evening of Whitsunday. The _tabarins_ played their music -in the streets, and merry-andrews made the people laugh. The women of -St. Gervais, disguised and carrying bunches of box, set the example to -those of the other quarters. The young men united with them, and the -joyous troops paraded the streets in long files, singing, capering, and -sometimes attacking the passers-by. George Marchand, a huguenot no -doubt, who was very ready with his hands, being caught hold of by a -woman who wanted to make him dance with her, gave her a slap on the -face. There was a fierce disturbance; and the Council consequently -forbade these dancing promenades, and ordered that every one should be -content ‘to dance before his own house:’ and this was surely enough. -From that time such idle processions were not repeated. While the -catholic common people were indulging in wanton sports, not perceiving -that they were dancing round the open grave of Roman-catholicism, the -evangelicals increased in zeal and faith to extend the teaching of the -Word of God; and a gentler and more Christian life was about to be -naturalized in that small but important city. The Whitsuntide procession -of 1534, with its coarse jests, was, in Geneva, the funeral procession -of popery.[552] - -Indeed, the laity were then learning better things than those which the -monks had taught them. It was not the ministers alone who labored; -simple believers practiced the ministry of charity. If there chanced to -be in any house a man ‘very rebellious,’ opposing the doctrine of -Scripture, his friends, neighbors, and relations, who had tasted of its -excellence, would go to him, and without offending him, without -returning him evil for evil, ‘admonish him with great mildness.’ The -evangelicals invited certain of their friends, even strangers and -enemies, to their houses to eat and drink, in order that they might -speak more familiarly with them. All their study was ‘to gain some one -to the Word.’[553] - -In the neighboring countries, in Savoy, Gex, Vaud, and the Chablais, not -only did the enemies of Geneva use threats, but made preparations to -attack it. There was much talk in the city of the assaults that were to -be made by the _forains_, the aliens; and accordingly there was always a -number of citizens kept under arms. Farel, Viret, and Froment often -joined these soldiers of the republic during their night-watches, and, -sitting near the gates of the city or on the ramparts, by the glare of -the bivouac fires or the torches, they would converse together about the -truth, questioning and answering one another. ‘Each man familiarly and -freely objected and replied to what the preacher said;’ and sometimes -before they left their posts, the citizens were resolved in heart upon -religious points about which they had hitherto been in doubt. Not -without reason are these ‘conversations of the bivouac’ recorded here. -In later times, one of the evangelists of Geneva, calling to mind the -nocturnal meetings he had held at the military posts, exclaimed: ‘At -these assemblies and watches more people have been won to the Gospel -than by public preaching.’[554] - -Footnote 542: - - ‘Les luthériens crêveraient par le milieu ... la ville - s’abymerait.’—Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 92, 93. - -Footnote 543: - - Registre du Conseil du 15 Mai, 1534. Froment, _Gestes de Genève_. - -Footnote 544: - - Registre du Conseil des 4, 11, 13, 30 Avril; 5, 14, 15, 17, 24, 26 - Mai, and 12 Juin. Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 89. MS. de - Berne, _Hist. Helv._, v. 12. Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 119, - 120. - -Footnote 545: - - Farel’s words. See p. 242 of the volume recently published in - commemoration of the tercentenary of his death (_Du vrai usage de la - croix de Jesus-Christ_, Neuchatel, 1865). - -Footnote 546: - - _Du vrai usage_, &c. - -Footnote 547: - - ‘Gebennis hac Pentacoste cum innumeri cœnam peragerent - dominicam.’—Haller to Bullinger, 4th June, 1534. MS. Arch. Eccl. - Tigur. - -Footnote 548: - - ‘Veterem hominem exuens et se Evangelii captivum exhibens.’—Haller, - ibid. - -Footnote 549: - - ‘Est in miraculum.’—Haller to Bullinger, 4th June, 1534. MS. Eccl. - Tigur. - -Footnote 550: - - The Spanish cape was a cloak with a hood, in common use at that - time.—La Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 89. - -Footnote 551: - - Registre du Conseil du 29 Juin, 1535. Crespin, _Martyrologue_, p. 114. - -Footnote 552: - - Registre du Conseil des 31 Mai et 2 Juin, 1534. - -Footnote 553: - - ‘Gaigner quelqu’un à la Parolle.’—Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 127. - -Footnote 554: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 126, 127. - - - - - CHAPTER XI. - BOLDNESS OF TWO HUGUENOTS IN PRISON AND BEFORE THE COURT OF LYONS. - (MAY TO JUNE 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Discussion In The Garden.] - -In the midst of these dangers and struggles the Huguenots were not to be -consoled for the imprisonment of Maisonneuve. So long as the intrepid -captain of the Lutherans was threatened with extreme punishment, the -triumph of the evangelicals could not be complete. They feared generally -a fatal termination, for Baudichon and Janin, far from yielding anything -to their adversaries, were boldly spreading the knowledge of the Gospel -in their prison. Janin was as much at his ease as if he had been in the -streets of Geneva: at the jailer’s table, in the halls and galleries and -elsewhere, the armorer argued about the faith. One day, meeting Jacques -Desvaux, a priest of the diocese of Le Mans, Janin took him to task and -tried to convert him to the Gospel. He spoke to him of the apostles and -the saints, and showed him how they had always taught doctrines opposed -to those of Rome. He did more. A garden was attached to the prison, and -the prisoners were allowed to walk in it at certain hours. One day, -shortly before the festival of the Rogations, Janin went into it, taking -a French Testament with him, and began to read it. When he had done he -left the book, not unintentionally, on a low wall, and went away. A -priest named Delay (there was no lack of ecclesiastics in the -archiepiscopal prison) passing near, observed the book, took it up, and, -opening it, read: _The New Testament_. A Testament in French! Delay -began to examine it: a number of prisoners, priests and others, gathered -round him; he turned over the pages in search of the First Epistle of -St. John, ‘because on that day the Church mentioned it,’ but could not -find it.[555] - -From the place in the garden to which he had retired, Janin saw Delay -looking for something. Going up to him, the Genevese asked what he -wanted. On being told, he took the book, immediately found the epistle -(those laymen of Geneva knew their Bible better than the priests), and -began to read the first chapter aloud, dwelling upon the words: _The -blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin_. He stopped, -and addressing the prisoners, explained the words, and drew their -attention to two doctrines which, he said, can never be made to -harmonize: that of the Bible, according to which we are cleansed _by the -blood of Christ_; and that of Rome, according to which we are cleansed -by meritorious works. ‘You explain the passage wrongly,’ exclaimed some -of his hearers: ‘we must not follow the letter, but the moral meaning.’ -It is an argument we have seen revived in more recent times. ‘You cannot -understand that epistle,’ said a priest, ‘since you are obliged to read -it in French.’—‘Surely I must read it in my own language,’ answered -Janin, ‘for I do not understand Latin. God commanded his apostles to -preach the Gospel to all creatures, and therefore in all -languages.’—‘That is true,’ answered the priests: ‘_prædicate Evangelium -omni creaturæ_; but it is also true that all good Christians draw near -our mother, the Holy Church, to hear Scripture explained by the mouths -of priests and doctors who, in this world, hold the place of the -apostles.’ Janin, who, though honoring the special ministry of the Word, -firmly believed in the universal priesthood taught by St. Peter,[556] -exclaimed boldly: ‘I am just as much a priest as any man, and can give -absolution. God has made us all priests. I can pronounce the sacramental -words, like the other priests.’ And, if we are to believe his accusers, -he added: ‘You may even utter them in the house, in the kitchen.’ He -then began to repeat aloud: _Hoc est corpus meum_.[557] Janin was one of -those daring spirits who imagine that the more they startle their -hearers, the more good they do. Still, the ministers, Farel and Viret, -had no warmer friend. - -The prisoners who listened to him, wishing, perhaps, to prolong a -discussion that amused them, started the huguenot again. ‘The Virgin -Mary,’ began one. Janin, interrupting him, said: ‘The Virgin Mary was -the noblest woman that ever existed in the world, inasmuch as she bore -in her bosom Him who has washed us from our sins. But we must not pray -to her or to the saints in paradise.’—‘And prayers for the dead,’ -suggested another.—‘There is no need of them,’ said the armorer, ‘for as -soon as we are dead, we are saved or condemned for everlasting, and -there is no purgatory.’[558] - -[Sidenote: Rogation Festival.] - -On Monday, the 11th of May, the festival of the Rogations afforded the -prisoners a spectacle calculated to break the uniformity of their lives. -They proceeded to the garden, and presently a noisy crowd gave -indications of the grand procession, which was now returning to St. -John’s church, adjoining the archiepiscopal prison, whence it had -started. The priests went first, with crosses and banners, reciting -prayers or singing hymns; after them came the people. De la Maisonneuve -and Janin said that such a ceremony was an abuse, and that it would have -been far better to have given to the poor the money which those fine -banners had cost. The procession having at last reëntered the church of -St. John, the singing, shouting, and noise became insupportable, even in -the garden. Baudichon, according to the evidence of one of his accusers, -withdrew, saying: ‘Those people must be fools and madmen, or do they -imagine that God is deaf?’[559] - -The next day the festival continued, and just as the prisoners were -going to dinner, the noise of singing was heard. It was a new -procession. ‘Where do they come from?’ asked Maisonneuve. The jailer’s -wife answered: ‘From the church of St. Cler.’ ‘And what have they been -doing there?’ said Baudichon; ‘have they been looking for St. Cler? They -will not find him or God either, for they are in Paradise; and it is -great nonsense to look for them elsewhere.’[560] - -On the 28th of May, the depositions made by the prisoners with reference -to the language used on the Rogation days were read. ‘I would sooner be -torn in pieces,’ said De la Maisonneuve, ‘than have uttered the words -contained in that deposition.’[561] The Court having summoned the priest -Delay before them, the latter declared that he adhered to the main -points, _with the exception_ of the words ascribed to Baudichon. ‘He -only said,’ continued Delay, ‘that it would have been better to give the -poor the money paid for the banners. I did not hear him use the other -words.’[562] - -Janin, who had hitherto been the most ardent of the two prisoners, now -began to grow dispirited, as is usual with such temperaments. He looked -upon his condemnation to death as certain; and was quite unmanned by the -thought that he would never see Geneva again. On Whitsunday, a turnkey -having gone to fetch him from his dungeon to hear a mass which the other -prisoners had asked for, Janin, far from refusing, did not betray the -least sign of opposition during the service, but behaved himself -decently, ‘which he had not been accustomed to do before,’ said one who -was present. He quitted the chapel, dejected and silent. Just as he was -about to re-enter his narrow cell, De la Maisonneuve came up: he knew -the state of his friend’s soul and desired to cheer him. Leaning against -the door, he said to Janin, who was already inside: ‘Do not fret -yourself; be firm, and make no answer. I would sooner it cost me five -hundred crowns, than that any harm should come to you or me. My lords of -Berne will not suffer them to do us any mischief.’[563] - -[Sidenote: Opinion Of Baudichon.] - -Janin’s alarm was not, however, without foundation: false evidence -multiplied. Louis Joffrillet accused De la Maisonneuve of having said to -him at the door of his master’s shop: ‘Pshaw! if you were at Geneva I -would give you a horse-load of relics for a dozen _aiguilettes_.... They -sell relics there at the butchers’ stalls.’[564] On hearing the -unbecoming words ascribed to him, Baudichon exclaimed: ‘That witness is -a little brigand, a young thief; he has told a lie. I demand that he be -detained, and (he added in great anger) I will have him hanged!’ -Manicier, Joffrillet’s deposed that he had no recollection of such words -being used by De la Maisonneuve.[565] - -All these depositions, De la Maisonneuve’s courage, and the interest -felt for him in high places, created a greater excitement every day in -the second city of France. ‘There was much noise in Lyons about those -two Lutherans of Geneva.’[566] Some eagerly took their part; others, who -detested them, hoped to see them burnt. But as the two protestants had -powerful protectors, the clergy dared not proceed to extremities without -sufficient proof. The canons of St. John sent M. de Simieux, a gentleman -of Dauphiny, who was related to one of them, to Geneva to try and hunt -up some capital charge against Baudichon. De Simieux alighted at the -Hôtel de la Grue, in the Corraterie, and immediately entered into -conversation with the landlord, who promised to introduce him to some -worthy people, from whom he would receive accurate information about -that wretched Baudichon.[567] - -Meanwhile, the gentleman amused himself by walking up and down in front -of his lodging. Presently he saw fifteen persons, ‘of the most -respectable of the city,’ approaching, who saluted him and said: ‘We -have heard that you are come from Lyons; is it true that Baudichon is -about to be released?’ De Simieux asked the gentlemen what they thought -of the prisoner. ‘If he is discharged,’ said one of them, ‘we and all -the Catholics in Geneva will be totally ruined and lost. His -accomplices, the Lutherans of the city, have prepared their plan, and -the only thing they are waiting for, before putting it into execution, -is Baudichon’s release.’ ‘Yes, yes,’ said all the fifteen, ‘we are sure -of it.’[568] - -De Simieux asked them to specify some overt act. ‘On Corpus Christi -day,’ said one, ‘as the procession was passing Baudichon’s house, his -wife was at the window with her maid, and both were spinning with their -distaffs. When Madame de la Maisonneuve saw the priests marching before -her _all in white_, she exclaimed: “Look what fine _goats_!” ... as if a -flock of those animals had been passing by twos before her.’[569] As -this remark of the wife was not sufficient to burn the husband, De -Simieux asked for something more. ‘It is notorious,’ they told him, -‘that Baudichon is the person most employed in seducing the city of -Geneva to the Lutheran heresies; that it was he who caused the preachers -to come; and that, if he is liberated, everybody will go over to his -faith.’[570] - -While this conversation was going on in a narrow street, an official -interview of far greater importance was taking place not far off. Two -ambassadors from the King of France had just arrived at Geneva, and the -syndics who waited upon them declared they thought it very strange that -messieurs of Lyons should presume to give them the law. The ambassadors -promised to speak to the king on the subject.[571] - -[Sidenote: Baudichon Locked Up.] - -Meantime, matters were looking worse at Lyons. On Thursday, the 18th of -June, Florimond Pécoud, the merchant, seasoned his deposition with some -piquant expressions which he falsely ascribed to Baudichon. ‘Telling him -one day that I had just come from mass,’ said Pécoud, ‘Baudichon made -the remark: “And what did you see there? ... a slice of turnip, ... -nothing more.”’[572] At these words the prisoner rose indignantly, and -said to the judges: ‘I will not make any reply, I have made too many -already,’ and proceeded to leave the hall. ‘We order you to stay,’ said -the judges; but De la Maisonneuve would not stop. ‘Positively,’ said the -judges, looking at each other, ‘he flees our presence.’ To the jailer -who was sent after him to bid him return, he answered haughtily: ‘I am -not disposed at present; let them wait until after dinner.’ Baudichon -reappeared in the afternoon, but his anger had not cooled down. ‘I know -that Pécoud,’ he said; ‘he has cheated the merchants, he has been a -bankrupt, and his wife and he live by the debauchery of others. I -guarantee to prove what I say.’ - -The next day there was a scene quite as lively. Maisonneuve having -contradicted a witness: ‘I command you to sit in the dock,’ said the -president. ‘I will not sit in the dock,’ answered the citizen of Geneva; -‘I have sat there too long.’ This was too much for the judges. The -procurator-fiscal ordered Baudichon to be taken away and put in solitary -confinement: no one was to speak to him. The prisoner was accordingly -removed and locked up.[573] - -The Court immediately increased the number of witnesses for the -prosecution: it is useless to name them. De la Maisonneuve, more -indignant than ever, thought it enough to say: ‘They are false -witnesses, tutored to procure my death.’[574] - -Such was indeed the intention of the Court, and, considering the power -of the ecclesiastical tribunals, it seemed impossible they should fail -to attain their end. De la Maisonneuve was not prepared to die. His -knowledge of the Gospel had stripped death of its terrors in his eyes, -but the work of his life was not terminated: the reformation of Geneva -was not accomplished, there was still many a tough contest to be fought -for liberty. A man of resolution was wanted at Geneva—a man to launch -the bark with energy towards the happy shores it was to reach. That man -was De la Maisonneuve. - -On the 1st of July, seeing the eagerness of his adversaries, he -petitioned the court to grant him an advocate. The judges would not -consent: the prosecution was difficult enough already. ‘The case does -not require it,’ said the procurator-fiscal, ‘the accused must answer by -his own mouth. The said Baudichon is not an ignorant man; he is prudent -and _astute_ enough in his business.’[575] - -De la Maisonneuve could indeed speak freely in the uprightness of his -heart; but a formal defence alarmed him. Anticipating, however, the -unjust refusal of his judges, he had resolved to protest against it. -Producing certain papers, he said, as he pointed to them: ‘This document -was written by my own hand; I desire that it be inserted among the -minutes of the trial, and propose to read it word for word.’ He was -permitted to do so; upon which Baudichon, standing before his judges -with the paper in his hand, reminded them of the fact of his unjust -imprisonment, which had already lasted three months; contended that his -judges had no authority to take cognizance of anything he had done out -of the kingdom, and added: ‘I call upon you to do me speedy justice; if -you refuse, I will prosecute each one of you, and force you to make -compensation and reparation for the injuries I have suffered.... I -appeal to his Majesty.’[576] - -[Sidenote: Treatment Of Baudichon.] - -The vicars-general could not believe their ears. What impudence! The -accused presumes to attack the members of the Court, and his judges are -to be put on their defence. Are they not the representatives of the -Church? ‘You have no cause to complain of your long detention,’ they -said. ‘It proceeds solely from your having refused to answer us. We -cannot send you before the syndics of Geneva, because, as laymen, they -have no cognizance of such matters. Besides, the king understands that -you demur concerning the offences committed by you in the kingdom of -France.’ Then pressing him with questions, they said: ‘Are you a -Christian? What is your faith? Do you believe in the holy catholic -Church? Do you obey our holy father the pope? We are judges of your -faith, and we require you to answer, under pain of excommunication and -other lawful penalties.’ ‘I will not answer,’ returned Maisonneuve, -quite as determined as they, ‘and I appeal from your order to every -court in the kingdom.’ After this answer, Baudichon, in the eyes of the -Court, was nothing but an obstinate heretic. The inquisitor, Morini, -conjured him to return to the catholic faith. It was useless.[577] - -A man who struggled with so much courage against unreasonable judges, -who, in their despotism, claimed the right to forbid him to display -before God the faith, homage, and obedience which his conscience imposed -upon him,—a man who, in the first half of the sixteenth century, bearded -the inquisitors even in sight of the stake, as if his forehead had been -made _of adamant, harder than flint_, deserves some respect from an -easier age, which is no longer called to such combats, and which perhaps -would be unable to sustain them. - -Footnote 555: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. Déposition Desvaux, pp. 99, 100; - Déposition Delay, pp. 112, 113. - -Footnote 556: - - 1 St. Peter ii. 9. - -Footnote 557: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. Déposition Desvaux, pp. 100-103; - Déposition Delay, pp. 114, 115, 124. - -Footnote 558: - - Ibid. Déposition Desvaux, pp. 104, 105; Déposition Delay, pp. 116, - 117. - -Footnote 559: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel. Déposition Desvaux, pp. 106, 107; - Déposition Delay, pp. 118, 119. - -Footnote 560: - - Ibid. Déposition Galla, pp. 148-151; Déposition de Gynieux dit Nego, - pp. 154-156. - -Footnote 561: - - Ibid. p. 121. - -Footnote 562: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, p. 124. - -Footnote 563: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel. Déposition de Billet, pp. 127-129; - Déposition de Mochon, pp. 130, 131. - -Footnote 564: - - Ibid. Déposition de Joffrillet, pp. 136, 137. - -Footnote 565: - - ‘Recors de tels propos et paroles.’—MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. - 138-140; Déposition de Manicier, p. 144. - -Footnote 566: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 241. - -Footnote 567: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_. The inn of La Grue was, it would seem, - the projecting corner house on the left as you go from the Rhone, - before reaching the museum. - -Footnote 568: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 184-196. - -Footnote 569: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 197, 198. - -Footnote 570: - - Ibid. pp. 198-200. - -Footnote 571: - - Registres du Conseil du 10 Juin, 1534. - -Footnote 572: - - Maisonneuve compared the host to a slice of turnip—one of the - commonest of things.—MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, p. 162. - -Footnote 573: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 189-191. - -Footnote 574: - - Ibid. pp. 222-238. - -Footnote 575: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, p. 246. - -Footnote 576: - - Ibid. pp. 247-250. - -Footnote 577: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 251-259. - - - - - CHAPTER XII. - SENTENCE OF DEATH. - (JULY 1534.) - - -The judges and priests, though determined to free the Church from such a -dangerous enemy by pronouncing the capital sentence upon him, resolved -to make a last effort to obtain a condemnatory confession from him. The -procurator-fiscal, looking at Baudichon, said: ‘Considering the -arrogance and temerity of the accused, considering that he is not -sufficiently attainted by the witnesses, we order that he be -_constrained_ to answer _concerning his faith_, and to that end be put -to the torture.’ The noble-minded citizen was to be exposed to the -horrible torments practiced by the inquisitors, but there were no -instructions as to the kind of torture to be employed.[578] De la -Maisonneuve was imprisoned under the roof. Was the order of the Court -carried out? That is more than we can tell; we have discovered nothing -relative to his punishment; we can only find that he was treated in a -harsh and cruel manner. Appearing before the Court on the 13th of July, -he complained strongly of the indignities to which he had been exposed. -‘They have behaved tyrannously to me,’ he said, ‘and shown me much -rudeness and cruelty.’ The judges answered that he had no grounds of -complaint, and that if he wished any favor he had only to answer -concerning his faith. ‘If I were to remain here a prisoner all my life,’ -said Baudichon, ‘I would never answer you, for you are not my -judges.’[579] - -The Court then resolved to try if they could not obtain from him some -semi-catholic formula which would authorize them to publish his -recantation, or, in default of that, some very heretical declaration -which would justify their burning him. A few words uttered with the lips -were enough for certain judges to give life or death. Evangelical -Christianity prescribes an opposite way; words will not satisfy it: -truth must penetrate into the depths of the heart and abide there by -means of a thorough assimilation which transforms man to the image of -God. But, above all, it protests against constraint; and to those -officials, those inquisitors who imagine they are helping the cause of -truth, it exclaims: ‘Leave to God what belongs to God!’ This was -Maisonneuve’s opinion. - -[Sidenote: Charges Against Baudichon.] - -The Court and the canons of St. John, having failed to obtain any -confession from Baudichon, resolved to call a witness before them who, -they thought, must crush him. At their request, the Bishop of Geneva, -who was then at Chambéry, desired father Cautelier, superior of the -Franciscan convent, to proceed to Lyons and give evidence against the -prisoner. On the 18th of July the monk appeared before the Court, and -declared that ‘he had preached daily at Geneva all through Lent, doing -the best he could; that he had known Baudichon, notoriously reputed as a -favorer of the Lutheran sect, and one Farellus, a very bad man, who -preached that heresy, and others more execrable still, of which he was -the inventor; that one day, being unable to obtain a license for -Farellus to preach, Baudichon came up with his accomplices; that, in the -presence of a very great multitude of people, he declared he would have -Farellus preach; that thereupon some of his party went and rang the bell -three different times, and that in the same monastery where he, -Cautelier, had preached in the morning, the said Farellus preached -publicly, according to his accursed doctrine, which he continued to do -all through Lent, wearing a secular dress.’ Then, speaking of the visit -made him by Maisonneuve and Farel, the father superior continued: ‘They -asserted that the pope is the beast of the apocalypse, and that the holy -see is not apostolical but diabolical; ... and Baudichon was so -transported with rage and anger, that he would have set the monastery on -fire.’[580] - -De la Maisonneuve was then brought in. The two great adversaries met -face to face and kept their eyes fixed on each other. The energetic -huguenot, speaking with calmness, almost with disdain, said: ‘I know -that witness; he is a bad man.... He preached several heresies at -Geneva, and excited much disturbance among the people.’—‘Heresies!’ -exclaimed the astonished judges. ‘What heresies?’ An heretical father -superior! that was strange indeed!—‘If I was at Geneva,’ answered the -accused, ‘I would tell you, but here I shall say no more.’[581] - -At the same time the crafty monk had with him a weapon which, he -thought, must infallibly procure Baudichon’s death. Pierre de la Baume, -in his quality of bishop and prince, had given him a sealed letter -addressed to the judges, praying them to send the culprit to him, or at -least, to treat him with all the rigor of justice. Coutelier handed it -to the Court. The bishop informed his ‘good brothers and friends’ that -Maisonneuve had already been convicted of Lutheran heresy (this was five -or six years back), that he had done penance, and promised him, his -bishop, that he would not go astray again. ‘Cum nemini gremium ecclesia -claudat,’ continued La Baume, ‘as the Church shuts her bosom against no -one, I was content to pardon him, but threatened him with the stake in -case of relapse.’ It is possible that De la Maisonneuve may formerly -have had some conversation of this sort with the bishop, who took -advantage of it. The law threatened very severe penalties against such -as relapsed; they were not allowed a trial, and were delivered up -immediately to the secular arm to be put to death. ‘I beg you to -transfer him to me’ continued the bishop, ‘to execute justice upon him -to the contentment of _God and the world_, and the maintenance of our -holy faith.’ But a rivalry worthy of Rome existed between the Bishop of -Geneva and the primate of France; each wished to have the honor of -burning the Genevan.[582] - -The struggle was natural. The affair had all the more importance in the -eyes of the bishops and priests inasmuch as Maisonneuve was guilty of a -blacker crime in their opinion than that of Luther and of Farel. He was -a _layman_, and yet he presumed to reform the Church. The clergy -believed that the intervention of the laity was the most menacing -circumstance possible. A great transformation was going on: opinion was -changing; as the understanding became enlightened, it condemned abuses -and reformed errors. One of the evils introduced by catholicism, -aggravated still further by the papacy, had been to nullify the faithful -in religious matters. It was endurable that a bishop should go to war; -but for a layman to have anything to say in the Church was inadmissible. -This perversion of the primitive order was pointed out by the reformers: -in their eyes the despotism of priests was still more revolting than the -despotism of kings. A man might, they thought, give up to another man -his house, his fields, his earthly existence; but to give up to him his -soul, his eternal existence, ... impossible! One of the forces of -protestantism was the influence of the laity; one of the weaknesses of -Roman-catholicism was their exclusion from the direction of religious -interests. - -The Bishop of Geneva thought that, by putting that powerful layman, -Maisonneuve, to death, he was dealing the Reformation a heavy blow. The -officials of the archbishop-primate of France thought the same. There -was no doubt what would be the fate of the proud Baudichon: it was only -a question whether the flames of his funeral pile should be kindled at -Lyons or Chambéry. The judges consequently asked him if he desired to be -sent to Chambéry to be tried by the Bishop of Geneva; and the prisoner -declared that he preferred remaining in the kingdom of France. De la -Baume gave way, but insisted that the Court should make haste and punish -such a turbulent man. ‘Chastise him,’ said the bishop, ‘according to the -good pleasure of the king, who has shown in his letters that he is quite -inclined that way. Nay, more, you will do a very meritorious work before -God.’ The Court accordingly began their preparations for offering up the -sacrifice.[583] - -[Sidenote: Proceedings Of The Magistrates.] - -The magistrates of Geneva had not remained inactive. On the 23d of June -the syndics and council of the city wrote three letters: one to the -king’s lieutenant, another to the burgesses of Lyons, and a third to -Diesbach and Schœner, ambassadors of Berne at the Court of Francis I., -declaring they thought it ‘very strange that Messieurs of Lyons should -wish to give the law to Geneva.’[584] The vicars-general were not much -alarmed: they hoped that the intervention of Francis I. would be limited -to forbidding Baudichon de la Maisonneuve to be tried for acts committed -in his own country. Still they judged it prudent to make haste. - -The Court now resorted to its final, solemn, and triple summons.[585] -‘Baudichon de la Maisonneuve,’ said the president, ‘we adjure you to -answer concerning your faith under pain of excommunication.’ The Genevan -was silent. Thrice the same question was put, thrice there was the same -silence. At last, when the president added: ‘Are you a Christian?’ he -replied: ‘You are not my judges, and never will be. If I were before the -syndics of Geneva, I should answer so that every one would be -satisfied.’ He declared, however, that he was ready to enter into -explanations immediately concerning any offence he was accused of -committing in France; thus showing that he desired merely to maintain -the rights of his people and of their magistrates. The Court would not -consent: they no doubt understood that mere table-talk was not -sufficient to cause a man to be burnt. Once more they refused him a -counsel. ‘If you can write,’ they told him, ‘we permit you to set down -with your own hand whatever you please, and we will hear you tomorrow.’ -He declared he could not do it without access to the minutes of the -proceedings; to which the Court answered, that the proceedings must be -well known to him.[586] - -[Sidenote: The Sentence.] - -The inquiry was over; De la Maisonneuve was returned to the care of the -archbishop’s procurator-general, and the next day, the 18th of July, he -was taken before him. That personage rose and said: ‘Baudichon de la -Maisonneuve, being manifestly convicted of the crimes and offences -mentioned in the indictment, is by us pronounced heretical, a great -abettor, defender, and protector of the heretics and heresies which at -present swarm so greatly, and as such he is remitted to the secular -arm.’[587] - -They were in haste to finish. There was a rumor that the king would -deliver the prisoner: they must, therefore, hurry on the sentence and -execution. On the 28th of July the Court held its last sitting. Two -inquisitors were on the bench, and the final sentence was pronounced: - -‘Baudichon de la Maisonneuve,’ said the Court, ‘you have been fully -convicted of having affirmed at Geneva and elsewhere many heretical -propositions of the Lutheran or Œcolampadian faction; - -‘Of having been the chief promoter and defender of that sect; - -‘Of having protected the impure Farel and other persons, propagators of -that perverse doctrine; - -‘Of having refused to answer in our presence concerning your faith; - -‘We therefore declare you to be heretical, and the chief fautor and -defender of heresy and heretics;[588] - -‘Consequently we deliver you over as such to the secular arm.’ - -This was the formula employed by the ecclesiastical tribunals in -pronouncing the capital sentence. De la Maisonneuve appealed to the -king, to the legate, to any proper authority, and was led back to -prison. - -The Church, having a horror of blood, delivered Baudichon to the civil -magistrates that they might take the life of that high-minded man: the -captain of the Lutherans was condemned to death.[589] For a long while -people at Geneva, Lyons, and elsewhere, had been every day expecting -that he would be burnt.[590] Now there could no longer be any doubt -about his fate: the sentence was lawfully pronounced. The priests -triumphed, and the evangelicals awaited a great sorrow. - -Many burning piles had already been erected in France, Germany, and -elsewhere, and Christians more earnest than Maisonneuve, but not freer -or more courageous, had perished on them for their faith. Were the -persecutors always influenced by cruelty and hatred? Were the -vicars-general, the canons of St. John, the archbishop-primate of -France—all of them thirsting for blood? No doubt there were malignant -fanatics among them, but it would be unjust to form so severe a judgment -of all. Some of them were upright and perhaps benevolent men, to whom -the words uttered upon the cross might be justly applied: _Forgive them, -for they know not what they do_. Atrocious as are the deeds of the -persecutors in the sixteenth century, they easily admit of explanation. -A religion convinced of the truth of its dogmas considers it to be its -right and duty to combat the errors which destroy souls (as it -believes); and, if it is allied with the civil power, makes it a virtue -and a law to borrow the secular sword to purify the Church from -contagion. The fault of such judges—and it is a great fault—is to put -themselves in the place of God, to whom alone belongs the dominion over -conscience; to forget that religion, being in its nature spiritual, has -nothing to do with constraint, and can be propagated and received by -moral convictions only. The sword, when religion determines to grasp it, -easily becomes insensate and ruthless in her hands. _Put up thy sword -into the sheath_, said Jesus to Peter; and those who call themselves -Peter’s successors have been always drawing it. The ground is so -slippery, the gulf so near, that, besides the thousands of cases in -which the Church of Rome during the sixteenth century suffered that -great fall, two or three instances may be quoted in which even -protestants have stumbled. - -Three centuries have corrected such lamentable aberrations; we no longer -erect scaffolds, but tribunals, dungeons, and exile still coerce -religious convictions. What must we do to destroy forever such evils in -all their ramifications? The most effectual remedy would seem to be the -separation of the spiritual and temporal power, the destruction of the -links which still unite the ecclesiastical with the civil power. The -doctrine which condemns those fanatical murders has long prevailed all -over evangelical Christendom; at Rome the acts are tempered, but the -principles remain. Modern civilization is waiting for the time when -salutary modifications between the Church and the State will take from -the former, everywhere and forevermore, the possibility of again -grasping the unholy sword which has poured forth such torrents of the -most generous blood. - -Footnote 578: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 260-262. - -Footnote 579: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 303, 304. - -Footnote 580: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 324-327. - -Footnote 581: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 335-338. - -Footnote 582: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 345-349. - -Footnote 583: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, p. 338. - -Footnote 584: - - Registres du Conseil des 10 et 23 Juin et 7 Juillet, 1534. - -Footnote 585: - - Friday, 17th July, 1534. - -Footnote 586: - - MS. du Procès inquisitionnel, pp. 339-343. - -Footnote 587: - - Ibid. pp. 350-354. - -Footnote 588: - - ‘Hæreticæ pravitates et hæreticorum maximum defensorem et - factorem.’—The sentence is in Latin in the MS. du Procès - inquisitionnel, pp. 431-435. - -Footnote 589: - - See the letter of Francis I. to the Council of Geneva in the archives - of that city. - -Footnote 590: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 242. - - - - - CHAPTER XIII. - THE NIGHT OF JULY THIRTY-FIRST AT GENEVA. - (JULY 1534.) - - -[Sidenote: Effect Of Baudichon’s Imprisonment.] - -By imprisoning Maisonneuve, the priests had desired to check the -progress of the Gospel, but it had the contrary effect. The courage of -the accused and the injustice of the accusers increased the -determination of the Genevans. The work of the Reformation was not a -work without fore-thought; it had been long preparing, and advanced step -by step towards the goal by paths which the hand of God had traced for -it. The rich harvests which were to cover the shores of Lake Leman and -to feed so many hungry souls, were not to spring from the earth in a -day; the soil had long been ploughed and dressed, the seed had been -sown, and therefore the crop was so abundant. The Reformation was the -fruit of a long travail: at one time the secret operations of divine -influence, at another, deeds done by men in the light of day, was -transforming by slow degrees a somewhat restless but still energetic and -generous people. - -The festival of Corpus Christi was approaching, and the catholics hoped -by that imposing ceremony to bring back some of those who had left them; -but their expectations were disappointed. The most enlightened and -honorable men of Geneva had no longer any taste for these feasts—not -because of their antiquity, but because they were in their opinion -founded on serious errors, and shocked their enlightened sentiments. The -thought that a wafer, consecrated by a priest, was about to be paraded -through the city to receive divine honors, revolted evangelical -Christians. They determined not to join in the procession, or to shut up -their houses, but to work as on ordinary days. When the priests and -their adherents heard of this, they imagined that the Lutherans intended -attacking them during their progress; but, on being reassured, they took -courage and the devout began to file off. There was not the least act of -violence, but only a silent protest; many houses before which the -procession passed were without hangings, and through the open windows -‘the Lutheran dames were seen in velvet hoods busily spinning with their -distaffs or working with their needles.’ Vainly did the priests sing and -the splendid cortège defile through the streets: the velvet-hooded -ladies remained motionless. Gross insults would not have enraged the -devotees so much. One of them seeing a window open on the ground-floor -and a protestant lady filling her distaff, reached into the room, -snatched away the distaff, struck her violently on the head with it, -threw it into the mud, trampled on it, and disappeared among the crowd. -The startled lady screamed out, and (says Sister Jeanne) nearly died of -fright. Notwithstanding this act of violence, the protestants remained -quiet. Everything helped the cause of Reform: neither the grotesque nor -unseemly dances of the populace, nor the sanctimonious processions of -the clergy, were able to paralyze in Geneva the power of the doctrine -from on high.[591] - -An act of a new convert still further increased the murmurs. When Louis -Bernard threw off the surplice he returned to civil life: he soon became -a member of the Two Hundred, and afterwards of the Executive Council. -Being an upright man and desirous of leading a Christian life, he -married a widow of good family, and Viret blessed their union. The -marriage created a great sensation. ‘What!’ exclaimed the catholics, -‘priests and monks with wives!’ ‘Yes!’ rejoined the reformers, ‘you -think it strange they should have lawful wives, but you were not -surprised when they had unlawful wives, the practice was so general. -What foxy consciences are yours! You confess to brushing off the dew -with your tail as you crossed the meadows, but not of having stolen the -poor man’s poultry!’ Bernard justified by his conduct the step that he -had taken. The men who had been dissolute priests became good -fathers,[592] and society was gainer by the exchange. - -[Sidenote: Discussion Before The Council.] - -But the priests did not think so. Master Jean, the vicar of St. Gervais, -a zealous man and noisy talker, having heard of Bernard’s marriage, -exclaimed from the pulpit: ‘Where is the discipline prescribed by the -church, where are the commandments of the pope? Oh, horror! priests -marry after they have taken the vow of chastity!’ The question of -marriage and celibacy was discussed before the Council; the priest and -Viret, who had given the nuptial benediction, were summoned to the -Hôtel-de-ville. The reformer maintained that marriage is honorable to -all men. St. Paul, when directing that the minister of the Lord should -not have several wives, shows that we must not constrain him to have -none at all, and if the apostle insists that he must be a good father, -it follows evidently that he should be married. ‘Those who issue from -the dens of the solitary and idle life called monkery or celibacy,’ said -one of the reformers, ‘are like savages; while the government of a -household is an apprenticeship for the government of the Church of God.’ -The vicar supported his opinion by bad arguments,’ says the ‘Register,’ -‘and wandered far from the truth.’ ‘Do not corrupt the Gospel, or else -we shall take proceedings against you,’ said the premier-syndic. The -poor dumbfoundered vicar stammered out a few excuses and retired, -promising to teach in future in conformity with their lordships’ -instructions.[593] - -But they had no sooner shut his mouth on the question of marriage, than -he opened it on that of baptism. ‘Do these heretics imagine,’ he -exclaimed, ‘that the Holy Ghost can descend into the heart by other -channels than the priests?... They baptize in rooms, in gardens, without -blowing upon the child to drive away the wicked one.... They are _ipso -facto_ excommunicate.’ - -The independence of Church and State was not understood in the sixteenth -century. Farel complained to the Council, and the priest was about to -yield, when some laymen, irritated by the defeat of Rome, came to his -assistance. ‘Are these heretics already giving us the law in Geneva?’ -they said to the council. ‘Only the other day they were satisfied to -speak, and now they want to hinder us from doing so. We demand that it -be as permissible for Master Jean to preach as it is for Master Farel.’ -The syndic replied frankly:—‘We have not forbidden the vicar to preach: -on the contrary we order him to preach the Gospel.’[594] It was not then -understood that to command a man to preach what he did not believe was -more tyrannical than to silence him. - -Farel, Viret, and the vicar were in attendance; they were led into the -council chamber, and the discussion began immediately. ‘The Holy Ghost,’ -said Farel, ‘can act without the aid of priests. It is faith in the -power of Christ’s blood that cleanseth us from our sins, and baptism is -the evidence of that absolution. But where have you read that it must be -celebrated with oil, salt, and other rubbish?[595] ... I know very well -that this strange trumpery is of ancient origin.... The devil very early -began to indulge in heavy jokes, and all these baubles come from him. -Let us put aside these pomps and shows that dazzle the eyes of the -simple, but brutalize their understanding, and let us celebrate the rite -of baptism simply, according to the Gospel form, with fair water, in the -name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost.’ The embarrassed vicar quoted -the authority of the pope in his defence, and highly extolled the two -swords that are in his hand. ‘That is an idle allegory,’ said the -reformer, ‘and a sorry jest.... There are two powers indeed: one in the -Church, the other in the State. The only power in the Church is the Word -of Christ, and the only power in the State is the sword.’ That -distinction gave much pleasure, and the secretary entered it on the -minutes. An important transformation was going on: the civil power was -lifting its head and beginning to brave that spiritual power which had -humbled it for so long. The syndic kindly entreated Farel ‘to take it -all in good part;’ but turning with severity towards the vicar, ordered -him again ‘to preach in accordance with the truth.’ ‘Do you forbid me to -preach any more?’ asked the priest, abashed. The syndic answered him a -little harshly: ‘You are forbidden nothing, except lying.’ This marks a -new phase of the Reformation in Geneva. The monks who remained faithful -to St. Francis were alarmed in their convent at Rive, and said: ‘Let us -make haste to carry away our altar-ornaments and jewels.’ ... The -Council opposed this, and ordered those precious objects to be kept in -safe custody.[596] - -[Sidenote: Alarming Rumor.] - -While the magistracy of Geneva held back from catholicism, the partisans -of the pope in the surrounding country were preparing to support it. An -alarming rumor had been circulating in the city for some days; and the -vicar and the reformer had scarcely withdrawn, when several members of -the Council expressed their fears. ‘The bishop, in concert with the -duke, has formed the design of invading us,’ they said. ‘At a banquet, -at which two hundred persons were present, a formidable conspiracy was -planned against our liberties. Wherever you go, you hear nothing but -threats against the city. Many of our fellow-citizens have gone out to -join the enemy, and are preparing to attack us, with the gentry of the -neighborhood.’ Captain-General Philippe was ordered ‘to be on the -look-out,’ and many placed their hands and their lives at his disposal. -It was true that Pierre de la Baume, having formed a new plot, had come -to an understanding with the Genevese episcopals and the lords of -Friburg; and quitting, not without reluctance, his delightful residence -at Arbois, he had gone to Chambéry to concert measures with the duke. A -Romish camarilla stimulated the two princes. The most fervid of the -mamelukes, and of the lords of Savoy and of Vaud, had arranged a meeting -for a hunting match at the foot of the Voirons, and there arrangements -had been made for ‘hunting down’ the heresy of Geneva. ‘Every one there -is running after this new word,’ they told the duke. ‘There is but one -means of safety left, and that is, to destroy the city and the heretics -by making war upon them, and then restoring the prelate by force.’ -Forthwith the plan was arranged ‘of the most dangerous treason that had -yet been aimed at Geneva.’ The duke hoped to become master of the city, -and to re-establish the papal power in it. He had no doubt that -catholicity, far from being jealous of his conquest, would be eager to -applaud it. To insure success, he determined to ask the help of France, -and to that end applied to the Cardinal de Tournon. It was proposed that -Pierre de la Baume should resign his see to one of the duke’s sons, the -young Count of Bresse, and a handsome compensation was offered him. -Maisonneuve, the captain of the Lutherans, a man so generally dreaded, -being then in prison at Lyons, it was desirable to take advantage of his -absence, and the last day of July was fixed for the execution of the -enterprise.[597] - -The Councils of Geneva, in great alarm, sent John Lullin and Francis -Favre to Berne to ask the advice and assistance of those powerful -allies. At the same time they ordered the bells of the Convent of St. -Victor and others to be cast into cannon, and directed the captains of -the city to take the necessary measures for putting it into a state of -defence. And, lastly, wishing to deprive the enemies of Geneva of every -pretext, the Council determined to punish those who had ‘ill-advisedly -broken the images of the convent at Rive;’ and declared, that _though -such images ought to be taken down and destroyed, according to God’s -law_, yet ‘those persons’ ought not to have done it without order and -permission, because it was _an act pertaining to the magistracy_. In -consequence of this, six men, of whom little was known, were imprisoned -on the 26th July.[598] - -[Sidenote: Enthusiasm In Geneva.] - -Great was the enthusiasm in Geneva. The citizens were ready to give up -everything ‘to follow the right path,’ and the Reformation still -advanced, notwithstanding the great danger with which it was threatened. -Some even chose this moment to confess their faith. The last Sunday in -July, a few hours before the day when the enemy intended to enter -Geneva, a member of the Dominican order, that pillar of the papacy, -‘after the bell had bidden the people to the sermon,’ appeared before -the congregation, took off his monastic dress, went into the pulpit, and -then, ‘like a madman,’ prayed God to have pity on him. He bewailed -himself, asked pardon of his listeners for having ‘lived so ill in times -past, and so monstrously deceived everybody.’ ‘I have preached -indulgences,’ he continued, ‘I have praised the mass, I have extolled -the sacraments and ceremonies of the Church. Now I renounce them all as -idle things. I desire to find but one thing—the grace of Christ -crucified for me.’ After which he preached an heretical sermon.[599] - -These conversions increased the dangers of Geneva, by exciting the wrath -of the catholics. Four days after the touching confession of the -Dominican the projected plot was to be carried out. The Savoyard troops, -assembling at a little distance from the city, were to approach it under -cover of the darkness. One detachment would arrive by the lake and the -tower guard, bribed by ten crowns, would let the boats pass without -firing on them. Within the city, more than three hundred foreigners had -entered separately and stealthily, and were hidden in catholic houses. -In the middle of the night F. du Crest was to go to the Molard with -fire-arms and hoist a red flag. The firing of a heavy culverine would be -the signal for the priests to come to the support of their friends. -Certain episcopals would mount to the roofs of their houses with lighted -torches to summon the foreign troops to approach. The catholics of -Geneva and their allies would then leave their houses; three of the city -gates were to be forced by a locksmith of their party, the troops would -enter, and Genevans and strangers would advance shouting: ‘Long live our -prince, monseigneur of Geneva!’ The friends of independence and reform, -thus caught between two fires, would be unable to make any resistance. -Then would begin the executing of the judgment of God: if it had been -waited for long, it would only be the more terrible now. The pious -soldiers of the Church would fall upon the Lutherans and put them to -death. The city would be purged of all those seeds of the gospel and -liberty which were choking, within its walls, the ancient and glorious -plants of feudalism and popery. Finally to complete their work, the -conquerors would share the property of the vanquished, which the bishop -had in anticipation confiscated for their benefit, and Geneva, forever -bound to Rome, would thus become its slave and never its rival.[600] - -On the 29th and 30th July all began to move round the city. On the -north, the Marshal of Burgundy, the bishop’s brother, was to descend -into the valley of the Leman, with six thousand men, raised in imperial -Burgundy. On the south, the Duke of Savoy had obtained permission of the -king of France to enlist in Dauphiny, ‘persons experienced in war.’ -Numerous soldiers—some coming by land, others by water—were expected -from Chablais, Faucigny, Gex, and Vaud. A galley and other boats had -been fitted out near Thonon, to which place the artillery of Chillon had -been removed. Several corps were marching on Geneva. The bishop, who was -anything but brave, did not wish to leave Chambéry; but the duke, to -encourage him, gave him a body-guard of two hundred well-armed men, and -Pierre de la Baume quitted, not without alarm, the capital of Savoy -early in the morning of the 30th July, and halted at Lé-luiset, a -village situated about two leagues from Geneva, where he intended to -wait in safety the issue of the affair. - -The corps nearest to Geneva appeared. Savoyard troops under the command -of Mauloz, castellan of Gaillard, reached their station in front of the -St. Antoine Gate. Armed men from Chablais advanced along the Thonon road -as far as Jargonnant, in front of the Rive gate. Other bands prepared to -enter by the gate on the side of Arve and Plainpalais. Barks and boats -filled with soldiers arrived in the waters that bathed the city. The -army that was to cross the Jura, and other corps, did not appear; but -the assembled forces were sufficient for the coup-de-main.[601] - -[Sidenote: Levrat, The Traitor.] - -While these manœuvres were going on without, everything seemed going on -well within. The man entrusted with the care of the artillery, and who -was called Le Bossu (the Hunchback), had been bribed. In the evening -Jean Levrat, ‘one of the most active of the traitors,’ had prowled about -his dwelling, and the keeper, not wishing to be compromised, had handed -him through a loophole the keys of the tower of Rive, where the cannons -had been stored. Levrat and his accomplices spiked several, and Le Bossu -had filled others with hay. The blacksmith had counterfeited the keys of -the city, and made iron implements to break down the gates.[602] The -most lively emotion prevailed in the houses of all the catholics. Party -walls had been broken through, so that they could go from one to another -and concert matters secretly. Michael Guillet, Thomas Moine, Jacques -Malbuisson, De Prato, Jean Levrat, and the Sire de Pesmes, went to and -fro watching that no man shrank back. - -Throughout the whole of the 30th of July the Councils and the reformed -remained in complete ignorance of the blow that was impending. They knew -of the threats, but did not believe there was any danger, so that in the -evening of the 30th they had gone to rest as quietly as usual. In the -early part of the night a stranger desired to speak with the -premier-syndic on urgent business. Michael Sept received him. ‘I am from -Dauphiny,’ said the man: ‘I am a hearer of the Word of God, and should -grieve to see Geneva and the Gospel brought to destruction. The duke’s -army is marching upon your city; a number of soldiers are already -assembled all round you, and very early this morning the bishop left -Chambéry to make his entrance among you.’ It was a fellow-countryman of -Farel and Froment that undertook to save Geneva. But was there still -time? The premier-syndic immediately communicated the intelligence to -his colleagues, and it was resolved to arrest some of those who were -always ready to make common cause with the enemy outside. The syndics -questioned them, confronted them with one another, and gradually saw the -horrible plot unravelled, of which they had until that moment been -ignorant.[603] All the citizens upon whom they could rely were called to -arms. It was not yet midnight. - -The episcopals, who had not gone to bed, waited in excitement for the -appointed hour. A great number of canons and priests had assembled in -the house of the canon of Brentena, Seigneur of Menthon, belonging to an -illustrious family of Savoy. They congratulated one another that the -plot had been so well arranged, and nothing in that assembly of -ecclesiastics was talked of but torches, banners, and artillery. In a -short time, however, one of their party came in, and told them that the -huguenots were arming everywhere. The reverend members of the chapter -ran to the window, and saw with affright a numerous patrol marching by. -The alarm spread; not an episcopal dared venture out: they hid the red -flag, the signal for the murder of the huguenots. One hope only -remained; the troops round Geneva were amply sufficient to secure the -triumph of the bishop.[604] - -[Sidenote: Waiting For The Signal.] - -And indeed the number of soldiers round the city was very great. Playing -on the word _Geneva, gens nova_, the leaders had chosen for their -watchword this cruel phrase: _Nous ferons ici gent nouvelle_,[605] that -is to say, they would extirpate the evangelicals from Geneva and replace -them by catholic Savoyards. They waited for the appointed signal and -turned their eyes to the roofs of the houses from which the torches were -to be waved. They fancied that some had been seen, but had soon -disappeared. While the anxious officers were asking what was to be done, -some of the soldiers noticed a simple-looking boy walking about on the -hill, peering innocently about him, but constantly getting nearer to the -city gates. He was taken before Mauloz the castellan and M. de Simon, -another of the leaders, who asked him what he was doing there at such an -hour of the night. The boy, who seemed greatly embarrassed, answered, ‘I -am looking for the mare I lost.’ It was not the case. - -Three of the best citizens of Geneva, Jean d’Arlod, auditor, the zealous -Étienne d’Adda, and Pontet, happening to be at La Roche, three or four -leagues from Geneva, in the evening, had heard the enterprise talked of, -and had immediately mounted their horses in order to reach the gates -before the enemy.[606] Pushing rapidly along the by-roads, they stopped -at a farm-house a short distance from the city, where they learnt that -the Savoyard troops were already under the walls. D’Arlod directed one -of the farm-servants to go and see if they could enter. M. de Simon and -Mauloz the castellan, impatient to know the cause of the delay, -determined to make use of this poor boy, of whose innocence they felt no -doubts. ‘Hark ye!’ they said to him; ‘go and see whether the Rive and -St. Antoine gates are open.’ The lad, who was very unwilling to serve as -a scout to the Savoyards, replied: ‘Oh! I should be afraid they would -kill me.’ At that instant Mauloz, whose attention was divided between -the youth and the houses on which the torches were to be displayed, -exclaimed, ‘There is one!’ A brilliant light appeared over the city: the -whole force hailed it with joy, and the two captains could not turn away -their eyes. The light appeared and disappeared, returned, and was again -eclipsed, and every time it came in sight, strange to say, it looked -more elevated. Higher and higher it rose; already it overtopped the -tallest chimneys. There was something extraordinary about it, and the -Savoyards began to grow uneasy. ‘Why, can it be so?’ said those who knew -Geneva; ‘the light is ascending the spire of St. Pierre!... Yes, it is -so ... that is where the main watch of the city is stationed in time of -danger.’ At last the light ceased to move; it halted at the top of the -spire, which was built on the crest of the hill. It thus brooded over -the city, and seemed turned upon the Savoyard army, like the glaring eye -of the lion shining through the midnight darkness of the desert. Then a -panic terror seized the soldiers of Charles III.; their features were -disturbed, their hearts quaked. Mauloz, who had kept his eyes fixed on -the threatening apparition, turned in despair towards M. de Simon, who -was already moving off, and exclaimed: ‘We are discovered: we are -betrayed! We shall not enter Geneva to-night.’ The young messenger, -finding that nobody took heed of him, ran off to the farm to tell -D’Arlod and his friends what had taken place.[607] - -[Sidenote: Retreat Of The Savoyards.] - -Yet the lion’s eye still glared above the city. ‘The sugar-plums are all -ready for our supper,’ said the men-at-arms.[608] Every one thought of -retiring: Mauloz and Simon gave orders for the retreat. As day was -beginning to break, the Genevese look-outs stationed on the tower saw -the Savoyards filing off in the direction of Castle Gaillard, with drums -beating and colors flying. - -The Genevan catholics were in suspense no longer: their enterprise had -miscarried. They were stupefied and furious against their allies. One of -them, Francis Regis, said with a great oath: ‘We are ruined and undone: -those gentlemen are not worth a straw. We made the signals, everything -was in good order, but the gentry deceived us.’[609] As for the bishop, -he was more frightened than disappointed. When the terrible beacon shone -out from the temple of St. Pierre’s, some men, commissioned to keep him -informed of what was going on, had started off full gallop, and reported -to him the ominous words of the ferocious Mauloz: ‘We are betrayed!’ -Instantly the poor prelate mounted his horse, and rode hastily away to -join the duke. - -When the sun rose, not an enemy was to be seen about the city. The -Genevans could not believe their eyes: the events of that memorable -night seemed almost miraculous, and they were transported with joy, like -men who have been saved from death. All the morning the streets were -filled with people; they exchanged glances, they shook hands with each -other; many blessed God; some could not believe that their catholic -fellow-citizens were cognizant of the plot. One little incident removed -every doubt. As some citizens happened to be passing the house of the -keeper of the artillery, they heard the shrill voice of a woman -screaming in great emotion: ‘Ha! traitor! you are betraying me as you -betrayed the city!’ ... A man replied with abuse and blows; the screams -of the wretched creature became louder and louder, and the coarse voice -of another woman was mingled with hers. It was the Bossu, his wife, and -servant: the keeper of the artillery had been surprised by his wife in -flagrant infidelity. The huguenots, hearing the uproar, stopped and -entered the house. ‘Yes,’ screamed the wife louder than ever; ‘yes, -traitor, you gave Jean Levrat the keys through the loop-hole.’ Levrat, -the Bossu, and the locksmith were immediately arrested.[610] - -The leaders of the conspiracy remained, as usual, at liberty. Skulking -in their houses, Guillet, De Prato, Perceval de Pesmes, the two Du -Crests, the two Regis, and many others, knew well that they merited -death more than Portier; and, affrighted like the hare in its form, -which pricks up its ears to listen for the pursuing huntsman, they -started at the slightest noise, and fancied every moment that the -syndics or their officers were coming. As no one appeared, they formed a -desperate resolution: disguising themselves in various ways, they left -their houses and escaped; ‘and never returned to the city again,’ says -Froment. The bishop’s conspiracy with Portier and the Pennets had forced -several catholics to leave the council; the project of a night attack -obliged many to leave Geneva. Every effort made by catholicism to rise -helped it to descend, and every blow aimed at the Reformation for its -destruction raised it still higher. The citizens remarked to one -another, reports a contemporary, who has recorded the words: ‘It was God -who brought down the hearts of our enemies, both without and within, so -that they could not make use of their strength.’[611] - -[Sidenote: Vigilance And Meditation.] - -Meanwhile Geneva was not at ease. The Marshal of Burgundy and the -Governor of Chablais had not appeared; and the enemy might have -withdrawn only to wait for these powerful reinforcements. All the -citizens were called to arms. ‘Throughout that week a strong guard was -kept up, and the gates of the city were closed.’ As the episcopals had -often had recourse to the bells to summon their partisans, ‘it was -forbidden to ring the church-bells either day or night.’ A silence, -accompanied with meditation and vigilance, prevailed through the city. -The inhabitants were ready to sacrifice their lives, and showed their -resolution by a deep earnestness, and not by idle boasts. The preachers -would converse with the soldiers, speaking familiarly to them of _the -good fight_, and the soldiers never grew tired of listening to them. -‘What a new way of making war,’ said many. ‘In old times the soldiers -used to have dissolute women with them at their posts, but now they have -preachers, and instead of debauchery and filthy language, every thing is -turned to good.’[612] - -Could such generous zeal save the city from the attacks of Savoy -supported by France, Friburg, Burgundy, and the mamelukes? There were -men who shook their heads with sorrow and ‘lived in fear and -despondency.’ But ‘a friend sticketh closer than a brother.’ On the -morning after the enterprise, a delegate from Lausanne arrived in -Geneva, and although the Duke had given orders that the Estates of Vaud -should make common cause with him, the messenger said: ‘We are ready, -brethren, to send you a hundred arquebusiers if you want them.’ -Neuchâtel made a similar offer. Berne commissioned Francis Nägeli the -treasurer, the banneret Weingarten, and two other citizens, to exhort -the Duke and Marshal of Burgundy to desist from hostilities. The Swiss -cantons, assembled at Baden, forwarded a similar message to Charles III. - -The partisans of the pope and of the bishop saw that as their enterprise -had miscarried, their cause was lost. The leaders had escaped at first: -now the flight became general. Even the friends of the Genevese -franchises began to leave the city; it was, therefore, natural that the -fanatics should depart to swell the ranks of the mamelukes. They took -with them all they could carry, and used various stratagems to get out -of the city, stealing away cautiously by night. Some took refuge on the -left shore of the lake; a greater number in the castle of Peney, on the -right bank of the Rhone, whence they kept the Genevese population -continually on the alert. Their wives and children, left behind in the -city, held secret interviews with them at the foot of the steep cliffs -which line the banks of the river, and told them all the news. No -Genevan citizen could start for Lyons without the refugees at Peney -being informed of it; they were always on the look-out for travellers. -It was a strange phenomenon, of which history presents, however, more -than one example, this opposition of the papists and feudalists to civil -and religious liberty degenerating into brigandage.[613] - -The flight of the episcopalian laity destroyed the power of the clergy, -whose support they were, and made the reformers masters of the -situation. Geneva was resolved to keep within her walls none but those -who were ready to shed their blood for her. One night when the drum -called citizens to arms a timid man bade his wife say he was absent: -some of his neighbors, however, forced their way into his chamber and -found him hidden in bed, pretending to have the fever: he shook, indeed, -but it was with fear. The coward was banished from the city for life, -under pain of being flogged if he returned: a year later, however, he -was indulgently readmitted, ‘because it is not given to every man to -have the courage of a Cæsar,’ says the ‘Register’; but he was always -looked upon as an alien. Courage was at that time one of the -qualifications necessary for Genevese citizenship.[614] - -[Sidenote: Frightened Nuns.] - -While the mamelukes were indulging in highway robbery without the city, -the weaker members of the episcopal party who still remained within it -were living in fear. Their persons, their worship, their convents were -respected: not a hair of their heads was touched; but they trembled lest -the outrages of the refugees at Peney should excite the huguenots to -take their revenge. The nuns especially were in perpetual alarm. One -night, between eleven and twelve o’clock, the sisters of St. Claire were -startled from their slumbers by a loud knocking at the door: scared at -the noise, they listened with beating hearts. Then other knocks were -heard. Faint and trembling, they crept from their beds. The huguenots -are surely coming to avenge on them the perfidious night of the 31st of -July! ‘The heretics,’ they whispered one to another, ‘have broken down -the gates of the convent.’ The nuns ascribing guilty intentions to them, -ran to the abbess in dismay: ‘My dear children,’ said she, ‘fight -valiantly for the love of God.’ They waited, but nobody came. - -The youngest of the nuns, who had been at service overnight with the -rest of the community, and made drowsy by the long prayers, had fallen -into a sound sleep; the under-superior had locked her in the church -without observing her. About eleven o’clock the unlucky sister awoke: -she looked round, and could not make out where she was.... At last she -recognized the chapel; but the darkness, the loneliness, the place -itself—all combined to frighten her. She fancied she could see the dead -taking advantage of that silent hour to quit their graves and wander -through the church.... Her limbs refused to move. At length she summoned -up courage and rushed to the door. It was locked. In her fright, she -gave it a violent blow. It was this which woke the sisters. Then she -listened, and as no one came, she knocked again three times, as loud as -she could. - -While this was going on, the abbess prepared to receive the wolves who -were about to devour her innocent lambs. She first desired to know if -all her flock were present, and to her great anguish discovered that one -was missing. Then another knock, louder than all the rest, was heard. -‘Let us go forth,’ said the abbess, ‘and enter the church, for it will -be better for us to be before God than in the dormitory.’ They descended -the stairs; the abbess put the key into the lock, opened the door ... -and found before her the young nun, who, pale as death fainted away at -her feet.[615] - -The tales that men took pleasure in circulating, and sometimes even -printing, about the reformers and the reformed, about Calvin and Luther -in particular, often had no more reality than the imaginations of the -nuns of St. Claire as to the designs of the huguenots, which had given -the poor girls such a terrible fright; and they were less innocent. - -Footnote 591: - - Registre du Conseil du 2 Juin, 1534.—La sœur Jeanne, _Levain du - Calvinisme_, pp. 89, 90. - -Footnote 592: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 127-129; MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 593: - - Registre du Conseil du 8 Juin, 1534.—MS. de Gautier; La sœur Jeanne, - _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 88. - -Footnote 594: - - Registres du Conseil des 20 et 24 Juillet, 1534.—MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 595: - - ‘Aliis unguentis.’—Registres du Conseil du 24 Juillet, 1534. - -Footnote 596: - - Registres du Conseil des 30 Juin et 24 Juillet, 1534.—MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 597: - - Registres du Conseil des 23 Juin et 7 Juillet, 1534.—Froment, _Gestes - de Genève_, p. 123; Ruchat, iii. p. 334.—MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 598: - - Registres du Conseil des 24, 26 Juin, 17, 26, 27, 28 Juillet, 1534. - -Footnote 599: - - La Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 94. - -Footnote 600: - - _Chron._ MS. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xxvii.—MS. de Gautier.—Froment, - _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 123, 124.—Procès aux Archives.—Gaberel, Pièces - Justificatives.—Papiers Galiffe, communiqués par M. A. Roget, ii. 115. - -Footnote 601: - - _Chron._ de Roset.—Registre du Conseil des 17, 28, 31 Juillet, - 1534.—Ruchat, iii. p. 325.—Vulliemin, _Histoire de la Suisse_, xi. p. - 89.—Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 123-125. - -Footnote 602: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 123. - -Footnote 603: - - Our account of the manner in which the plot was discovered is founded - on the testimony of many witnesses. Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. - 125; Roset (_Chron._ MS. liv. iii. ch. xxvii.), and the minutes or - Register of the Council which were drawn up by Roset’s father. Other - versions, differing from this narrative, do not appear to us to repose - upon such solid foundations. - -Footnote 604: - - Registre du Conseil du 31 Juillet, 1534.—_Chron._ MS. de Roset. - -Footnote 605: - - ‘Faciemus hic gentem novam.’—_Geneva restituta_, p. 73. ‘We will make - a new people here.’ - -Footnote 606: - - Registre du Conseil _in loco_. - -Footnote 607: - - Registre du Conseil du 25 Janvier, 1537. It was not until then that - D’Arlod related to the Council of Two Hundred what had happened to him - three years before. _Chron._ MS. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xxvii. - -Footnote 608: - - The soldiers played upon the word _dragée_—which means small-shot as - well as sweetmeats. - -Footnote 609: - - Déposition de Jacques Maguin. Papiers Galiffe. A. Roget, ii. p. 116. - -Footnote 610: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 125. Registre du Conseil du 31 - Juillet, 1534. _Chron._ MS. de Roset. - -Footnote 611: - - Michel Roset, MS. Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 123-125. Registre - du Conseil du 7 Août, 1534. - -Footnote 612: - - La sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 92. Froment, _Gestes de - Genève_, p. 126. MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 613: - - Registre du 30 Septembre, 1534. The ruins of the castle of Peney were - still to be seen a few years ago near Satigny, between the Lyons and - Geneva railway and the Rhone. - -Footnote 614: - - Registres du Conseil des 4, 12, 13 Août, 4 Septembre, 1534: 27 - Janvier, 1535. - -Footnote 615: - - La Sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 92-94. - - - - - CHAPTER XIV. - AN HEROIC RESOLUTION AND A HAPPY DELIVERANCE. - (AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER, 1534.) - - -The friends of independence and of the Reformation had better grounded -anxieties than those of the nuns of St. Claire: they understood that the -attack had only been adjourned, and that they must hold themselves ready -for severe struggles. Accordingly, Geneva mustered all her forces. ‘Let -those who are abroad return home,’ said the Council: but alas! two of -the most intrepid were in the prisons of the French primate, and about -to be sent to the stake. The sentence condemning Baudichon de la -Maisonneuve and his friend to death had been pronounced, as we have -seen. They had been delivered by the priests to the secular arm, and -were about to be executed, when a fresh attempt was made in their -behalf. - -[Sidenote: Tales About Parel.] - -There was a patrician family in Berne, illustrious for its ancient -nobility and valor, some of whose members had rendered signal services -to France. In the 15th century, Nicholas of Diesbach, the avoyer, allied -that puissant republic with Louis XI. against Charles the Bold, and had -gained several victories over the Burgundian forces. At Pavia, in 1525, -another of the family, John of Diesbach, commanded the Swiss auxiliary -troops of France. Stationed on the right wing, at the head of 2,000 -Helvetians, at first he drove back the imperialist infantry and cavalry. -Francis I. was on the point of gaining the victory; but meanwhile his -left wing had been annihilated; in that quarter Suffolk, the heir of the -White Rose, the Duke of Lorraine’s brother, Nassau, Schomberg, La -Tremouille, San Severino, and the veteran La Palisse, fell on the field -of battle, and Montmorency was made prisoner. Nevertheless, the Swiss -still held their ground manfully, when Alençon, the king’s -brother-in-law, fleeing shamefully, and carrying after him part of the -French men-at-arms, caused Diesbach’s soldiers, who were fighting at his -side and already shouting victory, to waver. At that moment the -lansquenets, commanded by the redoubtable Freundsberg, fell furiously on -the Swiss and broke them. The Helvetians, seeing the Frenchmen retiring, -believed they were to be sacrificed to the hatred of the Germans. John -of Diesbach conjured and threatened them in vain; nothing could stop -them. Then the valorous captain rushed forward alone against a battalion -of lansquenets and fell dead. Bonnivet, in despair, stretched out his -neck to the spears of the enemy, and was killed: and Francis I. who was -the last to fight, yielded up his sword with a shudder to Lannoy.[616] - -John of Diesbach had married a French lady, Mademoiselle de Refuge, to -whom the king had promised a dowry of 10,000 livres, but had afterwards -given her husband, as an equivalent, the lordship of Langes, which the -latter had bequeathed to his wife. But in 1533 Francis I. had taken back -the estate, without giving the promised dowry. The widow of the hero of -Pavia, finding herself thus deprived of her property by the man for whom -her husband had died, implored the intervention of Berne, and the chiefs -of that republic had commissioned another Diesbach, Rodolph, to proceed -to the court of France to support the just claims of his relation. -Rodolph departed on the 12th of January, 1534, accompanied by George -Schœner. This mission was destined to be of more importance to Geneva -than to Berne.[617] - -Rodolph of Diesbach himself was highly esteemed in France. He had passed -his youth there, had studied at the University of Paris, and from 1507 -to 1515 had taken part in the wars of Louis XII., and honorably -distinguished himself. On his return to Berne, he was one of those who -embraced the evangelical faith, and was often called to defend the -interests of Geneva and the Reformation. While Rodolph was in France -pleading the cause of his cousin, De la Maisonneuve and Janin were -imprisoned at Lyons, and Diesbach received instructions from the lords -of Berne to do all in his power to obtain their liberation from the -king. He set about it with all the energy of a Bernese and a warrior; -went to Blois, where Francis I. was then holding his court, and -earnestly solicited the enlargement of the two evangelicals.[618] He -regarded Baudichon de la Maisonneuve as his co-burgher and -co-religionist, and saw clearly how useful his presence would be in -Geneva. But, on the other hand, the catholic nobles and ultramontane -priests urged the king to suffer the two Genevans to be burnt. How could -Francis I., who had recently become the pope’s friend, and who had -ordered the heretics in his kingdom to be brought to trial[619]—how -could he save the heretics of Geneva? The friends as well as the enemies -of the Reformation were in the keenest suspense. Weeks, and even months -elapsed, without obtaining a decisive answer from the king. - -[Sidenote: A Terrible Necessity.] - -Geneva was greatly agitated during this long delay; but the absence of -the two energetic huguenots did not hinder the work from being pursued -with resolution. The magistrates desired to take and execute promptly -the supreme measures rendered necessary by the danger of the country. A -terrible and inexorable necessity continually rose before their minds. -To save Geneva, a great portion of it must be destroyed. - -The city was at that time composed of two parts: the city proper and the -four suburbs. The suburb of the Temple, or _Aigues Vives_ (Eaux Vives), -stood on the left shore of the lake, and took its name from the church -of St. John of Rhodes, which stood there.[620] The suburb of Palais lay -to the left, on the picturesque banks of the Rhone; that of St. Leger -extended from the city to the bridge thrown over the icy torrent of the -Arve; and that of St. Victor, in which the monastery of that name was -situated, stretched from Malagnou to Champel. This town beyond the walls -not only had as many houses as the one within, but covered a far more -extensive surface, and contained over six thousand inhabitants. - -On the 23d August the Two Hundred members of the Great Council received -a summons, bearing the words: ‘In consequent of urgent affairs of the -city.’[621] Every one understood what they meant. The premier-syndic -proposed to build up some of the gates, and to set a good guard; but -added, that such measures alone were not sufficient; that, as the -suburbs were very extensive, the enemy could establish himself in them; -and that it was necessary unhesitatingly to knock down all the houses, -barns, and walls, beginning with the nearest. Many were struck with -grief when they heard the proposition. What a resolution! what a -disaster! With their own hands the citizens were to destroy those -peaceful homes in which their childhood had played, where they had been -born, and where those whom they loved had died; and a great part of the -population would have no other shelter left them than the vault of -heaven. Yet the Two Hundred did not hesitate. The friends of the -Reformation, in whose eyes the Gospel had shone with all its brightness, -were prepared for the greatest sacrifices so that they might preserve -it. Those who were not touched by religious motives were carried away by -patriotic enthusiasm. ‘It is better to lose the hand than the arm ... -the suburbs than the city,’ exclaimed the citizens. The resolution was -agreed to; and without any delay—for the matter was urgent—the very same -day, after dinner, the four syndics, accompanied by Aimé Levet and five -other captains of the city, ‘went to give orders for the destruction of -the suburbs.’ There were cries and tears here and there, but nearly all -had formed the resolution to lay their goods, although with trembling -hands, upon the altar of their country and their faith. - -It must be done, for every day the danger appeared to draw nearer. The -Genevese ambassadors at Berne wrote to the Council: ‘Be on your guard.’ -Acts of violence and trifling skirmishes announced more serious combats. -On the 14th of August, Richerme, a merchant of Geneva, returning from -Lyons, was seized, dragged successively to three of the bishop’s -castles, and put to the torture. On the 25th, Chabot, another citizen, -was stopped at the Mont de Sion, taken to the castle of Peney, and also -put to the torture; but the judges, wishing to give a proof of their -good nature, added: ‘Do not let his bones be broken or his life -endangered.’ They soon brought in a new prisoner. - -[Sidenote: The Embroiderer Of Avignon.] - -There was an embroiderer at Avignon, ‘so superstitious in fasting,’ that -he had sometimes gone several days without eating or drinking. The poor -artisan, having received the Gospel, had ceased to attend mass, and had -consequently been sent to prison. The churchmen asked him how long it -was since he had been present at the sacrifice of the altar. ‘Three -years,’ he replied; ‘and with my own will neither myself nor any of my -family would ever have gone there.’ When they heard him talk in this -way, the priests did not dare put him to death, for they thought him -mad. Six months afterwards there came a great pestilence; every one -fled, and the prison-doors were left open: ‘seeing which the pious -embroiderer went out.’ He thirsted for the Gospel, and knowing that -there were great preachers at Geneva, he took the road to that city. His -travelling expenses were not great: ‘he had been accustomed to go from -Avignon to Lyons, more than sixty French leagues, for a _sol-de-roi_,’ -says Froment. At last he reached the valley of the Leman, alone and a -fugitive, but joyfully anticipating the words of life that he was soon -to hear. Suddenly he was surrounded by a troop of horsemen, who asked -him roughly: ‘Where are you going?’ ‘To Geneva.’ ‘What to do?’ The -embroiderer answered frankly and courteously, as was his custom, ‘I am -going to hear the Gospel preached; will you not go and hear it also?’ -‘No, indeed,’ answered the men. He began to press them: ‘Go, I entreat -you,’ he said. ‘I am surprised at you: you are so near, and I am come -expressly all the way from Avignon to hear it. I entreat you to come.’ -‘March, rascal!’ they cried, ‘and we will teach you to hear those devils -of Geneva.’ They took him to Peney, and, on reaching the castle, said to -him: ‘We will give you three strappadoes in the name of the three devils -you wished to go and hear preach.’ Having tied his hands behind his -back, they raised him to the top of a long beam of wood, and let him -fall suddenly to within two feet of the ground. ‘That is in the name of -Farel,’ they cried; then came one for Froment, and another for Viret. -The poor fellow, all bruised as he was, getting on his legs as well as -he could, again looked at his tormentors, and, touched with love for -them, repeated, in a persuasive tone: ‘Come along with me and hear the -Gospel.’ The indignant Peneysans answered roughly: ‘March back quickly -to the place from whence you came,’ which he would not do for anything -they could do to him. ‘He is out of his mind,’ they said; and, taking -him for an idiot, they let him go. The poor man reached Geneva at last, -and was lodged for nearly two months, says Froment, ‘with the author of -this book, to whom he related the whole matter.’[622] - -Such deeds of violence showed the Genevans that there was no time to -lose. In the month of August the resolutions of the Council followed one -another rapidly. On the 18th they ordered that the church and priory of -St. Victor should be demolished; on the 23d, that all the houses, barns, -and walls in the suburbs should be pulled down; and that a certain -number of Swiss veteran soldiers should be enrolled who should be fed -and lodged by the rich in turn; on the 24th, that all absentees should -be summoned to return for the defence of the city; on the 1st of -September, that it should be fortified on the side of the lake; on the -11th, that the trees around the walls which might screen the approach of -the enemy should be cut down; and on the 13th, that every man should -begin to pull down his house within two days, that is, by the 15th of -September.[623] - -The calamity then appeared before them as imminent and inexorable, and -with all its coarser and sad realities. The weaker minds were -distressed, the more excitable gave way to anger. In the suburbs there -was much clamor. What! the houses to be levelled to the ground, like -those of traitors, and that too by the very hands of the inhabitants! -The priests shuddered at the thought that the churches of St. Victor, -St. Leger, and of the Knights of Rhodes were to be destroyed. -Discontented citizens pointed coolly to the solidity of the condemned -edifices, and declared that it would not be possible to pull them down. -And, finally, the chiefs of the catholic party, foreseeing that the -measures which were to be the salvation of Reform would be the ruin of -popery, determined to make a vigorous demonstration against them. - -Thirty of the most notable catholics, headed by Anthony Fabri, one of -the family of the celebrated Bishop Waldemar, and Philip de la Rive, -waited upon the council. Fabri, who had been elected spokesman, was -calm, but by his side stood De Muro (du Mur), who was much excited. ‘We -demand that the suburbs be left in their present condition, as being -beautiful, convenient, and more useful to the city than if they were -destroyed.’ The council, whom it pained to impose such a sacrifice, -reserved the power of compensating the greatest sufferers, but held to -their orders. ‘I crave permission to leave the city,’ said De Muro, -‘with eight hundred of my co-burghers, for this demolition is an act of -hostility against us.’[624] - -[Sidenote: Baudichon Liberated.] - -At the very time when certain of the citizens were threatening to leave -Geneva, the friends of independence desired all the more to see the -return of those who were away. There was one in particular whose -decision and courage were appreciated by all. Suddenly, on the 26th of -September, the very day when De Muro had used that threatening language, -a report circulated through the city that Baudichon de la Maisonneuve -and his companion had been set at liberty. - -Rodolph of Diesbach and George Schœner had not ceased to implore the -king’s intervention. Although the prince, who in a few months was to -fill the streets of his capital with strappadoes and burning piles, did -not feel any very sincere compassion for the two heretics, still he -desired to conciliate the favor of the Swiss, and perhaps not being much -inclined to restore her estates to John of Diesbach’s widow, he was not -sorry to give the Bernese some other satisfaction. The cause of justice -triumphed at last. Moved by Diesbach’s earnest solicitations, Francis I. -granted the release of the prisoners. The two Bernese, instead of -‘tarrying to turn from side to side to the helps of this world,’ -acknowledged the protection of God. ‘We have obtained their liberty,’ -said the ambassadors, ‘God having given them to us.’[625] They started -immediately for Lyons, furnished with letters under his Majesty’s seal, -which they presented to the authorities in whose guard the prisoners -were kept ‘until they should be burnt, as was the practice in those -days.’[626] The gates of the prison were opened; De la Maisonneuve and -Janin were given up to the Bernese. At the news of such an unprecedented -act, the officials, inquisitors, and canons of St. John were amazed; all -the priests of Lyons were sorely vexed, and the archbishop of Geneva -still more so; but they were forced to be patient.[627] As for the -prisoners, they knew that if God delivers his servants, it is not with -the intent that they should abandon what they have begun. Instead of -saying, when they were restored to liberty, Let us remain for a time in -the shade, lest we be exposed to new dangers, they desired to work with -greater zeal at the emancipation of their country. They travelled from -Lyons to Geneva with the two lords of Berne, and were once more within -the walls of that ancient city. - -[Sidenote: The Prisoners Restored.] - -There was still so much uneasiness felt about them, that on the 16th of -September, when the news spread that some Bernese gentlemen had arrived -at the hostelry of the Tour Perse[628] with Baudichon and Collonier, -many persons would hardly believe it. God gave the Genevans more than -they hoped for. When friends who have been supposed lost are found -again, those who had sorrowed over their bereavement run to meet them, -and feel an inexpressible satisfaction as they look at them. So it -happened at Geneva when the two prisoners returned. There was great joy -in the city: many gave thanks to God that ‘the violent course of the -wolves who would have devoured the best sheep of the flock had been -frustrated,’ and praised the King of France because he valued the -arquebuses of the Swiss more than the paternosters of the priests. - -Desirous of showing the ambassadors a mark of respectful gratitude, the -four syndics and the councillors, with their ushers and serjeants, -proceeded on the 17th of September to the Tour Perse[629] to hold an -official sitting, at which the transfer of the prisoners was to be made. -The chief magistrates of the republic having taken their seats in one of -the large rooms, according to the usual order, Rodolph of Diesbach and -G. Schœner entered, accompanied by the captives. Those noble gentlemen -explained that they had come from Lyons and the court of France; that -with God’s aid they had obtained the release of the two Genevans; that, -according to rule, they ought to deliver the prisoners into the hands of -the magnificent lords of Berne, to whose intervention their deliverance -was due;[630] that they yielded, however, to the wishes of Baudichon and -Collonier, who preferred to remain in the city of Geneva;[631] and that -they only wanted a guarantee that the Council would be willing to -produce them before Messieurs of Berne, whenever the latter demanded -them.[632] The Genevese magistrates thanked the lords of Berne, and gave -the required guarantee in writing.[633] - -At last De la Maisonneuve was free: he could return to his wife and -children, and converse with his friends. The latter were never tired of -listening to him: the particulars of his imprisonment, his examinations, -and his dangers possessed the liveliest interest for them. Froment -especially, who was fond of a gossip,[634] asked him many questions. ‘As -Baudichon told me,’ we read in his _Gestes_, ‘all that could not be done -without great expense, and his captivity cost him one thousand and fifty -crowns of the sun.’[635] - -A letter from Francis I. completed this episode in the history of the -Reformation. Four days after the prisoners had been restored to their -homes, that prince wrote to the syndics at Geneva:—[636] - - ‘To our very dear and good friends the lords of Geneva: - - ‘Very dear and good friends,—You know how, at your earnest prayer - and request, and also at that of our very dear and great friends, - confederates, allies, and gossips, the lords of the city and canton - of Berne, we have restored and sent back certain prisoners who had, - in this our kingdom, used words respecting the faith, such and of - such consequence, that therefore they had been condemned to death. - This we were right willing to do; for the affection we have to - gratify you and the said lords of Berne, as well in this respect as - in all others that may be possible to us, having perfect confidence - that you are willing to do the like for us. For this cause, having - been advertised that you have detained in prison in your city a monk - our subject, Guy Furbity by name, of the order of Preaching Friars, - for having held certain language and dogmatized things touching the - faith of the Church, which did not seem good to you, and for which - he is about to be brought to trial, we desire to pray you right - affectionately by these presents, that, showing towards us - reciprocal pleasure, you would immediately release the said Furbity - our subject, without further proceedings against him for the reasons - aforesaid. By so doing you will please us very agreeably. Praying - the Creator to guard you, our very dear and good friends, in his - most holy keeping. Written at Blois the xxist day of September, one - thousand v hundred xxxiiij. - - ‘FRANÇOYS. BRETON.’ - -[Sidenote: Furbity Set At Liberty.] - -Francis I. said: I send you back two prisoners, return me one. That -seemed just and natural, yet the petty republic did not yield to the -demand of the puissant king of France. The Council desired to follow -conscientiously the legal course, and the rules of diplomacy. They found -that the two cases were not identical; and as the Dominican had been -imprisoned at the instance of the lords of Berne, it was agreed to ask -their opinion first. The favor of the house of Valois could not make the -magistrates of Geneva yield, even after the extraordinary boon they had -just received: they desired, above all things, to follow the principles -admitted in politics, and act justly towards the Bernese. Furbity was -set at liberty at the beginning of 1536. - -To have imprisoned the Dominican at all for preaching was a fault, and -to keep him in prison was another; but in each case the fault was that -of the age. With this reserve, we may pay to the courage of the weak the -honor that is due to them. It is a noble thing in small states to hold -firm to their principles in the presence of powerful empires, when they -do so without presumption. And not only is it noble, it is salutary -also, and invests them with a moral force which guarantees their -existence. The petty republics of Switzerland and Geneva in particular -have given more signal examples than that which has just been recorded. - -Footnote 616: - - Narrative of Pescara and Freundsberg. _Histoire de la Suisse_, by Jean - de Muller, continued by MM. Gloutz-Blotzheim, J. J. Hottinger, - Monnard, and L. Vulliemin. - -Footnote 617: - - MS. chronicles of the Diesbach family at Berne. - -Footnote 618: - - Registre du Conseil de Genève, 17 September, 1534. - -Footnote 619: - - ‘_Faire et perfaire le procès des hérétiques._’—Letter to the Bishop - of Paris. - -Footnote 620: - - Near the Pré l’Évêque. - -Footnote 621: - - Registre du Conseil _ad diem_. - -Footnote 622: - - Froment, _Actes et Gestes Merveilleux de la Cité de Genève_, pp. 174, - 175. - -Footnote 623: - - Council Registers under the dates mentioned. - -Footnote 624: - - Registre du Conseil du 14 Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 625: - - ‘Deo dante illorum relaxationem obtinuerunt.’ Registres du Conseil du - 14 Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 626: - - Note by Flournois on the corresponding passage of the Council - Registers. - -Footnote 627: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 244. - -Footnote 628: - - Registre du Conseil du 17 Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 629: - - ‘In domo turris Perse.’ Registre du Conseil du 17 Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 630: - - ’Illos debere magnificis Dominis Bernatibus præsentari.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 631: - - ‘Dicti Baudichon et Collonier optant potius in hac civitate expectare, - quod alibi.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 632: - - ‘Petunt cautionem de repræsentando eosdem.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 633: - - ‘Super quo factum remersiationibus.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 634: - - Bonnet, _Lettres Françaises de Calvin_, ii. p. 575. - -Footnote 635: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 244. - -Footnote 636: - - Archives of Geneva, No. 1054, year 1534. - - - - - CHAPTER XV. - THE SUBURBS OF GENEVA ARE DEMOLISHED AND THE ADVERSARIES MAKE READY. - (SEPTEMBER 1534 TO JANUARY 1535.) - - -Baudichon de la Maisonneuve and Janin re-entered Geneva the day after -that on which the final order to demolish the suburbs was given. The -captain of the Lutherans was restored to his country at the very moment -when the deadliest blows were aimed at it. The coincidence was -remarkable. The return of these two energetic citizens could not but -give a fresh impetus to the resolution to sacrifice one half of the city -in order to save the other. The first walls destined to fall were those -of the monastery of St. Victor, which, as it stood at the gate of the -city, might easily be occupied by the enemy’s army as an advanced -post.[637] There were no tears shed over the destruction of that -building, except such as might have been drawn down by the thought of -its antiquity. Ever since Bonivard the prior had been prisoner at -Chillon, the monks had shaken off every kind of restraint, and the -monastery had become a sty of scandals and disorders. The friars had -been in the habit of frequenting certain houses of ill fame in their -suburbs; but now the convent was the scene of their continual orgies. No -sooner was there a talk of destroying that nest of debauchery than the -reprobates exhibited the most insatiable greediness. The monks and their -mistresses began to pillage the monastery; they tore down and carried -away everything that was of any value; at night, and sometimes even -during the day, they were seen leaving the monastery with bundles, and -hiding their plunder in the adjoining houses. The priory was thus not -only emptied, but almost stripped to the bare walls.[638] What an -ignoble fall was that of these pretended religious orders! -Notwithstanding their robbery, the Council assigned the monks a -residence in the city, and even a chapel, which was more than they -deserved. - -Then every man put his hand to the work. All was life and animation on -those beautiful heights whence the eye takes in the lake, the Alps, the -Jura, and the valley lying between them. First, the church was pulled -down, and then the priory, and nothing was left but rubbish which -encumbered the ground. That building, the most ancient in Geneva, was -founded at the beginning of the sixth century by Queen Sedeleuba, sister -of Queen Clotilda, in memory of the victories of her brother-in-law, -Clovis;[639]—that temple where the body of St. Victor had been deposited -during the night, and which (as it was said) a light from heaven pointed -out to strangers,—that sanctuary to which the great ones of the earth -had gone as pilgrims, was now an undistinguishable ruin. That monument, -erected to commemorate the triumph of orthodoxy defended by Clovis over -Arianism professed by Gondebald, crumbled to the ground, after lasting -more than a thousand years, in the midst of the libertinism of its -monks. A crown had been placed on the cradle of St. Victor—a rod should -have been placed upon its ruins. - -[Sidenote: Lamentations Of The Dead.] - -Yet things that have been great in the eyes of men do not always end -like those that have been vulgar. One day a strange report, set afloat -by the monks and nuns, circulated through the city. During the night, -voices, groans, and lamentations had been heard among the ruins of St. -Victor. The wind, when it blows strong over those heights, often -resembles the human voice. The devotees listened: again the plaintive -tones were heard, and agitated them. ‘Ah!’ they exclaimed, ‘it is the -dead groaning, and not without reason, because their repose has been -disturbed.’ The crowd increased, and ere long ‘the ghosts were plainly -lamenting, not only by night, but by day.’ If the dead lamented over the -fall of St. Victor, the living had reason to weep still more over the -church, whose monks had been its disgrace instead of its glory. - -After the priory, the houses nearest to the city were pulled down one by -one. When the citizens, wearied by their labors, sat down on the ruins -to rest, they asked what was to become of them. ‘Where shall I store my -goods, where shelter my wife and children?’ said Jean Montagnier. ‘And -where shall I go myself?’ A poor mason, an infirm old man, burst into -tears when he saw his wretched home demolished: the Council gave him a -measure of wheat, and promised to pay his rent. But if the magistrates -showed kindness to the wretched, they were inflexible to the rebels. -Magdalen Picot, a widow, having insulted the syndics in a fit of -passion, was sentenced to three days’ imprisonment. If the poor lamented -their hovels, the rich regretted their beautiful houses, the pleasant -gardens round them, the smiling meadows watered by running streams and -overshadowed by majestic trees, the fountains and the temple of the -Crusaders, whose Gothic walls imparted an antique and religious -character to the pleasing picture. A poet gave utterance to their -thoughts in these lines:— - - Urbe fuere mihi majora suburbia quondam, - Templis et domibus nec speciosa minus, - Quinetiam irriguis pratis, hortis et amœnis; - Pascebant oculos hæc animosque magis.[640] - -Amid such lamentations, all good citizens and zealous evangelicals -remained firm; but De Muro with a great number of catholics quitted -Geneva, and passed over to the enemy’s camp. Henceforward they were to -fight no longer against the Reformation with secret conspiracies; they -would attack it in open war: _aperto bello patriam oppugnaturi_.[641] - -[Sidenote: The Affrighted Nuns.] - -At the same time that the houses were demolished, ramparts were built. -Tribolet, captain of Berne, and one of the envoys from that republic, a -man of experience, quick and compassionate at the same time, directed -the construction of the earthworks and masonry intended to fortify the -city. Towards the end of September, he began to plot out the lines in a -garden adjoining the convent of St. Claire. Rich and poor, great and -small, wheeled their barrows filled with earth and stones. When the work -was done, Tribolet decided that it must be continued into the next -garden, that of the nuns; and on the 30th of September, as early as four -in the morning, they were politely requested to remove from the garden -everything they wished to keep. Sorely distressed at this terrible -message, they began to call upon God through the intercession of the -Virgin and the saints. ‘We are secluded from the world for the love of -God,’ said the abbess to the Bernese captain; ‘forbear from breaking -into our holy cloister.’ Tribolet explained to her that the safety of -the city required it, and added that he would do his work, ‘whether they -liked it or not.’ Thereupon the frightened sisters threw open the -convent, and running into the church, fell prostrate to the earth, -weeping bitterly. When the captain opened the door, and saw the poor -women stretched on the pavement, he said kindly to them: ‘Do not be -afraid, we shall do you no harm.’ The sisters were much surprised to -find a heretic could be so good-natured.[642] - -Meanwhile the work of destruction continued, and as the materials were -employed to build the fortification and repair the breaches in the -walls, we may say with Bonivard, ‘_Etiam periere ruinæ_:’ ‘the very -ruins have perished.’ - -But what was to be done with the six thousand citizens expelled from -their homes? Were they to be left to wander about, exposed to the -robbers of the neighborhood? There would have been room for a great -portion of them in the convents, but those buildings were kept closed. -On the other hand, the houses of the huguenots were thrown open, even to -catholics. The citizens had incurred debts through long wars, their -trade was ruined and their fields laid waste.... Nevertheless he that -possessed two rooms gave up one, and he who had a loaf of bread shared -it with his brother. Syndic Duvilard was empowered to lodge -provisionally, either in the state buildings or in private houses, such -as had been deprived of their homes. If any destitute persons were seen -loitering in the streets, benevolent men and pious women would accost -them, take them home, sit them down at the family table, and every place -however small, was fitted up with sleeping accommodation. The Council -even gave aid and comfort to the rich. Butini of Miolans was lodged, -says the Register, in the house of the curate of St. Leger. - -The activity of the Genevese was constantly stimulated by the news which -reached them from without. ‘The Duke of Savoy,’ said letters from Berne, -‘is collecting an army of brigands, and preparing perpetual troubles for -you.’ Towards the end of September, the two Gallatins (John the notary -and his son Pierre), having gone to their estate at Peicy for the -vintage, were on their return summoned before the Council on a charge of -communicating with the people in the castle of Peney, which was half a -league distant. The father said that, while he was in the press-house -pressing the grapes, Nicod de Prato and other Peneysans had called on -him. Did any one ever refuse a visit paid in the press-house? They had -taken a glass of wine together, and that was all. ‘As for me,’ said the -son, ‘I confess that I went to Peney and drank with the episcopal -fugitives there; they told me that ere long we should have a _stout -war_; that it would not be a little one like De Mauloz’ night attack on -the 31st of July; that they would come in great force, and that I should -do well to leave the city. When I returned (continued Pierre) I reported -it all to my captain.’ The two Gallatins were immediately discharged -without any remark.[643] - -The first enemy which the bishop loosed against his flock was famine: he -gave orders to intercept the provisions all round the city. The -market-place was deserted, the stores in the houses were gradually -exhausted, and the episcopals flattered themselves that before long none -but hungry phantoms would be seen in Geneva, instead of valiant -citizens. ‘Oh, insensate shepherd! he robs even his sheep of their food, -when he should feed them,’ said one who was among the number confined -within the city walls. Unhappy bishop! unhappy Geneva![644] - -[Sidenote: Geneva Encircled With Iron.] - -As if starvation was not enough, the unnatural pastor surrounded Geneva -with a circle of iron. His castle of Jussy to the east, at the foot of -the Voirons; that of Peney to the west, on the banks of the Rhone; the -Duke’s castle of Galliad to the south-west, on the heights overlooking -the Arve; and to the north on the lake, the village of Versoix, at that -time well defended: all these fortresses, filled with mamelukes and -soldiers, hemmed in the city, and left no issue but by the lake. ‘In -this way no one can leave Geneva,’ they said, ‘except at the risk of his -life.’ The bishop followed the example given by dispossessed -princes—nay, even by ecclesiastical authorities, and connived more or -less at the brigands. Many gentlemen of those districts, returning with -delight to a trade their fathers had formerly practised, kept watch in -their eyries for the little merchant caravans, to pounce upon them. One -day some devout catholics of Valais, on their way to France with a long -file of well-laden mules, were stripped by these rough episcopals. -Beyond the Fort de l’Ecluse was situated a castle—a thorough den of -robbers—belonging to the Seigneur of Avanchi, ‘the cunningest and -cruellest man ever known.’ Accompanied by a few savage mercenaries, he -would lie in ambush near the high-road, and when travellers appeared, -spring from the rocks like a wild beast, ‘tearing out the eyes of some, -and cutting off the ears of others.’ D’Avanchi treated in this manner a -poor tradesman who had printed some New Testaments;[645] and when the -judge of the castle remonstrated with him for his cruelty, the seigneur -killed him on the spot. He showed no preference, however, so far as -religion was concerned. Having fallen in with some nuns one day, he -graciously invited them to enter his mansion under pretence of giving -them alms, and then maltreated them. The fierce and sensual wild-boar of -the Jura was taken to Dôle, and there put to death by order of a -catholic tribunal.[646] - -The bishop now took another step: he ordered the episcopal see to be -transferred from Geneva to the town of Gex, at the foot of the Jura, and -gave instructions ‘that his council, court, judges, and all other -officers should proceed thither.’ In the night of the 24th of September -the episcopal officers escaped stealthily, and the city was left not -only without prelate, but also without civil judges or courts of appeal. -When the news of this flight got abroad in the morning, De la -Maisonneuve, Levet, Salomon, and their friends felt an immense relief. -At last they were free from that episcopal crew, who had so often caught -the Genevese in their toils ‘by frauds and snares.’[647] The Council -forbade the seals, the symbol of supreme authority, to be taken from -Geneva.[648] The prince bishop assembled at Gex a great number of -priests from the surrounding districts. ‘We must crush that Lutheran -sect,’ he told them, ‘by war or otherwise. It is not enough to remain -entrenched in our camp, we must force the enemy in theirs.’ - -[Sidenote: Thunderbolts Against Geneva.] - -Pierre de la Baume launched his thunderbolts at last. In every parish of -the Chablais, Faucigny, Gex, and Bugey, in every abbey, priory, and -convent, the great excommunication was pronounced in his name, not only -against the councils and citizens of Geneva, but against all who should -hear the preachers or talk with them, and even against any persons who -should enter the city for any purpose whatsoever. Hereafter, the -superstitious rural population looked upon Geneva as a place inhabited -by devils. Some men of Thonon, more curious than the rest, ventured to -pay it a visit, and on their return declared ‘that the preachers were -really men and not demons.’ These rash individuals were arrested and -taken to Gex, where the bishop sent them to prison;[649] and after that -time no one dared go to Geneva. - -The friends of the Reformation were not discouraged by these hostile -acts. ‘By Christmas at the latest,’ they said, ‘all the churches will be -empty, and the whole city of one faith.’[650] ‘It is all for the best,’ -added many. ‘Once upon a time the bishops usurped the franchises of the -city; now they return them to us and go away. Well, then, let us do -without bishops, and govern ourselves.’ The Council did not think fit to -proceed so quickly, and merely resolved ‘that everything should be -written down which the bishop had done against the city, by way of -precaution against him.’[651] When the canons, the representatives of -the prelate, assembled for their usual monthly meeting,[652] the syndics -and council appeared before them: ‘Forsaken by our bishop, who is -exciting cruel soldiers against his flock, what shall we do, reverend -sirs?’ they asked. ‘The see is vacant: we pray you to recognise the -fact, and to elect, as in your privilege, the necessary functionaries -for the city, in the place of those who have deserted their -office.’[653] - -The canons having answered in a dilatory manner, the councils, who were -always rigid observers of precedent, resolved to apply to the only -authority that could decide between them and the bishop. The Genevese -appealed to the pope. It was a strange step, but appeals to the Roman -pontiff as head of the catholic world, partly founded on the forged -decretals of the pseudo Isidore,[654] were then in full vigor. That -petty people followed the path of legality, and by this means attained -their end. The men who have succeeded, remarks an historian, are those -who, in the very midst of a revolution, have neither accepted nor -adopted a revolutionary policy.[655] On the 7th of October, 1534, the -syndics and council entered an appeal at Rome, complaining that their -bishop had deprived them of their franchises and jurisdiction. It was -not a matter of religion, but of policy. The prince of the Vatican was -called upon to fulfil his obligations. It was Rome who broke the bond: -no answer was returned, which greatly delighted the evangelicals.[656] - -[Sidenote: Proceedings Of The Duke.] - -But as the pope laid down the crosier the duke took it up. He succeeded -in gaining over some Bernese ambassadors who had been sent to him, and -these men, enraptured with the prince’s courteous manners, tried to -convince the people of Geneva of his goodness. ‘We know him,’ said the -huguenot, ‘he has an ass’s head and a fox’s tail.’[657] The Bernese -continued: ‘Everything will be forgiven, but on condition that you send -away these new preachers; that you permit such preachings no longer; -that the bishop be restored to his former estate, and finally that you -live in the faith of our holy mother, the Church.’[658] The Genevans -could hardly believe their ears. The Little and the Great Council having -sent for the ambassadors of Berne, told them plainly and curtly: ‘You -ask us to abandon our liberties and the Gospel of Jesus Christ. We would -sooner renounce father and mother, wife and children, we would sooner -lose our goods and our life! Tell the duke we will set fire to the four -corners of the city, before we dismiss the preachers who announce the -Word of God.... Nevertheless, they offer to endure death, if it can be -shown by Scripture that they are wrong.’ The men of Berne were greatly -astonished at such a reply.[659] - -The duke was still more astonished; the measure was full, the insolence -of that handful of friends to the evangelical doctrine must be severely -punished. ‘Seeing this, the duke and all his following (_sequelle_), -more inflamed than ever with anger against Geneva, consulted together to -make war upon it.’ From every quarter the heads of the clergy (and -Bishop du Bellay in particular) conjured him ‘to support the authority -of the holy faith in the city of Geneva.’[660] The persuasion of these -prelates inflamed the prince with such zeal for the maintenance of the -papacy, that, unmindful of every treaty, he sent letters to Valais and -the catholic cantons, demanding their assistance _propter fidem_, in -behalf of the true faith, against the cities of Geneva, Lausanne, and -others.[661] At the same time he despatched orders to his governors, -gentlemen, provosts and other officers, ‘to ruin and destroy -Geneva.’[662] On the 20th of November a diet was held at Thonon to -decide upon the fate of the city; and as the aristocratic influence -prevailed just then at Berne, the Bernese deputies adopted the sinister -resolutions of Savoy. Even Charles V. declared through an ambassador his -support of the duke’s demands, and required that, prior to any other -measure, the bishop should be restored to all his rights. - -Happily the citizens of Geneva were not without timely warning of the -storm that was about to burst upon them. The messengers, commissioned by -Charles III. to carry his rigorous orders to his agents, had to pass -through certain villages, where they would sometimes halt at the inn. -Everybody noticed their embarrassed manner, and in some places there -were well-disposed persons who stopped and searched them, and -discovering their letters took them away and sent them to the syndics. -The latter comprehended the danger impending over the city, and -accordingly took the measures necessary for its defence.[663] The -friends of independence and of the Reformation, instead of being -dejected by such news, felt their courage increased. It was as if a -spark had fallen upon powder; their spirits caught fire. The hour of -sacrifices and energetic resolutions had arrived; there were no more -paltry scruples, evasions or delays, no more timid compromises. For a -thing to succeed, it must be done with decision. The Genevese therefore -boldly grasped the hammer, and with fresh strength began to demolish the -suburbs and popery at the same time. At the Pré l’Evêque, they took down -a stone cross because (as they said) ‘it turned men away from the true -cross of Jesus Christ.’[664] At St. Leger, as the church had been -demolished, they destroyed the images also. Still the Roman worship -remained free; while Rome was attacking Geneva, Geneva protected Rome. -The canons having timidly asked the Council, on the 24th of December, if -they might celebrate the Christmas matins next day, the syndics posted -themselves at the doors of the different churches ‘with men-at-arms to -prevent annoyance,’ until divine service was over.[665] - -[Sidenote: Switzerland Against Geneva.] - -Geneva had still one hope remaining. Would those same Switzers, who had -shaken off the oppression of Austria, permit Savoy to place Geneva under -the yoke? Would the protestant republic of Berne, which had done so much -to sow the good seed in this allied city,—which to this end had brought -thither and protected Farel, Viret, and Froment,—would that republic -turn away, now that the grain was beginning to shoot forth, and the -harvest was at hand? It seemed impossible. A diet was to meet at Lucerne -in January, to deliberate what Switzerland should do in this -conjuncture. All the ideas of the Genevans were concentred on that one -point. Not only did a majority of the cantons, but the Bernese -themselves, consent to the restoration of the duke and the bishop. They -required, indeed, that liberty of conscience should be respected; ‘for,’ -said they, ‘it does not depend upon man to believe what he wishes; faith -is the gift of God.’ But the duke and the bishop had the frankness to -reject such a condition: ‘We claim,’ they said, ‘the right of ordering -everything that concerns religion in our states.’—‘We mean,’ added their -representatives, ‘that the preachers shall be expelled from the city, -and that Berne shall break off her alliance with it.’ At these words -grief and indignation pierced the Genevan deputies like a sword. ‘What!’ -they said; ‘the bishop complains of being robbed of his jurisdiction, -and it is he who is the robber! He has been always wishing to strip -Geneva of her franchises; and not long ago he transferred the officers -of justice, the courts, and the tribunals, to a foreign country.’ The -diet was inexorable. They resolved that the duke and the bishop should -be reinstated in the possession of all their lordships and privileges. -To no purpose did Syndic Claude Savoie and Jean Lullin, who were alarmed -at this decision, hasten to Lucerne and declare that Geneva would never -accept the articles voted. ‘You ought to thank us,’ answered the -Swiss,—was it in irony or in sincerity?—‘instead of which you insult us. -Accept the mandate.’—‘We cannot,’ proudly answered the deputies. ‘In -that case,’ resumed the cantons, ‘we have only to place the matter in -the hands of God.’[666] - -Geneva was abandoned by all, even by Berne. The news filled the citizens -with the liveliest emotion. There was nothing left them but God, and God -is mighty. ‘Yes,’ said they, ‘be it so, let God decide.’ Men worked at -the walls and prepared their arms, the women prayed, and the children in -their games defied Savoy and the bishop. The bells of the demolished -churches were melted down to make cannon. Every night, men on guard -stretched the chains across the streets, and the watchword was to make -‘good ward and sure ward.’ Everything was carried out with order, -calmness, and courage.[667] - -Their enemies smiled at this activity, and asked how it could be -possible for such a small city to resist the numerous forces about to -march against it. But wiser men were not ignorant that in the world -faith often prevails over superstition, wisdom over strength, piety over -anger, and that the great mission falls ultimately to the just and the -calm. Charles V., who aspired to place his sword in the balance, and -other great and ambitious men, have had something gigantic in them; -extraordinary ideas have flashed across their minds like lightning, and -they have often cast a wide and sombre light over history; but they have -founded nothing lasting. All great and solid creations belong to -justice, perseverance, and faith. - -[Sidenote: The Song Of Resurrection.] - -The spirit of self-sacrifice and firmness with which the Genevans -demolished one half of their city was a pledge of victory. At the -beginning of 1535 the work was almost ended. A few, however, of the -remoter buildings did not come down until 1536, and even 1537. -Everything was levelled round the walls, the approaches to the place -were free, the artillery could play without obstruction, the lines -intended to cover the city were formed, the ramparts were built, and -Geneva, witnessing the labors of her children, and her sudden and -marvellous transformation, might well exclaim by the mouth of one of her -poets:— - - . . . . . Incepit tentandi causa pudoris - Alliciens varios hæc mea forma procos; - Qui me cum blandis non possent fallere verbis, - Ecce minas addunt, denique vimque parant. - Tunc ego non volui pulchrum præponere honesto, - Diripui rigida sed mea pulchra manu - Templa, domos, hortos, in propugnacula verti, - Arcerent stolidos quæ procul inde procos. - Diripui pulchrum certe, ut tutarer honestum. - _E pulchra et fortis facta Geneva vocor._[668] - -Geneva was then passing through the arduous ordeal of transformation. -Rough blows assailed her, groans burst from her bosom, and on her -features was the pallor of death. But in the hour when the sacrifice was -thus accomplished on the altar, when riches and beauty were immolated to -save independence and faith, when these proud thoughts agitated men’s -hearts and made their presence known by a cry of agony or by words of -high-mindedness, a mysterious light shone forth, in the midst of the -darkness; liberty, morality, and the Gospel had appeared. Hopeful eyes -had seen a new edifice, radiant with immortal glory, rising above the -ruins of the old. The song then heard was not the song of death, but of -resurrection. - -Footnote 637: - - It was situated nearly on the spot where the Russian church now - stands. - -Footnote 638: - - Registre du Conseil du 18 Août, 1534. The expression in the Register - is much more energetic. - -Footnote 639: - - ‘Ecclesia quam Sedeleuba regina in suburbano Genevensi - construxerat.’—Fredegarius, _Chron._ cap. xxii. La sœur Jeanne, - _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 94. - -Footnote 640: - - ‘Great suburbs at one time surrounded the city, not less beautiful - with churches and houses than with well-watered meadows and pleasant - gardens; which feasted the eyes and the heart still more.’ The lines - from which our extract is taken are in Gautier’s manuscript. He - ascribes them to an anonymous writer who had seen the suburbs. - -Footnote 641: - - Registre du Conseil des 11, 14, 16, et 19 Septembre, 1534. Gautier, - MS. La sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 97, 98. MS. de - Turrettini; Berne, _Hist. Helvet._ - -Footnote 642: - - Registre du Conseil des 21, 25 Septembre, 1534. La sœur Jeanne, - _Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 97-100. - -Footnote 643: - - Registre du Conseil du 21 Septembre, 1534. The Gallatin family, after - serving this republic, furnished devoted citizens to the United - States. Abraham Albert Alphonse Gallatin, who emigrated to America at - the end of the eighteenth century, became Secretary of State. - -Footnote 644: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 115. Registre du Conseil, 29 - Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 645: - - Procès Inquisitionnel de Baudichon de la Maisonneuve. MS. de Berne, p. - 7. - -Footnote 646: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 117, 118, 121, 174. Registre du - Conseil du 25 Septembre, 1534. Roset MS. - -Footnote 647: - - Par fraudes et pipées. - -Footnote 648: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 115. Registre du Conseil du 25 - Septembre, 1534. Gautier MS. - -Footnote 649: - - Froment, _Gestes_, p. 116. - -Footnote 650: - - La sœur de Sainte Claire, _Levain du Calvinisme_, p. 97. - -Footnote 651: - - Registre du 18 Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 652: - - ‘Die calendæ suæ.’—Registre du Conseil du 1er Octobre, 1534. - -Footnote 653: - - Registre du Conseil du 1er Octobre 1534. MS. de Gautier. MS. de Roset, - liv. iii. ch. xxix. - -Footnote 654: - - ‘Episcoporum judicia et cunctorum majorum negotia causarum eidem - sanctæ sedi reservata esse liquet.’—Canon 12. - -Footnote 655: - - M. Guizot. - -Footnote 656: - - _Chron._ MS. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xxix. MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 657: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 110. Registre du Conseil du 1er - Septembre, 1534. - -Footnote 658: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, pp. 110, 111. - -Footnote 659: - - Ibid. p. 112. - -Footnote 660: - - ‘Soutenir l’autorité de la sainte foy dans la ville de - Genève.’—Archives of the kingdom of Italy at Turin, bundle xiii. No. - 19. - -Footnote 661: - - Archives of the kingdom of Italy at Turin, bundle xiii. No. 19. - -Footnote 662: - - ‘Nuire et détruire Genève.’ - -Footnote 663: - - Froment, _Gestes de Genève_, p. 113. Registre du Conseil 1er, 13 - Octobre, 1534. MSC. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xxx. - -Footnote 664: - - Registre du Conseil des 28 Novembre, 3 Décembre, 1534, et 9 Mars, - 1535. La sœur Jeanne, _Levain du Calvinisme_, pp. 100-104. - -Footnote 665: - - Registre du Conseil du 24 Décembre, 1534. La sœur Jeanne, _Levain du - Calvinisme_, p. 104. - -Footnote 666: - - MS. de Roset, liv. iii. ch. xx. Registre du Conseil des 5, 28 Janvier, - 20 et 21 Février, 1535. MS. de Gautier. - -Footnote 667: - - Registre du Conseil des 29 Décembre, 1534; 8, 12, 15 Janvier, 1535. - -Footnote 668: - - ‘My beauty attracted many suitors who sought to seduce me. When they - saw that their flattering could not make me faithless, they had - recourse to threats, and at last prepared to overcome me by force. - Then I, unwilling to set my beauty above my virtue, destroyed with - inflexible hand my temples, gardens, and houses, and converted them - into ramparts, to keep my insensate suitors at a distance. I destroyed - my beauty to preserve my honor. I was once Geneva the fair; now I am - called Geneva the valiant.’ These lines are preserved in Gautier’s - manuscript history. - - - - - CHAPTER XVI. - THE KING OF FRANCE INVITES MELANCTHON TO RESTORE UNITY AND TRUTH. - (END OF 1534 TO AUGUST 1535.) - - -While the work of the Reformation appeared exposed to great dangers in a -small city of the Alps, it had in the eyes of the optimists chances of -success in two of the greatest countries of Europe—France and Italy. The -two finest geniuses of the reform, Melancthon and Calvin, had been -summoned to those two countries respectively. Luther, their superior by -the movements of his heart and the simplicity of his faith, was inferior -to them as a theologian, and they probably surpassed him in their -capacity to comprehend in their thoughts all nations and all churches. - -The first half of the sixteenth century was the epoch of a great -transformation to the people of Europe; there had been nothing like it -since the introduction of Christianity. During the middle ages, the pope -was the guardian of Christendom, and the people were infants, who, not -having attained the necessary age, could not act for themselves. The -pontificial hierarchy opened or shut the gates of heaven, laid down what -every man ought to believe and do, dominated in the councils of princes, -and exercised a powerful influence over all public institutions. But a -wardship is always provisional. When a man attains his majority, he -enters into the enjoyment of his property and rights, and having to -render an account to none but God, he walks without guardians by the -light which his conscience gives him. There is also a time of majority -for nations, and Christian society attained that age in the sixteenth -century. From that moment it ceased to receive blindly all that the -priests taught; it entered into a higher and more independent sphere. -The teaching of man vanished away; the teaching of God began again. Once -more those words were heard in Christendom which Paul of Tarsus had -uttered in the first century: ‘_I speak as to wise men; judge ye what I -say_.’[669] But it must be carefully observed that it was by throwing -open the Bible to their generation that the reformers realized this -sentence. If they had not restored a heavenly torch to man, if they had -left him to himself in the thick shadows of the night, he would have -remained blind, uneasy, restless, and unsatisfied. The holy emancipation -of the sixteenth century invited those who listened to it to draw freely -from the divine Word all that was necessary to scatter the darkness of -their reason and fill up the void in their hearts. Elevating them above -the goods of the body, above even arts, literature, science, and -philosophy, it offered to their soul eternal treasures—God himself. The -Gospel, then restored to the world, gave an unaccustomed force to the -moral law, and thus conferred on the people who received it two -boons,—order and liberty,—which the Vatican has never possessed within -its precincts. - -[Sidenote: Alarm And Joy.] - -All men, however, did not understand that the majority which each must -necessarily attain individually is at the same time essential to them -collectively, and that the Church in particular must inevitably attain -it. There were many, among those who were interested in the prosperity -of nations, who felt alarm at the abolition of the papal guardianship. -They saw that this stupendous act would work immense changes in the -sphere of the mind; that society as a whole, literature, social life, -politics, the relations of foreign countries with one another, would be -made new. This prospect, which was a subject of joy to the greater -number, excited the liveliest apprehensions in others. Those especially -who had not learnt that man, as a moral being, can only be led by free -convictions, imagined that all society would run wild and be lost if -that power was suppressed which had so long intimidated and restrained -it by the fear of excommunications and the stake. These men, alarmed at -the sight of the free and living waters of reform and wishing at any -cost to save the nations of Europe from the deluge which appeared to -threaten them, thought it their duty to confine them still more, to -restore, strengthen and raise the imperilled dikes, and thus keep the -stagnant waters in the foul canals where they had stood for ages. - -Notwithstanding his liberal tendencies with regard to literature and the -arts, Francis I. was not exempt from these fears, and gave a helping -hand to a restoration,—often a cruel restoration of the Romish -jurisdiction. Henry VIII., of little interest as an individual, though -great as a king, and who was truly the father, predecessor, and -fore-runner of Elizabeth and her reign, even while striving -ineffectually to preserve the catholic doctrines in his realm, separated -it decisively from the papacy, and by so doing laid the foundations of -the liberty and greatness of England. Francis I., on the other hand, -maintained the papal supremacy in his dominions, and labored to restore -it in the countries where it had been abolished. In 1534 and 1535 we see -him making great exertions to that end, and finding numerous helpers to -back him up. - -The idea of restoring unity in the Christian Church of the West, not -only engrossed the attention of those who were actuated by despotic -views, but also of noble-minded and liberal men. ‘By what means can we -succeed?’ they asked. The violent answered, ‘By force;’ but the wise -represented that Christian unity could not be brought about by the -sword. Those who were occupied with this great question determined to -examine whether they could not solve it by means of mutual concessions; -and they set about their task with different motives and in different -tempers. They formed three categories. - -There existed at that time in all parts of Europe men of wit and -learning, children of the Renaissance, who disliked the superstitions -and abuses of Rome, as well as the bold doctrines and severe precepts of -the Reformation. They wanted a religion, but it must be an easy one, and -more in conformity (as they held) with reason. Between Luther and the -pope, they saw Erasmus, and that elegant and judicious writer was their -apostle: hence the Elector of Saxony called them Erasmians.[670] They -thought that by melting popery and protestantism together they might -realize their dreams. - -In like manner, too, there were persons to be found of greater or less -eminence in whom the desire prevailed to maintain Europe in that papal -wardship which had lasted through all the middle ages: they feared the -most terrible convulsions if that supreme authority should come to an -end. At their head in France was the king. Francis I. had also a more -interested object: he desired, from political motives, to unite -protestants and catholics, because he had need of Rome in Italy to -recover his preponderance there, and of the protestants in Germany to -humble Charles V. To this class also belonged, to a greater or less -extent, William du Bellay, the king’s councillor and right hand in -diplomacy. So far as concerns doctrine, both were on the side of -Erasmus; but, in an ecclesiastical point of view, while the prince -inclined to a moderate papal dominion, the minister would have preferred -a still more liberal system. - -[Sidenote: The Moderate Evangelicals.] - -Finally, there were, particularly in Germany, a few evangelical -Christians who consented to accept the episcopalian form, and even the -primacy of a bishop, in the hope of obtaining the transformation of the -doctrine and manners of the universal Church. Melancthon at Wittemberg, -Bucer at Strasburg, and Professor Sturm at Paris, were the most eminent -men of this school. Melancthon went farther than his colleagues. He -believed that the great revolution then going on was salutary and even -necessary; but he would have liked to see it limited and directed. -Former ages had elaborated certain results which ought, in his opinion, -to be handed down to ages to come; and he imagined that if the pope -could be induced to receive the Gospel, that despot of old times might -still be useful to the Church. Another and a still more urgent interest -animated these pious men: it was necessary to rescue the victims of -fanaticism, to extinguish the burning piles. The bloody and solemn -executions which had taken place in Paris on the 21st of January, 1535, -in presence of the king and court, had excited an indescribable horror -everywhere. One might have imagined that those noble-hearted men foresaw -the miseries of France, the battle-fields running with blood, and the -night of St. Bartholomew with its murders ushered in by the death-knell -from the steeple of St. Germain l’Auxerrois; that they saw pass before -them those armies of fugitives whom the revocation of the Edict of -Nantes scattered over the wide world. - -One common feature characterized all three classes. Those who composed -them were in general of an accommodating disposition, an easy manner, -ready to sacrifice some part of what they thought true, in order to -attain their end. But there were in Europe, on the side of Rome many -inflexible papists, and on the side of the Reformation many determined -protestants, who set truth above unity, and were resolved to do -everything ‘so that the talent which God had entrusted to them might not -be lost through their cowardice, or taken from them on account of their -ingratitude.’[671] - -[Sidenote: Effects Of The Placards.] - -The famous placards posted up in the capital and all over France on that -October night of 1534 had carried trouble into the hearts of the -peacemakers. They had seen, as they imagined, the torch suddenly applied -to the house in which they were quietly laboring to reconcile Rome and -the Reformation. ‘Such a seditious act agitates the whole kingdom, and -exposes us to the greatest dangers,’[672] wrote Sturm from Paris to -Melancthon. ‘The authors of those placards are men of a fanatical turn, -rebels who circulate pernicious sentiments, and who deserve -chastisement,’ wrote Melancthon to the Bishop of Paris. But at the same -time the most energetic of the German protestants, revolted by the -cruelty of Francis I., refused to join in union with a prince who burnt -their brethren. The King of France had formed the plan of a congress, -destined to restore peace to Christendom; but an imprudent hand had -applied the match to the mine, and the friends of peace were struck with -terror and confusion. From that moment there was nothing heard but -recriminations, reproaches, and altercations. - -Francis I. saw clearly that, if his project was on the brink of failing, -the fault was due mainly to his own violence; he therefore undertook to -set straight the affairs he had so imprudently damaged. On the 1st -February, 1535, he wrote to the evangelical princes of the empire, -assuring them that there was no similarity between the German -protestants and the French _heretics_, his victims. The contriver of the -strappadoes of the 21st January, assumed a lofty tone, as if he were -innocence itself. ‘I am insulted in Germany,’ he said, ‘in every place -of assembly, and even at public banquets. It is said that people dressed -like Turks can walk freely about the streets of Paris, but that no one -dares appear there in German costume. People say that the Germans are -looked upon here as heretics, and are arrested, tortured, and put to -death. We think it our duty to reply to these calumnies. Just when we -were on the point of coming to an understanding with you, certain -mad-men endeavored to upset our work. I prefer to bury in darkness the -paradoxes they have put forth; I am loth to set them before you, most -illustrious princes, and thus display them in the sight of the -world.[673] I think it sufficient to say that even you would have -devoted them to execration. I wished to prevent the pestilence from -spreading over France, but not a single German was sent to prison.[674] -The men of your nation, princes and nobles, continue to be graciously -received at my court; and as for the German students, merchants, and -artisans who work in my kingdom, I treat them like my other subjects, -and, I may say, like my own children.’ The letter produced some little -effect, and there was a reaction on the other side of the Rhine. -Melancthon resumed his schemes of reunion. - -But a new change then occurred: suddenly, and with greater violence than -ever, new difficulties arose, which threatened to make shipwreck of the -whole business. Francis I. had caused the conciliatory opinions of -Melancthon, Hedio, and Bucer to be circulated in Germany.[675] Some -unwise and by no means upright adherents of catholicism mutilated and -abridged those opinions,[676] and then proclaimed with an air of triumph -that the heretics, with Melancthon at their head, were about to return -into the bosom of the Church!... Excessive was the irritation of the -evangelical flocks, and loud cries arose from every quarter against the -temporizers and their weakness. They called to mind that truth is not a -merchandise which can be cheapened; but a chain, of which if but one -link be broken, all the rest is useless. ‘Melancthon is of opinion,’ -said some, ‘that a single pontiff, residing at Rome, would be very -useful to maintain harmony of faith between the different nations of -Christendom. Bucer adds that we must not overthrow all that exists in -popery, but restore in the protestant churches many of the practices -observed by the ancients. The men who speak thus are deserters and -turncoats. They betray our cause, they commit a crime.’[677] If such -protestants as these were heard among the Lutherans, doctors such as -Farel and Calvin spoke out still more plainly against all attempts at a -union with popery. ‘It is wrong,’ wrote Calvin afterwards to some -English friends, ‘to preserve such paltry rubbish, the sad relics of -papal superstition, every recollection of which we ought to strive to -extirpate.’[678] The thought that Francis I. was at the head of these -negotiations filled the Swiss theologians in particular with ineffable -disgust. ‘What good can be expected of that prince,’ said Bullinger, -‘that impure, profane, ambitious man?[679] He is dissembling: Christ and -truth are of no account in his projects. His only thought is how to gain -possession of Naples and Milan. What does this or that matter, so that -he makes himself master of Italy?’ These honest Swiss were not wanting -in common sense. Alarmed at the trap that was preparing for Reform, -Bullinger, Blaarer, Zwyck, and other reformed divines wrote to Bucer: -‘It is of no use your contriving a reunion with the pope; thousands of -protestants would rather forfeit their lives than follow you.’ - -At the same time the Sorbonne and its followers raised their voices -still higher against all assimilation with Lutheran doctrines. The storm -swelled on both sides, and burst upon the moderate party. Poor Bucer, -driven in different directions, succumbed under the weight of his -sorrow. ‘Would to God,’ he exclaimed, ‘that, like the French martyrs, I -were delivered from this life to stand before the face of Jesus -Christ!’[680] - -[Sidenote: Hope Of Union Lost.] - -Every hope of union seemed lost. The ship which the politic King of -France had launched, and to which the hand of the pious Melancthon had -fastened the banners of peace, had been carried upon the breakers; all -attempts to get her out to sea again appeared useless; there was neither -water enough to float her, nor wind enough to move her. She was about to -be abandoned, when a sudden breeze extricated her from the shallows, and -launched her once more upon the wide ocean. - -Clement VII. having died of chagrin, occasioned by the prospect of a -future in which he could see nothing but deception and sorrow,[681] the -King of France considered himself thenceforward liberated from the -promises made to Catherine’s uncle. Ere long the choice of the Sacred -College gave him still greater liberty. Alexander Farnese, who, under -the title of Paul III., succeeded Clement, was a man of the world; he -had studied at Florence in the famous gardens of Lorenzo de’ Medici, and -from his youth had lived an irregular life. On one occasion, being -imprisoned by his mother’s orders in the castle of St. Angelo, he took -advantage of the moment when the attention of his jailers was attracted -by the procession of Corpus Christi to escape through a window by means -of a rope. Although he had two illegitimate children, a son and a -daughter, he was made cardinal, and from that hour kept his eyes -steadily fixed upon the triple crown. He obtained it at last, at the age -of sixty-seven, and declared that in religious matters he would follow -very different principles from those of his predecessors. This man, who -had so much need of reformation for himself and his family, was -engrossed wholly with reforming the Church. We shall find not only a -king of France, but a pope of Rome also, making advances to Melancthon. -Leo X. bequeathed schism to Christendom. Paul III. undertook to restore -unity, and thus hoped to acquire a greater glory than that of the -Medicis. He promised the ambassadors of Charles V. to call a council, -and four days after his election declared his intentions in full -consistory. ‘I desire a reform,’ he said; ‘before we attempt to change -the universal Church, we must first sweep out the court of Rome;’ and he -nominated a congregation to draw up a plan of reform. Proud of his -skill, he thought that everything would be easy to him, and already -triumphed in imagination over the Germans, who were, in his opinion, so -boorish, and the Swiss, who were so barbarous. Francis I., satisfied -with this disposition of the pope, was not unaware, besides, that he had -private means of communicating with him. The first secretary of his -Holiness was Ambrosio, an influential man and by no means averse to -presents. A person who had need of his services having given him sixty -silver basins with as many ewers, ‘How is it,’ said a man one day, ‘that -with all these basins to wash in, his hands are never clean?’[682] - -[Sidenote: Popery In France.] - -But the work of union was not to be so easy as the conjunction of two -such stars as Farnese and Valois seemed to promise. While the Romish -Church was being toned down at Rome, popery became stricter in France. -The fanatical party that was to acquire a horrible celebrity by the -crimes of the Bartholomew massacre and of the League, was beginning to -take shape round the dauphin, the future Henry II. That youth of -eighteen, who had not long returned from Madrid, was far from being -lively, talkative, and independent, like a young Frenchman, but gloomy -and silent, and appeared to live only to obey women. There were two at -his side, admirably calculated to give him a papistical direction: -first, his wife, Catherine de Medicis, and next his mistress, Diana of -Poitiers, a widow, still beautiful in spite of her age, and who would -not (as it has been said) have spoken to a heretic for an empire. The -mistress and the wife, who were on the best of terms, and all of the -dauphin’s party, endeavored to thwart the king’s plans. The most -influential members of that faction were continually repeating to him -that the protestants of Germany were quite as fanatical and seditious as -those of France. At the same time, the emperor’s agents, animated by the -same intentions, told the German protestants that Francis I. was an -infidel in alliance with the Turks. The obstacles opposed in France and -Germany to the reconciliation of Christendom were such that its -realization appeared a matter of difficulty. - -But in the midst of these intrigues the moderate party held firm. The Du -Bellays belonged to one of the oldest families in France; their nobility -could be traced back to the reign of Lothaire,[683] and their mother, -Margaret de la Tour-Landry, reckoned among her ancestors a man who had -occupied himself with laying down the rules of a good education. After a -life of busy warfare, the Chevalier de la Tour-Landry, seignior of -Bourmont and Claremont, who lived in the fourteenth century, wrote two -works on education: one for his sons, the other for his daughters, -copies of which became numerous. The treatise intended for the girls was -printed in 1514, perhaps by the direction of the parents of the Du -Bellays. ‘Out of the great affection I bear to my children,’ wrote the -old cavalier, ‘whom I love as a father ought to love them, my heart will -be filled with perfect joy if they grow up good and honorable, loving -and serving God.’[684] William and John particularly seemed to have -responded to this prayer. William, the elder, was not void of Christian -sentiments. ‘I desire,’ he said, ‘that nothing may happen injurious to -the cause of the Gospel and the glory of Christ;’[685] but he was -specially one of the most distinguished generals and diplomatists of his -epoch. He knew, says Brantome, the most private secrets of the emperor -and of all the princes of Europe, so that people supposed him to have a -familiar spirit. Although maimed in his limbs—the consequence of his -campaigns—he was a man of indefatigable activity. His brother John, -Bishop of Paris, who was also ‘another master-mind,’ professed like him -an enlightened catholicism; and hence it happened that on the accession -of Henry II. he was deprived of his rank by the intrigues of the papist -party, and driven from France. Still, to show that he remained a -catholic, he took up his residence in Rome. - -[Sidenote: Melancthon’s Position.] - -In 1535 the moderate catholic party, at the head of which were these two -brothers, seeing the chances of success at Rome as well as at Paris, -resolved to take a more decided step, and to invite Melancthon to -France. The proposal was made to Francis I., and supported by all the -members of the party. They knew that Melancthon was called ‘the master -of Germany,’ and thought that if he came to France he would conciliate -all parties by the culture of his mind, by his learning, wisdom, piety, -and gentleness. One man, if he appears at the right moment, is sometimes -sufficient to give a new direction to an entire epoch, to a whole -nation. ‘Ah, sire,’ said Barnabas Voré de la Fosse, a learned and -zealous French nobleman, who knew Germany well, and had tasted of the -Gospel, ‘if you knew Melancthon, his uprightness, learning, and modesty! -I am his disciple, and fear not to tell it you. Of all those who in our -days have the reputation of learning, and who deserve it, he is the -foremost.’[686] - -These advances were not useless: Francis I. thought the priests very -arrogant and noisy. His despotism made him incline to the side of the -pope; but his love of letters, and his disgust at the monks, attracted -him the other way. Just now he thought it possible to satisfy both these -inclinations at once. Fully occupied with the effect of the moment, and -inattentive to consequences, he passed rapidly from one extreme to -another. At Marseilles he had thrown himself into the arms of Clement -VII., now he made up his mind to hold out his hand to Melancthon. -‘Well!’ said the king, ‘since he differs so much from our rebels, let -him come: I shall be enchanted to hear him.’ This gave great delight to -the peacemakers. ‘God has seen the affliction of his children and heard -their cries,’ exclaimed Sturm.[687] Francis I. ordered De la Fosse to -proceed to Germany to urge Melancthon in person. - -A king of France inviting a reformer to come and explain his views was -something very new. The two principal obstacles which impeded the -Reformation seemed now to be removed. The first was the character of the -reformers in France, the exclusive firmness of their doctrines, and the -strictness of their morality. Melancthon, the mild, the wise, the -tolerant, the learned scholar, was to attempt the task. The second -obstacle was the fickleness and opposition of Francis I.; but it was -this prince who made the advances. There are hours of grace in the -history of the human race, and one of those hours seemed to have -arrived. ‘God, who rules the tempests,’ exclaimed Sturm, ‘is showing us -a harbor of refuge.’[688] - -[Sidenote: Efforts Of The Mediators.] - -The friends of the Gospel and of light set earnestly to work. It was -necessary to persuade Melancthon, the Elector, and the protestants of -Germany, which might be a task of some difficulty. But the mediators did -not shrink from before obstacles; they raised powerful batteries; they -stretched the strings of their bow, and made a great effort to carry the -fortress. Sturm, in particular, spared no exertions. The free courses he -was giving at the Royal College, his lectures on Cicero, his logic, -which, instead of preparing his disciples (among whom was Peter Ramus) -for barren disputes, developed and adorned their minds—nothing could -stop him. Sturm was not only an enlightened man, a humanist, -appreciating the Beautiful in the productions of genius, but he had a -deep feeling of the divine grandeur of the Gospel. Men of letters in -those times, especially in Italy, were often negative in regard to the -things of God, light in their conduct, without moral force, and -consequently incapable of exercising a salutary influence over their -contemporaries. Such was not Sturm: and while those _beaux-esprits_, -those wits were making a useless display of their brilliant intelligence -in drawing-rooms, that eminent man exhibited a Christian faith and life: -he busied himself in the cultivation of all that is most exalted, and -during his long career, never ceased from enlightening his -contemporaries.[689] ‘The future of French protestantism is in your -hands,’ he wrote to Bucer; ‘Melancthon’s answer and yours will decide -whether the evangelicals are to enjoy liberty, or undergo the most cruel -persecutions. When I see Francis I. meditating the revival of the -Church, I recognize God, who inclines the hearts of princes. I do not -doubt his sincerity; I see no hidden designs, no political motives; -although a German by birth, I do not share my fellow-countrymen’s -suspicions about him. The king, I am convinced, wishes to do all he can -to reform the Church, and to give liberty of conscience to the -French.’[690] Such was, then, the hope of the most generous spirits—such -the aim of their labors. - -Sturm, wishing to do everything in his power to give France that liberty -and reformation, wrote personally to Melancthon. He was the man to be -gained, and the professor set his heart upon gaining him. ‘How delighted -I am at the thought that you will come to France!’ he said. ‘The king -talks much about you; he praises your integrity, learning, and modesty; -he ranks you above all the scholars of our time, and has declared that -he is _your disciple_.[691] I shed tears when I think of the devouring -flames that have consumed so many noble lives; but when I learn that the -king invites you to advise with him as to the means of extinguishing -those fires, then I feel that God is turning his eyes with love upon the -souls who are threatened with unutterable calamities. What a strange -thing! France appeals to you at the very time when our cause is so -fiercely attacked. The king, who is of a good disposition at bottom, -perceives so many defects in the old cause, and such imprudence in those -who adhere to the truth, that he applies to you to find a remedy for -these evils. O Melancthon! to see your face will be our salvation. Come -into the midst of our violent tempests, and show us the haven. A refusal -from you would keep our brethren suspended above the flames. Trouble -yourself neither about emperors nor kings: those who invite you are men -who are fighting against death. But they are not alone: the voice of -Christ, nay, the voice of God himself calls you.’[692] The letter is -dated from Paris, 4th March, 1535. - -The Holy Scriptures, which were read wherever the Reform had penetrated, -had revived in men’s hearts feelings of real unity and Christian -charity. Such cries of distress could not fail to touch the protestants -of Germany; Bucer, who had also been invited, made preparations for his -departure. ‘The French, Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and other nations, -who are they?’[693] he asked. ‘All our brethren in Jesus Christ. It is -not this nation or that nation only, but all nations that the Father has -given to the Son. I am ready,’ he wrote to Melancthon; ‘prepare for your -departure.’ - -[Sidenote: Importance Of France.] - -What could Melancthon do? that was the great question. Many persons, -even in Germany, had hoped that France would put herself at the head of -the great revival of the Church. Had not her kings, and especially Louis -XII., often resisted Rome? Had not the university of Paris been the -rival of the Vatican? Was it not a Frenchman who, cross in hand, had -roused the West to march to the conquest of Jerusalem? Many believed -that if France were transformed, all Christendom would be transformed -with her. To a certain point, Melancthon had shared these ideas, but he -was less eager than Bucer. The outspoken language of the placards had -shocked him; but the burning piles erected in Paris had afterwards -revolted him; he feared that the king’s plans were a mere trick, and his -reform a phantom. Nevertheless, after reflecting upon the matter, he -concluded that the conquest of such a mighty nation was a thing of -supreme importance. His adhesion to the regenerating movement then -accomplishing might decide its success, just as his hostility might -destroy it. He must do something more than open his arms to France, he -must go to meet her. - -Melancthon understood the position and set to work. First, he wrote to -the Bishop of Paris, in order to gain him over to the proposed union, by -representing to him that the episcopal order ought to be maintained. The -German doctor did not doubt that even under that form, the increasing -consciousness of truth and justice, the living force of the Gospel, -which was seen opening and increasing everywhere, would gain over to the -Reformation the fellow-countrymen of St. Bernard and St. Louis. ‘France -is, so to speak, the head of the Christian world,’ he wrote to the -Bishop of Paris.[694] ‘The example of the most eminent people may -exercise a great influence over others. If France is resolved to defend -energetically the existing vices of the Church, good men of all -countries will see their fondest desires vanish. But I have better -hopes; the French nation possesses, I know, a remarkable zeal for -piety.[695] All men turn their eyes to us; all conjure us, not only by -their words, but by their tears, to prevent sound learning from being -stifled, and Christ’s glory from being buried.’ - -On the same day, 9th of May, 1535, Melancthon wrote to Sturm: ‘I will -not suffer myself to be prevented either by domestic ties or the fear of -danger. There is no human grandeur which I can prefer to the glory of -Christ. Only one thought checks me: I doubt of my ability to do any -good; I fear it will be impossible to obtain from the king what I -consider necessary to the glory of the Lord and the peace of -France.[696] If you can dispel these apprehensions, I shall hasten to -France, and no prison shall affright me. We must seek only for what is -fitting for the Church and France. You know that kingdom. Speak. If you -think I should do well to undertake the journey, I will start.’ - -Melancthon’s letter to the Bishop of Paris was not without effect. That -prelate had just been made a cardinal; but the new dignity in nowise -diminished his desire for the restoration of truth and unity in the -Church; on the contrary, it gave him more power to realize the great -project. The Reformation was approaching. Delighted with the sentiments -expressed to him by the _master_ of Germany, he communicated his letter -to such as might feel an interest in it, and among others, no doubt, to -the king. ‘There is not one of our friends here,’ he said, ‘to whom -Melancthon’s mode of seeing things is not agreeable. As for myself, it -is pleasant far beyond what I can express.’[697] It was the same with -his brother William. While the new cardinal especially desired a union -with Melancthon in the hope of obtaining a wise and pious reform, the -councillor of Francis I. desired, while leaving to the pope his -spiritual authority, to make France politically independent of Rome. The -two brothers united in entreating the king to send for Luther’s friend. -De la Fosse joined them, and all the friends of peace, in conjuring the -king to give the German doctor some proof of his good-will. ‘He will -come if you write to him,’ they said. - -[Sidenote: Letter Of The King.] - -Francis I. made up his mind, and instead of addressing the sovereign -whose subject Melancthon was, the proud king of France wrote to the -plain doctor of Wittemberg. This was not quite regular; had the monarch -written to the elector, such a step might have produced very beneficial -results; not so much because the susceptibility of the latter prince -would not have been wounded, as because the reasons which Francis, with -Du Bellay’s help, might have given him, would perhaps have convinced a -ruler so friendly to the Gospel and to peace as John Frederick. It is -sometimes useful to observe the rules of diplomacy. This is the letter -from the King of France to the learned doctor, dated 23d of June, 1535. - - ‘Francis, by the grace of God King of the French, to our dear Philip - Melancthon, greeting: - - ‘I have long since been informed by William du Bellay, my - chamberlain and councillor, of the zeal with which you are - endeavoring to appease the dissensions to which the Christian - doctrine has given rise. I now learn from the letter which you have - written to him, and from Voré de la Fosse, that you are much - inclined to come to us, to confer with some of our most - distinguished doctors on the means of restoring in the Church that - divine harmony which is the first of all my desires.[698] Come then, - either in an official character, or in your own name; you will be - very acceptable to me, and you will learn, in either case, the - interest I feel in the glory of your Germany and the peace of the - universe.’ - -These declarations from the King of France forwarded the enterprise; -before taking such a step, he must have been very clear in his -intentions. We may well ask, however, if the letter was sincere. In -history, as in nature, there are striking contrasts. While these things -were passing in the upper regions of society, scenes were occurring in -the lower regions which ran counter to those fine projects of princes -and scholars. The Swiss divines maintained that the whole affair was a -comedy in which the king and his ministers played the chief parts. That -may be questionable, but the interlude was a blood-stained tragedy. In -the very month when Francis I. wrote to Melancthon, a poor husbandman of -La Bresse, John Cornon, was arrested while at work in the fields, and -taken to Macon. The judges, who expected to see an idiot appear before -them, were astonished when they heard that poor peasant proving to them, -in his simple _patois_, the truth of his faith, and displaying an -extensive knowledge of Holy Scripture. As the pious husbandman remained -unshaken in his attachment to the all-sufficient grace of Jesus Christ, -he was condemned to death, dragged on a hurdle to the place of -execution, and there burnt alive.[699] - -In the following month of July, Dennis Brion, a humble barber of -Sancerre, near Paris, and a reputed heretic, was taken in his shop. He -had often expounded the Scriptures, not only to those who visited him, -but also to a number of persons who assembled to hear him. Nothing -annoyed the priests so much as these meetings, where simple Christians, -speaking in succession, bore testimony to the light and consolation they -had found in the Bible. Brion was condemned, as the husbandman of La -Bresse had been, and his death was made a great show. It was the time of -the _grands jours_ at Angers; and there he was burnt alive, in the midst -of an immense concourse of people from every quarter.[700] It is -probable that those executions were not the result of any new orders, -but a mere sequel to the cruelties of the 21st of January, the influence -of which had only then reached the provinces. - -These two executions, however, made the necessity of laboring to restore -peace and unity still more keenly felt. Those engaged in the task saw -but one means: to admit on one side the evangelical doctrine, and on the -other the episcopal form with a bishop _primus inter pares_. Western -Christendom would thus have a protestant body with a Roman dress. The -Church of the Reformation (it was said) holds to doctrine before all -things, and the Church of Rome to its government; let us unite the two -elements. The Wittemberg doctors hoped that the substance would prevail -over the form; the Roman doctors that the form would prevail over the -substance; but many on both sides honestly believed that the proposed -combination would succeed and be perpetual. - -[Sidenote: Du Bellay Goes To Rome.] - -At the same time as De la Fosse started for Wittemberg, the new -cardinal, Du Bellay, departed for Rome: two French embassies were to be -simultaneously in the two rival cities. The ostensible object of the -cardinal’s journey was not the great matter which the king had at heart, -but to thank the pope for the dignity conferred upon him; still it was -the intention and the charge of the Bishop of Paris to do all in his -power to induce the catholic Church to come to an understanding with the -protestants. Before quitting France, he wrote to Melancthon: ‘There is -nothing I desire more earnestly than to put an end to the divisions -which are shaking the Church of Christ. My dear Melancthon, do all you -can to bring about this happy pacification.[701] If you come here, you -will have all good men with you, and especially the king, who is not -only in name, but in reality, _most Christian_. When you have conferred -with him thoroughly, which will be soon, I trust, there is nothing that -we may not hope for. God grant that at Rome, whither I am going with all -speed, I may obtain, in behalf of the work I meditate, all the success -that I desire.’[702] - -The cardinal’s journey was of great importance. The party to which he -belonged, which desired one sole Catholic Church, in which evangelical -doctrines and Romish forms should be skilfully combined, was acquiring -favor in the metropolis of catholicism. The new pope raised to the -cardinalate Contarini and several other prelates who were known for -their evangelical sentiments and the purity of their lives. He left them -entire liberty; he permitted them to contradict him in the consistory, -and even encouraged them to do so. The hope of a reform grew greater day -by day in Italy.[703] It thus happened that Cardinal du Bellay found -himself in a very favorable atmosphere at Rome: he would be backed by -the influence of France, and to a certain point by the imperial -influence also, for no one desired more strongly than Charles V. an -arrangement between catholics and protestants. The Bishop of Paris, an -enlightened and skilful diplomatist and pious man, had a noble -appearance, and displayed in every act the mark of a great soul.[704] He -thus won men’s hearts, and might, in concert with Melancthon, be the -chosen instrument to establish the so much desired unity in the Church. - -[Sidenote: Du Bellay To Melancthon.] - -While he was on his way to confer with the pope and cardinals, others -were canvassing Melancthon and the protestants. De la Fosse left for -Wittemberg, bearing the king’s letter, and William du Bellay, an -intelligent statesman, who was determined to spare no pains to bring the -great scheme to a successful issue, wrote to the German doctor, -explaining motives and removing objections. In his eyes the cause in -question was the greatest of all: it was the cause of religion and of -France. ‘Let us beware,’ wrote the councillor of Francis I. to -Melancthon, ‘let us beware of irritating the king, whose favor you will -confess is necessary to us. If, after he has written to you with his own -hand, after you have almost given your consent, after he has sent you a -deputation, in whose company you could make the journey without -danger,—if you finally refuse to come to France, I much fear that the -monarch will not look upon it with a favorable eye. It is necessary both -to France and religion that you comply with the king’s request.[705] -Fear not the influence of the wicked, who cannot endure to be deprived -of anything in order that the glory of Jesus Christ should be -increased.[706] The king is skilful, prudent, yielding, and allows -himself to be convinced by sound reasons. If you have an interview with -him, if you talk with him, if you set your motives before him, you will -inflame him with an admirable zeal for your cause.[707] Do not think you -will have to dissemble or give way.... No; the king will praise your -courage in such serious matters more than he would praise your weakness. -I therefore exhort and conjure you in Christ’s name not to miss the -opportunity of doing the noblest of all the works which it is possible -to perform among men.’ - -As we read these important letters, these touching solicitations, and -the firm opinions of the councillor of Francis I., we are tempted to -inquire what is their date. Is it in reality only five months after the -strappadoes? One circumstance explains the startling contrast. France -might say: ‘I feel two natures in me.’ Which of them shall prevail? That -is the question. Will it be the intelligence, frankness, love of -liberty, and presentiment of the moral responsibility of man, which are -often found in the French people; or the incredulity, superstition, -sensuality, cruelty, and despotism, of which Catherine de Medicis, her -husband, and her sons were the types? Shall we see a people, eager for -liberty, submitting in religious things to the yoke of a Church which -never allows any independence to individual thought? Strange to say, the -solution of this important question seemed to depend upon a reformer. -Should Melancthon come to France, he would, in the opinion of the Du -Bellays and the best intellects of the age, inaugurate with God’s help -in that illustrious country the reign of the Gospel and liberty, and put -an end to the usurpations of Rome. - -If the great enterprise at which some of the greatest and most powerful -personages were then working succeeded, if the tendency of Catherine and -her sons (continued unfortunately by the Bourbons) were overcome, France -was saved. It was a solemn opportunity. Never, perhaps, had that great -nation been nearer the most important transformation. - -In addition to the appeals of Du Bellay, no means were spared to -persuade Germany. Sturm wrote another letter to the Wittemberg doctor, -telling him that the king was not very far from sharing the religious -ideas of the protestants, and that, if his views were laid clearly and -fearlessly before him, the reformer would find that the sovereign agreed -with him on many important points. And more than this, Claude Baduel, -who, after studying at Wittemberg, was in succession professor at Paris, -rector at Nismes, and pastor at Geneva, was intrusted by the Queen of -Navarre with a mission to Melancthon. Francis I., wishing to pass from -words to deeds, published an amnesty on the 16th July, 1535, in which he -declared that ‘the anger of our Lord being appeased, persons accused or -suspected should not be molested, that all prisoners should be set at -liberty, their confiscated goods restored, and the fugitives permitted -to re-enter the kingdom, provided they lived as good catholic -Christians.’[708] - -As Francis I. did not wish to alarm the court of Rome, and desired to -prevent it from interfering and seeking to disturb and thwart his plans, -he called Cardinal du Bellay to him a short time before his departure, -and said: ‘You will give the Holy Father to understand that I am sending -your brother to the protestants of Germany to get what he can from them; -at the very least to prevail on them to acknowledge the power of the -pope as head of the Church universal. With regard to faith, religion, -ceremonies, institutions, and doctrines, he will preserve such as it -will be proper to preserve,—at least, what may reasonably be tolerated, -while waiting the decision of the council.... Matters being thus -arranged, our Holy Father will then be able earnestly and joyfully to -summon a council to meet at Rome, and his authority will remain sure and -flourishing; for, if the enemies of the Holy See once draw in their -horns in Germany, they will do the same in France, Italy, England, -Scotland, and Denmark.’[709] - -The opinions of Francis I. come out clearly in these instructions. The -only thing he cared about was the preservation of the pope’s temporal -power. As for religion, ceremonies, and doctrines, he would try to come -to an understanding,—he would get what he could; but the protestants -must pull in their horns,—must renounce their independent bearing. The -king declared himself satisfied, provided the people of Europe continued -to walk beneath the Caudine forks of Romish power. - -[Sidenote: Conference With The Reformers.] - -It was not long before the king showed what were his real intentions, -and towards what kind of reconciliation a council would have to labor, -if one should ever be assembled, which was very doubtful. On the 20th -July, the Bishop of Senlis, his confessor, requested the Sorbonne to -nominate ten or twelve of its theologians to confer with the reformers. -If a bombshell had fallen in the midst of the Faculty, it could not have -caused greater alarm. ‘What an unprecedented proposal!’ exclaimed the -doctors; ‘is it a jest or an insult?’ For two days they remained in -deliberation. ‘We will nominate deputies,’ said the assembly, ‘but for -the purpose of remonstrating with the king.’ ‘Sire,’ boldly said these -delegates, ‘your proposal is quite useless and supremely dangerous. -Useless, for the heretics will hear of nothing but Holy Scripture; -dangerous, for the catholics, who are weak in faith, may be perverted by -the objections of the heretic.... Let the Germans communicate to us the -articles on which they have need of instruction, we will give it them -willingly; but there can be no discussion with heretics. If we meet -them, it can only be as their judges. It is a divine and a human law to -cut off the corrupted members from the body. If such is the duty of the -State against assassins, much more is it their duty against schismatics -who destroy souls by their rebellion.’[710] - -These different movements did not take place in secret; they were talked -about all over the city, and far beyond it. Enlightened minds were much -amused by the fear which the doctors of the Sorbonne had of speaking. -There was no lack of remarks on that subject. ‘We must not chatter and -babble overmuch about the Gospel; but it is absurd that, when anybody -inquires into our faith, we should say nothing in defence of it. Let us -discourse about the mysteries of God peaceably and mildly: to be silent -is a supineness and cowardice worthy of the sneers of unbelievers.’[711] -When Marot the poet heard of the answer of the Sorbonne, he said:— - - Je ne dis pas que Mélancthon - Ne déclare au roi son advis; - Mais de disputer vis-à-vis ... - Nos maîtres n’y veulent entendre. - -The politicians were not silent. The prospect of an agreement with the -protestants deeply moved the chiefs of the Roman party, who resolved to -do all in their power to oppose the attempt. Montmorency, the grand -master, the Cardinal de Tournon, the Bishop of Soissons, de -Chateaubriand, and others exerted all their influence to prevent -Melancthon from coming to France, Cardinal du Bellay from succeeding at -Rome, and catholics and protestants from shaking hands together under -the auspices of Francis I. - -This fanatical party, which was to make common cause with the Jesuits, -already forestalled them in cunning. ‘One morning,’, say Roman-catholic -historians,[712] ‘Cardinal de Tournon appeared at the king’s _levée_, -reading a book magnificently bound.’ ‘Cardinal, what a handsome book you -have there!’ said the king. ‘Sire,’ replied De Tournon, ‘it is the work -of an illustrious martyr, Saint Irenæus, who presided over the Church of -Lyons in the second century. I was reading the passage which says that -John the Evangelist, being about to enter some public baths, and -learning that the heretic Cerinthus was inside, hastily retired, -exclaiming: “Let us fly, my children, lest we be swallowed up with the -enemies of the Lord.” That is what the apostles thought of heretics; and -yet you, Sire, the eldest son of the Church, intend inviting to your -court the most celebrated disciple of that arch-heretic Luther.’ De -Tournon added that an alliance with the Lutherans would not only cause -Milan to be lost to France, but would throw all the catholic powers into -the arms of the emperor.[713] Francis I., though persisting in his -scheme, saw that he could not force those to speak who had made up their -minds to be silent; and wishing to give De Tournon some little -satisfaction he let the Faculty know that he would not ask them to -confer with the reformers. The king intended to hear both parties; he -sought to place himself between the two stormy seas, like a quiet -channel, which communicates with both oceans, and in which it was -possible to manœuvre undisturbed by tempests. - -[Sidenote: Is A Mixed Congress Possible?] - -The refusal of the Sorbonne, at that time more papistical than the pope -himself, does not imply that a conference between protestant and -catholic theologians was impossible; for six years later such a -conference really did take place at Ratisbon, and nearly succeeded. A -committee, half protestant, half Romanist, in which Melancthon and Bucer -sat, and in which the pious Cardinal Contarini took part as papal -legate, admitted the evangelical faith in all essential points, and -declared in particular that man is justified not by his own merits, but -by faith alone in the merits of Christ, pointing out, however, as the -protestants had always done, that the faith which justifies must _work -by love_. That meeting of Ratisbon came to nothing: it could come to -nothing. A gleam of light shone forth, but a breath from Rome -extinguished the torch, and Contarini submitted in silence. The -conference, however, remains in history as a solemn homage, paid by the -most believing members of the Roman-catholic Church to the Christian -doctrines of the Reformation.[714] - -Footnote 669: - - 1 Corinth. x. 15. - -Footnote 670: - - ‘Die Leute die die Sache fordern, mehr Erasmich als Evangelisch - sind.’—Bretschneider, _Corpus Reformatorum_, ii. p. 909. - -Footnote 671: - - Calvin. - -Footnote 672: - - ‘Stultissimis et seditiosissimis rationibus regna et gentes - perturbarunt.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 855. - -Footnote 673: - - ‘Quorum ego paradoxa malo iisdem sepelire tenebris, unde subito - emerserant, quam apud vos, amplissimi ordines, hoc est, in orbis - terrarum luce memorari.’ In the _Corpus Reformatorum_, ii. pp. - 828-835, Bretschneider gives only the German translation of this - letter. The original Latin, whose existence we were ignorant of when - our third volume was published, will be found in Freheri _Script. - Rerum German._ iii. p. 295. - -Footnote 674: - - It appears certain that some Germans were imprisoned; but they were - afterwards released and sent back to Germany by the king’s - order.—_Corpus Reformatorum_, ii. p. 857. - -Footnote 675: - - For these opinions see _supra_, vol. ii. p. 353. - -Footnote 676: - - ‘Mutilati et excerpti . . . . . . mala fide decerpti.’—_Corpus - Reformatorum_, ii. p. 976. - -Footnote 677: - - ‘Vocor transfuga, desertor . . . . me totam causam - prodidisse.’—Melancthon to Du Bellay. _Corpus Reform._ ii. p. 915. - -Footnote 678: - - ‘C’est un vice d’entretenir des menus fatras.’—Calvin, _Lettres - Françaises_, i. p. 420. - -Footnote 679: - - ‘De Gallo, homine impuro, profano et ambitioso.’—Bullinger to - Myconius, 12 March, 1534. _Corp. Ref._ p. 122. - -Footnote 680: - - ‘Ego velim . . . . cum Gallis martyribus Christum adire.’—Bucer, - _Zeitschrift für Hist. Theol._ 1850, p. 44. - -Footnote 681: - - ‘E fu questo dolore ed affanno che lo condusse alla morte.’—Soriano, - in Ranke, i. p. 127. - -Footnote 682: - - Warchi, _Istorie Fiorentine_, p. 636. Ranke. - -Footnote 683: - - Moreri, art. _Du Bellay_. - -Footnote 684: - - _Livre du Chevalier de la Tour-Landry qui fut fait pour l’enseignement - des femmes mariées et à marier._ It was reprinted in 1854 by Jannet, - in the ‘Bibliothèque Elzevirienne.’ There are seven manuscript copies - in the Bibliothèque Impériale. See also Burnier, _Histoire Littéraire - de l’Education_, i. p. 11. - -Footnote 685: - - ‘Quod Evangelii causam et Christi gloriam perturbaret.’—_Corp. Ref._ - ii. p. 887. - -Footnote 686: - - ‘Cum rege diu de te locutus est, ita ut te omnibus, qui nostris - temporibus docti et habentur et sunt, prætulerit.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. - 857. - -Footnote 687: - - ‘Sentio respici a Deo calamitatibus affectas et afflictas hominum - conditiones.’—_Corpus Reformatorum_, ii. p. 858. - -Footnote 688: - - ‘Deus portum aliquem profugium ostendit.’—_Ibid._ p. 856. - -Footnote 689: - - See Schmidt’s _Vie de Jean Sturm, premier recteur de Strasbourg_. - -Footnote 690: - - ‘Da Franz i. aüf Erneürung der Kirche sinne . . . . bereit sei zur - Kirchenverbesserung, das seine zu thun, und die Gevissen frei zu - lassen.’—Sturm to Bucer. Schmidt, _Zeitschrift für die Hist. Theol._ - 1850, i. p. 46. Strobel, _Hist. du Gymnase de Strasbourg_, p. 111 &c. - -Footnote 691: - - ‘Non rogatus se discipulum tuum esse dixit.’—_Corpus Reformatorum_, - ii. p. 857. - -Footnote 692: - - ‘Sed advocari te Dei Christique voce.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 859. - -Footnote 693: - - ‘Qui sunt Germani, qui Itali, qui Hispani et alii?’—Schmidt, - _Zeitschr. für Hist. Theol._ 1850, p. 47. - -Footnote 694: - - ‘Cum regnum gallicum, si licet dicere, caput christiani orbis - sit.’—_Corpus Reformatorum_, ii. p. 869. - -Footnote 695: - - ‘Gallica natio eximium habet pietatis studium.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 696: - - ‘Vereor ut impetrari ea possint quæ ad gloriam Christi et - tranquillitatem Galliæ et Ecclesiæ necessaria esse duco.’—_Corpus - Reformatorum_, ii. p. 876. - -Footnote 697: - - ‘Mihi vero etiam supra quam dici potest jucundum.’—_Ibid._ p. 880. - -Footnote 698: - - ‘Quo resarciri possit pulcherrima illa ecclesiasticæ politiæ harmonia, - qua una re cum ego mihi nihil unquam quicquam majori cura, studio - complectendum esse duxerim.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 880. - -Footnote 699: - - Crespin, _Actes des Martyres_, p. 116. - -Footnote 700: - - Ibid. p. 126. - -Footnote 701: - - ‘In hanc pacificationem, mi Melancthon, per Deum quantum potes - incumbe.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 881. - -Footnote 702: - - The letter is dated: ‘Ex fano Quintini (St. Quentin) in Viromanduis, - die 27 Jun. anno 1535.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 703: - - ‘Molti anni inanzi, li prelati non erano stati in quelle riforma di - vita; li cardinali havevono libertà maggiore di dire l’ opinione loro, - in consistorio .... Si poteva sperare di giorno in giorno maggiore - riforma.’—_Tre libri delli Commentarj delli Guerra_, 1537. Ranke. - -Footnote 704: - - De Thou; Sainte-Marthe. - -Footnote 705: - - ‘Necessarium esse religioni et Galliæ ut regiæ exspectationi - satisfacias.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 888. - -Footnote 706: - - ‘Non enim est quod metuas iniquorum potentiam.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 707: - - ‘Mirabiliter eum inflammares.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 708: - - Isambert, xii. p. 405; Sismondi, xvi. p. 459. - -Footnote 709: - - Instructions des rois très chrétiens et de leurs ambassadeurs (Paris - 1654), p. 7. - -Footnote 710: - - Ballue et Bouchigny. Crevier, _Hist. de l’Université_, v. pp. 2-4. - -Footnote 711: - - Calvin. - -Footnote 712: - - Pallavicini, Maimbourg, Varillas, &c. - -Footnote 713: - - Maimbourg, _Calvinisme_, p. 28. Varillas, ii. p. 449. - -Footnote 714: - - ‘Acta in conventu Ratisbonensi, 1541,’ by Melancthon and Bucer. - - - - - CHAPTER XVII. - WILL THE ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH UNITY AND TRUTH SUCCEED? - (AUGUST TO NOVEMBER 1535.) - - -[Sidenote: Individuality And Community.] - -Was the union desired by so many eminent men to be for good or for evil? -On this question different opinions may be, and have been, entertained. -Certain minds like to isolate themselves, and look with mistrust and -disdain upon human associations. It is true that man exists first as an -individual, and that before all things he must be himself; but he does -not exist alone: he is a member of a body, and this forms the second -part of his existence. Human life is both a monologue and a dialogue. -Before the era of Christianity, these two essential modes of being had -but an imperfect existence: on the one hand, social institutions -absorbed the individual, and on the other, each nation was encamped -apart. Christianity aggrandized individuality by calling men to unite -with God, and at the same time it proclaimed the great unity of the -human race, and undertook to make into one family all the families of -the earth, by giving the same heavenly Father to all. It imparts a fresh -intensity to individuality by teaching man that a single soul is in -God’s eyes of more value than the whole universe; but this, far from -doing society an injury, becomes the source of great prosperity to it. -The more an individual is developed in a Christian sense, the more -useful a member he becomes of the nation and of the human race. -Individuality and community are the two poles of life; and it is -necessary to maintain both, in order that humanity may fulfil its -mission in revolving ages. The mischief lies in giving an unjust -pre-eminence to either of the two elements. Romish unity, which -encroaches upon individuality, is an obstacle to real Christian -civilization; while an extreme individuality, which isolates man, is -full of peril both to society and to the individual himself. It would -therefore be unreasonable to condemn or to approve absolutely the -eminent men who in 1535 endeavored to restore unity to the Church. The -question is to know whether, by reconstructing catholicity, they -intended or not to sacrifice individual liberty. If they desired a real -Christian union, their work was good; if, on the contrary, they aimed at -restoring unity with a hierarchical object, with a despotic spirit, -their work was bad. - -There was another question on which men were not more agreed. Would the -great undertaking succeed? France continued to ask for Melancthon; would -Germany reply to her advances? We must briefly glance at the events -which had taken place in the empire since the agreement between the -catholics and protestants concluded, as we have seen, in July, -1532.[715] These events may help us to solve the question. - -It had been stipulated in the religious peace that all Germans should -show to one another a sincere and Christian friendship. In the treaty of -Cadan (29th June, 1534), Ferdinand, who had been recognized as King of -the Romans, had undertaken, both for himself and for Charles V., to -protect the protestants against the proceedings of the imperial court. -Somewhat later, the city of Münster, in Westphalia, had become the -theatre of the extravagances of fanaticism. John Bockhold, a tailor of -Leyden, setting himself up for a prophet, had made himself master of the -city, and been proclaimed king of Zion. He had also established a -community of goods, and attempted, like other sectarians, to restore -polygamy. He used to parade the city, wearing a golden crown; to sit in -judgment in the market-place, and would often cut off the head of a -condemned person. A pulpit was erected at the side of the throne, and -after the sermon the whole congregation would sometimes begin to dance. -The Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, one of the leaders of the protestant -cause, marched against these madmen, took Münster on the 24th June, -1535, and put an end to the pretended kingdom of Zion.[716] These -extravagances did not injure the protestant cause, which was not -confounded with a brutal communism, reeking with cruelty and debauchery; -besides, it was the protestants, and not the catholics, who had put them -down. But from that hour, the evangelicals felt more strongly than ever -the necessity of resisting the sectarian spirit: this they had done at -Wittemberg as early as 1522. At last it appeared clearer every day that -the free and Christian general council, which they had so often -demanded, would be granted them. All the events, which we have -indicated, seemed to have prepared protestant Germany to accept the -proposals of France. - -[Sidenote: An Important Mission.] - -Voré de la Fosse, bearing letters from Francis I., William du Bellay, -and other friends of the union, was going to Germany to try and bring it -to a successful issue. De la Fosse was not such a distinguished -ambassador as those who figured at London and at Rome, and the power to -which he was accredited was a professor in a petty town of Saxony. But -Germany called this professor her ‘master,’ and De la Fosse considered -his mission a more important one than any that had been confided to -dukes and cardinals. Christendom was weakened by being severed into two -parts; he was going to re-establish unity, and revive and purify the old -member by the life of the new one. The Christian Church thus -strengthened would be made capable of the greatest conquests. On the -success of the steps that were about to be taken depended, in the -opinion of De la Fosse and his friends, the destiny of the world. - -The envoy of Francis I. arrived at Wittemberg on the 4th of August, -1535, and immediately paid Melancthon a visit, at which he delivered the -letters intrusted to him, and warmly explained the motives which ought -to induce the reformer to proceed to France. De la Fosse’s candor, his -love for the Gospel, and his zeal gained the heart of Luther’s friend. -By degrees a sincere friendship grew up between them; and when -Melancthon afterwards wanted to justify himself in the eyes of the -French, he appealed to the testimony of the ‘very good and very -excellent Voré.’[717] But if the messenger pleased him, the message -filled his heart with trouble: the perusal of the letters from the king, -Du Bellay, and Sturm brought the doubts of this man of peace to a -climax. He saw powerful reasons for going to France and equally powerful -reasons for staying in Germany. To use the expression of a reformer, -there were two batteries firing upon him by turns from opposite -quarters, now driving him to the right, now to the left. What would -Charles V. say, if a German should go to the court of his great -adversary? Besides, what was to be expected from the Sorbonne, the -clergy, and the court? Contempt.... He would not go. On the other hand, -Melancthon had before him a letter from the king, pressing him to come -to Paris. An influential nation might be gained to the Gospel, and carry -all the West along with it. When the Lord calls, must we allow ourselves -to be stopped by fear?... He hesitated no longer: he would depart. Voré -de la Fosse was delighted. But erelong other thoughts sprang up to -torment the doctor’s imagination. What was there not to be feared from a -prince who had sworn, standing before the stake at which he was burning -his subjects, that to stop heresy he would, if necessary, cut off his -own arm and cast it into the fire?... In that terrible day of the -strappadoes, a deep gulf had opened in the midst of the church. Was it -his business to throw himself, Curtius-like, into the abyss, in order -that the gulf should close over him?... Melancthon would willingly leave -to the young Roman the glory of devoting himself to the infernal gods. - -De la Fosse visited the illustrious professor daily, and employed every -means to induce him to cross the Rhine.[718] ‘We will do whatever you -desire,’ he said. ‘Do you wish for royal letters to secure to you full -liberty of going to France and returning? You shall have them. Do you -ask for hostages as guarantees for your return? You shall have them -also. Do you want an armed guard of honor to escort you and bring you -back? It shall be given you.[719] We will spare nothing. On your -interview with the king depends not only the fate of France, but (so to -speak) of the whole world.[720] Hearken to the friends of the Gospel who -dwell in Paris. Threatening waves surround us, they say by my mouth; -furious tempests assail us; but the moment you come, we shall find -ourselves, as it were, miraculously transported into the safest of -havens.[721] If, on the contrary, you despise the king’s invitation, all -hope is lost for us. The fires now slumbering will instantly shoot forth -their flames, and there will be a cruel return of the most frightful -tortures.[722] It is not only Sturm, Du Bellay, and other friends like -them who invite you, but all the pious Christians of France. They are -silent, no doubt—those whom the cruellest of punishments have laid among -the dead, and even those who, immured in dungeons, are separated from us -by doors of iron; but, if their voices cannot reach you, listen at least -to one mighty voice, the voice of God himself, the voice of Jesus -Christ.’[723] - -[Sidenote: Melancthon A Man Of God.] - -When Melancthon heard this appeal, he was agitated and overpowered.[724] -What an immense task! These Frenchmen are placing the world on his -shoulders! Can such a poor Atlas as he is bear it? How must he decide? -What must he do? In a short time his perplexity was again increased. The -French gentleman had hardly left the room when his wife, Catherine -daughter of the Burgomaster of Wittemberg, her relations, her young -children, and some of his best friends surrounded him and entreated him -not to leave them. They were convinced that, if Melancthon once set foot -in that city ‘which killeth the prophets,’ they would never see him -again. They described the traps laid for him; they reminded him that no -safe-conduct had been given him; they shed tears, they clung to him, and -yet he did not give way. - -Melancthon was a man of God, and prayed his heavenly Father to show him -the road he ought to take; he thoroughly weighed the arguments for and -against his going. ‘The thought of myself and of mine,’ he said, ‘the -remoteness of the place to which I am invited, and fear of the dangers -that await me ought not to stop me.[725] Nothing should be more sacred -to me than the glory of the Son of God, the deliverance of so many pious -men, and the peace of the Church troubled by such great tempests. Upon -that all my thoughts ought to be concentred; but this is what disturbs -me: I fear to act imprudently in a matter of such great importance, and -to make the disease still more incurable through my precipitancy. Will -not the French, while giving way on some trivial points which they must -necessarily renounce, retain the most important articles in which -falsehood and impiety are especially found?[726] Alas! such patchwork -would produce more harm than good.’ - -There was much truth in these fears; but De la Fosse, returning to his -friend, sought to banish his apprehensions, and assured him that the -disposition of Francis I. was excellent at bottom. ‘Yes,’ replied -Luther’s friend, ‘but is he in a position to act upon it?’[727] He -expected nothing from a conference with fanatical doctors. Besides, the -Sorbonne refused all discussion. ‘The king,’ he said, ‘is not the -Church. A council alone has power to reform it; and therefore the prince -ought to set his heart upon hastening its convocation. All other means -of succoring afflicted Christendom are useless and dangerous.’ - -De la Fosse turned Melancthon’s objection against him. ‘At least we must -prepare the way for the council,’ he said; ‘and it is just on that -account that the King of France wishes to converse with you.’ Then, -desiring to strike home, the envoy of Francis I. continued: ‘The king -never had anything more at heart than to heal the wounds of the Church: -he has never shown so much care, anxiety, and zeal.[728] If you comply -with his wishes, you will be received with more joy in France than any -stranger before you. Will you withhold from the afflicted Church the -hand that can save her? Let nothing in the world, I conjure you, turn -you aside from so pure and sacred an enterprise.’[729] De la Fosse was -agitated. The idea of returning to Paris without Melancthon—that is to -say, without the salvation he expected—was insupportable. ‘Depart,’ he -exclaimed, ‘if you do not come to France!... I shall never return -there.’[730] - -[Sidenote: Melancthon’s Character.] - -Melancthon was touched by these supplications. He thought he heard (as -they had told him) the voice of God himself. ‘Well, then,’ he said, ‘I -will go. My friends in France have entertained great expectations and -apply to me to fulfil them: I will not disappoint their hopes.’ -Melancthon was resolved to maintain the essential truths of -Christianity, and hoped to see them accepted by the catholic world. -Francis I. and his friends had not rejected Luther’s fundamental -article,—justification solely by faith in the merits of Christ, by a -living faith, which produces holiness and works. According to the most -eminent and most Christian orator of the Roman Church, Melancthon -combined learning, gentleness, and elegance of style, with singular -moderation, so that he was regarded as the only man fitted to succeed in -literature to the reputation of Erasmus.[731] But he was more than that: -his convictions were not to be shaken; _he knew where he was_, and, far -from seeking all his life for his religion—as Bossuet asserts—he had -found it and admirably explained it in his _Theological -Commonplaces_.[732] Still he constantly said to his friends: ‘We must -contend only for what is great and necessary.’[733] - -Melancthon, who was full of meekness, was always ready to do what might -be agreeable to others. Sincere, open, and exceedingly fond of children, -he liked to play with them and tell them little tales. But with all this -amiability he had a horror of ambiguous language, especially in matters -of faith; and although a man of extreme gentleness, he felt strongly, -his anguish could be very bitter, and when his soul was stirred, he -would break out with sudden impetuosity, which, however, he would soon -repress. His error, in the present case, was in believing that the pope -could be received without receiving his doctrines: every true -Roman-catholic could have told him that this was impossible. At all -events De la Fosse had decided him. For the triumph of unity and truth, -this simple-hearted bashful man was resolved to brave the dangers of -France and the bitter reproaches of Germany. ‘I will go,’ he said to the -envoy of Francis I. It was the language of a Christian ready to -sacrifice himself. In history we sometimes meet with characters who -enlarge our ideas of moral greatness: Melancthon was one of them. - -But would his prince allow him to go? The prejudices of Germany against -France, besides numerous political and religious considerations, might -influence the elector. These were difficulties that might cause the -enterprise to fail. Still the noble-minded professor resolved to do all -in his power to overcome them. The university had just removed from -Wittemberg to Jena on account of the plague. Melancthon, quitting -Thuringia, directed his course hastily towards the banks of the Elbe, -and arriving at Torgau, where the court was staying, at the old castle -outside the city, was admitted on Sunday, the 15th of August, after -divine service to present his respects to the elector. - -John Frederick was attended by many of his councillors and courtiers, -and notwithstanding the esteem he felt for Melancthon, an air of -dissatisfaction and reserve was visible in his face. The elector was -offended because the King of France, instead of applying to him, had -written direct to one of his subjects; but graver motives caused him to -regard the Wittemberg doctor’s project with displeasure. - -[Sidenote: Letter To The Elector.] - -It was no slight thing for Melancthon, who was naturally timid and -bashful, to ask his sovereign for anything likely to displease him. -Without alluding to the letter he had received from Francis I., which he -thought it wiser not to mention, he said: ‘Your Electoral Grace is aware -that eighteen Christians have been burnt in Paris, and many others -thrown into prison or compelled to fly. The brother of the Bishop of -Paris has endeavored to soften the king, and has written to me that that -prince has put an end to the executions, and desires to come to an -understanding with us in regard to religious matters. Du Bellay invites -me to mount my horse and go to France.[734] If I refuse, I appear to -despise the invitation or to be afraid. For this reason I am ready in -God’s name to go to Paris, as a private individual, if your Highness -permits. It is right that we should teach great potentates and foreign -nations the importance and beauty of our evangelical cause. It is right -that they should learn what our doctrine is and not confound us with -fanatics, as our enemies endeavor to do. I do not deceive myself as to -my personal unimportance and incapacity; but I also know, that if I do -not go to Paris, I shall appear to be ashamed of our cause, and to -distrust the words of the King of France, and the good men who are -endeavoring to put an end to the persecution will be exposed to the -displeasure of the master. I know the weight of the task imposed upon me -... it overwhelms me ... but I will do my duty all the same, and with -that intent I conjure your Grace to grant me two or three months’ leave -of absence.’ - -Melancthon, according to custom, handed in a written petition.[735] John -Frederick was content to answer coldly that he would make his pleasure -known through the members of his council. - -The ice was broken. France and Germany were face to face in that castle -on the banks of the Elbe. The opposition immediately showed itself. The -audience given to Melancthon set all the court in motion. The Germanic -spirit prevailed there more than the evangelical spirit, and the -knowledge that Germans could be found who were willing to hold out their -hands to Francis I. irritated the courtiers. They met in secret -conference, looked coldly upon Melancthon, and addressed him rudely. -Gifted with the tenderest feelings, the noble-hearted man was deeply -wounded. ‘Alas!’ he wrote to Jonas, ‘the court is full of mysteries, or -rather of hatreds!... I will tell you all about it when I see you.’[736] - -He awaited with anxiety the official communication from the elector. The -next day, 16th of August, he was informed that John Frederick’s -councillors had a communication to make to him on the part of their -master. If the interview with the Elector had been cold, this was icy. -Chancellor Bruck—better known as Pontanus, according to the fashion of -latinizing names—had been intrusted with this mission. Bruck, who at the -famous diet of Augsburg had presented the Evangelical Confession to -Charles V. in the presence of all the princes of Germany, was an -excellent man, more decided than Melancthon, and in some respects more -enlightened; he saw that it was dangerous to accept the pope, if they -desired to reject his doctrines. He received the doctor with a severe -look, and said to him in a harsh tone: ‘His Highness informs you that -the business you have submitted to him is of such importance, that you -ought not to have engaged yourself in it without his consent. As your -intentions were good, he will overlook it; but as to permitting you to -make a hasty and perilous journey to France, all sorts of reasons are -against it. Not only his Highness cannot expose your safety; but as he -is on the point of discussing with the emperor several questions which -concern religion, he fears that if he sent a deputy to Paris, his -Imperial Majesty, and the other princes of Germany, would imagine that -he was charged with negotiations opposed to the declarations we have -made to them. That journey might be the cause of divisions, quarrels, -and irreparable evils.[737] You are consequently desired to excuse -yourself to the King of France in the best way you can, and the elector -promises you he will write to him on the subject.’ - -[Sidenote: Melancthon’s Sorrow.] - -Melancthon withdrew in sorrow. What a position was his! His conscience -bade him go to Paris, and his prince forbade him. Do what he would, he -must fail in one of his most important duties. If he departs in defiance -of the elector’s prohibition, he will not only offend his prince, but -set Germany against himself, and sacrifice the circle of activity which -God has given him. If he remains, all hope is lost of bringing France to -the light of the Gospel. Hesitating and heart-broken, he went first to -Wittemberg, desiring to confer with Luther, and did not conceal from his -friend the deep indignation with which he was filled.[738] He was called -to raise the standard of the Gospel in an illustrious kingdom, and the -elector opposed it on account of certain diplomatic negotiations. He -declared to Luther that he would not renounce the important mission, and -he was fortified in this opinion by the sentiments which that reformer -entertained. The two friends could speak of nothing but France, the -king, and Du Bellay. ‘As you have consulted me,’ said Luther, ‘I declare -that I should see you depart with pleasure.’[739] He also made a -communication to Melancthon which gave the latter some hope. - -Having been informed of the audience of the 15th, the reformer had just -written to the elector. The cries of his brethren in France, delivered -to the flames, moved Luther at Wittemberg, as they moved Calvin at -Basle. The French reformer addressed an admirable letter to Francis I., -and the German reformer endeavored to send Melancthon to him. The two -men were thus unsuspectingly ‘conjoint together in opinion and desires.’ -‘I entreat your Grace,’ wrote Luther to John Frederick, in the most -pressing manner, ‘to authorize Master Philip to go to France. I am moved -by the tearful prayers made to him by pious men, hardly rescued from the -stake, entreating him to go and confer with the king, and thus put an -end to the murders and burnings. If this consolation be refused them, -their enemies, thirsting for blood,[740] will begin to slay and burn -with redoubled fury.... Francis I. had written Melancthon an exceedingly -kind letter, and envoys have come to solicit him on his behalf.... For -the love of God, grant him three months’ leave. Who can tell what God -means to do? His thoughts are always higher and better than ours. I -should be greatly distressed if so many pious souls, who invite -Melancthon with cries of pain, and reckon upon him, should be -disappointed and conceive untoward prejudices against us. May God lead -your Grace by his Holy Spirit!’ - -Such was Luther’s affection for his brethren in France. He did more than -write. The reformer was not in good health just then; he complained of -losing his strength, and of being so _decrepit_ that he was compelled to -remain idle half the day.[741] Notwithstanding this, he made the journey -from Wittemberg to Torgau, where he had an interview with the -prince.[742] Perhaps this journey was anterior to Melancthon’s. - -[Sidenote: German Prejudices.] - -The simultaneous efforts of these two great reformers ought to have -produced a favorable effect upon a prince like the elector. John -Frederick, who had succeeded his father John in August, 1532, was true -and high-minded, a good husband and a good prince. A disciple of -Spalatin and the friend of Luther, he venerated the Word of God, and was -full of zeal for the cause of the Reformation. Less phlegmatic than his -father, he united judgment and prudence with an enterprising spirit. -Such qualities must have led him to favor Melancthon’s journey to -France. But he was susceptible and rather obstinate; so that if a -project, not originating with him, but with another, displeased him in -any way, the probability of its success was not great. And hence -Luther’s letter did not make a great impression upon him: it merely -increased the excitement. The prejudices of Germany rendered -Melancthon’s journey less popular every day; at the court of Torgau, in -Saxony, and in the other protestant countries, it was regarded as -madness. ‘We at Augsburg,’ wrote Sailer, the deputy of that city, ‘know -the King of France well: he cares very little, as everybody knows, about -religion, and even morality. He is playing the hypocrite with the pope, -and cajoling the Germans, thinking only how he can disappoint the -expectations he raises in them. His sole thought is to crush the -emperor.’[743] Some even of the best disposed were full of horrible -apprehensions, and fancied that they saw an immense pile constructing on -which to burn the _master of Germany_. Passions were roused; a violent -tempest stirred men’s minds; the most gloomy opinions arrived at Torgau -every day from all quarters. Others did not look upon the matter so -tragically, but employed the weapons of ridicule. German susceptibility -was wounded because Francis I. had not selected some great personage for -this mission. They looked down upon Barnabas Voré called De la Fosse: ‘A -fine ambassador!’ they said; ‘all the pawnbrokers in France would not -advance twenty crowns upon his head.’—‘Even the Jews,’ said another, -‘would not have such a Barnabas, if they could buy him for a -penny.’[744] - -Before long the people grew tired of jests and suppositions, and -circulated extraordinary stories. Many prophesied that Melancthon would -be assassinated, even before he had crossed the Rhine. It was reported -that the papists had killed the real ambassador on the road, that they -had substituted De la Fosse for him, and given him forged letters with a -view to influence Melancthon, for whom they had prepared an ambuscade. -‘If he departs, he is a dead man.’[745] Albert of Mayence, the -ecclesiastical elector, in particular gave umbrage to the protestants. -When these rumors reached Luther, he said: ‘In this I clearly recognize -that bishop and his colleagues; of all the devil’s instruments, they are -the worst; my fears for Philip increase. Alas! the world belongs to -Satan, and Satan to the world.’ Then, remembering an anecdote, he -continued: ‘The Archbishop of Mayence, after reading Melancthon’s -commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, exclaimed: “The man is -possessed!” and throwing the volume on the ground, trampled upon it.’ If -the prince, through whose states Melancthon would probably have to pass, -treated the book thus, what would he do to the author? Luther was -shaken. In 1527, George Winckler, the pious pastor of Halle, having been -summoned before this very Archbishop Albert, had been murdered by some -horsemen as he was returning by the road Melancthon must take. The great -reformer began to change his mind. - -The elector, perceiving this, put more solid arguments before him: ‘I -fear,’ he said, ‘that if Melancthon goes to France, he will concede to -the papists far more than what you, doctor, and the other theologians -would grant, and hence there would arise a disunion between you and him -that would scandalize Christians and injure the Gospel. Those who invite -him are more the disciples of Erasmus than of the Bible. Melancthon will -infallibly incur the greatest danger at Paris—danger both to body and -soul. I would rather see God take him to himself than permit him to go -to France. That is my firm resolve.’[746] - -These communications seriously affected Luther: the elector attacked him -on his weakest side. The reformer venerated Melancthon, but he knew to -what sacrifices his desire for union had more than once been on the -point of leading him. If Melancthon was the champion of unity, Luther -was the champion of truth: to guard the whole truth with a holy jealousy -was his principle. The Reformation, he thought, must triumph by fidelity -to the Word of God, and not by the negotiations of kings. Recovering -from his first impressions, he said to Melancthon: ‘I begin to suspect -these ambassadors.’[747] From that moment he never uttered a word in -favor of the journey. Still the dangers of the protestants of France -were never out of his thoughts. ‘Must we abandon our brethren?’ he asked -himself perpetually. A luminous idea occurred to him: Suppose the -evangelicals were to leave France, and come to Germany in search of -liberty.[748] He engaged to receive them well. Luther anticipated _the -Refuge_ by a century and a half. - -[Sidenote: Harsh Letter To Melancthon.] - -By degrees the elector gained ground, and the extraordinary adventure -proposed to Melancthon became more doubtful every day. From the first -the prince had had the politicians and courtiers with him; then the men -of letters and citizens, alarmed by the sinister reports, had gone over -to his side; and now Luther himself was convinced. Melancthon remained -almost alone. His sympathetic heart longed to remove the sword hanging -over the heads of the French evangelicals, and it seemed as if nothing -could stop him. John Frederick endeavored to convince him. Beyond a -doubt, the French reformation, driven at this moment by contrary winds, -must reach the haven; but the task must be left to its own crew. Every -ship must have its own pilot. John Frederick, therefore, wrote a severe -letter to Melancthon, and the tender-hearted divine had to drink the cup -to the dregs. ‘You declared that you were ready to undertake a journey -to France,’ said the elector, ‘without consulting us. You should, -however, have thought of your duty to us, whom God has established as -your superior. We were greatly displeased to see that you had gone so -far in the matter. You know the relations existing between the King of -France and the emperor, and you are not ignorant that we are obliged to -respect them. We desire that foreign nations should be brought to the -Gospel; but must we go to them to effect their conversion?[749] The -undertaking is of great extent, and the success very doubtful. The -letters we receive from France are well calculated to make us despair of -seeing the evangelical seed bear fruit there. _Do you desire to disturb -the public peace of the German nation, and while we have a right to -expect that you will second us, do you presume on the contrary to vex us -and thwart our plans?_’ - -This was too much. Melancthon stopped; the arrow, aimed by the elector, -had pierced his heart. His decision was soon made: ‘Because of these -words,’ he said ‘I will not go.’ He afterwards underlined the passage, -and wrote in the margin the words we have just quoted.[750] The elector -had been still more severe, when he dictated the despatch. ‘Go,’ were -his words, ‘go and do as you please; engage in this adventure. But we -leave all the responsibility with you. Consider it well.’ He suppressed -this paragraph at the chancellor’s desire.[751] - -Melancthon’s simple and tender heart was crushed by his sovereign’s -dissatisfaction. Surmounting his natural shyness, he had determined to -brave danger, in the hope of seeing the Reformation triumph, and now -disgrace was his only reward. The courtiers maintained that he and the -other theologians were obstinate and almost imbecile, and would do much -better to be content with their schools and leave the government of the -Church to others. Melancthon lightened his grief by sharing it with his -friends; he wrote to Camerarius, to Sturm, and even to William du -Bellay. The great hellenist, who had lived much among the ancient -republics of Greece, imagined that Europe was already overrun by the -evils under which those states had perished. ‘I have never known a more -cruel prince,’ he said to them: ‘with what harshness he treats me![752] -He not only does not permit me to depart, but he insults me besides. My -fault is in being less obstinate than others. I confess that peace is so -precious in my eyes that it ought not to be broken except for matters -really great and necessary. Oh! if the elector did but know those who -take advantage of this proposed journey to sow discord! It is not the -learned who do it, but the ignorant and the fools. They call me deserter -and runaway.... O my friend, we live under the _régime_ of the -democracy, that is to say, under the tyranny of the unlearned,[753] of -people who quarrel about old wives’ stories, and think of nothing but -gratifying their passions. How great is the hatred with which they are -inflamed against me!... They slander me and say that I am betraying my -prince.’ Theramenes was condemned to drink hemlock because he had -substituted an aristocracy or government of the worthiest for a -democracy, and governed the state with wisdom. ‘I do not deceive -myself,’ he exclaimed; ‘the fate of Theramenes awaits me.’[754] - -Melancthon was not the only sufferer; his faithful friend, Luther, did -not fail him. Although he was now opposed to the French journey, John -Frederick’s letter disturbed him seriously; it appeared to him that -great changes were necessary, and a stormy future loomed before him. ‘My -heart is sad,’ he wrote to Jonas, ‘for I know that such a severe letter -will cause Philip the keenest anguish.... All this awakens thoughts -which I would rather not have.[755] Another time I will tell you more -... at present I am overwhelmed with sorrow.’ Then, feeling uneasy about -Melancthon, he wrote to him: ‘Have you _swallowed_ our prince’s -letter?[756] I was exceedingly agitated by it from love to you. Tell me -how you are.’ ... - -What were the thoughts that occurred to Luther involuntarily? There is -some difficulty in deciding. Perhaps the reformer thought that this -business might occasion a difference between Church and State. ‘Admire -the wisdom of the court,’ he said; ‘see how it boasts of being an actor -in this adventure! As for us, we much prefer being merely spectators, -and I begin to congratulate myself that the court despises and excludes -us.[757] It all happens through the goodness of God, so that we should -not be mixed up with these disturbances, which we might perchance have -to lament hereafter very sorely. Now we are safe, for whatever is done -is done without us. What Demosthenes desired too late, we obtain -early—namely, not to be concerned in the government.[758] May God -strengthen us therein! Amen.’ Luther appeared to foresee a time when the -evangelical Church would have no other support but God, and rejoiced at -the prospect. - -[Sidenote: Melancthon’s Letter To The King.] - -As John Frederick had not yet despatched his letter to Francis I., his -councillors delicately advised him to suppress it. ‘Since the king has -not written to the elector about the proposed journey,’ said Luther, ‘it -would be better for the elector also not to write. A letter from him -would perhaps give the king an opportunity of answering, and that should -be avoided.’[759] John Frederick still hesitated, for although his -letter was written on the 18th of August, it was not despatched until -the 28th. ‘Most serene and illustrious king,’ he said, ‘we should have -been willing to do your majesty a pleasure, by permitting Melancthon to -go to France, especially as it was for an extraordinary propagation of -the Gospel, so as to make it yield the most abundant and the richest -fruit.[760] But we had to take into consideration the difficulties of -the present times.’ Then, as a final reason, the elector added: ‘Lastly, -we do not remember for certain ... that your Majesty has written to us -about Melancthon. If in any future contingency you should write to us -for him,’ continued John Frederick, ‘and should assure us that he will -be restored safe and sound, we will permit him to proceed to you. Be -assured that we shall always readily do whatever we can to propagate the -Gospel of Christ in every place, to favor the temporal and spiritual -interests of your Majesty, your kingdom, and its church, and to hasten -the deliverance of the Christian commonwealth.’ - -Melancthon, to whom the elector communicated this letter,[761] feared -that instead of quieting the King of France, it would only irritate him -still more. He could not bear the idea of answering ungratefully a -powerful monarch who had shown such kindness towards him. This thought -engrossed him from morning to night. On the very day when the Elector -Frederick’s letter was despatched, Melancthon sent off three, the first -of which was for the king. He feared, above all things, that Francis I. -would relinquish the great enterprise that was to restore unity and -truth to the Church. He therefore wrote to him, suppressing the -indignation he felt at the elector’s refusal. ‘Most Christian and most -mighty king,’ he said, ‘France infinitely excels all the kingdoms of the -world, in that it has continually been a vigilant sentinel for the -defence of the Christian religion.[762] Wherefore, I humbly congratulate -your Majesty for having undertaken to reform the doctrine of the Church, -not by violent remedies but by reasonable means;[763] and I beseech your -Majesty not to cease bestowing all your thoughts and all your care upon -this matter. Sire, do not allow yourself to be stopped by the harsh -judgments and rude writings of certain men. Do not suffer their -imprudence to nullify a project so useful to the Church. After receiving -your letter, I made every effort to hasten to your Majesty; for there is -nothing I desire more than to aid the Church according to my poverty. I -had conceived the best hopes, but great obstacles keep me back.... Voré -de la Fosse will inform you of them.’ - -If the doctor of Germany was reserved when writing to the king, he -allowed the emotions of his heart to be seen in the letters he wrote the -same day to Du Bellay and Sturm: ‘Could anything be more distressing,’ -he said to Du Bellay, ‘than to be exposed at one and the same time to -the anger of the most Christian king, the harsh treatment of the -elector, and the calumnies of the people?... But the injustice of men -shall not rob me of moderation of spirit or zeal for religion. Touching -the journey, I have promised Voré de la Fosse to go to Frankfort -shortly, whence, if it be desired, I will hasten to you.’ He had not, -therefore, entirely given up France. ‘I hope,’ he said in conclusion, -‘that the king’s mind will be so guided by your advice and by that of -your brother the cardinal, that he will henceforward employ all his -powers in setting forth the glory of Christ.’[764] - -The work of union to which Francis I. invited Melancthon, had struck -deep root in the doctor’s mind. Sadolet, Bishop of Carpentras (who was -raised to the cardinalate the year after), having published a treatise -on the matter under discussion, the reformer wrote to Sturm that Sadolet -advocated the very points he was resolved to defend, but he regretted to -see him indulge in such bitter attacks upon the protestants.[765] A -little later, when the illustrious Budæus, on whom he had counted, -praised Francis for his zeal in expiating and punishing the assaults of -the heretics,[766] Melancthon was hurt, but not disconcerted. ‘I have -read his treatise,’ he said to Sturm, ‘but what does it matter? All -these things inflame rather than cool me; they fan my desire to go to -you, to make my ideas known to all those learned men, those friends of -what is good, and to learn theirs. Let us unite all our forces to save -the Church: no injustice of man shall check my zeal.’[767] - -[Sidenote: Motives Of Francis.] - -In this respect Melancthon did not stand alone: Francis I. showed no -less energy, and was careful not to be offended at the elector’s -refusal. The alliance of the protestants became more necessary to him -every day. The prince who did so much in France for the arts, and who, -as the patron of scholars, received the title of _Father of Letters_, -desired a reform after Erasmus’s pattern. There was a very marked -distinction, which it is impossible to overlook, between Francis I. and -his son Henry II.; but the love of knowledge was not the king’s chief -motive: he entertained certain political designs which greatly increased -his eagerness for an alliance with the protestants. The Duke of Milan -was just dead, and the ambitious Francis desired to conquer the duchy -for his second son. Moreover, the evangelical party was not without -influence at court: Margaret, Queen of Navarre, Admiral Chabot, and many -noblemen favored the Gospel; and they were supported by the Du Bellays -and others of the moderate party. The men of the Romish faction rallied -round Diana of Poitiers and Catherine of Medicis. - -The king had discovered that John Frederick had felt hurt at seeing a -foreign monarch address one of his subjects on a matter touching the -cause of which the elector was regarded as the head. Francis probably -thought the prince’s susceptibility to be very natural, and therefore, -instead of breaking with him, determined to profit by the lesson he had -received. He would resume his plans, but he would write no more to -Melancthon: he would address the elector in person, or rather all the -protestant princes united, according to the usual forms; and to avoid -reminding them of his first fault, the name of Melancthon should not be -mentioned. The zeal of the learned professor and of the powerful monarch -came, we may be sure, from different sources; one proceeded from on -high, the other from below; but the same desire animated both of them. - -The Romish party were greatly agitated when they heard of the king’s -intentions, and again attempted to thwart a project they regarded as -highly pernicious. The Sorbonne represented to Francis I. that no -concession ought to be made, and proceeded to demonstrate, after an -extraordinary fashion, the articles rejected by the Lutherans. ‘They -deny the power of the saints to heal the sick,’ said the theologians; -‘but is not this miraculous power proved by the virtue the kings of -France possess of healing the _evil_ by a touch?’ Francis I. was an -extraordinary saint, and such an argument probably amused him more than -it convinced him. The Cardinal De Tournon proceeded more wisely, by -reiterating to the monarch that he could not have Milan without the help -of the pope. But even this argument did not shake Francis I.: he highly -appreciated the pope’s friendship, but he valued still more highly the -spears of the lansquenets. - -[Sidenote: Mission Of Du Bellay.] - -The protestants were about to assemble at Smalcalde; two powerful -princes, the Dukes of Wurtemberg and Pomerania, had joined the -evangelical alliance, and steps had been taken by the confederates to -have a large army constantly on foot. When he heard of this, the King of -France felt new hopes, and began a second campaign, which he planned -better than the first. Instead of employing an obscure gentleman like -Voré de la Fosse, he selected the most illustrious of his diplomatists, -and ordered William du Bellay to start for Germany. The latter was still -more zealous than his master, and fearing he should arrive too late, -wrote from Lorraine (where he happened to be staying) to the Elector of -Saxony, praying him to prolong the meeting for a few days, ‘as the King -of France had intrusted him with certain propositions touching the peace -of Christendom.’[768] The news of such a mission delighted the friends -of the Reformation, and filled the Roman party with indignation. -‘Never,’ said Sturm, ‘never before now has the cause of the Gospel been -in such a favorable position in France.’[769] The elector, Melancthon, -and Du Bellay arrived at Smalcalde in the middle of December. - -The ambassador of Francis I. immediately demanded a private audience of -the elector, and on the 16th December handed him the letters in which -the king, with many professions of zeal for the pacification of the -Christian Church, besought the elector to co-operate earnestly ‘in so -pious and holy a work.’[770] John Frederick was not convinced; he always -set religion before policy, but he knew that Francis I. adopted the -contrary order. Fearing, accordingly, that behind this _pious work_, the -king concealed war with the emperor, he immediately pointed to the -insurmountable barrier which separated them: ‘Our alliance,’ he said, -‘has been formed solely to maintain the pure Word of God, and propagate -the holy doctrine of faith.’ The diplomatist was not to be baffled: -there were two pockets in his portfolio—one containing religious, the -other political matters. Opening the former, he said: ‘We ask you to -send us doctors to deliberate on the union of the Churches.’ Germany -spoke of the _Word_ and _doctrine_: France of _union_ and of the -_Church_: this was characteristic. John Frederick replied that he would -consult his allies. The audience came to an end, and the 19th December -was appointed by the princes and deputies of the cities to receive the -ambassador of France. - -[Sidenote: Intercession.] - -To gain this assembly was the essential thing, and this the king had -felt. Accordingly, in the letter he addressed to that body, he made use -of every plea, and spoke ‘of the ancient, sacred, and unbroken -friendship which united France and Germany, and of the unalterable -affection and good-will he entertained towards the princes.’[771] -Francis I. hoped that these worthy Germans would allow themselves to be -caught by his words; but they were more clear-sighted than he imagined. -Du Bellay had observed this; he had ascertained the unfavorable -prepossessions of Germany, and when he rose to speak, he described the -pious and peaceable evangelicals put to death by Francis as seditious -persons who desired to stir up the people. ‘Most illustrious and most -excellent princes,’ he continued, ‘certain persons, moved by hatred, -pretend that the states of the empire ought to be on their guard when -foreign kings send them embassies, seeing that those monarchs speak in -one way and act in another.[772] The French have not been named, I must -confess; but they are clearly pointed at. Who has been more strictly -faithful to his friendships than the King of France? Who has been more -prompt to brave danger for the good of Germany? What nations have ever -been more united than the Germans and the French? The king is convinced -that you think very soundly on many things; but he could have desired a -little more moderation in some of them. Like yourselves, he feels that -the negligence and superstition of men have introduced many useless -ceremonies into the Church; but he does not approve of their suppression -without a public decree.[773] He fears lest a diversity of rites should -engender dissension of minds, and be the cause of civil strife -throughout Christendom. Reconciliation is the dearest of his wishes. If -you are willing to receive him into your association, you will find him -a sure friend. Diversity of opinion has separated you from him hitherto, -but similitude of doctrine will henceforward unite him.’[774] In -conclusion, Du Bellay renewed his demand for a congress of French and -German doctors, to confer on the matters in dispute. - -This clever oration did not convince the protestants; they had remained -cold, while Du Bellay was pleading his cause so warmly. The point on -which Francis I. and his ambassador wished to touch lightly was that -which the Germans had most at heart. They could not forget what they had -heard about Du Bourg and the cripple and other martyrs, prisoners, and -fugitives. They were shocked at the idea of entering into alliance with -the man who had shed the blood of their brethren. They determined to -‘open their mouths for the dumb, and to support the cause of all such as -were appointed to destruction.’ ‘We will not suffer in our states,’ they -answered, ‘any stirrers-up of sedition, and we cannot, therefore, -condemn the King of France for putting them down in his kingdom. But we -beseech him not to punish all without distinction. We ask him to spare -those who, having been convinced of the errors with which religion is -infected, have embraced the pure doctrine of the Gospel, which we -ourselves possess. Merciless men, who wish to save their interests and -their power, have cruelly defended their impious opinions, and, in order -to exasperate the king’s mind, have supposed false crimes, which they -impute to innocent and pious Christians. It is the duty of princes to -seek God’s glory, to cleanse the Church from error, and to stop -iniquitous cruelties; and we earnestly beseech the mighty King of France -to give his most serious attention to this great duty only.’[775] - -This noble answer was not encouraging. The ambassador was not -disconcerted, but, dexterously eluding the subject, merely assured the -assembly once more of his master’s firm resolution to labor at the -reformation of the Church. The great point was to know what would be the -nature of this reformation. Why assemble a congress of learned men to -discuss it, if it was certain beforehand that they could not come to an -understanding? The protestants present did not all think alike. The -religious men, who were very incredulous on the subject of the king’s -evangelical piety, thought that nothing ought to be done; on the other -hand, the men of expediency said it was worth looking into; and, the -proposition having been made to hold a preliminary consultation (at -Smalcalde), it was resolved that next day (20th of December) there -should be a meeting between Du Bellay, Bruck the electoral chancellor, -Melancthon, John Sturm, deputy from Strasburg,[776] the delegates of the -Landgrave of Hesse,—in whose states the conference was held,—and -Spalatin, the elector’s chaplain, who was appointed secretary. The -opposing parties were now to try if they could come to some arrangement. -It was no slight task assumed by the minister of Francis I., who came -forward, according to his master’s instructions, as the representative -of the catholic party; but no one knew better than Du Bellay how far, in -the king’s opinion, France could then be reformed, if the protestants -consented to enter into alliance with her. This explanation is -important: it is worth our while to learn the plan conceived by the -French government. - -[Sidenote: Du Bellay’s Propositions.] - -At daybreak[777] on the 20th of December the members of the conference -assembled. They had chosen that early hour, probably, because important -business still demanded their attention. An ambassador from the pope, -the famous legate Vergerio, who afterwards came over to the side of the -reformers, was then in the town. He had been sent to propose a council, -and was to receive the answer of the protestants on the following -morning. The delegates having taken their seats, the French ambassador -explained what was the nature of the reform to which the kingdom of -France would lend a helping hand. ‘Firstly,’ he said, ‘with regard to -the primacy of the Roman pontiff, the King of France thinks, as you do, -that he possesses it by human, and not by divine, right. We are not -inclined to loose the rein too much in this respect. Hitherto the popes -have employed the power they claim in making and unmaking kings, which -is certainly going too far. True, some of our theologians maintain that -the papacy is of divine right; but, when the king asked for proofs, they -could not give him any.’ Melancthon was satisfied; the chancellor less -so; Bruck shared the opinion of the King of England, who, says Du -Bellay, ‘would not concede any authority to the pope, whether coming -from God or from man.’ - -‘As for the sacrament of the Eucharist,’ continued the ambassador, ‘your -opinions on the matter please the king, but not his theologians, who -support transubstantiation with all their might. His Majesty seeks for -arguments to justify your way of thinking, and is ready to profess it, -if you will give him sound ones. Now you know that the king is the only -person who commands in his realm.’[778] - -‘As for the mass,’ continued Du Bellay, a little uneasy, like a man -walking over a quicksand, ‘there are great disputes about it. The king -is of opinion that many prayers and silly, impious legends have been -foisted into that portion of divine worship, and that those absurd and -ridiculous passages must be expurgated, and the primitive order -restored.’[779] As Francis I. was particularly averse to masses -celebrated in honor of the saints to obtain their intercession with God, -Du Bellay repeated one or two of the king’s expressions on that point. -‘One day the king said: “I have a prayer-book, written many years ago, -in which there is no mention of the intercession of saints. I am assured -that Bessarion[780] himself said: ‘As for me, I am more concerned about -live saints than dead ones.’”’ - -‘The king thinks, however,’ added Du Bellay, ‘that we preserve the -celebration of mass; only there must not be more than three a day in -every parish church; one before daybreak, for working men and servants; -the second and third for the other worshippers,’ If transubstantiation -and the _silly legends_ were rejected, the moderate protestants were -ready to concede the daily celebration of the Eucharist. Du Bellay -continued:— - -‘As for the images of the saints, the king thinks, with you, that they -are not set up to be worshipped, but to remind us of the faith and works -of those whom they represent; and that is what the people ought to be -taught. - -‘His Majesty is also pleased with your opinions on free-will.’ - -The discussion—the great struggle in France—turned on purgatory; the -ambassador slyly pointed out the reason: ‘Our divines obstinately defend -it,’ he said, ‘for upon that doctrine depends the payment of masses, -indulgences, and pious gifts. Put down purgatory, and you take away from -them all opportunity of acquiring wealth and honor;[781] you cut off the -limbs that supply their very life-blood! The king gave them some months -to prove their doctrine by Scripture; they accepted the terms, but made -no answer, and when the king pressed them, they exclaimed: “Ah, Sire, do -not furnish our adversaries with weapons that they will afterwards turn -against us.” It therefore appears to me that it would be proper for one -of your doctors to write a treatise on the subject and present it to his -Majesty. - -‘As for good works, our theologians stoutly maintain their opinion; -namely, that they are necessary. I told them that you thought the same, -and that all you assert is, that the necessity of works cannot be -affirmed so as to mean that we are justified and saved by them. An -inquisitor of the faith has declared his agreement with Melancthon on -this point.[782] I think, therefore, that we may come to an -understanding on that matter. - -[Sidenote: Monasteries And Celibacy.] - -‘You do not like monasteries: well! The king hopes to obtain from the -Roman party that no one shall be at liberty to take monastic vows before -the age of thirty or forty; and that the monks shall be free henceforth -to leave their convents and marry, if opportunity offers. The king -thinks that not only the good of the Church requires it, but also the -good of the State, for there are many capable men in the cloisters who -might be usefully employed in divers functions and duties. His Majesty -is therefore of opinion, not that monasteries should be destroyed, but -that vows should be no longer obligatory. It is by taking one step after -another that we shall come to an understanding.... It is not convenient -to pluck off a horse’s tail at one pull.[783] Monasteries ought to be -places of study, set apart for the instruction of those who are to teach -the young. It is useful and even necessary to proceed with -moderation.... His Majesty hopes to bring the Roman pontiff himself -gradually to this idea. - -‘As for the marriage of priests, the French theologians do not approve -of it; but here the king holds a certain medium. He desires the -toleration of those of your ecclesiastics who have wives; as for the -others, he wishes they should remain in celibacy. If, however, there are -any priests who desire to be married, let them marry; only they must at -the same time quit holy orders. - -‘As for the communion, the king hopes to obtain from the pope permission -for every man to take the sacrament under one or both kinds, as his -conscience may dictate. He declares that he has heard old men say that -both kinds used to be given to the laity in France a hundred and twenty -years ago; not indeed in the churches but in private chapels. And even -to this day, the kings of France communicate under both kinds.’ - -This explanation of the reform projected for France, and the exchange of -ideas which it had occasioned, occupied some time. The day was already -advanced, and the protestant delegates were making ready to depart.[784] -The ambassador hastened to add a few words to prove the sincerity of his -proposals. ‘Cardinal Santa Croce,’ he said, ‘has already substituted -psalms for the silly and ungodly hymns in the liturgy. True, the -theologians of Paris have condemned the change. You see the Sorbonne -claims such authority that it not only calls you heretics, but does not -fear to condemn the cardinals and the pope himself.’[785] Thus, -according to Du Bellay, protestants, king, cardinals, and pope were on -one side, and the Sorbonne on the other. The Lutherans, being in such -good company, had nothing to fear. To encourage them still more, he -informed them that Francis I. admitted the point which they put forward -as the very life-spring of their doctrine. ‘The king,’ he continued, -‘thinks highly of the doctrine of justification, as you explain it. It -would please him much, if two or three of your learned men were sent to -France to discuss these several points in his presence. We must take -precautions that the best and soundest part of the Church be not -conquered and crushed by numbers.[786] Lastly, it would be very -beneficial,’ Du Bellay adroitly added, as he finished his speech, ‘if -the princes and deputies of the cities here assembled were to intercede -in behalf of those who are exiled on account of religion, and to ask -that no one should hereafter suffer any injury for what he thinks, says, -or does with respect to his faith.’[787] How could the protestants, -after such a compassionate solicitation, speak any more of the scaffolds -of the 21st of January? - -[Sidenote: Reformation Of Francis I.] - -Such was the Reformation which Francis I. declared him-self willing to -give France. As concerns doctrine, it was much more complete than the -hybrid system which Henry VIII. was at that time endeavoring to set up -in England. The protestants found these propositions acceptable enough -in general, with some modifications, doubtless, which could not fail to -be introduced: the imperfect reform of the French king would be -completed by degrees. Had not his ambassador just said that it was -dangerous to pull out a horse’s tail at once, giving them to understand -that it would be pulled out hair by hair? The Reformation proclaimed, -the evangelical doctrine professed, the frivolities of public worship -put away, the Sorbonne placed under ban, the sounder part of Christendom -preponderating over the more numerous part,—the cardinals and the pope -himself (as Du Bellay hinted) aiding in this transformation,—what -important advantages! One thing, however, was still wanting: many asked -not only whether the catholics would carry out the Reformation to an -end, as they hinted, but even whether they would maintain the -concessions they had made. - -This thought engrossed the attention of the protestant delegates. They -made their report, however, to their principals, and amid the doubts by -which they were agitated one thing only appeared urgent to the men of -the Augsburg Confession—the duty of interceding in favor of their -brethren in France. They commissioned Melancthon to draw up the answer -to Du Bellay, and on the 22d of December, the French envoy having been -once more admitted into the assembly of the princes and deputies, the -vice-chancellor said to him: ‘That the most puissant king of France by -sending them an ambassador as illustrious by his virtues as eminent by -his rank, and the duty imposed on him to treat concerning matters of -faith, the importance of which was paramount in their eyes, manifestly -showed them the Christian zeal with which the king was animated—a zeal -most worthy of so good a prince: that the reports circulated with -respect to certain punishments that had taken place in France could not -in truth authorize the States of Germany to form a judgment on the -puissant monarch of that kingdom; however, they besought him not to -allow himself to be carried away by the cruelty of men who, ignorant of -the truth, desire to act severely against good and bad without -distinction; that idle opinions having crept into the Church, it was -necessary to apply a remedy, but those who endeavored to do so became -objects of the bitterest hatred—the papists, who clung to their abuses, -striving by a thousand artifices to inflame the hearts of kings and to -arm them against the innocent.[788] For this reason the States assembled -at Smalcalde conjured his Majesty to prohibit such iniquitous cruelty, -and to advance the good of the Church and the glory of God.’ - -The evangelicals having discharged this duty passed rapidly over the -rest. They represented to the ambassador that the proposal to send -learned men into France was of such importance, that it was impossible -to give him an immediate answer, but that the deputies would report -thereon to the chiefs as soon as they returned home. ‘We assure you, -however,’ they said in conclusion, ‘that nothing would please us more -than to see the doctrine of piety and the concord of nations propagated -more and more by means in conformity with the Word of God.’[789] - -After a postponement, which seemed almost a refusal, Du Bellay felt -embarrassed, for he had still to discharge the principal mission that -his master had entrusted to him. He could not, however, leave Smalcalde -without fulfilling it. He did not make it known distinctly in his public -speeches, but solicited the protestants in private conversations to make -an alliance with the king his master. The latter answered that the first -condition of such a union would be that the allies should undertake -nothing against the emperor, the head of the Germanic Confederation. Now -it was precisely for the purpose of acting against Charles V. that -Francis I. sought the friendship of evangelical Germany. Du Bellay left -Smalcalde dissatisfied. - -[Sidenote: Francis Plays Two Parts.] - -The distrust of the Lutheran princes was not unreasonable. While the -king was acting the protestant beyond the Rhine, he was acting the -papist beyond the Alps; if the emperor would consent to yield Milan to -him, Francis I. would bind himself to reduce Germany under the yoke of -the house of Austria. ‘I will spare nothing,’ he said, ‘for the -greatness of the said emperor and his brother the king of the -Romans.’[790] He went further than this: ‘Let the pope say the word, and -I will constrain England by force of arms to submit to the Church.’ The -cruel paw peeped out from beneath the skin of the lamb, and the lion -suddenly appeared, ready to attack, seize, and devour, as a delicate -morsel, those whom he treated as friends and companions. - -The cause of truth and unity was not to triumph by means of a congress -at Smalcalde, by diplomatic negotiations, or by the instrumentality of -Francis I. He who said, _My kingdom is not of this world_, did not -choose men of the world to establish his kingdom, and will not permit a -monotonous uniformity to take the place of unity in his empire. -Treaties, constitutions, and forms prescribed by monarchs are human -elements which the kingdom of heaven repudiates. True unity does not -proceed from an identical administration, a clerical organization, or a -pompous hierarchy: it is essentially moral and spiritual, and consists -in community of thoughts, faith, affections, works, and hopes. Diversity -of forms, far from injuring it, gives it more intensity. In the -sixteenth century the world was far, and is still far, from seeing the -realization of this divine unity. Some steps, however, have been taken, -and the time no doubt will come when, according to the scriptural -prophecy, all the families of the earth will be blessed in Christ -Jesus.[791] But there will be no real, free, evangelical catholicity -until Christians understand and realize those elementary words of the -primitive Church: _I believe in the communion of saints_. - -Footnote 715: - - _Supra_, vol. ii. ch. xxi. bk. 2. - -Footnote 716: - - _Historia belli Anabaptistarum monasteriensis_, by H. von - Kerssenbroeck. - -Footnote 717: - - ‘Viri optimi et fidelissimi Voræi testimonium.’—Melancthon G. Bellaio, - _Corp. Ref._ ii. 315. - -Footnote 718: - - ‘Cum eo locutus de profectione ad Regem.’,—Camerarius, _Vita - Melancthonis_, p. 148. Camerarius was an intimate friend of - Melancthon’s. - -Footnote 719: - - ‘Obsides qui darentur dum abesset..... Præsidia quibus - deduceretur.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 720: - - ‘Pæne orbis terrarum fortunam esse positam.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 721: - - ‘In illis fluctibus et sævissimis tempestatibus, jam portum et - tutissimam stationem.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 722: - - ‘Sopiti ignes rursum suscitarentur, et suppliciorum immanitas - recrudesceret.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 723: - - ‘Advocari ipsum Dei Christique Jesu voce.’—Camerarius, _Vita - Melancthonis_, p. 148. - -Footnote 724: - - ‘Afficiebatur atque perturbabatur.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 725: - - ‘Non respectus ad se aut suos, non longiquitas loci, non periculorum - metus.’—_Ibid._ p. 149. - -Footnote 726: - - ‘In quibus potissimum falsitas impietatis resideret.’—Camerarius, - _Vita Melancthonis_, p. 150. - -Footnote 727: - - ‘Quid ipse tamen rex posset efficere—non sine causa - dubitabat.’—_Ibid._ p. 150. - -Footnote 728: - - ‘Nullam enim rem unquam majore Regem cura, studio, sollicitudine animi - complectendam duxisse.’—Camerarius, _Vita Melancthonis_, p. 151. - -Footnote 729: - - ‘Neque se abduci ullius persuasione sineret ex tam pio sanctoque - instituto.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 730: - - ‘Er wollte nicht in Frankreich wiederkommen, so ich nicht mit - zöge.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 905. - -Footnote 731: - - Bossuet, _Hist. des Variations_, t. i. liv. v. ch. ii. et xix. - -Footnote 732: - - _Loci communes theologici._ They went through sixty-seven editions, - and were translated into several languages. - -Footnote 733: - - ‘Non puto contendendum esse, nisi de magnis et necessariis - rebus.’—Melancthon Sturmio, _Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 917. - -Footnote 734: - - ‘Ich wollte einen Ritt in Frankreich thun.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 904. - -Footnote 735: - - _Ibid._ ii. pp. 903-905. - -Footnote 736: - - ‘Aulica quædam μυοτήρια vel potius odia sunt.’—_Corp. Reform._ ii. p. - 903. - -Footnote 737: - - ‘Zerrüttung, unwiederbringlicher Nachtheil, Beschwerung und Schade zu - erfolgen.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 908. - -Footnote 738: - - ‘Subindignabundus hinc discessit,’ said Luther. _Ep._ iv. p. 621. - -Footnote 739: - - ‘Philippus . . . . me consule libens proficisceretur.’—Lutheri _Ep._ - iv. p. 621. - -Footnote 740: - - ‘Bluthünde,’ bloodhounds. _Ibid._ p. 620. - -Footnote 741: - - ‘Ego non annis, sed viribus, decrepitus fio, ad labores antemeridianos - pene totus inutilis factus.’—Lutheri _Ep._ iv. p. 623 (23d August, - 1535). - -Footnote 742: - - ‘Nachdem aber Dr. Martinus bey uns zu Torgau auch gewest, so haben wir - Ihm solches ungefährlich vermeldet.’ This declaration of the elector - incontestably proves the fact of Luther’s journey to Torgau with this - object. The time cannot be fixed, but the elector speaks of it in a - paper addressed to Bruck on the 19th of August. _Corp. Ref._ ii. p. - 908. - -Footnote 743: - - Seckendorf, _Historie des Lutherthums_, p. 1497. - -Footnote 744: - - _Ibid._ p. 1498. - -Footnote 745: - - Luther to Jonas, 1 Sept. 1535. _Ep._ iv. p. 628. - -Footnote 746: - - _Corpus Reformat._ ii. p. 909. Seckendorf, _Historie des Lutherthums_, - p. 1458. - -Footnote 747: - - ‘Ego suspectos cœpi habere istos legatos tuos.’—Lutheri _Ep._ iv. p. - 627. - -Footnote 748: - - ‘Invenirent loca in quibus viverent.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 749: - - ‘Wir viel mehr fördern wollten dasz fremde _nationes zu_ dem Evangelio - gebracht wurden.’—_Corpus Reform._ ii. p. 911. - -Footnote 750: - - ‘Propter hæc verba nolui proficisci.’—_Corpus Ref._ ii. p. 911, in - note. The italics in the text indicate the lines underscored by - Melancthon. - -Footnote 751: - - The passage is found in Bruck’s copy (Weimar Archives), but not in - Melancthon’s. - -Footnote 752: - - ‘Nunquam sensi asperiorem principem.’—_Corpus Reform._ ii. p. 915. - -Footnote 753: - - ‘Nunc autem est democratia aut tyrannis indoctorum.’—_Ibid._ p. 917. - -Footnote 754: - - ‘Plane fatum mihi Theramenis impendere videtur.’—_Ibid._ p. 918. - -Footnote 755: - - ‘Cogito varia, quæ utinam non cogitarem.’—Lutheri _Ep._ iv. p. 626. - -Footnote 756: - - ‘An devoraveris litteras istas principis.’—_Ibid._ p. 627. - -Footnote 757: - - ‘Incipio enim unice gaudere, nos ab aula contemni et excludi.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 758: - - ‘Scilicet ne ad rempublicam adhibeamur.’—_Ibid._ p. 628. - -Footnote 759: - - Lutheri _Ep._ iv. p. 627. - -Footnote 760: - - ‘Ad insignem propagationem, uberrimum et amplissimum fructum - Evangelii.’—Johannes Fredericus ad Franciscum regem Galliæ. _Corpus - Reform._ ii. p. 906. - -Footnote 761: - - _Corpus Reform._ ii. p. 903. - -Footnote 762: - - ‘Pro religionis christianæ defensione præcipue velut in statione - perpetuo fuit.’—_Ibid._ p. 913. - -Footnote 763: - - ‘Suscipit curam sanandæ doctrinæ christianæ; non tamen violentis - remediis, sed vera ratione.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 764: - - ‘Ut potius (rex) det operam, ut illustretur gloria Christi.’—_Corpus - Reform._ ii. p. 916. - -Footnote 765: - - ‘Sadoleti scriptum . . . . . eadem dicit quæ nos defendimus.’—_Ibid._ - p. 917. - -Footnote 766: - - See his treatise: _De transitu Hellenismi ad Christianismum_, - dedicated to the king in 1535. - -Footnote 767: - - ‘Hoc studium nulla mihi eripiet hominum iniquitas.’—_Corp. Ref._ - -Footnote 768: - - ‘Ad publicam christianæ, reipublicæ pacem spectantibus.’ 2d Dec., - 1535. _Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1015. - -Footnote 769: - - ‘Nunquam in meliori loco fuit res Evangelii, quam sit hoc tempore in - Gallia.’ Sturm to Bucer. - -Footnote 770: - - ‘Maximopere obtestantes ut pro virili nobiscum incumbatis in tam pium - sanctumque opus.’ _Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1010. Seckendorf says (_Hist. - Luth._ p. 1146) that this letter had been sent to the Elector - beforehand; but in the documents of the State Paper Office at Weimar - we read: ‘Hæc locutus reddidit principi litteras quas vocant - credentiales.’ And the _Corpus_ gives in a note the letter we have - just quoted. - -Footnote 771: - - ‘Quæ voluntas, quam amica, quam benevola, quam constans.’—_Corp. Ref._ - ii. p. 1010. - -Footnote 772: - - ‘Ut aliud agentibus et aliud significantibus.’ Bellaii ad principes - Oratio.—_Ibid._ p. 1012. - -Footnote 773: - - Sleidan, _Mémoires sur l’État de la Religion et de la République_, i. - p. 389. - -Footnote 774: - - ‘Ut quos diversitas opinionum sejunxerit, similitudo doctrinæ - conjungat.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1013. - -Footnote 775: - - Sleidan, i. p. 392. - -Footnote 776: - - He must not be confounded with Professor Sturm, who was then in Paris. - -Footnote 777: - - ‘Sub diluculum.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1014. - -Footnote 778: - - ‘Esse enim solum qui in suo regno imperet.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1015. - -Footnote 779: - - ‘Orationes et legendas multas ut ineptas et impias abrogandas, aut - saltem emendandas; multa enim in his absurda, multa ridicula.’—_Ibid._ - p. 1015. - -Footnote 780: - - Bessarion, born at Trebizond in 1395, Greek bishop of Nicæa, and - afterwards Cardinal of the Roman Church, endeavored to unite the two - Churches, and was on the point of being elected pope. - -Footnote 781: - - ‘Videre enim eos, alioqui sibi tolli omnes occasiones acquirendi opes, - honores, et omnia.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1015. - -Footnote 782: - - ‘De fide quoque inquisitorem fidei recte sentire.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. - 1016. - -Footnote 783: - - ‘Sicut etiam cauda equina non statim et commode tota evelli - possit.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1016. - -Footnote 784: - - ‘Nobis jam abituris.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1017. - -Footnote 785: - - ‘Sed etiam cardinales, papam quoque ipsum, condemnare non - dubitant.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1017. - -Footnote 786: - - ‘Melior et sanior pars a majore vincatur et opprimatur.’—_Corp. Ref._ - ii. p. 1018. - -Footnote 787: - - ‘Nequid fraudi sit, quod quisque senserit, dixerit, egerit.’—_Corp. - Ref._ ii. p. 1018. - -Footnote 788: - - ‘Variis artificiis regum animos incendunt atque armant adversus eos.’ - _Corp. Ref_. ii. p. 1024. - -Footnote 789: - - ‘Nihil enim optatius quam ut latissime propagetur pia doctrina et - multarum gentium concordia.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 1026. - -Footnote 790: - - Mémoires de Du Bellay, p. 243. - -Footnote 791: - - Genesis xii. 3. - - - - - CHAPTER XVIII. - THE GOSPEL IN THE NORTH OF ITALY. - (1519 TO 1536.) - - -[Sidenote: Condition Of Italy.] - -The Reformation had also commenced in Italy. - -As the knowledge of the ancient languages, literary pursuits, and -cultivation of the intellect flourished more in that country than -elsewhere, it seemed natural that it should be among the first to open -itself to the light of the Gospel. In the midst of superstition, many -elevated minds were to be found whom the formalism of the Roman Church -could not satisfy. The corruption of the clergy and of religion had sunk -deeper in Italy than in the rest of Christendom, so that the magnitude -of the evil made the necessity of a remedy more keenly felt. -Accordingly, although many obstacles appeared to close the peninsula -against the entrance of evangelical doctrine; although national pride, -the interest which the Italians of every class seemed to have in the -continuance of the papacy, the hostility of the governments, and above -all the overwhelming power of the pontifical hierarchy, erected barriers -everywhere, which seemed more insurmountable than the Alps, there was at -that time an electric current between Italy and the reformed countries -that nothing could stop. The Reformation had hardly sent forth its first -beams of light, the flame had hardly risen over Germany and Switzerland, -when, in the regions beyond the mountains, from Venice and Turin to -Naples, isolated spots of light gleamed out amidst the darkness. The -evangelical doctrine, in general not much appreciated by the people, -found an easy access to the hearts of many cultivated men. Italy was a -vast plain, in which were numerous uncultivated fields and barren -heaths: but a liberal hand having been opened over it, the seeds of life -which fell from it found here and there good soil, and, at the breath of -spring, the blade and the ear sprang forth. A fierce storm, mingled with -thunder and lightning, afterwards burst upon those fields; the light of -day was hidden, and the obscurity of darkness once more covered the -country. But the light had been beautiful, and its appearance, although -fugitive, deserves to be remembered, if only as a pledge to make us hope -for better days. The positive results of the Italian Reformation seem to -escape us entirely; and yet it possesses quite as many of those -characteristics which charm the mind, captivate the imagination, and -touch the heart, as other Reformations do. The new and varied plants -which that ancient land began to produce, the brilliant flames which for -a moment shed such beautiful light, the men of God at that time -scattered all over Italy, deserve to be known, and we must now turn to -them. - -At Pavia, on the Ticino, there lived a bookseller named Calvi, ‘who -cultivated the muses.’ Frobenius, the celebrated printer of Basle, -having as early as 1519 sent him Erasmus’s Testament and the early -writings of Luther, he began to study the Gospel more than the poets. -Wishing to help, in proportion to his ability, in ‘the revival of -piety,’[792] he undertook to circulate the writings of the reformers not -only in his immediate neighborhood, but through all the cities of -Italy.[793] Pavia possessed a celebrated university, and the precious -volumes were first distributed among its professors and their pupils. -The students might often be seen reading these absorbing pages under the -porticos of the university and beneath the walls of the cathedral or of -the old castle. Other printers and booksellers joined with Calvi in the -work of dissemination, and before long a book entitled _Il principii -della Theologia di Ippolito di Terranigra_ was read all over Italy, even -in Rome. _Terranigra_ was Melancthon, and these _Principles of Divinity_ -were his _Theological Commonplaces_. This admirable book was to be found -even in the Vatican, along with the works of _Coricius Cogelius_ -(Zwingle) and _Aretius Felinus_ (Bucer). Bishops and cardinals pompously -extolled them; none of them suspecting that the breath of evangelical -piety which animated those writings must necessarily dissipate the false -piety of the confessional. _Terranigra’s_ book was read with such -eagerness at Rome, that it soon became necessary to ask for a fresh -supply. A learned Franciscan of the metropolis, who possessed the Latin -edition, struck with the unknown name _Terranigra_,[794] desired to -procure the Italian work so much talked of. It soon began to call up -certain recollections: he fancied he had seen the work before. He rose -from his seat, took down his Latin _Melancthon_, compared it with the -Italian, and to his great horror found the two works were the same. -Without delay he made known the stratagem of the booksellers, and the -volume, which the cardinals had extolled to the skies one day, was -condemned to the flames on the next. - -[Sidenote: Enthusiasm For Luther.] - -But the propaganda did not cease. The young Germans who came to study -law and medicine at Bologna, Padua, and other universities of the -peninsula, the young Italians who began to frequent the schools of -Germany and Switzerland, helped alike to diffuse evangelical faith -beyond the Alps. Many of the Lutheran lansquenets whom Charles V. -marched into Italy, and of the Swiss soldiers whom Francis I. drew -thither, professed in the houses where they lodged the doctrines of the -Reformation, and did so with thorough military frankness. Some praised -Luther, others Zwingle, and all contrasted the purity of the reformers’ -lives and the simplicity of their manners with the irregularities, -luxury, and pride of the Roman prelates. - -The Italians have an open and quick understanding, precision in their -ideas, clearness of expression, an instinct of the beautiful, and great -independence of character; and hence they were tired of living in -ignoble subjection to ignorant, lazy, and dissolute priests. -Conscientious men of eminent mind joyfully welcomed a doctrine which put -God’s Word in the place of papal bulls, briefs, and decretals, and -substituted the spirit and the life for the ecclesiastical mechanism of -the Latin ritual. Italy was charmed with Luther’s character and work. In -1521 a voice from Milan exclaimed: ‘O mighty Luther! who can paint thy -features so full of animation, the godlike qualities of thy mind, thy -soul inspired with a will so pure? Thy voice, which rings through the -universe and utters unaccustomed sounds, terrifies the vile hearts of -the wicked,[795] and bears an unexpected balm to diseases which appeared -beyond remedy. Take courage, then, venerable father, whose mouth makes -salvation known to all, and whose word destroys more monsters than ever -Hercules rent in pieces.’ - -The dignitaries of Rome were alarmed at this enthusiasm. At the diet of -Nuremberg in 1524, Cardinal Campeggi exclaimed: ‘The Germans take up a -new opinion quickly, but they soon abandon it; while the Italians -obstinately persist in what they have once adopted.’[796] It was rather -the contrary that was to take place. The Italians showed themselves -still more prompt than the Germans: the number of Lutherans increased -every day.[797] The converted catholics began by degrees to explain the -Gospel and to refute the errors of the Roman Church in private houses: -this was done even in the Papal States. Before long, several priests and -monks were enlightened, and the Reformation took a new step: its -principles were taught in the churches. Clement VII. felt great alarm, -when all of a sudden the doctrine, attacked by him and his legates in -distant countries, broke out all over his dear Italy and threatened the -walls of the papacy. He uttered a cry of terror: ‘To our exceeding -sorrow,’ he said, ‘Luther’s pestilential heresy has been spread among -us, not only among the laity, but also among the priests and monks.[798] -Heresy is increasing, and in every place the catholic faith has to -suffer the cruellest assaults.’ The cry was useless. In that very year -(1530) the New Testament was translated by Bruccioli, printed at Venice, -and the much dreaded contagion thenceforward made still more rapid -progress. - -[Sidenote: Rosselli To Melancthon.] - -It was in this latter city, on the hundred islets and amid the lagunes -of the queen of the Adriatic, that the doctrine of the Gospel first -raised its standard. There was no power in Europe more jealous of its -independence and authority than Venice; the winged lion of St. Mark -braved the priest of Rome; the senate rejected the Inquisition, -practised freedom of inquiry, and did not license the pope’s edicts -until after serious study and strict examination. Protestants were soon -to be found at Venice who, strange to say, were more protestant than -those of Augsburg. ‘I am delighted,’ said Luther, on the 7th of March, -1528, ‘to hear that they have received the Word of God at Venice.’[799] -A report having got abroad that Melancthon appeared inclined, at the -diet of 1530, to recognize the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, the new -evangelicals of Venice were troubled and alarmed: one of them, Lucio -Paolo Rosselli, although only a beginner in the Christian doctrine, -determined to write, respectfully but frankly, to the illustrious doctor -of Germany: ‘There are no books by any author,’ he said to Melancthon, -‘which please me more than those you have published. But if the reports -which the papists circulate about you are true, the cause of the Gospel -and those who, taught by the writings of yourself and Luther, have -embraced it, are in great danger. All Italy awaits the result of your -meeting at Augsburg.[800] O Melancthon! let neither threats, nor fears, -nor prayers, nor promises make you desert the standard of Jesus Christ! -Even if you must suffer death to maintain his glory, do not hesitate. It -is better to die with honor than to live with ignominy.’ - -It was much worse when the Venetian ambassador at the court of Charles -V. forwarded to the senate the letter which Melancthon had written on -the 6th of July to Cardinal Campeggi, and in which he went so far as to -say that the protestants did not differ from the Roman Church in any -important dogma, and were disposed to acknowledge the papal -jurisdiction.[801] The evangelical Christians of Venice, who wanted a -decided position, were dismayed. Most of them denied that the letter was -Melancthon’s; Rosselli, in particular, with generous enthusiasm, took up -the doctor’s defence, and on the 1st of August sent him a copy of the -letter, ‘to the end that he might carefully scrutinize the wickedness of -those who ascribed to him words calculated to disgrace the true -defenders of the cause of Christ and Christ himself.[802] Now that we -have discovered their malice,’ added the Venetian, ‘resist their -iniquity with greater zeal, and let the emperor and all Christian -princes know the shameless practices of the enemy.’ - -What seemed impossible to the Italians was but too true: Melancthon had -carried his concessions too far. When he declared, however, that he -would not recognize the Bishop of Rome until he became evangelical, he -had put a stipulation to his compact which rendered it impossible. - -From Venice we pass to Turin. The Italian revival did not present that -simple historical and continuous advance which we meet with in other -European countries. It was not like a single river whose deep and mighty -waters, as they flowed along, ran calmly in the same channel; but like -little streams, issuing from the earth in various places, whose bright -and limpid waters glittered in the sunbeam and fertilized the soil -around them. They disappeared; they were lost in the ground, oftentimes, -alas! imparting to it a sanguine hue, and the earth returned to its -former barrenness. Yet many a plant had been revived by them, and their -sweet remembrance may still cause joy to others. - -[Sidenote: Celio Curione.] - -The works of the reformers had reached Turin. Piedmont, from its -vicinity to Switzerland, France, and Germany, was among the first to -receive a glimpse of the sun which had just risen beyond the Alps. The -Reformation had already appeared in one of its cities,—at Aosta,—and -most of its doctrines had for ages been current among the Waldensian -valleys. Monks of the Augustine convent at Turin, Hieronimo Nigro -Foscianeo in particular, were among the number of those who first became -familiar with the evangelical writings. Celio Secundo Curione, a young -man still at college, received them from their hands in 1520. - -About three leagues and a half from Turin, and at the foot of the Alps, -was situated the town of Cirié, with its two parochial churches and an -Augustine monastery. Higher up there stood an old castle named Cuori, -and the family to which it belonged was called from it Curione or -Curioni.[803] One of its members, Giacomino Curione, who lived at Cirié, -had married Charlotte de Montrotier, lady of honor to Blanche, Duchess -of Savoy, and sister to the chief equerry of the reigning duke. On the -1st of May, 1503, a son was born to them at Cirié; he was named Celio -Secundo,[804] and was their twenty-third child.[805] He lost his mother -as he came into the world, and his father, who had removed to Turin, and -afterwards to Moncaglieri, where he had property, died when Celio was -only nine years old. - -The elder Curione possessed a Bible, which in the hour of death he put -into his son’s hands. That act was perhaps the cause of the love for -Scripture by which the heir of the Curiones was afterwards -distinguished: the depth of his filial piety made him look upon the book -as a treasure before he knew the value of its contents. Celio having -begun his education at Moncaglieri, went to Turin, where his maternal -grandmother, Maddalena, lived. She received him into her house, where -the anxious love of the venerable lady surrounded him with the tenderest -care.[806] He is said to have dwelt on that pleasant hill which -overlooks Turin, whence the summits of the Alps are visible, and whose -base is washed by the slow and majestic waters of the Po.[807] Celio had -applied with his whole heart to the study of the classical orators, -poets, historians, and philosophers; when he reached his twentieth year -he felt deeper longings, which literature was incapable of satisfying. -The old Bible of his father could do this: a new world, superior to that -of letters and philosophy,—the world of the spirit,—opened before his -soul. - -There was much talk just then, both in university and city, of the -Reformation and the reformers. Curione had often heard certain priests -and their partisans bitterly complaining of the ‘false doctrines’ of -those _heretics_, and making use of the harshest language against Luther -and Zwingle. He listened to their abuse, but was not convinced. He -possessed a nobler soul than the majority of the people around him, and -his generous independent spirit was more disposed in favor of the -accused than of the accusers. Instead of joining in this almost -unanimous censure, Celio said to himself: ‘I will not condemn those -doctors before I have read their works.’[808] It would appear that he -was already known in the Augustine convent, in which, as in that of -Wittemberg, some truly pious men were to be found. The grace of his -person, the quickness of his intellect, and his ardent thirst for -religious knowledge, interested the monks. Knowing that they possessed -some of the writings of the reformers, Curione asked for them, and -Father Hieronimo lent him Luther’s _Babylonian Captivity_, translated -into Italian under a different title. The young man carried it away -eagerly to his study. He read those vigorous pages in which the Saxon -doctor speaks of the lively faith with which the Christian ought to -cling to the promises of God’s Word; and those in which he asserts that -neither bishop nor pope has any right to command despotically the -believer who has received Christian liberty from God. But Celio had not -yet obtained light enough; he carried the book back to the convent, and -asked for another. Melancthon’s _Principles of Theology_ and Zwingle’s -_True and False Religion_ were devoured by him in turn. - -[Sidenote: Curione’s Spiritual Wants.] - -A work was then going on in his soul. The truths he had read in his -Bible grew clearer and sank deeper into his mind; his spirit thrilled -with joy when he found his faith confirmed by that of these great -doctors, and his heart was filled with love for Luther and Melancthon. -‘When I was still young,’ he said to the latter afterwards, ‘when first -I read your writings, I felt such love for you that it seemed hardly -capable of increase.’[809] - -Curione was not satisfied with the writings merely of these men of God: -his admiration for them was such that he longed to hear them: an ardent -desire to start immediately for Germany was kindled in his heart.[810] -He talked about it with his friends, especially with Giovanni and -Francesco Guarino, whom the Gospel had also touched, and who declared -their readiness to depart with him. - -The three young Italians, enthusiastic admirers of Luther and -Melancthon, quitted Turin and started for Wittemberg. They turned their -steps towards the valley of Aosta, intending to cross the St. -Bernard,[811] where for more than five centuries a house of the -Augustine order had existed for the reception of the travellers who made -use of that then very frequented pass. They conversed about their -journey, their feelings, and their hopes; and not content with this, -they spoke of the truth with simple-hearted earnestness to the people -they met with on the road or at the inns. In the ardor of their youthful -zeal, they even allowed themselves to enter into imprudent discussions -upon the Romish doctrines.[812] They were ‘bursting to speak’—they could -not wait until they had crossed the Alps: the spirit with which they -were filled carried them away. They had been cautioned, and had resolved -to be circumspect; but ‘however deep the hiding-places in the hearts of -men,’ said a reformer, ‘their tongues betray their hidden -affections.’[813] One of those with whom these Piedmontese youths had -debated went and denounced them to Boniface, Cardinal-bishop of Ivrea, -and pointed out the road they were to take. The prelate gave the -necessary orders, and just as the three students were entering the -valley of Aosta,[814] the cardinal’s satellites, who were waiting for -them, laid hold of them and carried them to prison. - -What a disappointment! At the very time they were anticipating the -delights of an unrestrained intercourse with Melancthon and Luther, they -found themselves in chains and solitary imprisonment. Curione possessed -friends in that district who belonged to the higher nobility; and -contriving to inform them of his fate, they exerted themselves in his -behalf. The cardinal having sent for him, soon discovered that his -prisoner was not an ordinary man. Struck with the extent of his -knowledge and the elegance of his mind, he resolved to do all he could -to attach him to the Roman Church. He loaded him with attentions, -promised to bear the necessary expenses for the continuation of his -studies, and with that intent placed him in the priory of St. Benignus. -It is probable that Cornelio and Guarino were soon released: although -less celebrated than their fellow-traveller, they afterwards became -distinguished by their evangelical zeal. - -[Sidenote: Relics And The Bible.] - -Although shut up in a monastery, Curione’s soul burnt with zeal for the -Word of God. He regretted that Germany on which he had so much reckoned, -and unable to increase his light at the altar of Wittemberg, he wished -at least to make use of what he had for the benefit of the monks -commissioned to convert him. He was grieved at the superstitious -practices of their worship, and would have desired to enfranchise those -about him. A shrine, put in a prominent place on the altar, enclosed a -skull and other bones reported to be those of St. Agapetus and St. Tibur -the martyr, and which during certain solemnities were presented to the -adoration of the people. Why set dry bones in the place which should be -occupied by the living Word of God? Are not their writings the only -authentic remains of the apostles and prophets? Curione refused to pay -the slightest honor to these relics, and in his private conversation he -went so far as to speak to some of the monks against such idolatrous -worship, instructing them in the true faith.[815] He resolved to do -something more. In the convent library he had found a Bible, to which no -one paid any attention; he had, moreover, noticed the place where the -monks kept the key of the shrine they held so dear.[816] One -day—probably in 1530—taking advantage of a favorable opportunity when -the monks were occupied elsewhere,[817] he went into the library, took -down the holy Word of which David said it was _more to be desired than -gold_, carried it into the church, opened the mysterious coffer, removed -the relics, put the Bible in their place, and laid this inscription upon -it: ‘_This is the ark of the covenant, wherein a man can inquire of the -true oracles of God, and in which are contained the true relics of the -saints_.’ Curione, with emotion and joy, closed the shrine and left the -church without being observed. The act, rash as it was, had a deep and -evangelical meaning: it expressed the greatest principles of the -Reformation. Some time after, at one of the festivals when the relics -were to be presented to the adoration of the worshippers, the monks -opened the shrine. Their surprise, emotion, and rage were boundless, and -they at once accused their young companion of sacrilege. Being on the -watch, he made his escape, and, quitting Piedmont, took refuge at Milan. - -In that city Curione zealously devoted himself to lecturing; but, being -at the same time disgusted with the unmeaning practices of the monks, he -gave himself with his whole heart to works of Christian charity. As -famine and pestilence were wasting the country, he soon after occupied -himself wholly in succoring the poor and the sick; he solicited the -donations of the nobility, prevailed on the priests to sell for the -relief of the wretched the precious objects which adorned their -churches, consoled the dying, and even buried the dead.[818] In the -convent, he had appeared to be struggling for faith only; in the midst -of the pestilence, he seemed to be living for works only. He remembered -that Jesus had come _to serve_, and following his Master’s example, he -was eager to console every misery. ‘Christ having become the living root -of his soul, had made it a fruitful tree.’ As soon as the scourge -abated, every one was eager to testify a proper gratitude to Celio, and -the Isacios, one of the best families in the province, gave him the hand -of one of their daughters, Margarita Bianca, a young woman of great -beauty, who became the faithful and brave companion of his life.[819] - -[Sidenote: Papal Preachers.] - -Some time after this, Curione, believing that he had nothing more to -fear, and desiring to receive his patrimony, to revisit his native -country, and to devote his strength and faith to her service, returned -to Piedmont. His hopes were disappointed. Cruel family vexations and -clerical persecutions assailed a life that was never free from -agitation. He had lost all but one sister, whose husband, learning that -he intended claiming his inheritance, determined to ruin him. A -Dominican monk was making a great noise by his sermons in a neighboring -city.[820] Celio took a book from his library, and went with some -friends to hear him. He expected that the monk, according to the custom -of his class, would draw a frightful picture of the reformers. Curione -knew that the essence of the preaching of the evangelical ministry was -Christ, justification by faith in his atoning work, the new life which -He imparts, and the new commandments which He gives. According to him, -the task of the servant of God, now that all things were made new, was -to exalt, not the Church, but the Saviour; and to make known all the -preciousness of Christ rather than to stun his hearers by furious -declamations against their adversaries. Such were not the opinions -entertained at that time—we will not say by the great doctors of the -Romish Church, but by the vulgar preachers of the papacy. Laying down as -a fundamental principle that _there was no salvation out of the Church_, -they naturally believed themselves called to urge the necessity of -union—not with Christ, but—with Rome; to extol the beauties of its -hierarchy, its worship, and its devout institutions. Instead of feeding -the sheep, by giving them the spiritual nourishment of faith, they -thought only of pronouncing declamatory eulogies of the fold and drawing -horrible pictures of the devouring wolves that were prowling about it. -If there had been no protestants to combat, no Luther or Calvin to -calumniate, many popish preachers would have found the sermon a -superfluous part of the service, as had been the case in the Middle -Ages. - -The _good monk_, whom Curione and his friends had gone to hear, preached -according to the oratorical rules of vulgar preachers. ‘Do you know,’ he -exclaimed, ‘why Luther pleases the Germans?... Because, under the name -of Christian liberty, he permits them to indulge in all kinds of -excess.[821] He teaches, moreover, that Christ is not God, and that He -was not born of a virgin.’ And continuing this monkish philippic with -great vehemence, he inflamed the animosity of his hearers. - -When the sermon was over, Curione asked the prelate who was present for -permission to say a few words. Having obtained it, and the congregation -being silent and expectant, he said: ‘Reverend father, you have brought -serious charges against Luther: can you tell me the book or the place in -which he teaches the things with which you reproach him?’ The monk -replied that he could not do so then, but if Curione would accompany him -to Turin, he would show him the passages. The young man rejoined with -indignation: ‘Then I will tell you at once the page and book where the -Wittemberg doctor has said the very contrary.’ And opening Luther’s -_Commentary on the Galatians_, he read aloud several passages which -completely demonstrated the falseness of the monk’s calumnies. The -persons of rank present at the service were disgusted; the people went -still further; some violent men, exasperated by the Dominican’s having -told them such impudent lies, rushed upon him and struck him. The more -reasonable had some trouble to rescue him and send him home safe and -sound.[822] - -[Sidenote: Curione Again Imprisoned.] - -This scene made a great noise. The bishop and the inquisitors looked -upon it as a revolt against the papacy. Curione was a firebrand flung by -Satan into the midst of the Church, and they felt that if they did not -quench it instantly, the impetuous wind which, crossing the Alps, was -beginning to blow in the peninsula, would scatter the sparks far and -wide, and spread the conflagration everywhere. The valiant evangelist -was seized, taken to Turin, thrown into prison, and in a moment, as soon -as the news circulated, all his old enemies set to work. His covetous -brother, and even his sister, as it would appear, made common cause with -the priests to destroy him.[823] Fanaticism and avarice joined together; -one party wished to deprive him of his property only, but the others -wanted his life. It was not the first time Curione had been in prison -for speaking according to the truth: he did not lose courage, he -preserved all the serenity of his mind, and remained master of himself. -The ecclesiastic charged with the examination overwhelmed him with -questions.[824] He was reminded of the relics taken away from the -monastery of St. Benignus, the journey he had wished to take to Germany, -and the conversations he had held on the road, and was threatened with -the stake.[825] - -The bishop, knowing that Curione had protectors among the first people -in the city, started for Rome, in order to obtain from the pope in -person his condemnation to death. Before leaving, he transferred the -prisoner to his coadjutor David, brother of the influential cardinal -Cibo. David, wishing to make sure of his man, and to prevent its being -known where he was detained, removed him by night from the prison in -which he had been placed, took him to one of those mansions, not very -unlike castles, that are often to be found in Italy, and locked him up -in a room enclosed by very thick walls.[826] His officers attached heavy -chains to poor Celio’s feet, riveted them roughly, and fastened them -into the wall; and finally, two sentries were placed inside the door of -the house. When that was done, David felt at ease, sure of being able to -produce his prisoner when the condemnation arrived from Rome. There was -no hope left the wretched man of being saved. Curione felt that his -death could not be far off; but though in great distress he still -remained full of courage. - -The different operations by which David had secured his prisoner had -been carried on during the night; when the day came, Curione looked -round him: the place seemed to bring to his memory certain half-effaced -recollections. He began to examine everything about him more carefully, -and by degrees remembered that once upon a time, when a boy, he had been -in that house, in that very room—it had probably been the house of some -friend. He called to remembrance exactly the arrangement of the -building, the galleries, the staircase, the door, and the windows.[827] -But ere long he was recalled from these thoughts by a feeling of pain: -his jailers had riveted the fetters so tightly that his feet began to -swell and the anguish became intolerable. When his keeper came as usual -to bring him food, Curione spoke to him of his pain, and begged him to -leave one of his feet at liberty, adding that, when that was healed, the -jailer could chain it up again and set the other free. The man -consented, and some days passed in this way, during which the prisoner -experienced by turns severe pain and occasional relief. - -This circumstance did not prevent him from making the most serious -reflections. He should never see his wife, his children, or his friends -again; he could no longer take part in that great work of revival which -God was then carrying on in the Church. He knew what sentence would be -delivered at Rome. When St. John saw the woman seated on the seven -hills, he exclaimed: ‘_Babylon! ... drunken with the blood of the saints -and martyrs of Jesus_.’ Death awaited Curione on the bishop’s return: of -that he had not a doubt. But was it not lawful to defend one’s life -against the violence of murderers? An idea suddenly crossed his -inventive mind; the hope of escaping, of seeing his dear ones again, of -again serving the cause of the Gospel, flashed upon him. He reflected -and planned; the expedient which occurred to his mind was singular: -possibly it might not succeed, but it might also be the means of saving -him from the hands of his persecutors. When Peter was in prison the -angel of the Lord opened the door and led him out. Celio did not expect -a miracle; but he thought it was man’s duty to do all in his power to -thwart the counsels of the ungodly. He was not, however, very sanguine -of success. God holds the lives of his children in his hand; the Lord -will restore him to liberty or send him to the scaffold, as He shall -judge best. - -[Sidenote: Curione’s Escape.] - -Curione delayed no longer: he proceeded at once to carry out the curious -and yet simple expedient which had occurred to his lively imagination. -He took the boot off his free leg and stuffed it with rags;[828] he then -broke off the leg of a stool that was within his reach, fastened the -sham foot to it, and contrived a wooden leg which he fixed to his knee, -in such a way that he could move it as if it were a real leg. His -Spanish robe, reaching down to his heels, covered everything, and made -the matter easier. Presently he heard the footsteps of his jailers: -luckily, everything was ready. They entered, did what they were -accustomed to do every day, loosed the chained foot, and then, without -examining too closely—for they had no suspicions—they put the fetters on -the sham leg, and went away. - -Celio was free; he rose, he walked; surprised at a deliverance so little -expected, he was almost beside himself ... he was rescued from death. -But all was not over; he had still to get out of that strong mansion, -where so close a watch was kept over him. He waited until night, and -when darkness brooded over the city and his keepers were sunk in sleep, -he approached the door of the chamber. The jailers, knowing that the -prisoner was chained to the wall, and that sentinels were posted at the -outer gate, had only pushed it to without locking it. Curione opened it, -and moved along with slow and cautious steps, avoiding the slightest -noise for fear of giving the alarm. Although it was quite dark, he -easily found his way by the help of his memory: he groped his course -along the galleries, descended the stairs; but on reaching the door of -the house, he found it closely shut. What was to be done now? The -_sbirri_ were asleep, but he dared not make any noise lest he should -wake them. Recollecting that there was a window placed rather high on -one side of the door, he contrived to reach it, leapt into the -court-yard, scaled the outer wall, fell into the street, and began to -seek for a hiding-place as fast as his wounded feet would permit -him.[829] When the morning came, there was great surprise and agitation -in the house. The fidelity of the jailers was not suspected: and as no -one could explain the prisoner’s flight, his enemies circulated the -report that he had had recourse to magic to save himself from death. - -Curione himself was surprised. The thought that he had escaped not only -from the hands of his guards, but also from the terrible condemnation of -the sovereign pontiff, whose support the bishop had gone to solicit, -still further magnified in his eyes the greatness of his deliverance. He -had felt, and severely too, the power of his enemies; but he saw that -however keen the hatred of the world, a breath of heaven was sufficient -to frustrate its plots. He hastened to leave Turin, and took refuge in a -secluded village in the duchy of Milan, where his family joined him. His -reputation as a man of letters had spread through that country, and -certain Milanese gentlemen who came to pass the summer in the villas -near the lonely house which he inhabited, entertained a high opinion of -him. One of them, happening to meet him, recognized him; he spoke of him -to others of his friends, who made his acquaintance, and all of them, -delighted with his amiable character and cultivated mind, were unwilling -that such fine talents should remain buried in a sequestered village. -They got him invited to the university of Pavia, where he was soon -surrounded by an admiring audience. The inquisition, for a time at -fault, discovered at last that the daring heretic who had escaped from -his prison at Turin was teaching quietly at Pavia; it issued an arrest -against him, being determined to put an end to the harassing warfare -which this independent man was waging against the darkness of the Middle -Ages. The familiars of the Holy Office lay in ambush with the intention -of seizing the Piedmontese professor as he was leaving his house to go -to the lecture-room. But the plot got wind; the students, who were very -numerous, supported by some of the chief people of the town, formed a -battalion which surrounded Curione as he left his house, conducted him -to the Academy, and when the lecture was over, escorted him home -again.[830] Public opinion declared itself so strongly in favor of -liberty of teaching and against Romish tyranny, that three years elapsed -without the inquisitors being able to seize the professor, which caused -great joy all over the city. The pope, irritated at such resistance, -threatened to excommunicate the senate of Pavia; and Curione, unwilling -to imperil his friends, quitted that town for Venice, whence he -proceeded to Ferrara to live under that enlightened protection which the -Duchess Renée extended to all who loved the Gospel. - -[Sidenote: Renée Of France.] - -Ferrara was in truth a centre where the Gospel found a firm support. -Renée, who was daughter of Louis XII., and would have succeeded him if -(as she used to say) ‘she had had a beard on her chin,’ had inherited, -not the catholic ardor of her mother, Anne of Brittany, but the -reforming and anti-popish spirit of her father, who had taken for his -device: _Perdam Babylonis nomen_. Deprived of the throne by ‘that -accursed Salic law’—to use her own words—but brought up at the court of -Francis I., she was closely attached to her cousin Margaret, and -although her junior by eighteen years, had eagerly embraced the Gospel -which that ‘elder sister’ had preached to her with so much earnestness. -Renée was not one of those people who are simply the disciples of -others. Less beautiful than Margaret, she resembled her in possessing a -great soul, a generous heart, and, more than that, a sound judgment and -firm will. While clouds gathered round the mild and brilliant luminary -which presided over the destinies of Navarre and obscured the end of its -course, hardly a passing vapor dimmed for an instant the pure star of -Ferrara and Montargis. - -There had been a talk of marrying Renée, as there had been of marrying -Margaret, to Charles V., and also to Henry VIII.; but the politic -Francis had preferred giving his predecessor’s daughter to a prince who -would cause him no umbrage. She was therefore married to Hercules of -Este, Duke of Ferrara, grandson of pope Alexander VI. by Lucrezia -Borgia, and vassal of the Holy See. Such gloomy antecedents did not -promise a sympathetic union to the friend of Margaret of Valois. - -Although surrounded at Ferrara with all the splendors of a court, Renée -delighted in the associations of literature and art, and loved above -everything to retire to her closet and seek ‘the one thing needful.’ -There was in her piety at this period of her life a slight trace of -Margaret’s mystical spirit. A contemplative life, however, was not in -keeping with her active character; she had rather a practical turn; she -loved to attract to her small court the learned men of Italy, and -particularly welcomed the evangelicals who had been driven out of -France. She was thus beginning to be the object of the most opposite -remarks. All were agreed as to her extreme beneficence; but the -adherents of the papacy complained that her intellect, which enabled her -to excel in philosophy, inclined her, unfortunately, to investigate -religious questions; they added, however, that if she came to the aid of -certain persons in bad odor among Roman catholics, it was because her -inexhaustible goodness filled her with compassion for those whom she -thought unjustly treated.[831] ‘She desires to do good to everybody,’ it -was said; ‘in one year she assisted ten thousand of her -fellow-countrymen. And when the stewards of her household represented to -her the excessive expense of this, she only answered: “What would you -have?—they are poor people of my own country, all of whom would be my -subjects but for that wicked Salic law!”’[832] She was at once a Mæcenas -and a Dorcas. - -[Sidenote: Resurrection Of Christianity.] - -The time had gone by in Italy when the fanaticism of pagan antiquity had -misled the mind, and preachers were to be heard speaking from the pulpit -of Minerva, Christ, and Jupiter in the same breath. At the very moment -when celebrated professors, commissioned to teach philosophy even at the -university of Ferrara, were exclaiming, as Voltaire and others did after -him: ‘Christianity is dying out, and its end is near!’ Christianity on -the contrary was reviving at Wittemberg, Zurich, Cambridge, and even in -France, and the cry which it uttered as it issued from the tomb, -re-echoed through Italy and awoke many souls there. In 1528, and perhaps -earlier, the evangelical doctrines had been professed at Ferrara. In -1530, the inquisition of that city wrote to the pope, that there were -many Lutherans, both laymen and ecclesiastics, within its walls.[833] In -fact, the duchess was calling round her, either for the education of her -children, or simply for love of learning and the Gospel, professors -skilled in the study of the classics, among whom were men enlightened -about the superstitions of the Roman Church, and often sincerely -attached to the Gospel. Of their number were Celio Calcagnini, Lilio -Giraldi Bartholomeo Riccio, Marzello Palingenio, and the two brothers -Sinapi. Giovanni Sinapi in particular was full of zeal to spread around -him the doctrine of the Scriptures. Many of the most eminent men of -Italy, such as Curione, Occhino, Peter Martyr, and the famous poet -Flaminio, lived for a time at Ferrara. From that centre evangelical -doctrines were propagated in the neighbouring cities; and particularly -in Modena, where they spread so widely in the university and among the -townspeople, that it was soon called _the Lutheran city_.[834] - -Footnote 792: - - ‘Cupit renascenti pietati suppetias ferre.’—Frobenius to Luther, - February 14, 1519. - -Footnote 793: - - ‘Per omnes civitates sparsum.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 794: - - Gerdesius, _Specimen Ital. Ref._ ii. p. 11. The words _Schwarzerd_, - _Melancthon_, and _Terranigra_ have the same meaning in German, Greek, - and Italian, namely, _black earth_. - -Footnote 795: - - ‘Vocis, quæ totum penitus diffusa per orbem, - Terruit insolito pectora tetra sono.’ - - These verses have been preserved by Schelhorn in his _Amœnitates - Eccl._ ii. p. 624. - -Footnote 796: - - Seckendorf, _Hist. du Luthéranisme_, p. 613. - -Footnote 797: - - Sarpi, _Hist. du Concile de Trente_, i. p. 85. - -Footnote 798: - - ‘Pestifera hæresis Lutheri non tantum apud sæculares personas, sed - etiam ecclesiasticas et regulares, tam mendicantes quam non - mendicantes.’ _Brief to the Inquisitors_, Raynald _ad annum_. - -Footnote 799: - - ‘Læte audio de Venetis quod Verbum Dei receperint.’—Luther, _Ep._ iii. - p. 289. - -Footnote 800: - - ‘Scias igitur Italos omnes expectare Augustensis hujus vestri - decreta.’ Venetiis, 3 calend. Aug. anno 1530. _Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 227. - -Footnote 801: - - _Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 170. - -Footnote 802: - - ‘Tibi ea adscribent, quæ Christo, verisque Christi defensoribus, - dedecori sunt.’—_Corp. Ref._ ii. p. 243. - -Footnote 803: - - Celio Secundo writes his name both ways, but more frequently - _Curioni_. - -Footnote 804: - - ‘Natus anno MDIII. calendis Maii, Cyriaci Taurinorum.’—_Curionis - Historia_ a Professore Stupano, 1570, in Schelhorn, _Amœnitates - Litterariæ_, xiii. p. 330. - -Footnote 805: - - ‘Vicenos ternosque liberos suscepit, ex quibus Cœlius ultimus natus - fuit.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 329. - -Footnote 806: - - ‘Taurinum se contulit, ubi per aliquos annos apud Magdalenam proavam - suam agens.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 330. - -Footnote 807: - - Bonnet, _Récits du seizième Siècle_, p. 248. - -Footnote 808: - - ‘Non esse sibi damnandos hosce, priusquam illorum horos - legisset.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 331. - -Footnote 809: - - ‘Adolescens adhuc, cum prima tua monimenta legissem, te ita amavi ut - vix ulterius progredi meus in te amor posse videretur.’—_C. S. - Curionis, Epist._ i. p. 71. - -Footnote 810: - - ‘Ita est illa (opera) admiratus ut statim decreverit in Germaniam - transire.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 331. - -Footnote 811: - - ‘Institutum iter per Salassorum regionem ingreditur.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 812: - - ‘Cum juvenes in itinere, minus caute, de rebus ad religionem - pertinentibus disputarent.’—_Ibid._ p. 332. - -Footnote 813: - - Calvin. - -Footnote 814: - - ‘Cum essent vallem prætoriam ingressuri.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 332. - -Footnote 815: - - ‘Privatim multos contraria hisce docebat et in vera fide - erudiebat.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 332. - -Footnote 816: - - ‘Itaque, observato clavium loco, capsam aperit.’—_Ibid._ p. 333. - -Footnote 817: - - ‘Cum cæteri aliis rebus intenti essent.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 818: - - ‘Ipse omnibus aderat, consolabatur, atque etiam mortuos ipsos - sepeliebat.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 335. - -Footnote 819: - - ‘Ei uxorem dederunt Margaritam Biancam, puellam - elegantissimam.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 335. - -Footnote 820: - - ‘In vicinum locum, Castelleviolonem nomine.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 821: - - ‘Lutherum Germanis placere, quod sub libertate christiana omnis - generis libidines concederet.’—_Curionis Historia._ - -Footnote 822: - - ‘Ut vix intercedente Præfecto, vivus Taurinum redire - potuerit.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 339. - -Footnote 823: - - ‘In causa propemodum ipsi fuerunt (soror et maritus) quod captus - fuerit, vitam quoque fere amiserit.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 336. - -Footnote 824: - - ‘Hic examinatur, quæstiones adhibentur.’—_Ibid._ p. 339. - -Footnote 825: - - ‘Ignem flammasque minantur.’—_Ibid._ p. 339. - -Footnote 826: - - ‘Ex prioribus carceribus noctu deducit, et in conclavi quodam - fortissimis parietibus munito ... asservari curat.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 827: - - ‘Recreatque in memoriam singularum domus partium situm.’—_Curionis - Historia._ - -Footnote 828: - - ‘Extrahit caligam pedis liberi, eamdem lineis quibusdam pannis - infarcit.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 341. - -Footnote 829: - - His feet never recovered their strength. - -Footnote 830: - - ‘Magna studiosorum caterva, eum a sua domo in auditorium deducebat, et - ex eo iterum domum comitabatur.’—_Curionis Historia_, p. 343. - -Footnote 831: - - Maimbourg, _Histoire du Calvinisme_, liv. i. p. 61. - -Footnote 832: - - Varillas, _Histoire des Hérésies_, ii. p. 499. Brantôme, _Dames - Illustres_. - -Footnote 833: - - _P. Martyr Vermigli_, par C. Schmidt, p. 11. - -Footnote 834: - - ‘Città lutherana.’—Poli, _Epist._ iii. p. 84. - - - - - CHAPTER XIX. - THE GOSPEL IN THE CENTRE OF ITALY. - (1520 TO 1536). - - -While Venice, Turin, Milan, Ferrara, Modena, and other cities of Upper -Italy were listening to the voice of the Gospel, the centre and south of -the peninsula had also their witnesses to the truth. - -[Sidenote: Character Of Occhino.] - -Bernardino Occhino, born at Sienna in 1487, four years younger than -Luther and Zwingle, and twenty-one years older than Calvin, was the most -famous preacher of the age. In his sermons were to be found that -elegance, that choice of words and those turns of expression which -produce clearness, grace, and facility of style; but at the same time he -was not void of imagination or enthusiasm, and possessed a boldness of -language which surprises and carries away those who listen to it. -Without being one of those firm, solid spirits who search into all -knowledge, and weigh and measure all thoughts, he had strong religious -cravings, and as he was moved himself, he moved his hearers. ‘From the -very beginning of my life,’ he said, ‘I had a great longing for the -heavenly paradise.’ He determined to win it, but went astray on the -road. His studies were imperfect; he knew little Greek and no Hebrew: -his knowledge of Christian doctrine was neither deep nor extensive; he -sometimes allowed himself to descend to trifles and even to -contradictions; and without denying the essential doctrines of faith, he -was found in the latter part of his life employing obscure and equivocal -expressions concerning them. He inopportunely defended customs tolerated -under the old covenant, but manifestly forbidden under the new, and thus -drew down much affliction on his old age. Occhino was a great orator, -but not a great divine. - -Sienna, the rival of Florence in the Middle Ages, still possessed -sufficient attractions to induce a young man to follow the career of -letters or of honors; but Occhino’s mind took another direction. From -his earliest youth, his religious feelings had inclined him to an -ascetic life, and he sought peace for his soul in exercises of devotion. -‘I believe in salvation through works,’ he said, ‘through fasting, -prayer, mortifications, and vigils. With the help of God’s grace we can, -by means of these practices, satisfy the justice of God, obtain pardon -for our sins, and merit heaven.’[835] Erelong his private macerations -proved insufficient for him, and he became a monk. Every religious -society approved of by Rome was holy in his eyes; but he joined the -Observantine Franciscans, because that order was reputed to be stricter -than the others. The youthful Bernardino soon found, like Luther, that -the life of the cloister could not satisfy his need of holiness. He was -discouraged, and, renouncing the pursuit of an object which he seemed -unable to attain, he turned to the study of medicine, without however, -leaving the convent. Some Franciscans, having separated from the order -with the intention of forming a still stricter rule, under the name of -Capuchins, Occhino thought he had found what he wanted, and, having -joined them, gave himself up with all his strength to voluntary -humiliation and the mortification of the senses. _Eat not, touch not, -taste not._ If any new and stricter laws were drawn up by the chiefs of -the order, he hastened to conform to them. He threw himself blindfold -into a complicated labyrinth of traditions, disciplines, fastings, -mortifications, austerities, and ecstasies. And when they were over, he -would ask himself whether he had gained anything? Remaining ill at ease -and motionless in his cell, he would exclaim: ‘O Christ! if I am not -saved now, I know not what I can do more!’ The moment was approaching -when he would feel that all these macerations were but ‘running knots, -which bind at first and strangle at last.’[836] - -This was in 1534, when Occhino was forty-seven years old. The agitations -of his soul often inspired him, during his sermons, with those pathetic -impulses which touch the heart; his superiors, wishing to turn his gifts -to account, called him to the functions of the pulpit, and as he thus -entered upon a new phase of life, a revolution was also effected in his -thoughts. He turned away from the superstitious practices and paltry -bonds of the monks and devotees, and approached the Holy Scriptures. -Monastic discipline had increased his darkness: the Word was to bring -him light. He felt the necessity of conscientiously preparing his -sermons, and began to study the Bible. But, strange to say, Scripture, -instead of making his work easier, embarrassed him at the very outset, -made him uneasy, and even paralyzed him. A striking contrast presented -itself to his mind. ‘I believe,’ he said, ‘that we must merit heaven by -our works, while Scripture tells me that heaven is given by grace, -because of the redemption through Jesus Christ.’ He tried for some time -to reconcile these contradictory views; but, do what he would, Rome and -the Bible remained diametrically opposed to each other; he determined in -favour of Rome. To doubt that the pope’s teaching was divine would have -been a crime. ‘The authority of the Church,’ he said in after years, -‘silenced my scruples.’ He applied again to his mortifications. It was -all in vain: peace was a stranger to his soul. - -Then he turned once more to what he had abandoned. He said to himself -that, according to the universal opinion of Christendom, the Scriptures -were given by God to show the path to heaven; and that if there was -anywhere a remedy for the disease under which he felt himself suffering, -it must be in God’s Book. He read its holy pages with entire confidence, -and made every exertion to understand them. Erelong a new light broke -upon him; a heavenly brightness was poured upon the mystery of Golgotha, -and he was filled with unutterable joy. ‘Certainly,’ he said, ‘Christ by -his obedience and death has fully satisfied the law of God and merited -heaven for his elect. That is true righteousness, that is the true -salvation.’[837] He did not advance any farther just then; for some time -longer the Roman-Catholic Church was in his eyes the true Church, and -the religious orders were holy institutions. He had found that peace -which he had sought so long, and was satisfied. - -[Sidenote: Occhino’s Popularity.] - -The activity of his life increased, the fervor of his zeal augmented, -his preaching became more spiritual and more earnest. He continued his -itinerant ministry, and attracted still more the attention of the people -of Italy. He always went on foot, though weak in body. His name filled -the peninsula, and when he was expected in any city a multitude of -people and even nobles and princes would go out to meet him. The -principal men of the city would display a deep affection for him, pay -him every honor, and not permit him to go and lodge in the wretched cell -of a monastery, but force him to accept the brilliant hospitality of -their mansions. The magnificence of these dwellings, the costly dresses -of their inhabitants, and ‘all the pomp of the age,’ made no change in -his humble and austere life. Sitting at the luxurious banquets of the -great ones of this world, he would drink no wine and eat but of one -dish, and that the plainest. Being conducted to the best chamber, and -invited to repose in a soft and richly-furnished bed, in order to -recruit himself after the fatigue of his journey, he would smile, -stretch his threadbare mantle on the floor, and lie down upon it. - -As soon as the news of his arrival became known, crowds of people would -throng round him from all parts. ‘Whole cities went to hear him,’ says -the Bishop of Amelia, ‘and there was no church large enough to contain -the multitude of hearers.’[838] All eyes were fixed on him as soon as he -entered the pulpit. His age, his thin pale face, his beard falling below -the waist, his gray hair and coarse robe, and all that was known of his -life, made the people regard him as an extraordinary man, indeed as a -saint. Was there any affectation in these strange manners? Probably -there was, for though a new creation had begun in him, the old nature -was still very strong. He was not insensible to the glory that comes -from man, and perhaps did not seek alone that which comes from God. - -At length the great orator began to speak, and all the congregation hung -upon his lips. He explained his ideas with such ease and grace, that -even from the very beginning of his ministry, he charmed all who heard -him. But after he had studied Scripture, there was more elegance, -originality, and talent in his discourses. He made use of evangelical -language, which penetrated the heart; and yet no one, unless he were a -very subtle theologian, would dare ascribe new doctrines to him. The -inward power which he had received touched their hearts; the movements -of his eloquence carried away his hearers, and he led them where he -pleased.[839] At Perugia, enemies embraced one another as they left the -church, and renounced the family feuds which had been handed down -through several generations. At Naples, when he preached for some work -of charity, every purse was opened: one day he collected five thousand -crowns—an enormous sum for those times. Even princes of the Church, such -as Cardinal Sadolet and Cardinal Bembo, adjudged him the palm of popular -eloquence: all voices hailed him as the first preacher of Italy.[840] We -shall see him presently producing a religious revival at Naples. He was -preceded and aided in that work by men who, although inferior to him in -eloquence, were his superiors in knowledge and faith. - -[Sidenote: Character Of Peter Martyr.] - -At the time when the Word was thus sown, and was everywhere bearing -fruit more or less, Florence, the land of the Medici, so illustrious -from its attachment to letters and liberty, was not to be a barren soil. -In the year 1500, the year in which Charles V. was born, a rich -patrician named Stephen Vermigli had a son whom he named Peter Martyr in -honor of Peter of Milan whom the Arians are said to have put to death -for maintaining the orthodox faith, and to whom a church was dedicated -near the house in which the child was born.[841] His mother, Maria -Fumantina, an educated woman of meek and tranquil piety, devoted herself -to her only son, taught him Latin in his earliest years, and poured into -his heart that incorruptible spirit, which is of such great value before -God. The boy early attended the public schools established for the -Florentine youth, and was distinguished for the quickness of his -understanding, the extent of his powers, the strength of his memory, and -above all by such a thirst for learning that no difficulties could stop -him. If Occhino possessed liveliness of feeling and imagination, Peter -Martyr possessed solidity of judgment and depth of mind. - -Before long the youth was involved in a painful struggle. His -father,—either because he disapproved of a monastic life, the abuses of -which, even at Florence, had been exposed by Dante and afterwards by -Savonarola; or because he was ambitious and desired to see his son -attain a brilliant position—intended giving him an education calculated -to advance him in the service of the State. Peter Martyr, on the -contrary, inspired by the pious feelings which he had inherited from his -mother, wished to dedicate himself to God. His greatest ambition was to -learn; his glory was to know; knowledge, and especially the knowledge of -divine things, was in his eyes superior to all the world besides. His -father commanded in vain and disinherited him in vain; in 1516 the young -man entered the monastery of regular canons of St. Augustine at Fiesole, -near Florence. After a certain interval of time Peter Martyr felt that -he did not learn much in the cloister. He was penetrated with the -thought that man ought to make it his object to propagate around him -solid knowledge and true light, especially in all that relates to the -immortal soul; but to propagate them, he must first possess them. He -obtained permission to visit Padua, the seat of a celebrated university. -Quiet, steady, diligent, affectionate, and respectful, he was loved and -esteemed by all. He venerated the aged as if they were his fathers, and -displayed such modesty, affection, and eagerness to do what was pleasing -to his comrades, that he always found them, in times of trial, his -surest friends.[842] Although he was in the age of passions, and lived -in cities where temptations were numerous, he was able to preserve that -chastity of thought and that purity of conduct so necessary to the -happiness and real success of a young man. He studied philosophy, and in -the public disputations acquired a singular dialectic skill, of which he -afterwards gave striking proofs. But he was in search of something -better, namely, divine truth; and therefore began to attend the lectures -of the theological professors. He was soon disgusted with them, for they -taught nothing but scholastics, and he resolved to seek the road by -himself. He frequently spent the greater part of the night in the -library of his monastery; he read the Greek authors, and then took up -the Fathers of the Church, Tertullian, Athanasius, and Augustine, and -began to have a perception that the theology of primitive catholicism -was quite different from that of the papacy. - -In 1526, his superiors, struck with his talents, called him to the -ministry. Peter Martyr preached at Rome, Bologna, Pisa, Venice, Mantua, -Bergamo, and other cities. At the same time he gave public lessons in -literature and philosophy, particularly on Homer. But he determined to -go farther, and, no longer contenting himself with the poets, -philosophers, and Fathers of the Church, he desired to know the Holy -Scriptures. He was enraptured with them; as the Latin text was not -sufficient for him, he read the New Testament in Greek; he next resolved -to read the Old Testament also in the original, and meeting with a -Jewish doctor named Isaac, at Bologna, he learnt Hebrew of him. Then it -was that a new light illumined his fine genius. While he was studying -the letter of the Holy Scriptures, _the Spirit of God opened his -understanding_, and displayed before him the mysteries concealed within -them.[843] His learning, labors, and administrative ability had already -attracted general consideration; and the pious sentiments he now -displayed helped to increase it. He was appointed Abbot of Spoleto, and -in 1530 was summoned to a larger theatre, to Naples, as Prior of St. -Peter’s _ad Aram_, where we shall meet him erelong. - -[Sidenote: Aonio Paleario.] - -In 1534 there lived in Sienna a friend of Greek and Latin literature, an -enthusiast for Cicero, whose elegant and harmonious periods he -translated better than any other scholar, and who was particularly -distinguished among the professors of the university for his elevation -of soul, love of truth, boldness of thought, and the courage with which -he attacked false doctors and sham ascetics. He made a sensation in the -world of schools, and, though he had no official post, the students -crowded to his lectures. His name was Antonio della Paglia, which he -latinized, according to the fashion of the age, into Aonius Palearius. -This, again, was Italianized into Aonio Paleario. Among the hills which -bound the Roman Campagna, near the source of the Garigliano, stands the -ancient city of Veroli; here he was born in 1503, of an old patrician -house according to some, of the family of an artisan according to -others. In 1520 he went to Rome, where the love of art and antiquity was -then much cultivated, and, from the lessons of illustrious teachers, he -learnt to admire Demosthenes, Homer, and Virgil. A rumor of war -disturbed his peaceful labors. In 1527 the imperial army descended the -Alps, and, like an avalanche which, slipping from the icy mountain-tops, -rushes down into the valley, it overthrew and destroyed everything in -its course. Milan had been crushed, and, when the news reached Rome at -the same time with the furious threats uttered by the imperialists -against the city of the pontiffs, the young student exclaimed, ‘If they -come near us, we are lost!’ Paleario hastily took refuge in the valley -where he was born; but even there the spray of the avalanche reached -him. When he returned to the papal city, alas! the houses were in ruins, -the men of letters had fled. He turned his eyes towards Tuscany, quitted -Rome in the latter part of 1529, and after spending some time at -Perugia, went on to Sienna, where he arrived in the autumn of 1530. - -That ancient city of the Etruscans, transformed into a city of the -Middle Ages, at first delighted the friend of letters. Its position in -the midst of smiling hills,[844] the fertility of its fields, the -abundance of everything, the beauty of the buildings, the cultivated -minds of its inhabitants—all enraptured him. But erelong he discovered a -wound which wrung his heart: the State was torn by factions; an -ignorant, impetuous, turbulent democracy had the upper hand; the -strength of a people who might have done great things was wasted in idle -and barren disputes. The most eminent men wept over the sorrows of their -country, and fled with their wives and children from the desolated land. -‘Alas!’ exclaimed Paleario, ‘the city wants nothing but concord between -the citizens.’[845] He met, however, with an affectionate welcome in the -families of a few nobles; and, after visiting Florence, Ferrara, Padua, -and Bologna, he returned in 1532 to Sienna, to which his friends had -invited him. - -[Sidenote: Poem On Immortality.] - -Paleario was a poet: his fancy was at work wherever he went; and, either -during his travels or on his return to the Ghibeline city, he composed a -Latin poem on the immortality of the soul.[846] We find traces of the -Roman doctrine in it, especially of purgatory[847] and of the queenship -of the Virgin.[848] His eyes, however, were already turned towards the -Reformation. He desired to have readers like Sadolet, and also the -sympathy of Germany.[849] The poem evidences a soul which, without -having yet found God and the peace he gives, sighs after a new earth, a -rejuvenated humanity, and a happiness which consists in contemplating -the Almighty, the King of men, as the eternal and absolute goodness and -supreme happiness.[850] - -Ere long Paleario took another step. The religious questions by which -Italy was so deeply agitated engrossed that eminent mind. He commenced -reading not only Saint Augustine but the Reformers and the Holy -Scriptures, and began to speak in his lectures with a liberty that -enraptured his hearers, but so exasperated the priests that his friend -and patron Sadolet recommended him to be more prudent. Paleario, -however, boldly crossed the threshold which separates the literary from -the Christian world. He received thoroughly the doctrine of -justification by faith, and found in it a peace which was to him a -warrant of its truth. ‘Since he in whom the Godhead dwells,’ he said, -‘has so lovingly poured out his blood for our salvation, we must not -doubt of the favor of Heaven. All who turn their souls towards Jesus -crucified, and bind themselves to him with thorough confidence, are -delivered from evil and receive forgiveness of their sins.’ - -Paleario loved the country. Having noticed a villa which had belonged to -Aulus Cecina, the friend of Cicero, situated between Colle and Volterra, -at the summit of a plateau, whence flowed a stream, watering the slopes, -and where a pure air and the tranquility of the fields could be -enjoyed,[851] the Christian poet bought it, and there, in his beloved -_Cecignana_, on the terrace before the house or among the forest oaks, -he passed many a peaceful day, consecrated to serious meditation. He -knew that the world on which he fixed his eyes was the creation of the -Supreme, the free will of God; that an inward and uninterrupted bond -existed between the Creator and his creatures; and rejoiced that, owing -to the redemption of Jesus Christ, there would be formed out of its -inhabitants a kingdom of God, from which evil would be forever banished. - -[Sidenote: Paleario’s Love Of Nature.] - -Paleario’s tender soul needed domestic affections, and at Sienna he was -alone. He married Marietta Guidotti, a young person of respectable -parentage, who had been brought up with holy modesty.[852] She bore him -two sons, Lampridius and Phædrus, and two daughters, Aspasia and -Sophonisba, whom he loved tenderly, and who were, after God, the -consolation of a life agitated by the injustice of his enemies. Family -affections and a love for the beauties of nature were in Paleario, as -they often are, the marks of an elevated soul. At a later period, when -his life had become still more bitter; when he had lost his health, and -his faith had made him an object of horror to the fanatical; when he -exclaimed, ‘All men are full of hatred and ill-will toward me;’[853] -when he foresaw that he must ere long succumb beneath the blows of his -adversaries; even then he sighed after the country, and wrote to one of -his friends, with a simplicity reminding us of ancient times:—‘I am -weary of study; fain would I fly to you and pass my days under the warm -bright sky of your fields. At early morn, or when the day begins to -wane, we will wander through the country, around the cottages, with -Lampridius and Phædrus my darling boys, and with your wife and -mine.[854] Get ready the garden, that we may live on herbs, for I am -utterly disgusted with the luxurious tables of our cities. The farm -shall supply us with eggs and poultry, the river with fish. Oh! how -sweet are the repasts at which we eat the fruit we gather from our own -garden, the fowls fed by our own hands, the birds caught in our -nets,—sweeter far than those where you see nothing on the table but -provisions bought in the market! We will work in the fields; we will -tire ourselves. Make your preparations; get ready a saw, a hatchet, a -wedge to cleave the wood, pruning-shears, a harrow, and a hoe. If these -implements fail us, we will be content with planting trees, that shall -serve for ages yet to come.’ It is pleasing to see the disciple of -Cicero and especially of the Bible, at a time when he was tormented by -sickness and the hatred of the wicked, rejoicing like a child at the -thought of planting trees that should give a cool shade and welcome -fruit to coming generations. We shall now describe the end of his stay -at Sienna, and what brought his great sorrow upon him, although it will -lead us beyond the limits of time we have prescribed for ourselves. - -The best friend Paleario possessed was Antonio Bellantes, president of -the Council of Nine, a grave and benevolent man, generally loved and -respected; in a time of difficulty he had assisted the State by the gift -of two million golden crowns. Bellantes esteemed Paleario very highly, -and Paleario loved him above all other men. In the course of the popular -disturbances, the members of the Council of Nine had been banished; but -the senate and people had entreated Bellantes to remain at Sienna—a -circumstance which had greatly enraged his enemies. Ruffians broke into -his house one night and plundered it. Somewhat later Bellantes died, -leaving all his ready money to his mother, that she might deliver it to -his sons when they came of age. The good lady was a great friend of the -monks; every day the capuchins used to visit her,[855] and when she felt -sick they crowded round her bed. After her death, no property could be -found in her house, except some torn bags which appeared to have held -money. The sons of Bellantes accused the monks of having stolen their -inheritance, and Paleario supported them with his eloquence. The monks -denied the fact, and were acquitted upon their solemn oath. Inflamed -with anger against Paleario, they resolved upon his destruction. - -[Sidenote: Plot Against Paleario.] - -At the head of his adversaries was the senator Otto Melio Cotta, a rich, -powerful, and ambitious man of a domineering spirit. At first he had -been mixed up in political affairs, but he afterwards enlisted under the -banners of the clergy, and made common cause with the monks. A plot was -formed in the Observantine convent, situated about a mile from Sienna, -in the midst of woods, grottos, and holy places. Three hundred members -of the Joanelli, a brotherhood formed for certain exercises of piety, -swore upon the altar to destroy Paleario. Not confining themselves to -attacks upon his teaching, Cotta and his other adversaries began to pry -into his private life, to watch all his movements, and to catch up every -word. They soon found fresh subjects of complaint against him. Paleario -had ridiculed a wealthy priest, who was to be seen every morning -devoutly kneeling before the shrine of a saint, but who refused to pay -his debts; and the keen irony with which he had spoken of him had -occasioned a great scandal among the clergy. That however, was not -enough; they must have a palpable mark of heresy. His adversaries -endeavored, therefore, to entrap him, and some of them, presenting -themselves as if they wanted to be instructed, put questions to him -calculated to lead him into the snare. ‘What,’ they asked, ‘is the first -means of salvation given by God to man?’ He answered ‘_Christ_.’ That -might pass; but, continuing their questions, Paleario’s enemies added: -‘What is the second?’ In their opinion, he should have indicated -meritorious works; but Paleario replied: ‘_Christ_.’ Continuing their -inquiry, they said: ‘And what is the third?’ They thought that Paleario -should answer, The Church; out of the Church there is no salvation; but -he still replied, ‘_Christ_.’[856] From that moment he was a lost man. -The monks and their friends reported to Cotta the answer which they -deemed so heretical. - -Paleario had no suspicion of danger. Cardinal Sadolet and some other -friends invited him to come and see them at Rome, and he went. He had -not been there long before he received a very excited letter from -Faustus Bellantes. ‘There is a great agitation in the city,’ he said; -‘an astounding conspiracy has been formed against you by the most -criminal of men.[857] We do not know upon what the accusation is -founded; we are ignorant of the names of your adversaries. The report -runs that the chiefs of the state have been excited against you in -consequence of calumnious charges concerning religion. It is said that -some wretched monks have sworn your ruin; but the plot must have deeper -roots. I shall go to Sienna to-morrow, and shall speak to my friends and -relations about it. I am ready for everything, even to lose my life in -your defence. Mean-time I conjure you, let your mind be at peace.’ - -Bellantes was not deceived. Cotta, without loss of time, appeared in the -senate and reported to his colleagues the monstrous language of -Paleario, and exclaimed, that if they suffered him to live, ‘there would -be no vestige of religion left in the city.’[858] Every man was silent: -such was the alarm caused by a charge of heresy, that no one dared take -up the defence of that courageous Christian. - -Paleario heard of this, and was distressed but not surprised. One truth -was deeply engraved in his heart: All power of salvation is given to -Jesus Christ; He is the only source whence the new life can be drawn. It -seemed to him that the priests had forged so many means of acquiring -pardon, that they hardly left Christ the hundredth part. He could well -understand how irritated the clergy must be against a man who set so -little store by all their paltry contrivances; but although he saw -clearly the danger that threatened him, he remained firm. ‘The power of -the conspirators is immense,’ he said; ‘the more fiercely a man attacks -me, the more pious he is reckoned. But what matters it? Jesus Christ, -whom I have always sincerely and religiously adored, is my hope.[859]... -I despise the cabals of men, and my heart is full of courage.’[860] -Christ was his king. He knew that that great Sovereign, who is achieving -the conquest of the world, preserves at the same time all those who have -found reconciliation with God through him. - -His wife was not so calm. Marietta, his virtuous and devoted partner, so -ardent in her affection, was filled with uneasiness and trouble; her -imagination called up before her not only the misfortunes of the moment; -but also those of the future; she was the most unhappy of women.[861] -Her agony was greater than her strength; she passed whole days in -tears.[862] Distressed and exhausted, she lost her health; and every one -might see in her face the sorrow which was consuming her. When her -husband heard of this at Rome, he was heart-broken, and conjured his -mother and Bellantes to visit Marietta, in order to distract the -afflicted wife from her sorrow. - -Paleario would have desired to hasten to her in person and confront his -accusers; but his friends at Sienna and at Rome alike dissuaded him. The -citizens who were then at the head of the state were violent men, of no -morality, and as ready to condemn the innocent as to acquit the guilty. -It was hoped that a new election would bring upright men into power: -they conjured Paleario to wait, and he did so. But there was no change: -the denunciations, charges, and murmurs only increased. The enemies of -the Gospel attacked not merely Paleario, but the reformers, the -_Germans_, as they said: they tried to involve all the friends of the -Bible, both German and Italian, in the same condemnation. At last, what -had been hoped for came to pass; an important change took place in the -government of the republic; order and liberty were restored. Paleario -thought he could no longer remain away; he left Rome and joined his -family at his country-house near Colle. - -[Sidenote: Paleario Accused Of Heresy.] - -As soon as his adversaries were informed of his return, they laid a -charge of heresy before the senate of Sienna and the court of Rome. -Determined to employ all means to destroy Paleario, they resolved to -constrain the ecclesiastical authority to go along with them by the -strong pressure they would bring to bear upon it. With this intent -twelve of them met, and, bent on prevailing upon the archbishop to -demand that Paleario should be put upon his trial, they marched through -the streets of the city to the prelate’s palace. In this excited band -there was the senator Cotta with five others, distinguished among whom -was Alexis Lucrinas, an impetuous and foolish man; then three priests, -people of little importance, but very violent, grossly ignorant, and -untiring babblers;[863] and lastly, three monks. The archbishop happened -just then to be at his villa in the suburbs, for the sake of the purer -air; the delegates went there after him, accompanying their march with -such shouting, threats, and disputes, that the women, attracted by the -unusual noise, ran to the windows, fancying they were taking some -criminal to punishment. Some of the conspirators said: ‘The witnesses -will be heard, the motives of his condemnation will be declared, and -then Paleario will be thrown into the fire;’ but others wanted to -proceed more quickly, so that the punishment should follow immediately -upon the statement of the offence without any form of trial and without -permitting the accused to be heard.[864] Archbishop Francesco Bandini, -of the illustrious house of Piccolomini, was a friend of letters and -consequently of Paleario. It was afternoon; the prelate who was taking -his siesta, being awoke by the noise, called a servant, and asked him -who were vociferating in that manner. Being informed that they were men -of consideration, he ordered them to be admitted. He rose from his -couch, took his seat and waited for the strange deputation. They -entered: Lucrinas, who had been sometimes invited to his lordship’s -table, was full of confidence in himself, and accordingly had begged -that they would allow him to speak. Looking round him with a satisfied -and boasting air, he began to pour out against Paleario a long string of -insults and maledictions in a passionate tone. The bishop, a wise and -grave man, had some difficulty to contain himself, and said that the -whole proceeding appeared to him full of levity. ‘There can be no -question of levity,’ impudently exclaimed Lucrinas, ‘when three hundred -citizens are ready to sign the accusation.’ ‘And I could produce six -hundred witnesses,’ rejoined the prelate, ‘who have sworn that you are a -merciless usurer. I did not, however, give effect to their denunciation. -Did I do well or ill? tell me.’ ... The poor wretch was silent; the fact -was too notorious to be denied, and too scandalous to be confessed. But -his companions were not to be put out by such a trifle; they explained -the motives of their prosecution, threw themselves at the prelate’s -feet, and conjured him in the name of religion to support the charge -against Paleario. The archbishop, considering that it was a question of -heresy, thought that it was a matter for the courts to decide, and -consented to their prayer. - -[Sidenote: Paleario’s Enemies.] - -Paleario’s enemies set to work immediately; they endeavored to prejudice -the most notable persons in Sienna against him; and picked out -individuals from among the populace, who were without light and without -conscience, whom they induced to testify before the court to things of -which they knew nothing.[865] It was in vain that the famous Sadolet, -summoned to Rome by the pope, stopped at Sienna, and undertook -Paleario’s defence. It was in vain that the cardinal, the archbishop, -and Paleario had a consultation in which Sadolet commended the accused -to the archbishop, and gave touching proofs of his esteem and affection -for him; the conspirators were able to turn the interview against the -man whom they had sworn to sacrifice to their hatred. A number of people -who had assembled in the public square began to talk about the -conference: ‘When Paleario was accused by the prelate,’ said some, ‘he -was silent through shame.’ ‘No,’ said the others, ‘he answered, but was -sharply reprimanded by Sadolet.’[866] Impatient to see their victim -handed over to death, happy at having already caused doubt in the mind -of the archbishop, and imagining they had convinced Sfondrati the -president of the republic, and Crasso the prætor, the twelve obtained an -order for Paleario to be summoned before the senate on a charge of -heresy. - -That innocent and just man was not blind to the danger and difficulty of -his position. He felt that the calumnies of his enemies would check the -good he hoped to do, would break up old friendships, and destroy the -peace that the city was beginning to enjoy. Ere long, perhaps, his wife -would be a widow and his children orphans: a veil of sadness covered his -face. Oh! how bitter was such a trial! He knew full well that -afflictions awaken heavenly life in the Christian; that it is a -privilege of the child of God; but he was for some time without comfort, -and his soul was bowed down. ‘My adversaries,’ he said, ‘heap wrong upon -wrong, hatred upon hatred:[867] they have done nothing else these six -months. Has there ever been a man saintly enough not to give way under -the attacks of such a perverse zeal? I will not speak of Socrates, -Scipio, Rutilius, or Metellus; certain failings might have laid them -open to the attacks of their enemies. But even He than whom none was so -good, none so holy, even the all-innocent Jesus Christ himself, was -assailed on every side.[868] Alas! where can the righteous man turn? -whom can he implore?’ - -[Sidenote: Trial Of Paleario.] - -Paleario soon learnt to answer this. When he found himself summoned to -appear before the senate, his courage revived. He was not only strong in -his innocence, but the faith which inspired his heart told him that God -loves his servants, and that with Him they are free from every danger. -He went to the palace of the Signiory, and entered the hall, leaning on -the arm of the youthful Faustus Bellantes, son of his old friend, -accompanied by some faithful men who were unwilling to forsake him in -the day of his distress. He stood in the presence of those who held his -life in their hands. Sfondrati the president, Crasso the prætor, the -senate, and the Nine were seated in their judicial chairs. His -adversaries were there also; Cotta especially, full of presumptuous -assurance, and feeling certain that the time had come at last when he -could fall upon his prey. Paleario recognized him; he was agitated and -indignant at seeing him quietly taking his seat in the senate, at the -very time he was bent on carrying out an infamous plot. He contained -himself, however; and, first addressing the senators, to whom he gave -the title employed in ancient Rome, he said:[869] ‘Conscript fathers, -when there was a talk about me in former years, I was not seriously -moved by it: the times were times of desolation; all human and divine -rights were confounded in the same disorder. But now, when, by the -goodness of God, men of wisdom have been placed at the head of the -republic, when the sap and the blood circulate afresh through the -state,[870] why should I not lift up my head?’ - -By degrees Paleario grew warm; his eyes fell again upon his insolent -enemy whom he apostrophized as Cicero did Catiline: ‘Cotta, you wicked, -arrogant, and factious man,’ he said, ‘who practise not that religion in -which God is worshipped in spirit and in truth, but that which plunges -into every superstition, because it is the best adapted to impose upon -mankind: Cotta, you imagine you are a Christian, because you bear the -image of Christ upon your purple robe; while by your calumnies you are -crushing an innocent man, who is also an image, a living image, of Jesus -Christ. When you accused me falsely of a crime, did you obey Jesus -Christ? When you went to the house of the Nine to utter falsehoods -against me, did you think, Cotta, you were making a pilgrimage to -Jerusalem? I am surprised that you do not crucify innocent persons.... -You would do it—yes, you would do it, if you could do all that your -pride suggests.’[871] - -Paleario then passed on to a more important subject. In attacking him, -his adversaries really attacked the Gospel, the Reformation, and those -excellent men whom God was making use of to transform Christian society. -Paleario defended the reformers in the presence of all Italy. - -[Sidenote: Paleario’s Defence.] - -‘You bring impudent reproaches against me, Cotta,’ he continued; ‘you -assert that I think wrongly on religious matters, that I am falling into -heresy, and you accuse me of having adopted the opinions of the -_Germans_. What a paltry accusation! Do you pretend to bind all the -Germans in the same bundle? Are all the Germans bad? Do you not know -that the august emperor is a German? Will you say that you mean only the -theologians? What noble theologians there are in Germany! But though -your accusations are unmeaning in appearance, there is a sting lying -under them. I know the venom they contain.... The _Germans_ that you -mean are Œcolampadius, Erasmus, Melancthon, Luther, Pomeranus, Bucer, -and their friends. But is there a single theologian in Italy so stupid -as not to know that there are many things worthy of praise in the works -of those doctors?... Exact, sincere, earnest, they have professed the -truths which we find set forth by the early fathers. To accuse the -Germans is to accuse Origen, Chrysostom, Cyrillus, Irenæus, Hilary, -Augustin, and Jerome. If I purpose imitating those illustrious doctors -of Christian antiquity, why repeat perpetually that I think like the -Germans? What! because the learned professors of the German schools have -followed the footsteps of those holy men of the first centuries, may not -I follow them also? You would like me to imitate the folly of those who, -to obtain good preferments, fight against even that which is good in -Germany.... Ah! conscript fathers, rather than strive after those -delights which lead many astray, I prefer to live honestly. My -circumstances may be narrow, but my conscience is at liberty.[872] Let -those vile flatterers sit on the doctor’s seat or the bishop’s throne, -let them put mitres or tiaras on their heads, let them wear the -purple.[873]... Not so for me, I will remain in my library, sitting on a -wooden stool, wearing a woollen garment against the cold, a linen -garment in the heat, and with only a little bed on which to taste the -repose of sleep. - -‘But, Cotta, you still continue your attacks; you reproach me for -praising all the Germans say and do. No! there are some things I approve -of in them and others that I do not. When I meet with thoughts which for -ages have been obscured by a barbarous style, hidden under the brambles -of scholasticism, and sunk into the deepest darkness—when I see these -brought into the full light of day, placed within the reach of all, and -expressed in the choicest Latinity, I not only praise the Germans, but I -heartily thank them. Sacred studies had fallen asleep in convent cells, -where the idle men who should have cultivated them had hidden themselves -as if in gloomy forests, under the pretence of applying to work. But -what happened? They snored so loud that we could hear them in our cities -and towns.[874] Now, learning has been restored to us; Latin, Greek, and -Chaldee libraries have been formed; assistance has been honorably -extended to the theologians; precious books have been multiplied by -means of the wonderful invention of printing. Can there be anything more -striking, more glorious, or more deserving our eternal gratitude?’ - -After this defence of the literary and reforming movement of Germany, -Paleario came to what is grander than all—to Christ: ‘Are they not -insufferable men,’ he said, ‘nay, wicked men, before whom we dare not -praise the God of our salvation, Jesus Christ, the King of all nations, -by whose death such precious boons have been conferred upon the human -race? And yet for this, conscript fathers, yes, for this I am reproached -in the accusation brought against me. On the authority of the most -ancient and most faithful documents, I had declared that the end of all -evils had arrived, that all condemnation was done away with for those -who, being converted to Christ crucified, trust in him with perfect -confidence. These are the things that appeared detestable to those -twelve ... shall I say to those twelve men or twelve wild beasts, who -desire that the man who wrote these things should be thrown into the -fire! If I must suffer that penalty for the testimony I have borne to -the Son of God, believe me that no happier fate could befall me; in -truth, I do not think that a Christian in our times ought to die in his -bed. Ah! conscript fathers, to be accused and cast into prison is a -trifle; to be scourged, to be hanged, to be sewn up in a sack, to be -thrown to wild beasts, to be consumed by fire,—all these are trifles, if -only by such punishments truth is brought into the light of day.’[875] - -Aonio Paleario did not speak as a rhetorician; he was no maker of -Ciceronian periods. The man who at this time professed so energetically -the supreme importance of truth and did so again in his _Beneficio di -Gesù Christo crocifisso_,[876] gave his life for it. If he _spoke_ at -Sienna, he was to _act_ at Rome. In each of these phases we recognize -the noble victim of 1570. - -After speaking like a martyr, he spoke like a man. He looked round -him: some of the most eminent citizens, the Tancredis, the Placidis, -the Malevoltas were near him full of emotion. Egidio, superior of -the Augustines, and his monks—men abounding in piety and -modesty—strengthened him by their approbation and their prayers. His -two young friends, Faustus and Evander Bellantes, keeping their eyes -fixed upon him, could not restrain their tears. Presently a more -moving sight met his eyes: he beheld Marietta, pale and weeping. -‘What do I see?’ he exclaimed. ‘Thou also, my wife, art thou come -dressed in mourning weeds, accompanied by the noblest and most pious -of women—art thou come with thy children, to throw thyself at the -feet of the senators? O my light, my life, my soul! return home, -train up our children; do not be afraid, Christ who is thy spouse -will be their father.[877]... Alas! she is half killed with -grief.[878] O mother, support her, take her away; take her to your -own home, if you can ... and let your love dry up her tears.’ - -[Sidenote: Paleario Acquitted.] - -The impression produced by this address was so profound, that the senate -declared Paleario innocent. But such a striking triumph served only to -enrage his enemies the more: he saw that he could not remain at Sienna, -and therefore took leave of his friends. Bellantes, on his death-bed, -had commended his children to him, and Paleario exhorted them to aspire -to something great. It is probable that he went to Rome for a short -time, where his friends had got the proceedings set aside which his -enemies had commenced against him; and afterwards to Lucca, where the -chair of eloquence was given him. He left a great void at Sienna, and -his friends were grieved. Faustus Bellantes seemed to express the -feelings of all when he wrote: ‘Since you left, such a torpor has come -over me that I am scarcely able to write.’[879] - -[Sidenote: Evangelicals Of Bologna.] - -Besides these lights—a Curione or a Paleario, scattered here and there -over Italy—there were societies of Christian men in several cities who -courageously professed evangelical truth. Bologna in particular—a city -in the neighborhood of Ferrara, and whose university was, along with -that of Paris, the first of the great schools of Europe—counted a large -number of laymen and ecclesiastics who, like those of Venice, showed -much zeal and decision for the great principles of the Reformation. When -John of Planitz, ambassador from Saxony to the emperor, crossed the Alps -in 1533, the evangelical Christians of Bologna addressed him with -thorough Italian ardor. ‘We know,’ they said, ‘that the Germans have -thrown off the yoke of antichrist and have attained to the liberty of -the children of God. We know that they are but little troubled because -the hateful name of heretics has been given them, and that, on the -contrary, they rejoice because they are thought worthy of enduring -shame, imprisonment, fire and sword for the cause of Christ. We know -that if they demand a council, it is not in their own interest, but with -a view to the salvation of other people. For this reason all the nations -of Christendom owe a deep debt of gratitude both to them and to you, -most honored lord; but there is no nation more indebted to you than our -own. Of all countries subject to the tyrant, Italy, being the nearest to -him, as it is his seat,[880] experiences the liveliest joy and special -gratitude, because, through the goodness of God, redemption has drawn -nigh to her at last. We entreat you to employ every means for the -convocation of a council. In all the towns of the peninsula, and in Rome -itself, as the emperor knows, a great number of pious, wise, and -distinguished men desire it, are waiting for it, and loudly demanding -it. If the pope should summon a council, he will easily remedy the -abuses that have crept into the Church through the neglect of his -predecessors; and for that excellent work he will receive appropriate -honor from men, and from Jesus Christ life eternal. Let every one be at -liberty to read the books in which learned doctors (the reformers) have -explained their faith. At least let priests, monks, and laity be at -liberty to possess the Bible without incurring the reproach of heresy, -and even to quote the words of Christ and of St. Paul without being -reviled as sectarians. If, on the contrary, Rome tramples under foot the -commandments of the Lord, his grace, his doctrine, his peace, and the -liberty which he gives—has not the reign of Antichrist begun?... If you -need our help, speak! we are ready. If necessary, we will sacrifice our -fortunes and our lives in the Redeemer’s cause; and as long as we live -we will commend it daily to God by fervent prayer.’[881] Such was the -decision of the Christians of Italy, even in the cities subject to the -pope. - -About the time when this eloquent address reached the lord of Planitz, -John Mollio, a Franciscan from the neighborhood of Sienna, arrived at -Bologna as professor in the university. Convinced by the teaching of the -Holy Scriptures and of the reformers, he professed with great freedom -the Christian truth according to the writings of St. Paul; but the pope -forbade him to lecture on the epistles of that Apostle. Mollio then took -up the other books of the New Testament; but he drew from them the same -doctrine, and his hearers, delighted at seeing the pope’s prohibition -thus evaded, enthusiastically applauded him. The Court of Rome, finding -that there was no means of turning grace out of the Bible, gave orders -to turn Mollio out of the university—which was much easier. However, the -number of evangelical Christians in Bologna continued to increase.[882] - -Footnote 835: - - B. Occhino, ‘Responsio qua rationem reddit discessus ex Italia.’ - -Footnote 836: - - Calvin. - -Footnote 837: - - B. Occhino, ‘Responsio qua rationem reddit discessus ex Italia.’ - -Footnote 838: - - Ant. M. Gratiani, Bishop of Amelia: see _Hist. du Cardinal Commendon_, - liv. ii. ch. ix. - -Footnote 839: - - ‘Ut auditorum animos quocumque vellet raperet.’—Bzovius, ad annum - 1542. - -Footnote 840: - - ‘Ut unus optimus totius Italiæ concionator haberetur.’—Bzovius, ad - annum 1542. - -Footnote 841: - - ‘Ex voto quodam quod fuerunt Petro Martyri Mediolanensi, qui quondam - ab Arianis occisus est.’—Simler, _Vita Petri M. Vermilii_, Tiguri, - 1569. - -Footnote 842: - - ‘Æquales suos quamvis plerosque ingenio excelleret, ita tamen amabat, - ita modestia sua sibi devinciebat, ut . . . amicissimos semper - habuerit.’—Simler, _Vita Petri M. Vermilii_, Tiguri, 1569. - -Footnote 843: - - ‘Dum litteram aliquandiu sectatur, patefaciente Spiritu Dei, abdita et - spiritualia mysteria salutariter cognovit.’—Simler, _Vita Petri M. - Vermilii_, Tiguri, 1569. - -Footnote 844: - - ‘Urbs situ, natura, et ingeniis nobilis, inter amœnos colles conclusa, - fertilis et copiosa.’—_Oratio de Concordia Civium_, p. 380. (_Palearii - Opera_, Wetstein, Amsterdam.) - -Footnote 845: - - ‘Nihil unquam enim civitati defuit nisi concordia civilis.’—_Oratio de - Concordia Civium._ - -Footnote 846: - - De Immortalitate Animarum. The poem was published by Gryphius, at - Lyons, in 1536, through the instrumentality of Cardinal Sadolet, - Bishop of Carpentras. - -Footnote 847: - - ‘Tres igitur sedes statuit pater optimus ipse.’ - -Footnote 848: - - ‘Teque, optima Virgo, - Victricem, præclare acto _Regina_ triumpho.’ - -Footnote 849: - - ‘Quales nunc habet ingeniis Germania florens.’ - -Footnote 850: - - ‘Oculos defigite in unum, - Unus ego omnipotens, ego Rex hominumque Deumque, - Æternumque bonum simplexque, et summa voluptas.’ - (_Ad finem._) - -Footnote 851: - - The villa is now the property of Count Guicciardini. - -Footnote 852: - - ‘Adolescentulam optimis parentibus bene et pudice educatam ducam in - uxorem.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 61. - -Footnote 853: - - ‘Malevolorum et invidorum plena sunt omnia.’—_Ibid._ p. 209. - -Footnote 854: - - ‘Mane aut inclinato in pomeridianum tempus die, cum Lampridio et - Phædro, suavissimis pueris, et cum mulieribus nostris circum villulas - errabimus.’—_Ibid._ p. 209. - -Footnote 855: - - ‘Lignipodas, qui in aviæ conclave quotidie cursabant.’—Faustus - Bellantes to Paleario, _Epist._ p. 97. - -Footnote 856: - - ‘Rogatus quid primum esset generi hominum a Deo datum, in quo salutem - collocare mortales possent? Responderim CHRISTUM. Quid secundum? - CHRISTUM. Quid _tertium_? CHRISTUM.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 99. - -Footnote 857: - - ‘Incredibilem conspirationem scelestissimorum hominum contra te esse - factam.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 97. - -Footnote 858: - - ‘Cotta asserebat, me salvo, vestigium religionis in civitate reliquum - esse nullum.’—_Ibid._ p. 99. - -Footnote 859: - - ‘Christus tamen meus mihi spem facit, quem sancte et auguste semper - colui.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 100. - -Footnote 860: - - ‘Sed ego jam humana contemno, fortissimo animo sum.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 861: - - ‘Miserrima est omnium mulierum.’—_Ibid._ p. 103. - -Footnote 862: - - ‘In lacrymis jacet totos dies et mærore conficitur.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 863: - - ‘Tenues homines sed arrogantes, imperiti, loquacissimi.’—Palearii - _Opera_, p. 86. - -Footnote 864: - - ‘Alii . . . auditis testibus, mox in ignem conjiciendum censebant, - indicata causa. Alii, causa dicta pœnam sequi oportere - putabant.’—Palearii _Opera_. - -Footnote 865: - - ‘Testes partim e plebecula tenues, rerum de quibus testimonium - dixerunt imperiti.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 116. - -Footnote 866: - - ‘Alii respondentem graviter objurgatum a Sadoleto.’—Palearii _Epist._ - p. 118. - -Footnote 867: - - ‘Injuriam augere injuria, et odio cumulare odium.’—_Ibid._ p. 119. - -Footnote 868: - - ‘Quo nemo melior, nemo sanctior circumventus est innocentissimus - Christus.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 116. - -Footnote 869: - - _Oratio tertia pro se ipso._ This is the speech which the - ecclesiastical authorities of Naples cut out of all the copies of - Paleario’s works that fell into their hands, but which we have found - complete in the edition of Amsterdam, pp. 73-97. - -Footnote 870: - - ‘Cum succus et sanguis Reipublicæ sit restitutus.’—Palearii _Opera_, - edit. Amsterdam, p. 73. - -Footnote 871: - - ‘Homines innocentes in crucem tollas. . . . Tolleres, tolleres quidem - si quantum furor iste, superbia, iracundia affert, tantum tibi - liceret.’—_Ibid._ p. 80. - -Footnote 872: - - ‘Res domi angusta est; at conscientia in animi penetralibus augusta, - læta, alacris.’—Palearii _Opera_, edit. Amsterdam, p. 84. - -Footnote 873: - - ‘Sedeant illi in cathedra, diademata imponunt, dibaphum - vestiant.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 874: - - ‘Jacebant divina studia, strata in cellulis hominum otiosorum, qui - licet in sylvas se abstrusissent, ut in hæc incumberent; ita - stertebant tamen, ut nos in urbibus et vicis audiremus.’—Palearii - _Opera_, edit. Amsterdam, pp. 81-85. - -Footnote 875: - - ‘Parum est accusari et deduci in carcerem, virgis cædi, reste - suspendi, insui in culeum, feris objici, ad ignem torreri nos decet, - si his suppliciis veritas in lucem est proferenda.’—Palearii _Opera_, - edit. Amsterdam, p. 91. - -Footnote 876: - - The fact that Paleario was the author of this book seems clearly - established by Mr. Babington, as well as by M. J. Bonnet and Mrs. - Young. - -Footnote 877: - - ‘Nunquam iis sponsore Christo deerit pater.’—Palearii _Opera_, p. 97. - -Footnote 878: - - ‘Præ dolore misere exanimatam.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 879: - - ‘Postquam in urbem profectus es, ita nescio quomodo animus meus - torpuit, ut difficillimum mihi fuerit scribere epistolam - hanc.’—Palearii _Epist._ p. 93. - -Footnote 880: - - ‘Besonders Italien, welches dem Tyrannus am nähesten unterworfen; ja, - dessen Sitz sey.’—Seckendorff’s translation, p. 1366. - -Footnote 881: - - The Italian original, which is dated 5th January, 1533, is preserved - in the archives of Weimar. Seckendorff gives a German translation in - his ‘History of Lutheranism,’ pp. 1365-1367. - -Footnote 882: - - Mac Crie, _History of the Reformation in Italy_, p. 88. - - - - - CHAPTER XX. - THE GOSPEL AT NAPLES AND ROME. - (1520-1536.) - - -The Gospel had made noble conquests in the north and centre of the -peninsula: it did the same at Naples, and even at Rome. - -It was not the Italians alone who spread the Gospel in Italy. Among the -contemporaries and acquaintances of Paleario, Peter Martyr, and Occhino, -were two twin brothers, descended from one of the oldest families of -Leon in Spain, Juan and Alfonso di Valdez. They were so much alike, that -Erasmus, who knew Alfonso, wrote to Juan: ‘They tell me you are so like -your brother, both in figure and in talent, that when people see you, -they do not take you for twins, but for the same person. I shall regard -you, then, as one, and not two individuals.’[883] And, indeed, some -historians, understanding literally what Erasmus merely intended for a -pleasant jest, have converted the two brothers into one person. One of -them disappears, and it is usually Alfonso: his actions are recorded, -but they are ascribed to Juan. The two Valdez were born in 1500, at -Cuença, in New Castile, of which their father was corregidor in 1520. -Charles V. made Alfonso his secretary,[884] and took him with him when -he left Spain in 1520, to receive the imperial crown at Aix-la-Chapelle. -In the following year the young Spaniard was among the gentlemen who -attended the emperor at Worms, when Luther made his famous appearance -before the Diet. Luther’s writings having been condemned by imperial -decree to be burnt, Alfonso, whom all these events interested in the -highest degree, desired to be present at the execution of the sentence. -When the monks, who surrounded and fed the fire saw all the heretical -paper converted into black ashes, as thin as a spider’s web, and blown -to and fro by the wind, they exclaimed: ‘There is nothing more to fear -now: it is all over;’ and then went away. But such was not Alfonso’s -opinion. ‘They call it the end of the tragedy,’ he wrote to his friend -Peter Martyr of Anghiera (who must not be confounded with Vermigli), -‘but I believe we are only at the beginning of it.’ Valdez, whom -everybody looked upon as a youth of great expectation,[885] became -intimate with Erasmus; perhaps at the suggestion of the emperor, who, -like Francis I., would willingly have united with the prince of the -schools, in order to become master of Luther and the pope, and if -possible to reconcile them. Alfonso, who was a great admirer of Erasmus, -was considered to be more Erasmian than Erasmus himself; but the -disciple went further and higher than the teacher. Erasmus was the -bridge by which Alfonso crossed the river, and passed from Rome to the -Gospel. - -[Sidenote: A Dialogue By Valdez.] - -In May, 1527, the emperor and his court were at Valladolid, where the -empress awaited her confinement. Valdez was there also. On a sudden the -news arrived of the famous sack of Rome by the troops of Charles V. The -indignation of the clergy, the agitation of the people, and the emotion -of the courtiers were extreme. Although grieved by the excess of which -the capital of Romanism had been the theatre, Alfonso believed it was -the season to say what he thought of the papacy, and consequently he -wrote and published a ‘Dialogue on the Things which happened at -Rome.’[886] The afflictions of the metropolis of catholicism, he says, -have dispersed a great number of its inhabitants; a Roman archbishop, -escaping from the disaster, arrives at Valladolid, and in the town where -a prince (the future Philip II.) had just been born, he meets one of the -emperor’s knights, by name Lactontio. The guilt of these disasters, says -the knight, lies with the pope, who, as instigator of the war and -unfaithful to his oaths, has dishonored his holy calling. Lactontio -draws one of those contrasts of light and darkness, between Christ and -the pontiff, which Luther’s pen could describe so well, but which were -quite new in the ‘most catholic’ kingdom. He goes even further, and -declares for the separation of the spiritual from the temporal power. -‘Is it useful, is it advantageous,’ he asks, ‘for the high priests of -Christendom to possess temporal power? We believe they could occupy -themselves much more freely with spiritual interests if they had not -this great burden of secular things. In all Christendom there is not a -state worse governed than the States of the Church. Erasmus pointed out -the faults of the Court of Rome, but his gentle remonstrances did not -touch you. Then God permitted Martin Luther unsparingly to expose all -your vices in broad daylight, and to detach many churches from their -obedience to you. It was all of no use; neither the respectful advice of -Erasmus nor the irreverent language of Luther could convince Rome of its -errors. God, therefore, had recourse to other appeals, and permitted the -calamities of war to fall upon your impenitent city.’ Here the -archdeacon, much more sensitive about the punishment of Rome than about -its faults, exclaims with mingled sorrow and naïveté: ‘Alas! the sacking -of the city has occasioned a loss of fifteen millions of ducats. Rome -will never become Rome again, even in half a century. The holy church of -St. Peter has been turned into a stable. For forty days not a single -mass has been said in the metropolis of Christendom. Even the bones of -the Apostles were scattered about.’ ‘The relics of the saints should be -honored,’ remarks the knight. ‘Let us understand one another, however; I -do not speak of those which require believers to solve some very thorny -problems—to decide, for instance, whether the mother of the Virgin had -two heads or the Virgin had two mothers.... We should place all our hope -in Jesus Christ alone. Honor images, if you like, but do not dishonor -Jesus Christ, and do not let Paradise be shut against the man who has no -money in his purse.’[887] - -This sharp attack, levelled at the papacy, was the more important, as -before the dialogue was published and circulated in Spain, Italy, and -Germany, it had been submitted by Valdez to several men of mark: to Don -Juan Manuel, formerly ambassador of the emperor at Rome, to the -celebrated imperial chancellor Gattinara, to Doctor Carrasco, and -several other theologians, who with a few unimportant observations, had -approved it. Count Castiglione, the papal nuncio, was not to be -deceived; he made a violent attack upon the imperial secretary, called -him a Lutheran, and declared that he could already see him wearing the -ignominious costume of the _autos da fé_. - -[Sidenote: Mercury And Charon.] - -Alfonso was silent; but a voice was raised in his defence—it was that of -his twin brother. In 1528[888] Juan published a _Dialogue_, half serious -and half in jest, _between Mercury and Charon_, which bears the mark of -a young writer. While the ferryman of Hades is busy taking over the -souls which come to him on the banks of the Styx, he is accosted by the -messenger of heaven, who makes use of strong language about the papacy. -‘So great is the corruption of those who call themselves Christians,’ he -says, ‘that I should consider it a great insult if they wanted to change -their name and be called _Mercurians_. One day,’ he continues, ‘seeing a -number of people approaching the altar to receive the host, I followed -them, with the pious design of partaking one of the wafers the priests -were distributing. But I was refused; and why? Solely because I would -not pay for it.’ Then, turning to the relics, whose dispersion was -considered to be the greatest outrage in the sack of Rome, Juan -introduces St. Peter, and puts wiser words into his mouth on this -subject than those of Mercury. According to the fervent apostle, the -plunder of Rome teaches Christians that they ought to set more value -upon one of the epistles of St. Paul or of himself than upon all the -_relics_ of their bodies. ‘The homage hitherto paid to our bones,’ he -continues, ‘must now be paid to the spirit which, for the good of -Christians, we have enshrined in our writings.’ But the satire -immediately begins again. At the thought of the sack of Rome, Mercury -bursts out into an ‘Olympian laugh.’ ‘Behold the judgment of God!’ he -says; ‘the sellers have been sold, the robbers have been robbed, and the -ill-doers ill-done!’ And when Charon complains that the pretended vicars -of heaven often forget to keep their word, ‘It is quite the rule,’ -answers Mercury, ‘that at the place where the best wine grows you drink -the worst; that the cobbler is always ill-shod, and the barber never -shaved.’ The dialogues of the twin brothers, so full of wit and yet of -Christian truth, excited loud recriminations; for the moment, however, -persecution did not touch them. It is true, the priests raised a violent -storm against them; but they were protected by the name of Charles V. In -March, 1529, Erasmus wrote to Juan, congratulating him on having escaped -safe and sound from the tempest.[889] - -When the emperor returned to Germany, Alfonso accompanied him. At -Augsburg, in 1530, as we have said in another place,[890] he played the -part of mediator between Charles V. and the protestants, and immediately -translated the celebrated evangelical confession into Spanish. But in -April, 1533, when Charles V. embarked at Genoa on his return to Spain, -Valdez remained in Italy. If he had accompanied his master, even that -powerful monarch, it was said, could not have preserved him from the -death the monks were preparing for him. From this period Alfonso seems -to have shared his time between Germany and Italy: henceforward his -brother occupies the foremost place. He was converted to the Gospel -after Alfonso, but eventually outstripped him. - -[Sidenote: Juan Valdez At Naples.] - -Juan had been forced to leave his native country.[891] He did not go to -Germany, as some have said, confounding him with his brother; but -henceforward he occupies an important position in Italy. In 1531 he went -to Naples, thence he proceeded to Rome, returning again to Naples in -1534, where he spent the remainder of his days. Some zealous -protestants, who formed part of the German army, and had been sent, in -1528, to drive off the French, who were besieging that city, were the -first to propagate the knowledge of the Gospel in that district. ‘But -when Juan Valdez arrived,’ says the Roman-catholic Caracciolo, ‘he alone -committed greater ravages among souls than many thousands of heretic -soldiers had done.’[892] Some have thought that he occupied the post of -secretary to the viceroy of Naples. But if he had an office at court, he -soon resigned it to enjoy his independence. ‘He did not frequent the -court very much,’ says Curione, ‘after Christ was revealed to him.’[893] - -Persecution had made Juan more serious; the experiences of his inner -life had matured him; he was still busy with literature and -languages,[894] but he loved the Gospel above everything, and sought to -make it known by his conversation as well as by his writings. There was -such grace in his mind, such peace and innocence in his features, such -attraction in his character, that he exercised an irresistible charm -over all who came near him. He soon gathered a circle of scholars and -gentlemen about him; he strove to extricate them from their worldliness, -to convince them of the nothingness of their own righteousness, and to -lead them to the salvation that is in Christ Jesus. He was even a torch -to enlighten some of the most celebrated preachers of Italy. ‘I know -it,’ says Curione, ‘for I have heard it from their own mouths.’ But at -the same time he had so much love in his heart and so much simplicity in -his manners, that he put the poor at their ease, and won the confidence -even of the rudest men, the lazzaroni of that day. He became all things -to all men to bring souls to Christ.[895] Valdez was not robust; he was -thin, and his limbs were weak; and it would appear that the state of his -health induced him to settle at Naples. ‘But,’ said his friends, ‘one -part of his soul served to animate his delicate and puny nature, while -the greater part of that clear, bright spirit was devoted to the -contemplation of truth.’ He generally collected his friends together at -Chiaja, near Pausilippo and Virgil’s tomb, in a villa whose gardens -looked over the wide sea, in front of the island of Nisida. In that -delightful country ‘where Nature exults in her magnificence and smiles -on all who behold her,’ Juan Valdez, and such as were attracted by the -loveliness of his doctrine and the holiness of his life, passed hours -and days never to be forgotten. He was not content to admire with them -the magnificence of nature; he introduced them to the magnificence of -grace. ‘An honored and brilliant knight of the emperor,’ says Curione, -‘he was a still more honored and brilliant knight of Jesus Christ.’[896] - -[Sidenote: Peter Martyr Vermigli.] - -Among the eminently gifted men who gathered round him was Peter Martyr -Vermigli, abbot of St. Peter’s _ad aram_. Peter Martyr, as we have said, -had gone from Spoleto to Naples in 1530, where he had made great -progress in the knowledge of the Gospel. Nothing could divert him from -the search after truth; neither fear of the world, nor the great income -he possessed, nor the high dignity with which he was invested. That -earnest soul, that profound mind, pursued after the knowledge of God -with indefatigable zeal. Being called to give drink to the sheep which, -attracted by his voice, crowded to the sheepfold, he was thirsty -himself, and alas! he had no water. He experienced that tormenting, that -bitter, that violent thirst under which the strongest men sometimes give -way. It was then he heard those words of Christ: _If any man thirst, let -him come unto me and drink_. He knew that man _comes_ to Christ by -faith,—by believing in his holiness, in his love, in his promises, and -in his almighty power to save. Putting scholasticism aside, and no -longer contenting himself with the Fathers of the Church, he hastened to -the fountain of Scripture and drank of the cup of salvation.[897] He -knew the fulness of grace which is in the Redeemer, and understood how -those who seek consolation elsewhere labor in vain. Growing more -enlightened every day by the Spirit of God, he discovered the grievous -errors of the Church and the simple grandeur of the Gospel. It was at -Naples that the light of the divine Word shone into his soul with -increasing glory and splendor.[898] Vermigli admired the beauties of -creation,[899] the sea glittering in the sunshine, and the graceful -promontories of the bay; but he loved still better to plunge into the -mysterious splendors of grace. He did not confine himself to the -writings of the Apostles, but added those of the reformers,—of Bucer, -Zwingle, Luther, and Melancthon. Zwingle’s treatise on _False and True -Religion_ showed him the necessity of returning to the simplicity and -primitive customs of the Church. Almost every day he conversed upon Holy -Scripture with friends who, like himself, loved religion pure and -undefiled, and principally with Flaminio and Valdez.[900] But above all -things he sought to impart by preaching the light which he had received. - -[Sidenote: Purgatorial Fire.] - -To this end Vermigli undertook to preach on the First Epistle to the -Corinthians, which he did in the presence of a large audience, including -even bishops. When he came to the third chapter,[901] he first showed -what was the foundation upon which the whole of Christian doctrine must -be built: _For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, which -is Jesus Christ_, says the Apostle. But what is built on that stone? -When the architect has laid the foundations of the edifice he intends to -raise, he employs various materials to complete the work. Marble, -porphyry, and jasper shall form the pillars, the mantel-pieces, the -pavement, and the statues; gold and silver will serve for the internal -decorations; but there will also be wood and paper, stubble and other -coarse materials employed in the structure. It is so with the edifice of -God. On the foundation, which is Christ, we must build sound doctrines -which flow from Christ himself, from his divinity, truth, grace, and -spirit. If false doctrines are substituted for them,—doctrines -proceeding from man’s own righteousness and from the darkness with which -sin has overshadowed his understanding, what will happen? When a -conflagration breaks out, the fire makes manifest the divers materials -with which the house was built: the flame consumes the wood and stubble; -but it attacks in vain the marble and the jasper, the silver and gold: -these it cannot destroy. So it will be with the doctrines taught in the -Church. ‘False teachings cannot eternally pass for true,’ said Peter -Martyr. ‘There is nothing hidden which shall not be revealed; if the -falsehood of the dogmas put forth is not detected at the first, time -will make it known.[902] The day will come when every error hidden under -an appearance of truth shall be declared to be error in the most -striking manner; all darkness shall be scattered, everything will be -valued in conformity with its strict reality.[903] The eternal judgment -of God is the _fire that shall try every man’s work_. It is not enough -that the doctrines should be approved by the judgment of men, they must -be able to stand before the fire of God’s trial.[904] The day and the -fire of which the Apostle speaks are the piercing investigation, the -sure touchstone, which will enable us at last to distinguish between -true doctrines and false.[905] _Gold, stubble, fire_—they are all -metaphors.’ - -Peter Martyr’s audience, and especially the ecclesiastics, were unable -to conceal their surprise. The passage which he thus explained was that -on which the Romish Church based the doctrine of purgatorial fire; but -the learned doctor found something quite different in it. The priests -and monks not only saw that precious fire taken away from which they had -derived so much profit, but saw another fire substituted for it, which -threatened to consume their traditions and practices, _their hay and -stubble_. And hence the sermon aroused a storm in the hitherto calm -waters of Naples. The monks accused the prior of St. Peter’s _ad aram_, -and his friends of Chiaja defended him. His enemies succeeded in closing -the pulpit against him; but on the intervention of the powerful -protectors he possessed at Rome, his liberty of preaching was restored. - -[Sidenote: Illustrious Women At Chiaja.] - -This petty persecution was salutary to the Christian circle at Chiaja. -It grew wider, and its meetings were attended by nobles and scholars, -among others by Benedetto Gusano de Verceil, and a Neapolitan nobleman, -Giovanni Francesco Caserta.[906] The latter had a young relative, at -that time living in the midst of the splendors of the world. The Marquis -Caraccioli, one of the grandees of Naples, had an only son, Galeazzo. -Ardently desiring to perpetuate his name, he married him early to a -wealthy heiress, Vittoria, daughter of the Duke of Nocera, who bore him -four sons and two daughters. As soon as the old marquis saw that his -desire for posterity would be satisfied, he turned his ambition in -another direction, and sent his son to the court of the emperor, who -invested him with one of the great offices of his household. As Galeazzo -was not always on service, he returned from time to time to Naples, -where he gave himself up entirely to the vanities of the world, to the -pleasures of the earth, and to projects of ambition. A close friendship, -however, bound him to the pious Caserta. The Christian, taking advantage -of this intimacy, spoke to the worldling about the Word of God and the -only way of salvation which is Christ Jesus; but after these -conversations, the youthful chamberlain of Charles V. would hurry off to -theatre or ball. Caserta took him to hear Peter Martyr; and then -thinking that a society so cultivated as that which met at Chiaja might -perhaps win over his friend, he introduced him to Valdez. For some time -longer the seed continued to fall among thorns; but a little later the -young marquis received with joy the salvation of the Gospel, and, -desiring to remain faithful to it, he took refuge in Geneva. Calvin, who -welcomed him like a son, dedicated one of his writings to him, to show -his respect for the firmness of his faith. Although Caraccioli ‘did not -court the applause of men, and was content to have God alone for a -witness,’ the reformer, when he saw the illustrious Neapolitan refugee, -exclaimed with emotion: ‘Here is a man of ancient house and great -parentage, flourishing in honors and in goods, having a noble and -virtuous wife, a family of children, quiet and peace in his house, in -short, happy in everything that concerns the state of this life, but who -has voluntarily abandoned the place of his birth to stand beneath the -banner of Christ. He made no difficulty in leaving his lordship, a -fertile and pleasant country, a great and rich patrimony, a convenient, -comfortable, and cheerful palace; he broke up his household, he left -father, wife, children, relations, and friends, and after abandoning so -many allurements of the world, he is content with our littleness, and -lives frugally according to the habits of the commonalty—neither more -nor less than any one of us.’[907] - -In the select society which gathered round Valdez, there were also, as -at Thessalonica in the days of St. Paul, _of the chief women not a few_. -Among these high-born dames was Vittoria Colonna, widow of that famous -general the Marquis of Pescara, a woman illustrious for her beauty, and -her talent, whose poems were much admired at the time, and in whose -society, the poet Bernardo Tasso, father of him who wrote the ‘Jerusalem -Delivered,’ and Cardinal Bembo, learned some of the truths of the -Gospel. There also might be seen Isabella di Bresegna, to whom Curione -dedicated the works of Olympia Morata; but above all Guilia di Gonzaga, -widow of Vespasiano Colonna, Duke of Trajetto,[908] the most beautiful -woman in Italy. So great was the reputation of her beauty in Europe, and -even beyond it, that Barbarossa the corsair determined to carry her off. -Having undertaken in 1534 to terrify Naples, he suddenly appeared before -that city with a hundred sail, and landing near Fondi, between Gaeta and -Terracina, where the duchess was living on her estate, he tried to -surprise her; but she escaped the bird of prey, though not without -difficulty. This attempt was one of the motives which determined Charles -to undertake the expedition to Tunis. It is thus that men and women, of -whom the 16th century is proud, adorned the evangelical circle of -Chiaja. - -While Valdez reposed on the beautiful hills of Pausilippo, in the midst -of orange and fig trees, and in front of the wide sea, he loved to -indulge peacefully in religious meditations, and not unfrequently the -thoughts with which he was busy formed the subject of interesting -conversations with his friends. Certain topics—_Considerazioni_, as he -called them—occupied a mind at once eminently original and Christian. -Virgil’s tomb, which was situated a few paces off, might have suggested -other thoughts: the dying poet had ordered the following words to be -carved on his sepulchre: - - _Parthenope, cecini pascua, rura, duces._ - -The country life and the warlike exploits which the prince of Latin -poets sang have great attractions to many minds; but the visitors at -Pausilippo, whose history we are relating, had higher aspirations, and -conversed on topics which it is our duty to record. - -‘In what do the sons of God differ,’ they asked, ‘from the sons of -Adam?—Why is the state of a Christian who believes with difficulty -better than that of him who believes with ease?—Why does God give a -child to a Christian and suddenly take it away?—The man from whom God -takes away the love of the world, and to whom He gives the love of God, -experiences nearly the same thing as he who ceases to love one woman and -becomes enamored of another.[909]—To believe with difficulty is the sign -of a call from God.—Those who tread the Christian path without the -inward light of the Holy Spirit, are like those who walk by night -without the light of the sun.—How can God make himself _felt_, and how -can he permit himself to be _seen_?—The evils of curiosity, and how we -ought to read the Scriptures without curiosity.—Why are the -superstitious severe, while true Christians are merciful?—How God reigns -by Christ, and Christ is the head of the Church.—The three kinds of -conscience: that of the natural law, that of the written law, and that -of the Gospel.—Is justification the fruit of piety, or piety the fruit -of justification?—How does it happen that the wicked cannot believe, -that the superstitious believe easily, and that pious men believe with -difficulty?—How to resist the imaginations which confuse our Christian -faith.’—Such are some of the thoughts with which the noblest minds were -then busy on the enchanting shores of the bay of Naples.[910] - -[Sidenote: The Sermons Of Occhino.] - -The sermons of the celebrated Occhino helped to give a wider circulation -to the thoughts which engrossed the evangelicals of Chiaja. In the early -part of 1536, the great orator of Italy was invited to Naples to preach -the Lent course. Valdez immediately felt the living faith by which the -orator was animated: he became intimate with him, and introduced him to -the Christian circle around him. The well-known name of Occhino, his -strange appearance, his coarse dress, and reputation for holiness, -attracted an immense crowd to the church of S. Giovanni Maggiore. He -seemed called to scatter among the people the religious ideas which -Valdez and Peter Martyr were propagating among the noble and the -learned. De Vio, Cardinal of Gaeta, before whom Luther had appeared, was -a man of singular perspicacity, and he immediately suspected -heresy.[911] Struck with the power of the three doctors, he fancied he -saw the formation of a league, one of those triumvirates which destroyed -the Roman republic. ‘These triumvirs of the republic of Satan,’[912] he -said, ‘are circulating doctrines of startling novelty, and even of -detestable impiety about purgatory, the power of the sovereign pontiff, -freewill, and the justification of the sinner.’ The cardinal protested -in vain: not only the Christian society of Naples, but a great crowd of -the nobility and people, attended Occhino’s sermons. - -[Sidenote: Struggles Of Giulia.] - -The beautiful Duchess of Trajetto did not miss one of them. She was at -that time suffering under great domestic trouble: her brother Luigi, -wishing to recover a castle that had been taken from his sister, -perished in the assault, and Luigi’s widow, Isabella Colonna, who was -also the duchess’s daughter-in-law, went to law with her for a portion -of her inheritance. Giulia, roused by her vexations from the worldly -indifference in which she had lived, sought consolation in God, and -hoped to find in Occhino’s words a relief from her sorrow. An event -which at this time gave splendor to Naples might have diverted her from -these thoughts: the emperor arrived, and held a brilliant court. It was -natural that the monarch and the daughter of Gonzaga should meet, for he -had desired to avenge her when he gave up Tunis to be pillaged; but -Giulia would willingly have dispensed with the honor done to her in -Africa. Besides, her troubles and the awakening of her mind estranged -her from the court; the great lady, the ornament of every fête, did not -appear at those which were given to Charles V. If they did not meet at -court or ball, they probably met at church. The emperor having heard -much of the great orator of Italy, went like the rest to the church of -S. Giovanni Maggiore. He was surprised and struck by Occhino’s -eloquence, and said as he went out: ‘That monk would make the very -stones weep.’[913] - -It was easier to draw tears from Giulia Gonzaga’s eyes. That young -woman, whose heart was wrung by sorrow, was agitated more and more every -day by the powerful words of the great preacher; and it was at this time -that the Christian life truly began in her. One day, as she was leaving -the church of S. Giovanni Maggiore, Juan Valdez observed her emotion, -and accompanied her to her palace. The stricken and agitated widow -begged him to stay and enlighten her, and made known to him the -distress, the hopes, and the struggles of her soul. Valdez felt that he -was called to disperse the darkness in the midst of which Giulia was -struggling, and the conversation lasted till evening. The Duchess of -Trajetto desired to have nothing more to do with the world, but as yet -she had not tasted the peace of God. ‘Ah!’ she exclaimed to Valdez, -‘there is a combat within me. The monk’s words fill me with fear of -hell, but I fear evil tongues also. Occhino inspires me with love for -paradise, but I feel at the same time a love for the world and its -glory. How can I escape from the contest under which I am sinking? Is it -by harmonizing these two tendencies, or by rejecting one of them? Pray -show me the way; I promise to follow it.’ Valdez replied that the -agitation she felt was occasioned by the renewing of the image of God in -her. ‘The law has wounded you,’ he said, ‘the Gospel will heal you; for -if the Law gives death, the Gospel gives life.[914] What I fear,’ he -continued, ‘is lest you should attempt to regulate your Christian life -in such a manner that those about you should not remark any change in -you.’ The duchess confessing that such was her secret wish, Valdez told -her to choose between God and the world, adding: ‘I will show you the -path of perfection: Love God above everything, and your neighbor as -yourself.’—‘Your words surprise me,’ she said; ‘I have heard all my life -that monastic vows alone lead to perfection.’—‘Let them say on,’ replied -Valdez firmly; ‘the monks have no Christian perfection except so far as -they possess the love of God, and not an atom more.’ Valdez then tried -to make her understand the only means by which that charity, which is -perfection, is produced in the heart. ‘Our works are good,’ he said, -‘only when they are done by a justified person. Fire is needed to give -warmth; a living faith to produce charity. Faith is the tree, charity -the fruit. But when I speak of faith, Madam, I mean that which lives in -the soul, that which proceeds from God’s grace, and which clings with -boundless confidence to every word of God. When Christ says: _He that -believes shall be saved_, the disciple who believes must not have the -slightest doubt of his salvation.’[915]—‘Ah!’ exclaimed the duchess, ‘I -will yield to no one in faith.’—‘Take care,’ rejoined Valdez; ‘if you -were asked whether you believed in the articles of the faith, you would -reply, Yes! but if you were asked whether you believed God had pardoned -all your sins, you would say that you think so ... that you are not -quite sure, however.... Ah! Madam, if you accept with full faith the -words of Christ, then, even while suffering under the pain caused by -your sins, you would not hesitate to say with perfect assurance: _Yes, -God himself has pardoned all my sins_.’[916] - -Such evangelical sentiments, uttered by a Spaniard in a palace at -Naples, and received with humility by a Gonzaga, are a feature of the -Reformation. We must humble ourselves before we can be exalted. -Conscience spoke in Giulia. We have here a woman whose family had given -many sovereigns to Italy and princesses to royal houses, the widow of a -Colonna, the chief of the most ancient family in the peninsula, which -has counted among its members cardinals, illustrious generals, and the -celebrated Pope Martin V.; and this Gonzaga, touched by grace, lent an -ear to the truth with more humility than her own servants: she had -become a little child. If the Acts of the Apostles remark more than once -that among the persons converted to Christ in Asia and in Greece, where -St. Paul preached, were women of distinction, history will also remark -that at the epoch of the Reformation of the sixteenth century the wave -mounted from the lowest levels of the shore to the highest peaks. Or -rather, _the hills did bow_ before it. Valdez having spoken of a -‘_path_,’ the duchess manifested a desire to know it. ‘There are three -paths,’ he answered, ‘which lead to the knowledge of God: the natural -light which teaches us the omnipotence of God; the Old Testament, which -shows us the Creator as hating iniquity; and lastly, Christ, the sure, -clear, and royal way. Christ is love; and accordingly, when we know God -through him, we know him as a God of love. Christ has made satisfaction -for sin. An infinite God alone could pay an infinite debt. But it is not -sufficient to believe it, we must experience it also.’[917] - -[Sidenote: Meditation And Preaching.] - -‘Devote some time every day,’ continued Valdez, ‘to meditation on the -world, on yourself, on God, and on Jesus Christ, without binding -yourself to it in a superstitious manner; do it in liberty of spirit, -selecting any of your rooms that may seem most convenient, perhaps even -as you lie awake in bed. Two images should be continually before your -eyes: that of Christian perfection and that of your own imperfection. -These books will cause you to make greater progress in a day than any -others would in ten years. Even the Holy Scriptures, if you do not read -them with that humility which I point out to you, might become poison to -your soul.’[918] - -‘Listen to preaching with a humble mind,’ continued Valdez.—‘But,’ said -Giulia, ‘if the preacher is one of those who, instead of preaching -Christ, give utterance to vain and foolish things, drawn from philosophy -or some empty theology—one of those who tell us dreams and fables—would -you have me follow him?’—‘In that case, do what seems best. The worst -moments of all the year are to me those which I waste in listening to -preachers such as you have described; and hence it rarely happens to -me.’[919] - -The day was coming to an end when Valdez rose: the duchess was like a -person who has discovered the road to happiness, and fears to go astray -in the new path. Valdez desired to leave, but she detained him: ‘Only -two words more before you go,’ she said; ‘what use must I make of -Christian liberty?’—‘The true Christian,’ replied the Spanish gentleman, -‘is free from the tyranny of sin and death; he is the absolute master of -his affections; but at the same time he is the servant of all.... -Farewell, madam, from this very moment pray follow my advice, and -to-morrow I will ask how you have found yourself after it.’ He -withdrew.[920] - -It was during these solemn hours, when Valdez traced out for her the -order of salvation, that the daughter of the Gonzagas sat in spirit at -her Saviour’s feet, and gave herself to him with all her soul. It is -possible that in the instructions given by this pious layman we may here -and there discover some slight shades not strictly evangelical, tinged -either with a mystic or a Roman color; and possibly the Holy Scriptures -do not occupy a place sufficiently prominent; yet the two great -Christian facts—the work of Christ on the cross, and that which He -accomplishes in the heart—were clearly laid down by the Spanish -gentleman, and that was the essential thing. - -The religious awakening then going on in the Duchess of Trajetto and in -many others at Naples, happened at a difficult moment. Some days before, -Charles V., excited by the priests who were growing alarmed at a -movement which they could not understand, had published an edict -forbidding all intercourse with those infected with or only suspected of -Lutheranism. When the emperor left Naples shortly after (22 March, -1536), the viceroy, driven onwards by the same influence, and ascribing -to Occhino’s eloquence a religious agitation which was so novel in the -Parthenopean city, interdicted the preaching of that great orator; but -his eloquence and energy, backed by his numerous friends and the -protests of those who so liked to hear him, prevailed. He was able to -continue the course of his sermons, and did not end them until Easter -(April 16). The Duchess of Trajetto, without leaving the church, -endeavored more and more to walk in that new path which Valdez had shown -her; the latter zealously directed her, and not long after dedicated to -her a translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew, with a practical -explanation. Somewhat later he published _Commentaries_ on the Epistles -of Paul to the Romans and to the Corinthians.[921] - -[Sidenote: Pietro Carnesecchi.] - -In this charming circle at Chiaja, and among the habitual guests of -Valdez, Vittoria Colonna, and Giulia Gonzaga, was a patrician of -Florence, as distinguished by his person as by the important offices he -had filled: he was Pietro Carnesecchi.[922] Although for a long time -placed as near as possible to the pontifical throne, he found a strange -and indefinable charm in the conversations of Valdez, attended with -pleasure the sermons of Occhino, drew light from the lamp of Peter -Martyr, formed a close friendship with Galeazzo Caraccioli, and was -touched by that mixture of grace, intelligence, humility, faith, and -good works then to be found in some of the most distinguished women of -Italy. As soon as Charles V. arrived at Naples, he desired Carnesecchi -to come and see him. The noble Florentine was surprised at the order, -but the emperor’s motive was this. Carnesecchi, a native of the city of -the Medicis,[923] was early distinguished by his knowledge of polite -literature, by his talent in the art of writing, and particularly by -that penetrating mind which can discern the secret springs of events and -see clear in the obscurest matters. From his early youth he had felt a -desire for great things,[924] and had placed himself in connection with -the most eminent men, with the view of running a more useful career. His -fine countenance struck observers all the more because with nobility of -features he combined modesty, purity, sobriety, and admirable mildness -tempered by imposing gravity. By these qualities he gained the favor of -the Medicis, and when Julius became pope, under the name of Clement -VII., Carnesecchi received a message appointing him secretary to the new -pontiff. Having at that time no evangelical convictions, he thought that -the invitation would open a noble career before him; he therefore -accepted it, and soon found himself in possession of great influence. -Clement, who had so much to do with politics, with Charles V., Francis -I., and Henry VIII., committed the direction of the Church to -Carnesecchi, and it was generally said that ‘the pontificate was at that -time filled by Pietro Carnesecchi rather than by Clement.’[925] The pope -several times offered him a cardinal’s hat, which he always refused. -This is surprising, for he was naturally ambitious; but after he had -seen the papacy closely, he probably feared to ally himself too -intimately with it; possibly, also, the first beams of evangelical light -were dawning upon his soul. - -[Sidenote: Carnesecchi And Charles V.] - -The death of Clement VII. broke the golden chains which were beginning -to oppress Carnesecchi. He quitted Rome, and, attracted by the mild -light which was shining over the hills of Chiaja, he went to Naples with -the desire of remaining for a time in the society of those men of God -who were so much talked about in Italy.[926] The treasures of truth and -life which he found there surpassed his expectations. But suddenly the -command of Charles V. disturbed him in the midst of the Christian joy by -which his soul was filled. What did the puissant emperor want with him? -Did he design to open once more that career of politics and glory which -he, Carnesecchi, had renounced forever? Was there some political scheme -brewing, or did Charles V. desire to become a disciple of the Gospel? -Carnesecchi could not make it out, but he went to the palace all the -same. The emperor had a very different object: knowing full well that -the Florentine had been initiated into all the thoughts of Clement VII., -he desired to learn what schemes that pope had formed with Francis I. at -Marseilles.[927] In that interview Carnesecchi did not forfeit the -confidence which Clement had reposed in him; he did not violate the -fidelity he had sworn,[928] but answered the emperor with a nobleness -and respect which quite won the esteem of that prince. Francis I., -however, when he heard of this conference at Naples, was exasperated; it -seemed to him that the kindness he had shown Carnesecchi during the -famous interview at Marseilles should have led him to refuse his rival’s -invitation, and he confiscated the revenues of an abbey which -Carnesecchi possessed in France. The Medicis, however, and even -Catherine, having known this excellent man well, never withdrew their -esteem from him, although he was everywhere decried as a heretic. - -However great was the honor of a conference with Charles V., Carnesecchi -much preferred those he had with Valdez, Peter Martyr, and Occhino. -These pious men were not content with _vain babbling_: they read the -Holy Scriptures together, enlightened each other on their meaning, and -carefully compared one passage with another.[929] Carnesecchi had that -love of truth and that boldness of thought which make rapid progress in -the knowledge of Christ. A gleam of light shone into his heart. He did -not oscillate for years in doubt between light and darkness; he was one -of those noble spirits who attain their end at a bound. Ere long, the -influential secretary of Clement VII., by turns the object of the -attentions of the two greatest monarchs in Europe, sat humbly at the -foot of the cross. He believed in those truths which he afterwards -confessed before the college of cardinals, and on account of which he -was put to death by the pope. Looking unto Christ, he could say: -‘Certainly justification proceeds from faith alone in the work and love -of a crucified Saviour. We can have the assurance of salvation, because -it was purchased for us by the Son of God at so great a price. We must -submit to no authority except the Word of God, which has been handed -down to us in Holy Scripture.’[930] These doctrines formed from that -hour the happiness of his eminent spirit, and filled with sweetness the -intercourse he enjoyed at Naples with Valdez and Peter Martyr. - -[Sidenote: Marco Antonio Flaminio.] - -Two groups of pious men took part at this time in the revival of Italy: -the independent Christians, all of whom ended their lives in exile or at -the stake; and men of a hierarchical tendency, who, though religious, -still remained in Romanism, some of them even rising to the highest -posts in the Church. Carnesecchi and Paleario belonged to the first -group, and no doubt Valdez also; and if his life had been much -prolonged, it is probable that he also would have come to a tragic end. -As for the second group, it included many of those who had belonged to -the oratory of _Divine Love_, the most distinguished of whom (Contarini) -we shall mention presently. One of them, Caraffa, who became pope under -the name of Paul IV., fell lower than all the others, and became a -persecutor. These two groups, however, did not include all the Italians -who were touched by the Reformation. Between them were many truly -Christian people, who, as regards faith, were with the evangelicals, but -as regards the Church, clung to Rome through dread of falling into what -they called schism. Of this number was Flaminio, one of Valdez’ best -friends. He was born between Ferrara and Florence, but we meet with him -in the south. Political disturbances having broken out at Imola in the -early part of the sixteenth century, one of the burgesses of that city, -named Flaminio, who had acquired a reputation in literature, fled -hastily, carrying with him a very young child, and took refuge in a -castle in the Venetian territory.[931] That child was Marco Antonio -Flaminio, and his flight was almost a type of what his whole life would -be—one of anguish, and often of pressing want. When he grew older, he -went to study at Padua, where he displayed very remarkable poetic -talents. ‘His poems,’ it was afterwards said, ‘possess all the -simplicity and grace of Catullus, but untainted with his license. They -penetrate into the soul with their wonderful sweetness.’ With the gifts, -Flaminio also shared the adversities of the poet. He was often greatly -straitened during his studentship, and his university friends had to -subscribe to supply him with clothes.[932] Whatever were the hardships -of his position and the weakness of his health, he worked assiduously -and made great progress in philosophy and the study of languages, and -attained a thorough knowledge of the poets and orators. At the same -time, trial was telling upon his soul: his literary and philosophical -studies could not satisfy him. Shut up in his little room, he said to -himself ‘that there was a science higher than that of Cicero and Plato, -the science of the sacred writings, the knowledge of divine things -handed down to us by the everlasting Word.’[933] Such was the only -treasure he longed for in the midst of his poverty. ‘The study of -heavenly truth is the goal I set before me,’ he said. ‘I desire to adore -the eternal God with fervor, and devote my life to the salvation of -souls.’[934] He might have received considerable sums for his writings; -but he could not bear the idea of making a trade of his books, as if -they were merchandise. He might, as he grew older, have attained high -ecclesiastical dignity and earthly distinction; but he loved the -spiritual heights of faith more than the elevations of the world, and, -disdaining empty decorations, preferred a life hidden with Christ in -God. He visited in succession Rome, Venice, and Verona, and was received -in the last city by the Bishop Giovanni Matteo Giberto, who esteemed -learning, had published the _Homilies of Chrysostom on St. Paul_, and -‘thus revived the doctrine of the Greek fathers in Europe.’ This -prelate, perhaps from devotion, but perhaps also because he wished to be -made a cardinal, had adopted an exceedingly austere life; Flaminio, who -cared nothing for the hat with its red cords, followed, however, the -rough paths by which Giberto hoped to attain his end. The bishop, -combining labor with ascetic practices, desired his guest to make a -translation and commentary of the Psalms. The latter applied zealously -to his work, and endeavored to make the labor attractive;[935] but his -constitution being too weak to bear up against the severities of the -ascetic prelate, he fell ill and nearly died.[936] - -[Sidenote: The Way Of Peace.] - -Flaminio went into the Venetian campagna to recover his strength, and -entered, as soon as he was well, the household of another future -cardinal, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, Bishop of Chieti. Caraffa, a violent -and impetuous man, and afterwards, when pope, under the name of Paul -IV., the restorer of the inquisition and of the strictest -Roman-catholicism, had had his seasons of struggle and even of faith in -the truth. Oppressed by the agitation caused within him by his ardent -and fanatical nature, he often felt that he would never find peace -except by sacrificing his will to that of God; and this it was that -bound him to Flaminio. Unhappily, his evil nature afterwards prevailed. -Caraffa being made cardinal, went to Rome, and Flaminio to Naples, at -the time when Valdez, Peter Martyr, Carnesecchi, and their friends were -there. - -Association with these pious men was of great use to Flaminio: he had -been prepared to seek God by adversity, by sickness, and by the approach -of death; in his intercourse with the Christians of Pausilippo he learnt -the way of peace. ‘God,’ he said, ‘does not call those happy who are -clear from every stain; alas! there is not one! but those whom his mercy -pardons, because they believe with all their heart that the blood of our -Lord Jesus Christ is the atonement for all sin. If our conscience -accuses us before the tribunal of God, if death is imminent, let us -still be full of hope, for the mercy of the Supreme Ruler infinitely -exceeds the wickedness of the whole human race.’ Flaminio having -dedicated his book on the _Psalms_ to the famous cardinal Farnese, he -boldly confessed his faith before that grandson of Paul III. ‘Herein -will be found,’ he said, ‘many things about Christ, our Lord and our -God; his bitter death and his everlasting kingship;—his death, by which, -sacrificing himself on the cross and blotting out all our sins by his -most precious blood, he has reconciled us with God—his kingship, by -which He defends us against the eternal enemy of the human race, and, -governing us by his Spirit, leads us to a blessed and immortal -life.’[937] - -Valdez, charmed by the simplicity of Flaminio’s character, the beauty of -his genius, and the liveliness of his faith, was accustomed to say: ‘Of -all men, Flaminio is the one for whom I feel the greatest love and -admiration.’[938] Carnesecchi also appreciated Flaminio, but without -being so enthusiastic in his affection as Valdez. He had a less glowing -imagination than the poet of Imola, and perhaps his feelings were less -quick, but his understanding was clearer, more logical, and more -practical. While Flaminio desired to remain in the Roman Church, -Carnesecchi was still more resolved to walk in the paths of the Gospel. -These two eminent men had serious discussions about universal consent -(_catholicus consensus_) and the sacrifice of the mass, which Flaminio -defended, but to which Carnesecchi opposed the sacrifice offered once -for all at Golgotha, as the only real one. Still, it was not until later -that these two Christians entered into a correspondence on the subject -which shows us the diversity of their faith.[939] Notwithstanding their -differences, they remained united in close affection; and when they were -forced to separate, Flaminio addressed his friend in a graceful little -poem, the very first lines of which indicate the charms of the sweet and -serious conversations of the Chiaja.[940] ‘Although I must now depart -far from thee, O dear Carnesecchi,’ he said in conclusion, ‘neither -time, nor distance, nor death itself, shall deprive me of the sweetness -of thy friendship. I shall remain with thee; I shall be ever with thee; -I shall leave thee always the greater half of my soul.’ - -Flaminio returned to Rome, and Reginald Pole, cousin to Henry VIII., who -was then in the city, endeavored to gain for the papacy a man whose -value he appreciated. The intercourse of Flaminio with Caraffa and Pole -had an unfortunate influence upon him. Somewhat later he said to -Carnesecchi: ‘O my friend, if we do not wish to be wrecked in the midst -of the dangerous breakers that surround us, let us bend humbly before -God, and permit no motive, however lawful it may appear, to separate us -from the catholic Church.’[941] Since that time, Romish and evangelical -writers have continually disputed possession of him, each affirming that -he belonged to them: he belonged entirely to neither. He was able to -keep himself evenly balanced between the two powers that then disputed -the sovereignty of Christendom, and did not fall into the abyss. But, -whatever men may say, if the reformers had desired to follow that middle -path which pleases certain minds, it would assuredly have been fatal to -truth and liberty. Christendom would have fallen back into the servility -of the middle ages; and if the yoke had appeared too heavy, it would -have plunged into the license of incredulity. The narrow path of -evangelical truth runs between these two gulfs: it is a refuge to those -whom they threaten to swallow up. - -[Sidenote: Oratory Of Divine Love.] - -Among the Italians affected by the religious movement there were many -who clung to the papacy still more than Flaminio did. The scepticism -which had been fashionable at the pontifical court had brought about a -reaction, to which, no doubt, the writings of the reformers contributed. -The wave, uplifted at Wittemberg, Zurich, and Cambridge, descending -gradually towards the south, reached as far as Rome, and touched the -gates of the Vatican. The men who there received the doctrine of grace -in their hearts, seeing religion weakened and public worship decayed, -united to found in the Trastevere—in the very spot where it was said the -first Christians had assembled, and where St. Peter had dwelt—that -_Oratory of Divine Love_ which was to be a kind of citadel in which they -could rally their forces to preserve the divine law in its purity.[942] -They were between fifty and sixty in number, ecclesiastics and laymen, -and Julio Bathi, rector of the church of St. Silvester, in which their -meetings were held, was the centre of that Christian association. They -were not all alike. In some the hierarchical tendency ultimately stifled -the evangelical spirit; but there were others whose living piety endured -unto the end. On certain days they might be seen crossing the Tiber and -ascending the Trastevere. Among them were two priests, who were -afterwards Flaminio’s patrons—Giberto and Caraffa; Gaetano di Thiene, -who founded in 1524 the order of regular Clerks or Theatines, and was -canonized; Sadolet, born at Modena, secretary to Leo X., who made him -Bishop of Carpentras in 1517, and Lippomano, who attained a high -reputation by his writings. They were afterwards joined by a number of -eminent men, among whom were Reginald Pole, whose opposition to the work -of Henry VIII. had forced him to leave England; Pietro Bembo, whose -house at Padua was the resort of men of letters; Gregorio Cortesi, Abbot -of San Giorgio Maggiore, near Venice, and many more, among whom was one -whom we must soon speak of at greater length. - -[Sidenote: Members Of The Oratory.] - -These men, most of whom were called to play important parts, were not -the only persons who felt the influence of the revival; many a monk shut -up in his convent shared in it. These were to be found particularly in -the Benedictine monasteries, and among their number was Marco of Padua, -who appears to have been the monk from whom Pole says he had drawn the -spiritual milk of the Word. But the most striking example of this -semi-evangelical, semi-monastic life was Giovanni-Battista Folengo. In -his cell in the cloister of St. Benedict, he passed days and nights in -the study of Scripture, and plainly ascribed the justification of the -sinner to grace alone. The good Benedictine was punctual in attending -matins, in fasting, in singing mass, and in confessing; but he earnestly -exhorted the faithful not to put their trust in fasts, or in the -mechanical repetition of the prayers prescribed by the church, or in -confession, or in the mass. He was a monk and a priest, in subjection to -the dignities of the Church; but, like a prophet, he hurled the flashes -of his burning eloquence against the priesthood, the tonsure, and the -mitre. He called for the reform of the Church; he loved evangelical -Christians; he would have wished, in his profound charity, to reunite -them _with the flock_. He published commentaries on the Epistles of St. -Peter, St. James, and St. John; and his noble style, as well as the -elevation of his Christian thoughts, caused them to be read with -eagerness; but the Court of Rome, irritated by the liberty with which he -expressed his faith, put his book in the Index Expurgatorius. The truth -of the Latin saying—_habent sua fata libelli_ was then manifested. -Folengo having written a commentary on the Psalms, expressed in it his -evangelical views with great decision, especially in his remarks on the -sixty-eighth Psalm. Strange to say, while his first work had been put in -the Index by one pope, the second was reprinted by another pope (Gregory -XIII.), with some corrections indeed, but with nothing that changed the -general spirit of the work. More than one infallible pontiff has -condemned what another infallible pontiff has approved of. The pious -Folengo died at the age of sixty, in the same convent where he had taken -the vows in his youth.[943] A man of piety less lively than Folengo’s -was destined to play a more important part in the affairs of the Church -at the epoch of the Reformation. - -[Sidenote: Contarini, The Venetian.] - -At that famous sitting of the Diet of Worms in 1521, before which Martin -Luther appeared, there was present among the ambassadors from the -different states of Europe, who had come to congratulate the young -emperor, a senator of Venice, by name Gasper Contarini. Eldest son of -one of the noble families of the republic, possessing an elevated mind -formed by the study of philosophy and literature, delicate taste, -exquisite judgment, elegant in his life and manners, Contarini was not -favorably impressed with the celebrated reformer. These two men, who -held many principles of religion and morality in common, were widely -separated from each other as regards cultivation, character, and mode of -life. Luther was displeasing to Contarini, and the Reformation of -Germany itself, stamped with the character of the nation, did not suit -the Venetian’s taste. Noble impulses acted on the reformer, order -prevailed with the diplomatist. Contarini devoted three hours every day -to study, never more, never less, and each time began by repeating what -he had done the day before. He never abandoned the study of a science -until he had mastered it.[944] One of his first writings was directed -against his master the celebrated Pomponatius, who passed for an -atheist. That philosopher having affirmed the impossibility of proving -the immortality of the soul by reason, Contarini established it by -philosophical arguments. His birth called him to the first offices of -the republic, and while still young he became a member of the Venetian -senate. At first he sat and listened to the deliberations of his -colleagues: his modesty, and perhaps his timidity, prevented him from -speaking. At length he took courage, and though he did not speak with -much wit, grace, or animation, he expressed himself with such simplicity -and showed such thorough knowledge of the questions under discussion, -that he soon acquired great consideration. His mission to Charles V. was -not limited to the embassy of Worms; he accompanied the emperor to -Spain, and was there when the ship _Vittoria_ returned from the first -voyage ever made round the world. People were surprised that the hardy -sailors arrived a day later than the one marked in their log; it was -Contarini, as it would appear, who discovered the cause. Being sent as -ambassador to the pope, after the sack of Rome, he effected a -reconciliation between the pontiff and Charles V., and officiated at the -coronation of the emperor by Clement VII.[945] - -Every one present at these pomps took notice of the Venetian ambassador, -and a brilliant career seemed to lie before him. Men admired the rich -gifts of his mind, the firmness and mildness of his character, the moral -dignity and gravity which challenged respect. This was not all: a deep -religious feeling had been developed early in his soul. At Rome he had -joined the pious men who assembled at the Oratory of Divine Love on the -Trastevere: he was fond of the meetings which so reminded him of those -held by the disciples at Jerusalem in Mary’s house. - -One day, in the year 1535, when the senate of Venice had assembled for -the elections, Contarini, at that time invested with one of the most -important offices of the republic, was sitting near the balloting urn. -On a sudden he was told that the pope had appointed him cardinal. The -news surprised him exceedingly, and at first he would not believe it: -he, a layman, the magistrate of a republic, and not known to the -sovereign pontiff ... to be nominated a cardinal, a prince of the -Church! It appeared like a dream, and yet it was a reality. Paul III., -having undertaken the task of bringing the protestants back to the -Church, saw that he must employ for that purpose, not worldly prelates -of the school of Leo X., but men of sincere piety; besides, Contarini -had rendered services to the papacy, and hence he was invited to Rome. -The report of his nomination circulated in a moment through the -assembly, and his colleagues, leaving their places, gathered round to -congratulate him. Even the senator who was at the head of the party -opposed to him, his every-day antagonist, exclaimed, ‘The republic has -lost her best citizen.’ - -But in the midst of these congratulations Contarini remained undecided -and silent. There was a struggle in his soul. He felt it difficult to -leave his friends, the country of his fathers, a free city, where he was -among equals, and where he might aspire to the highest dignity, that of -doge—an honor enjoyed by seven of his family; he shrank from putting -himself at the service of an autocrat, often the slave of passion, of -living in the midst of a corrupt clergy, in a world of simony and -intrigue. However, he believed he could see the finger of God in his -appointment. The Church was exposed to unprecedented danger. Could he, -in such a critical hour, refuse his services and his life to that -militant assembly which then claimed the support of all the servants of -God? He accepted the offer.[946] Such catholics as desired to see the -Church animated by a new spirit were filled with joy, which they -expressed to Contarini: ‘I congratulate you,’ wrote Sadolet, ‘because -you can now employ your genius and wisdom more profitably for the -necessities and advantage of the Christian republic.’[947] - -In becoming a cardinal, he did not intend that the golden chain should -bind him to the foot of the pontifical throne: he desired to preserve -his independence. Ready to devote to the catholic Church all the powers -he had hitherto employed in the service of his country, he was -determined to remain himself; to obey the voice of God in his conscience -more than the varying caprices of the Vatican. He desired to be faithful -to that internal truth which gave him sweet and constant peace. One day, -when he opposed the nomination of a certain ecclesiastic to the -cardinalate, the pope, who was of a contrary opinion, exclaimed: ‘Yes, -yes! we know how men sail in these waters; the cardinals do not like to -see another made equal to them in dignity.’ Contarini turned to the -pontiff, and observed calmly: ‘I do not think the cardinal’s hat -constitutes my highest honor.’[948] - -[Sidenote: Contarini’s Principles.] - -Opposed to the deplorable elections which were customary at Rome, the -Venetian ardently desired to bring men of sound morals, learning, and -piety into the sacred college. The pope, therefore, following his -advice, gave the purple in succession to Sadolet, Caraffa, Giberto -Bishop of Verona, Fregoso Archbishop of Salerno, and Reginald Pole. -These new and strange elections seemed as if they would be favorable to -the Gospel, but, on the contrary, they became the principle of a -restoration of Romanism, and of a serious and ere long cruel resistance -to the Reformation. - -Contarini, the Melancthon of the papacy, set to work at once: he -sincerely wished to reform the doctrines and morals of the Church, but -to maintain it still under a sole chief. Like the reformers he laid -great stress in religious matters on the positive side, but remained -faithful to Roman-catholicism, by extenuating the negative side. -‘Assuredly, the sinner is justified by grace through faith,’ he would -say to the evangelicals. ‘But why pronounce so harshly against -meritorious works?’—‘A frank opposition to those practices,’ they -replied, ‘can alone destroy the numberless abuses of popular -superstition.’—‘Predestination,’ said the cardinal again, ‘belongs -undoubtedly to God’s mercy; by his grace He prevents all our movements, -but at the same time the will must oppose no resistance. God has known -from all eternity the predestined and the reprobate, but that knowledge -does not take away either contingency or liberty.’[949]—‘We recognize -man’s responsibility,’ answered the reformers; ‘we believe that man must -will to be saved, and yet we say with St. Paul: _God worketh in us both -to will and to do_.’[950] - -Contarini followed the same principle in his conversations with the -champions of the papacy. ‘The unity of the Church is necessary,’ he -said; ‘to separate from it is the wildest error; but the cause of the -sufferings of Christendom, the root of all the evil, is the unlimited -authority ascribed by its adulators to the pontifical legislation. A -pope ought not to govern just as he pleases, but only in accordance with -God’s commandments, the rules of reason, and the laws of charity.’ -Convinced that unity of faith would gradually be restored, he devoted -all his efforts to remove from the Church everything that shocked the -moral sentiment; he resolutely fought against simony, and advocated the -marriage of priests. He entertained no doubt that success would crown -the holy work he had commenced. We shall see hereafter what became of -it. - -At the dawn of the Reformation, when the first gleams heralding the -rising of the sun began to appear, they were probably nowhere more -brilliant than in Italy, and nowhere foretokened a brighter day. Men’s -souls were moved by a spirit from on high, and a new life sanctified -their hearts: the primitive relation of man to God, and his personal -relation to Him, which sin had destroyed, were restored. It was in the -very stronghold of formalism that the adoration of God was manifested -with most liberty and grace. From the Alps to Sicily, burning lights had -everywhere appeared, and many rejoiced in their brightness. - -[Sidenote: The Two Camps.] - -Rome still remained seated on her seven hills—with her excommunications -and her burning piles; but it seemed as if a new invasion—that of the -Gospel and of liberty—would repair all the mischiefs committed by the -inroads of the barbarians and the papacy. Two camps were formed, one to -the north, the other to the south of that ancient city. On one side was -Naples and the camp of Pausilippo, where a small but gallant army was -assembled. A gentle light gilded the hills of Chiaja: no formidable -enemy appeared in sight, and everything led to the hope that a final and -successful victory would ere long be gained. - -The other camp was to the north. It could not boast of such eminent men -as those who watched in the ancient city of Parthenope. The throne of -Ferrara was occupied by an earnest woman and devoted Christian, the -daughter of Louis XII., who gave a welcome to all the fugitive soldiers -of Christ; and who had made it her business to build up the city of God -in Italy, and thus to work out, in a Christian manner, her father’s -device: _Perdam Babylonis nomen_. About this time she was expecting at -her court a young divine, who had confessed Jesus Christ in France with -energy, who had just written to Francis I. an eloquent and forcible -letter, and published a book in which he had set forth the great -doctrines of the faith in admirable order and in language of unequalled -beauty. What would be the effect of his presence beyond the Alps? No one -could say; but if the duchess had influence enough over her husband to -make religious liberty prevail at Ferrara; if Calvin should settle in -the birthplace of Savonarola, his faith, his talents, and his activity -among a people already moved by the power of God, might gain a glorious -victory for the truth. - -Thus two great forces met face to face—Rome and the Gospel. Curione, -Paleario, Peter Martyr, and many others, asked themselves what would be -the issue of the struggle then preparing in Italy. Experiencing in -themselves the power of God’s Word, and seeing its marvellous effects -around them, they doubted not that the Gospel would triumph in their -country, as it had triumphed in other countries more to the north, and -where, perhaps, less of light and life were to be found. The Reformation -in Italy would doubtless present peculiar features, which, without -disturbing Christian unity, would manifest national individuality. -Episcopacy existed in England; the primate, Archbishop of Canterbury, -remained on his throne, while submitting to the Word of God. Why might -not a similar reform be effected in Rome itself? Not only evangelicals, -such as Curione and Carnesecchi, but pious catholics were full of hope. -‘Ah!’ they said; ‘at the beginning of his reign the pope wonderfully -excited all our expectations.[951] Putting aside institutions -established by preceding popes, he resolved to conduct the supreme -pontificate in a holier manner;[952] and to accomplish that task, he -gathered round him men whom fame had pointed out as doctors excellent in -wisdom and integrity.’ Contarini believed in a reformation which, -beginning with the head, would purify all the members. ‘God,’ he said, -‘will not permit the gates of hell to prevail against his Holy Spirit. -He is about to accomplish something great in the Church.’[953] The -flames which he had kindled in the peninsula, and which rose higher and -higher every day, appeared as if they would soon reduce to ashes the -scaffolding of dead works which the papacy had set up, and to purify the -temple of God. - -[Sidenote: Glory To The Martyrs.] - -But the times of Rome were not accomplished. The malady, with which the -body of the Church was affected in Italy, was (to use the words of -Cardinal Sadolet) one of those which incline the sick man to reject the -remedies prescribed for him.[954] Pope Paul III., who consulted the -stars more than he did the Gospel, finding at last that his attempts -ended in nothing; that the Reformation was advancing, and threatening to -regenerate and deliver the Church, suddenly turned upon it and -endeavored to crush it. Those men who would have been the regenerators -of Italy, with minds of such activity, with such varied learning and -exquisite cultivation, who held converse in the finest parts of the -world with the best and most illustrious of their time,—those men, the -flower of their nation, soon found themselves constrained to escape -beyond the Alps, or saw themselves condemned by cruel pontiffs, insulted -by ignorant priests, and conducted ignominiously to some public square -in Rome, there to be beheaded and have their bodies cast into the -fire.... The heart shrinks at the thought, and an inner voice seems to -say: ‘If Carnesecchi, Paleario, and all the noble army of martyrs were -disowned by their contemporaries; if coarse monks jeered at them, if -they were covered with opprobrium; there are now thousands of Christians -in the world who love them as fathers, honor them as victorious heroes -of the Gospel of peace, and preserve a grateful remembrance of them in -their hearts. - -Footnote 883: - - ‘Tu vero, ut audio, sic illum (Alfonsum) refers et corporis specie et - ingenii dexteritate, ut non duo gemelli, sed idem prorsus homo videri - possitis.’—Erasmi _Epist._ 938 et 1030. - -Footnote 884: - - ‘Fue secretario de la Magestad del Emperador.’—_Hist. de la Ciudad de - Cuenza_, quoted by E. Bœhmer. - -Footnote 885: - - ‘Ab Alfonso Valdesio, magnæ spei juvene.’—Petri Martyris Anghierii - _Epist._ p. 689. - -Footnote 886: - - _Dialogo sulle Coso accadute in Roma._ - -Footnote 887: - - Mr. Bœhmer, of the university of Halle, has done good service to - literature and to the history of religion by reprinting at Halle, in - 1860, the _Cento e dieci divine Considerazioni di Giovanni Valdesso_, - and by carefully studying the history of the two brothers. He has - communicated the result of his researches in his _Cenni Biografici_, - and in the conscientious paper he has contributed to the Encyclopædia - of our learned friend M. Herzog. - -Footnote 888: - - It has been stated that this dialogue was written in 1521; but it - begins with the history of the challenge sent by Francis I. to Charles - V., which occurred at the beginning of 1528. - -Footnote 889: - - These two dialogues, which have been recently reprinted in Spanish, - were translated into Italian and German, and the last (_Charon and - Mercury_) into French. - -Footnote 890: - - History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, vol. iv. bk. xiv. - ch. v. - -Footnote 891: - - ‘In disciplina fraterna præclare institutus, in Hispania vivere non - potuit.’—_Francisco Enzinas to Melancthon._ - -Footnote 892: - - ‘Longe majorem mentium stragem dedit, quam multa illa hæreticorum - militum millia.’—Ant. Caracciolo, _de Vita Pauli IV._ p. 239. - -Footnote 893: - - ‘Non però ha egli seguito molto la corte dopo che gli fu rivelato - Christo.’—_Epist. de Curione_ at the end of the _Cento e dieci divine - Considerazioni_ of J. Valdez, p. 433. - -Footnote 894: - - His _Dialogo de la Lengua_ was first printed at Madrid in 1737, and - again in 1860. - -Footnote 895: - - ‘Era di tanta benignità e carità, che a ogni piccola e bassa e rozza - persona si rendeva debitore.’—Curione, _Epist._ p. 433. - -Footnote 896: - - ‘Ma più onorato e splendido cavaliere di Cristo.’—Curione, _Epist._ p. - 433. - -Footnote 897: - - ‘Ad ipsos fontes se totum contulit.’—Simler, _Vita Vermilii_. - -Footnote 898: - - ‘In hac urbe gratia divinæ illuminationis illustrius ac clarius illi - effulgere.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 899: - - ‘Loci amœnitatem.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 900: - - ‘Quotidie pæne cum amicis qui puræ religionis studiosi erant aliquid - ex sanis litteris commentabatur.’—Simler, _Vita Vermilii_. - -Footnote 901: - - 1 Corinth. iii. 13-15. - -Footnote 902: - - ‘Quod si e vestigio prava dogmata non patefiant, accessione temporis - declarantur.’—Petri Martyris _Loci Communes; de Purgatorio Igne_, p. - 440. - -Footnote 903: - - ‘Dies ergo accipitur, cum tenebræ depellentur, ut de re, prout ipsa - est, judicium feratur.’—_Ibid._ p. 441. - -Footnote 904: - - ‘Ad ignem divini examinis perstare illas oportet.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 905: - - ‘Est itaque ignis et dies, clara inspectio, certa probatio, perspicua - revelatio, qua tandem cognoscemus doctrinarum veritatem, earum denique - fallaciam.’—Petri Martyris _Loci Communes: de Purgatorio Igne_. These - may not be the exact words used by Peter Martyr in his sermon, but the - sense was the same. - -Footnote 906: - - This is the person whom Flaminio mentions in a letter to Galeazzo, - printed in Schelhorn’s _Amœnit. Eccles._ ii. p. 132: ‘Johannes - Franciscus magna lætitia affecit me,’ &c. - -Footnote 907: - - Calvin to Signor Galeazzo Caraccioli, a man of noble birth, and still - more renowned for the excellence of his virtues than for the nobility - of his family, the only son and lawful heir to the Marquis of - Vico.—Dèdicace de la 1ére Epître aux Corinthiens: _Commentaires_. - -Footnote 908: - - Trajetto, the ancient Minturnæ, where Marius hid himself. - -Footnote 909: - - ‘Che a colui, il quale Dio disinnamora del mondo ed innamora di se, - avvengano quasi tutte le medesime cose che a colui che si disinnamora - d’ una donna e s’innamora d’ un’ altra.’—23 _Considerazione: Valdez - Cento e dieci divine Considerazioni_. - -Footnote 910: - - The _Cento e dieci divine Considerarioni_ of Giovanni Valdesso (Juan - Valdez) were published at Halle in Saxony in 1860 by Edward Bœhmer. - Each of the meditations occupies from two to ten pages. They have been - reprinted recently at Madrid in Spanish. - -Footnote 911: - - ‘Cajetanus, perspicaci vir ingenio, rem odorari cœpit.’—Caracciolo. - _Vita Pauli IV._ - -Footnote 912: - - ‘Illi Satanicæ reipublicæ triumviri.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 913: - - Sadoleti _Epist._ p. 558. Schrœk, _Kirchengeschichte_, ii. p. 780. - -Footnote 914: - - _Abecedario espiritual_, fols. 11-12. Valdez gives a full report of - this conversation in his _Spiritual Abecedary_, which he so called - because it was intended to teach the elements of Christian perfection. - There is no doubt as to the genuineness of the dialogues he reports, - for the duchess asked him to commit what he had said to her to paper. - Did Valdez, when doing so, complete any of his answers? It is very - possible. In Herzog’s _Encyclopædia_, M. Bœhmer has given an extract - from this dialogue, much longer than the limits of this history will - permit us to do. - -Footnote 915: - - _Abecedario espiritual_ fol. 26. On this point Valdez is quite in - harmony with the reformers. - -Footnote 916: - - _Ibid._, fol. 27. - -Footnote 917: - - _Abecedario espiritual_, fols. 36, 37, 38. - -Footnote 918: - - _Ibid._, fols. 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 53. - -Footnote 919: - - _Abecedario espiritual_, fols. 57, 58. - -Footnote 920: - - _Ibid._, fol. 68. - -Footnote 921: - - These _Commentaries_ have recently been reprinted in Spain. - -Footnote 922: - - ‘Convictus quod in Italia, cum Victoria Colonna Marchionis Piscarii - vidua et Julia Gonzaga, lectissimis alioquin feminis, de pravitate - sectaria suspectis, amicitiam coluisset, tandem ad ignem damnatus.’—De - Thou, _ad annum_ 1567. Schelhorn, _Amænitates Ecclesiasticæ_, ii. p. - 187. - -Footnote 923: - - The name of Carnesecchi still exists in Florence; the Latin documents - which we use give it under the form of Carneseca. - -Footnote 924: - - ‘Literarum bonarum scientia . . . ad perspiciendum acerrimi sensus - . . . cupiditas verum magnarum.’—Notice of _Camerarius_, the friend of - Melancthon, in Schelhornii _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. 1201. - -Footnote 925: - - ‘Pontificatum illius temporis magis a Petro Carneseca geri quam a - Clemente.’—_Camerarius_ in Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. 1202. - -Footnote 926: - - ‘Carneseca commoratus aliquantulum in regno Neapolitano.’—_Camerarius_ - in Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. 1203. - -Footnote 927: - - ‘Carolum V. accercisse Carnesecam, ut ex ipso eliceret arcana consilia - pontificis Clementis, quæ hic credebatur cum Francisco rege Galliarum - Massiliæ inivisse.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 928: - - ‘Tunc etiam boni viri officium neutiquam violavit.’—_Ibid._ - -Footnote 929: - - ‘Cum quibus de sacrarum literarum lectione et intelligentia disserere - conferreque accurate solebat.’—Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. - 1204. - -Footnote 930: - - ‘Justificatio per solam fidem . . . Gratiæ et salutis certitudo - habetur . . . Nulli credendum, nisi Verbo Dei, in Sacris Scripturis - tradito.’—Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Eccles._ ii. pp. 197-205. - -Footnote 931: - - ‘Puerum parvulum cum patre fugiente turbulentam dissentionem civium - suorum.’—_Camerarius_ in Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. 1149. - -Footnote 932: - - ‘Adolescentem tueamur, in vestiario tantum laboramus.’—Longoli - _Epist._ lib. iv. fol. 271. - -Footnote 933: - - ‘Veram et salutarem sapientiam esse statuisset cognitionem - sacrarum literarum, id est, rerum divinarum Verbo Dei æterno - proditarum.’—_Camerarius_ in Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. - 1150. - -Footnote 934: - - _Ibid._ p. 1152. - -Footnote 935: - - ‘Cum Gibertus pontifex Veronensis, homo literarum divinarum - amantissimus, a me summo studio contenderet, ut hymnos Davidis - breviter ac dilucide interpretarer, studiose istum laborem - suscepi.’—Flaminii _Psalmorum Explanatio_, Lugduni, 1576, præf. 12. - -Footnote 936: - - ‘Et tum factum est ut in periculosum morbum incideret.’—_Camerarius_ - in Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. 1158. - -Footnote 937: - - ‘Nos Deo reconciliavit, se ipsum in cruce immolans, et omnia peccata - nostra suo purissimo sanguine delens.’—Flaminii _Psalmorum Explicatio_ - (Epistola nuncupatoria Alex. Farnesio, Cardinali amplissimo), p. 9. - -Footnote 938: - - ‘Hunc enim, præ cæteris omnibus, magnopere dilexit et admiratus - est.’—_De religione_ Flaminii. Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Eccles._ p. 50. - -Footnote 939: - - This correspondence took place in the year 1543, and is found in - Schelhorn’s _Amœnitates Ecclesiasticæ_, ii. pp. 146-179. - -Footnote 940: - - ‘O dulce hospitium! O lares beati! - O mores faciles! O Atticorum - Conditæ sale collocutiones! - Quam vos ægro animo et laborioso - Quantis cum lacrymis miser relinquo!’ - - Schelhorn, _Amœnit. Literar._ x. p. 1199. - -Footnote 941: - - ‘Protonotario Carnesecæ.’—Schelhorn _Amœnit. Eccles._ p. 154. - -Footnote 942: - - ‘Cosi maltrato il culto divino, si unirono in un’ oratorio chiamato - del _Divino Amore_.’—Caracciolo, _Vita di Paolo IV._ _Vita Cajetani - Thienæi_, i. pp. 7-10. - -Footnote 943: - - De Thou, _Histoire_, liv. xxiii. _Le Mire de Scriptor. sæculi_ xvi., - &c. - -Footnote 944: - - Joannis Casæ _Vita Gasparis Contarini_, p. 88. Ranke, _Römische - Päpste_, i. p. 152. Herzog, _Encyclopédie Théologique_. - -Footnote 945: - - Beccatello, _Vita del Contarini_, p. 103. Ranke, _Römische Päpste_, i. - p. 153. - -Footnote 946: - - Jean de la Case, _Vie du Cardinal Contarini_, Lettere Volgari, i. 73. - Moreri, art. _Contarini_. - -Footnote 947: - - ‘Gratulor tibi quod habiturus sis locum tui et ingenii et animi - in Christianæ reipublicæ utilitate et commodis uberius - explicandi.’—Sadoletus Contareno, 3 Novemb. 1535, _Epist._ p. - 330. - -Footnote 948: - - Ranke, _Die Römische Päpste_, i. p. 155. - -Footnote 949: - - Contarini, _De Prædestinatione_. _De Libero Arbitrio._ Contarini’s - theological, philosophical, and political treatises were printed at - Paris in 1571. - -Footnote 950: - - Philippians ii. 13. - -Footnote 951: - - ‘Is Paulus [tertius], sui pontificatus initio, spem atque - expectationem omnium mirabiliter erexit.’—Florebelli _vita Sadoleti - cardinalis_, p. 708. - -Footnote 952: - - ‘Sublatis eis quæ a superioribus pontificibus Romanis instituta, - sanctiorem gerendi summi pontificatus rationem instituere.’—_Ibid._ p. - 709. - -Footnote 953: - - Contarini, Weizsæcker, _Theol. Encyclop._ - -Footnote 954: - - ‘Ægrotat enim corpus reipublicæ, et eo morbi genere ægrotat quod - præscriptam medicinam respuit.’—_Sadolet to Contarini_ March, 1536. - Sadoleti _Epist._ p. 342. - - - - - ● Transcriber’s Notes: - ○ Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. - ○ Typographical errors were silently corrected. - ○ Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only - when a predominant form was found in this book. - ○ Text that was in italics is enclosed by underscores (_italics_). - ○ Footnotes have been moved to follow the chapters in which they are - referenced. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Reformation in Europe -in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8, by J. H. 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H. Merle D'Aubigné - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8 - -Author: J. H. Merle D'Aubigné - -Translator: William L. B. Cates - -Release Date: August 1, 2019 [EBook #60035] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION *** - - - - -Produced by Brian Wilson, David Edwards, Colin Bell, David -King, and the Online Distributed Proofreaders Team at -http://www.pgdp.net. (This file was produced from images -generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - -<div class='figcenter id001'> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_on'>on</span> -<img src='images/cover.jpg' alt='' class='ig001' /> -</div> -<div class='pbb'> - <hr class='pb c000' /> -</div> -<div> - <h1 class='c001'>History of the Reformation in Europe in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8</h1> -</div> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='xxlarge'><b>HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION IN EUROPE IN THE TIME OF CALVIN.</b></span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='xlarge'><b>BY</b></span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='xxlarge'><b>J. H. MERLE D’AUBIGNÉ, D.D.,</b></span></div> - <div class='c000'>AUTHOR OF THE ‘HISTORY OF THE REFORMATION OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY,’ ETC.</div> - <div class='c003'>‘Les choses de petite durée ont coutume de devenir fanées, quand elles ont passé</div> - <div>leur temps.</div> - <div class='c000'>‘Au règne de Christ, il n’y a que le nouvel homme qui soit florissant, qui ait de</div> - <div>la vigueur, et dont il faille faire cas.’</div> - <div class='c000'><span class='sc'>Calvin.</span></div> - <div class='c003'><span class='xlarge'><b>VOL. IV.</b></span></div> - <div class='c000'><span class='xlarge'><b>ENGLAND, GENEVA, FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ITALY.</b></span></div> - <div class='c000'>NEW YORK:</div> - <div>ROBERT CARTER & BROTHERS,</div> - <div>No. 530 BROADWAY.</div> - <div>1866.</div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_v'>v</span> - <h2 class='c004'>PREFACE.</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>This volume narrates the events of an important -epoch in the Reformation of England, Switzerland, -France, Germany, and Italy. From the first the author -purposed to write a <i>History of the Reformation in -Europe</i>, which he indicated in the title of his work. -Some persons, misled by the last words of that title, -have supposed that he intended to give a mere biography -of Calvin: such was not his idea. That great -divine must have his place in this history, but, however -interesting the life of a man may be, and especially -the life of so great a servant of God, the history of the -work of God in the various parts of Christendom possesses -in our opinion a greater and more permanent -interest.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Deo soli gloria. Omnia hominum idola pereant!</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>In the year 1853, in the fifth volume of his <i>History -of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, the author -described the commencement of the reform in England. -He now resumes the subject where he had left off, -namely, after the fall and death of Wolsey. The -following pages were written thirteen years ago, immediately -<span class='pageno' id='Page_vi'>vi</span>subsequent to the publication of the fifth volume; -they have since then been revised and extended.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The most important fact of that epoch in Great -Britain is the act by which the English Church resumed -its independence. It was attended by a peculiar -circumstance. When Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> emancipated -his people from the papal supremacy, he proclaimed -himself head of the Church. And hence, of all Protestant -countries, England is the one in which Church -and State are most closely united. The legislators of -the Anglican Church understood afterwards the danger -presented by this union, and consequently declared, -in the Thirty-seventh Article (<i>Of the Civil Magistrates</i>), -that, ‘where they attributed to the King’s -Majesty the chief government, they gave not to their -princes the ministering of God’s word.’ This did not -mean that the king should not preach; such an idea -did not occur to any one; but that the civil power -should not take upon itself to determine the doctrines -of the divine Word.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Unhappily this precaution has not proved sufficient. -Not long since a question of doctrine was raised with -regard to the <i>Essays and Reviews</i>, and the case having -been carried on appeal before the supreme court, the -latter gave its decision with regard to important dogmas. -The Privy Council decided that the denial of -the plenary inspiration of Scripture, of the substitution -of Christ for the sinner in the sacrifice of the cross, -and of the irrevocable consequences of the last judgment, -was not contrary to the profession of faith of the -Church of England. When they heard of this judgment, -the rationalists triumphed; but an immense -number of protests were made in all parts of Great -Britain. While we feel the greatest respect for the -persons and intentions of the members of the judicial -<span class='pageno' id='Page_vii'>vii</span>committee of the Privy Council, we venture to ask -whether this judgment be not subversive of the fundamental -principles of the Anglican Church; nay more -(though in this we may be wrong), is it not a violation -of the English Constitution, of which the articles -of Religion form part? The fact is the more serious -as it was accomplished notwithstanding the opposition -(which certainly deserved to be taken into consideration) -of the two chief spiritual conductors of the -Church—the Archbishop of Canterbury, Primate of -all England, and the Archbishop of York, both members -of the council. Having to describe in this volume -the historical fact in which the evil originated, the -author is of opinion that he ought to point out respectfully -but frankly the evil itself. He does so with the -more freedom because he believes that he is in harmony -on this point with the majority of the bishops, -clergy, and pious laymen of the English Church, for -whom he has long felt sincere respect and affection.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But let us not fear. The ills of the Church must -not prevent our acknowledging that at no time has -evangelical Christianity been more widely extended -than in our days. We know that the Christians of -Great Britain will not only hold firm the standard of -faith, but will redouble their efforts to win souls to -the Gospel both at home and in the most distant countries. -And if at any time they should be compelled to -make a choice—and either renounce their union with -the civil power, or sacrifice the holy doctrines of the -Word of God—there is not (in our opinion) one -evangelical minister or layman in England who would -hesitate a moment on the course he should adopt.</p> - -<p class='c008'>England requires now more than ever to study the -Fathers of the Reformation in their writings, and to be -animated by their spirit. There are men in our days -<span class='pageno' id='Page_viii'>viii</span>who are led astray by strange imaginations, and who, -unless precautions be taken against their errors, would -overturn the glorious chariot of Christian truth, and -plunge it into the abyss of superstitious Romanism or -over the abrupt precipice of incredulity. On one side, -scholastic doctrines (as transubstantiation for instance) -are boldly professed in certain Protestant churches; -monastic orders, popish rites, candles, vestments of the -fourteenth century, and all the mummeries of the -Middle Ages are revived. On the other side, a -rationalism, which, though it still keeps within bounds, -is not the less dangerous on that account, is attacking -the inspiration of Scripture, the atonement, and other -essential doctrines. May we be permitted to conjure -all who have God’s glory, the safety of the Church, -and the prosperity of their country at heart, to preserve -in its integrity the precious treasure of God’s Word, -and to learn from the men of the Reformation to repel -foolish errors and a slavish yoke with one hand, and -with the other the empty theorems of an incredulous -philosophy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>I would crave permission to draw attention to a fact -of importance. A former volume has shown that the -spiritual reformation of England proceeded from the -Word of God, first read at Oxford and Cambridge, -and then by the people. The only part which the -king took in it was an opposition, which he followed -out even to the stake. The present volume shows -that the official reformation, the reform of abuses, -proceeded from the Commons, from the most notable -laymen of England. The king took only a passive -part in this work. Thus neither the internal nor -the external reform proceeded from Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> -Of all the acts of the Reformation only one belongs -to him: he broke with the pope. That was a great -<span class='pageno' id='Page_ix'>ix</span>benefit, and it is a great honor to the king. But -could it have lasted without the two other reforms? -We much doubt it. The Reformation of England -primarily came from God; but if we look at secondary -causes, it proceeded from the people, and not from the -sovereign. The noble vessel of the political constitution, -which had remained almost motionless for centuries, -began to advance at the first breath of the Gospel. -Rationalists and papists, notwithstanding all their -hopes, will never deprive Great Britain of the Reformation -accomplished by the Word of God; but if -England were to lose the Gospel, she would at the -same time lose her liberty. Coercion under the reign -of popery or excesses under the reign of infidelity, -would be equally fatal to it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A distinguished writer published in 1858 an important -work in which he treated of the history of England -from the fall of Wolsey.<a id='r1' /><a href='#f1' class='c009'><sup>[1]</sup></a> We have great pleasure -in acknowledging the value of Mr. Froude’s volumes; -but we do not agree with his opinions with respect to -the character of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> While we believe that -he rendered great services to England as a king, we -are not inclined, so far as his private character is concerned, -to consider him a model prince, and his victims -as criminals. We differ also from the learned -historian in certain matters of detail, which have been -partly indicated in our notes. But every one must -bear testimony to the good use Mr. Froude has made -of the original documents which he had before him, -and to the talent with which the history is written, -and we could not forbear rejoicing as we noticed the -favorable point of view under which, in this last work -of his, he considers the Reformation.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_x'>x</span>After speaking of England, the author returns to -the history of Geneva; and readers may perhaps -complain that he has dwelt longer upon it than is consistent -with a general history of the Reformation. He -acknowledges that there may be some truth in the -objection, and accepts his condemnation in advance. -But he might reply that according to the principles -which determine the characteristics of the Beautiful, -the liveliest interest is often excited by what takes -place on the narrowest stage. He might add that -the special character of the Genevese Reform, where -political liberty and evangelical faith are seen triumphing -together, is of particular importance to our age. -He might say that if he has spoken too much of Geneva, -it is because he knows and loves her; and that -while everybody thinks it natural for a botanist, even -when taking note of the plants of the whole world, to -apply himself specially to a description of such as -grow immediately around him; a Genevese ought to -be permitted to make known the flowers which adorn -the shores upon which he dwells, and whose perfume -has extended far over the world.</p> - -<p class='c008'>For this part of our work we have continued to -consult the most authentic documents of the sixteenth -century, at the head of which are the Registers of the -Council of State of Geneva. Among the new sources -that we have explored we may mention an important -manuscript in the Archives of Berne which was placed -at our disposal by <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Stürler, Chancellor of State. -This folio of four hundred and thirty pages contains -the minutes of the sittings of the Inquisitional Court -of Lyons, assembled to try Baudichon de la Maisonneuve -for heresy. To avoid swelling out this volume, -it was necessary to omit many interesting circumstances -contained in that document; we should have curtailed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xi'>xi</span>them even more had we not considered that the facts -of that trial did not yet belong to history, and had remained -for more than three centuries hidden among -the state papers of Berne.<a id='r2' /><a href='#f2' class='c009'><sup>[2]</sup></a> De la Maisonneuve was -the chief layman of the Genevese Reformation,—<i>the -captain of the Lutherans</i>, as he is frequently called by -the witnesses in their depositions. The part he played -in the Reformation of Geneva has not been duly appreciated. -No doubt the excess of his qualities, particularly -of his energy, sometimes carried him too far; -but his love of truth, indomitable courage, and indefatigable -activity make him one of the most prominent -characters of the Reform. The name of Maisonneuve -no longer exists in that city; but a great number of -the most ancient and most respected families descend -from him, either in a direct or collateral line.<a id='r3' /><a href='#f3' class='c009'><sup>[3]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Another manuscript has brought to our knowledge -the chief mission of the embassy which solicited Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> -to set Baudichon de la Maisonneuve at liberty. -The head of that embassy was Rodolph of Diesbach: <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> -Ferdinand de Diesbach, of Berne, has had the kindness -to place the manuscript records of his family at our disposal; -and the circumstance that we have learnt from -them does not give a very exalted idea of that king’s -generosity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The project of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> and of Melancthon described -in the portion of the volume devoted to France -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xii'>xii</span>and Germany, and the important letters hitherto unknown -in our language, which are given there, appear -worthy of the attention of enlightened and serious minds.</p> - -<p class='c008'>We conclude with Italy. We could have wished -to describe in this volume Calvin’s journey to Ferrara, -and even his arrival at Geneva; but the great space -given to other countries did not permit us to carry on -the Genevese Reformation to that period. Two distinguished -men, whose talents and labors we respect, -<abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Albert Rilliet, of Geneva, and <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Jules Bonnet, -of Paris, have had a discussion about Calvin’s transalpine -expedition. <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Rilliet’s essay (<i>Deux points obscurs -de la vie de Calvin</i>) was published as a pamphlet, -and <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Bonnet’s answer (<i>Calvin en Italie</i>) appeared -in the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Revue Chrétienne</i></span> for 1864, p. 461 sqq., and in -the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Bulletin de la Société de l’Histoire du Protestantisme -Français</i></span> for 1864, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 183 sqq. <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Rilliet denies -that Calvin ever visited the city of Aosta, and -<abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Bonnet maintains that he did. Data are unfortunately -wanting to decide a small number of secondary -points; but the important fact of Calvin’s journey -<i>through Aosta</i>, seems beyond a doubt, and when we -come to this epoch in the Reformer’s life, we will give -such proofs—in our opinion incontestable proofs—as -ought to convince every impartial mind.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Before describing Calvin’s residence at Ferrara, the -author had to narrate the movements which had been -going on in Italy from the beginning of the Reformation. -Being obliged to limit himself, considering the -extent of his task, he had wished at first to exclude -those countries in which the Reformation was crushed -out, as Italy and Spain. On studying more closely -the work there achieved, he could not make up his -mind to pass it over in silence. Among the oldest -editions of the books of that period which he has -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiii'>xiii</span>made use of is a copy of the works of Aonio Paleario -(1552), recently presented by the Marquis Cresi, of -Naples, to the library of the School of Evangelical -Theology at Geneva. This volume wants thirty-two -leaves (<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 311 to 344), and at the foot of <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 310 -is the following manuscript note: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Quæ desunt pagellæ -sublatæ fuerunt de mandato Rev. Vicarii Neap.</i></span>; ‘the -missing pages were torn out by order of the Reverend -Vicar of Naples.’ This was an annoyance to the -author, who wished to read those pages all the more -because the inquisition had cut them out. Happily -he found them in a Dutch edition belonging to Professor -André Cherbuliez.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Some persons have thought that political liberty -occupied too great a space in the first volume of this -history; we imagined, however, that we were doing a -service to the time in which we live, by showing the -coexistence in Geneva of civil emancipation and evangelical -reform. On the continent, there are men of -education and elevated character, but strangers to the -Gospel, who labor under a mistake as to the causes -which separate them from Christianity. In their opinion -it arises from the circumstance that the Church -whose head is at Rome is hostile to the rights of the -people. Many of them have said that religion might -be strengthened and perpetuated by uniting with liberty. -But is it not united with liberty in Switzerland, -England, and the United States of America? Why -should we not see everywhere, and in France particularly, -as well as in the countries we have just named, -religion which respects the rights of God uniting with -policy which respects the rights of the people? It is -not the Encyclic of Pius <abbr title='the ninth'>IX.</abbr> that the Gospel claims -as a companion, it is liberty. The Gospel has need of -liberty, and liberty has need of the Gospel. The -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xiv'>xiv</span>people who have only one or other of these two essential -elements of life are sick; the people who have -neither are dead.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘The greatest imaginable absurdity,’ says one of the -eminent philosophers and noble minds of our epoch, -<abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Jouffroy, ‘would be the assertion that this present -life is everything, and that there is nothing after it. I -know of no greater in any branch of science.’ Might -there not, however, be another absurdity worthy of -being placed by its side? The same philosopher says -that, so far as regards our state after this life, ‘science -and philosophy have not, after two thousand years, arrived -at a single accepted result.’<a id='r4' /><a href='#f4' class='c009'><sup>[4]</sup></a> Consequently, by -the side of the absurdity which <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Jouffroy has pointed -out, we confidently place another, as the second of -‘the greatest imaginable absurdities,’ namely, that -which consists in believing, after two thousand years -of barren labors, that there is another way besides -Christianity to know and possess the life invisible and -eternal. The essential fact of the history of religion -and the history of the world: <i>God manifest in the flesh</i>, -is the ray from heaven which reveals that life to us, -and procures it for us. We know what a wind of incredulity -has scattered over barren sands many noble -souls who aspire to something better, and for whom -Christ has opened the gates of eternity; but let us hope -that their fall will be only temporary, and that many, -enlightened from on high, turning their eyes away -from the desert which surrounds them, and lifting -them towards heaven, will exclaim: <i>I will arise and -go to my Father</i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>We must, as Jouffroy says, ‘recommence our investigations;’ -but ‘first of all,’ he adds, ‘we must confess -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xv'>xv</span>the secret vice which has hitherto rendered all our exertions -powerless.’ That secret vice consists in considering -the question in an intellectual and theoretical -point of view only, while it is absolutely necessary to -grapple with it in a practical way, and to make it an -individual fact. The matter under discussion belongs -to the domain of humanity, not of philosophy. It does -not regard the understanding alone, but the conscience, -the will, the heart, and the life. The real -vice consists in our not recognizing, within us, the evil -that separates us from God, and, without us, the Saviour -who leads us to Him. The royal road to learn -and possess life invisible and eternal is the knowledge -and possession of that Son of Man, of that Son of God, -who said with authority: <span class='fss'>I AM THE WAY, THE TRUTH, -AND THE LIFE: NO MAN COMETH UNTO THE FATHER -BUT BY ME</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>MERLE D’AUBIGNÉ.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>La Graveline, Eaux Vives, Geneva</span>:<br /> -<i>May, 1866</i>.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_xvii'>xvii</span> - <h2 class='c004'>CONTENTS OF THE FOURTH VOLUME.</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>BOOK VI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>ENGLAND BEGINS TO CAST OFF THE PAPACY.</p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER I.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE NATION AND ITS PARTIES.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>Autumn 1529.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Diverse Religious Tendencies—Evangelical Reformation and Legal -Reformation—Creation of a mighty Protestantism—Election -of a new Parliament—Alarm of the Clerical Party—The -Three Parties—The Society of Christian Brethren—General -Movement in London—Banquet and Conversations of Peers and -Members of Parliament—Agitation among the People <a href='#chap6-01'>1</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER II.</p> - -<p class='c008'>PARLIAMENT AND ITS GRIEVANCES.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>November 1529.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Impulse given to Political Liberty by the Reformation—Grievances -put forward by the House of Commons—Exactions, Benefices, -Holy-days, Imprisonments—The House of Commons -defend the Evangelicals—Question of the Bishops—Their -Answer—Their Proceedings in the matter of Reform <a href='#chap6-02'>9</a></p> -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xviii'>xviii</span>CHAPTER III.</p> - -<p class='c008'>REFORMS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>End of 1529.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Abuses pointed out and corrected—The Clergy reform in self-defence—Fisher -accuses the Commons, who complain to the -King—Subterfuge of the Bishops—Rudeness of the Commons—Suppression -of Pluralities and Non-residence—These Reforms -insufficient—Joy of the People, Sorrow of the Clergy <a href='#chap6-03'>15</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER IV.</p> - -<p class='c008'>ANNE BOLEYN’S FATHER BEFORE THE EMPEROR AND THE POPE.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>Winter of 1530.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Motives of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>—Congress at Bologna—Henry sends -an Embassy—Cranmer added to the Embassy—The Pope’s -Embarrassment and Alarm—Clement grants the Englishmen -an Audience—The Pope’s Foot—Threats—Wiltshire received -and checked by Charles—Discontent of the English—Wiltshire’s -Departure—Cranmer remains <a href='#chap6-04'>20</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER V.</p> - -<p class='c008'>DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE DIVORCE AT OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>Winter of 1530.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Parties at Cambridge—A noisy Assembly—Murmurs against -the Evangelicals—A Meeting declares for the King—Honor -paid to Scripture—The King’s severe letter to Oxford—Opposition -of the younger Members of the University—The -King’s Anger—Another royal Mission to Oxford—The University -decides for the Divorce—Evangelical Courage of Chaplain -Latimer—The King and the Chancellor of Cambridge <a href='#chap6-05'>29</a></p> -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xix'>xix</span>CHAPTER VI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>HENRY <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> SUPPORTED IN FRANCE AND ITALY BY THE -CATHOLICS, AND BLAMED IN GERMANY BY THE PROTESTANTS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January to September 1530.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Sorbonne deliberates on the Divorce—The French Universities -sanction the Divorce—The Italian Universities do likewise—Opinion -of Luther—Cranmer at Rome—The English Nobles -write to the Pope—The Pope proposes that the King should -have two Wives—Henry’s Proclamation against Papal Bulls <a href='#chap6-06'>38</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER VII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>LATIMER AT COURT.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January to September 1530.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Latimer tempted by the Court; fortified by Study—Christian -Individuality—Latimer desires to convert the King—Desires -for the Church, Poverty, the Cross, and the Bible—He prays -the King to save his own Soul—Latimer’s Preaching—No -Intermingling of the two Powers—Latimer’s Boldness in the -Cause of Morality—Priests denounce him to the King—Noble -Character of the Reformers <a href='#chap6-07'>45</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER VIII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE KING SEEKS AFTER TYNDALE.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January to May 1531.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Ivy and the Tree, or the Practice of Popery—Vaughan looks -for the invisible Tyndale—Vaughan visited by a Stranger—Interview -between Vaughan and Tyndale in a Field—Tyndale -mistrusts the Clergy—The King’s Indignation—Tyndale is -touched by the royal Compassion—The King wishes to gain -Fryth—Faith first, and then the Church—Henry threatens the -Evangelicals with War <a href='#chap6-08'>52</a></p> -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xx'>xx</span>CHAPTER IX.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE KING OF ENGLAND RECOGNIZED AS HEAD OF THE -CHURCH.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January to March 1531.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Supremacy of the Pope injurious to the State—All the Clergy -declared guilty—Challenged to recognize the royal Supremacy—Anguish -of the Clergy—They negotiate and submit—Discussions -in the Convocation of York—Danger of the royal Supremacy <a href='#chap6-09'>60</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER X.</p> - -<p class='c008'>SEPARATION OF THE KING AND QUEEN.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>March to June 1531.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Divorce Question agitates the Country—A Case of Poisoning—Reginald -Pole—Pole’s Discontent—The King’s Favors—Pole’s -Frankness and Henry’s Anger—Bids Henry submit -to the Pope—Queen Catherine leaves the Palace <a href='#chap6-10'>66</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE BISHOPS PLUNDER THE CLERGY AND PERSECUTE -THE PROTESTANTS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>September 1531 to 1532.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Stokesley proposes that the inferior Clergy shall Pay—Riot -among the Priests—The Bishop’s Speech—A Battle—To -conciliate the Clergy, Henry allows them to persecute the Protestants <a href='#chap6-11'>72</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE MARTYRS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(1531.)</p> -<p class='c005'>The repentant Bilney preaches in the Fields—His Enemies and -his Friends—Bilney put into Prison, where he meets Petit—Disputation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxi'>xxi</span>and Trial—Bilney condemned to die—The parting -Visit of his Friends—He is led out to Punishment—His last -Words—His Death—Imprisonment and Martyrdom of Bayfield—Tewkesbury -bound to the Tree of Truth—His Death—Numerous -Martyrs <a href='#chap6-12'>77</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XIII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE KING DESPOILS THE POPE AND THE CLERGY.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>March to May 1532.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Character of Thomas Cromwell—Abolition of First-Fruits—The -Clergy bend before the King—Two contradictory Oaths—Priestly -Rumors—Sir Thomas More resigns—The two Evils -of a regal Reform <a href='#chap6-13'>86</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XIV.</p> - -<p class='c008'>LIBERTY OF INQUIRY AND PREACHING IN THE 16TH CENTURY.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(1532.)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Perils of a prosperous Nation—Lambert and free Inquiry—Luther’s -Principles—Images or the Word of God—Freedom -of Preaching—St. Paul burnt by the Bishop—Latimer disgusted -with the Court—More Thieves than Shepherds—A -Don Quixote of Catholicism—Latimer summoned before the -Primate—His Firmness—Attempt to entrap Him—His Refusal -to recant—Excommunicated—Expedient of the Bishops—Latimer -saved by his Conformity with Luther <a href='#chap6-14'>91</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XV.</p> - -<p class='c008'>HENRY <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> ATTACKS THE PARTISANS OF THE POPE AND -OF THE REFORMATION.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(1532.)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Franciscans preach against the King—Henry likened to -Ahab—Disturbance in the Chapel—Christian Meetings in -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxii'>xxii</span>London—Bainham persecuted by More—Summoned to abjure—The -fatal Kiss—Bainham’s Anguish—The Tragedy of -Conscience—Bainham visited in his Dungeon—The Bed of -Roses—The Persecutor’s Suicide—Effect of the Martyrdoms—The -true Church of God <a href='#chap6-15'>103</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XVI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE NEW PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>February 1532 to March 1533.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Who shall be Warham’s Successor?—Cranmer at Nuremberg—Osiander’s -Household—His Error—Cranmer marries—Is -recalled to London—Refuses to return—Follows the Emperor -to Italy—Date of Henry’s Marriage with Anne Boleyn—Cranmer -returns to London—Struggle between the King and Cranmer—The -Pope has no Authority in England—Appointment -of Bishops without the Pope—Cranmer protests thrice—All -Weakness is a Fault—The true Doctrine of the Episcopate—The -Appeal of the Reformers <a href='#chap6-16'>112</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XVII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>QUEEN CATHERINE DESCENDS FROM THE THRONE, AND -QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN ASCENDS IT.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>November 1532 to July 1553.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Clement suggests that Henry should have two Wives—His perilous -Journey to Bologna—His Exertions for the Divorce—King’s -Marriage with Anne becomes known—France and England -separate—A threatening Brief—The Pope perplexed—Parliament -emancipates England—Cranmer’s Letter to the King—Modification -demanded by the King—Henry expresses himself -clearly—Meeting of the Ecclesiastical Court—Catherine’s -Firmness—Her Marriage annulled—Queen Anne presented to -the People—Her Progress through the City—Feelings of the -new Queen—Catherine and Anne—Threats of the Pope and -the King <a href='#chap6-17'>125</a></p> -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiii'>xxiii</span>CHAPTER XVIII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A REFORMER IN PRISON.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>August 1532 to May 1533.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Fryth’s charming Character—He returns to England—Purgatory—Homer -saves Fryth—The eating of Christ—Fryth goes -over England—Tyndale’s Letter to Fryth—More Hunts after -Fryth—More’s Ill-temper—More and Fryth—Fryth in Prison—He -writes the <i>Bulwark</i>—Rastell converted—Fryth’s Visitors -in the Tower—Fryth and Petit—Cause and Effect <a href='#chap6-18'>139</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XIX.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A REFORMER CHOOSES RATHER TO LOSE HIS LIFE THAN -TO SAVE IT.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>May to July 1533.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Fryth summoned before a Royal Commission—Tyndale’s Letter -to Fryth—Cranmer attempts to save him—Lord Fitzwilliam, -Governor of the Tower—Fryth removed to Lambeth—Attempt -at Conciliation—Fryth remains firm—A Prophecy concerning -the Lord’s Supper—The Gentleman and the Porter -desire to save Fryth—Their Plan—Fryth will not be saved—Fryth -before the Episcopal Court—Interrogated on the Real -Presence—Cranmer cannot save him—Fryth’s Condemnation -and Execution—Influence of his Writings <a href='#chap6-19'>150</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XX.</p> - -<p class='c008'>ENGLAND SEPARATES GRADUALLY FROM THE PAPACY.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(1533.)</p> -<p class='c005'>Sensation caused by Anne’s Marriage—Henry’s Isolation—The -Protestants reject him—Birth of Elizabeth—A new Star—English -Envoys at Marseilles—Bonner and Gardiner—Prepare -for a Declaration of War—The Pope’s Emotion—Henry -appeals to a General Council—The Pope’s Anger—Francis -<abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> and Clement understand one another—The Pope’s Answer—Bonner’s -Rudeness—Henry’s Proclamation against the Pope—The -dividing Point <a href='#chap6-20'>163</a></p> -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxiv'>xxiv</span>CHAPTER XXI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>PARLIAMENT ABOLISHES THE USURPATIONS OF THE POPES -IN ENGLAND.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January to March 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Henry desires to separate Christendom from Rome—A Buffet to -the Pope—The People, not the King, want the Reformation—The -Pope tries to gain Henry—Cranmer presses forward—The -Commons against Papal Authority—Abolition of Romish -Exactions—Parliament declares for the faith of the Scriptures—Henry -condemned at Rome—The Pope’s Disquietude—A -great Dispensation <a href='#chap6-21'>175</a></p> -<p class='c005'>BOOK VII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>MOVEMENTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND, AT -GENEVA, AND IN FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ITALY.</p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER I.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE BISHOP ESCAPES FROM GENEVA NEVER TO RETURN.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>July 1533.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Bishop desires to bury <i>the Sect</i>—Animated Conversations—Plan -to transfer the Prisoners—Great Animation—German -Merchants and Maisonneuve—He desires to rescue the Prisoners—Constitutional -Order restored—The Bishop wishes to -get away—His last Night in Geneva—The Flight—Deliverance—Joy -and Sorrow—A Proverb <a href='#chap7-01'>184</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER II.</p> - -<p class='c008'>TWO REFORMERS AND A DOMINICAN IN GENEVA.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>July to December 1533.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Arrival of Froment and Alexander—The Charitable Solomon—Order -to preach according to Scripture—Sermons in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxv'>xxv</span>Houses and the Streets—The Bishop forbids the Preaching of -the Gospel—Silent Answer—Invitation to a Great Papist -Preacher—Arrival of Furbity—He declaims against the Reading -of the Bible—Janin the Armorer—Reformers insulted; -Exultation of the Priests—Furbity challenges the Lutherans -to Discussion—Froment’s Reply—Tumult—Froment and -Alexander banished—De la Maisonneuve departs for Berne <a href='#chap7-02'>194</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER III.</p> - -<p class='c008'>FAREL MAISONNEUVE AND FURBITY IN GENEVA.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>December 1533 to January 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Report that Popery had triumphed—Arrival of Farel—His -Character—Baudichon de la Maisonneuve—Bernese Complaints -and Demands—A Plot breaks out—Armed Meetings -of Huguenots for Worship—Christmas and the New Year—The -Dominican’s Farewell—Arming for the Bible—Arrival -of Ambassadors from Berne—Three Reformers in Geneva—Bernese -demand a Public Discussion <a href='#chap7-03'>206</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER IV.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE TOURNAMENT.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January to February 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Dominican refuses to speak—Liberalism and Inflexibility—The -Colloquy begins—Various Accusations—Were the Bernese -pointed at?—The two Champions—The Pope and the -Scriptures—Interpretation of the Councils—The Priests would -be Everything—Farel’s Irony and Vehemence—The Roman -Episcopate—Preaching and Conversation—Stories about Farel—The -Landlord and his Servant—Legends and Rhymes—A -Change in Preparation <a href='#chap7-04'>217</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER V.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE PLOT.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>January and February 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Supreme Interest of History—The Bishop meditates a <i>Coup d’État</i>—Meeting -of his Creatures to carry it out—The Sortie from -the Palace—Two Huguenots assassinated—The Defenders of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvi'>xxvi</span>the Middle Ages—Tumult in the city—Consternation in the -Council—Justice, not Rioting—Search at the Palace—Scenes -and Discovery—The Murderers sought in the Cathedral—The -South Tower—The Criminals discovered—Seizure of Documents -relating to the Plot—Condemnation and Fanaticism of -the Murderer—He is hanged; his Brother is saved—The -Episcopal Secretary accused—The People elect a Huguenot -Council <a href='#chap7-05'>229</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER VI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A FINAL EFFORT OF ROMAN-CATHOLICISM.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>February 10 to March 1, 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Dominican before his judges—A staggering Recantation—Dominicans -and Franciscans—Father Coutelier, Superior of -the Franciscans, arrives—His first Sermon—He talks white -and black—Has recourse to Flattery—A Baptism at Maisonneuve’s—Evangelicals -ask for a Church—Farel visits the -Father Superior—The Pope, the Beast of the Apocalypse <a href='#chap7-06'>243</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER VII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>FAREL PREACHES IN THE GRAND AUDITORY OF THE CONVENT -AT RIVE.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>March 1 to April 25, 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Huguenots in the Convent of Rive—Arrival of the Crowd—Farel -preaches—Two opposite Effects—Inspiration of God—Joy -of the Evangelicals—Farewell of the Bernese—Portier’s -Execution—The two Preachers—The Friburgers break the -Alliance—Farel’s three Brothers in Prison—The Reformer’s -Anxiety—Human Affections <a href='#chap7-07'>251</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER VIII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A BOLD PROTESTANT AT LYONS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='fss'>1530 TO 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Reliquary—A <i>Table d’Hôte</i>—Who is Petrus?—Struggle -with two Priests from Vienne—They abandon the Field—Maisonneuve -must be burnt—Danger—Arrival of Baudichon -and Janin—They are sent to Prison—Formation of the Court <a href='#chap7-08'>261</a></p> -<p class='c005'><span class='pageno' id='Page_xxvii'>xxvii</span>CHAPTER IX.</p> - -<p class='c008'>BAUDICHON DE LA MAISONNEUVE BEFORE THE INQUISITIONAL -COURT OF LYONS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>From April 29 to May 21.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Examination—First Witnesses—Emotion at Geneva—The -Merchants protest to the Consulate—The Bernese—Interrogatory—Open-air -Session in Front of the Palace—The King -shall be informed—The Inquisitors desire to convict Baudichon—Alleged -High Treason against Heaven <a href='#chap7-09'>269</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER X.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE TWO WORSHIPS IN GENEVA.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>May to July 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Morality in the Reformation—Apparition of the Virgin—A Savoyard -Procession—A second Procession enters Geneva—Images -thrown down—The old and the new Worship—The first -Evangelical Pentecost—A Priest casts off the old Man—Transformation—A -Knight of Rhodes—Street Dances and Songs—Preaching -on the Ramparts <a href='#chap7-10'>277</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>BOLDNESS OF TWO HUGUENOTS IN PRISON AND BEFORE -THE COURT OF LYONS.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>May to June 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The New Testament in the Prison Garden—Discussion—The -Procession and the Rogations—False Depositions—Janin’s Depression—Search -for more conclusive Evidence—Inquiries of -De Simieux at Geneva—-Baudichon’s Pride before the Court—Put -into Solitary Confinement—The Prisoner threatens his -Judges—Heroic Resistance <a href='#chap7-11'>286</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>SENTENCE OF DEATH.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>July 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Severity to Maisonneuve—Coutelier’s Deposition—Maisonneuve -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxviii'>xxviii</span>accused of relapsing—The Crime of being a Layman—Lyon -and Chambury contend for him—Final Summons—Sentence -of the Court—Condemned to Death—No sword in Religion—The -effectual Remedy <a href='#chap7-12'>295</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XIII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>NIGHT OF THIRTY-FIRST OF JULY AT GENEVA.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>July 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Festival of Corpus Christi—Marriage of an Ex-Priest—Discussion -before the Council—Baptism—The two Powers change -Parts—An Attack preparing—A Hunting Party—A Monk -in the Pulpit confesses his Faults—Plan of Attack—Projects -of the Enemy—Arrival of the Savoyards—Warning given by -a Dauphinese—The Canons—Savoyards wait for the Signal—The -Torch—Savoyards retire—The Bishop—The Hunchback—The -Conspirators flee—Meditation and Vigilance—Catholics -quit Geneva—Title to Citizenship—Alarm of the -Nuns—Tales about the Reformers <a href='#chap7-13'>303</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XIV.</p> - -<p class='c008'>AN HEROIC RESOLUTION AND A HAPPY DELIVERANCE.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>August and September 1534.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>The Diesbachs of Berne—Mission of Rodolph of Diesbach to -France—a terrible Necessity—Resolution to destroy the Suburbs—Approaching -Danger—A Refugee from Avignon—Strappado -at Peny—Effects produced by the Order of Demolition—Opposition -of Catholics—Maisonneuve is liberated—Session -at the Tour of Perse—The Prisoners restored to their -Families—Letter from Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>—Furbity demanded and refused <a href='#chap7-14'>320</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XV.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE SUBURBS OF GENEVA ARE DEMOLISHED AND THE -ADVERSARIES MAKE READY.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>September 1534 to January 1535.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Disorderly Lives of the Monks of St Victor—Ruins and Voices -in the Priory—Lamentations—Ramparts built—Asylums -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxix'>xxix</span>opened for the Poor—Threats—Famine and a Circle of Iron—Brigandage—No -more Justice—Excommunication—Genevans -appeal to the Pope—Firmness for the Gospel and Liberty—Everything -conspires against the City—Energy and Moderation—Switzerland -against Geneva—Confidence in God—Wisdom -above Strength—The Song of Resurrection <a href='#chap7-15'>332</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XVI.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE KING OF FRANCE INVITES MELANCTHON TO RESTORE -UNITY AND TRUTH.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>End of 1584 to August 1535.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Minority and Majority—Joy and Fear—Difference between -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> and Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>—Erasmians and Politicians—The -Moderate Evangelicals—Effect of the Placards—The -King tries to excuse himself—Protests of the decided Protestants—Opinion -of the Swiss—All Hope seems lost—A reforming -Pope—Papist Party in France—The Moderate Party—The -two Du Bellays—What is expected of Melancthon—Two -Obstacles removed—Efforts of the Mediators—What -they think of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>—An eloquent Appeal—Importance -of France for the Reformation—Melancthon tries to gain the -Bishop of Paris—The Bishop delighted—Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to Melancthon—Is -he sincere?—Martyrdom of Cornon and Brion—Cardinal -Du Bellay departs for Rome—Hope of Reform in -Italy—The diplomatic Du Bellay to Melancthon—Two Natures -in France—Fresh Entreaties—The King’s Idea—Applies -to the Sorbonne—Alarm of the Sorbonne—Trick of -Cardinal de Tournon—Is a Mixed Congress possible? <a href='#chap7-16'>346</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XVII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>WILL THE ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH UNITY AND TRUTH -SUCCEED?</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='sc'>August to November 1535.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Individuality and Catholicity—Events in Germany—Importance -of the Mission to Germany—Melancthon’s Incertitude—Earnestness -of the French Envoy—Opposition of his Family—Melancthon’s -Self-examination—Final Assault—Melancthon -consents—His Character—He goes to the Elector—Solicits -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxx'>xxx</span>Permission—The Elector refuses—Melancthon’s Sadness—-Luther -agrees with him—Intervention with the Elector—Agitation -in Germany—Singular Fears of the Germans—The -Elector’s Arguments—The Elector prevails—Severe Letter to -Melancthon—Melancthon’s Sorrow—Luther’s Apprehensions -Keeping aloof from the State—The Elector to the King—Melancthon -to Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>—He does not relinquish his Design—His -Ardor—The King resumes his Project—Opposition of -the Catholics—The Elector receives Du Bellay—Du Bellay -before the Assembly—His Speech—Intercession in Behalf of -the Evangelicals—The Two Parties come to an Understanding—The -Papacy—Transubstantiation—The Mass—Images—Free -Will—Purgatory—Good Works—Monasteries—Celibacy—The -two Kinds—The Sorbonne and Justification—The -Reform of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>—Intervention in behalf of the Oppressed—Political -Alliance—Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> plays two parts—The Communion -of Saints <a href='#chap7-17'>372</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XVIII.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE GOSPEL IN THE NORTH OF ITALY.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='fss'>1519 TO 1536.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Flames in Italy—The Bookseller of Pavia—The Books of the -Reformers—Enthusiasm for Luther—Alarm of the Pope and -Cardinals—Venice—Roselli to Melancthon—Many Springs -of living Water—Curione—His studies and Spiritual Wants—Reads -Luther and Zwingle—Departs for Germany—Is arrested -and sent to the Convent of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Benignus—The Shrine -and the Bible—Curione during the Plague—The Preachers of -Popery—Attack and Defence—Curione sent to Prison—Chained -to the Wall—He recognizes the Room—Seeks a -means of Safety—Singular Expedient—His Escape—He -teaches at Pavia—Renée of France—Mecænas and Dorcas—Resurrection -of Christianity—The Duchess’s Guests <a href='#chap7-18'>406</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XIX.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE GOSPEL IN THE CENTRE OF ITALY.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='fss'>1520 TO 1536.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Character of Occhino—Seeks Salvation in Asceticism—A -Contrast—Scripture—Occhino’s Itinerant Ministrations—Crowded -Congregations—His Preaching—A Child of Florence—Ambitious -<span class='pageno' id='Page_xxxi'>xxxi</span>of Learning—-Study and Preaching—Aonio -Paleario—Leaves Rome for Sienna—Poem on Immortality—Paleario -crosses the Threshold—His Wife and Children—Love -of the Country—His friend Bellantes—Conspiracy -against Paleario—Faustus Bellantes informs him of it—Paleario -remains firm—His Wife—The Reformers—Twelve Accusers—They -appear before the Archbishop—Everything seems -against Paleario—His Fears—He appears before the Senate—He -defends himself—The Germans—Plea for the Reformers—Revival -of Learning—Jesus Christ a Stumbling-block—The -Martyr’s Words—Paleario’s Wife and Friends—His Acquittal -and Departure—The Evangelicals of Bologna—Their Address -to the Saxon Ambassador—St. Paul explained <a href='#chap7-19'>428</a></p> -<p class='c005'>CHAPTER XX.</p> - -<p class='c008'>THE GOSPEL AT NAPLES AND AT ROME.</p> - -<p class='c008'>(<span class='fss'>1520 TO 1536.</span>)</p> -<p class='c005'>Alfonso Valdez at Worms—A Dialogue by Valdez—The Chastisement -of God—Approbation and Disapprobation—Mercury -and Charon—Satan—Juan Valdez at Naples—Influence -of Juan Valdez—Chiaja and Pausilippo—Conversion of Peter -Martyr—His Method of Preaching—Purgatory—Opposition—Galeazzo -Caraccioli converted—A Letter from Calvin—Illustrious -Women at Chiaja—Ideas there discussed—Occhino -preaches at Naples—The Triumvirs—Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> arrives at -Naples—Conversation between Giulia Colonna and Valdez—Perfection—Assurance -of Salvation—Humility—The royal -Road—Meditations—Preachers of Fables—Valdez’ good and -bad Qualities—Edict against the Lutherans—Carnesecchi—Secretary -to Clement VII.—Interview with Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>—Carnesecchi’s -Conversion—Divers Categories—Flaminio—A -poor Student—Values the Treasures of Heaven—The Guest -of Ghiberto and Caraffa—Flaminio’s Faith—Opposes and -loves Carnesecchi—Approximates Catholicism—Oratory of -Divine Love—Its Members—An Evangelical Monk—A Venetian -Senator—Contarini’s Influence—Strange Call—He -accepts the Cardinalate—Preserves his Independence—Contarini’s -View—Dawn in Italy—The two Camps—Hopes—The -Times of Rome—Glory to the Martyrs <a href='#chap7-20'>454</a></p> -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_1'>1</span> - <h2 class='c004'>BOOK VI. <br /> ENGLAND BEGINS TO CAST OFF THE PAPACY.</h2> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-01' class='c010'>CHAPTER I. <br /> THE NATION AND ITS PARTIES. <br /> (<span class='sc'>Autumn 1529.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>England, during the period of which we are about to -treat, began to separate from the pope and to reform her -Church. In the history of that country the fall of Wolsey -divides the old times from the new.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The level of the laity was gradually rising. A certain -instruction was given to the children of the poor; the -universities were frequented by the upper classes, and the -king was probably the most learned prince in Christendom. -At the same time the clerical level was falling. The clergy -had been weakened and corrupted by its triumphs, and the -English, awakening with the age and opening their eyes at -last, were disgusted with the pride, ignorance, and disorders -of the priests.</p> - -<p class='c008'>While France, flattered by Rome calling her its eldest -daughter, desired even when reforming her doctrine to preserve -union with the papacy; the Anglo-Saxon race, jealous -<span class='pageno' id='Page_2'>2</span>of their liberties, desired to form a Church at once -national and independent, yet remaining faithful to the -doctrines of Catholicism. Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> is the personification -of that tendency, which did not disappear with him, and -of which it would not be difficult to discover traces even in -later days.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Other elements calculated to produce a better reformation -existed at that time in England. The Holy Scriptures, -translated, studied, circulated, and preached since the fourteenth -century by Wickliffe and his disciples, became in the -sixteenth century, by the publication of Erasmus’s Testament, -and the translations of Tyndale and Coverdale, the -powerful instrument of a real evangelical revival, and created -the scriptural reformation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These early developments did not proceed from Calvin,—he -was too young at that time; but Tyndale, Fryth, Latimer, -and the other evangelists of the reign of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, -taught by the same Word as the reformer of Geneva, were -his brethren and his precursors. Somewhat later, his books -and his letters to Edward <abbr title='the sixth'>VI.</abbr>, to the regent, to the primate, -to Sir <abbr class='spell'>W.</abbr> Cecil and others, exercised an indisputable influence -over the reformation of England. We find in those -letters proofs of the esteem which the most intelligent persons -of the kingdom felt for that simple and strong man, -whom even non-protestant voices in France have declared -to be “the greatest Christian of his age.”<a id='r5' /><a href='#f5' class='c009'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Reform, Evangelical and Legal.</div> -<p class='c008'>A religious reformation may be of two kinds: internal or -evangelical, external or legal. The evangelical reformation -began at Oxford and Cambridge almost at the same time as -in Germany. The legal reformation was making a beginning -at Westminster and Whitehall. Students, priests, and -laymen, moved by inspiration from on high, had inaugurated -the first; Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> and his parliament were about to -inaugurate the second, with hands occasionally somewhat -rough. England began with the spiritual reformation, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_3'>3</span>the other had its motives too. Those who are charmed by -the reformation of Germany sometimes affect contempt for -that of England. “A king impelled by his passions was its -author,” they say. We have placed the scriptural part of this -great transformation in the first rank; but we confess that -for it to lay hold upon the people in the sixteenth century, -it was necessary, as the prophet declared, that kings should -be its nursing-fathers, and queens its nursing-mothers.<a id='r6' /><a href='#f6' class='c009'><sup>[6]</sup></a> If -diverse reforms were necessary, if by the side of German -cordiality, Swiss simplicity, and other characteristics, God -willed to found a protestantism possessing a strong hand and -an outstretched arm; if a nation was to exist which with -great freedom and power should carry the Gospel to the -ends of the world, special tools were required to form that -robust organization, and the leaders of the people—the -commons, lords, and king—were each to play their part. -France had nothing like this: both princes and parliaments -opposed the reform; and thence partly arises the difference -between those two great nations, for France had in Calvin -a mightier reformer than any of those whom England possessed. -But let us not forget that we are speaking of the -sixteenth century. Since then the work has advanced; -important changes have been wrought in Christendom; -political society is growing daily more distinct from religious -society, and more independent; and we willingly say -with Pascal, “Glorious is the state of the Church when it is -supported by God alone!”</p> - -<p class='c008'>Two opposing elements—the reforming liberalism of the -people, and the almost absolute power of the king—combined -in England to accomplish the legal reformation. In -that singular island these two rival forces were often seen -acting together; the liberalism of the nation gaining certain -victories, the despotism of the prince gaining others; king -and people agreeing to make mutual concessions. In the -midst of these compromises, the little evangelical flock, -which had no voice in such matters, religiously preserved -<span class='pageno' id='Page_4'>4</span>the treasure entrusted to it: the Word of God, truth, liberty, -and Christian virtue. From all these elements sprang -the Church of England. A strange church some call it. -Strange indeed, for there is none which corresponds so -imperfectly in theory with the ideal of the Church, and, -perhaps, none whose members work out with more power -and grandeur the ends for which Christ has formed his -kingdom.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>New Parliament Summoned.</div> -<p class='c008'>Scarcely had Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> refused to go to Rome to -plead his cause, when he issued writs for a new parliament -(<abbr title='twenty-fifth'>25th</abbr> September, 1529). Wolsey’s unpopularity had hitherto -prevented its meeting: now the force of circumstances -constrained the king to summon it. When he was on the -eve of separating from the pope, he felt the necessity of -leaning on the people. Liberty is always the gainer where -a country performs an act of independence with regard to -Rome. Permission being granted in England that the Holy -Scriptures should regulate matters of religion, it was natural -that permission should also be given to the people and -their representatives to regulate matters of state. The -whole kingdom was astir, and the different parties became -more distinct.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The papal party was alarmed. Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, -already very uneasy, became disturbed at seeing laymen -called upon to give their advice on religious matters. -Men’s minds were in a ferment in the bishop’s palace, the -rural parsonage, and the monk’s cell. The partisans of -Rome met and consulted about what was to be done, and -retired from their conferences foreseeing and imagining -nothing but defeat. Du Bellay, at that time Bishop of Bayonne, -and afterwards of Paris, envoy from the King of -France, and eye-witness of all this agitation, wrote to Montmorency; -“I fancy that in this parliament the priests will -have a terrible fright.”<a id='r7' /><a href='#f7' class='c009'><sup>[7]</sup></a> Ambitious ecclesiastics were beginning -to understand that the clerical character, hitherto so -favorable to their advancement in a political career, would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_5'>5</span>now be an obstacle to them. “Alas!” exclaimed one of -them, “we must off with our frocks.”<a id='r8' /><a href='#f8' class='c009'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Such of the clergy, however, as determined to remain -faithful to Rome gradually roused themselves. A prelate -put himself at their head. Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, was -learned, intelligent, bold, and slightly fanatical; but his -convictions were sincere, and he was determined to sacrifice -everything for the maintenance of catholicism in England. -Though discontented with the path upon which his august -pupil King Henry had entered, he did not despair of the -future, and candidly applied to the papacy our Saviour’s -words,—<i>The gates of hell shall not prevail against it</i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A recent act of the king’s increased Fisher’s hopes. Sir -Thomas More had been appointed chancellor. The Bishop -of Rochester regretted, indeed, that the king had not given -that office to an ecclesiastic, as was customary; but he -thought to himself that a layman wholly devoted to the -Church, as the new chancellor was, might possibly, in those -strange times, be more useful to it than a priest. With -Fisher in the Church, and More in the State (for Sir -Thomas, in spite of his gentle <i>Utopia</i>, was more papistical -and more violent than Wolsey), had the papacy anything to -fear? The whole Romish party rallied round these two -men, and with them prepared to fight against the Reformation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Opposed to this hierarchical party was the political party, -in whose eyes the king’s will was the supreme rule. The -Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, president and vice-president -of the Council, Sir William Fitz-William, lord-admiral, and -those who agreed with them, were opposed to the ecclesiastical -domination, not from the love of true religion, but because -they believed the prerogatives of the State were -endangered by the ambition of the priests, or else because, -seeking honor and power for themselves, they were impatient -at always encountering insatiable clerks on their path.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Between these two parties a third appeared, on whom -<span class='pageno' id='Page_6'>6</span>the bishops and nobles looked with disdain, but with whom -the victory was to rest at last. In the towns and villages -of England, and especially in London, were to be found -many lowly men, animated with a new life,—poor artisans, -weavers, cobblers, painters, shopkeepers,—who believed in -the Word of God, and had received moral liberty from it. -During the day they toiled at their respective occupations; -but at night they stole along some narrow lane, slipped into -a court, and ascended to some upper room in which other -persons had already assembled. There they read the Scriptures -and prayed. At times even during the day, they -might be seen carrying to well-disposed citizens certain -books strictly prohibited by the late cardinal. Organized -under the name of “The Society of Christian Brethren,” -they had a central committee in London, and missionaries -everywhere, who distributed the Holy Scriptures and explained -their lessons in simple language. Several priests, -both in the city and country, belonged to their society.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This Christian brotherhood exercised a powerful influence -over the people, and was beginning to substitute the spiritual -and life-giving principles of the Gospel for the legal and -theocratic ideas of popery. These pious men required a -moral regeneration in their hearers, and entreated them -to enter, through faith in the Saviour, into an intimate relation -with God, without having recourse to the mediation -of the clergy; and those who listened to them, enraptured -at hearing of truth, grace, morality, liberty, and of the Word -of God, took the teachings to heart. Thus began a new -era. It has been asserted that the Reformation entered -England by a back-door. Not so; it was the true door -these missionaries opened, having even prior to the rupture -with Rome preached the doctrine of Christ.<a id='r9' /><a href='#f9' class='c009'><sup>[9]</sup></a> Idly do men -speak of Henry’s passions, the intrigues of his courtiers, the -parade of his ambassadors, the skill of his ministers, the -complaisance of the clergy, and the vacillations of parliament. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_7'>7</span>We, too, shall speak of these things; but above -them all there was something else, something better,—the -thirst exhibited in this island for the Word of God, and the -internal transformation accomplished in the convictions of a -great number of its inhabitants. This it was that worked -such a powerful revolution in British society.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Table Talk.</div> -<p class='c008'>In the interval between the issuing of the writs and the -meeting of parliament, the most antagonistic opinions came -out. Conversation everywhere turned on present and future -events, and there was a general feeling that the country was -on the eve of great changes. The members of parliament -who arrived in London gathered round the same table to -discuss the questions of the day. The great lords gave -sumptuous banquets, at which the guests talked about the -abuses of the Church, of the approaching session of parliament, -and of what might result from it.<a id='r10' /><a href='#f10' class='c009'><sup>[10]</sup></a> One would mention -some striking instance of the avarice of the priests; -another slyly called to mind the strange privilege which -permitted them to commit, with impunity, certain sins which -they punished severely in others. “There are, even in -London, houses of ill-fame for the use of priests, monks, and -canons.<a id='r11' /><a href='#f11' class='c009'><sup>[11]</sup></a> And,” added others, “they would force us to take -such men as these for our guides to heaven.” Du Bellay, -the French ambassador, a man of letters, who, although a -bishop, had attached Rabelais to his person in the quality of -secretary, was frequently invited to parties given by the -great lords. He lent an attentive ear, and was astonished -at the witty, and often very biting remarks uttered by the -guests against the disorders of the priests. One day a voice -exclaimed,—“Since Wolsey has fallen, we must forthwith -regulate the condition of the Church and of its ministers. -We will seize their property.” Du Bellay, on his return -home, did not fail to communicate these things to Montmorency. -“I have no need,” he says, “to write this strange -<span class='pageno' id='Page_8'>8</span>language in cipher; for the noble lords utter it at open -table. I think they will do something to be talked about.”<a id='r12' /><a href='#f12' class='c009'><sup>[12]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The leading members of the Commons held more serious -meetings with one another. They said they had spoken -enough, and that now they must act. They specified the -abuses they would claim to have redressed, and prepared -petitions for reform to be presented to the king.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Before long the movement descended from the sphere of -the nobility to that of the people; a sphere always important, -and particularly when a social revolution is in progress. -Petty tradesmen and artisans spoke more energetically than -the lords. They did more than speak. The apparitor of -the Bishop of London having entered the shop of a mercer -in the ward of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Bride, and left a summons on the counter -calling upon him to pay a certain clerical tax, the indignant -tradesman took up his yard-measure, whereupon the officer -drew his sword, and then, either from fear or an evil conscience, -ran away. The mercer followed him, assaulted -him in the street, and broke his head. The London shopkeepers -did not yet quite understand the representative -system; they used their staves when they should have -waited for the speeches of the members of parliament.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king tolerated this agitation because it forwarded -his purposes. There were advisers who insinuated that it -was dangerous to give free course to the passions of the -people, and that the English, combining great physical -strength with a decided character, might go too far in the -way of reform, if their prince gave them the rein. But -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, possessing an energetic will, thought it would -be easy for him to check the popular ebullition whenever -he pleased. When Jupiter frowned, all Olympus trembled.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_9'>9</span> - <h2 id='chap6-02' class='c004'>CHAPTER II. <br /> PARLIAMENT AND ITS GRIEVANCES. <br /> (<span class='sc'>November 1529.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Opening Of The New Parliament.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the morning of the <abbr title='third'>3d</abbr> of November, Henry went -in his barge to the palace of Bridewell; and, having put -on the magnificent robes employed on great ceremonies, and -followed by the lords of his train, he proceeded to the -Blackfriars church, in which the members of the new parliament -had assembled. After hearing the mass of the Holy -Ghost, king, lords, and commons met in parliament; when, -as soon as the king had taken his seat on the throne, the -new chancellor, Sir Thomas More, explained the reason of -their being summoned. Thomas Audley, chancellor of the -Duchy of Lancaster, was appointed speaker of the lower -house.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Generally speaking, parliament confined itself to passing -the resolutions of the government. The Great Charter had, -indeed, been long in existence, but, until now, it had been -little more than a dead letter. The Reformation gave it -life. “Christ brings us out of bondage into liberty by -means of the Gospel,” said Calvin.<a id='r13' /><a href='#f13' class='c009'><sup>[13]</sup></a> This emancipation, -which was essentially spiritual, soon extended to other -spheres, and gave an impulse to liberty throughout all -Christendom. Even in England such an impulse was -needed. Under the Plantagenets and the Tudors the constitutional -machine existed, but it worked only as it was -directed by the strong hand of the master. Without the -Reformation, England might have slumbered long.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The impulse given by religious truth to the latent liberties -of the people was felt for the first time in the parliament of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_10'>10</span>1529. The representatives shared the lively feelings of -their constituents, and took their seats with the firm resolve -to introduce the necessary reforms in the affairs of both -Church and State. Indeed, on the very first day several -members pointed out the abuses of the clerical domination, -and proposed to lay the desires of the people before the -king.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Commons might of their own accord have applied -to the task, and, by proposing rash changes, have given the -Reform a character of violence that might have worked -confusion in the State; but they preferred petitioning the -king to take the necessary measures to carry out the wishes -of the nation; and accordingly a petition, respectfully -worded, but in clear and strong language, was agreed to. -The Reformation began in England, as in Switzerland and -Germany, with personal conversions. The individual was -reformed first; but it was necessary for the people to reform -afterwards, and the measures requisite to success could -not be taken, in the sixteenth century, without the participation -of the governing powers. Freely, therefore, and -nobly, a whole nation was about to express to their ruler -their grievances and wishes.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Petition Of The Commons.</div> -<p class='c008'>On one of the first days of the session the speaker and -certain members, who had been ordered to accompany him, -proceeded to the palace. “Your highness,” they began, -“of late much discord, variance, and debate hath arisen, -and more and more daily is likely to increase and ensue -amongst your subjects, to the great inquietation, vexation, -and breach of your peace, of which the chief causes followingly -do ensue.”<a id='r14' /><a href='#f14' class='c009'><sup>[14]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This opening could not fail to excite the king’s attention -and the Speaker of the House of Commons began boldly to -unroll the long list of the grievances of England. “First, -the prelates of your most excellent realm, and the clergy of -the same, have in their convocations made many and divers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_11'>11</span>laws without your most royal assent, and without the assent -of any of your lay subjects.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“And also many of your said subjects, and specially those -that be of the poorest sort, be daily called before the said -spiritual ordinaries or their commissaries, on the accusement -of light and indiscreet persons, and be excommunicated and -put to excessive and impostable charges.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“The prelates suffer the priests to exact divers sums of -money for the sacraments, and sometimes deny the same -without the money be first paid.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Also the said spiritual ordinaries do daily confer and -give sundry benefices unto certain young folks, calling them -their nephews or kinsfolk, being in their minority and -within age, not apt nor able to serve the cure of any such -benefice ... whereby the said ordinaries accumulate -to themselves large sums of money, and the poor silly souls -of your people perish without doctrine or any good teaching.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Also a great number of holydays be kept throughout -this your realm, upon the which many great, abominable, -and execrable vices, idle and wanton sports be used, which -holydays might by your majesty be made fewer in number.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“And also the said spiritual ordinaries commit divers of -your subjects to ward, before they know either the cause of -their imprisonment, or the name of their accuser.”<a id='r15' /><a href='#f15' class='c009'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus far the Commons had confined themselves to -questions that had been discussed more than once; they -feared to touch upon the subject of heresy before the Defender -of the Roman Faith. But there were evangelical -men among their number who had been eye-witnesses of -the sufferings of the reformed. At the peril, therefore, of -offending the king, the Speaker boldly took up the defence -of the pretended heretics.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“If heresy be ordinarily laid unto the charge of the person -accused, the said ordinaries put to them such subtle -interrogatories concerning the high mysteries of our faith, -as are able quickly to trap a simple unlearned layman. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_12'>12</span>And if any heresy be so confessed in word, yet never committed -in thought or deed, they put the said person to make -his purgation. And if the party so accused deny the accusation, -witnesses of little truth or credence are brought forth -for the same, and deliver the party so accused to secular -hands.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Speaker was not satisfied with merely pointing out -the disease: “We most humbly beseech your Grace, in -whom the only remedy resteth, of your goodness to consent, -so that besides the fervent love your Highness shall thereby -engender in the hearts of all your Commons towards your -Grace, ye shall do the most princely feat, and show the -most charitable precedent that ever did sovereign lord upon -his subjects.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king listened to the petition with his characteristic -dignity, and also with a certain kindliness. He recognized -the just demands in the petition of the Commons, and saw -how far they would support the religious independence to -which he aspired. Still, unwilling to take the part of heresy, -he selected only the most crying abuses, and desired -his faithful Commons to take their correction upon themselves. -He then sent the petition to the bishops, requiring -them to answer the charges brought against them, and -added that henceforward his consent would be necessary to -give the force of law to the acts of Convocation.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Reply Of The Bishops.</div> -<p class='c008'>This royal communication was a thunderbolt to the prelates. -What! the bishops, the successors of the apostles, -accused by the representatives of the nation, and requested -by the king to justify themselves like criminals!... Had -the Commons of England forgotten what a priest was? -These proud ecclesiastics thought only of the indelible virtues -which, in their view, ordination had conferred upon -them, and shut their eyes to the vices of their fallible human -nature. We can understand their emotion, their embarrassment, -and their anger. The Reformation which had -made the tour of the continent was at the gates of England; -the king was knocking at their doors. What was to be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_13'>13</span>done? they could not tell. They assembled, and read the -petition again and again. The Archbishop of Canterbury, -and the Bishops of London, Lincoln, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Asaph, and Rochester -carped at it and replied to it. They would willingly -have thrown it into the fire,—the best of answers in their -opinion; but the king was waiting, and the Archbishop of -Canterbury was commissioned to enlighten him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Warham did not belong to the most fanatical party; he -was a prudent man, and the wish for reform had hardly -taken shape in England when, being uneasy and timid, he -had hastened to give a certain satisfaction to his flock by -reforming abuses which he had sanctioned for thirty years.<a id='r16' /><a href='#f16' class='c009'><sup>[16]</sup></a> -But he was a priest, a Romish priest; he represented an -inflexible hierarchy. Strengthened by the clamors of his -colleagues, he resolved to utter the famous <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>non possumus</i></span>, -less powerful, however, in England than in Rome.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Sire,” he said, “your Majesty’s Commons reproach us -with uncharitable behavior.... On the contrary, we love -them with hearty affection, and have only exercised the -spiritual jurisdiction of the Church upon persons infected -with the pestilent poison of heresy. To have peace with -such had been against the gospel of our Saviour Christ, -wherein he saith, <i>I came not to send peace, but a sword</i>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“Your Grace’s Commons complain that the clergy daily -do make laws repugnant to the statutes of your realm. -We take our authority from the Scriptures of God, and -shall always diligently apply to conform our statutes -thereto; and we pray that your Highness will, with the -assent of your people, temper your Grace’s laws accordingly; -whereby shall ensue a most sure and hearty conjunction -and agreement.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“They accuse us of committing to prison before conviction -such as be suspected of heresy.... Truth it is -that certain apostates, friars, monks, lewd priests, bankrupt -merchants, vagabonds, and idle fellows of corrupt intent -<span class='pageno' id='Page_14'>14</span>have embraced the abominable opinions lately sprung up in -Germany; and by them some have been seduced in simplicity -and ignorance. Against these, if judgment has been -exercised according to the laws of the Church, we be without -blame.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“They complain that two witnesses be admitted, be they -never so defamed, to vex and trouble your subjects to the -peril of their lives, shames, costs, and expenses.... -To this we reply, the judge must esteem the quality of the -witness; but in heresy no exception is necessary to be considered, -if their tale be likely. This is the universal law of -Christendom, and hath universally done good.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“They say that we give benefices to our nephews and -kinsfolk, being in young age or infants, and that we take -the profit of such benefices for the time of the minority of -our said kinsfolk. If it be done to our own use and profit, -it is not well; but if it be bestowed to the bringing up and -use of the same parties, or applied to the maintenance of -God’s service, we do not see but that it may be allowed.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>As for the irregular lives of the priests, the prelates remarked -that they were condemned by the laws of the -Church, and consequently there was nothing to be said on -that point.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Lastly, the bishops seized the opportunity of taking the -offensive:—“We entreat of your Grace to repress heresy. -This we beg of you, lowly upon our knees, so entirely as we -can.”<a id='r17' /><a href='#f17' class='c009'><sup>[17]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Such was the brief of Roman Catholicism in England. -Its defence would have sufficed to condemn it.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_15'>15</span> - <h2 id='chap6-03' class='c004'>CHAPTER III. <br /> REFORMS. <br /> (<span class='sc'>End of 1529.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Indignation At The Reply.</div> -<p class='c008'>The answer of the bishops was criticised in the royal -residence, in the House of Commons, at the meetings of the -burgesses, in the streets of the capital, and in the provinces, -everywhere exciting a lively indignation. “What!” said -they, “the bishops accuse the most pious and active Christians -of England,—men like Bilney, Fryth, Tyndale, and -Latimer,—of that idleness and irregularity of which their -monks and priests are continually showing us examples. To -no purpose have the Commons indisputably proved their -grievances, if the bishops reply to notorious facts by putting -forward their scholastic system. We condemn their practice, -and they take shelter behind their theories; as if the reproach -laid against them was not precisely that their lives -are in opposition to their laws. ‘The fault is not in the -Church,’ they say. But it is its ministers that we accuse.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The indignant parliament boldly took up the axe, attacked -the tree, and cut off the withered and rotten branches. One -bill followed another, irritating the clergy, but filling the -people with joy. When the legacy dues were under discussion, -one of the members drew a touching picture of the -avarice and cruelty of the priests. “They have no compassion,” -he said. “The children of the dead should all -die of hunger and go begging, rather than they would of -charity give to them the silly cow which the dead man -owed, if he had only one.” There was a movement of indignation -in the house, and they forbade the clergy to take -any mortuary fees when the effects were small.</p> - -<p class='c008'>“And that is not all,” said another. “The clergy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_16'>16</span>monopolize large tracts of land, and the poor are compelled -to pay an extravagant price for whatever they buy. They -are everything in the world but preachers of God’s Word -and shepherds of souls. They buy and sell wool, cloth, and -other merchandise; they keep tanneries and breweries.... -How can they attend to their spiritual duties in -the midst of such occupations?”<a id='r18' /><a href='#f18' class='c009'><sup>[18]</sup></a> The clergy were consequently -prohibited from holding large estates or carrying on -the business of merchant, tanner, brewer, etc. At the -same time plurality of benefices (some ignorant priests -holding as many as ten or twelve) was forbidden, and -residence was enforced. The Commons further enacted -that any one seeking a dispensation for non-residence (even -were the application made to the pope himself) should be -liable to a heavy fine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The clergy saw at last that they must reform. They -forbade priests from keeping shops and taverns, playing at -dice or other games of chance, passing through towns and -villages with hawks and hounds, being present at unbecoming -entertainments, and spending the night in suspected houses.<a id='r19' /><a href='#f19' class='c009'><sup>[19]</sup></a> -Convocation proceeded to enact severe penalties against -these disorders, doubling them for adultery, and tripling -them for incest. The laity asked how it was that the -Church had waited so long before coming to this resolution, -and whether these scandals had become criminal only because -the Commons condemned them?</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bishops Accuse The Commons.</div> -<p class='c008'>But the bishops who reformed the lower clergy did not -intend to resign their own privileges. One day, when a bill -relating to wills was laid before the upper house, the Archbishop -of Canterbury and all the other prelates frowned, -murmured, and looked uneasily around them.<a id='r20' /><a href='#f20' class='c009'><sup>[20]</sup></a> They exclaimed -that the Commons were heretics and schismatics, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_17'>17</span>and almost called them infidels and atheists. In all places -good men required that morality should again be united -with religion, and that piety should not be made to consist -merely in certain ceremonies, but in the awakening of the -conscience, a lively faith, and holy conduct. The bishops, -not discerning that God’s work was then being accomplished -in the world, determined to maintain the ancient order of -things at all risks.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Their efforts had some chance of success, for the House -of Lords was essentially conservative. The Bishop of -Rochester, a sincere but narrow-minded man, presuming on -the respect inspired by his age and character, boldly came -forward as the defender of the Church. “My lords,” he -said, “these bills have no other object than the destruction -of the Church; and, if the Church goes down, all the glory -of the kingdom will fall with it. Remember what happened -to the Bohemians. Like them our Commons cry out,—‘Down -with the Church!’ Whence cometh that cry? -Simply from lack of faith.... My lords, save the -country, save the Church.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>This speech made the Commons very indignant. Some -members thought the bishop denied that they were Christians. -They sent thirty of their leading men to the king. -“Sire,” said the Speaker, “it is an attaint upon the honor -of your Majesty to calumniate before the upper house those -whom your subjects have elected. They are accused of -lack of faith, that is to say, they are no better than Turks, -Saracens, and heathens. Be pleased to call before you the -bishop who has insulted your Commons.”</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king made a gracious reply, and immediately sent -one of his officers to invite the Archbishop of Canterbury, -the Bishop of Rochester, and six other prelates to appear -before him. They came, quite uneasy as to what the prince -might have to say to them. They knew that, like all the -Plantagenets, Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> would not suffer his clergy to -resist him. Immediately the king informed them of the -complaint made by the Commons, their hearts sank, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_18'>18</span>they lost courage. They thought only how to escape the -prince’s anger, and the most venerated among them, Fisher, -having recourse to falsehood, asserted that, when speaking -about “lack of faith,” he had not thought of the Commons -of England, but of the Bohemians only. The other prelates -confirmed this inadmissible interpretation. This was a -graver fault than the fault itself, and the unbecoming evasion -was a defeat to the clerical party from which they never -recovered. The king allowed the excuse; but he afterwards -made the bishops feel the little esteem he entertained -for them. As for the House of Commons, it loudly expressed -the disdain aroused in them by the bishops’ subterfuge.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One chance of safety still remained to them. Mixed -committees of the two houses examined the resolutions of -the Commons. The peers, especially the ecclesiastical -peers, opposed the reform by appealing to usage. “Usage!” -ironically observed a Gray’s-inn lawyer; “the usage hath -ever been of thieves to rob on Shooter’s hill, <i>ergo</i> it is -lawful, and ought to be kept up!” This remark sorely -irritated the prelates: “What! our acts are compared to -robberies!” But the lawyer, addressing the Archbishop -of Canterbury, seriously endeavored to prove to him that -the exactions of the clergy, in the matter of probates and -mortuaries, were open robbery. The temporal lords gradually -adopted the opinions of the Commons.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the midst of these debates, the king did not lose sight -of his own interests. Six years before, he had raised a loan -among his subjects; he thought parliament ought to relieve -him of this debt. This demand was opposed by the members -most devoted to the principle of the Reformation; John -Petit, in particular, the friend of Bilney and Tyndale, said, -in parliament,—“I give the king all I lent him; but I cannot -give him what others have lent him.” Henry was not, -however, discouraged, and finally obtained the act required.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Pluralism Abolished.</div> -<p class='c008'>The king soon showed that he was pleased with the Commons. -Two bills met with a stern opposition from the -Lords; they were those abolishing pluralism and non-residence. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_19'>19</span>These two customs were so convenient and advantageous -that the clergy determined not to give them up. -Henry, seeing that the two houses would never agree, -resolved to cut the difficulty. At his desire eight members -from each met one afternoon in the Star Chamber. There -was an animated discussion; but the lay lords, who were -in the conference, taking part with the commons, the bishops -were forced to yield. The two bills passed the Lords the -next day, and received the king’s assent. After this triumph -the king adjourned parliament in the middle of December.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The different reforms that had been carried through were -important, but they were not the Reformation. Many -abuses were corrected, but the doctrines remained unaltered; -the power of the clergy was restricted, but the authority -of Christ was not increased; the dry branches of the -tree had been lopped off, but a scion calculated to bear good -fruit had not been grafted on the wild stock. Had matters -stopped here, we might perhaps have obtained a Church -with morals less repulsive, but not with a holy doctrine and -a new life. But the Reformation was not contented with -more decorous forms, it required a second creation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the same time parliament had taken a great stride -towards the revolution that was to transform the Church. A -new power had taken its place in the world: the laity had -triumphed over the clergy. No doubt there were upright -catholics who gave their assent to the laws passed in 1529; -but these laws were nevertheless a product of the Reformation. -This it was that had inspired the laity with that new -energy, parliament with that bold action, and given the -liberties of the nation that impulse which they had wanted -hitherto. The joy was great throughout the kingdom; and, -while the king removed to Greenwich to keep Christmas -there “with great plenty of viands, and disguisings, and -interludes,” the members of the Commons were welcomed -in the towns and villages with public rejoicings.<a id='r21' /><a href='#f21' class='c009'><sup>[21]</sup></a> In the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_20'>20</span>people’s eyes their representatives were like soldiers who -had just gained a brilliant victory. The clergy alone, in all -England, were downcast and exasperated. On returning to -their residences the bishops could not conceal their anguish -at the danger of the Church.<a id='r22' /><a href='#f22' class='c009'><sup>[22]</sup></a> The priests, who had been -the first victims offered up on the altar of reform, bent their -heads. But if the clergy foresaw days of mourning, the -laity hailed with joy the glorious era of the liberties of the -people, and of the greatness of England. The friends of -the Reformation went farther still; they believed that the -Gospel would work a complete change in the world, and -talked, as Tyndale informs us, “as though the golden age -would come again.”<a id='r23' /><a href='#f23' class='c009'><sup>[23]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-04' class='c004'>CHAPTER IV. <br /> ANNE BOLEYN’S FATHER BEFORE THE EMPEROR AND THE POPE. <br /> (<span class='sc'>Winter of 1530.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>Before such glorious hopes could be realized, it was -necessary to emancipate Great Britain from the yoke of -Romish supremacy. This was the end to which all generous -monks aspired; but would the king assist them?</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Henry’s Motives.</div> -<p class='c008'>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> united strength of body with strength of -will; both were marked on his manly form. Lively, active, -eager, vehement, impatient, and voluptuous,—whatever he -was, he was with his whole soul. He was at first all heart -for the Church of Rome; he went barefoot on pilgrimages, -wrote against Luther, and flattered the pope. But before -long he grew tired of Rome, without desiring the Reformation. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_21'>21</span>Profoundly selfish, he cared for himself alone. If the -papal domination offended him, evangelical liberty annoyed -him. He meant to remain master in his own house,—the -only master, and master of all. Even without the divorce, -Henry would possibly have separated from Rome. Rather -than endure any contradiction, this singular man put to -death friends and enemies, bishops and missionaries, ministers -of state, and favorites—even his wives. Such was the -prince whom the Reformation found King of England.</p> - -<p class='c008'>History would be unjust, however, were it to maintain -that passion alone urged him to action. The question of the -succession to the throne had for a century filled the country -with confusion and blood. This Henry could not forget. -Would the struggles of the two Roses be renewed after his -death, occasioning, perhaps, the destruction of an ancient -monarchy? If Mary, a princess of delicate health, should -die, Scotland, France, the party of the White Rose, the -Duke of Suffolk, whose wife was Henry’s sister, might drag -the kingdom into endless wars. And even if Mary’s days -were prolonged, her title to the crown might be disputed, -no female sovereign having as yet sat upon the throne. -Another train of ideas also occupied the king’s mind. He -inquired sincerely whether his marriage with the widow of -his brother was lawful. Even before its consummation, he -had felt doubts about it. But even his defenders, if there -are any, must acknowledge that one circumstance contributed -at this time to give unusual force to these scruples. -Passion impelled the king to break a holy bond; he loved -another woman.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Catholic writers imagine that this guilty motive was the -only one. It is a mistake, for the two former indisputably -occupied Henry’s mind. As for parliament and people, the -king’s love for Anne Boleyn affected them very little. It -was the reason of state which made them regard the divorce -as just and necessary.<a id='r24' /><a href='#f24' class='c009'><sup>[24]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_22'>22</span>A congress was at that time sitting at Bologna with great -pomp.<a id='r25' /><a href='#f25' class='c009'><sup>[25]</sup></a> On the <abbr title='fifth'>5th</abbr> of November, Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> having arrived -from Spain, had entered the city, attended by a magnificent -suite, and followed by 20,000 soldiers. He was -covered with gold, and shone with grace and majesty. The -pope waited for him in front of the church of San Petronio, -seated on a throne, and wearing the triple crown. The emperor, -master of Italy, which his soldiers had reduced to the -last desolation,<a id='r26' /><a href='#f26' class='c009'><sup>[26]</sup></a> fell prostrate before the pontiff, but lately -his prisoner. The union of these two monarchs, both enemies -of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, seemed destined to ruin the King of -England and thwart his great affair.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Henry’s Embassy To Rome.</div> -<p class='c008'>And yet, not long before, an ambassador from Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> -had been received at Whitehall: it was Master Eustace -Chappuis, who had already discharged a mission to Geneva.<a id='r27' /><a href='#f27' class='c009'><sup>[27]</sup></a> -He came to solicit aid against the Turks. Henry -caught at the chance: he imagined the moment to be favorable, -and that he ought to despatch an embassy to the head -of the empire and the head of the Church. He sent for the -Earl of Wiltshire, Anne Boleyn’s father; Edward Lee, afterwards -Archbishop of York; Stokesley, afterwards Bishop of -London, and some others. He told them that the emperor -desired his alliance, and commissioned them to proceed to -Italy, and explain to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> the serious motives that -induced him to separate from Catherine. “If he persists in -his opposition to the divorce,” continued Henry, “threaten -him, but in covert terms. If the threats prove useless, tell -him plainly that, in accord with my friends, I will do all I -can to restore peace to my troubled conscience.” He added -with more calmness,—“I am resolved to fear God rather -than man, and to place full reliance on comfort from the -Saviour.”<a id='r28' /><a href='#f28' class='c009'><sup>[28]</sup></a> Was Henry sincere when he spoke thus? No -<span class='pageno' id='Page_23'>23</span>one can doubt of his sensuality, his scholastic catholicism, -and his cruel violence:—must we also believe in his hypocrisy? -He was no doubt under a delusion, and deceived -himself on the state of his soul.</p> - -<p class='c008'>An important member was added to the deputation. One -day when the king was occupied with this affair, Thomas -Cranmer appeared at the door of his closet with a manuscript -in his hand. Cranmer had a fine understanding, a -warm heart, a character perhaps too weak, but extensive -learning. Captivated by the Holy Scriptures, he desired to -seek for truth nowhere else. He had suggested a new point -of view to Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> “The essential thing,” he said, -“is to know what the Word of God teaches on the matter in -question.” “Show me that,” exclaimed the king. Cranmer -brought him his treatise, in which he proved that the -Word of God is above all human jurisdiction, and that it -forbids marriage with a brother’s widow. Henry took the -work in his hand, read it again and again, and praised its -excellence. A bright idea occurred to him. “Are you -strong enough to maintain before the Bishop of Rome the -propositions laid down in this treatise?” said the king. -Cranmer was timid, but convinced and devoted. “Yes,” he -made answer, “with God’s grace, and if your Majesty commands -it.” “Marry, then,” exclaimed Henry with delight, -“I will send you.”<a id='r29' /><a href='#f29' class='c009'><sup>[29]</sup></a> Cranmer departed with the others in -January, 1530.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Clement’s Alarm.</div> -<p class='c008'>While Henry’s ambassadors were journeying slowly, -Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, more exasperated than ever against the divorce, -endeavored to gain the pope. Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>, who was a -clever man, and possessed a certain kindly humor, but -was at heart cunning, false, and cowardly, amused the puissant -emperor with words. When he learned that the King -of England was sending an embassy to him, he gave way to -the keenest sorrow. What was he to do? which way -could he turn? To irritate the emperor was dangerous; to -separate England from Rome would be to endure a great -<span class='pageno' id='Page_24'>24</span>loss. Caught between Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> and Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, he -groaned aloud; he paced up and down his chamber gesticulating; -then suddenly stopping, sank into a chair and burst -into tears. Nothing succeeded with him: it was, he thought, -as if he had been bewitched. What need was there for the -King of England to send him an embassy? Had not Clement -told Henry through the Bishop of Tarbes: “I am content -the marriage should take place, provided it be without -my authorization.”<a id='r30' /><a href='#f30' class='c009'><sup>[30]</sup></a> It was of no use: the pope asked him -to do without the papacy, and the king would only act with -it. He was more popish than the pope.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To add to his misfortunes, Charles began to press the -pontiff more seriously, and yielding to his importunities, -Clement drew up a brief on the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of March, in which he -commanded Henry “to receive Catherine with love, and to -treat her in all things with the affection of a husband.”<a id='r31' /><a href='#f31' class='c009'><sup>[31]</sup></a> -But the brief was scarcely written when the arrival of the -English embassy was announced. The pope in alarm immediately -put the document back into his portfolio, promising -himself that it would be long before he published it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As soon as the English envoys had taken up their quarters -at Bologna, the ambassadors of France called to pay -their respects. De Gramont, Bishop of Tarbes, was overflowing -with politeness, especially to the Earl of Wiltshire. -“I have shown much honor to <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Rochford,” he wrote -to his master on the <abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr> of March. “I went out to meet -him. I have visited him often at his lodging. I have fêted -him, and offered him my solicitations and services, telling -him that such were your orders.”<a id='r32' /><a href='#f32' class='c009'><sup>[32]</sup></a> Not thus did Clement -<abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> act: the arrival of the Earl of Wiltshire and his colleagues -was a cause of alarm to him. Yet he must make -up his mind to receive them: he appointed the day and the -hour for the audience.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_25'>25</span>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> desired that his representatives should -appear with great pomp, and accordingly the ambassador -and his colleagues went to great expense with that intent.<a id='r33' /><a href='#f33' class='c009'><sup>[33]</sup></a> -Wiltshire entered first into the audience-hall; being father -of Anne Boleyn, he had been appointed by the king as the -man in all England most interested in the success of his -plans. But Henry had calculated badly: the personal -interest which the earl felt in the divorce made him odious -both to Charles and Clement. The pope, wearing his pontifical -robes, was seated on the throne surrounded by his cardinals. -The ambassadors approached, made the customary -salutations, and stood before him. The pontiff, wishing to -show his kindly feelings towards the envoys of the “<i>Defender -of the Faith</i>,” put out his slipper according to custom, -presenting it graciously to the kisses of those proud Englishmen. -The revolt was about to begin. The earl, remaining -motionless, refused to kiss his holiness’s slipper. But that -was not all; a fine spaniel, with long silky hair, which -Wiltshire had brought from England, had followed him to -the episcopal palace. When the bishop of Rome put out -his foot, the dog did what other dogs would have done under -similar circumstances: he flew at the foot, and caught the -pope by the great toe.<a id='r34' /><a href='#f34' class='c009'><sup>[34]</sup></a> Clement hastily drew it back. -The sublime borders on the ridiculous: the ambassadors, -bursting with laughter, raised their arms and hid their faces -behind their long rich sleeves. “That dog was a <i>protestant</i>,” -said a reverend father. “Whatever he was,” said an -Englishman, “he taught us that a pope’s foot was more -meet to be bitten by dogs than kissed by Christian men.” -The pope, recovering from his emotion, prepared to listen, -and the count, regaining his seriousness, explained to the -pontiff that as Holy Scripture forbade a man to marry his -brother’s wife, Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> required him to annul as unlawful -<span class='pageno' id='Page_26'>26</span>his union with Catherine of Aragon. As Clement -did not seem convinced, the ambassador skilfully insinuated -that the king might possibly declare himself independent of -Rome, and place the British church under the direction of -a patriarch. “The example,” added the ambassador, “will -not fail to be imitated by other kingdoms of Christendom.”<a id='r35' /><a href='#f35' class='c009'><sup>[35]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The agitated pope promised not to remove the suit to -Rome, provided the king would give up the idea of reforming -England. Then, putting on a most gracious air, he -proposed to introduce the ambassador to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> This -was giving Wiltshire the chance of receiving a harsh rebuff. -The earl saw it; but his duty obliging him to confer with -the emperor, he accepted the offer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The father of Anne Boleyn proceeded to an audience -with the nephew of Catherine of Aragon. Representatives -of two women whose rival causes agitated Europe, these -two men could not meet without a collision. True, the earl -flattered himself that as it was Charles’s interest to detach -Henry from Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, that phlegmatic and politic prince -would certainly not sacrifice the gravest interests of his -reign for a matter of sentiment; but he was deceived. The -emperor received him with a calm and reserved air, but -unaccompanied by any kindly demonstration. The ambassador -skilfully began with speaking of the Turkish war; -then ingeniously passing to the condition of the kingdom of -England, he pointed out the reasons of state which rendered -the divorce necessary. Here Charles stopped him short: -“Sir Count, you are not to be trusted in this matter; you -are a party to it; let your colleagues speak.” The earl -replied with respectful coldness: “Sire, I do not speak here -as a father, but as my master’s servant, and I am commissioned -to inform you that his conscience condemns a union -contrary to the law of God.”<a id='r36' /><a href='#f36' class='c009'><sup>[36]</sup></a> He then offered Charles the -immediate restitution of Catherine’s dowry. The emperor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_27'>27</span>coldly replied that he would support his aunt in her rights, -and then abruptly turning his back on the ambassador, refused -to hear him any longer.<a id='r37' /><a href='#f37' class='c009'><sup>[37]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus did Charles, who had been all his life a crafty politician, -place in this matter the cause of justice above the -interests of his ambition. Perhaps he might lose an important -ally; it mattered not; before everything he would -protect a woman unworthily treated. On this occasion we -feel more sympathy for Charles than for Henry. The -indignant emperor hastily quitted Bologna, on the <abbr title='twenty-second'>22d</abbr> or -<abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> of February.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The earl hastened to his friend <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Gramont, and, -relating how he had been treated, proposed that the kings -of France and England should unite in the closest bonds. -He added, that Henry could not accept Clement as his -judge, since he had himself declared that he was ignorant of -the law of God.<a id='r38' /><a href='#f38' class='c009'><sup>[38]</sup></a> “England,” he said, “will be quiet for -three or four months. Sitting in the ballroom, she will -watch the dancers, and will form her resolution according as -they dance well or ill.”<a id='r39' /><a href='#f39' class='c009'><sup>[39]</sup></a> A rule of policy that has often -been followed.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Gramont’s Policy.</div> -<p class='c008'>Gramont was prepared to make common cause with -Henry against the emperor; but, like his master, he could -not make his mind to do without the pope. He strove to -induce Clement to join the two kings and abandon Charles; -or else—he insinuated in his turn—England would separate -from the Romish Church. This was to incur the risk -of losing Western Europe, and accordingly the pope answered -with much concern: “I will do what you ask.” -There was, however, a reserve; namely, that the steps -taken overtly by the pope would absolutely decide nothing.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Clement once more received the ambassador of Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> The earl carried with him the book wherein Cranmer -proved that the pope cannot dispense any one from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_28'>28</span>obeying the law of God, and presented it to the pope. The -latter took it and glanced over it, his looks showing that a -prison could not have been more disagreeable to him than -this impertinent volume.<a id='r40' /><a href='#f40' class='c009'><sup>[40]</sup></a> The Earl of Wiltshire soon discovered -that there was nothing for him to do in Italy. -Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, usually so reserved, had made the bitterest -remarks before his departure. His chancellor, with an air -of triumph, enumerated to the English ambassador all the -divines of Italy and France who were opposed to the king’s -wishes. The pope seemed to be a puppet which the emperor -moved as he liked, and the cardinals had but one idea,—that -of exalting the Romish power. Wearied and disgusted, -the earl departed for France and England with the -greater portion of his colleagues.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Cranmer was left behind. Having been sent to show -Clement that Holy Scripture is above all Roman pontiffs, -and speaks in a language quite opposed to that of the popes, -he had asked more than once for an audience at which to -discharge his mission. The wily pontiff had replied that he -would hear him at Rome, believing he was thus putting him -off until the Greek calends. But Clement was deceived; -the English doctor, determining to do his duty, refused to -depart for London with the rest of the embassy, and repaired -to the metropolis of Catholicism.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_29'>29</span> - <h2 id='chap6-05' class='c004'>CHAPTER V. <br /> DISCUSSIONS CONCERNING THE DIVORCE AT OXFORD AND CAMBRIDGE. <br /> (<span class='sc'>Winter of 1530.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Wiltshire’s Departure.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the same time that Henry sent ambassadors to Italy -to obtain the pope’s consent, he invited all the universities -of Christendom to declare that the question of divorce was -of divine right, and that the pope had nothing to say about -it. It was his opinion that the universal voice of the -Church ought to decide, and not the voice of one man.</p> - -<p class='c008'>First, he attempted to canvass Cambridge, and, as he -wanted a skilful man for that purpose, he applied to Wolsey’s -old servant, Stephen Gardiner, an intelligent, active, -wily churchman and a good catholic. One thing alone was -superior to his catholicism,—his desire to win the king’s -favor. He aspired to rise like the cardinal to the summit -of greatness. Henry named the chief almoner, Edward -Fox, as his colleague.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Arriving at Cambridge one Saturday about noon, in the -latter half of February, the royal commissioners held a -conference in the evening with the vice-chancellor (Dr. -Buckmaster), Dr. Edmunds, and other influential men who -had resolved to go with the court. But these doctors, -members of the political party, soon found themselves -checked by an embarrassing support on which they had not -calculated; it was that of the friends of the Gospel. They -had been convinced by the writing which Cranmer had -published on the divorce. Gardiner and the members of -the conference, hearing of the assistance which the evangelicals -desired to give them, were annoyed at first. On the -other hand, the champions of the court of Rome, alarmed at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_30'>30</span>the alliance of the two parties who were opposed to them, -began that very night to visit college after college, leaving -no stone unturned that the peril might be averted. Gardiner, -uneasy at their zeal, wrote to Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII</abbr>:—‘As -we assembled, they assembled; as we made friends, they -made friends.’<a id='r41' /><a href='#f41' class='c009'><sup>[41]</sup></a> Dr. Watson, Dr. Tomson, and other -fanatical individuals at one time shouted very loudly, at -another spoke in whispers.<a id='r42' /><a href='#f42' class='c009'><sup>[42]</sup></a> They said that Anne Boleyn -was a heretic, that her marriage with Henry would hand -England over to Luther; and they related to those whom -they desired to gain—wrote Gardiner to the king—‘many -fables too tedious to repeat to your Grace.’ These -‘fables’ would not only have bored Henry, but greatly -irritated him.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Noisy Meeting.</div> -<p class='c008'>The vice-chancellor, flattering himself that he had a majority, -notwithstanding these clamors, called a meeting of -the doctors, bachelors of divinity, and masters of arts, for -Sunday afternoon. About two hundred persons assembled, -and the three parties were distinctly marked out. The -most numerous and the most excited were those who held -for the pope against the king. The evangelicals were in a -minority, but were quite as decided as their adversaries, -and much calmer. The politicians, uneasy at seeing the -friends of Latimer and Cranmer disposed to vote with them, -would have, however, to accept of their support, if they -wished to gain the victory. They resolved to seize the opportunity -offered them. ‘Most learned senators,’ said the -vice-chancellor, ‘I have called you together because the -great love which the king bears you engages me to consult -your wisdom.’ Thereupon Gardiner and Fox handed in the -letter which Henry had given them, and the vice-chancellor -read it to the meeting. In it the king set forth his hopes -of seeing the doctors unanimous to do what was agreeable -to him. The deliberations commenced, and the question -of a rupture with Rome soon began to appear distinctly -beneath the question of the divorce. Edmunds spoke for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_31'>31</span>the king, Tomson for the pope. There was an interchange -of antagonistic opinions and a disorder of ideas among many; -the speakers grew warm; one voice drowned another, and -the confusion became extreme.<a id='r43' /><a href='#f43' class='c009'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The vice-chancellor, desirous of putting an end to the -clamor, proposed referring the matter to a committee, whose -decision should be regarded as that of the whole university, -which was agreed to. Then, seeing more clearly that the -royal cause could not succeed without the help of the evangelical -party, he proposed some of its leaders—Doctors -Salcot, Reps, Crome, Shaxton, and Latimer—as members -of the committee. On hearing these names, there was an -explosion of murmurs in the meeting. Salcot, Abbot of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Benet’s, was particularly offensive to the doctors of the -Romish party. ‘We protest,’ they said, ‘against the presence -in the committee of those who have approved of Cranmer’s -book, and thus declared their opinion already.’ -‘When any matter is talked of all over the kingdom,’ -answered Gardiner, ‘there is not a sensible man who does -not tell his friends what he thinks about it.’ The whole -afternoon was spent in lively altercation. The vice-chancellor, -wishing to bring it to an end, said: ‘Gentlemen, it is -getting late, and I invite every one to take his seat, and -declare his mind by a secret vote.’<a id='r44' /><a href='#f44' class='c009'><sup>[44]</sup></a> It was useless; no -one took his seat; the confusion, reproaches, and declamations -continued. At dark, the vice-chancellor adjourned the -meeting until the next day. The doctors separated in great -excitement, but with different feelings. While the politicians -saw nothing else to discuss but the question of the king’s -marriage, the evangelicals and the papists considered that -the real question was this: Which shall rule in England—the -Reformation or Popery?</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day, the names of the members of the committee -<span class='pageno' id='Page_32'>32</span>having been put to the vote, the meeting was found to be -divided into two equal parties. In order to obtain a majority -Gardiner undertook to get some of his adversaries out -of the way. Going up and down the Senate-house, he began -to whisper in the ears of some of the less decided; and, -inspiring them either with hope or fear, he prevailed upon -several to leave the meeting.<a id='r45' /><a href='#f45' class='c009'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The grace was then put to the vote a third time and -passed. Gardiner triumphed. Returning to his room, he -sent the list to the king. Sixteen of the committee, indicated -by the letter <abbr class='spell'>A</abbr>, were favorable to his majesty. ‘As -for the twelve others,’ he wrote, ‘we hope to win most of -them by <i>good means</i>.’ The committee met, and took up the -royal demand. They carefully examined the passages of -Holy Scripture, the explanations of translators, and gave -their opinion.<a id='r46' /><a href='#f46' class='c009'><sup>[46]</sup></a> Then followed the public discussion. Gardiner -was not without fear; as there might be skilful assailants -and awkward defenders, he looked out for men qualified -to defend the royal cause worthily. It was a remarkable -circumstance that, passing over the traditional doctors, he -added to the defence—of which he and Fox were the -leaders—two evangelical doctors, Salcot, Abbot of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Benet’s, -and Reps. He reserved to his colleague and himself -the political part of the question; but notwithstanding all -his catholicism, he desired that the scriptural reasons should -be placed foremost. The discussion was conducted with -great thoroughness,<a id='r47' /><a href='#f47' class='c009'><sup>[47]</sup></a> and the victory remained with the -king’s champions.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Majority For The King.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='ninth'>9th</abbr> of March, the doctors, professors, and masters -having met after vespers in the priory hall, the vice-chancellor -said: ‘It has appeared to us as most certain, most in -accord with Holy Scripture, and most conformable to the -opinions of commentators, that it is contrary to divine and -natural law for a man to marry the widow of his brother -<span class='pageno' id='Page_33'>33</span>dying childless.’<a id='r48' /><a href='#f48' class='c009'><sup>[48]</sup></a> Thus the Scriptures were really, if not -explicitly, declared by the university of Cambridge to be -the supreme and only rule of Christians, and the contrary -decisions of Rome were held to be not binding. The Word -of God was avenged of the long contempt it had endured, -and, after having been put below the pope’s word, was now -restored to its lawful place. In this matter Cambridge was -right.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The King’s Letter To Oxford.</div> -<p class='c008'>It was necessary to try Oxford next. Here the opposition -was stronger, and the popish party looked forward to a -victory. Longland, Bishop of Lincoln and chancellor of the -university, was commissioned by Henry to undertake the -matter; Doctor Bell, and afterwards Edward Fox, the chief -almoner, being joined with him. The king, uneasy at the -results of the negotiation, and wishing for a favorable decision -at any cost, gave Longland a letter for the university, -through every word of which an undisguised despotism was -visible. ‘We will and command you,’ he said, ‘that ye, -not leaning to wilful and sinister opinions of your own several -minds, considering that we be your sovereign liege lord, -and totally giving your affections to the true overtures of -divine learning in this behalf, do show and declare your -true and just learning in the said cause.... And we, -for your so doing, shall be to you and to our university there -so good and gracious a lord for the same, as ye shall perceive -it well done in your well fortune to come. And in -case you do not uprightly handle yourselves herein, we shall -so quickly and sharply look to your unnatural misdemeanor -herein, that it shall not be to your quietness and ease hereafter.... -Accommodate yourselves to the mere truth; -assuring you that those who do shall be esteemed and set -forth, and the contrary neglected and little set by.... -We doubt not that your resolution shall be our high contentation -and pleasure.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This royal missive caused a great commotion in the university. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_34'>34</span>Some slavishly bent their heads, for the king spoke -rod in hand. Others declared themselves convinced by the -political reasons, and said that Henry must have an heir -whose right to the throne could not be disputed. And, -lastly, some were convinced that Holy Scripture was favorable -to the royal cause. All men of age and learning, as -well as all who had either capacity or ambition, declared in -favor of the divorce. Nevertheless a formidable opposition -soon showed itself.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The younger members of the Senate were enthusiastic -for Catherine, the Church, and the pope. Their theological -education was imperfect; they could not go to the bottom -of the question, but they judged by the heart. To see a -Catholic lady oppressed, to see Rome despised, inflamed -their anger; and, if the elder members maintained that their -view was the more reasonable, the younger ones believed -theirs to be the more noble. Unhappily, when the choice -lies between the useful and the generous, the useful commonly -triumphs. Still, the young doctors were not prepared -to yield. They said—and they were not wrong—that religion -and morality ought not to be sacrificed to reasons of -state, or to the passions of princes. And, seeing the spectre -of Reform hidden behind that of the divorce, they regarded -themselves as called upon to save the Church. ‘Alas!’ -said the royal delegates, the Bishop of Lincoln and Dr. Bell, -‘alas! we are in continual perplexity, and we cannot foresee -with any certainty what will be the issue of this business.’<a id='r49' /><a href='#f49' class='c009'><sup>[49]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>They agreed with the heads of houses that, in order to -prepare the university, three public disputations should be -solemnly held in the divinity schools. By this means they -hoped to gain time. ‘Such disputations,’ they said, ‘are a -very honorable means of amusing the multitude until we -are sure of the consent of the majority.’<a id='r50' /><a href='#f50' class='c009'><sup>[50]</sup></a> The discussions -took place, and the younger masters, arranging each day -<span class='pageno' id='Page_35'>35</span>what was to be done or said, gave utterance to all the -warmth of their feelings.</p> - -<p class='c008'>When the news of these animated discussions reached -Henry, his displeasure broke out, and those immediately -around him fanned his indignation. ‘A great part of the -youth of our university,’ said the king, ‘with contentious -and factious manners, daily combine together.’... The -courtiers, instead of moderating, excited his anger. Every -day, they told him, these young men, regardless of their duty -towards their sovereign, and not conforming to the opinions -of the most virtuous and learned men of the university, meet -together to deliberate and oppose his majesty’s views. -‘Hath it ever been seen,’ exclaimed the king, ‘that such -a number of right small learning should stay their seniors -in so weighty a cause?’<a id='r51' /><a href='#f51' class='c009'><sup>[51]</sup></a> Henry, in exasperation, wrote -to the heads of the houses: ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Non est bonum irritare crabrones</i></span>.’ -It is not good to stir a hornet’s nest. This threat -excited the younger party still more: if the term ‘hornet’ -amused some, it irritated others. In hot weather, the -hornet (the king) chases the weaker insects; but the noise -he makes in flying forewarns them, and the little ones escape -him. Henry could not hide his vexation; he feared lest the -little flies should prove stronger than the big hornet. He -was uneasy in his castle of Windsor; and the insolent opposition -of Oxford pursued him wherever he turned his -steps—on the terrace, in the wide park, and even in the -royal chapel. ‘What!’ he exclaimed, ‘shall this university -dare show itself more unkind and wilful than all other -universities, abroad or at home?’<a id='r52' /><a href='#f52' class='c009'><sup>[52]</sup></a> Cambridge had recognized -the king’s right, and Oxford refused.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Wishing to end the matter, Henry summoned the High-Almoner -Fox to Windsor, and ordered him to repeat at -Oxford the victory he had gained at Cambridge. He then -dictated to his secretary a letter to the recalcitrants: ‘We -cannot a little marvel that you, neither having respect to -our estate,—being your prince and sovereign lord,—nor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_36'>36</span>yet remembering such benefits as we have always showed -unto you, have hitherto refused the accomplishment of our -desire. Permit no longer the private suffrages of light and -wilful heads to prevail over the learned. By your diligence -redeem the errors and delays past.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Given under our signet, at our castle of Windsor.’<a id='r53' /><a href='#f53' class='c009'><sup>[53]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Fox was entrusted with this letter.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Lord High-Almoner and the Bishop of Lincoln immediately -called together the younger masters of the university, -and declared that a longer resistance might lead to their -ruin. But the youth of Oxford were not to be overawed -by threats of violence. Lincoln had hardly finished when -several masters of arts protested loudly. Some even spoke -‘very wickedly.’ Not permitting himself to be checked -by such rebellion, the bishop ordered the poll to be taken. -Twenty-seven voted for the king, and twenty-two against. -The royal commissioners were not yet satisfied; they assembled -all the faculties, and invited the members to give -their opinion in turn. This intimidated many, and only -eight or ten had courage enough to declare their opposition -frankly. The bishop, encouraged by such a result, ordered -that the final vote should be taken by ballot. Secrecy emboldened -many of those who had not dared to speak; and, -while thirty-one voted in favor of the divorce, twenty-five -opposed it. That was of little consequence, as the two -prelates had the majority. They immediately drew up the -statute in the name of the university, and sent it to the -king. After which the bishop, proud of his success, celebrated -a solemn mass of the Holy Ghost.<a id='r54' /><a href='#f54' class='c009'><sup>[54]</sup></a> The Holy -Ghost had not, however, been much attended to in the -business. Some had obeyed the prince, others the pope; -and, if we desire to find those who obeyed Christ, we must -look for them elsewhere.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer’s Evangelical Courage.</div> -<p class='c008'>The university of Cambridge was the first to send in its -submission to Henry. The Sunday before Easter (1530), -<span class='pageno' id='Page_37'>37</span>Vice-Chancellor Buckmaster arrived at Windsor in the -forenoon. The court was at chapel, where Latimer, recently -appointed one of the king’s chaplains, was preaching. -The vice-chancellor came in during the service, and -heard part of the sermon. Latimer was a very different -man from Henry’s servile courtiers. He did not fear even -to attack such of his colleagues as did not do their duty: -‘That is no godly preacher that will hold his peace, and -not strike you with his sword that you smoke again.... -Chaplains will not do their duties, but rather flatter. But -what shall follow? Marry, they shall have God’s curse -upon their heads for their labor. The minister must reprove -without fearing any man, even if he be threatened with -death.’<a id='r55' /><a href='#f55' class='c009'><sup>[55]</sup></a> Latimer was particularly bold in all that concerned -the errors of Rome which Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> desired to -maintain in the English Church. ‘Wicked persons (he -said),—men who despise God,—call out, “We are christened, -therefore are we saved.” Marry, to be christened -and not obey God’s commandments is to be worse than the -Turks! Regeneration cometh from the Word of God. It -is by believing this Word that we are born again.’<a id='r56' /><a href='#f56' class='c009'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus spoke one of the fathers of the British Reformation: -such is the real doctrine of the Church of England; the -contrary doctrine is a mere relic of popery.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As the congregation were leaving the chapel, the vice-chancellor -spoke to the secretary (Cromwell) and the provost, -and told them the occasion of his visit. The king sent -a message that he would receive the deputation after evening -service. Desirous of giving a certain distinction to the -decision of the universities, Henry ordered all the court to -assemble in the audience-chamber. The vice-chancellor -presented the letter to the king, who was much pleased with -it. ‘Thanks, Mr. Vice-Chancellor,’ he said; ‘I very much -approve the way in which you have managed this matter. -I shall give your university tokens of my satisfaction.... -<span class='pageno' id='Page_38'>38</span>You heard Mr. Latimer’s sermon,’ he added, which he -greatly praised, and then withdrew. The Duke of Norfolk, -going up to the vice-chancellor, told him that the king desired -to see him the following day.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day Dr. Buckmaster, faithful to the appointment, -waited all the morning; but the king had changed his -mind, and sent orders to the deputy from Cambridge that -he might depart as soon as he pleased. The message had -scarcely been delivered before the king entered the gallery. -An idea which quite engrossed his mind urged him on; he -wanted to speak with the doctor about the principle put -forward by Cranmer. Henry detained Buckmaster from -one o’clock until six, repeating, in every possible form, -‘Can the pope grant a dispensation when the law of God -hath spoken?’<a id='r57' /><a href='#f57' class='c009'><sup>[57]</sup></a> He even displayed much ill-humor before -the vice-chancellor, because this point had not been decided -at Cambridge. At last he quitted the gallery; and, to -counterbalance the sharpness of his reproaches, he spoke -very graciously to the doctor, who hurried away as fast as -he could.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-06' class='c004'>CHAPTER VI. <br /> HENRY <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> SUPPORTED IN FRANCE AND ITALY BY THE CATHOLICS, AND BLAMED IN GERMANY BY THE PROTESTANTS. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January to September 1530.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Henry Appeals To Foreign Opinion.</div> -<p class='c008'>The king did not limit himself to asking the opinions of -England; he appealed to the universal teaching of the -Church, represented according to his views by the universities -and not by the pope. The element of individual conviction, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_39'>39</span>so strongly marked in Tyndale, Fryth, and Latimer, -was wanting in the official reformation that proceeded from -the prince. To know what Scripture said, Henry was -about sending delegates to Paris, Bologna, Padua, and -Wittemburg; he would have sent even to the East, if such -a journey had been easy. That false catholicism which -looked for the interpretation of the Bible to churches and -declining schools where traditionalism, ritualism, and hierarchism -were magnified, was a counterfeit popery. Happily -the supreme voice of the Word of God surmounted this -fatal tendency in England.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, full of confidence in the friendship of the -King of France, applied first to the university of Paris; but -Dr. Pedro Garry, a Spanish priest, as ignorant as he was -fanatical (according to the English agents),<a id='r58' /><a href='#f58' class='c009'><sup>[58]</sup></a> eagerly took -up the cause of Catherine of Aragon. Aided by the impetuous -Beda, he obtained an opinion adverse to Henry’s -wishes.</p> - -<p class='c008'>When he heard of it, the alarmed prince summoned Du -Bellay, the French ambassador, to the palace, gave him for -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> a famous diamond fleur-de-lis valued at 10,000<i>l.</i> -sterling, also the acknowledgments for 100,000 livres which -Francis owed Henry for war expenses, and added a gift of -400,000 crowns for the ransom of the king’s sons. Unable -to resist such strong arguments, Francis charged Du Bellay -to represent to the faculty of Paris ‘the great scruples of -Henry’s conscience;’<a id='r59' /><a href='#f59' class='c009'><sup>[59]</sup></a> whereupon the Sarbonne deliberated, -and several doctors exclaimed that it would be an -attaint upon the pope’s honor to suppose him capable of -refusing consolation to the wounded conscience of a Christian. -During these debates, the secretary took the names, -received the votes, and entered them on the minutes. A -fiery papist observing that the majority would be against -<span class='pageno' id='Page_40'>40</span>the Roman opinion, jumped up, sprang upon the secretary, -snatched the list from his hands, and tore it up. All started -from their seats, and ‘there was great disorder and tumult.’ -They all spoke together, each trying to assert his own -opinion; but as no one could make himself heard amid the -general clamor, the doctors hurried out of the room in a -great rage. ‘Beda acted like one possessed,’ wrote Du -Bellay.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the ambassadors of the King of England were -walking up and down an adjoining gallery, waiting for the -division. Attracted by the shouts, they ran forward, and -seeing the strange spectacle presented by the theologians, -and ‘hearing the language they used to one another,’ they -retired in great irritation. Du Bellay, who had at heart -the alliance of the two countries, conjured Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to put -an end to such ‘impertinences.’ The president of the parliament -of Paris consequently ordered Beda to appear before -him, and told him that it was not for a person of his -sort to meddle with the affairs of princes, and that if he did -not cease his opposition, he would be punished in a way he -would not soon forget. The Sorbonne profited by the lesson -given to the most influential of its members, and on the -<abbr title='second'>2nd</abbr> of July declared in favor of the divorce by a large -majority. The universities of Orleans, Angers, and Bourges -had already done so, and that of Toulouse did the same -shortly after.<a id='r60' /><a href='#f60' class='c009'><sup>[60]</sup></a> Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> had France and England with -him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This was not enough: he must have Italy also. He filled -that peninsula with his agents, who had orders to obtain -from the bishops and universities the declaration refused by -the pope. A rich and powerful despot is never in want of -devoted men to carry out his designs.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The university of Bologna, in the states of the Church, -was, after Paris, the most important in the Catholic world. -A monk was in great repute there at this time. Noble -<span class='pageno' id='Page_41'>41</span>by birth and an eloquent preacher, Battista Pallavicini -was one of those independent thinkers often met with in -Italy. The English agents applied to him; he declared -that he and his colleagues were ready to prove the unlawfulness -of Henry’s marriage, and when Stokesley spoke of -remuneration, they replied, ‘No, no! what we have received -freely, we give freely.’ Henry’s agents could not contain -themselves for joy; the university of the pope declares -against the pope! Those among them who had an inkling -for the Reformation were especially delighted. On the -<abbr title='tenth'>10th</abbr> June the eloquent monk appeared before the ambassadors -with the judgment of the faculty, which surpassed all -they had imagined. Henry’s marriage was declared ‘horrible, -execrable, detestable, abominable for a Christian and -even for an infidel, forbidden by divine and human law -under pain of the severest punishment.<a id='r61' /><a href='#f61' class='c009'><sup>[61]</sup></a>... The holy father, -who can do almost everything,’ innocently continued -the university, ‘has not the right to permit such a union.’ -The universities of Padua and Ferrara hastened to add -their votes to those of Bologna, and declared the marriage -with a brother’s widow to be ‘null, detestable, profane, and -abominable.’<a id='r62' /><a href='#f62' class='c009'><sup>[62]</sup></a> Henry was conqueror all along the line. -He had with him that universal consent which, according to -certain illustrious doctors, is the very essence of Catholicism. -Crooke, one of Henry’s agents, and a distinguished -Greek scholar, who discharged his mission with indefatigable -ardor, exclaimed that ‘the just cause of the king was -approved by all the doctors of Italy.’<a id='r63' /><a href='#f63' class='c009'><sup>[63]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Protestants Condemn The Divorce.</div> -<p class='c008'>In the midst of this harmony of catholicity, there was one -exception, of which no one had dreamt. That divorce which, -according to the frivolous language of a certain party, was -the cause of the Reformation in England, found opponents -among the fathers and the children of the Reformation. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_42'>42</span>Henry’s envoys were staggered. ‘My fidelity bindeth me -to advertise your Highness,’ wrote Crooke to the king, -‘that all Lutherans be utterly against your Highness in -this cause, and have letted [hindered] as much with their -wretched poor malice, without reason or authority, as they -could and might, as well here as in Padua and Ferrara, -where be no small companies of them.’<a id='r64' /><a href='#f64' class='c009'><sup>[64]</sup></a> The Swiss and -German reformers having been summoned to give an -opinion on this point, Luther, Œcolampadius, Zwingle, -Bucer, Grynæus, and even Calvin,<a id='r65' /><a href='#f65' class='c009'><sup>[65]</sup></a> all expressed the same -opinion. ‘Certainly,’ said Luther, ‘the king has sinned -by marrying his brother’s wife; that sin belongs to the -past; let repentance, therefore, blot it out, as it must blot -out all our past sins. But the marriage must not be dissolved; -such a great sin, which is future, must not be permitted.<a id='r66' /><a href='#f66' class='c009'><sup>[66]</sup></a> -There are thousands of marriages in the world in -which sin has a part, and yet we may not dissolve them. -<i>A man shall cleave unto his wife, and they shall be one flesh.</i> -This law is superior to the other, and overrules the lesser -one.’ The collective opinion of the Lutheran doctors was -in conformity with the just and Christian sentiments of -Luther.<a id='r67' /><a href='#f67' class='c009'><sup>[67]</sup></a> Thus (we repeat) the event which, according to -Catholic writers, was the cause of the religious transformation -of England, was approved by the Romanists and condemned -by the evangelicals. Besides, the latter knew very -well that a Reformation must proceed, not from a divorce -or a marriage, not from diplomatic negotiations or university -statutes, but from the power of the Word of God and the -free conviction of Christians.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>English Address To The Pope.</div> -<p class='c008'>While these matters were going on, Cranmer was at Rome, -asking the pope for that discussion which the pontiff had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_43'>43</span>promised him at their conference in Bologna. Clement -<abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> had never intended to grant it: he had thought that, -once at Rome, it would be easy to elude his promise; it was -that which occupied his attention just now. Among the -means which popes have sometimes employed in their difficulties -with kings, one of the most common was to gain the -agents of those princes. It was the first employed by Clement; -he nominated Cranmer grand almoner for all the states -of the King of England, some even say for all the Catholic -world. It was little more than a title, and ‘was only to -stay his stomach for that time, in hope of a more plentiful -feast hereafter, if he had been pleased to take his repast on -any popish preferment.’<a id='r68' /><a href='#f68' class='c009'><sup>[68]</sup></a> But Cranmer was influenced by -purer motives; and without refusing the title the pope gave -him,—since having the task of winning him to the king’s -side, he would thus have compromised his mission,—he -made no account of it, and showed all the more zeal for the -accomplishment of his charge.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The embassy had not succeeded, and they were getting -uneasy about it in England. Some of the pope’s best -friends could not understand his blindness. The two archbishops, -the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, the marquises of -Dorset and Exeter, thirteen earls, four bishops, twenty-five -barons, twenty-two abbots, and eleven members of the -Lower House determined to send an address to Clement -<abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> ‘Most blessed father,’ they began, ‘the king, who -is our head and the life of us all, has ever stood by the see -of Rome amidst the attacks of your many and powerful -enemies, and yet he alone is to reap no benefit from his labors.... -Meanwhile we perceive a flood of miseries impending -over the commonwealth.<a id='r69' /><a href='#f69' class='c009'><sup>[69]</sup></a> If your Holiness, who -ought to be our father, have determined to leave us as orphans, -we shall seek our remedy elsewhere.... He that -is sick will by any means be rid of his distemper; and there -<span class='pageno' id='Page_44'>44</span>is hope in the exchange of miseries, when, if we cannot -obtain what is good, we may obtain a lesser evil.... We -beseech your Holiness to consider with yourself; you profess -that on earth you are Christ’s vicar. Endeavor then -to show yourself so to be by pronouncing your sentence to -the glory and praise of God.’ Clement gained time: he -remained two months and a half without answering, thinking -about the matter, turning it over and over in his mind. -The great difficulty was to harmonize the will of Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, who desired another wife, and that of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, -who insisted that he ought to keep the old one.... There -was only one mode of satisfying both these princes at once, -and that was by the king’s having the two wives together. -Wolsey had already entertained this idea. More than two -years before the pope had hinted as much to Da Casale: -‘Let him take another wife,’ he had said, speaking of -Henry.<a id='r70' /><a href='#f70' class='c009'><sup>[70]</sup></a> Clement now recurred to it, and having sent privately -for Da Casale, he said to him: ‘This is what we -have hit upon: we permit his Majesty to have two wives.’<a id='r71' /><a href='#f71' class='c009'><sup>[71]</sup></a> -The infallible pontiff proposed bigamy to a king. Da Casale -was still more astonished than he had been at the time of -Clement’s first communication. ‘Holy father,’ he said to -the pope, ‘I doubt whether such a mode will satisfy his -Majesty, for he desires above all things to have the burden -removed from his conscience.’<a id='r72' /><a href='#f72' class='c009'><sup>[72]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This guilty proposal led to nothing; the king, sure of the -lords and of the people, advanced rapidly in the path of independence. -The day after that on which the pope authorized -him to take two wives, Henry issued a bold proclamation, -pronouncing against whosoever should ask for or bring -in a papal bull contrary to the royal prerogative ‘imprisonment -and further punishment of their bodies according to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_45'>45</span>his Majesty’s good pleasure.<a id='r73' /><a href='#f73' class='c009'><sup>[73]</sup></a> Clement, becoming alarmed, -replied to the address: ‘We desire as much as you do that -the king should have male children; but, alas! we are not -God to give him sons.’<a id='r74' /><a href='#f74' class='c009'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Men were beginning to stifle under these manœuvres and -tergiversations of the papacy; they called for air, and some -went so far as to say that if air was not given them, they -must snap their fetters and break open the doors.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-07' class='c004'>CHAPTER VII. <br /> LATIMER AT COURT. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January To September 1530.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Proclamation Against Papal Bulls.</div> -<p class='c008'>Henry, seeing that he could not obtain what he asked -from the pope, drew nearer the evangelical party in his -kingdom. In the ranks of the Reformation he found intelligent, -pious, bold, and eloquent men, who possessed the confidence -of a portion of the people. Why should not the -prince try to conciliate them? They protest against the -authority of the pope: good! he will relieve them from it; -but on one condition, however,—that if they reject the -papal jurisdiction they recognize his own. If Henry’s plan -had succeeded, the Church of England would have been a -Cæsareo-papistical Church (as we see elsewhere) planted on -British soil; but it was the Word of God that was destined -to replace the pope in England, and not the king.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The first of the evangelical doctors whom Henry tried to -gain was Latimer. He had placed him, as we have seen, -on the list of his chaplains. ‘Beware of contradicting the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_46'>46</span>king,’ said a courtier to him, one day, mistrusting his frankness. -‘Speak as he speaks, and instead of presuming to -lead him, strive to follow him.’ ‘Marry, out upon thy -counsel!’ replied Latimer; ‘shall I say as he says? Say -what your conscience bids you.... Still, I know that -prudence is necessary.</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed sæpe cadendo.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The drop of rain maketh a hole in the stone, not by violence, -but by oft falling. Likewise a prince must be won by a -little and a little.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This conversation was not useless to the chaplain, who -set to work seriously amid all the tumult of the court. He -studied the Holy Scriptures and the Fathers, and frankly -proclaimed the truth from the pulpit. But he had no private -conversation with the king, who filled him with a -certain fear. The thought that he did not speak to Henry -about the state of his soul troubled him. One day, in the -month of November, the chaplain was in his closet, and in -the volume of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Augustine which lay before him he read -these words: ‘He who for fear of any power <i>hides the truth</i>, -provokes the wrath of God to come to him, for he fears men -more than God.’ Another day, while studying <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Chrysostom, -these words struck him: ‘he is not only a traitor to -the truth who openly for truth teaches a lie; but he also -who <i>does not freely pronounce and show the truth</i> that he -knoweth.’ These two sentences sank deeply into his heart.<a id='r75' /><a href='#f75' class='c009'><sup>[75]</sup></a> -‘They made me sore afraid,’ he continued, ‘troubled and -vexed me grievously in my conscience.’ He resolved to -declare what God had taught him in Scripture. His frankness -might cost him his life (lives were lost easily in Henry’s -time); it mattered not. ‘I had rather suffer extreme punishment,’ -he said, ‘than be a traitor unto the truth.’<a id='r76' /><a href='#f76' class='c009'><sup>[76]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer’s Letter To Henry.</div> -<p class='c008'>Latimer reflected that the ecclesiastical law, which for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_47'>47</span>ages had been the very essence of religion, must give way -to evangelical faith—that the form must yield to the life. -The members of the Church (calling themselves regenerate -by baptism) used to attend catechism, be confirmed, join in -worship, and take part in the communion without any real -individual transformation; and then finally rest all together -in the churchyard. But the Church, in Latimer’s opinion, -ought to begin with the conversion of its members. Lively -stones are needed to build up the temple of God. Christian -individualism, which Rome opposed from her theocratic -point of view, was about to be revived in Christian society.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The noble Latimer formed the resolution to make the -king understand that all real reformation must begin at -home. This was no trifling matter. Henry, who was a -man of varied information and lively understanding, but was -also imperious, passionate, fiery, and obstinate, knew no -other rule than the promptings of his strong nature; and -although quite prepared to separate from the pope, he detested -all innovations in doctrine. Latimer did not allow -himself to be stopped by such obstacles, and resolved to -attack this difficult position openly.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Your Grace,’ he wrote to Henry, ‘I must show forth -such things as I have learned in Scripture, or else deny -Jesus Christ. The which denying ought more to be dreaded -than the loss of all temporal goods, honor, promotion, fame, -prison, slander, hurts, banishment, and all manner of torments -and cruelties, yea, and death itself, be it never so -shameful and painful.<a id='r77' /><a href='#f77' class='c009'><sup>[77]</sup></a>... There is as great distance -between you and me as between God and man; for you -are here to me and to all your subjects in God’s stead; and -so I should quake to speak to your Grace. But as you are -a mortal man having in you the corrupt nature of Adam, so -you have no less need of the merits of Christ’s passion for -your salvation than I and others of your subjects have.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer feared to see a Church founded under Henry’s -patronage, which would seek after riches, power, and pomp; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_48'>48</span>and he was not mistaken. ‘Our Saviour’s life was very -poor. In how vile and abject a place was the mother of -Jesus Christ brought to bed! And according to this beginning -was the process and end of his life in this world.... -But this he did to show us that his followers and vicars -should not regard the treasures of this world.... Your -Grace may see what means and craft the spirituality imagine -to break and withstand the acts which were made in the -last parliament against their superfluities.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer desired to make the king understand who were -the true Christians. ‘Our Saviour showed his disciples,’ -continued he, ‘that they should be brought before kings. -Wherefore take this for a sure conclusion, that where the -Word of God is truly preached there is persecution, and -where quietness and rest in worldly pleasure, there is not -the truth.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer next proceeded to declare what would give real -riches to England. ‘Your Grace promised by your last -proclamation that we should have the Scripture in English. -Let not the wickedness of worldly men divert you from -your goodly purpose and promise. There are prelates who, -under pretence of insurrection and heresy, hinder the Gospel -of Christ from having free course.... They would -send a thousand men to hell ere they send one to God.’<a id='r78' /><a href='#f78' class='c009'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer had reserved for the last the appeal he had determined -to make to his master’s conscience: ‘I pray to -God that your Grace may do what God commandeth, and -not what seemeth good in your own sight; that you may be -found one of the members of his Church and a faithful minister -of his gifts, and not,’ he added, showing contempt for -a title of which Henry was very proud, ‘and not a defender -of his faith; for he will not have it defended by -man’s power, but by his word only.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Wherefore, gracious king, remember yourself. Have -pity on your soul, and think that the day is even at hand -when you shall give account of your office and of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_49'>49</span>blood that hath been shed with your sword. In the which -day that your Grace may stand steadfastly and not be -ashamed, but be clear and ready in your reckoning, and to -have (as they say) your <i>quietus est</i> sealed with the blood -of our Saviour Christ, which only serveth at that day, is -my daily prayer to Him that suffered death for our sins -which also prayeth to His Father for grace for us continually.’<a id='r79' /><a href='#f79' class='c009'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus wrote the bold chaplain. Such a letter from Latimer -to Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> deserved to be pointed out. The king -does not appear to have been offended at it. He was an -absolute prince, but there was occasionally some generosity -in his character. He therefore continued to extend his -kindness to Latimer, but did not answer his appeal.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer’s Preaching.</div> -<p class='c008'>Latimer preached frequently before the court and in the -city. Many noble lords and old families still clung to the -prejudices of the middle ages; but some had a certain liking -for the Reformation, and listened to the chaplain’s preaching, -which was so superior to ordinary sermons. His art -of oratory was summed up in one precept: ‘Christ is the -preacher of all preachers.’<a id='r80' /><a href='#f80' class='c009'><sup>[80]</sup></a> ‘Christ,’ he exclaimed, -‘took upon him our sins: not the work of sin—not to do -it—not to commit it, but to purge it; and that way he -was the great sinner of the world.<a id='r81' /><a href='#f81' class='c009'><sup>[81]</sup></a>... It is much like -as if I owed another man 20,000<i>l.</i>, and must pay it out of -hand, or else go to the dungeon of Ludgate; and, when I -am going to prison, one of my friends should come and ask, -“Whither goeth this man: I will answer for him; I will -pay all for him.” Such a part played our Saviour Christ -with us.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Preaching before a king, he declared that the authority -of Holy Scripture was above all the powers of the earth. -‘God,’ he said, ‘is great, eternal, almighty, everlasting; -and the Scripture, because of him, is also great, eternal, -most mighty, and holy.... There is no king, emperor, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_50'>50</span>magistrate, or ruler but is bound to give credence unto this -holy word.’<a id='r82' /><a href='#f82' class='c009'><sup>[82]</sup></a> He was cautious not to put the ‘two -swords’ into the same hand. ‘In this world God hath two -Swords,’ he said; ‘the temporal sword resteth in the hands -of kings, whereunto all subjects—as well the clergy as the -laity—be subject. The spiritual sword is in the hands of -the ministers and preachers of God’s Word to correct and -reprove. Make not a mingle-mangle of them. To God -give thy soul, thy faith; ... to the king, tribute -and reverence.<a id='r83' /><a href='#f83' class='c009'><sup>[83]</sup></a> Therefore let the preacher amend with -spiritual sword, fearing no man, though death should ensue.’<a id='r84' /><a href='#f84' class='c009'><sup>[84]</sup></a> -Such language astonished the court. ‘Were you -at the sermon to day?’ said one of his hearers to a zealous -courtier one day. ‘Yes,’ replied the latter. ‘And how -did you like the new chaplain?’ ‘Marry, even as I liked -him always—a seditious fellow.’<a id='r85' /><a href='#f85' class='c009'><sup>[85]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer’s Boldness.</div> -<p class='c008'>Latimer did not permit himself to be intimidated. Firm -in doctrine, he was at the same time eminently practical. -He was a moralist; and this may explain how he was able -to remain any time at court. Men of the world, who soon -grow impatient when you preach to them of the cross, repentance, -and change of heart, cannot help approving of -those who insist on certain rules of conduct. The king -found it convenient to keep a great number of horses in -abbeys founded for the support of the poor. One day when -Latimer was preaching before him, he said,—‘A prince -ought not to prefer his horses above poor men. Abbeys -were ordained for the comfort of the poor, and not for kings’ -horses to be kept in them.’<a id='r86' /><a href='#f86' class='c009'><sup>[86]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>There was a dead silence in the congregation—no one -dared turn his eyes towards Henry—and many showed -symptoms of anger. The chaplain had hardly left the -pulpit, when a gentleman of the court, the lord-chamberlain -apparently, went up to him and asked, ‘What hast thou to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_51'>51</span>do with the king’s horses? They are the maintenances and -part of a king’s honor, and also of his realm; wherefore, in -speaking against them, ye are against the king’s honor.’ -‘To take away the right of the poor,’ answered Latimer, -‘is against the honor of the king.’ He then added, ‘My -lord, God is the grand-master of the king’s house, and will -take account of every one that beareth rule therein.’<a id='r87' /><a href='#f87' class='c009'><sup>[87]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus the Reformation undertook to re-establish the rule -of conscience even in the courts of princes. Latimer knowing, -like Calvin, that ‘the ears of the princes of this world -are accustomed to be pampered and flattered,’ armed himself -with invincible courage.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The murmurs grew louder. While the old chaplains let -things take their course, the other wanted to restore morality -among Christians. The Reformer was alive to the accusations -brought against him, for his was not a heart of -steel. Reproaches and calumnies appeared to him sometimes -like those impetuous winds which force the husbandman -to fly hurriedly for shelter to some covered place. -‘O Lord!’ he exclaimed in his closet, ‘these people -pinch me; nay, they have a full bite at me.’<a id='r88' /><a href='#f88' class='c009'><sup>[88]</sup></a> He would -have desired to flee away to the wilderness, but he called to -mind what had been done to his Master; ‘I comfort myself,’ -he said, ‘that Christ Himself was noted to be a stirrer -up of the people against the emperor.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The priests, delighted that Latimer censured the king, -resolved to take advantage of it to ruin him. One day, -when there was a grand reception, and the king was surrounded -by his councillors and courtiers, a monk slipped -into the midst of the crowd, and, falling on his knees before -the monarch, said, ‘Sire, your new chaplain preaches sedition.’ -Henry turned to Latimer: ‘What say you to that, -sir?’ The chaplain bent his knee before the prince; and, -turning to his accusers, said to them, ‘Would you have me -preach nothing concerning a king in the king’s sermon?’ -His friends trembled lest he should be arrested. ‘Your -<span class='pageno' id='Page_52'>52</span>Grace,’ he continued, ‘I put myself in your hands: appoint -other doctors to preach in my place before your Majesty. -There are many more worthy of the room than I am. If it -be your Grace’s pleasure, I could be content to be their -servant, and bear their books after them.<a id='r89' /><a href='#f89' class='c009'><sup>[89]</sup></a> But if your -Grace allow me for a preacher, I would desire you give me -leave to discharge my conscience. Permit me to frame my -teaching for my audience.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry, who always liked Latimer, took his part, and the -chaplain retired with a low bow. When he left the audience, -his friends, who had watched this scene with the keenest -emotion, surrounded him, saying, with tears in their -eyes,<a id='r90' /><a href='#f90' class='c009'><sup>[90]</sup></a> ‘We were convinced that you would sleep to-night in -the Tower.’ ‘<i>The king’s heart is in the hand of the Lord</i>,’ -he answered, calmly.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The evangelical Reformers of England nobly maintained -their independence in the presence of a catholic and despotic -king. Firmly convinced, free, strong men, they -yielded neither to the seductions of the court nor to those -of Rome. We shall see still more striking examples of -their decision, bequeathed by them to their successors.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-08' class='c004'>CHAPTER VIII. <br /> THE KING SEEKS AFTER TYNDALE. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January to May 1531.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>The Oak And The Ivy.</div> -<p class='c008'>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, finding that he wanted men like Latimer -to resist the pope, sought to win over others of the same -<span class='pageno' id='Page_53'>53</span>stamp. He found one, whose lofty range he understood -immediately. Thomas Cromwell had laid before him a -book, then very eagerly read all over England, namely, the -<i>Practice of Prelates</i>. It was found in the houses not only -of the citizens of London, but of the farmers of Essex, Suffolk, -and other counties. The king read it quite as eagerly -as his subjects. Nothing interested him like the history of -the slow but formidable progress of the priesthood and prelacy. -One parable in particular struck him, in which the -oak represented royalty, and the ivy the papacy. ‘First, -the ivy springeth out of the earth, and then awhile creepeth -along by the ground till it find a great tree. There it joineth -itself beneath alow unto the body of the tree, and creepeth -up a little and a little, fair and softly. And at the -beginning, while it is yet thin and small, that the burden is -not perceived, it seemeth glorious to garnish the tree in the -winter, and to bear off the tempests of the weather. But in -the mean season it thrusteth roots into the bark of the tree -to hold fast withal; and ceaseth not to climb up till it be at -the top and above all. And then it sendeth its branches -along by the branches of the tree, and overgroweth all, and -waxeth great, heavy, and thick; and sucketh the moisture -so sore out of the tree and its branches, that it choketh and -stifleth them. And then the foul stinking ivy waxeth -mighty in the stump of the tree, and becometh a seat and a -nest for all unclean birds and for blind owls, which hawk in -the dark and dare not come at the light. Even so the -Bishop of Rome at the beginning crope along upon the -earth.... He crept up and fastened his roots in the heart -of the emperor, and by subtilty clamb above the emperor, -and subdued him, and made him stoop unto his feet and -kiss them another while. Yea, when he had put the crown -on the emperor’s head, he smote it off with his feet again.’<a id='r91' /><a href='#f91' class='c009'><sup>[91]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry would willingly have clapped his hand on his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_54'>54</span>sword to demand satisfaction of the pope for this outrage. -The book was by Tyndale. Laying it down, the king reflected -on what he had just read, and thought to himself -that the author had some striking ideas ‘on the accursed -power of the pope,’ and that he was besides gifted with talent -and zeal, and might render excellent service towards abolishing -the papacy in England.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Tyndale, from the time of his conversion at Oxford, set -Christ above everything. He boldly threw off the yoke of -human traditions, and would take no other guide but Scripture -only. Full of imagination and eloquence, active and -ready to endure fatigue, he exposed himself to every danger -in the fulfilment of his mission.<a id='r92' /><a href='#f92' class='c009'><sup>[92]</sup></a> Henry ordered Stephen -Vaughan, one of his agents, then at Antwerp, to try -and find the Reformer in Brabant, Flanders, on the banks -of the Rhine, in Holland, ... wherever he might -chance to be; to offer him a safe-conduct under the sign-manual, -to prevail on him to return to England, and to add -the most gracious promises in behalf of his Majesty.<a id='r93' /><a href='#f93' class='c009'><sup>[93]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>To gain over Tyndale seemed even more important than -to have gained Latimer. Vaughan immediately undertook -to seek him in Antwerp, where he was said to be, but could -not find him. ‘He is at Marburg,’ said one; ‘at Frankfort,’ -said another; ‘at Hamburg,’ declared a third. Tyndale -was invisible now as before. To make more certain, -Vaughan determined to write three letters directed to -those three places, conjuring him to return to England.<a id='r94' /><a href='#f94' class='c009'><sup>[94]</sup></a> ‘I -have great hopes,’ said the English agent to his friends, ‘of -having done something that will please his Majesty.’ Tyndale, -the most scriptural of English reformers, the most inflexible -in his faith, laboring at the Reformation with the -cordial approbation of the monarch, would truly have been -something extraordinary.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_55'>55</span>Scarcely had the three letters been despatched when -Vaughan heard of the ignominious chastisement inflicted by -Sir Thomas More on Tyndale’s brother.<a id='r95' /><a href='#f95' class='c009'><sup>[95]</sup></a> Was it by such -indignities that Henry expected to attract the Reformer? -Vaughan, much annoyed, wrote to the king (<abbr title='twenty-sixth'>26th</abbr> January, -1531) that this event would make Tyndale think they -wanted to entrap him, and he gave up looking after him.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Vaughan Meets Tyndale.</div> -<p class='c008'>Three months later (<abbr title='seventeenth'>17th</abbr> April), as Vaughan was busy -copying one of Tyndale’s manuscripts in order to send it to -Henry (it was his answer to the <i>Dialogue</i> of Sir Thomas -More), a man knocked at his door. ‘Some one, who calls -himself a friend of yours, desires very much to speak with -you,’ said the stranger, ‘and begs you to follow me.’—‘Who -is this friend? Where is he?’ asked Vaughan.—‘I -do not know him,’ replied the messenger; ‘but come -along, and you will see for yourself.’ Vaughan doubted -whether it was prudent to follow this person to a strange -place. He made up his mind, however, to accompany him. -The agent of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> and the messenger threaded the -streets of Antwerp, went out of the city, and at last reached -a lonely field, by the side of which the Scheldt flowed -sluggishly through the level country.<a id='r96' /><a href='#f96' class='c009'><sup>[96]</sup></a> As he advanced, -Vaughan saw a man of noble bearing, who appeared to be -about fifty years of age. ‘Do you not recognize me?’ he -asked Vaughan. ‘I cannot call to mind your features,’ -answered the latter. ‘My name is Tyndale,’ said the -stranger. ‘Tyndale!’ exclaimed Vaughan, with delight. -‘Tyndale! what a happy meeting!’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Tyndale, who had heard of Henry’s new plans, had no confidence -either in the prince or in his pretended Reformation. -The king’s endless negotiations with the pope, his worldliness, -his amours, his persecution of evangelical Christians, -and especially the ignominious punishment inflicted on John -<span class='pageno' id='Page_56'>56</span>Tyndale: all these matters disgusted him. However, having -been informed of the nature of Vaughan’s mission, he -desired to turn it to advantage by addressing a few warnings -to the prince. ‘I have written certain books,’ he said, ‘to -warn your Majesty of the subtle demeanor of the clergy of -your realm towards your person, in which doing I showed the -heart of a true subject; to the intent that your Grace might -prepare your remedies against their subtle dreams. An exile -from my native country, I suffer hunger, thirst, cold, absence -of friends, everywhere encompassed with great danger, in -innumerable hard and sharp fightings, I do not feel their -asperity, by reason that I hope with my labors to do honor -to God, true service to my prince, and pleasure to his commons.’<a id='r97' /><a href='#f97' class='c009'><sup>[97]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Cheer up,’ said Vaughan, ‘your exile, poverty, fightings, -all are at an end; you can return to England.’... -‘What matters it,’ said Tyndale, ‘if my exile finishes, so -long as the Bible is banished? Has the king forgotten that -God has commanded His Word to be spread throughout -the world? If it continues to be forbidden to his subjects, -very death were more pleasant to me than life.’<a id='r98' /><a href='#f98' class='c009'><sup>[98]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Vaughan did not consider himself worsted. The messenger, -who remained at a distance, and could hear nothing, -was astonished at seeing the two men in that solitary field -conversing together so long and with so much animation. -‘Tell me what guarantees you desire,’ said Vaughan: ‘the -king will grant them you.’ ‘Of course the king would give -me a safe-conduct,’ answered Tyndale; ‘but the clergy -would persuade him that promises made to heretics are not -binding.’ Night was coming on. Henry’s agent might have -had Tyndale followed and seized.<a id='r99' /><a href='#f99' class='c009'><sup>[99]</sup></a> The idea occurred to -Vaughan, but he rejected it. Tyndale began, however, to -feel himself ill at ease.<a id='r100' /><a href='#f100' class='c009'><sup>[100]</sup></a> ‘Farewell,’ he said; ‘you shall -<span class='pageno' id='Page_57'>57</span>see me again before long, or hear news of me.’ He then -departed, walking away from Antwerp. Vaughan, who -re-entered the city, was surprised to see Tyndale make for -the open country. He supposed it to be a stratagem, and -once more doubted whether he ought not to have seized the -Reformer to please his master. ‘I might have failed of my -purpose,’ he said.<a id='r101' /><a href='#f101' class='c009'><sup>[101]</sup></a> Besides it was now too late, for Tyndale -had disappeared.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The King On Tyndale’s Treatise.</div> -<p class='c008'>As soon as Vaughan reached home, he hastened to send -to London an account of this singular conference. Cromwell -immediately proceeded to court, and laid before the -king the envoy’s letter and the Reformer’s book. ‘Good!’ -said Henry; ‘as soon as I have leisure, I will read them -both.’<a id='r102' /><a href='#f102' class='c009'><sup>[102]</sup></a> He did so, and was exasperated against Tyndale, -who refused his invitation, mistrusted his word, and even -dared to give him advice. The king in his passion tore off -the latter part of Vaughan’s letter, flung it in the fire, and -entirely gave up his idea of bringing the Reformer into -England to make use of him against the pope, fearing that -such a torch would set the whole kingdom in a blaze. He -thought only how he could seize him and punish him for his -arrogance.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He sent for Cromwell. Before him on the table lay the -treatise by Tyndale, which Vaughan had copied and sent. -‘These pages,’ said Henry to his minister, while pointing to -the manuscript, ‘These pages are the work of a visionary: -they are full of lies, sedition, and calumny. Vaughan shows -too much affection for Tyndale.<a id='r103' /><a href='#f103' class='c009'><sup>[103]</sup></a> Let him beware of inviting -him to come into the kingdom. He is a perverse and -hardened character, who cannot be changed. I am too -happy that he is out of England.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Cromwell retired in vexation. He wrote to Vaughan; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_58'>58</span>but the king found the letter too weak, and Cromwell had -to correct it to make it harmonize with the wrath of the -prince.<a id='r104' /><a href='#f104' class='c009'><sup>[104]</sup></a> An ambitious man, he bent before the obstinate -will of his master; but the loss of Tyndale seemed irreparable. -Accordingly, while informing Vaughan of the king’s -anger, he added that, if wholesome reflection should bring -Tyndale to reason, the king was ‘<i>so inclined to mercy, pity, -and compassion</i>’<a id='r105' /><a href='#f105' class='c009'><sup>[105]</sup></a> that he would doubtless see him with -pleasure. Vaughan, whose heart Tyndale had gained, began -to hunt after him again, and had a second interview with -him. He gave him Cromwell’s letter to read, and, when -the Reformer came to the words we have just quoted about -Henry’s compassion, his eyes filled with tears.<a id='r106' /><a href='#f106' class='c009'><sup>[106]</sup></a> ‘What -gracious words!’ he exclaimed. ‘Yes,’ said Vaughan; -‘they have such sweetness that they would break the hardest -heart in the world.’ Tyndale, deeply moved, tried to -find some mode of fulfilling his duty towards God and -towards the king. ‘If his Majesty,’ he said, ‘would condescend -to permit the Holy Scriptures to circulate among the -people in all their purity, as they do in the states of the -emperor and in other Christian countries, I would bind myself -never to write again. I would throw myself at his feet, -offering my body as a sacrifice, ready to submit, if necessary, -to torture and death.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>But a gulf lay between the monarch and the Reformer. -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> saw the seeds of heresy in the Scriptures, -and Tyndale rejected every reformation which they wished -to carry out by proscribing the Bible. ‘Heresy springeth -not from the Scriptures,’ he said, ‘no more than darkness -from the sun.’<a id='r107' /><a href='#f107' class='c009'><sup>[107]</sup></a> Tyndale disappeared again, and the name -of his hiding-place is unknown.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Henry Fails To Gain Tynsdale.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_59'>59</span>The King of England was not discouraged by the check -he had received. He wanted men possessed of talent and -zeal—men resolved to attack the pope. Cambridge had -given England a teacher who might be placed beside, and -perhaps even above, Latimer and Tyndale. This was -John Fryth. He thirsted for the truth; he sought God, -and was determined to give himself wholly to Jesus Christ. -One day Cromwell said to the king, ‘What a pity it is, -your Highness, that a man so distinguished as Fryth in -letters and sciences should be among the sectarians!’ Like -Tyndale, he had quitted England. Cromwell, with Henry’s -consent, wrote to Vaughan: ‘His Majesty strongly desires -the reconciliation of Fryth, who (he firmly believes) is not -so far advanced as Tyndale in the evil way. Always full -of mercy, the king is ready to receive him to favor. Try to -attract him charitably, politically.’ Vaughan immediately -began his inquiries,—it was May, 1531,—but the first -news he received was that Fryth, a minister of the Gospel, -was just married in Holland. ‘This marriage,’ he wrote to -the king, ‘may by chance hinder my persuasion.’<a id='r108' /><a href='#f108' class='c009'><sup>[108]</sup></a> This -was not all: Fryth was boldly printing, at Amsterdam, -Tyndale’s answer to Sir Thomas More. Henry was forced -to give him up, as he had given up his friend. He succeeded -with none but Latimer, and even the chaplain told -him many harsh truths. There was a decided incompatibility -between the spiritual reform and the political reform. -The work of God refused to ally itself with the work of the -throne. The Christian faith and the visible Church are two -distinct things. Some (and among them the Reformers) -require Christianity—a living Christianity; others (and -it was the case of Henry and his prelates) look for the -Church and its hierarchy, and care little whether a living -faith be found there or not. This is a capital error. Real -religion must exist first; and then this religion must produce -a true religious society. Tyndale, Fryth, and their -friends desired to begin with religion; Henry and his followers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_60'>60</span>with an ecclesiastical society hostile to faith. The -king and the reformers could not, therefore, come to an -understanding. Henry, profoundly hurt by the boldness of -those evangelical men, swore that, as they would not have -peace, they should have war, ... war to the knife.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-09' class='c004'>CHAPTER IX. <br /> THE KING OF ENGLAND RECOGNIZED AS HEAD OF THE CHURCH. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January to March 1531.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> desired to introduce great changes into the -ecclesiastical corporation of his kingdom. His royal power -had much to bear from the power of the clergy. It was the -same in all Catholic monarchies; but England had more to -complain of than others. Of the three estates, Clergy, Nobility, -and Commons, the first was the most powerful. The -nobility had been weakened by the civil wars; the commons -had long been without authority and energy; the prelates -thus occupied the first rank, so that in 1529 an archbishop -and cardinal (Wolsey) was the most powerful man in England, -not even the king excepted. Henry had felt the yoke, -and wished to free himself, not only from the domination of -the pope, but also from the influence of the higher clergy. -If he had only intended to be avenged of the pontiff, it -would have been enough to allow the Reformation to act; -when a mighty wind blows from heaven, it sweeps away all -the contrivances of men. But Henry was deficient neither -in prudence nor calculation. He feared lest a diversity of -doctrine should engender disturbances in his kingdom. He -wished to free himself from the pope and the prelates, without -<span class='pageno' id='Page_61'>61</span>throwing himself into the arms of Tyndale or of Latimer.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Papal Rule Hurtful To The State.</div> -<p class='c008'>Kings and people had observed that the domination of -the papacy, and its authority over the clergy, were an insurmountable -obstacle to the autonomy of the State. As -far back as 1268, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Louis had declared that France owed -allegiance to God alone; and other princes had followed his -example. Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> determined to do more—to break -the chains which bound the clergy to the Romish throne, -and fasten them to the crown. The power of England, delivered -from the papacy, which had been its cankerworm, -would then be developed with freedom and energy, and -would place the country in the foremost rank among nations. -The renovating spirit of the age was favorable to Henry’s -plans; without delay he must put into execution the bold -plan which Cromwell had unrolled before his eyes in Whitehall -Park. Henry could think of nothing but getting himself -recognized as head of the Church.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This important revolution could not be accomplished by a -simple act of royal authority—in England particularly, where -constitutional principles already possessed an incontestable -influence. It was necessary to prevail upon the clergy to -cross the Rubicon by emancipating themselves from Rome. -But how bring it about? This was the subject of the meditations -of the sagacious Cromwell, who, gradually rising in -the king’s confidence to the place formerly held by Wolsey, -made a different use of it. Urged by ambition, possessing -an energetic character, a sound judgment, unshaken firmness, -no obstacle could arrest his activity. He sought how he -could give the king the spiritual sceptre, and this was the -plan on which he fixed. The kings of England had been -known occasionally to revive old laws fallen into desuetude, -and visit with heavy penalties those who had violated them. -Cromwell represented to the king that the statutes made -punishable any man who should recognize a dignity established -by the pope in the English Church; that Wolsey, by -exercising the functions of papal legate, had encroached -<span class='pageno' id='Page_62'>62</span>upon the rights of the Crown and been condemned, which -was but justice; while the members of the clergy—who -had recognized the unlawful jurisdiction of the pretended -legate—had thereby become as guilty as he had been. ‘The -statute of <i>Præmunire</i>,’ he said, ‘condemns them as well as -their chief.’ Henry, who listened attentively, found the -expedient of his Secretary of State was in conformity with -the letter of the law, and that it put all the clergy in his -power. He did not hesitate to give full power to his ministers. -Under such a state of things there was not one -innocent person in England; the two houses of parliament, -the privy council, all the nation must be brought to the bar. -Henry, full of ‘condescension,’ was pleased to confine himself -to the clergy.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Embarrassment Of The Clergy.</div> -<p class='c008'>The convocation of the province of Canterbury having -met on the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of January, 1531, Cromwell entered the hall, -and quietly took his seat among the bishops; then rising, -he informed them that their property and benefices were to -be confiscated for the good of his Majesty, because they had -submitted to the unconstitutional power of the cardinal. -What terrible news! It was a thunderbolt to those selfish -prelates; they were amazed. At length some of them -plucked up a little courage. ‘The king himself had sanctioned -the authority of the cardinal-legate,’ they said. ‘We -merely obeyed his supreme will. Our resistance to his -Majesty’s proclamations would infallibly have ruined us.’—‘That -is of no consequence,’ was the reply; ‘there was the -law: you should obey the constitution of the country even -at the peril of your lives.’<a id='r109' /><a href='#f109' class='c009'><sup>[109]</sup></a> The terrified bishops laid at -the foot of the throne a magnificent sum, by which they -hoped to redeem their offences and their benefices. But -that was not what Henry desired: he pretended to set little -store by their money. The threat of confiscation must constrain -them to pay a ransom of still greater value. ‘My -lords,’ said Cromwell, ‘in a petition that some of you presented -<span class='pageno' id='Page_63'>63</span>to the pope not long ago, you called the king your -<i>soul</i> and your <i>head</i>.<a id='r110' /><a href='#f110' class='c009'><sup>[110]</sup></a> Come, then, expressly recognize the -supremacy of the king over the Church,<a id='r111' /><a href='#f111' class='c009'><sup>[111]</sup></a> and his majesty, -of his great goodness, will grant you your pardon.’ What a -demand! The distracted clergy assembled, and a deliberation -of extreme importance began. ‘The words in the address -to the pope,’ said some, ‘were a mere form, and had -not the meaning ascribed to them.’—‘The king being -unable to untie the Gordian knot at Rome,’ said others, -alluding to the divorce, ‘intends to cut it with his sword.’<a id='r112' /><a href='#f112' class='c009'><sup>[112]</sup></a>—‘The -secular power,’ exclaimed the most zealous, ‘has no -voice in ecclesiastical matters. To recognize the king as -head of the Church would be to overthrow the catholic faith.... -The head of the Church is the pope.’ The debate -lasted three days, and, as Henry’s ministers pointed to the -theocratic government of Israel, a priest exclaimed, ‘We -oppose the New Testament to the Old; according to the -gospel, Christ is head of the Church.’ When this was -told the king, he said, ‘Very well, I consent. If you declare -me <i>head of the Church</i> you may add <i>under God</i>.’ In -this way the papal claims were compromised all the more. -‘We will expose ourselves to everything,’ they said, ‘rather -than dethrone the Roman pontiff.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Bishops of Lincoln and Exeter were deputed to -beseech the king to withdraw his demand: they could not -so much as obtain an audience. Henry had made up his -mind: the priests must yield. The only means of their -obtaining pardon (they were told) was by their renouncing -the papal supremacy. The bishops made a fresh attempt -to satisfy both the requirements of the king and those of -their own conscience. ‘Shrink before the clergy and they -are lions,’ the courtiers said; ‘withstand them and they are -sheep.’—‘Your fate is in your own hands. If you refuse -<span class='pageno' id='Page_64'>64</span>the king’s demand, the disgrace of Wolsey may show you -what you may expect.’ Archbishop Warham, president of -the Convocation, a prudent man, far advanced in years, and -near his end, tried to hit upon some compromise. The -great movements which agitated the Church all over Europe -disturbed him. He had in times past complained to the king -of Wolsey’s usurpations,<a id='r113' /><a href='#f113' class='c009'><sup>[113]</sup></a> and was not far from recognizing -the royal supremacy. He proposed to insert a simple clause -in the act conferring the required jurisdiction on the king, -namely, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Quantum per legem Christi licet</i></span>, so far as the law of -Christ permits. ‘Mother of God!’ exclaimed the king, -who, like his royal brother Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, had a habit of saying -irreverent things, ‘you have played me a shrewd turn. I -thought to have made fools of those prelates, and now you -have so ordered the business that they are likely to make a -fool of me. Go to them again, and let me have the business -passed without any <i>quantums</i> or <i>tantums</i>.... So far -as the law of Christ permits! Such a reserve would make -one believe that my authority was disputable.’<a id='r114' /><a href='#f114' class='c009'><sup>[114]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Clergy Submit.</div> -<p class='c008'>Henry’s ministers ventured on this occasion to resist him: -they showed him that this clause would prevent an immediate -rupture with Rome, and it might be repealed hereafter. -He yielded at last, and the archbishop submitted the clause -with the amendment to convocation. It was a solemn moment -for England. The bishops were convinced that the -king was asking them to do what was wrong, the end of -which would be a rupture with Rome. In the time of Hildebrand -the prelates would have answered No, and found a -sympathetic support in the laity. But things had changed; -the people were beginning to be weary of the long domination -of the priests. The primate, desirous of ending the -matter, said to his colleagues: ‘Do you recognize the king -as sole protector of the Church and clergy of England, and, -so far as is allowed by the law of Christ, also as your supreme -head?’ All remained speechless. ‘Will you let me -<span class='pageno' id='Page_65'>65</span>know your opinions?’ resumed the archbishop. There was -a dead silence. ‘Whoever is silent seems to consent,’ said -the primate.—‘Then we are all silent,’ answered one of the -members.<a id='r115' /><a href='#f115' class='c009'><sup>[115]</sup></a> Were these words inspired by courage or by -cowardice? Were they an assent or a protest? We cannot -say. In this matter we cannot side either with the king or -with the priests. The heart of man easily takes the part -of those who are oppressed; but here the oppressed were -also oppressors. Convocation next gave its support to the -opinion of the universities respecting the divorce, and thus -Henry gained his first victory.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Now that the king had the power, the clergy were permitted -to give him their money. They offered a hundred -thousand pounds sterling,—an enormous sum for those times,—nearly -equivalent to fifteen times as much of our money. -On the <abbr title='twenty-second'>22d</abbr> of March, 1531, the courteous archbishop signed -the document which at one stroke deprived the clergy of -England of both riches and honor.<a id='r116' /><a href='#f116' class='c009'><sup>[116]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The discussion was still more animated in the Convocation -of York. ‘If you proclaim the king supreme head,’ said -Bishop Tonstal, ‘it can only be in temporal matters.’—‘Indeed!’ -retorted Henry’s minister, ‘is an act of convocation -necessary to determine that the king reigns?‘—‘If -spiritual things are meant,’ answered the bishop, ‘I withdraw -from convocation that I may not withdraw from the -Church.’<a id='r117' /><a href='#f117' class='c009'><sup>[117]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>‘My lords,’ said Henry, ‘no one disputes your right to -preach and administer the sacraments.<a id='r118' /><a href='#f118' class='c009'><sup>[118]</sup></a> Did not Paul -submit to Cæsar’s tribunal, and our Saviour himself to Pilate’s?’ -Henry’s ecclesiastical theories prevailed also at -<span class='pageno' id='Page_66'>66</span>York. A great revolution was effected in England, and -fresh compromises were to consolidate it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king, having obtained what he desired, condescended -in his great mercy to pardon the clergy for their unpardonable -offence of having recognized Wolsey as papal legate. -At the request of the commons this amnesty was extended -to all England. The nation, which at first saw nothing in -this affair but an act enfranchising themselves from the -usurped power of the popes, showed their gratitude to -Henry; but there was a reverse to the medal. If the pope -was despoiled, the king was invested. Was not the function -ascribed to him contrary to the Gospel? Would not this -act impress upon the Anglican Reformation a territorial and -aristocratic character, which would introduce into the Reformed -Church the world with all its splendor and wealth? -If the royal preëminence endows the Anglican Church with -the pomps of worship, of classical studies, of high dignities, -will it not also carry along with it luxury, sinecures, and -worldliness among the prelates? Shall we not see the royal -authority pronounce on questions of dogma, and declare the -most sacred doctrines indifferent? A little later an attempt -was made to limit the power of the king in religious matters. -‘We give not to our princes the ministry of God’s Word or -sacraments,’ says the thirty-seventh Article of Religion.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-10' class='c004'>CHAPTER X. <br /> SEPARATION OF THE KING AND QUEEN. <br /> (<span class='sc'>March to June 1531.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The king, having obtained so important a concession from -the clergy, turned to his parliament to ask a service of another -kind,—one in his eyes still more urgent.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_67'>67</span>On the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of March, 1531, the session being about to -terminate, Sir Thomas More, the chancellor, went down to -the House of Commons, and submitted to them the decision -of the various universities on the king’s marriage and the -power of the pope. The Commons looked at the affair -essentially from a political point of view; they did not -understand that, because the king had lived twenty years -with the queen, he ought not to be separated from her. -The documents placed before their eyes ‘made them detest -the marriage’ of Henry and Catherine.<a id='r119' /><a href='#f119' class='c009'><sup>[119]</sup></a> The chancellor desired -the members to report in their respective counties and -towns that the king had not asked for this divorce of his -own will or pleasure, but ‘only for the discharge of his -conscience and surety of the succession of his crown.’<a id='r120' /><a href='#f120' class='c009'><sup>[120]</sup></a> -‘Enlighten the people,’ he said, ‘and preserve peace in the -nation, with the sentiments of loyalty due to the monarch.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Catherine’s Reply.</div> -<p class='c008'>The king hastened to use the powers which universities, -clergy, and parliament had placed in his hands. Immediately -after the prorogation certain lords went down to -Greenwich and laid before the queen the decisions which -condemned her marriage, and urged her to accept the arbitration -of four bishops and four lay peers. Catherine replied, -sadly but firmly,—‘I pray you tell the king I say I -am his lawful wife, and in that point I will abide until the -court of Rome determine to the contrary.’<a id='r121' /><a href='#f121' class='c009'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The divorce which, notwithstanding Catherine’s refusal, -was approaching, caused great agitation among the people; -and the members of parliament had some trouble to preserve -order, as Sir Thomas More had desired them. Priests proclaimed -from their pulpits the downfall of the Church and -the coming of Antichrist; the mendicant friars scattered -discontent in every house which they entered, the most -fanatical of them not fearing to insinuate that the wrath of -God would soon hurl the impious prince from his throne. -In towns and villages, in castles and alehouses, men talked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_68'>68</span>of nothing but the divorce and the primacy claimed by the -king. Women standing at their doors, men gathering round -the blacksmith’s forge, spoke more or less disrespectfully of -parliament, the bishops, the dangers of the Romish Church, -and the prospects of the Reformation. If a few friends met -at night around the hearth, they told strange tales to one -another. The king, queen, pope, devil, saints, Cromwell, -and the higher clergy formed the subject of their conversation. -The gipsies at that time strolling through the country -added to the confusion. Sometimes they would appear in -the midst of these animated discussions, and prophesy lamentable -events, at times calling up the dead to make them -speak of the future. The terrible calamities they predicted -froze their hearers with affright, and their sinister prophecies -were the cause of disorders and even of crimes. Accordingly -an act was passed pronouncing the penalty of banishment -against them.<a id='r122' /><a href='#f122' class='c009'><sup>[122]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>An unfortunate event tended still more to strike men’s -imaginations. It was reported that the Bishop of Rochester, -that prelate so terrible to the reformers and so good to the -poor, had narrowly escaped being poisoned by his cook. -Seventeen persons were taken ill after eating porridge at -the episcopal palace. One of the bishop’s gentlemen died, -as well as a poor woman to whom the remains of the food -had been given. It was maliciously remarked that the -bishop was the only one who frankly opposed the divorce -and the royal supremacy. Calumny even aimed at the -throne. When Henry heard of this, he resolved to make -short work of all such nonsense; he ordered the offence to -be deemed as high-treason, and the wretched cook was taken -to Smithfield, there to be <i>boiled to death</i>.<a id='r123' /><a href='#f123' class='c009'><sup>[123]</sup></a> This was a -variation of the penalty pronounced upon the evangelicals. -Such was the cruel justice of the sixteenth century.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Reginald Pole.</div> -<p class='c008'>While the universities, parliament, convocation, and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_69'>69</span>nation appeared to support Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, one voice was -raised against the divorce. It was that of a young man -brought up by the king, and that voice moved him deeply. -There still remained in England some scions of the house -of York, and among them a nephew of that unhappy -Warwick whom Henry <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> had cruelly put to death. -Warwick had left a sister Margaret, and the king, desirous -of appeasing the remorse he suffered on account of the -tragical end of that prince, ‘the most innocent of men,’<a id='r124' /><a href='#f124' class='c009'><sup>[124]</sup></a> -had married her to Sir Richard Pole, a gentleman of her -own family. She was left a widow with two daughters and -three sons. The youngest, Reginald, became a favorite -with Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, who destined him for the archiepiscopal -see of Canterbury. ‘Your kindnesses are such,’ said Pole -to him, ‘that a king could grant no more, even to a son.’<a id='r125' /><a href='#f125' class='c009'><sup>[125]</sup></a> -But Reginald, to whom his mother had told the story of the -execution of the unhappy Warwick, had contracted an invincible -hatred against the Tudors. Accordingly, in despite -of certain evangelical tendencies, Pole, seeing Henry separating -from the pope, resolved to throw himself into the -arms of the pontiff. Reginald, invested with the Roman -purple, rose to be president of the council and primate of all -England under Queen Mary. Elegant in his manners, with -a fine intellect, and sincere in his religious convictions, he -was selfish, irritable, and ambitious. Desires of elevation -and revenge led a noble nature astray. If the branch of -which he was the representative was ever to recover the -crown, it could only be by the help of the Roman pontiffs. -Henceforward their cause was his. Loaded with benefits -by Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, he was incessantly pursued by the recollection -of the rights of Rome and of the White Rose; and -he went so far as to insult before all Europe the prince who -had been his first friend.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At this time Pole was living at a house in the country, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_70'>70</span>which Henry had given him. One day he received at this -charming retreat a communication from the Duke of Norfolk. -‘The king destines you for the highest honors of the English -Church,’ wrote this nobleman, ‘and offers you at once the -important sees of York and Winchester, left vacant by the -death of Cardinal Wolsey.’ At the same time the duke -asked Pole’s opinion about the divorce. Reginald’s brothers, -and particularly Lord Montague, entreated him to answer -as all the catholic world had answered, and not irritate a -prince whose anger would ruin them all. The blood of -Warwick and the king’s revolt against Rome induced Pole -to reject with horror all the honors which Henry offered; -and yet that prince was his benefactor. He fancied he had -discovered a middle course which would permit him to -satisfy alike his conscience and his king.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He went to Whitehall, where Henry received him like a -friend. Pole hesitated in distress; he wished to let the -king know his thoughts, but the words would not come to -his lips. At last, encouraged by the prince’s affability, he -summoned up his resolution, and, in a voice trembling with -emotion, said: ‘You must not separate from the queen.’ -Henry had expected something different. Is it thus that -his kindnesses are repaid? His eyes flashed with anger, -and he laid his hand on his sword. Pole humbled himself. -‘If I possess any knowledge, to whom do I owe it unless to -your Majesty? In listening to me you are listening to your -own pupil.’<a id='r126' /><a href='#f126' class='c009'><sup>[126]</sup></a> The king recovered himself, and said,—‘I -will consider your opinion, and send you my answer.’ Pole -withdrew. ‘He put me in such a passion,’ said the king to -one of his gentlemen, ‘that I nearly struck him.... -But there is something in the man that wins my heart.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Montague and Reginald’s other brother again conjured -him to accept the high position which the king reserved for -him; but his soul revolted at being subordinate to a Tudor. -He therefore wrote a memoir, which he presented to Henry, -and in which he entreated him to submit implicitly the divorce -<span class='pageno' id='Page_71'>71</span>question to the court of Rome. ‘How could I speak -against your marriage with the queen?’ he said. ‘Should -I not accuse your Majesty of having lived for more than -twenty years in an unlawful union?<a id='r127' /><a href='#f127' class='c009'><sup>[127]</sup></a> By the divorce you -will array all the powers against you,—the pope, the emperor; -and as for the French ... we can never find -in our hearts to trust them. You are at this moment on the -verge of an abyss.... One step more, and all is over.<a id='r128' /><a href='#f128' class='c009'><sup>[128]</sup></a> -There is only one way of safety left your Grace, and that is -submission to the pope.’ Henry was moved. The boldness -with which this young nobleman dared accuse him, irritated -his pride; still his friendship prevailed, and he forgave it. -Pole received the permission he had asked to leave England, -with the promise of the continued payment of his pension.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Catherine Leaves Windsor.</div> -<p class='c008'>Reginald Pole was, as it were, the last link that united -the royal pair. Thus far the king had continued to show -the queen every respect; their mutual affection seemed the -same, only they occupied separate rooms.<a id='r129' /><a href='#f129' class='c009'><sup>[129]</sup></a> Henry now -decided to take an important step. On the <abbr title='fourteenth'>14th</abbr> of July a -new deputation entered the queen’s apartment, one of whom -informed her that as her marriage with Prince Arthur had -been duly consummated she could not be the wife of her -husband’s brother. Then after reproaching her with having, -contrary to the laws of England and the dignity of the -crown, cited his Majesty before the pope’s tribunal, he desired -her to choose for her residence either the castle of -Oking or of Estamsteed, or the monastery of Bisham. -Catherine remained calm, and replied,—‘Wheresoever I -retire, nothing can deprive me of the title which belongs to -me. I shall always be his Majesty’s wife.’<a id='r130' /><a href='#f130' class='c009'><sup>[130]</sup></a> She left -Windsor the same day, and removed to the More, a splendid -mansion which Wolsey had surrounded with beautiful gardens; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_72'>72</span>then to Estamsteed, and finally to Ampthill. The -king never saw her again; but all the papists and discontented -rallied round her. She entered into correspondence -with the sovereigns of Europe, and became the centre of a -party opposed to the emancipation of England.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-11' class='c004'>CHAPTER XI. <br /> THE BISHOPS PLUNDER THE CLERGY, AND PERSECUTE THE PROTESTANTS. <br /> (<span class='sc'>September 1531 to 1532.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>As Henry, by breaking with Catherine, had broken with -the pope, he felt the necessity of uniting more closely with -his clergy. Wishing to proceed to the establishment of his -new dignity, he required bishops, and particularly dexterous -bishops. He therefore made Edward Lee, Archbishop of -York, and Stephen Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester; and -these two men, devoted to scholastic doctrines, ambitious and -servile, were commissioned to inaugurate the new ecclesiastical -monarchy of the King of England. Although the pope -had hastened to send off their bulls, they declared they held -their dignity ‘immediately and only’ of the king,<a id='r131' /><a href='#f131' class='c009'><sup>[131]</sup></a> and began -without delay to organize a strange league. If the king -needed the bishops against the pope, the bishops needed the -king against the reformers. It was not long before this alliance -received the baptism of blood.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But before proceeding so far, the prelates deliberated -about the means of raising the 118,000<i>l.</i> they had bound -themselves to pay the king. Each wished to make his own -<span class='pageno' id='Page_73'>73</span>share as small as possible, and throw the largest part of the -burden upon his colleagues. The bishops determined to -place it in great measure on the shoulders of the parochial -clergy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Stokesley, Bishop of London, began the battle. An able, -greedy, violent man, and jealous of his prerogatives, he -called a meeting of six or eight priests on whom he believed -he could depend, in order to draw up with their assistance -such resolutions as he could afterwards impose more easily -upon their brethren. These picked ecclesiastics were desired -to meet on the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of September, 1531, in the chapter-house -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishop’s plan had got wind, and excited general -indignation in the city. Was it just that the victims should -pay the fine? Some of the laity, delighted at seeing the -clergy quarrelling, sought to fan the flame instead of extinguishing -it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Clerical Riot.</div> -<p class='c008'>When the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of September arrived the bishop entered -the chapter-house with his officers, where the conference -with the eight priests was to be held. Presently an unusual -noise was heard round <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s: not only the six or eight -priests, but six hundred, accompanied by a great number of -citizens and common people, made their appearance. The -crowd swayed to and fro before the cathedral gates, shouting -and clamoring to be admitted into the chapter-house on the -same footing as the select few. What was to be done? -The prelate’s councillors advised him to add a few of the -less violent priests to those he had already chosen. Stokesley -adopted their advice, hoping that the gates and bolts -would be strong enough to keep out the rest. Accordingly -he drew up a list of new members, and one of his officers, -going out to the angry crowd, read the names of those whom -the bishop had selected. The latter came forward, not without -trouble; but at the same time the excluded priests made -a vigorous attempt to enter. There was a fierce struggle of -men pushing and shouting, but the bishop’s officials having -passed in quickly, those who had been nominated hurriedly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_74'>74</span>closed the doors. So far the victory seemed to rest with -the bishop, and he was about to speak, when the uproar -became deafening. The priests outside, exasperated because -their financial matters were to be settled without them, protested -that they ought to hold their own purse-strings. Laying -hands on whatever they could find, and aided by the -laity, they began to batter the door of the chapter-house. -They succeeded: the door gave way, and all, priests and -citizens, rushed in together.<a id='r132' /><a href='#f132' class='c009'><sup>[132]</sup></a> The bishop’s officials tried in -vain to stop them; they were roughly pushed aside.<a id='r133' /><a href='#f133' class='c009'><sup>[133]</sup></a> Their -gowns were torn, their faces streamed with perspiration, -their features were disfigured, and some even were wounded. -The furious priests entered the room at last, storming and -shouting. It was more like a pack of hounds rushing on a -stag than the reverend clergy of the metropolis of England -appearing before their bishop. The prelate, who had tact, -showed no anger, but sought rather to calm the rioters. -‘My brethren,’ he said, ‘I marvel not a little why ye be so -heady. Ye know not what shall be said to you, therefore I -pray you hear me patiently. Ye all know that we be men -frail of condition, and by our lack of wisdom have misdemeaned -ourselves towards the king and fallen in a <i>præmunire</i>, -by reason whereof all our lands, goods, and chattels -were to him a forfeit, and our bodies ready to be imprisoned. -Yet his Grace of his great clemency is pleased to pardon us, -and to accept of a little instead of the whole of our benefices—about -one hundred thousand pounds, to be paid in five -years. I exhort you to bear your parts towards payment -of this sum granted.’<a id='r134' /><a href='#f134' class='c009'><sup>[134]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This was just what the priests did not want. They -thought it strange to be asked for money for an offence they -had not committed. ‘My lord,’ answered one, ‘we have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_75'>75</span>never offended against the <i>præmumire</i>, we have never meddled -with cardinal’s faculties.<a id='r135' /><a href='#f135' class='c009'><sup>[135]</sup></a> Let the bishops and abbots -pay; they committed the offence, and they have good -places.’—‘My lord,’ added another, ‘twenty nobles<a id='r136' /><a href='#f136' class='c009'><sup>[136]</sup></a> a year -is but a bare living for a priest, and yet it is all we have. -Everything is now so dear that poverty compels us to say -No. Having no need of the king’s pardon we have no desire -to pay.’ These words were drowned in applause. -‘No,’ exclaimed the crowd, which was getting noisy again, -‘we will pay nothing.’ The bishop’s officers grew angry, -and came to high words; the priests returned abuse for -abuse; and the citizens, delighted to see their ‘masters’ -quarrelling, fanned the strife. From words they soon came -to blows. The episcopal ushers, who tried to restore order, -were ‘buffeted and stricken,’ and even the bishop’s life was -in danger. At last the meeting broke up in great confusion. -Stokesley hastened to complain to the chancellor, Sir -Thomas More, who, being a great friend of the prelate’s, sent -fifteen priests and five laymen to prison. They deserved it, -no doubt; but the bishops, who, to spare their superfluity, -robbed poor curates of their necessaries, were more guilty -still.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Bishops And Priests.</div> -<p class='c008'>Such was the unity that existed between the bishops and -the priests of England at the very time the Reformation -was appearing at the doors. The prelates understood the -danger to which they were exposed through that evangelical -doctrine, the source of light and life. They knew that all -their ecclesiastical pretensions would crumble away before -the breath of the divine Word. Accordingly, not content -with robbing of their little substance the poor pastors to -whom they should have been as fathers, they determined to -deprive those whom they called <i>heretics</i>, not only of their -money, but of their liberty and life. Would Henry permit -this?</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king did not wish to withdraw England from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_76'>76</span>papal jurisdiction without the assent of the clergy. If he -did so of his own authority, the priests would rise against -him and compare him to Luther. There were at that time -three great parties in Christendom: the evangelical, the -catholic, and the popish. Henry purposed to overthrow -popery, but without going so far as evangelism: he desired -to remain in catholicism. One means occurred of satisfying -the clergy. Although they were fanatical partisans of the -Church, they had sacrificed the pope; they now imagined -that, by sacrificing a few heretics, they would atone for their -cowardly submission. In a later age Louis <abbr title='the fourteenth'>XIV.</abbr> did the -same to make up for errors of another kind. The provincial -synod of Canterbury met and addressed the king: ‘Your -Highness one time defended the Church with your pen, -when you were only a member of it; now that you are its -supreme head, your Majesty should crush its enemies, and -so shall your merits exceed all praise.’<a id='r137' /><a href='#f137' class='c009'><sup>[137]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In order to prove that he was not another Luther, Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> consented to hand over the disciples of that heretic to -the priests, and gave them authority to imprison and burn -them, provided they would aid the king to resume the power -usurped by the pope. The bishops immediately began to -hunt down the friends of the Gospel.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A will had given rise to much talk in the county of -Gloucester. William Tracy, a gentleman of irreproachable -conduct and ‘full of good works, equally generous to the -clergy and the laity,’<a id='r138' /><a href='#f138' class='c009'><sup>[138]</sup></a> had died, praying God to save his -soul through the merits of Jesus Christ, but leaving no -money to the priests for masses. The primate of England -had his bones dug up and burnt. But this was not enough: -they must also burn the living.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_77'>77</span> - <h2 id='chap6-12' class='c004'>CHAPTER XII. <br /> THE MARTYRS. <br /> (1531.)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Proclamation Against Papal Bulls.</div> -<p class='c008'>The first blows were aimed at the court-chaplain. The -bishops, finding it dangerous to have such a man near the -king, would have liked (Latimer tells us) to place him on -burning coals.<a id='r139' /><a href='#f139' class='c009'><sup>[139]</sup></a> But Henry loved him, the blow failed, and -the priests had to turn to those who were not so well at -court. Thomas Bilney, whose conversion had begun the -Reformation in England,<a id='r140' /><a href='#f140' class='c009'><sup>[140]</sup></a> had been compelled to do penance -at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s Cross; but from that time he became the prey -of the direst terror. His backsliding had manifested the -weakness of his faith. Bilney possessed a sincere and lively -piety, but a judgment less sound than many of his friends. -He had not got rid of certain scruples which in Luther and -Calvin had yielded to the supreme authority of God’s Word.<a id='r141' /><a href='#f141' class='c009'><sup>[141]</sup></a> -In his opinion none but priests consecrated by bishops had -the power to bind and loose.<a id='r142' /><a href='#f142' class='c009'><sup>[142]</sup></a> This mixture of truth and -error had caused his fall. Such sincere but imperfectly -enlightened persons are always to be met with—persons -who, agitated by the scruples of their conscience, waver between -Rome and the Word of God.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At last faith gained the upper hand in Bilney. Leaving -his Cambridge friends, he had gone into the Eastern counties -to meet his martyrdom. One day, arriving at a hermitage -<span class='pageno' id='Page_78'>78</span>in the vicinity of Norwich, where a pious woman dwelt, his -words converted her to Christ.<a id='r143' /><a href='#f143' class='c009'><sup>[143]</sup></a> He then began to preach -‘openly in the fields’ to great crowds. His voice was heard -in all the county. Weeping over his former fall, he said: -‘That doctrine which I once abjured is the truth. Let my -example be a lesson to all who hear me.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Before long he turned his steps in the direction of London, -and, stopping at Ipswich, was not content to preach the -Gospel only, but violently attacked the errors of Rome before -an astonished audience.<a id='r144' /><a href='#f144' class='c009'><sup>[144]</sup></a> Some monks had crept among -his hearers, and Bilney, perceiving them, called out: ‘<i>The -Lamb of God taketh away the sins of the world.</i> If the -Bishop of Rome dares say that the hood of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Francis saves, -he blasphemes the blood of the Saviour.’ John Huggen, -one of the monks, immediately made a note of the words. -Bilney continued: ‘To invoke the saints and not Christ, -is to put the head under the feet and the feet above the -head.’<a id='r145' /><a href='#f145' class='c009'><sup>[145]</sup></a> Richard Seman, the other brother, took down these -words. ‘Men will come after me,’ continued Bilney, ‘who -will teach the same faith, the true gospel of our Saviour, -and will disentangle you from the errors in which deceivers -have bound you so long.’ Brother Julius hastened to write -down the bold prediction.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer, surrounded by the favors of the king and the -luxury of the great, watched his friend from afar. He -called to mind their walks in the fields round Cambridge, -their serious conversation as they climbed the hill afterwards -called after them the ‘heretic’s hill,’<a id='r146' /><a href='#f146' class='c009'><sup>[146]</sup></a> and the visits they had -paid together to the poor and to the prisoners.<a id='r147' /><a href='#f147' class='c009'><sup>[147]</sup></a> Latimer had -seen Bilney very recently at Cambridge in fear and anguish, -and had tried in vain to restore him to peace. ‘He now -<span class='pageno' id='Page_79'>79</span>rejoiced that God had endued him with such strength of -faith that he was ready to be burnt for Christ’s sake.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bilney And Petit In Prison.</div> -<p class='c008'>Bilney, drawing still nearer to London, arrived at Greenwich -about the middle of July. He procured some New -Testaments, and, hiding them carefully under his clothes, -called upon a humble Christian named Staple. Taking -them ‘out of his sleeves,’ he desired Staple to distribute -them among his friends. Then, as if impelled by a thirst -for martyrdom, he turned again towards Norwich, whose -bishop, Richard Nix, a blind octogenarian, was in the front -rank of the persecutors. Arriving at the solitary place -where the pious ‘anachoress’ lived, he left one of the precious -volumes with her. This visit cost Bilney his life. The poor -solitary read the New Testament, and lent it to the people -who came to see her. The bishop, hearing of it, informed -Sir Thomas More, who had Bilney arrested,<a id='r148' /><a href='#f148' class='c009'><sup>[148]</sup></a> brought to -London, and shut up in the Tower.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Bilney began to breathe again: a load was taken off him; -he was about to suffer the penalty his fall deserved. In the -room next his was John Petit, a member of parliament of -some eloquence, who had distributed his books and his alms -in England and beyond the seas. Philips, the under-gaoler -of the Tower, who was a good man, told the two prisoners -that only a wooden partition separated them, which was a -source of great joy to both. He would often remove a panel, -and permit them to converse and take their frugal meals together.<a id='r149' /><a href='#f149' class='c009'><sup>[149]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This happiness did not last long. Bilney’s trial was to -take place at Norwich, where he had been captured: the -aged Bishop Nix wanted to make an example in his diocese. -A crowd of monks—Augustins, Dominicans, Franciscans, -and Carmelites—visited the prison of the evangelist to -convert him. Dr. Gall, provincial of the Franciscans, having -consented that the prisoner should make use of Scripture,<a id='r150' /><a href='#f150' class='c009'><sup>[150]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_80'>80</span>was shaken in his faith; but, on the other hand, -Stokes, an Augustin and a determined papist, repeated to -Bilney: ‘If you die in your opinions, you will be lost.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The trial commenced, and the Ipswich monks gave their -evidence. ‘He said,’ deposed William Cade, ‘that the Jews -and Saracens would have been converted long since, if the -idolatry of the Christians had not disgusted them with -Christianity.’—‘I heard him say,’ added Richard Neale: -‘“down with your gods of gold, silver, and stone.”’—‘He -stated,’ resumed Cade, ‘that the priests take away the offerings -from the saints, and hang them about their women’s -necks; and then, if the offerings do not prove fine enough, -they are put upon the images again.’<a id='r151' /><a href='#f151' class='c009'><sup>[151]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Every one foresaw the end of this piteous trial. One of -Bilney’s friends endeavored to save him. Latimer took the -matter into the pulpit, and conjured the judges to decide -according to justice. Although Bilney’s name was not -uttered, they all knew who was meant. The Bishop of -London went and complained to the king that his chaplain -had the audacity to defend the heretic against the bishop and -his judges.<a id='r152' /><a href='#f152' class='c009'><sup>[152]</sup></a> ‘There is not a preacher in the world,’ said -Latimer, ‘who would not have spoken as I have done, although -Bilney had never existed.’ The chaplain escaped -once more, thanks to the favor he enjoyed with Henry.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Bilney was condemned, and, after being degraded by the -priests, was handed over to the sheriff, who, having great -respect for his virtues, begged pardon for discharging his -duty. The prudent bishop wrote to the chancellor, asking -for an order to burn the heretic. ‘Burn him first,’ rudely -answered More, ‘and then ask me for a bill of indemnity.’<a id='r153' /><a href='#f153' class='c009'><sup>[153]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bilney With His Friends.</div> -<p class='c008'>A few of Bilney’s friends went to Norwich to bid him -farewell: among them was Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury. -It was in the evening, and Bilney was taking his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_81'>81</span>last meal. On the table stood some frugal fare (ale brew), -and on his countenance beamed the joy that filled his soul. -‘I am surprised,’ said one of his friends, ‘that you can eat -so cheerfully.’—‘I only follow the example of the husbandmen -of the county,’ answered Bilney, ‘who, having a ruinous -house to dwell in, yet bestow cost so long as they may hold -it up.’ With these words he rose from the table, and sat -down near his friends, one of whom said to him: ‘To-morrow -the fire will make you feel its devouring fierceness, -but God’s Holy Spirit will cool it for your everlasting refreshing.’ -Bilney, appearing to reflect upon what had been -said, stretched out his hand towards the lamp that was -burning on the table, and placed his finger in the flame. -‘What are you doing?’ they exclaimed. ‘Nothing,’ he -replied; ‘I am only trying my flesh. To-morrow God’s -rods shall burn my whole body in the fire.’ And, still -keeping his finger in the flame, as if he were making a -curious experiment, he continued: ‘I feel that fire by God’s -ordinance is naturally hot; but yet I am persuaded, by -God’s Holy Word and the experience of the martyrs, that -when the flames consume me I shall not feel them. Howsoever, -this stubble of my body shall be wasted by it, a -pain for the time is followed by joy unspeakable.’<a id='r154' /><a href='#f154' class='c009'><sup>[154]</sup></a> He -then withdrew his finger, the first joint of which was burnt. -He added, ‘<i>When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt -not be burnt.</i>’<a id='r155' /><a href='#f155' class='c009'><sup>[155]</sup></a> ‘These words remained imprinted on the -hearts of all who heard them until the day of their death,’ -says a chronicler.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Beyond the city gate—that known as the <i>Bishop’s gate</i>—was -a low valley, called the <i>Lollards’ pit</i>: it was surrounded -by rising ground, forming a sort of amphitheatre. -On Saturday, the <abbr title='nineteenth'>19th</abbr> of August, a body of javelin-men -came to fetch Bilney, who met them at the prison gate. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_82'>82</span>One of his friends approaching and exhorting him to be -firm, Bilney replied: ‘When the sailor goes on board his -ship and launches out into the stormy sea, he is tossed to -and fro by the waves; but the hope of reaching a peaceful -haven makes him bear the danger. My voyage is beginning, -but whatever storms I shall feel, my ship will soon -reach the port.’<a id='r156' /><a href='#f156' class='c009'><sup>[156]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Bilney passed through the streets of Norwich in the -midst of a dense crowd; his demeanor was grave, his -features calm. His head had been shaved, and he wore -a layman’s gown. Dr. Warner, one of his friends, accompanied -him; another distributed liberal alms all along the -route. The procession descended into the Lollards’ pit, -while the spectators covered the surrounding hills. On -arriving at the place of punishment, Bilney fell on his -knees and prayed, and then rising up, warmly embraced -the stake and kissed it.<a id='r157' /><a href='#f157' class='c009'><sup>[157]</sup></a> Turning his eyes towards heaven, -he next repeated the Apostles’ Creed, and when he confessed -the incarnation and crucifixion of the Saviour his -emotion was such that even the spectators were moved. -Recovering himself, he took off his gown, and ascended the -pile, reciting the hundred and forty-third psalm. Thrice -he repeated the second verse: ‘<i>Enter not into judgment with -thy servant for in thy sight shall no man living be justified</i>.’ -And then he added: ‘<i>I stretch forth my hands unto thee; -my soul thirsteth after thee</i>.’ Turning towards the executioner, -he said: ‘Are you ready?’—‘Yes,’ was the reply. -Bilney placed himself against the post, and held up the -chain which bound him to it. His friend Warner, with eyes -filled with tears, took a last farewell. Bilney smiled kindly -at him and said: ‘Doctor, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>pasce gregem tuum</i></span>; feed your -flock, that when the Lord cometh he may find you so doing.’ -Several monks who had given evidence against him, perceiving -the emotion of the spectators, began to tremble, -and whispered to the martyr: ‘These people will believe -<span class='pageno' id='Page_83'>83</span>that we are the cause of your death, and will withhold -their alms,’ Upon which Bilney said to them: ‘Good -folks, be not angry against these men for my sake; even -should they be the authors of my death, <i>it is not they</i>.’<a id='r158' /><a href='#f158' class='c009'><sup>[158]</sup></a> -He knew that his death proceeded from the will of God. -The torch was applied to the pile: the fire smouldered for -a few minutes, and then suddenly burning up fiercely, the -martyr was heard to utter the name of Jesus several -times. A strong wind which blew the flames on one side -prolonged his agony; thrice they seemed to retire from -him, and thrice they returned, until at length, the whole -pile being kindled, he expired.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Revolution In Men’s Mind.</div> -<p class='c008'>A strange revolution took place in men’s minds after this -death: they praised Bilney, and even his persecutors acknowledged -his virtues. ‘Mother of Christ,’ exclaimed the -Bishop of Norwich (it was his usual oath), ‘I fear I have -burnt Abel and let Cain go.’ Latimer was inconsolable; -twenty years later he still lamented his friend, and one -day (preaching before Edward <abbr title='the sixth'>VI.</abbr>) he called to mind that -Bilney was always doing good, even to his enemies, and -styled him ‘that blessed martyr of God.’<a id='r159' /><a href='#f159' class='c009'><sup>[159]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>One martyrdom was not sufficient for the enemies of the -Reformation. Stokesley, Lee, Gardiner, and other prelates -and priests, feeling themselves guilty towards Rome, which -they had sacrificed to their personal ambition, desired to -expiate their faults by sacrificing the reformers. Seeing -at their feet a fatal gulf, dug between them and the Roman -pontiff by their faithlessness, they desired to fill it up -with corpses. The persecution continued.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was at that time a pious evangelist in the dungeons -of the Bishop of London. He was fastened upright to the -wall, with chains round his neck, waist, and legs. Usually -the most guilty prisoners were permitted to sit down, and -even to lie on the floor; but for this man there was no rest. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_84'>84</span>It was Richard Bayfield, accused of bringing from the continent -a number of New Testaments translated by Tyndale.<a id='r160' /><a href='#f160' class='c009'><sup>[160]</sup></a> -When one of his gaolers told him of Bilney’s martyrdom, -he exclaimed: ‘And I too, and hundreds of men -with me, will die for the faith he has confessed.’ He was -brought shortly afterwards before the episcopal court. -‘With what intent,’ asked Stokesley, ‘did you bring into -the country the errors of Luther, Œcolampadius the great -heretic, and others of that damnable sect?’—‘To make -the Gospel known,’ answered Bayfield, ‘and to glorify God -before the people.’<a id='r161' /><a href='#f161' class='c009'><sup>[161]</sup></a> Accordingly, the bishop, having condemned -and then degraded him, summoned the lord mayor -and sheriffs of London, ‘by the bowels of Jesus Christ’ (he -had the presumption to say), to do to Bayfield ‘according to -the <i>laudable custom</i> of the famous realm of England.’<a id='r162' /><a href='#f162' class='c009'><sup>[162]</sup></a> ‘O -ye priests,’ said the gospeller, as if inspired by the Spirit of -God, ‘is it not enough that your lives are wicked, but you -must prevent the life according to the Gospel from spreading -among the people?’ The bishop took up his crosier -and struck Bayfield so violently on the chest that he fell -backwards and fainted.<a id='r163' /><a href='#f163' class='c009'><sup>[163]</sup></a> He revived by degrees, and said, -on regaining his consciousness: ‘I thank God that I am -delivered from the wicked church of Antichrist, and am -going to be a member of the true Church which reigns triumphant -in heaven.’ He mounted the pile; the flames -touching him only on one side, consumed his left arm. -With his right hand Bayfield separated it from his body, -and the arm fell. Shortly after this he ceased to pray, because -he had ceased to live.</p> - -<p class='c008'>John Tewkesbury, one of the most respected merchants -in London, whom the bishops had put twice to the rack -<span class='pageno' id='Page_85'>85</span>already, and whose limbs they had broken,<a id='r164' /><a href='#f164' class='c009'><sup>[164]</sup></a> felt his courage -revived by the martyrdom of his friend. <span class='sc'>Christ alone</span>, -he said habitually: these two words were all his theology. -He was arrested, taken to the house of Sir Thomas More at -Chelsea, shut up in the porter’s lodge, his hands, feet, and -head being held in the stocks;<a id='r165' /><a href='#f165' class='c009'><sup>[165]</sup></a> but they could not obtain -from him the recantation they desired. The officers took -him into the chancellor’s garden, and bound him so tightly -to the <i>tree of truth</i>, as the renowned scholar called it, that -the blood started out of his eyes; after which they scourged -him.<a id='r166' /><a href='#f166' class='c009'><sup>[166]</sup></a> Tewkesbury remained firm.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='sixteenth'>16th</abbr> of December the Bishop of London went to -Chelsea and formed a court. ‘Thou art a heretic,’ said -Stokesley, ‘a backslider; thou hast incurred the great excommunication. -We shall deliver thee up to the secular -power.’ He was burnt alive at Smithfield on the <abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> of -December, 1531. ‘Now,’ said the fanatical chancellor, -‘now is he uttering cries in hell!’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Utopias Of The Bishops.</div> -<p class='c008'>Such were at this period the cruel <i>utopias</i> of the bishops -and of the witty Sir Thomas More. Other evangelical -Christians were thrown into prison. In vain did one of -them exclaim: ‘the more they persecute this sect, the more -will it increase.’<a id='r167' /><a href='#f167' class='c009'><sup>[167]</sup></a> That opinion did not check the persecution. -‘It is impossible,’ says Foxe (doubtless with some -exaggeration), ‘to name all who were persecuted before the -time of Queen Anne Boleyn. As well try to count the -grains of sand on the seashore!’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus did the real Reformation show by the blood of its -martyrs that it had nothing to do with the policy, the tyranny, -the intrigues, and the divorce of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> If these -<span class='pageno' id='Page_86'>86</span>men of God had not been burnt by that prince, it might possibly -have been imagined that he was the author of the transformation -of England; but the blood of the reformers cried -to heaven that he was its executioner.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-13' class='c004'>CHAPTER XIII. <br /> THE KING DESPOILS THE POPE AND THE CLERGY. <br /> (<span class='sc'>March to May 1532.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> having permitted the bishops to execute -their task of persecution, proceeded to carry out his own, -that of making the papacy disgorge. Unhappily for the -clergy, the king could not attack the pope, and they entirely -escaped the blows. The duel between Henry and Clement -was about to become more violent, and in the space of three -months (March, April, and May) the Romish Church, -stripped of important prerogatives, would learn that, after -so many ages of wealth and honor, the hour of its humiliation -had come at last.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry was determined, above all things, not to permit -his cause to be tried at Rome. What would be thought if -he yielded? ‘Could the pope,’ wrote Henry to his envoys, -‘constrain kings to leave the charge God had entrusted to -them, in order to humble themselves before him? That -would be to tread under foot the glory of our person and -the privileges of our kingdom. If the pope persists, take -your leave of the pontiff, and return to us immediately,’—‘The -pope,’ added Norfolk, ‘would do well to reflect if he -intend the continuance of good obedience of England to the -see apostolic.’<a id='r168' /><a href='#f168' class='c009'><sup>[168]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_87'>87</span>Catherine on her part did not remain behind: she wrote -a pathetic letter to the pope, informing him that her husband -had banished her from the palace. Clement, in the -depths of his perplexity, behaved, however, very properly: -he called upon the king (<abbr title='twenty-fifth'>25th</abbr> January) to take back the -queen, and to dismiss Anne Boleyn from court. Henry -spiritedly rejected the pontiff’s demand. ‘Never was a -prince treated by a pope as your Holiness has treated me,’ -he said; ‘not painted reason,<a id='r169' /><a href='#f169' class='c009'><sup>[169]</sup></a> but the truth alone, must be -our guide.’ The king prepared to begin the emancipation -of England.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Character Of Cromwell.</div> -<p class='c008'>Thomas Cromwell is the representative of the political -reform achieved by that prince. He was one of those powerful -natures which God creates to work important things. -His prompt and sure judgment taught him what it would be -possible to do under a Tudor king, and his intrepid energy -put him in a position to accomplish it. He had an instinctive -horror of superstitions and abuses, tracked them to their -remotest corner, and threw them down with a vigorous arm. -Every obstacle was scattered under the wheels of his car. -He even defended the evangelicals against their persecutors, -without committing himself, however, and encouraged the -reading of Holy Scripture; but the royal supremacy, of -which he was the originator, was his idol.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The exactions of Rome in England were numerous: the -king and Cromwell were content for the moment to abolish -one, the appropriation by the papacy of the first year’s income -of all ecclesiastical benefices. ‘These <i>annates</i>,’ said -Cromwell, ‘have cost England eight hundred thousand -ducats since the second year of Henry <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr><a id='r170' /><a href='#f170' class='c009'><sup>[170]</sup></a> If, in consequence -of the abolition of annates, the pope does not send a -bishop his bull of ordination, the archbishop or two bishops -shall ordain him, as in the old times.’ Accordingly, in -March, 1532, the Lower House agreed to a resolution, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_88'>88</span>which they expressed in these words: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>A cest bille les communes -sont assentes</i></span>, To this bill the Commons assent.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishops were overjoyed: they had to incur great -expenses for their establishment, and the first money arising -from their benefice went to the pope. Their friends used to -make them pecuniary advances; but if the bishop died -shortly after his enthronization, these advances were lost. -Some of the bishops, fearing the opposition of the pope, exclaimed: -‘These exactions are contrary to God’s law. <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Paul bids us withdraw ourselves from all such as walk inordinately. -Therefore, if the pope claims to keep the annates, -let it please your Majesty and parliament to withdraw -the obedience of the people from the see of Rome.’<a id='r171' /><a href='#f171' class='c009'><sup>[171]</sup></a> The -king was more moderate than the prelates: he said he would -wait a year or two before giving his assent to the bill.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the bishops refused the pope his ancient revenue, they -refused the king the new authority claimed by the crown, -and maintained that no secular power had any right to meddle -with them.<a id='r172' /><a href='#f172' class='c009'><sup>[172]</sup></a> Cromwell resisted them, and determined -to carry out the reform of abuses. ‘The clergy,’ said the -Commons to the king, ‘make laws in convocation without -your assent and ours which are in opposition to the statutes -of the realm, and then excommunicate those who violate -such laws.’<a id='r173' /><a href='#f173' class='c009'><sup>[173]</sup></a> A second time the frightened bishops vainly -prayed the king to make his laws harmonize with theirs. -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> insisted that the Church should conform to -the State, and not the State to the Church, and he was inexorable. -The bishops knew well that it was their union -with powerful pontiffs, always ready to defend them against -kings, which had given them so much strength in the middle -ages, and that now they must yield. They therefore lowered -their flag before the authority which they had themselves set -up. Convocation did, indeed, make a last effort. It represented -<span class='pageno' id='Page_89'>89</span>that ‘the authority of bishops proceeds immediately -from God, and from no power of any secular prince, as <i>your -Highness hath shown in your own book most excellently written -against Martin Luther</i>.’ But the king was firm, and -made the prelates yield at last.<a id='r174' /><a href='#f174' class='c009'><sup>[174]</sup></a> Thus was a great revolution -accomplished: the spiritual power was taken away from -those arrogant priests who had so long usurped the rights of -the members of the Church. It was only justice; but it -ought to have been placed in better hands than those of -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Contradictory Oaths.</div> -<p class='c008'>Cromwell was preparing a fresh blow that would strike -the pontiff’s triple crown. He drew his master’s attention -to the oaths which the bishops took at their consecration, -both to the king and to the pope. Henry first read the oath -to the pope. ‘I swear,’ said the bishop, ‘to defend the papacy -of Rome, the regality of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter, against all men. -If I know of any plot against the pope, I will resist it with -all my might, and will give him warning. Heretics, schismatics, -and rebels to our holy father, I shall resist and persecute -with all my power.’<a id='r175' /><a href='#f175' class='c009'><sup>[175]</sup></a> On the other hand, the bishops -took an oath to the king at the same time, wherein they -renounced every clause or grant which, coming from the -pope, might be in any way detrimental to his Majesty. In -one breath they must obey the pope and disobey him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Such contradictions could not last: the king wanted the -English to be, not with Rome but with England. Accordingly -he sent for the Speaker of the Commons, and said to -him: ‘On examining the matter closely, I find that the -bishops, instead of being wholly my subjects, are only so by -halves. They swear an oath to the pope quite contrary to -that they swear to the crown; so that they are the pope’s -subjects rather than mine.<a id='r176' /><a href='#f176' class='c009'><sup>[176]</sup></a> I refer the matter to your -care.’ Parliament was prorogued three days later on account -<span class='pageno' id='Page_90'>90</span>of the plague; but the prelates declared that they -renounced all orders of the pope prejudicial to his Majesty’s -rights.<a id='r177' /><a href='#f177' class='c009'><sup>[177]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The political party was delighted, the papal party confounded. -The convents reëchoed with rumors, maledictions, -and the strangest projects. The monks, during the -visits they made in their daily rounds, raved against the encroachments -made on the power of the pope. When they -went up into the pulpit, they declaimed against the sacrilege -of which Cromwell (they said) was the author and the -English people the victims.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To the last the English priests had hoped in Sir Thomas -More. That disciple of Erasmus had acted like his master. -After assailing the Romish superstitions with biting jests, he -had turned round, and seeing the Reformation attack them -with weapons still more powerful, he had fought against the -evangelicals with fire. For two years he had filled the office -of lord-chancellor with unequalled activity and integrity. -Convocation having offered him four thousand pounds sterling -‘for the pains he had taken in God’s quarrel,’<a id='r178' /><a href='#f178' class='c009'><sup>[178]</sup></a> he answered: -‘I will receive no recompense save from God -alone;’ and when the priests urged him to accept the money -he said: ‘I would sooner throw it into the Thames.’ He -did not persecute from any mercenary motives; but the -more he advanced, the more bigoted and fanatical he became. -Every Sunday he put on a surplice and sang mass at Chelsea. -The Duke of Norfolk surprised him one day in this -equipment. ‘What do I see?’ he exclaimed. ‘My lord-chancellor -acting the parish clerk ... you dishonour your -office and your king.’<a id='r179' /><a href='#f179' class='c009'><sup>[179]</sup></a>—‘Not so,’ answered Sir Thomas, -seriously, ‘for I am honoring his master and ours.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The great question of the bishop’s oath warned him that -he could not serve both the king and the pope. His mind -was soon made up. In the afternoon of the <abbr title='sixteenth'>16th</abbr> of May -he went to Whitehall gardens, where the king awaited him, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_91'>91</span>and in the presence of the Duke of Norfolk resigned the -seals.<a id='r180' /><a href='#f180' class='c009'><sup>[180]</sup></a> On his return home, he cheerfully told his wife and -daughters of his resignation, but they were much disturbed -by it. As for Sir Thomas, delighted at being freed from his -charge, he indulged more than ever in his flagellations, without -renouncing his witty sayings—Erasmus and Loyola -combined in one.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry gave the seals to Sir Thomas Audley, a man well -disposed towards the Gospel: this was preparing the emancipation -of England. Yet the Reformation was still exposed -to great danger.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Real Founders Of Reform.</div> -<p class='c008'>Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> wished to abolish popery and set catholicism -in its place—maintain the doctrine of Rome, but substitute -the authority of the king for that of the pontiff. He was -wrong in keeping the catholic doctrine; he was wrong in -establishing the jurisdiction of the prince in the church. -Evangelical Christians had to contend against these two -evils in England, and to establish the supreme and exclusive -sovereignty of the Word of God. Can we blame them if -they have not entirely succeeded? To attain their object -they willingly have poured out their blood.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-14' class='c004'>CHAPTER XIV. <br /> LIBERTY OF INQUIRY AND OF PREACHING IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. <br />(1532.)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>There are writers who seriously ascribe the Reformation -of England to the divorce of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, and thus silently -pass over the Word of God and the labors of the evangelical -men who really founded protestant Christianity in that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_92'>92</span>country. As well forget that light proceeds from the sun. -But for the faith of such men as Bilney, Latimer, and Tyndale, -the Church of England, with its king, ministers of -state, parliament, bishops, cathedrals, liturgy, hierarchy, and -ceremonies, would have been a gallant bark, well supplied -with masts, sails, and rigging, and manned by able sailors; -but acted on by no breath from heaven. The Church -would have stood still. It is in the humble members of the -kingdom of God that its real strength lies. ‘Those whom -the Lord has exalted to high estate,’ says Calvin, ‘most -often fall back little by little, or are ruined at one blow.’ -England, with its wealth and grandeur, needed a counter-poise: -the living faith of the poor in spirit. If a people attain -a high degree of material prosperity; if they conquer -by their energy the powers of nature; if they compel industry -to lavish its stores on them; if they cover the seas -with their ships, the more distant countries with their colonies -and marts, and fill their warehouses and their dwellings -with the produce of the whole earth, then great dangers encompass -them. Material things threaten to extinguish the -sacred fire in their bosoms; and unless the Holy Ghost -raises up a salutary opposition against such snares, that -people, instead of acting a moralizing and civilizing part, -may turn out nothing better than a huge noisy machine, fitted -only to satisfy vulgar appetites. For a nation to do justice -to a high and glorious calling, it must have within itself -the life of faith, holiness of conscience, and the hope of incorruptible -riches. At this time there were men in England -in whose hearts God had kindled a holy flame, and who -were to become the most important instruments of its moral -transformation.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Lambert’s Examination.</div> -<p class='c008'>About the end of 1531, a young minister, John Nicholson, -surnamed Lambert, was on board one of the ships that -traded between London and Antwerp. He was chaplain to -the English factory at the latter place, well versed in the -writings of Luther and other reformers, intimate with Tyndale, -and had preached the Gospel with power. Being accused -<span class='pageno' id='Page_93'>93</span>of heresy by a certain Barlow, he was seized, put in -irons, and sent to London. Alone in the ship, he retraced -in his memory the principal events of his life—how he -had been converted at Cambridge by Bilney’s ministry; -how, mingling with the crowd around <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s Cross, he -had heard the Bishop of Rochester preach against the New -Testament; and how, terrified by the impiety of the priests, -and burning with desire to gain the knowledge of God, he -had crossed the sea. When he reached England, he was -taken to Lambeth, where he underwent a preliminary examination. -He was then taken to Ottford, where the archbishop -had a fine palace, and was left there for some time in -a miserable hole, almost without food. At last he was -brought before the archbishop, and called upon to reply to -forty-five different articles.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Lambert, during his residence on the Continent, had become -thoroughly imbued with the principles of the Reformation. -He believed that it was only by entire freedom of -inquiry that men could be convinced of the truth. But he -had not wandered without a compass over the vast ocean -of human opinions: he had taken the Bible in his hand, believing -firmly that every doctrine found therein is true, and -everything that contradicts it is false. On the one hand he -saw the ultramontane system which opposes religious freedom, -freedom of the press, and even freedom of reading; -on the other hand protestantism, which declares that every -man ought to be free to examine Scripture and submit to -its teachings.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The archbishop, attended by his officers, having taken his -seat in the palace chapel, Lambert was brought in, and the -examination began.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Have you read Luther’s books?’ asked the prelate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Yes,’ replied Lambert, ‘and I thank God that ever I did -so, for by them hath God shown me, and a vast multitude -of others also, such light as the darkness cannot abide.’ -Then testifying to the freedom of inquiry, he added: ‘Luther -desires above all things that his writings and the writings -<span class='pageno' id='Page_94'>94</span>of all his adversaries may be translated into all languages, -to the intent that all people may see and know what -is said on each side, whereby they may better judge what is -the truth. And this is done not only by hundreds and -thousands, but by whole cities and countries, both high and -low. But (he continued) in England our prelates are -so drowned in voluptuous living that they have no leisure -to study God’s Scripture; they abhor it, no less than they -abhor death, giving no other reason than the tyrannical saying -of Sardanapalus: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Sic volo, sic jubeo, sit pro ratione voluntas</i></span>, -So I will, so do I command, and let my will for reason -stand.’<a id='r181' /><a href='#f181' class='c009'><sup>[181]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Lambert, wishing to make these matters intelligible to the -people, said: ‘When you desire to buy cloth, you will not -be satisfied with seeing one merchant’s wares, but go from -the first to the second, from the second to the third, to find -who has the best cloth. Will you be more remiss about -your soul’s health?... When you go a journey, not knowing -perfectly the way, you will inquire of one man after -another; so ought we likewise to seek about entering the -kingdom of heaven. Chrysostom himself teaches you this.<a id='r182' /><a href='#f182' class='c009'><sup>[182]</sup></a>... -Read the works not only of Luther, but also of all -others, be they ever so ill or good. No good law forbids it, -but only constitutions pharisaical.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Warham, who was as much opposed then to the liberty of -the press as the popes are now, could see nothing but a -boundless chaos in this freedom of inquiry. ‘Images are -sufficient,’ he said, ‘to keep Christ and His saints in our remembrance.’ -But Lambert exclaimed: ‘What have we to -do with senseless stones or wood carved by the hand of man? -That Word which came from the breast of Christ Himself -showeth us perfectly His blessed will.’<a id='r183' /><a href='#f183' class='c009'><sup>[183]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Warham having questioned Lambert as to the number of his -followers, he answered: ‘A great multitude through all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_95'>95</span>regions and realms of Christendom think in like wise as I -have showed. I ween the multitude mounteth nigh unto the -one half of Christendom.’<a id='r184' /><a href='#f184' class='c009'><sup>[184]</sup></a> Lambert was taken back to -prison; but More having resigned the seals, and Warham -dying, this herald of liberty and truth saw his chains fall off. -One day, however, he was to die by fire, and, forgetting all -controversy, to exclaim in the midst of the flames: ‘Nothing -but Jesus Christ.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer’s Evangelical Courage.</div> -<p class='c008'>There was a minister of the Word in London who exasperated -the friends of Rome more than all the rest; this -man was Latimer. The court of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, which was -worldly, magnificent, fond of pleasures, intrigue, the elegances -of dress, furniture, banquets, and refinement of language -and manners, was not a favorable field for the Gospel. -‘It is very difficult,’ said a reformer, ‘that costly -trappings, solemn banquets, the excesses of pride, a flood -of pleasure and debauchery should not bring many evils in -their train.’ Thus the priests and courtiers could not endure -Latimer’s sermons. If Lambert was for freedom of -inquiry, the king’s chaplain was for freedom of preaching: -his zeal sometimes touched upon imprudence, and his biting -wit, his extreme frankness, did not spare his superiors. -One day, some honest merchants, who hungered and thirsted -for the Word of God, begged him to come and preach in one -of the city churches. Thrice he refused, but yielded to -their prayers at last. The death of Bilney and of the other -martyrs had wounded him deeply. He knew that wild -beasts, when they have once tasted blood, thirst for more, -and feared that these murders, these butcheries, would only -make his adversaries fiercer. He determined to lash the -persecuting prelates with his sarcasms. Having entered the -pulpit, he preached from these words in the epistle of the -day: <i>Ye are not under the law, but under grace</i>.<a id='r185' /><a href='#f185' class='c009'><sup>[185]</sup></a> ‘What!’ -he exclaimed, ‘St. Paul teaches Christians that they are not -under the law.... What does he mean?... No -more law! <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul invites Christians to break the law. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_96'>96</span>Quick! inform against <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul, seize him and take -him before my Lord Bishop of London!... The good -apostle must be condemned to bear a fagot at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s -Cross. What a goodly sight to see <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul with a fagot -on his back, before my lord in person seated on his episcopal -throne!... But no! I am mistaken, his lordship -would not be satisfied with so little ... he would -sooner burn him.’<a id='r186' /><a href='#f186' class='c009'><sup>[186]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This ironical language was to cost Latimer dear. To no -purpose had he spoken in one of those churches which, being -dependencies of a monastery, were not under episcopal jurisdiction: -everybody about him condemned him and embittered -his life. The courtiers talked of his sermons, shrugged -their shoulders, pointed their fingers at him when he approached -them, and turned their backs on him. The favor -of the king, who had perhaps smiled at that burst of pulpit -oratory, had some trouble to protect him. The court became -more intolerable to him every day, and Latimer, withdrawing -to his closet, gave vent to many a heavy sigh. -‘What tortures I endure!’ he said; ‘in what a world I live! -Hatred ever at work; factions fighting one against the -other; folly and vanity leading the dance; dissimulation, -irreligion, debauchery, all the vices stalking abroad in open -day.... It is too much. If I were able to do something -... but I have neither the talent nor the industry -required to fight against these monsters.... I am -weary of the court.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer Quits The Court.</div> -<p class='c008'>Latimer had recently been presented to the living of -West Kington, in the diocese of Salisbury. Wishing to uphold -the liberty of the Christian Church, and seeing that it -existed no longer in London, he resolved to try and find it -elsewhere. ‘I am leaving,’ he said to one of his friends: ‘I -shall go and live in my parish.’—‘What is that you say?’, -exclaimed the other; ‘Cromwell, who is at the pinnacle of -honors, and has profound designs, intends to do great things -for you.... If you leave the court, you will be forgotten, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_97'>97</span>and your rivals will rise to your place.’—‘The only -fortune I desire,’ said Latimer, ‘is to be useful.’ He departed, -turning his back on the episcopal crosier to which -his friend had alluded.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer began to preach with zeal in Wiltshire, and not -only in his own parish, but in the parishes around him. -His diligence was so great, his preaching so mighty, says -Foxe,<a id='r187' /><a href='#f187' class='c009'><sup>[187]</sup></a> that his hearers must either believe the doctrine he -preached or rise against it. ‘Whosoever entereth not into -the fold by the door, which is Christ, be he priest, bishop, or -pope, is a robber,’ said he. ‘In the Church there are more -thieves than shepherds, and more goats than sheep.’<a id='r188' /><a href='#f188' class='c009'><sup>[188]</sup></a> His -hearers were astounded. One of them (Dr. Sherwood) said -to him: ‘What a sermon, or rather what a satire! If we -believe you, all the hemp in England would not be enough -to hang those thieves of bishops, priests, and curates.<a id='r189' /><a href='#f189' class='c009'><sup>[189]</sup></a>... -It is all exaggeration, no doubt, but such exaggeration -is rash, audacious, and impious.’ The priests looked -about for some valiant champion of Rome, ready to fight -with him the quarrel of the Church.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One day there rode into the village an old doctor, of strange -aspect; he wore no shirt, but was covered with a long gown -that reached down to the horse’s heels, ‘all bedirted like a -slobber,’ says a chronicler.<a id='r190' /><a href='#f190' class='c009'><sup>[190]</sup></a> He took no care for the things -of the body, in order that people should believe he was the -more given up to the contemplation of the interests of the -soul. He dismounted gravely from his horse, proclaimed -his intention of fasting, and began a series of long prayers. -This person, by name Hubberdin, the Don Quixote of Roman-catholicism, -went wandering all over the kingdom, extolling -the pope at the expense of kings and even of Jesus -Christ, and declaiming against Luther, Zwingle, Tyndale, -and Latimer.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_98'>98</span>On a feast-day Hubberdin put on a clerical gown rather -cleaner than the one he generally wore, and went into the -pulpit, where he undertook to prove that the new doctrine -came from the devil—which he demonstrated by stories, -fables, dreams, and amusing dialogues. He danced and -hopped and leaped about, and gesticulated, as if he were a -stage-player, and his sermon a sort of interlude.<a id='r191' /><a href='#f191' class='c009'><sup>[191]</sup></a> His hearers -were surprised and diverted; Latimer was disgusted. -‘You lie,’ he said, ‘when you call the faith of Scripture a -new doctrine, unless you mean to say that it makes new -creatures of those who receive it.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Hubberdin being unable to shut the mouth of the eloquent -chaplain with his mountebank tricks, the bishops and nobility -of the neighborhood resolved to denounce Latimer. A -messenger handed him a writ, summoning him to appear -personally before the Bishop of London to answer touching -certain excesses and crimes committed by him.<a id='r192' /><a href='#f192' class='c009'><sup>[192]</sup></a> Putting -down the paper which contained this threatening message, -Latimer began to reflect. His position was critical. -He was at that time suffering from the stone, with pains in -the head and bowels. It was in the dead of winter, and -moreover he was alone at West Kington, with no friend to -advise him. Being of a generous and daring temperament, -he rushed hastily into the heat of the combat, but was easily -dejected. ‘Jesu mercy! what a world is this,’ he exclaimed, -‘that I shall be put to so great labor and pains above my -power for preaching of a poor simple sermon! But we -must needs suffer, and so enter into the kingdom of Christ.’<a id='r193' /><a href='#f193' class='c009'><sup>[193]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The terrible summons lay on the table. Latimer took it -up and read it. He was no longer the brilliant court-chaplain -who charmed fashionable congregations by his eloquence; -he was a poor country minister, forsaken by all. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_99'>99</span>He was sorrowful. ‘I am surprised,’ he said, ‘that my lord -of London, who has so large a diocese in which he ought to -preach the Word in season and out of season,<a id='r194' /><a href='#f194' class='c009'><sup>[194]</sup></a> should have -leisure enough to come and trouble me in my little parish ... -wretched me, who am quite a stranger to him.’ -He appealed to his ordinary; but Bishop Stokesley did not -intend to let him go, and being as able as he was violent, he -prayed the archbishop, as primate of all England, to summon -Latimer before his court, and to commission himself -(the Bishop of London) to examine him. The chaplain’s -friends were terrified, and entreated him to leave England; -but he began his journey to London.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Attempt To Entrap Latimer.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twenty-ninth'>29th</abbr> of January, 1532, a court composed of bishops -and doctors of the canon law assembled, under the presidency -of Primate Warham, in <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s Cathedral. Latimer -having appeared, the Bishop of London presented him -a paper, and ordered him to sign it. The reformer took the -paper and read it through. There were sixteen articles on -belief in purgatory, the invocation of saints, the merit of -pilgrimages, and lastly on the power of the keys which (said -the document) belonged to the bishops of Rome, ‘even -should their lives be wicked,’<a id='r195' /><a href='#f195' class='c009'><sup>[195]</sup></a> and other such topics. Latimer -returned the paper to Stokesley, saying: ‘I cannot sign -it.’ Three times in one week he had to appear before his -judges, and each time the same scene was repeated: both -sides were inflexible. The priests then changed their tactics: -they began to tease and embarrass Latimer with innumerable -questions. As soon as one had finished, another -began with sophistry and plausibility, and interminable subterfuges. -Latimer tried to make his adversaries keep -within the circle from which they were straying, but they -would not hear him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One day, as Latimer entered the hall, he noticed a change -in the arrangement of the furniture. There was a chimney, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_100'>100</span>in which there had been a fire before: on this day there -was no fire, and the fireplace was invisible. Some tapestry -hung down over it, and the table round which the judges sat -was in the middle of the room. The accused was seated -between the table and the chimney. ‘Master Latimer,’ said -an aged bishop, whom he believed to be one of his friends, -‘pray speak a little louder: I am hard of hearing, as you -know.’ Latimer, surprised at this remark, pricked up his -ears, and fancied he heard in the fireplace the noise of a pen -upon paper.<a id='r196' /><a href='#f196' class='c009'><sup>[196]</sup></a> ‘Ho, ho!’ thought he, ‘they have hidden -some one behind there to take down my answers.’ He replied -cautiously to captious questions, much to the embarrassment -of the judges.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Latimer was disgusted, not only with the tricks of his -enemies, but still more with their ‘troublesome unquietness;’<a id='r197' /><a href='#f197' class='c009'><sup>[197]</sup></a> -because by keeping him in London they obliged -him to neglect his duties, and especially because they made -it a crime to preach the truth. The archbishop, wishing to -gain him over by marks of esteem and affection, invited him -to come and see him; but Latimer declined, being unwilling -at any price to renounce the freedom of the pulpit. The -reformers of the sixteenth century did not contend that all -doctrines should be preached from the same pulpit, but that -evangelical truth should be freely preached everywhere. -‘I have desired and still desire,’ wrote Latimer to the archbishop, -‘that our people should learn the difference between -the doctrines which God has taught and those which proceed -only from ourselves. Go, said Jesus, and <i>teach all things</i>.... -What things?... <i>all things whatsoever I -have commanded you</i>, and not <i>whatsoever you think fit to -preach</i>.<a id='r198' /><a href='#f198' class='c009'><sup>[198]</sup></a> Let us all then make an effort to preach with one -voice the things of God. I have sought not my gain, but -Christ’s gain; not my glory, but God’s glory. And so long -<span class='pageno' id='Page_101'>101</span>as I have a breath of life remaining, I will continue to do -so.’<a id='r199' /><a href='#f199' class='c009'><sup>[199]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus spoke the bold preacher. It is by such unshakable -fidelity that great revolutions are accomplished.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Latimer Excommunicated.</div> -<p class='c008'>As Latimer was deaf to all their persuasion, there was -nothing to be done but to threaten the stake. The charge -was transferred to the Convocation of Canterbury, and on -the <abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> of March, 1532, he appeared before that body at -Westminster. The fifteen articles were set before him. -‘Master Latimer,’ said the archbishop,’the synod calls upon -you to sign these articles.’—‘I refuse,’ he answered.—All -the bishops pressed him earnestly. ‘I refuse absolutely,’ -he answered a second time. Warham, the friend of learning, -could not make up his mind to condemn one of the finest -geniuses of England. ‘Have pity on yourself,’ he said. -‘A third and last time we entreat you to sign these articles.’ -Although Latimer knew that a negative would probably -consign him to the stake, he still answered, ‘I refuse absolutely.’<a id='r200' /><a href='#f200' class='c009'><sup>[200]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The patience of Convocation was now exhausted. ‘Heretic! -obstinate heretic!’ exclaimed the bishops. ‘We have -heard it from his own mouth. Let him be excommunicated.’ -The sentence of excommunication was pronounced, and -Latimer was taken to the Lollards’ Tower.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Great was the agitation both in city and court. The -creatures of the priests were already singing in the streets -songs with a burden like this:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Wherefore it were pity thou shouldst die for cold.<a id='r201' /><a href='#f201' class='c009'><sup>[201]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>‘Ah!’ said Latimer in the Martyr’s Tower, ‘if they had -asked me to confess that I have been too prompt to use sarcasm, -I should have been ready to do so, for sin is a heavy -load. O God! unto Thee I cry; wash me in the blood of -Jesus Christ.’ He looked for death, knowing well that few -<span class='pageno' id='Page_102'>102</span>left that tower except for the scaffold. ‘What is to be -done?’ said Warham and the bishops. Many of them -would have handed the prisoner over to the magistrate to -do what was customary, but the rule of the papacy was -coming to an end in England, and Latimer was the king’s -chaplain. One dexterous prelate suggested a means of -reconciling everything. ‘We must obtain something from -him, be it ever so little, and then report everywhere that he -has recanted.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Some priests went to see the prisoner: ‘Will you not -yield anything?’ they asked.—‘I have been too violent,’ -said Latimer, ‘and I humble myself accordingly.’—‘But -will you not recognize the merit of works?’—‘No!’—‘Prayers -to the saints?’—‘No!’—‘Purgatory?’—‘No!’—‘The -power of the keys given to the pope?’—‘No! I tell -you.’—A bright idea occurred to one of the priests. Luther -taught that it was not only permitted, but praiseworthy, to -have the crucifix and the images of the saints, provided that -it was merely to remind us of them and not to invoke them. -He had added, that the Reformation ought not to abolish -fast days, but to strive to make them realities.<a id='r202' /><a href='#f202' class='c009'><sup>[202]</sup></a> Latimer -declared that he was of the same opinion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The deputation hastened to carry this news to the bishops. -The more fanatical of them could not make up their minds -to be satisfied with so little. What! no purgatory, no virtue -in the mass, no prayers to saints, no power of the keys, -no meritorious works! It was a signal defeat; but the -bishops knew that the king would not suffer the condemnation -of his chaplain. Convocation decided, after a long discussion -that if Master Latimer would sign the two articles, -he should be absolved from the sentence of excommunication. -In fact, on the <abbr title='tenth'>10th</abbr> of April the Church withdrew -the condemnation it had already pronounced.<a id='r203' /><a href='#f203' class='c009'><sup>[203]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_103'>103</span> - <h2 id='chap6-15' class='c004'>CHAPTER XV. <br /> HENRY <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> ATTACKS THE PARTISANS OF THE POPE AND THE REFORMATION. <br /> (1532.)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Franciscans Preach At Henry.</div> -<p class='c008'>The vital principle of the Reformation of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> was -its opposition both to Rome and the Gospel. He did not -hesitate, like many, between these two doctrines: he punished -alike, by exile or by fire, the disciples of the Vatican and -those of Holy Scripture.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Desiring to show that the resolution he had taken to separate -from Catherine was immutable, the king had lodged -Anne Boleyn in the palace at Greenwich, although the -queen was still there, and had given her a reception room -and a royal state. The crowd of courtiers, abandoning the -setting star, turned towards that which was appearing above -the horizon. Henry respected Anne’s person and was -eager that all the world should know that if she was not actually -queen she would be so one day. There was a want -of delicacy and principle in the king’s conduct, at which the -catholic party were much irritated, and not without a cause.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The monks of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Francis who officiated in the royal -chapel at Greenwich took every opportunity of asserting -their attachment to Catherine and to the pope. Anne vainly -tried to gain them over by her charms; if she succeeded -with a few, she failed with the greater number. Their superior, -Father Forest, Catherine’s confessor, warmly defended -the rights of that unhappy princess. Preaching at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Paul’s Cross, he delivered a sermon in which Henry was -violently attacked, although he was not named. Those who -had heard it made a great noise about it, and Forest was -summoned to the court. ‘What will be done to him?’ -people asked; but instead of sending him to prison, as many -<span class='pageno' id='Page_104'>104</span>expected, the king received him well, spoke with him for -half an hour, and ‘sent him a great piece of beef from his -own table.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>On returning to his convent, Forest described with triumph -this flattering reception; but the king did not attain -his object. Among these monks there were men of independent, -perhaps of fanatical, character, whom no favors -could gain over.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One of them, by name Peto, until then unknown, but afterwards -of great repute in the catholic world as cardinal -legate from the pope in England,<a id='r204' /><a href='#f204' class='c009'><sup>[204]</sup></a> thinking that Forest had -not said enough, determined to go further. Anne Boleyn’s -elevation filled him with anger: he longed to speak out, and -as the king and all the court would be present in the chapel -on the 1st of May, he chose for his text the words of the -prophet Elijah to King Ahab: <i>The dogs shall lick thy blood</i>.<a id='r205' /><a href='#f205' class='c009'><sup>[205]</sup></a> -He drew a portrait of Ahab, described his malice and wickedness, -and although he did not name Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, certain -passages made the hearers feel uncomfortable. At the peroration, -turning towards the king, he said: ‘Now hear, O -king, what I have to say unto thee, as of old time Micaiah -spoke to Ahab. This new marriage is unlawful. There are -other preachers who, to become rich abbots or mighty bishops, -betray thy soul, thy honor, and thy posterity. Take -heed lest thou, being seduced like Ahab, find Ahab’s punishment ... -who had his blood licked up by the dogs.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The court was astounded; but the king, whose features -were unmoved during this apostrophe, waited until the end -of the service, left the chapel as if nothing had happened, -and allowed Peto to depart for Canterbury. But Henry -could not permit such invectives to pass unnoticed. A clergyman -named Kirwan was commissioned to preach in the -same chapel on the following Sunday. The congregation -was still more numerous than before, and more curious also. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_105'>105</span>Some monks of the order of Observants, friends of Peto, got -into the rood-loft, determined to defend him. The doctor began -his sermon. After establishing the lawfulness of Henry’s -intended marriage, he came to the sermon of the preceding -Sunday and the insults of the preacher. ‘I speak to thee, -Peto,’ he exclaimed, ‘who makest thyself Micaiah; we look for -thee, but thou art not to be found, having fled for fear and -shame.’ There was a noise in the rood-loft, and one of the Observants -named Elstow rose and called out: ‘You know that -Father Peto is gone to Canterbury to a provincial council, but -I am here to answer you. And to this combat I challenge -thee, Kirwan, prophet of lies, who for thy own vainglory art -betraying thy king into endless perdition.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The chapel was instantly one scene of confusion: nothing -could be heard. Then the king rose: his princely stature, -his royal air, his majestic manners overawed the crowd. -All were silent, and the agitated congregation left the chapel -respectfully. Peto and his friend were summoned before -the council. ‘You deserve to be sewn in a sack and thrown -into the Thames,’ said one. ‘We fear nothing,’ answered -Elstow; ‘the way to heaven is as short by water as by -land.’<a id='r206' /><a href='#f206' class='c009'><sup>[206]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry having thus made war on the partisans of the -pope, turned to those of the Reformation. Like a child, he -see-sawed to and fro, first on one side, then on the other; -but his sport was a more terrible one, for every time he -touched the ground the blood spurted forth.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Christian Meetings In London.</div> -<p class='c008'>At that time there were many Christians in England to -whom the Roman worship brought no edification. Having -procured Tyndale’s translation of the Word of God, they -felt that they possessed it not only for themselves but for -others. They sought each others company, and met together -to read the Bible and receive spiritual graces from -God. Several Christian assemblies of this kind had been -formed in London, in garrets, in warehouses, schools and -shops, and one of them was held in a warehouse in Bow -<span class='pageno' id='Page_106'>106</span>Lane. Among its frequenters was the son of a Gloucestershire -knight, James Bainham, by name, a man well read in -the classics, and a distinguished lawyer, respected by all for -his piety and works of charity. To give advice freely to -widows and orphans, to see justice done to the oppressed, -to aid poor students, protect pious persons, and visit the -prisons, were his daily occupations. ‘He was an earnest -reader of Scripture, and mightily addicted to prayer.’<a id='r207' /><a href='#f207' class='c009'><sup>[207]</sup></a> -When he entered the meeting, every one could see that his -countenance expressed a calm joy; but for a month past -his Bow Lane friends noticed him to be agitated and cast -down, and heard him sighing heavily. The cause was this. -Sometime before (in 1531), when he was engaged about his -business in the Middle Temple, this ‘model of lawyers’ had -been arrested by order of More, who was still chancellor, -and taken like a criminal to the house of the celebrated humanist -at Chelsea. Sir Thomas, quite distressed at seeing a -man so distinguished leave the Church of Rome, had employed -all his eloquence to bring him back; but finding his -efforts useless, he had ordered Bainham to be taken into his -garden and tied to ‘the tree of truth.’ There the chancellor -whipped him, or caused him to be whipped: we adopt -the latter version, which is more probable.<a id='r208' /><a href='#f208' class='c009'><sup>[208]</sup></a> Bainham having -refused to give the names of the gentlemen of the Temple -tainted with heresy, he was taken to the Tower. ‘Put -him on the rack,’ cried the learned chancellor, now become -a fanatical persecutor. The order was obeyed in his presence. -The arms and legs of the unfortunate protestant -were seized by the instrument and pulled in opposite directions; -his limbs were dislocated, and he went lame out of -the torture-chamber.<a id='r209' /><a href='#f209' class='c009'><sup>[209]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bainham Persecuted.</div> -<p class='c008'>Sir Thomas had broken his victim’s limbs, but not his -courage; and accordingly when Bainham was summoned -<span class='pageno' id='Page_107'>107</span>before the Bishop of London, he went to the palace rejoicing -to have to confess his Master once more. ‘Do you believe -in purgatory?’ said Stokesley to him sternly. Bainham -answered: ‘<i>The blood of Jesus Christ cleanseth us from all -sin</i>.’<a id='r210' /><a href='#f210' class='c009'><sup>[210]</sup></a> ‘Do you believe that we ought to call upon the saints -to pray for us?’ He again answered: ‘<i>If any man sin, we -have an advocate with the Father—Jesus Christ the righteous</i>.’<a id='r211' /><a href='#f211' class='c009'><sup>[211]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>A man who answered only by texts from Scripture was -embarrassing. More and Stokesley made the most alluring -promises, and no means were spared to bend him.<a id='r212' /><a href='#f212' class='c009'><sup>[212]</sup></a> Before -long they resorted to more serious representations: ‘The -arms of the Church your mother are still open to you,’ they -said; ‘but if you continue stubborn, they will close against -you forever. It is now or never!’ For a whole month -the bishop and the chancellor persevered in their entreaties; -Bainham replied: ‘My faith is that of the holy Church.’ -Hearing these words, Foxford, the bishop’s secretary, took -out a paper. ‘Here is the abjuration,’ he said; ‘read it -over.’ Bainham began: ‘I voluntarily, as a true penitent -returned from my heresy, utterly abjure’.... At these -words he stopped, and glancing over what followed, he continued: -‘No, these articles are not heretical, and I cannot -retract them.’ Other springs were now set in motion to -shake Bainham. The prayers of his friends, the threats of -his enemies, especially the thought of his wife, whom he -loved, and who would be left alone in destitution, exposed -to the anger of the world: these things troubled his soul. -He lost sight of the narrow path he ought to follow, and -five days later he read his abjuration with a faint voice. -But he had hardly got to the end before he burst into tears, -and said, struggling with his emotion: ‘I reserve the doctrines.’ -He consented to remain in the Roman Church, still -preserving his evangelical faith. But this was not what the -bishop and his officers meant. ‘Kiss that book,’ they said to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_108'>108</span>him threateningly. Bainham, like one stunned, kissed the -book; that was the sign; the adjuration was looked upon -as complete. He was condemned to pay a fine of twenty -pounds sterling, and to do penance at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s Cross. -After that he was set at liberty, on the <abbr title='seventeenth'>17th</abbr> of February.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Bainham returned to the midst of his brethren: they -looked sorrowfully at him, but did not reproach him with -his fault. That was quite unnecessary. The worm of remorse -was preying on him; he abhorred the fatal kiss by -which he had sealed his fall; his conscience was never -quiet; he could neither eat nor sleep, and trembled at the -thought of death. At one time he would hide his anguish -and stifle it within his breast; at another his grief would -break forth, and he would try to relieve his pain by groans -of sorrow. The thought of appearing before the tribunal -of God made him faint. The restoration of conscience to -all its rights was the foremost work of the Reformation. -Luther, Calvin, and an endless number of more obscure reformers -had reached the haven of safety through the midst -of such tempests. ‘A tragedy was being acted in all protestant -souls,’ says a writer who does not belong to the Reformation—the -eternal tragedy of conscience.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Bainham felt that the only means of recovering peace was -to accuse himself openly before God and man. Taking -Tyndale’s New Testament in his hand, which was at once -his joy and his strength, he went to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Austin’s church, sat -down quietly in the midst of the congregation, and then at a -certain moment stood up and said: ‘I have denied the -truth.’... He could not continue for his tears.<a id='r213' /><a href='#f213' class='c009'><sup>[213]</sup></a> On -recovering, he said: ‘If I were not to return again to the -doctrine I have abjured, this word of Scripture would condemn -me both body and soul at the day of judgment.’ And -he lifted up the New Testament before all the congregation. -‘O my friends,’ he continued, ‘rather die than sin as I have -done. The fires of hell have consumed me, and I would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_109'>109</span>not feel them again for all the gold and glory of the -world.’<a id='r214' /><a href='#f214' class='c009'><sup>[214]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Then his enemies seized him again and shut him up in the -bishop’s coal-cellar, where, after putting him in irons, they -left him for four days. He was afterwards taken to the -Tower, where he was scourged every day for a fortnight, -and at last condemned as a relapsed heretic.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bainham Executed.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the eve of the execution four distinguished men, one -of whom was Latimer, were dining together in London. It -was commonly reported that Bainham was to be put to death -for saying that Thomas à Becket was a traitor worthy of -hell. ‘Is it worth a man’s while to sacrifice his life for such -a trifle?’ said the four friends. ‘Let us go to Newgate -and save him if possible.’ They were taken along several -gloomy passages, and found themselves at last in the presence -of a man, sitting on a little straw, holding a book in -one hand and a candle in the other.<a id='r215' /><a href='#f215' class='c009'><sup>[215]</sup></a> He was reading; -it was Bainham. Latimer drew near him: ‘Take care,’ he -said, ‘that no vainglory make you sacrifice your life for motives -which are not worth the cost.’ ‘I am condemned,’ answered -Bainham, ‘for trusting in Scripture and rejecting -purgatory, masses, and meritorious works.’—‘I acknowledge -that for such truths a man must be ready to die.’ -Bainham was ready; and yet he burst into tears. ‘Why do -you weep?’ asked Latimer. ‘I have a wife,’ answered the -prisoner, ‘the best that man ever had. A widow, destitute -of everything and without a supporter, everybody will point -at her and say, That is the heretic’s wife.’<a id='r216' /><a href='#f216' class='c009'><sup>[216]</sup></a> Latimer and -his friends tried to console him, and then they departed -from the gloomy dungeon.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day (<abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of April, 1532) Bainham was taken -to the scaffold. Soldiers on horseback surrounded the pile: -Master Pave, the city clerk, directed the execution. Bainham, -after a prayer, rose up, embraced the stake, and was -fastened to it with a chain. ‘Good people,’ he said to the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_110'>110</span>persons who stood round him, ‘I die for having said it is -lawful for every man and woman to have God’s book. I -die for having said that the true key of heaven is not that -of the Bishop of Rome, but the preaching of the Gospel. -I die for having said that there is no other purgatory than -the cross of Christ, with its consequent persecutions and -afflictions.’—‘Thou liest, thou heretic,’ exclaimed Pave; -‘thou hast denied the blessed sacrament of the altar.’—‘I -do not deny the sacrament of Christ’s body,’ resumed Bainham, -‘but I do deny your idolatry to a piece of bread.’—‘Light -the fire,’ shouted Pave. The executioners set fire -to a train of gunpowder, and as the flame approached him, -Bainham lifted up his eyes towards heaven, and said to -the town clerk: ‘God forgive thee! the Lord forgive Sir -Thomas More ... pray for me, all good people!’ -The arms and legs of the martyr were soon consumed, and -thinking only how to glorify his Saviour, he exclaimed: -‘Behold! you look for miracles, you may see one here; for -in this fire I feel no more pain than if I were on a bed of -roses.’<a id='r217' /><a href='#f217' class='c009'><sup>[217]</sup></a> The primitive Church hardly had a more glorious -martyr.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Pave had Bainham’s image continually before his eyes, -and his last prayer rang day and night in his heart. In the -garret of his house, far removed from noise, he had fitted -up a kind of oratory, where he had placed a crucifix, before -which he used to pray and shed bitter tears.<a id='r218' /><a href='#f218' class='c009'><sup>[218]</sup></a> He abhorred -himself: half mad, he suffered indescribable sorrow, and -struggled under great anguish. The dying Bainham had -said to him: ‘May God show thee more mercy than thou -hast shown to me!’ But Pave could not believe in mercy: -he saw no other remedy for his despair than death. About -a year after Bainham’s martyrdom, he sent his domestics -and clerks on different errands, keeping only one servant-maid -in the house. As soon as his wife had gone to church, -he went out himself, bought a rope, and hiding it carefully -under his gown, went up into the garret. He stopped -<span class='pageno' id='Page_111'>111</span>before the crucifix, and began to groan and weep. The -servant ran upstairs. ‘Take this rusty sword,’ he said, -‘clean it well, and do not disturb me.’ She had scarcely -left the room when he fastened the rope to a beam and -hanged himself.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The maid, hearing no sound, again grew alarmed, went -up to the garret, and seeing her master hanging, was struck -with terror. She ran crying to the church to fetch her -mistress home;<a id='r219' /><a href='#f219' class='c009'><sup>[219]</sup></a> but it was too late: the wretched man -could not be recalled to life.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The True Church Of God.</div> -<p class='c008'>If the deaths of the martyrs plunged the wicked into the -depths of despair, it often gave life to earnest souls. The -crowd which had surrounded the scaffold of these men of -God dispersed in profound emotion. Some returned to -their fields, others to their shops or workrooms; but the -pale faces of the martyrs followed them, their words sounded -in their souls, their virtues softened many hearts most -averse to the Gospel. ‘Oh! that I were with Bainham!’ -exclaimed one.<a id='r220' /><a href='#f220' class='c009'><sup>[220]</sup></a> These people continued for some time to -frequent the Romish churches but ere long their consciences -cried aloud to them: ‘It is Christ alone who saves -us;’ and they forsook the rites in which they could find no -consolation. They courted solitude; they procured the -writings of Wickliffe and of Tyndale, and especially the -New Testament, which they read in secret, and if any one -came near, hid them hastily under a bed, at the bottom of a -chest, in the hollow of a tree, or even under stones, until -the enemy had retired and they could take the books up -again. Then they whispered about them to their neighbors, -and often had the joy of meeting with men who thought as -they did. A surprising change was taking place. While -the priests were loudly chanting in the cathedrals the praises -of the saints, of the Virgin, and of the <i>Corpus Domini</i>, the -people were whispering together about the Saviour <i>meek and -lowly in heart</i>. All over England was heard a still, small -voice such as Elijah heard, and on hearing it wrapped his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_112'>112</span>face in his mantle and stood silent and motionless, because -the Lord was there. Great changes were about to take -place.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It is not without reason that we describe in some detail -in this history the lives and deaths of these evangelical men. -We desire to show that the Church in England, as in all -the world, is not a mere ecclesiastical hierarchy, in which -prelates exercise dominion over the inheritance of the Lord; -nor a confused assemblage of men, whose spirit imagines -about religion all kinds of doctrines contrary to the revelation -from heaven, and whose profession of faith comprehends -all the opinions that are found in the nation, from catholic -scholasticism to pantheistic materialism. The Church of -God, raised above the human systems of the superstitious -and the incredulous alike, is the assembly of those who by a -living faith are partakers of the righteousness of Christ and -of the new life of which the Holy Ghost is the creator—of -those in whom selfishness is vanquished, and who give -themselves up to the Saviour to achieve with their brethren -the conquest of the world. Such is the true Church of -God; very different, it will be seen, from all those invented -by man.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-16' class='c004'>CHAPTER XVI. <br /> THE NEW PRIMATE OF ALL ENGLAND. <br /> (<span class='sc'>February 1532 to March 1533.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>A man who for more than thirty years had had an important -voice in the management of the ecclesiastical affairs -of the kingdom now disappeared from the scene to give -place to the most influential of the reformers of England. -Warham, Archbishop of Canterbury, a learned canonist, a -skilful politician, a dexterous courtier, and the friend of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_113'>113</span>letters, had made it his special work to exalt the sacerdotal -prerogative, and to that end had had recourse to the surest -means, by fighting against the idleness, ignorance, and corruption -of the priests. He had even hoped for a reform of -the clergy, provided it emanated from episcopal authority. -But when he saw another reformation accomplished in the -name of God’s Word, without priests and against the priests, -he turned round and began to persecute the reformers, and -to strengthen the papal authority. Alarmed at the proceedings -of the Commons, he sent for three notaries, on the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> -February, 1532, and protested in their presence against -every act of parliament derogatory to the authority of the -Roman pontiff.<a id='r221' /><a href='#f221' class='c009'><sup>[221]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Death Of Warham.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twenty-second'>22d</abbr> August of the same year, just at the very -height of the crisis, ‘the second pope,’ as he was sometimes -called, was removed from his see by death, and the people -anxiously wondered who would be appointed to his vacant -place.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The choice was important, for the nomination might be -the symbol of what the Church of England was to be. -Would he be a prelate devoted to the pope, like Fisher; or -a catholic favorable to the divorce, like Gardiner; or a -moderate evangelical attached to the king, like Cranmer; -or a decided reformer, like Latimer? At this moment, -when a new era was beginning for Christendom, it was of -consequence to know whom England would take for her -guide; whether she would march at the head of civilization, -like Germany, or bring up the rear, like Spain and Italy. -The king did not favor either extreme, and hesitated between -the two other candidates. All things considered, he had no -confidence in such men as Longland and Gardiner, who -might promise and not fulfil. He wanted somebody less -political than the one and less fanatical than the other,—a -man separated from the pope on principle, and not merely -for convenience.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_114'>114</span>Cranmer, after passing a few months at Rome, had returned -to England.<a id='r222' /><a href='#f222' class='c009'><sup>[222]</sup></a> Then, departing again for Germany on a -mission from the king, he had arrived at Nuremburg, probably -in the autumn of 1531. He examined with interest -that ancient city,—its beautiful churches, its monumental -fountains, its old and picturesque castle; but there was -something that attracted him more than all these things. -Being present at the celebration of the sacrament, he noticed -that while the priest was muttering the Gospel in -Latin at the altar, the deacon went up into the pulpit, and -read it aloud in German.<a id='r223' /><a href='#f223' class='c009'><sup>[223]</sup></a> He saw that, although there -was still some appearance of catholicism in Nuremburg, in -reality the Gospel reigned there. One man’s name often -came up in the conversations he had with the principal -persons in the city. They spoke to him of Osiander as of -a man of great eloquence.<a id='r224' /><a href='#f224' class='c009'><sup>[224]</sup></a> Cranmer followed the crowd -which poured into the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Lawrence, and was -struck with the minister’s talent and piety. He sought his -acquaintance, and the two doctors had many a conversation -together, either in Cranmer’s house or in Osiander’s study; -and the German divine, being gained over to the cause of -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, published shortly after a book on unlawful -marriages.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Osiander’s Error.</div> -<p class='c008'>Cranmer, who had an affectionate heart, loved to join the -simple meals, the pious devotions, and the friendly conversations -at Osiander’s house: he was soon almost like a -member of the family. But, although his intimacy with -the Nuremburg pastor grew stronger every day, he did not -adopt all his opinions. When Osiander told him that he -must substitute the authority of Holy Scripture for that of -Rome, Cranmer gave his full assent; but the Englishman -perceived that the German entertained views different from -Luther’s on the justification of the sinner. ‘What justifies -<span class='pageno' id='Page_115'>115</span>us,’ he said, ‘is not the imputation of the merits of Christ by -faith, but the inward communication of his righteousness.’ -‘Christ,’ said Cranmer, ‘has paid the price of our redemption -by the sacrifice of his body and the fulfilling of the law; -and if we heartily believe in this work which he has perfected, -we are justified. The justified man must be sanctified, -and must work good works; but it is not the works -that justify him.’<a id='r225' /><a href='#f225' class='c009'><sup>[225]</sup></a> The conversation of the two friends -turned also upon the Lord’s Supper. Whatever may have -been Cranmer’s doctrine before, he soon came (like Calvin) -to place the real presence of Christ not in the wafer which -the priest holds between his fingers, but in the heart of the -believer.<a id='r226' /><a href='#f226' class='c009'><sup>[226]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In June, 1532, the protestant and Roman-catholic delegates -arrived at Nuremburg to arrange the religious peace. -The celibacy of the clergy immediately became one of the -points discussed. It appeared to the chiefs of the papacy -impossible to concede that article. ‘Rather abolish the mass -entirely,’ exclaimed the Archbishop of Mayence, ‘than permit -the marriage of priests.’ ‘They must come to that at last,’ said -Luther; ‘God is overthrowing the mighty from their seat.’<a id='r227' /><a href='#f227' class='c009'><sup>[227]</sup></a> -Cranmer was of his opinion. ‘It is better,’ he said, ‘for a -minister to have his own wife than to have other men’s -wives, like the priests.’<a id='r228' /><a href='#f228' class='c009'><sup>[228]</sup></a> ‘What services may not a pious -wife do for the pastor her husband,’ added Osiander, ‘among -the poor, the women, and the children?’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Cranmer had lost his wife at Cambridge, and his heart -yearned for affection. Osiander’s family presented him a -touching picture of domestic happiness. One of its members -was a niece of Osiander’s wife.<a id='r229' /><a href='#f229' class='c009'><sup>[229]</sup></a> Cranmer, charmed -with her piety and candor, and hoping to find in her the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_116'>116</span>virtuous woman who is a crown to her husband, asked her -hand and married her, not heeding the unlawful command -of those who ‘forbid to marry.’<a id='r230' /><a href='#f230' class='c009'><sup>[230]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Still Cranmer did not forget his mission. The King of -England was desirous of forming an alliance with the German -protestants, and his agent made overtures to the electoral -prince of Saxony. ‘First of all,’ answered the pious -John Frederick, ‘the two kings (of France and England) -must be in harmony with us as to the articles of faith.’<a id='r231' /><a href='#f231' class='c009'><sup>[231]</sup></a> -The alliance failed; but at the same moment, affairs took -an unexpected turn. The emperor, who was marching -against Solyman, desired the help of the King of England, -and Granvelle had some talk with Cranmer on the subject. -The latter was procuring carriages, horses, boats, tents, and -other things necessary for his journey, with the intention of -rejoining the emperor at Lintz, when a courier suddenly -brought him orders to return to London.<a id='r232' /><a href='#f232' class='c009'><sup>[232]</sup></a> It was very -vexatious. Just as he was on the point of concluding an -alliance with the nephew of Queen Catherine, in which the -matter of the divorce would consequently be arranged, -Henry’s envoy had to give up everything. He wondered -anxiously what could be the motive of this sudden and extraordinary -recall. The letters of his friends explained it.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cranmer’s Hesitation.</div> -<p class='c008'>Warham was dead, and the king thought of Cranmer to -succeed him as Archbishop of Canterbury and primate of all -England. The reformer was greatly moved: ‘Alas,’ he -exclaimed, ‘no man has ever desired a bishopric less than -myself.<a id='r233' /><a href='#f233' class='c009'><sup>[233]</sup></a> If I accept it, I must resign the delights of study -and the calm sweetness of an obscure condition.’<a id='r234' /><a href='#f234' class='c009'><sup>[234]</sup></a> Knowing -Henry’s domineering character and his peculiar religious -principles, Cranmer thought that with him the reformation -of England was impossible. He saw himself exposed -to disputes without end: there would be no more peace for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_117'>117</span>the most peaceable of men. A brilliant career, an exalted -position—he was terrified. ‘My conscience,’ he said, ‘rebels -against this call. Wretch that I am! I see nothing -but troubles and conflicts and insurmountable dangers in -my path.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Upon mature reflection, Cranmer thought he might get -out of his difficulty by gaining time, hoping that the king, -who did not like delays, would doubtless give the see to another.<a id='r235' /><a href='#f235' class='c009'><sup>[235]</sup></a> -He sent an answer that important affairs prevented -his return to England. Solyman had retreated before the -emperor; the latter had determined to pass through Italy to -Spain, and had appointed a meeting with the pope at Piacenza -or Genoa. Henry’s ambassador thought it his duty to -neutralize the fatal consequences of this interview; and -Charles having left Vienna on the <abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> of October, Cranmer -followed him two days later. The exalted dignity that -awaited him oppressed him like the nightmare. On his -road he found neither inhabitants nor food, and hay was his -only bed.<a id='r236' /><a href='#f236' class='c009'><sup>[236]</sup></a> Sometimes he crossed battle-fields covered with -the carcasses of Turks and Christians. A comet appeared -in the east foreboding some tragic event. Many declared -they had seen a flaming sword in the heavens. ‘These -strange signs,’ he wrote to Henry,’announce some great -mutation.’<a id='r237' /><a href='#f237' class='c009'><sup>[237]</sup></a> Cranmer and his colleagues could not gain the -pope to their side. Several months passed away, during -which men’s minds became so excited, that the cardinals -forgot all decorum. ‘Alas!’ says a catholic historian, ‘all -the time this affair continued, they went to the consistory as -if they were going to a play.’<a id='r238' /><a href='#f238' class='c009'><sup>[238]</sup></a> Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> prevailed at -last.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Then came that famous interview (October 1532) between -the kings of France and England at Calais and Boulogne, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_118'>118</span>which we have described elsewhere;<a id='r239' /><a href='#f239' class='c009'><sup>[239]</sup></a> and the two princes -having come to an understanding, Henry thought seriously -of bringing the matter to an end. Did he marry Anne Boleyn -at that time? Everything seems to point in that direction; -and if we are to believe some of the most trustworthy -historians, the marriage took place in the following month of -November.<a id='r240' /><a href='#f240' class='c009'><sup>[240]</sup></a> Perhaps it was quite a private wedding, the -legal formalities not being completed. Contemporary testimony -is at variance, and the point has not been cleared up. -In any case, Henry determined to wait before making the -marriage public. The conference the pope was about to -hold at Bologna with the ambassador of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>; the -probability of an interview between the king of France and -the pontiff at Marseilles, which might give a new aspect to -the great affair; and perhaps the desire to confer about it -with Cranmer, for whom he destined the see of Canterbury—seem -to have induced the prince to defer the ceremony -for a few weeks. He lost no time, however, in summoning -the future primate to London.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A report having circulated in Italy, that the king was -about to place Cranmer at the head of the English Church, -the imperial court treated him with unusual consideration. -Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, his ministers, and the foreign ambassadors, said -openly that such a man richly deserved to hold a high place -in the favor and government of the king his master.<a id='r241' /><a href='#f241' class='c009'><sup>[241]</sup></a> About -the middle of November, the emperor gave Cranmer his -farewell audience; and the latter arrived in England not -long after. Not wishing to act in opposition to general -usage and clerical opinion, he thought it more prudent to -leave his wife for a time with Osiander. He sent for her -<span class='pageno' id='Page_119'>119</span>somewhat later, but she was never presented at court. It -was not necessary, and it might only have embarrassed the -pious German lady.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cranmer And The King.</div> -<p class='c008'>As soon as Cranmer reached London, he waited upon the -king, being quite engrossed in thinking of what was about -to take place between his sovereign and himself. Henry -went straight to the point: he told him that he had nominated -him Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer objected, -but the king would take no refusal. In vain did the divine -urge his reasons: the monarch was firm. It was no slight -matter to contend with Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> Cranmer was alarmed -at the effect produced by his resistance. ‘Your Highness,’ -he said, ‘I most humbly implore your Grace’s pardon.’<a id='r242' /><a href='#f242' class='c009'><sup>[242]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>When he left the king, he hurried off to his friends, particularly -to Cromwell. The burden which Henry was laying -upon him seemed more insupportable than ever. Knowing -how difficult it is to resist a prince of despotic character, -he foresaw conflicts and perhaps compromises, which would -embitter his life, and he could not make up his mind to sacrifice -his happiness to the imperious will of the monarch. -‘Take care,’ said his friends, ‘it is as dangerous to refuse a -favor from so absolute a prince as to insult him.’ But -Cranmer’s conscience was concerned in his refusal. ‘I feel -something within me,’ he said,<a id='r243' /><a href='#f243' class='c009'><sup>[243]</sup></a> ‘which rebels against the -supremacy of the pope, and all the superstitions to which I -should have to submit as primate of England. No, I will -not be a bishop!’ He might sacrifice his repose and his -happiness, expose himself to painful struggles; but to recognize -the pope and submit to his jurisdiction was an insurmountable -obstacle. His friends shook their heads. -‘Your <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>nolo episcopari</i></span>,’ they said, ‘will not hold against our -master’s <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>volo te episcopum esse</i></span>.<a id='r244' /><a href='#f244' class='c009'><sup>[244]</sup></a> And after all, what is it? -Permitting the king to place you at the summit of honors -and power.... You refuse all that men desire.’ ‘I -<span class='pageno' id='Page_120'>120</span>would sooner forfeit my life,’ answered Cranmer, ‘than do -anything against my conscience to gratify my ambition.’<a id='r245' /><a href='#f245' class='c009'><sup>[245]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry vexed at these delays, again summoned Cranmer to -the palace, and bade him speak without fear. ‘If I accept -this office,’ replied that sincere man, ‘I must receive it from -the hands of the pope, and this my conscience will not permit -me to do.... Neither the pope nor any other foreign -prince has authority in this realm.’<a id='r246' /><a href='#f246' class='c009'><sup>[246]</sup></a> Such a reason as -this had great weight with Henry. He was silent for a little -while as if reflecting,<a id='r247' /><a href='#f247' class='c009'><sup>[247]</sup></a> and then said to Cranmer: ‘Can -you prove what you have just said?’ ‘Certainly I can,’ -answered the doctor; ‘Holy Scripture and the Fathers support -the supreme authority of kings in their kingdoms, and -thus prove the claims of the pope to be a miserable usurpation.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Such a statement bound Henry to take another step in his -reforms. As he had not yet thought of establishing bishops -and archbishops without the pope, he sent for some learned -lawyers, and asked them how he could confer the episcopal -dignity on Cranmer without wounding the conscience of the -future primate. The lawyers proposed, that as Cranmer -refused to submit to the Roman primacy, some one should -be sent to Rome to do in his stead all that the law required. -‘Let another do it if he likes,’ said Cranmer, ‘but <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>super animam -suam</i></span>, at the risk of his soul. As for me I declare I -will not acknowledge the authority of the pope any further -than it agrees with the Word of God; and that I reserve -the right of speaking against him and of attacking his errors.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The lawyers found bad precedents to justify a bad measure. -‘Archbishop Warham,’ they said, ‘while preserving -the advantages he derived from the state, protested against -everything the state did prejudicial to Rome. If the deceased -archbishop preserved the rights of the papacy, why -should not the new one preserve those of the kingdom?... -<span class='pageno' id='Page_121'>121</span>Besides (they added) the pope knows very well that when -they make oath to him, every bishop does so <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>salvo ordine -meo</i></span>, without prejudice to the rights of his order.’<a id='r248' /><a href='#f248' class='c009'><sup>[248]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>It having been conceded that in the act of consecration -‘the rights of the word of God’ should be reserved, Cranmer -consented to become primate of England. Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, who was less advanced in practice than in theory, all -the same demanded of Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> the bulls necessary for -the inauguration of the new archbishop. The pontiff only -too happy to have still something to say to England, hastened -to dispatch them, addressing them directly to Cranmer himself. -But the latter who would accept nothing from the -pope, sent them to the king, declaring that he would not receive -his appointment from Rome.<a id='r249' /><a href='#f249' class='c009'><sup>[249]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cranmer’s Protest.</div> -<p class='c008'>By accepting the call that was addressed to him, Cranmer -meant to break with the order of the Middle Ages, and re-establish, -so far as was in his power, that of the Gospel. -But he would not conceal his intentions: all must be done in -the light of day. On the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of March, 1533, he summoned -to the chapter-house of Westminster Watkins, the king’s -prothonotary, with other dignitaries of the Church and -State. On entering, he took up a paper, and read aloud -and distinctly: ‘I, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, protest -openly, publicly, and expressly,<a id='r250' /><a href='#f250' class='c009'><sup>[250]</sup></a> that I will not bind -myself by oath to anything contrary to the law of God, -the rights of the King of England, and the laws of the -realm; and that I will not be bound in aught that concerns -liberty of speech, the government of the Church of -England, and the reformation of all things that may seem -to be necessary to be reformed therein. If my representative -with the pope has taken in my name an oath contrary -to my duty, I declare that he has done so without my knowledge, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_122'>122</span>and that the said oath shall be null. I desire this protest -to be repeated at each period of the present ceremony.’<a id='r251' /><a href='#f251' class='c009'><sup>[251]</sup></a> -Then turning to the prothonotary: ‘I beg you to prepare as -many copies as may be necessary of this my protest.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Cranmer left the chapter-house and entered the abbey, -where the clergy and a numerous crowd awaited him. He -was not satisfied with once declaring his independence of -the papacy; he desired to do it several times. The greater -the antiquity of the Romish power in Britain, the more he -felt the necessity of proclaiming the supremacy of the divine -Word. Having put on his sacerdotal robes, Cranmer -stood at the top of the steps of the high altar, and said, -turning towards the assembly: ‘I declare that I take the -oath required of me only under the reserve contained in the -protest I have made this day in the chapter-house.’ Then -bending his knees before the altar, he read it a second time -in presence of the bishops, priests, and people;<a id='r252' /><a href='#f252' class='c009'><sup>[252]</sup></a> after which -the bishops of Lincoln, Exeter, and <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Asaph consecrated -him to the episcopate.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The archbishop, standing before the altar, prepared to receive -the pallium, but first he had a duty to fulfil: if he sacrificed -his repose, he did not intend to sacrifice his convictions. -For the third time he took up the protest, and again -read it<a id='r253' /><a href='#f253' class='c009'><sup>[253]</sup></a> before the immense crowd that filled the cathedral.<a id='r254' /><a href='#f254' class='c009'><sup>[254]</sup></a> -The accustomed order of the ceremony having been -twice interrupted by an extraordinary declaration, all were -at liberty to praise or blame the action of the prelate as they -pleased. Cranmer having thus thrice published his reserves, -read at last the oath which the Archbishops of Canterbury -were accustomed to make to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter and to the holy apostolic -Church of Rome, with the usual protest: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>salvo meo -ordine</i></span> (without prejudice to my order).</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_123'>123</span>Cranmer’s triple protest was an act of Christian decision. -Some time afterwards he said: ‘I made that protest in good -faith: I always loved simplicity and hated falseness.’ But -it was wrong of him to use after it the formula ordinarily -employed in consecrations. Doubtless it was nothing more -than a form; a form that was imposed by the king, and -Cranmer protested against all the bad it might contain: -still ‘it is necessary to walk consistently in all things,’ -as Calvin says;<a id='r255' /><a href='#f255' class='c009'><sup>[255]</sup></a> and we here meet with one of those weaknesses -which sometimes appear in the life of the pious reformer -of England. He ought at no price to have made -oath to the pope; that oath was a stain which in some -measure tinged the whole of his episcopate. Yet if we -were to condemn him severely, we should be forgetting that -striking truth—<i>in many things we offend all</i>. Cranmer -was the first in the breach, and he has claims to the consideration -of those who are comfortably established in a position -gained by him with so much suffering. The energy -with which he thrice proclaimed his independence deserves -our admiration. Nevertheless all weakness is a fault, and -when that fault is committed in high station it may lead to -fatal consequences. The sanctity of the oath taken by -churchmen was compromised by Cranmer’s act, and we -have seen in later times other divines secretly communing -with Romish doctrines while appearing to reject popery. -There have sometimes been disguised papists in the protestant -Church of England.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cranmer’s Labors.</div> -<p class='c008'>After the ceremony the new archbishop returned to his -place at Lambeth. From that hour this patron of letters, a -scholar himself, a truly pious man, a distinguished preacher, -and of indefatigable industry, never ceased to labor for the -good of the Church. He was able to introduce Christian -faith into many hearts, and sometimes to defend it against -the king’s ill-humor. He constantly endeavored to spread -around him moderation, charity, truth, piety, and peace. -When Cranmer became primate of all England, on the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_124'>124</span><abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of March, 1533, in that cathedral of Westminster, the -burial-place of kings, the papal order was interred, and it -might be foreseen that the apostolic order would be revived. -England preserved episcopacy because it was the form under -which she had received Christianity in the second century, -and because she thought it necessary for the functions of inspection -and government in the Church. But she rejected -that Roman superstition which makes bishops the sole successors -of the apostles, and maintains that they are invested -with an indelible character and a spiritual power which no -other minister possesses.<a id='r256' /><a href='#f256' class='c009'><sup>[256]</sup></a> ‘Most assuredly,’ said Cranmer, -‘at the beginning of the religion of Christ, bishops and -presbyters (priests) were not two things, but one only.’<a id='r257' /><a href='#f257' class='c009'><sup>[257]</sup></a> -He declared that a bishop was not necessary to make a pastor; -that not only presbyters possessed this right, but ‘<i>the -people also by their election</i>.’ ‘Before there were Christian -princes, it was the people,’ he said, ‘who generally elected -the bishops and priests.’ Cranmer was not the only man -who professed these principles, which make of the episcopalian -and the presbyterian constitution two varieties, having -many things in common. The most venerable fathers -of the Anglican Church—Pilkington, Coverdale, Whitgift, -Fulke, Tyndale, Jewel, Bradford, Becon, and others—have -acknowledged the identity of bishops and presbyters. By -the Reformation, England belongs not to the papistical system -of episcopacy, but to the evangelical system. A public -act which would bring back that Church to her holy origin, -would be a source of great prosperity to her.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The great reformers of England did not separate from -Rome only, but also from the semi-catholicism that was intended -to be substituted for it. To them the spirit and the -life were in the ministry of the Word of God, and not in -rites and ceremonies. By their noble example they have -called all men of God to follow them.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_125'>125</span> - <h2 id='chap6-17' class='c004'>CHAPTER XVII. <br /> QUEEN CATHERINE DESCENDS FROM THE THRONE, AND QUEEN ANNE BOLEYN ASCENDS IT. <br /> (<span class='sc'>November 1532 to July 1553.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>Cranmer was on the archiepiscopal throne: if Anne -Boleyn were now to take her seat on the royal throne by -the side of Henry, it was the pope’s opinion that everything -would be lost. Clement recurred once more to his favorite -suggestion of bigamy, already advised by him in 1528 and -1530. True, this suggestion could not be acceptable either -to Henry or to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, but that made it all the better -in the eyes of the pontiff: he would then have the appearance -of assenting to the king’s plans without running the -least risk of seeing them realized. ‘Rather than do what -his Majesty asks,’ he said to one of the English envoys, ‘I -would prefer granting him the necessary dispensation to -have two wives: that would be a smaller scandal.’<a id='r258' /><a href='#f258' class='c009'><sup>[258]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Tenacity Of The Pope.</div> -<p class='c008'>The tenacity with which the pope advised Henry again -and again to commit the crime of bigamy has not prevented -the most illustrious advocates of catholicism from exclaiming -that ‘to have two wives at once is a mystery of iniquity, of -which there is no example in Christendom.’<a id='r259' /><a href='#f259' class='c009'><sup>[259]</sup></a> A singular -assertion after a cardinal and then a pope had on several -occasions advised what they called ‘a mystery of iniquity.’ -Again, for the third time, the king refused a remedy that -was worse than the disease.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The pope wished at any price to prevent Rome from losing -England; and turning to the other side, he resolved to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_126'>126</span>try to gain over Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> and prevail upon him not to -oppose the divorce. In order to succeed, Clement determined -to undertake a journey to Bologna in the worst -season of the year. He started on the <abbr title='eighteenth'>18th</abbr> of November -with six cardinals and a certain number of attendants, and -took twenty days to reach that city by way of Perugia. -Most of his officers had done everything to dissuade him -from this painful expedition, but in vain. The rain fell in -torrents; the rivers were swollen and unfordable; the roads -muddy and broken up; the mules sank of fatigue one after -another; the couriers who preceded him solicited the pope -to travel on foot: and at last his Holiness’s favorite mule -broke its leg. It mattered not: he must oppose the Reformation -of England: the poor pontiff, already sick, had but -this one idea. But the discomforts of the journey increased; -the pope often arrived at inns where there was no bed, and -had to sleep among the straw.<a id='r260' /><a href='#f260' class='c009'><sup>[260]</sup></a> At last he reached Bologna -on the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of December, but in such a plight that, notwithstanding -his love for ceremonies, he entered the city furtively.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Another disappointment awaited him. The Cardinal of -Ancona died, the most influential member of the Sacred -College, and on whom Clement relied to gain over the emperor, -who greatly respected him. But this did not cool -the pontiff’s zeal: ‘I am thoroughly decided to please the -king in this great matter,’<a id='r261' /><a href='#f261' class='c009'><sup>[261]</sup></a> he said to Henry’s envoys, and -added: ‘To have universal concord between all the princes -of Christendom, I would give a joint of my hand.’<a id='r262' /><a href='#f262' class='c009'><sup>[262]</sup></a> In fact -Clement set to work and went so far as to tell Charles that, -according to the theologians, the pope had no right to grant a -dispensation for a marriage between brother and sister; but -the emperor was immovable. The pope then proposed a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_127'>127</span>truce of three or four years between Henry, Francis, and -Charles, during which he would convoke a general council, -to whom he would remit the whole affair. Francis informed -Henry that all this was nothing but a trick.<a id='r263' /><a href='#f263' class='c009'><sup>[263]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Henry Marries Anne Boleyn.</div> -<p class='c008'>The king, convinced that the pope was trifling with him, -no longer hesitated to follow the course which the interests -of his people and his own happiness seemed to point out. -He determined that Anne Boleyn should be his wife and -Queen of England also. It was now that, according to the -second hypothesis, the marriage took place. Cranmer states -in a letter written on the <abbr title='seventeenth'>17th</abbr> of June, 1533, that he did -not perform the ceremony, that he did not hear of it until a -fortnight after, and that it was celebrated ‘much about Saint -Paul’s day last<a id='r264' /><a href='#f264' class='c009'><sup>[264]</sup></a> (<abbr title='twenty-fifth'>25th</abbr> of January, 1533). Which date -must we accept: this, or the <abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> of November, given by -Hall, Hollinshed, Burnet, and others? Cranmer’s language -is not precise enough to settle the question.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Whatever may have been the date of the marriage—November -or January—it became the universal topic of -conversation in the beginning of 1533; people did not speak -of it publicly, but in private, some attacking and others -defending it. If the members of the Romish party circulated -ridiculous stories and outrageous calumnies against -Anne, the members of the national party replied that the -purity of her life, her moderation, her chastity, her mildness, -her discretion, her noble and exalted parentage, her pleasing -manners, and (they added somewhat later) her fitness to -give a successor to the crown of England, made her worthy -of the royal favor.<a id='r265' /><a href='#f265' class='c009'><sup>[265]</sup></a> Men may have gone too far in their -reproaches as well as in their eulogies.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This important step on the part of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> was accompanied -with an explosion of murmurs against Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> -‘The pope,’ he said, ‘wanders from the path of the Redeemer, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_128'>128</span>who was obedient in this world to princes. What! -must a prince submit to the arrogance of a human being -whom God has put under him? Must a king humble himself -before that man above whom he stands by the will of -God? No! that would be a perversion of the order God -has established.’ This is what Henry represented to Francis -through Lord Rochford;<a id='r266' /><a href='#f266' class='c009'><sup>[266]</sup></a> but the words did not touch -the King of France, for the emperor was just then making -several concessions to him, and the evangelicals of Paris -were annoying him. From that hour the cordial feeling -between the two monarchs gradually decreased. England -turned her eyes more and more towards the Gospel, and -France towards Rome. Just at the time when Anne Boleyn -was about to reign in the palaces of Whitehall and -Windsor, Catherine de Medicis was entering those of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Germain and Fontainebleau. The contrast between the -two nations became daily more distinct and striking: England -was advancing towards liberty, and France towards -the dragonnades.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Brief Of Excommunication.</div> -<p class='c008'>The divorce between Rome and Whitehall soon became -manifest. A brief of Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> posted in February on -the doors of all the churches in Flanders, in the states of -the king’s enemy, and as near to England as possible, -attracted a great number of readers.<a id='r267' /><a href='#f267' class='c009'><sup>[267]</sup></a> ‘What shall we do?’ -said the pontiff to Henry. ‘Shall we neglect thy soul’s -safety?... We exhort thee, our son, under pain of -excommunication, to restore Queen Catherine to the royal -honors which are due to her, to cohabit with her, and to -cease to associate publicly with Anne; and that within a -month from the day on which this brief shall be presented -to thee. Otherwise, when the said term shall have elapsed, -we pronounce thee and the said Anne to be <i>ipso facto</i> excommunicate, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_129'>129</span>and command all men to shun and avoid your -presence.’<a id='r268' /><a href='#f268' class='c009'><sup>[268]</sup></a> It would appear that this document, demanded -by the imperialists, had been posted throughout Flanders -without the pope’s knowledge.<a id='r269' /><a href='#f269' class='c009'><sup>[269]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>A copy was immediately forwarded to the king by his -agents. He was surprised and agitated, but believed at last -that it was forged by his enemies.<a id='r270' /><a href='#f270' class='c009'><sup>[270]</sup></a> How could he imagine -that the pope, just at the very time he was showing the king -especial marks of his affection,<a id='r271' /><a href='#f271' class='c009'><sup>[271]</sup></a> would (even conditionally) -have anathematized and isolated him in the midst of his -people? Henry sent a copy of the document to Benet, his -agent at Rome, and desired him to ascertain carefully -whether it did really proceed from the pope or not.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Benet presented the document to Clement as a paper -forwarded to him by his friends in Flanders. The latter -was ‘ashamed and in great perplexity,’ wrote the envoy.<a id='r272' /><a href='#f272' class='c009'><sup>[272]</sup></a> -He then read it again more attentively, stopped at certain -passages, and seemed as if he were choking. Having come -to the end, he expressed his surprise, and pretended that -the copy differed from the original. ‘There is one mistake -in particular which almost chokes the pope every time it is -mentioned,’ wrote Benet to Cromwell. This mistake was -the including of Queen Anne Boleyn in the censure, without -giving her previous warning, which (they said) was contrary -to all the commandments of God. Accordingly Dr. Benet -received orders to bring up this mistake frequently in his -audiences with the pope; and he did not fail to do so. At -this moment, in which he was about to lose England, the -pope was more uneasy at having committed an error of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_130'>130</span>form with regard to Anne Boleyn than with having struck -the monarch of a powerful kingdom with an interdict. -There is, besides, no doubt that he dictated the unhappy -phrase himself.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Benet and his friends took advantage of the pope’s vexation, -and even increased it: they communicated the brief to -the dignitaries of the Church in Clement’s household, and -the latter acknowledged that the document must be offensive -to his Majesty of England, and that ‘the pope was much to -blame.’<a id='r273' /><a href='#f273' class='c009'><sup>[273]</sup></a> Benet transmitted the pontiff’s <i>errata</i> to the king, -but it was too late: the blow had taken effect. The indignant -Henry was about to proceed ostentatiously to the very -acts which Rome threatened with her thunders.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Whilst the pope was hesitating, England firmly pursued -her emancipation. Parliament met on the <abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> of February, -and the boldest language was uttered. ‘The people of -England, in accord with their king,’ said eloquent speakers, -‘have the right to decide supremely on all things both temporal -and spiritual;<a id='r274' /><a href='#f274' class='c009'><sup>[274]</sup></a> and certainly the English possess intelligence -enough for that. And yet, in spite of the prohibitions -issued by so many of our princes, we see bulls arriving -every moment from Rome to regulate wills, marriages, -divorces—everything, in short. We propose that henceforward -these matters be decided solely before the national -tribunals.’ The law passed. Appeals, instead of being -made to Rome, were to be made in the first instance to the -bishop, then to the archbishop, and, if the king was interested -in the cause, to the Upper Chamber of the ecclesiastical -Convocation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king took immediate advantage of this law to inquire -of Convocation whether the pope could authorize a man to -marry his brother’s widow. Out of sixty-six present, and -one hundred and ninety-seven who voted by proxy, there -were only nineteen in the Upper House who voted against -<span class='pageno' id='Page_131'>131</span>the king. The opposition was stronger in the Lower House; -but even this agreed with the other house in declaring that -Pope Julius <abbr title='the second'>II.</abbr> had exceeded his authority in giving Henry -a dispensation, and that the marriage, was consequently null -from the very first.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cranmer’s Letter.</div> -<p class='c008'>Nothing remained now but to proceed to the divorce. -On the <abbr title='eleventh'>11th</abbr> of April, two days before Easter, Cranmer, as -archbishop, wrote a letter to the king, in which he set forth, -that desiring to fill the office of Archbishop of Canterbury, -‘according to the laws of God and Holy Church, for the -relief of the grievances and infirmities of the people, God’s -subjects and yours in spiritual causes,’<a id='r275' /><a href='#f275' class='c009'><sup>[275]</sup></a> he prayed his Majesty’s -favor for that office.<a id='r276' /><a href='#f276' class='c009'><sup>[276]</sup></a> Cranmer did not decline the -royal intervention, but he avoided confounding spiritual with -temporal affairs.<a id='r277' /><a href='#f277' class='c009'><sup>[277]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry, who was doubtless waiting impatiently for this -letter, was alarmed as he read the words ‘according to the -laws of God and Holy Church.’ God and the Church.... -Well! but what of the king and the royal supremacy? -The primate seemed to assert the right of acting -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>proprio motu</i></span>, and, while asking the king’s favor, to be doing -a simple act of courtesy.... Did the Church of England -claim to take the pontiff’s place and station, and leave -the king aside?... That was not what Henry meant. -Tired of the pretensions of the Pope of Rome, would he -suffer a pope on a small scale at his side? He intended to be -master in his own kingdom—master of everything. The -letter must be modified, and this Henry intimated to Cranmer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That day or the next after the one on which this letter -had been written there was a great festival at court in -honor of Anne Boleyn. ‘Queen Anne that evening went -in state to her closet openly as queen,’ says Hall. It was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_132'>132</span>probably during this festival that the king, taking the prelate -aside, desired him to suppress the unwelcome passage. The -idea suggested by an eminent historian, that Cranmer sent -both the letters together to Henry that he might choose -which he would prefer, seems to me inadmissible. Cranmer, -as it would appear, submitted, waiting for better days. On -returning to Lambeth, he recopied his letter, omitting the -words which had been pointed out. Not content with asking -the king’s <i>favor</i>, he desired his <i>license</i>, his authorization -to proceed. He dated his second letter the same day, and -sent it to his master, who was satisfied with it.<a id='r278' /><a href='#f278' class='c009'><sup>[278]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This alone did not satisfy Henry: in his reply to the -archbishop, he marked still more strongly his intention not -to have in England a primate independent of the crown: -‘Ye, therefore, duly recognizing that it becometh you not, -being our subject, to enterprise any part of your said office -<i>without our license obtained so to do</i>.... In consideration -of these things, albeit we, being your king and sovereign, -do recognize no superior upon earth but only God; yet, -because ye be under us, by God’s calling and ours, the most -principal minister of our spiritual jurisdiction, we will not -refuse your humble request.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This language was clear. Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> did not, however, -claim the arbitrary authority to which the pope pretended: -human and divine laws were to be the supreme rule in England; -but he, the king, was to be their chief interpreter. -Cranmer must understand that. ‘To these laws we, as a -Christian king,’ wrote Henry, ‘have always heretofore submitted, -and shall ever most obediently submit ourselves.’ -The ecclesiastical system which Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> established in -England in 1533 was not a free Church in a free State, and -there is no reason to be surprised at it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Cranmer, having received the royal license, set out for -<span class='pageno' id='Page_133'>133</span>Mortloke manor to prepare the act which, for six years, had -kept England and the continent in suspense. Taking the -Bishops of Lincoln and Winchester and some lawyers with -him, he proceeded quietly and without ostentation to the -priory of Dunstable, five miles from Ampthill, where Queen -Catherine was staying. He wished to avoid the notoriety -of a trial held in London.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Ecclesiastical Court.</div> -<p class='c008'>The ecclesiastical court being duly formed, Henry and -Catherine were summoned to appear before it on the <abbr title='tenth'>10th</abbr> -of May. The king was present by attorney; but the queen -replied: ‘My cause is before the pope; I accept no other -judge.’ A fresh summons was immediately made out for -the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> of May, and, as the queen appeared neither in -person nor by any of her servants, she was pronounced contumacious,<a id='r279' /><a href='#f279' class='c009'><sup>[279]</sup></a> -and the trial went forward. The king was -informed every night of each day’s proceedings, and he was -often in great anxiety. Some unexpected event, an appeal -from Catherine, the sudden intervention of the pope or of -the emperor might stop everything. His courtiers were on -the watch for news. Anne said nothing, but her heart beat -quick; and the ambitious Cromwell, whose fortunes depended -on the success of the matter, was sometimes in great -alarm. Cranmer rested on the declarations of Scripture, -and showed much equity and uprightness during the trial.<a id='r280' /><a href='#f280' class='c009'><sup>[280]</sup></a> -‘I have willingly injured no human being,’ he said. But -he knew the queen had numerous partisans; they would -conjure her, perhaps, to appear before her judges. There -would then be a great stir, and the voice of the people would -be heard.<a id='r281' /><a href='#f281' class='c009'><sup>[281]</sup></a> The archbishop could hardly restrain his -emotion as he thought of this. He must indeed expect an -inflexible resistance on the part of the queen; but, in the -midst of all the agitation around her, she alone remained -calm and resolute. Her hand had grasped the pope’s robe, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_134'>134</span>and nothing could make her let it go. ‘I am the king’s -lawful wife,’ she repeated; ‘I am Queen of England. My -daughter is the king’s child: I place her in her father’s -hands.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>On Wednesday the <abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr> of May, the primate, attended -by all the archiepiscopal court, proceeded to the church of -<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter’s priory at Dunstable, in order to deliver the final -judgment of divorce. A few persons attracted by curiosity -were present; but, although Dunstable was near Ampthill, -all of Catherine’s household kept themselves respectfully -aloof from an act which was to deal their mistress such -a grievous blow. The primate, after reciting the decisions -of the several universities, provincial councils, and other -premises, continued: ‘Therefore we, Thomas, archbishop, -primate, and legate, having first called upon the name of -Christ, and having God altogether before our eyes, do pronounce -and declare that the marriage between our sovereign -lord King Henry and the most serene Lady Catherine, -widow of his brother, having been contracted contrary to the -law of God, is null and void; and therefore we sentence -that it is not lawful for the said most illustrious Prince -Henry and the said most serene Lady Catherine to remain -in the said pretended marriage.’<a id='r282' /><a href='#f282' class='c009'><sup>[282]</sup></a> The act, drawn up very -carefully by two notaries, was immediately sent to the -king.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The divorce was pronounced, and Henry was free. Many -persons gave way to feelings of alarm: they thought that all -Europe would combine against England. ‘The pope will -excommunicate the English,’ said some; ‘and then the emperor -will destroy them.’ But, on the other hand, the majority -of the nation desired to have done with a subject -which had been agitating their minds during the last seven -years. England, getting out of a labyrinth from which she -had never expected to find an issue, began to breathe again.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Catherine’s marriage was declared to be null: it only remained -<span class='pageno' id='Page_135'>135</span>now to recognize Anne Boleyn’s. On the <abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr> of -May, an archiepiscopal court held at Lambeth, in the -primate’s palace, officially declared that Henry and Anne -had been lawfully wedded, and the king had now no thought -but how to seal his union by the pomp of a coronation. It -would certainly have been preferable had the new queen -taken her seat quietly on the throne; but slanderous reports -made it necessary for the king to present his wife to the -people in all the splendor of royalty.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Anne Presented To The People.</div> -<p class='c008'>At three o’clock in the afternoon of Thursday before -Whitsuntide, a magnificent procession started from Greenwich. -Fifty barges, adorned with rich banners, conveyed -the representatives of the different city companies, and the -metropolis joyfully hailed a union that promised to inaugurate -a future of light and faith: it was almost a religious -festival. On the banner of the Fishmongers was the inscription, -<i>All worship belongs to God alone</i>; on that of the -Haberdashers, <i>My trust is in God only</i>; on that of the -Grocers, <i>God gives grace</i>; and on that of the Goldsmiths, -<i>To God alone be all the glory</i>. The city of London thus -asserted, in the presence of the immense crowd, the principles -of the Reformation. The lord mayor’s barge immediately -preceded the galley, all hung with cloth of gold, in -which Anne was seated. Near it floated another gay barge, -on which a little mountain was contrived, planted with red -and white roses, in the midst of which sat a number of -young maidens singing to the accompaniment of sweet -music. A hundred richly ornamented barques, carrying the -nobility of England, brought up the magnificent procession, -and a countless number of boats and skiffs covered the river. -The moment Anne set her foot on shore at the Tower, -a thousand trumpets sounded points of triumph, and all the -guns of the fortress fired such a peal as had seldom been -heard before.<a id='r283' /><a href='#f283' class='c009'><sup>[283]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry, who liked the sound of cannon, met Anne at the -gate and kissed her, and the new queen entered in triumph -<span class='pageno' id='Page_136'>136</span>that vast fortress from which, three years later, she was to -issue, by order of the same prince, to mount, an innocent -victim, the cruel scaffold. She smiled courteously on all -around; and yet, seized with a sudden emotion, she sometimes -trembled, as if, instead of the joyous flowers on which -she trod with light and graceful foot, she saw a deep gulf -yawning beneath her.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king and queen passed the whole of the next day -(Friday) at the Tower. On Saturday Anne left it for -Westminster.<a id='r284' /><a href='#f284' class='c009'><sup>[284]</sup></a> The streets were gay with banners, and the -houses were hung with velvet and cloth of gold. All the -orders of the State and Church, the ambassadors of France -and Venice, and the officers of the court, opened the procession. -The queen was carried in a magnificent litter -covered with white cloth shot with gold, her head, which she -held modestly inclined, being encircled with a wreath of -precious stones. The people who crowded the streets were -full of enthusiasm, and seemed to triumph more than she -did herself.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day, Whit-Sunday, she proceeded for the coronation -to the ancient abbey of Westminster, where the -bishops and the court had been summoned to meet her. She -took her seat in a rich chair, whence she presently descended -to the high altar and knelt down. After the prescribed -prayers she rose, and the archbishop placed the -crown of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Edward upon her head. She then took the -sacrament and retired; the Earl of Wiltshire, her father, -trembling with emotion, took her right hand ... he -was at the pinnacle of happiness, and yet he was uneasy. -Alas! a caprice of the man who had raised his daughter to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_137'>137</span>the throne might be sufficient to hurl her from it! Anne -herself, in the midst of all these pomps, greater than any -ever seen before at the coronation of an English queen, -could not entirely forget the princess whose place she had -now taken. Might not she be rejected in her turn?... -In such a thought there was enough to make her shudder.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Feelings Of The New Queen.</div> -<p class='c008'>Anne did not find in her marriage with Henry the happiness -she had dreamt, and a cloud was often seen passing -across those features once so radiant. The idol to which -this young woman had sacrificed everything—the splendor -of a throne—did not satisfy her longings for happiness: -she looked within herself, and found once more, as queen, -that attraction towards the doctrine of the Gospel which she -had felt in the society of Margaret of Valois, and which, -amid her ambitious pursuits, had been almost extinguished -in her heart. She discovered that for those who have everything, -as well as for those who have nothing, there is only -one single good—God himself. She did not probably give -herself up entirely to Him, for her best impressions were -often fugitive; but she took advantage of her power to assist -those who she knew were devoted to the Gospel. She petitioned -for the pardon of John Lambert, who was still in -prison, and that faithful confessor of Jesus Christ settled in -London, where he began to teach children Latin and Greek, -without however neglecting the defence of truth.<a id='r285' /><a href='#f285' class='c009'><sup>[285]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Two women had for some time attracted the eyes of all -England—the one who was ascending the throne, and the -other who was descending from it. Nothing awakens the -sympathy of generous souls more than misfortune, and particularly -innocence in misfortune; and accordingly Catherine’s -fate will always excite a lively interest, even in the -ranks of protestantism. We must not forget, however, that -Catherine’s cause was that of the old times and of the Roman -papacy, and that Anne’s cause was identified with that -light, liberty, and new life which have distinguished modern -<span class='pageno' id='Page_138'>138</span>times. It is true, Catherine died in disgrace, but in peace, -surrounded by her women, her officers, her faithful servants; -while the youthful Anne, separated from her friends, alone -on a scaffold, praying God to bless the prince who put her -to death, had her head cruelly cut off by the hangman’s -sword. If on the one side there was innocence and divorce, -on the other there was innocence and martyrdom.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king, who had informed Catherine through Lord -Mountjoy of the archiepiscopal sentence, officially communicated -his divorce and marriage to the various crowned heads -of Europe, and particularly to the King of France, the emperor, -and the pope. The latter on the <abbr title='eleventh'>11th</abbr> of July annulled -the sentence of the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared -the king’s marriage with Anne Boleyn unlawful, and -threatened to excommunicate both, unless they separated before -the end of September. Henry angrily commanded his -theologians to demonstrate that the bull was a nullity, recalled -his ambassador, the Duke of Norfolk, and said that -the moment was come for all monarchs and all Christian -people to withdraw from under the yoke of the Bishop of -Rome. ‘The pope and his cardinals,’ he wrote to Francis -<abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, ‘pretend to have princes, who are free persons, at their -beck and commandment. Sire, you and I and all the -princes of Christendom must unite for the preservation of -our rights, liberties, and privileges; we must alienate the -greatest part of Christendom from the see of Rome.’<a id='r286' /><a href='#f286' class='c009'><sup>[286]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>But Henry had scholastic prejudices, which made him fall -into the strangest contradictions. While he was employing -his diplomacy to isolate the pope, he still prayed him to declare -the nullity of his marriage with Catherine.<a id='r287' /><a href='#f287' class='c009'><sup>[287]</sup></a> It is not -at the court of this prince that we must look for the real -Reformation: we must go in search of it elsewhere.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_139'>139</span> - <h2 id='chap6-18' class='c004'>CHAPTER XVIII. <br /> A REFORMER IN PRISON. <br /> (<span class='sc'>August 1532 to May 1533.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth’s Noble Character.</div> -<p class='c008'>One of the leading scholars of England was about to seal -the testimony of his faith with blood. John Fryth had been -one of the most brilliant stars of the university of Cambridge. -‘It would hardly be possible to find his equal in learning,’ -said many. Accordingly Wolsey had invited him to his college -at Oxford, and Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> had desired to place him -among the number of his theologians. But the mysteries -of the Word of God had more attraction for Fryth than -those of science: the wants of conscience prevailed in him -over those of the intellect, and neglecting his own glory, he -sought only to be useful to mankind.<a id='r288' /><a href='#f288' class='c009'><sup>[288]</sup></a> A sincere, decided, -and yet moderate Christian, preaching the Gospel with -great purity and love, this man of thirty seemed destined to -become one of the most influential reformers of England. -Nothing could have prevented his playing the foremost part, -if he had had Luther’s enthusiastic energy or Calvin’s indomitable -power. There were less strong, but perhaps -more amiable features in his character; he taught with gentleness -those who were opposed to the truth, and while -many, as Foxe says,<a id='r289' /><a href='#f289' class='c009'><sup>[289]</sup></a> ‘take the bellows in hand to blow the -fire, but few there are that will seek to quench it,’ Fryth -sought after peace. Controversies between protestants distressed -him. ‘The opinions for which men go to war,’ he -said, ‘do not deserve those great tragedies of which they -make us spectators. Let there be no longer any question -<span class='pageno' id='Page_140'>140</span>among us of Zwinglians or Lutherans, for neither Zwingle -nor Luther died for us, and we must be one in Christ -Jesus.’<a id='r290' /><a href='#f290' class='c009'><sup>[290]</sup></a> This servant of Christ, meek and lowly of heart, -like his Master, never disputed even with papists, unless -obliged to do so.<a id='r291' /><a href='#f291' class='c009'><sup>[291]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>A true catholicism which embraced all Christians was -Fryth’s distinctive feature as a reformer. He was not one -of those who imagine that a national Church ought to think -only of its own nation; but of those who believe that if a -Church is the depositary of the truth, she is so for all the -earth; and that a religion is not good, if it has no longing -to extend itself to all the races of mankind. There were -some strongly marked national elements in the English -Reformation: the king and the parliament; but there was -also a universal element: a lively faith in the Saviour of -the world. No one in the sixteenth century represented this -truly catholic element better than Fryth. ‘I understand the -Church of God in a wide sense,’ he said. ‘It contains all -those whom we regard as members of Christ. It is a net -thrown into the sea.’<a id='r292' /><a href='#f292' class='c009'><sup>[292]</sup></a> This principle, sown at that time as -a seed in the English Reformation, was one day to cover -the world with missionaries.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fryth, having declined the brilliant offers the king had -made to him through Cromwell and Vaughan, joined Tyndale -in translating and publishing the Holy Scriptures in -English. While laboring thus for England, an irresistible -desire came over him to circulate the Gospel there in person. -He therefore quitted the Low Countries, returned to London, -and directed his course to Reading, where the prior -had been his friend. Exile had not used him well, and he -entered that town miserably clothed, and more like a beggar -than one whom Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> had desired to place near him. -This was in August 1532.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_141'>141</span>His writings had preceded him. Having received, when -in the Netherlands, three works composed in defence of -purgatory by three distinguished men—Rastell, Sir Thomas -More’s brother-in-law, More himself, and Fisher, Bishop of -Rochester—Fryth had replied to them: ‘A purgatory! -there is not <i>one</i> only, there are <i>two</i>. The first is the <i>Word -of God</i>, the second is the <i>Cross of Christ</i>: I do not mean the -cross of wood, but the cross of tribulation. But the lives of -the papists are so wicked that they have invented a third.’<a id='r293' /><a href='#f293' class='c009'><sup>[293]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Sir Thomas, exasperated by Fryth’s reply, said with that -humorous tone he often affected, ‘I propose to answer the -good young father Fryth, whose wisdom is such that three -old men like my brother Rastell, the Bishop of Rochester, -and myself are mere babies when confronted with Father -Fryth alone.’<a id='r294' /><a href='#f294' class='c009'><sup>[294]</sup></a> The exile having returned to England, More -had now the opportunity of avenging himself more effectually -than by his jokes.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth In The Stocks.</div> -<p class='c008'>Fryth, as we have said, had entered Reading. His -strange air and his look as of a foreigner arriving from a -distant country attracted attention, and he was taken up for -a vagabond. ‘Who are you?’ asked the magistrate. Fryth, -suspecting that he was in the hands of enemies of the -Gospel, refused to give his name, which increased the suspicion, -and the poor young man was set in the stocks. As -they gave him but little to eat, with the intent of forcing -him to tell his name, his hunger soon became insupportable.<a id='r295' /><a href='#f295' class='c009'><sup>[295]</sup></a> -Knowing the name of the master of the grammar-school, he -asked to speak with him. Leonard Coxe had scarcely entered -the prison, when the pretended vagabond all in rags -addressed him in correct latinity, and began to deplore his -miserable captivity. Never had words more noble been -uttered in a dungeon so vile. The head-master, astonished -at so much eloquence, compassionately drew near the unhappy -man and inquired how it came to pass that such a -learned scholar was in such profound wretchedness. Presently -<span class='pageno' id='Page_142'>142</span>he sat down, and the two men began to talk in Greek -about the universities and languages. Coxe could not make -it out: it was no longer simple pity that he felt, but love, -which turned to admiration when he heard the prisoner -recite with the purest accent those noble lines of the <i>Iliad</i> -which were so applicable to his own case:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in20'>‘Sing, O Muse,</div> - <div class='line'>The vengeance deep and deadly; whence to Greece</div> - <div class='line'>Unnumbered ills arose; which many a soul</div> - <div class='line'>Of mighty warriors to the viewless shades</div> - <div class='line'>Untimely sent.’<a id='r296' /><a href='#f296' class='c009'><sup>[296]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Filled with respect, Coxe hurried off to the mayor, complained -bitterly of the wrong done to so remarkable a man, -and obtained his liberation. Homer saved the life of a -reformer.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fryth departed for London and hastened to join the -worshippers who were accustomed to meet in Bow Lane. -He conversed with them and exclaimed: ‘Oh! what consolation -to see such a great number of believers walking in -the way of the Lord!’<a id='r297' /><a href='#f297' class='c009'><sup>[297]</sup></a> These Christians asked him to -expound the Scriptures to them, and, delighted with his -exhortations, they exclaimed in their turn: ‘If the rule of -<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul were followed, this man would certainly make a -better bishop than many of those who wear the mitre.’<a id='r298' /><a href='#f298' class='c009'><sup>[298]</sup></a> -Instead of the crosier he was to bear the cross.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth’s Eloquence.</div> -<p class='c008'>One of those who listened was in great doubt relative to -the doctrine of the Lord’s Supper; and one day, after -Fryth had been setting Christ before them as the food of -the Christian soul through faith, this person followed him -and said: ‘Our prelates think differently; they believe that -the bread transformed by consecration becomes the flesh, -blood, and bones of Christ; that even the wicked eat this -flesh with their teeth, and that we must adore the host.... -What you have just said refutes their errors, but I fear that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_143'>143</span>I cannot remember it. Pray commit it to writing.’ Fryth, -who did not like discussions, was alarmed at the request, -and answered; ‘I do not care to touch that terrible tragedy;’<a id='r299' /><a href='#f299' class='c009'><sup>[299]</sup></a> -for so he called the dispute about the Eucharist. -The man having repeated his request, and promised that he -would not communicate the paper to anybody, Fryth wrote -an explanation of the doctrine of the Sacrament and gave it -to that London Christian, saying: ‘We must eat and drink -the body and blood of Christ, not with the teeth, but with -the hearing and through faith.’ The brother took the -treatise, and, hurrying home with it, read it carefully.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In a short time every one at the Bow Lane meeting -spoke about this writing. One man, a false brother, named -William Holt, listened attentively to what was said, and -thought he had found an opportunity of destroying Fryth. -Assuming a hypocritical look, he spoke in a pious strain to -the individual who had the manuscript, as if he had desired -to enlighten his faith, and finally asked him for it. Having -obtained it, he hastened to make a copy, which he carried -to Sir Thomas More, who was still chancellor.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fryth soon perceived that he had tried in vain to remain -unknown; he called with so much power those who thirsted -for righteousness to come to Christ for the waters of life, -that friends and enemies were struck with his eloquence. -Observing that his name began to be talked of in various -places, he quitted the capital and travelled unnoticed through -several counties, where he found some little Christian congregations -whom he tried to strengthen in the faith.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Tyndale, who remained on the continent, having heard of -Fryth’s labors, began to feel great anxiety about him. He -knew but too well the cruel disposition of the bishops and -of More. ‘I will make the serpent come out of his dark -den,’ Sir Thomas had said, speaking of Tyndale, ‘as Hercules -forced Cerberus, the watch-dog of hell, to come out to -the light of day.... I will not leave Tyndale the darkest -<span class='pageno' id='Page_144'>144</span>corner in which to hide his head.’<a id='r300' /><a href='#f300' class='c009'><sup>[300]</sup></a> In Tyndale’s eyes -Fryth was the great hope of the Church in England; he -trembled lest the redoubtable Hercules should seize him. -‘Dearly beloved brother Jacob,’ he wrote,—calling him Jacob -to mislead his enemies,—‘be cold, sober, wise, and circumspect, -and keep you low by the ground, avoiding high questions -that pass the common capacity. But expound the law -truly, and open the veil of Moses to condemn all flesh and -prove all men sinners. Then set abroach the mercy of our -Lord Jesus, and let the wounded consciences drink of him.... -All doctrine that casteth a mist on these two to -shadow and hide them, resist with all your power.... -Beloved in my heart, there liveth not one in whom I have -so great hope and trust, and in whom my heart rejoiceth, -not so much for your learning and what other gifts else you -may have, as because you walk in those things that the -conscience may feel, and not in the imagination of the brain. -Cleave fast to the rock of the help of God; and if aught be -required of you contrary to the glory of God and his Christ, -then stand fast and commit yourself to God. He is our -God, and our redemption is nigh.’<a id='r301' /><a href='#f301' class='c009'><sup>[301]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Tyndale’s fears were but too well founded. Sir Thomas -More held Fryth’s new treatise in his hand: he read it and, -gave way by turns to anger and sarcasm. ‘Whetting his -wits, calling his spirits together, and sharpening his pen,’ to -use the words of the chronicler,<a id='r302' /><a href='#f302' class='c009'><sup>[302]</sup></a> he answered Fryth, and -described his doctrine under the image of a cancer. This -did not satisfy him. Although he had returned the seals to -the king in May, he continued to hold office until the end of -the year. He ordered search to be made for Fryth, and -set all his bloodhounds on the track. If the reformer was -discovered he was lost; when Sir Thomas More had once -caught his man, nothing could save him—nothing but a -merry jest, perhaps. For instance, one day when he was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_145'>145</span>examining a gospeller named Silver: ‘You know,’ he said, -with a smile, ‘that silver must be tried in the fire.’ ‘Yes,’ -retorted the accused instantly, ‘but not quicksilver.’<a id='r303' /><a href='#f303' class='c009'><sup>[303]</sup></a> More -delighted with the repartee, set the poor wretch at liberty. -But Fryth was no jester: he could not hope, therefore, to -find favor with the ex-chancellor of England.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth Hunted By More.</div> -<p class='c008'>Sir Thomas hunted the reformer by sea and by land, -promising a great reward to any one who should deliver him -up. There was no county or town or village where More -did not look for him, no sheriff or justice of the peace to -whom he did not apply, no harbor where he did not post -some officer to catch him.<a id='r304' /><a href='#f304' class='c009'><sup>[304]</sup></a> But the answer from every -quarter was: ‘He is not here.’ Indeed, Fryth, having been -informed of the great exertions of his enemy, was fleeing -from place to place, often changing his dress, and finding -safety nowhere. Determining to leave England and return -to Tyndale, he went to Milton Shone in Essex with the intention -of embarking. A ship was ready to sail, and quitting -his hiding-place he went down to the shore with all -precaution. He had been betrayed. More’s agents, who -were on the watch, seized him as he was stepping on board, -and carried him to the Tower. This occurred in October -1532.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Sir Thomas More was uneasy and soured. He beheld a -new power lifting its head in England and all Christendom, -and he felt that in despite of his wit and his influence he -was unable to check it. That man so amiable, that writer -of a style so pure and elegant, did not so much dread the -anger of the king; what exasperated him was to see the -Scriptures circulating more widely every day, and a continually -increasing number of his fellow-citizens converted -to the evangelical faith. These new men, who seemed to -have more piety than himself—he an old follower of the -old papacy!—irritated him sorely. He claimed to have -alone—he and his friends—the privilege of being Christians. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_146'>146</span>The zeal of the partisans of the Reformation, the -sacrifice they made of their repose, their money, and their -lives, confounded him. ‘These diabolical people,’ he said, -‘print their books at great expense, notwithstanding the -great danger; not looking for any gain, they give them -away to everybody, and even scatter them abroad by night.<a id='r305' /><a href='#f305' class='c009'><sup>[305]</sup></a> -They fear no labor, no journey, no expense, no pain, no -danger, no blows, no injury. They take a malicious pleasure -in seeking the destruction of others, and these disciples -of the devil think only how they may cast the souls of the -simple into hell-fire.’ In such a strain as this did the elegant -utopist give vent to his anger—the man who had -dreamt all his life of the plan of an imaginary world for the -perfect happiness of every one. At last he had caught the -chief of these disciples of Satan, and hoped to put him to -death by fire.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth’s Labors In Prison.</div> -<p class='c008'>The news soon spread through London that Fryth was in -the tower, and several priests and bishops immediately went -thither to try to bring him back to the pope. Their great -argument was that More had confuted his treatise on the -Lord’s Supper. Fryth asked to see the confutation, but it -was refused him. One day the Bishop of Winchester having -called up the prisoner, showed it to Fryth, and, holding -it up, asserted that the book quite shut his mouth: Fryth -put out his hand, but the bishop hastily withdrew the volume. -More himself was ashamed of the apology and did -all he could to prevent its circulation. Fryth could only -obtain a written copy, but he resolved to answer it immediately. -There was no one with whom he could confer, not a -book he could consult, and the chains with which he was -loaded scarcely allowed him to sit and write.<a id='r306' /><a href='#f306' class='c009'><sup>[306]</sup></a> But reading -in his dungeon by the light of a small candle the insults of -More, and finding himself charged with having collected all -the poison that could be found in the writings of Wickliffe, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_147'>147</span>Luther, Œcolampadius, Tyndale, and Zwingle, this humble -servant of God exclaimed: ‘No! Luther and his doctrine -are not the mark I aim at, but the Scriptures of God.’<a id='r307' /><a href='#f307' class='c009'><sup>[307]</sup></a> -‘He shall pay for his heresy with the best blood in his -body,’ said his enemies; and the pious disciple replied: ‘As -the sheep bound by the hand of the butcher with timid look -beseeches that his blood may soon be shed, even so do I -pray my judges that my blood may be shed <i>to-morrow</i>, if by -my death the king’s eyes should be opened.’<a id='r308' /><a href='#f308' class='c009'><sup>[308]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Before he died, Fryth desired to save, if it were God’s -will, one of his adversaries. There was one of them who -had no obstinacy, no malice: it was Rastell, More’s brother-in-law. -Being unable to speak to him or to any of the -enemies of the Reformation, he formed the design of writing -in prison a treatise which should be called the <i>Bulwark</i>. -But strict orders had recently arrived that he should have -neither pen, ink, nor paper.<a id='r309' /><a href='#f309' class='c009'><sup>[309]</sup></a> Some evangelical Christians -of London, who succeeded in getting access to him, secretly -furnished him with the means of writing, and Fryth began. -He wrote ... but at every moment he listened for fear -the lieutenant of the Tower or the warders should come -upon him suddenly and find the pen in his hand.<a id='r310' /><a href='#f310' class='c009'><sup>[310]</sup></a> Often a -bright thought would occur to him, but some sudden alarm -drove it out of his mind, and he could not recall it.<a id='r311' /><a href='#f311' class='c009'><sup>[311]</sup></a> He -took courage, however: he had been accused of asserting -that good works were of no service: he proceeded to explain -with much eloquence all their utility, and every time he -repeated: ‘Is that nothing? is that still nothing? Truly, -Rastell,’ he added, ‘if you only regard that as useful which -justifies us, the sun is not useful, because it justifieth not.’<a id='r312' /><a href='#f312' class='c009'><sup>[312]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>As he was finishing these words he heard the keys rattling -<span class='pageno' id='Page_148'>148</span>at the door, and, being alarmed, immediately threw -paper, ink, and pen into a hiding-place. However, he was -able to complete the treatise and send it to Rastell. More’s -brother-in-law read it; his heart was touched, his understanding -enlightened, his prejudices cleared away; and from -that hour this choice spirit was gained over to the Gospel -of Christ. God had given him new eyes and new ears. A -pure joy filled the prisoner’s heart. ‘Rastell now looks -upon his natural reason as foolishness,’ he said. ‘Rastell, -become a child, drinks the wisdom that cometh from on -high.’<a id='r313' /><a href='#f313' class='c009'><sup>[313]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The conversion of Sir Thomas More’s brother-in-law -made a great sensation, and the visits to Fryth’s cell became -every day more numerous. Although separated from his -wife and from Tyndale, whom he had been forced to leave -in the Low Countries, he had never had so many friends, -brothers, mothers, and fathers; he wept for very joy. He -took his pen and paper from their hiding-place, and, always -indefatigable, began to write first the <i>Looking-glass of Self-knowledge</i>, -and next a <i>Letter to the faithful Followers of the -Gospel of Christ</i>. ‘Imitators of the Lord,’ he said to them, -‘mark yourselves with the sign of the cross, not as the superstitious -crowd does, in order to worship it, but as a testimony -that you are ready to bear that cross as soon as God -shall please to send it. Fear not when you have it, for you -will also have a hundred fathers instead of one, a hundred -mothers instead of one, a hundred mansions already in this -life (for I have made the trial), and after this life, joy everlasting.’<a id='r314' /><a href='#f314' class='c009'><sup>[314]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth Visits Petit.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the beginning of 1533, Anne Boleyn having been -married to the King of England, Fryth saw his chains fall -off: he was allowed to have all he asked for, and even -permitted to leave the Tower at night on parole. He -took advantage of this liberty to visit the friends of the -Gospel, and consult with them about what was to be done. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_149'>149</span>One evening in particular, after leaving the Tower, Fryth -went to Petit’s house, anxious to embrace once more that -great friend of the Reformation, that firm member of parliament, -who had been thrown into prison as we have seen, -and at last set free. Petit, weakened by his long confinement, -was near his end; the persecution agitated and pained -him, and it would appear that his emotion sometimes ended -in delirium. As he was groaning over the captivity of the -young and noble reformer, Fryth appeared. Petit was -confused, his mind wandered. Is it Fryth or his ghost? -He was like the apostles, when Rhoda came to tell them that -Peter was at the gate waiting to see them. But gradually -recovering himself, Petit said: ‘You here! how have you -escaped the vigilance of the warders?’ ‘God himself,’ answered -Fryth, ‘gave me this liberty by touching their -hearts.’<a id='r315' /><a href='#f315' class='c009'><sup>[315]</sup></a> The two friends then conversed about the true -Reformation of England, which in their eyes had nothing -to do with the diplomatic proceedings of the king. In their -opinion it was not a matter of overloading the external -Church with new frippery, but ‘to increase that elect, sanctified, -and invisible congregation, elect before the foundation -of the world.’<a id='r316' /><a href='#f316' class='c009'><sup>[316]</sup></a> Fryth did not conceal from Petit the conviction -he felt that he would be called upon to die for the -Gospel. The night was spent in such Christian conversation -and the day began to dawn before the prisoner hastened to -return to the Tower.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The evangelist’s friends did not think as he did. Anne -Boleyn’s accession seemed as if it ought to open the doors -of Fryth’s prison, and in imagination they saw him at liberty, -and laboring either on the continent or at home at that -real reformation which is accomplished by the Scriptures of -God.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But it was not to be so. Most of the evangelical men raised -up by God in England during the reign of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> -found—not the influence which they should have exercised, -but—death. Yet their blood has weighed in the divine -<span class='pageno' id='Page_150'>150</span>balance; it has sanctified the Reformation of England, and -been a spiritual seed for future ages. If the Church of that -rich country, which possesses such worldly splendor, has -nevertheless witnessed the development of a powerful evangelical -life in its bosom, it must not forget the cause, but -understand, with Tertullian, that <i>the blood of the martyrs is -the seed of the Church</i>.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-19' class='c004'>CHAPTER XIX. <br /> A REFORMER CHOOSES RATHER TO LOSE HIS LIFE THAN TO SAVE IT. <br /> (<span class='sc'>May to July 1533.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The enemy was on the watch: the second period of -Fryth’s captivity, that which was to terminate in martyrdom, -was beginning. Henry’s bishops, who, while casting off the -pope to please the king, had remained devoted to scholastic -doctrines, feared lest the reformer should escape them: they -therefore undertook to solicit Henry to put him to death. -Fryth had on his side the queen, Cromwell, and Cranmer. -This did not discourage them, and they represented to the -king that although the man was shut up in the Tower of -London, he did not cease to write and act in defence of -heresy. It was the season of Lent, and Fryth’s enemies -came to an understanding with Dr. Curwin, the king’s chaplain, -who was to preach before the court. He had no sooner -got into the pulpit than he began to declaim against those -who denied the material presence of Christ in the host. -Having struck his hearers with horror, he continued: ‘It is -not surprising that this abominable heresy makes such great -progress among us. A man now in the Tower of London -<span class='pageno' id='Page_151'>151</span>has the audacity to defend it, and no one thinks of punishing -him.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth Ordered For Trial.</div> -<p class='c008'>When the service was over, the brilliant congregation left -the chapel, and each as he went out asked what was the -man’s name. ‘Fryth’ was the reply, and loud were the -exclamations on hearing it. The blow took effect, the scholastic -prejudices of the king were revived, and he sent for -Cromwell and Cranmer. ‘I am very much surprised,’ he -said, ‘that John Fryth has been kept so long in the Tower -without examination. I desire his trial to take place without -delay; and if he does not retract, let him suffer the -penalty he deserves.’ He then nominated six of the chief -spiritual and temporal peers of England to examine him: -they were the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Bishops of -London and Winchester, the lord chancellor, the Duke of -Suffolk, and the Earl of Wiltshire. This demonstrated the -importance which Henry attached to the affair. Until now, -all the martyrs had fallen beneath the blows either of the -bishops or of More; but in this case it was the king himself -who stretched out his strong hand against the servant of -God.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry’s order plunged Cranmer into the cruellest anxiety. -On the one hand, Fryth was in his eyes a disciple of -the Gospel; but on the other, he attacked a doctrine which -the archbishop then held to be Christian; for, like Luther -and Osiander, he still believed in consubstantiation. ‘Alas!’ -he wrote to Archdeacon Hawkins, ‘he professes the doctrine -of Œcolampadius.’<a id='r317' /><a href='#f317' class='c009'><sup>[317]</sup></a> He resolved, however, to do -everything in his power to save Fryth.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The best friends of the young reformer saw that a pile -was being raised to consume the most faithful Christian in -England. ‘Dearly beloved,’ wrote Tyndale from Antwerp, -‘fear not men that threat, nor trust men that speak fair. -Your cause is Christ’s Gospel, a light that must be fed with -the blood of faith. The lamp must be trimmed daily, that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_152'>152</span>the light go not out.’<a id='r318' /><a href='#f318' class='c009'><sup>[318]</sup></a> There was no lack of examples to -confirm these words. ‘Two have suffered in Antwerp unto -the great glory of the Gospel; four at Ryselles in Flanders. -At Rouen in France they persecute, and at Paris are five -doctors taken for the Gospel. See, you are not alone: -follow the example of all your other dear brethren, who -choose to suffer in hope of a better resurrection. Bear the -image of Christ in your mortal body, and keep your conscience -pure and undefiled.... <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Una salus victis, nullam -sperare salutem</i></span>: the only safety of the conquered is to -look for none. If you could but write and tell us how you -are.’ In this letter from a martyr to a martyr there was -one sentence honorable to a Christian woman: ‘Your wife -is well content with the will of God, and would not for her -sake have the glory of God hindered.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Cranmer Would Save Fryth.</div> -<p class='c008'>If friends were thinking of Fryth on the banks of the -Scheldt, they were equally anxious about him on the banks -of the Thames. Worthy citizens of London asked what -was the use of England’s quitting the pope to cling to Christ, -if she burnt the servants of Christ? The little Church had -recourse to prayer. Archbishop Cranmer wished to save -Fryth: he loved the man and admired his piety. If the -accused appeared before the commission appointed by the -king, he was lost: some means must be devised without -delay to rescue him from an inevitable death. The archbishop -declared that, before proceeding to trial, he wished -to have a conference with the prisoner, and to endeavor to -convince him, which was very natural. But at the same -time the primate appeared to fear that if the conference -took place in London the people would disturb the public -peace, as in the time of Wickliffe.<a id='r319' /><a href='#f319' class='c009'><sup>[319]</sup></a> He settled therefore -that it should be held at Croydon, where he had a palace. -The primate’s fear seems rather strange. A riot on account -<span class='pageno' id='Page_153'>153</span>of Fryth, at a time when king, commons, and people -were in harmony, appeared hardly probable. Cranmer had -another motive.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Among the persons composing his household was a gentleman -of benevolent character, and with a leaning towards -the Gospel, who was distressed at the cruelty of the bishops, -and looked upon it as a lawful and Christian act to rob -them, if possible, of their victims. Giving him one of the -porters of Lambeth palace as a companion, Cranmer committed -Fryth to his care to bring him to Croydon. They -were to take the prisoner a journey of four or five hours -on foot through fields and woods, without any constables or -soldiers. A strange walk and a strange escort.<a id='r320' /><a href='#f320' class='c009'><sup>[320]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Lord Fitzwilliam, first Earl of Southampton and governor -of the Tower, at that time lay sick in his house at -Westminster, suffering such severe pain as to force loud -groans from him. On the <abbr title='tenth'>10th</abbr> of June, at the desire of my -Lord of Canterbury, the archbishop’s gentleman, and the -Lambeth porter, Gallois, surnamed Perlebeane, were introduced -into the nobleman’s bedchamber, where they found -him lying upon his bed in extreme agony. Fitzwilliam, a -man of the world, was greatly enraged against the evangelicals, -who were the cause, in his opinion, of all the difficulties -of England. The gentleman respectfully presented -to him the primate’s letter and the king’s ring. ‘What do -you want?’ he asked sharply, without opening the letter. -‘His grace desires your lordship to deliver Master Fryth to -us.’ The impatient Southampton flew into a passion at the -name, and cursed Fryth and all the heretics.<a id='r321' /><a href='#f321' class='c009'><sup>[321]</sup></a> He thought -it strange that a gentleman and a porter should have to convey -a prisoner of such importance to the episcopal court: -were there no soldiers in the Tower? Had Fitzwilliam any -<span class='pageno' id='Page_154'>154</span>suspicion, or did he regret to see the reformer leave the -walls within which he had been kept so safely? We cannot -tell: but he must obey, for they brought him the king’s -signet. Accordingly, taking his own hastily from his finger: -‘Fryth,’ he said, ‘Fryth.... Here, show this to the -lieutenant of the Tower, and take away your heretic quickly. -I am but too happy to get rid of him.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>A few hours later Fryth, the gentleman, and Perlebeane -entered a boat moored near the Tower, and were rowed -speedily to the archbishop’s palace at Lambeth. At first -the three persons preserved a strict silence, only interrupted -from time to time by the deep sighs of the gentleman. -Being charged to begin by trying to induce Fryth to make -some compromise, he broke the silence at last. ‘Master -Fryth,’ he said, ‘if you are not prudent you are lost. What -a pity! you that are so learned in Latin and Greek and -in the Holy Scriptures, the ancient doctors, and all kinds of -knowledge, you will perish, and all your admirable gifts will -perish with you, with little profit to the world, and less comfort -to your wife and children, your kinsfolk and friends.’... -The gentleman was silent a minute, and then began -again: ‘Your position is dangerous, Master Fryth, but not -desperate: you have many friends who will do all they can -in your favor. On your part do something for them, make -some concession, and you will be safe. Your opinion on the -merely spiritual presence of the body and blood of the -Saviour is premature: it is too soon for us in England; -wait until a better time comes!’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Fryth did not say a word: no sound was heard but the -dash of the water and the noise of the oars. The gentleman -thought he had shaken the young doctor, and, after a moment’s -silence, he resumed: ‘My lord Cromwell and my lord -of Canterbury feel great affection for you: they know that, -if you are young in years, you are old in knowledge, and -may become a most profitable citizen of this realm.... -If you will be somewhat advised by their counsel, they will -never permit you to be harmed; but if you stand stiff to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_155'>155</span>your opinion, it is not possible to save your life, for as you -have good friends so have you mortal enemies.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Attempt At Conciliation.</div> -<p class='c008'>The gentleman stopped and looked at the prisoner. It -was by such language that Bilney had been seduced; but -Fryth kept himself in the presence of God, ready to lose his -life that he might save it. He thanked the gentleman for -his kindness, and said that his conscience would not permit -him to recede, out of respect to man, from the true doctrine -of the Lord’s Supper. ‘If I am questioned on that point, I -must answer according to my conscience, though I should -lose twenty lives if I had so many. I can support it by a -great number of passages from the Holy Scriptures and the -ancient doctors, and, if I am fairly tried, I shall have nothing -to fear.’—‘Marry!’ quoth the gentleman, ‘if you be -fairly tried, you would be safe; but that is what I very -much doubt. Our Master Christ was not fairly tried, nor -would he be, as I think, if he were now present again in the -world. How, then, should you be, when your opinions are -so little understood and are so odious?’—‘I know,’ answered -Fryth, ‘that the doctrine which I hold is very hard -meat to be digested just now; but listen to me.’ As he -spoke, he took the gentleman by the hand: ‘If you live -twenty years more, you will see the whole realm of my -opinion concerning this sacrament of the altar—all, except -a certain class of men. My death, you say, would be sorrowful -to my friends, but it will be only for a short time. -But, all things considered, my death will be better unto me -and all mine than life in continual bondage. God knoweth -what he hath to do with his poor servant, whose cause I -now defend. He will help me, and no man shall prevail -on me to step backwards.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The boat reached Lambeth. The travellers landed, entered -the archbishop’s palace, and, after taking some refreshment, -started on foot for Croydon, twelve miles from -London.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The three travellers proceeded over the hills and through -the plains of Surrey. Here and there flocks of sheep were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_156'>156</span>grazing in the scanty pastures, and to the east stretched vast -woods. The gentleman walked mournfully by the side of -Fryth. It was useless to ask him again to retract; but -another idea engrossed Cranmer’s officer,—that of letting -Fryth escape. The country was then thinly inhabited: -the woods which covered it on the east and the chalky hills -might serve as a hiding-place for the fugitive. The difficulty -was to persuade Perlebeane. The gentleman slackened -his pace, called to the porter, and they walked by -themselves behind the prisoner. When they were so far -off that he could not hear their conversation, the gentleman -said: ‘You have heard this man, I am sure, and noted his -talk since he came from the Tower.’—‘I never heard so -constant a man,’ Perlebeane answered, ‘nor so eloquent a -person.’—‘You have heard nothing,’ resumed the gentleman, -‘in respect both of his knowledge and his eloquence. -If you could hear him at the university or in the pulpit, -you would admire him still more. England has never had -such a one of his age with so much learning. And yet our -bishops treat him as if he were a very dolt or an idiot.... -They abhor him as the devil himself, and want to get rid of -him by any means.’—‘Marry!’ said the porter, ‘if there -were nothing else in him but the consideration of his person -both comely and amiable, his disposition so gentle, meek, -and humble, it were pity he should be cast away.’—‘Cast -away,’ interrupted the gentleman, ‘he will certainly be cast -away if we once bring him to Croydon.’ And lowering his -voice, he continued: ‘Surely, before God I speak it, if thou, -Perlebeane, wert of my mind, we should never bring him -thither.’—‘What do you mean?’ asked the astonished -porter. Then, after a moment’s silence, he added: ‘I know -that you have a great deal more responsibility in this matter -than I have; and therefore, if you can honestly save this -man, I will yield to your proposal with all my heart.’ The -gentleman breathed again.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Attempt To Save Fryth.</div> -<p class='c008'>Cranmer had desired that all possible efforts should be -made to change Fryth’s sentiments; and these failing, he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_157'>157</span>wished to save him in another way. It was his desire that -the Reformer should go on foot to Croydon; that he should -be accompanied by two only of his servants, selected from -those best disposed towards the new doctrine. The primate’s -gentleman would never have dared to take upon -himself, except by his master’s desire, the responsibility of -conniving at the escape of a prisoner who was to be tried by -the first personages of the realm, appointed by the king -himself. Happy at having gained the porter to his enterprise, -he began to discuss with him the ways and means. -He knew the country well, and his plan was arranged.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘You see yonder hill before us,’ he said to Perlebeane; -‘it is Brixton Causeway, two miles from London. There -are great woods on both sides. When we come to the top, -we will permit Fryth to escape to the woods on the left -hand, whence he may easily get into Kent, where he was -born, and where he has many friends. We will linger an -hour or two on the road after his flight, to give him time to -reach a place of safety, and when night approaches, we will -go to Streatham, which is a mile and a half off, and make -an outcry in the town that our prisoner has escaped into the -woods on the right hand towards Wandsworth; that we followed -him for more than a mile, and at length lost him because -we were not many enough. At the same time we -will take with us as many people as we can to search for -him in that direction; if necessary we will be all night about -it; and before we can send the news of what has happened -to Croydon, Fryth will be in safety, and the bishops will be -disappointed.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The gentleman, we see, was not very scrupulous about -the means of rescuing a victim from the Roman priests. -Perlebeane thought as he did. ‘Your plan pleases me,’ he -answered; ‘now go and tell the prisoner, for we are already -at the foot of the hill.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The delighted gentleman hurried forward. ‘Master -Fryth,’ he said, ‘let us talk together a little. I cannot -hide from you that the task I have undertaken, to bring you -<span class='pageno' id='Page_158'>158</span>to Croydon, as a sheep to the slaughter, grieves me exceedingly, -and there is no danger I would not brave to deliver -you out of the lion’s mouth. Yonder good fellow and I have -devised a plan whereby you may escape. Listen to me. -The gentleman having described his plan, Fryth smiled -amiably, and said: ‘This, then, is the result of your long -consultation together. You have wasted your time. If you -were both to leave me here and go to Croydon, declaring to -the bishops you had lost me, I should follow after as fast as -I could, and bring them news that I had found and brought -Fryth again.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The gentleman had not expected such an answer. A -prisoner refuse his liberty! ‘You are mad,’ he said: ‘do -you think your reasoning will convert the bishops? At -Milton Shone you tried to escape beyond the sea, and now -you refuse to save yourself!’—‘The two cases are different,’ -answered Fryth; ‘then I was at liberty, and, according -to the advice of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul, I would fain have enjoyed my -liberty for the continuance of my studies. But now the -higher power, as it were by Almighty God’s permission, has -seized me, and my conscience binds me to defend the doctrine -for which I am persecuted, if I would not incur our -Lord’s condemnation. If I should now run away, I should -run from my God; if I should fly, I should fly from the -testimony I am bound to bear to his Holy Word, and I -should deserve a thousand hells. I most heartily thank you -both for your good will towards me; but I beseech you to -bring me where I was appointed to be brought, for else I -will go thither all alone.’<a id='r322' /><a href='#f322' class='c009'><sup>[322]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Those who desired to save Fryth had not counted upon -so much integrity. Such were, however, the martyrs of -protestantism. The archbishop’s two servants continued -their route along with their strange prisoner. Fryth had a -calm eye and cheerful look, and the rest of the journey was -accomplished in pious and agreeable conversation. When -they reached Croydon, he was delivered to the officers of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_159'>159</span>the episcopal court, and passed the night in the lodge of the -primate’s porter.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth On The Real Presence.</div> -<p class='c008'>The next morning he appeared before the bishops and -peers appointed to examine him. Cranmer and Lord -Chancellor Audley desired his acquittal; but some of the -other judges were men without pity.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The examination began:</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Do you believe,’ they said, ‘that the sacrament of the -altar is or is not the real body of Christ?’ Fryth answered, -simply and firmly: ‘I believe that the bread is the body of -Christ in that it is broken, and thus teaches us that the body -of Christ was to be broken and delivered unto death to -redeem us from our iniquities. I believe the bread is the -body of Christ in that it is <i>distributed</i>, and thus teaches us -that the body of Christ and the fruits of his passion are distributed -unto all faithful people. I believe that the bread is -the body of Christ so far as it is <i>received</i>, and thus it teaches -us that even as the outward man receiveth the sacrament -with his teeth and mouth, so doth the inward man truly receive -through faith the body of Christ and the fruits of his -passion.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The judges were not satisfied: they wanted a formal and -complete retraction. ‘Do you not think,’ asked one of -them, ‘that the natural body of Christ, his flesh, blood, and -bones, are contained under the sacrament and are there -present without any figure of speech?’—‘No,’ he answered; -‘I do not think so;’ adding with much humility and charity: -‘notwithstanding I would not have that any should count -my saying to be an article of faith. For even as I say, that -you ought not to make any necessary article of the faith of -your part; so I say again, that we make no necessary -article of the faith of our part, but leave it indifferent -for all men to judge therein, as God shall open their hearts, -and no side to condemn or despise the other, but to nourish -in all things brotherly love, and to bear one another’s infirmities.’<a id='r323' /><a href='#f323' class='c009'><sup>[323]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_160'>160</span>The commissioners then undertook to convince Fryth of -the truth of transubstantiation; but he quoted Scripture, -<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Augustine and Chrysostom, and eloquently defended the -doctrine of the spiritual eating. The court rose. Cranmer -had been moved, although he was still under the influence -of Luther’s teaching.<a id='r324' /><a href='#f324' class='c009'><sup>[324]</sup></a> ‘The man spoke admirably,’ he -said to Dr. Heath as they went out, ‘and yet in my opinion -he is wrong.’ Not many years later he devoted one of the -most important of his writings to an explanation of the doctrine -now professed by the young reformer; it may be that -Fryth’s words had begun to shake him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Full of love for him, Cranmer desired to save him. -Four times during the course of the examination he sent -for Fryth and conversed with him privately,<a id='r325' /><a href='#f325' class='c009'><sup>[325]</sup></a> always asserting -the Lutheran opinion. Fryth offered to maintain -his doctrine in a public discussion against any one who was -willing to attack it, but nobody accepted his challenge.<a id='r326' /><a href='#f326' class='c009'><sup>[326]</sup></a> -Cranmer, distressed at seeing all his efforts useless, found -there was nothing more for him to do; the cause was transferred -to the ordinary, the Bishop of London, and on the -<abbr title='seventeenth'>17th</abbr> of June the prisoner was once more committed to the -Tower. The bishop selected as his assessors for the trial, -Longland, Bishop of Lincoln, and Gardiner, Bishop of Winchester: -there were no severer judges to be found on the -episcopal bench. At Cambridge, Fryth had been the most -distinguished pupil of the clever and ambitious Gardiner; -but this, instead of exciting the compassion of that hard -man, did but increase his anger. ‘Fryth and his friends,’ he -said, ‘are villains, blasphemers, and limbs of the devil.’<a id='r327' /><a href='#f327' class='c009'><sup>[327]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Fryth Sentenced To Death.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> of June, Fryth was taken to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s before -the three bishops, and though of a humble disposition -and almost timid character, he answered boldly. A clerk -<span class='pageno' id='Page_161'>161</span>took down all his replies, and Fryth, snatching up the pen, -wrote: ‘I, Fryth think thus. Thus have I spoken, written, -defended, affirmed, and published in my writings.’<a id='r328' /><a href='#f328' class='c009'><sup>[328]</sup></a> The -bishops having asked him if he would retract his errors, -Fryth replied: ‘Let justice have its course and the sentence -be pronounced.’ Stokesley did not keep him waiting long. -‘Not willing that thou, Fryth, who art wicked,’ he said, -‘shouldst become more wicked, and infect the Lord’s flock -with thy heresies, we declare thee excommunicate and cast -out from the Church, and leave thee unto the secular -powers, most earnestly requiring them in the truth of our -Lord Jesus Christ that thy execution and punishment be -not too extreme, <i>nor yet the gentleness too much mitigated</i>.’<a id='r329' /><a href='#f329' class='c009'><sup>[329]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Fryth was taken to Newgate and shut up in a dark cell, -where he was bound with chains on the hands and feet -as heavy as he could bear, and round his neck was a collar -of iron, which fastened him to a post, so that he could -neither stand upright nor sit down. Truly the ‘gentleness’ -was not ‘too much mitigated.’ His charity never failed him. -‘I am going to die,’ he said, ‘but I condemn neither those -who follow Luther nor those who follow Œcolampadius, -since both reject transubstantiation.’<a id='r330' /><a href='#f330' class='c009'><sup>[330]</sup></a> A young mechanic -of twenty-four, Andrew Hewet by name, was placed in his -cell. Fryth asked him for what crime he was sent to -prison. ‘The bishops,’ he replied, ‘asked me what I -thought of the sacrament, and I answered, “I think as -Fryth does.” Then one of them smiled, and the Bishop of -London said: “Why Fryth is a heretic, and already condemned -to be burnt, and if you do not retract your opinion -you shall be burnt with him.” “Very well,” I answered, -“I am content.”<a id='r331' /><a href='#f331' class='c009'><sup>[331]</sup></a> So they sent me here to be burnt along -with you.’</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_162'>162</span>On the <abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> of July they were both taken to Smithfield: -the executioners fastened them to the post, back to back; -the torch was applied, the flame rose in the air, and Fryth, -stretching out his hands, embraced it as if it were a dear -friend whom he would welcome. The spectators were -touched, and showed marks of lively sympathy. ‘Of a -truth,’ said an evangelical Christian in after days, ‘he was -one of those prophets whom God, having pity on this realm -of England, raised up to call us to repentance.’<a id='r332' /><a href='#f332' class='c009'><sup>[332]</sup></a> His -enemies were there. Cooke, a fanatic priest, observing -some persons praying, called out: ‘Do not pray for such -folks, any more than you would for a dog.’<a id='r333' /><a href='#f333' class='c009'><sup>[333]</sup></a> At this moment -a sweet light shone on Fryth’s face, and he was heard -beseeching the Lord to pardon his enemies. Hewet died -first, and Fryth thanked God that the sufferings of his -young brother were over. Committing his soul into the -Lord’s hands, he expired. ‘Truly,’ exclaimed many, ‘great -are the victories Christ gains in his saints.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>So many souls were enlightened by Fryth’s writings, that -this reformer contributed powerfully to the renovation of -England. ‘One day, an Englishman,’ says Thomas Becon, -prebendary of Canterbury and chaplain to Archbishop Cranmer, -‘having taken leave of his mother and friends, travelled -into Derbyshire, and from thence to the Peak, a marvellous -barren country,’ and where there was then ‘neither -learning nor yet no spark of godliness.’ Coming into a little -village named Alsop in the Dale, he chanced upon a certain -gentleman also named Alsop, lord of that village, a -man not only ancient in years, but also ripe in the knowledge -of Christ’s doctrine. After they had taken ‘a sufficient -repast,’ the gentleman showed his guest certain books -which he called his <i>jewels</i> and <i>principal treasures</i>: these -were the New Testament and some books of Fryth’s. In -these godly treatises this ancient gentleman occupied himself -among his rocks and mountains both diligently and virtuously. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_163'>163</span>‘He did not only love the Gospel,’ adds Cranmer’s -chaplain, he ‘<i>lived it also</i>.’<a id='r334' /><a href='#f334' class='c009'><sup>[334]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Fryth’s writings were not destined to be read always with -the same avidity: the truth they contain is, however, good -for all times. The books of the apostles and of the reformers -which that gentleman of Alsop read in the sixteenth -century were better calculated to bring joy and peace to the -soul than the light works read with such avidity in the -world.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-20' class='c004'>CHAPTER XX. <br /> ENGLAND SEPARATES GRADUALLY FROM THE PAPACY. <br /> (1533.)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Anne Boleyn.</div> -<p class='c008'>When Fryth mounted the scaffold, Anne Boleyn had -been seated a month on the throne of England. The salvoes -of artillery which had saluted the new queen had re-echoed -all over Europe. There could be no more doubt: -the Earl of Wiltshire’s daughter, radiant with grace and -beauty, wore the Tudor crown; every one, especially the -imperial family, must bear the consequences of the act. -One day Sir John Hacket, English envoy at Brussels, arrived -at court just as Mary, regent of the Low Countries, -was about to mount her horse. ‘Have you any news from -England?’ she asked him in French.—‘None,’ he replied. -Mary gave him a look of surprise,<a id='r335' /><a href='#f335' class='c009'><sup>[335]</sup></a> and added: ‘Then I -have, and not over good methinks.’ She then told him of -the king’s marriage, and Hacket rejoined with an unembarrassed -air: ‘Madam, I know not if it has taken place, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_164'>164</span>everybody who considers it coolly and without family prejudice -will agree that it is a lawful and a conscientious marriage.’ -Mary, who was niece of the unhappy Catherine, -replied: ‘Mr. Ambassador, God knows I wish all may go -well; but I do not know how the emperor and the king my -brother will take it, for it touches them as well as me.’—‘I -think I may be certain,’ returned Sir John, ‘that they will -take it in good part.’—‘That I do not know, Mr. Ambassador,’ -said the regent, who doubted it much; and then mounting -her horse, she rode out for the chase.<a id='r336' /><a href='#f336' class='c009'><sup>[336]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> was exasperated: he immediately pressed the -pope to intervene, and on the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> of May, Clement cited -the king to appear at Rome. The pontiff was greatly embarrassed: -having a particular liking for Benet, Henry’s -agent, he took him aside, and said to him privately:<a id='r337' /><a href='#f337' class='c009'><sup>[337]</sup></a> -‘It is an affair of such importance that there has been -none like it for many years. I fear to kindle a fire that -neither pope nor emperor will be able to quench.’ And then -he added unaffectedly: ‘Besides, I cannot pronounce the -king’s excommunication before the emperor has an army ready -to constrain him.’ Henry being told of this <i>aside</i> made -answer: ‘Having the justice of our cause for us, with the -entire consent of our nobility, commons, and subjects, we do -not care for what the pope may do.’ Accordingly he appealed -from the pope to a general council.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The pope was now more embarrassed than ever; ‘I cannot -stand still and do nothing,’ he said.<a id='r338' /><a href='#f338' class='c009'><sup>[338]</sup></a> On the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> of -July he revoked all the English proceedings and excommunicated -the king, but suspended the effects of his sentence -until the end of September. ‘I hope,’ said Henry contemptuously, -‘that before then the pope will understand his -folly.’<a id='r339' /><a href='#f339' class='c009'><sup>[339]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>He reckoned on Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to help him to understand it; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_165'>165</span>but that prince was about to receive the pope’s niece into -his family, and Henry made every exertion, but to no effect, -to prevent the meeting of Clement and Francis at Marseilles. -The King of England, who had already against -him the Netherlands, the Empire, Rome, and Spain, saw -France also slipping from him. He was isolated in Europe, -and that became a serious matter. Agitated and indignant, -he came to an extraordinary resolution, namely, to turn to -the disciples and friends of that very Luther whom he had -formerly so disdainfully treated.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Missions Of Vaughan And Mann.</div> -<p class='c008'>Stephen Vaughan and Christopher Mann were despatched, -the former to Saxony, the other to Bavaria.<a id='r340' /><a href='#f340' class='c009'><sup>[340]</sup></a> -Vaughan reached Weimar on the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of September, where -he had to wait five days for the Elector of Saxony, who was -away hunting. On the <abbr title='fifth'>5th</abbr> of September he had an audience -of the prince, and spoke to him first in French and -then in Latin. Seeing that the elector, who spoke neither -French, English, nor Latin, answered him only with nods,<a id='r341' /><a href='#f341' class='c009'><sup>[341]</sup></a> -he begged the chancellor to be his interpreter. A written -answer was sent to Vaughan at seven in the evening: the -Elector of Saxony turned his back on the powerful King of -England. He was unworthy, he said, to have at his court -ambassadors from his royal majesty; and besides, the emperor, -who was his only master, might be displeased. -Vaughan’s annoyance was extreme. ‘Strange rudeness!’ -he exclaimed. ‘A more uncourteous refusal has never been -made to such a gracious proposition. And to my greater -misfortune, it is the first mission of kind with which I have -ever been entrusted.’ He left Weimar determined not to -deliver his credentials either to the Landgrave of Hesse or -to the Duke of Lauenberg, whom he was instructed to visit: -he did not wish to run the chance of receiving fresh affronts.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A strange lot was that of the King of England! the -pope excommunicating him, and the heretics desiring to -have nothing to do with him! No more allies, no more -<span class='pageno' id='Page_166'>166</span>friends! Be it so: if the nation and the monarch are -agreed, what is there to fear? Besides at the very moment -this affront was offered him, his joy was at its height; the -hope of soon possessing that heir, for whom he had longed -so many years, quite transported him. He ordered an official -letter to be prepared announcing the birth of a prince -‘to the great joy of the king,’ it ran, ‘and of all his loving -subjects.’ Only the date of the letter was left blank.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of September, two days after the elector’s refusal, -Anne, then residing in the palace at Greenwich, was -brought to bed of a fine well-formed child, reminding the -gossips of the features of both parents; but alas! it was a -girl. Henry, agitated by two strong affections, love for Anne -and desire for a son, had been kept in great anxiety during -the time of labor. When he was told that the child -was a girl, the love he bore for the mother prevailed, and -though disappointed in his fondest wishes, he received the -babe with joy. But the famous letter announcing the birth -of a prince ... what must be done with it now? -Henry ordered the queen’s secretary to add an <i>s</i> to the word -<i>prince</i>, and despatched the circular without making any -change in the expression of his satisfaction.<a id='r342' /><a href='#f342' class='c009'><sup>[342]</sup></a> The christening -was celebrated with great pomp; two hundred torches -were carried before the princess, a fit emblem of the light -which her reign would shed abroad. The child was named -Elizabeth, and Henry gave her the title of Princess of -Wales, declaring her his successor, in case he should have -no male offspring. In London the excitement was great; -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Te Deums</i></span>, bells, and music filled the air. The adepts of judicial -astrology declared that the stars announced a glorious -future. A bright star was indeed rising over England; and -the English people, throwing off the yoke of Rome, were -about to start on a career of freedom, morality, and greatness. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_167'>167</span>The firm Elizabeth was not destined to shine by the -amiability which distinguished her mother, and the restrictions -she placed upon liberty tend rather to remind us of her -father. Yet while on the continent kings were trampling -under foot the independence of their subjects, the English -people, under Anne Boleyn’s daughter, were to develop -themselves, to flourish in letters, and in arts, to extend navigation -and commerce, to reform abuses, to exercise their liberties, -to watch energetically over the public good, and to -set up the torch of the Gospel of Christ.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>English Envoys At Marseilles.</div> -<p class='c008'>The king of France very adverse to England’s becoming -independent of Rome, at last prevailed upon Henry to send -two English agents (Gardiner and Bryan) to Marseilles. -‘You will keep your eyes open,’ said Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> to them, -‘and lend an attentive ear, but you will keep your mouths -shut.’ The English envoys being invited to a conference -with Clement and Francis, and solicited by those great personages -to speak, declared that they had no powers. ‘Why -then were you sent?’ exclaimed the king unable to conceal -his vexation. The ambassadors only answered with a -smile.<a id='r343' /><a href='#f343' class='c009'><sup>[343]</sup></a> Francis who meant to uphold the authority -of the pope in France, was unwilling that England should -be free: he seems to have had some presentiment of the -happy effects that independence would work for the rival -nation. Accordingly he took the ambassadors aside, and -prayed them to enter immediately on business with the pontiff. -‘We are not here for his Holiness,’ dryly answered -Gardiner, ‘or to negotiate anything with him, but only to -do what the King of England commands us.’ The tricks of -the papacy had ruined it in the minds of the English people. -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, displeased at Gardiner’s silence and irritated by -his stiffness, intimated to the King of England that he would -be pleased to see ‘better instruments’ sent.<a id='r344' /><a href='#f344' class='c009'><sup>[344]</sup></a> Henry did -send another instrument to Marseilles, but he took care to -choose one sharper still.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Edward Bonner, archdeacon of Leicester, was a clever, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_168'>168</span>active man, but ambitious, coarse and rude, wanting in delicacy -and consideration towards those with whom he had to -deal, violent, and, as he showed himself later to the protestants, -a cruel persecutor. For some time he had got into -Cromwell’s good graces, and as the wind was against popery, -Bonner was against the pope. Henry gave him his appeal -to a general council, and charged him to present it to Clement -<abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>: it was the ‘bill of divorcement’ between the pope -and England. Bonner, proud of being the bearer of so -important a message, arrived at Marseilles, firmly resolved -to give Henry a proof of his zeal. If Luther had burnt the -pope’s bull at Wittemberg, Bonner would do as much; but -while Luther had acted as a free man, Bonner was only a -slave, pushing to fanaticism his submission to the orders of -his despotic master.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Gardiner was astonished when he heard of Bonner’s arrival. -What a humiliation for him! He hung his head, -pinched his lips,<a id='r345' /><a href='#f345' class='c009'><sup>[345]</sup></a> and then lifted up his eyes and hands, as -if cursing the day and hour when Bonner appeared. Never -were two men more discordant to one another. Gardiner -could not believe the news. A scheme contrived without -him! A bishop to see one of his inferiors charged with a -mission more important than his own! Bonner, having paid -him a visit, Gardiner affected great coldness, and brought -forward every reason calculated to dissuade him from executing -his commission.—‘But I have a letter from the king,’ -answered Bonner, ‘sealed with his seal, and dated from -Windsor; here it is.’ And he took from his satchel the -letter in which Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> intimated that he had appealed -from the sentence of the pope recently delivered against -him.<a id='r346' /><a href='#f346' class='c009'><sup>[346]</sup></a> ‘Good,’ answered Gardiner, and taking the letter he -read: ‘Our good pleasure is that if you deem it <i>good</i> and -<i>serviceable</i> (Gardiner dwelt upon those two words) you will -give the pope notice of the said appeal, according to the -forms required by law; if not, you will acquaint us with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_169'>169</span>your opinion in that respect.—‘That is clear,’ said Gardiner; -‘you should advise the king to abstain, for that notice -just now will be neither good nor serviceable.’—‘And I -say that it is both,’ rejoined Bonner.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One circumstance brought the two Englishmen into harmony, -at least for a time. Catherine de Medicis, the pope’s -niece, had been married to the son of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, and Clement -made four French prelates cardinals. But not one -Englishman, not even Gardiner! That changed the question; -there could be no more doubt. Francis is sacrificing -Henry to the pope, and the pope insults England. Gardiner -himself desired Bonner to give the pontiff notice of the -appeal, and the English envoy, fearing refusal if he asked -for an audience of Clement, determined to overleap the -usual formalities, and take the place by assault.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Clement And Bonner.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of November, the Archdeacon of Leicester, -accompanied by Penniston, a gentleman who had brought -him the king’s last orders, went early to the pontifical palace, -preparing to let fall from the folds of his mantle war -between England and the papacy. As he was not expected, -the pontifical officers stopped him at the door; but the Englishman -forced his way in, and entered a hall through which -the pope must pass on his way to the consistory.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Ere long the pontiff appeared, wearing his stole, and -walking between the cardinals of Lorraine and Medicis, his -train following behind. His eyes, which were of remarkable -quickness, immediately fell upon the distant Bonner,<a id='r347' /><a href='#f347' class='c009'><sup>[347]</sup></a> -and as he advanced he did not take them off the stranger, -as if astonished and uneasy at seeing him. At length he -stopped in the middle of the hall, and Bonner, approaching -the datary, said to him: ‘Be pleased to inform his Holiness -that I desire to speak to him.’ The officer refusing, the intrepid -Bonner made as if he would go towards the pope. -Clement, wishing to know the meaning of these indiscreet -<span class='pageno' id='Page_170'>170</span>proceedings, bade the cardinals stand aside, took off the -stole, and going to a window recess, called Bonner to him. -The latter, without any formality, informed the pope that -the King of England appealed from his decision to a general -council, and that he (Bonner), his Majesty’s envoy, was -prepared to hand him the authentic documents of the said -appeal, taking them (as he spoke) from his portfolio. Clement, -who expected nothing like this, was greatly surprised: -‘it was a terrible breakfast for him,’ says a contemporary -document.<a id='r348' /><a href='#f348' class='c009'><sup>[348]</sup></a> Not knowing what to answer, he shrugged his -shoulders, ‘after the Italian fashion;’ and at last, recovering -himself a little, he told Bonner that he was going to the -consistory, and desired him to return in the afternoon. -Then beckoning the cardinals, he left the hall.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry’s envoy was punctual to the appointment, but had -to wait for an hour and a half, his Holiness being engaged -in giving audience. At length he and Penniston were -conducted to the pope’s closet. Clement fixed his eyes on -the latter, and Bonner having introduced him, the pope remarked -with a mistrustful air: ‘It is well, but I also must -have some members of my council;’ and he ordered Simonetta, -Capisuchi, and the datary to be sent for. While waiting -their arrival, Clement leant at the window, and appeared -absorbed in thought. At last, unable to contain himself any -longer, he exclaimed: ‘I am greatly surprised that his -Majesty should behave as he does towards me.’ The intrepid -Bonner replied: ‘His Majesty is not less surprised -that your Holiness, who has received so many services from -him, repays him with ingratitude.’ Clement started, but -restrained himself on seeing the datary enter, and ordered -that officer to read the appeal which Bonner had just delivered -to him.<a id='r349' /><a href='#f349' class='c009'><sup>[349]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The datary began: ‘Considering that we have endured -from the pope many wrongs and injuries (<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>gravaminibus et -<span class='pageno' id='Page_171'>171</span>injuriis</i></span>).’... Clasping his hands and nodding dissent, -Clement exclaimed ironically: ‘<span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>O questo è molto vero!</i></span>’ -meaning to say that it was false, remarks Bonner.<a id='r350' /><a href='#f350' class='c009'><sup>[350]</sup></a> The -datary continued: ‘Considering that his most holy Lordship -strikes us with his spiritual sword, and wishes to separate -us from the unity of the Church; we, desiring to protect -with a lawful shield the kingdom which God has given us,<a id='r351' /><a href='#f351' class='c009'><sup>[351]</sup></a> -appeal by these presents, for ourselves and for all our -subjects, to a holy universal council.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A General Council.</div> -<p class='c008'>At these words, the pope burst into a transport of passion,<a id='r352' /><a href='#f352' class='c009'><sup>[352]</sup></a> -and the datary stopped. Clement’s gestures and -broken words uttered with vehemence, showed the horror -he entertained of a council.... A council would set -itself above the pope; a council might perhaps say that the -Germans and the King of England were right. ‘To speak -of a general council! O good Lord!’ he exclaimed.<a id='r353' /><a href='#f353' class='c009'><sup>[353]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The pope gave way to convulsive movements, folding and -unfolding his handkerchief, which was always a sign of great -anger in him. At last, as if to hide his passion, he said: -‘Continue, I am listening.’ When the datary had ended, -the pope said coldly to his officers: ‘It is well written! -<span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Questo è bene fatto.</i></span>’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Then turning to Bonner, he asked: ‘Have you anything -more to say to me?’ Bonner was not in the humor to show -the least consideration. A man of the north, he took a pleasure -in displaying his roughness and inflexibility in the elegant, -crafty, and corrupt society of Rome. He boldly -repeated the protest, and delivered the king’s ‘provocation’ -to the pope, who broke out into fresh lamentations. ‘Ha!’ -he exclaimed vehemently, ‘his Majesty affects much respect -for the Church, but does not show the least to me.’ He -<span class='pageno' id='Page_172'>172</span><i>snarled</i><a id='r354' /><a href='#f354' class='c009'><sup>[354]</sup></a> as he read the new document.... Just at -this moment, one of his officers announced the King of -France. Francis could not have arrived at a more seasonable -moment. Clement rose and went to the door to meet -him. The king respectfully took off his hat, and holding it -in his hand made a low bow,<a id='r355' /><a href='#f355' class='c009'><sup>[355]</sup></a> after which he inquired -what his Holiness was doing. ‘These English gentlemen,’ -said the pontiff, ‘are here to notify me of certain provocations -and appeals ... and for other matters,’<a id='r356' /><a href='#f356' class='c009'><sup>[356]</sup></a> he -added, displaying much ill-humor. Francis sat down near -the table at which the pope was seated; and turning their -backs to Henry’s envoy, who had retired into an adjoining -room, they began a conversation in a low tone, which Bonner, -notwithstanding all his efforts, could not hear.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That conversation possibly decided the separation between -England and France. The king showed that he was offended -at a course of proceeding which he characterized as -unbecoming; and Clement learnt, to his immense satisfaction, -that the English had not spoken to Francis about the -council. ‘If you will leave me and the emperor free to act -against England,’ he said to the king, ‘I will ensure you -possession of the duchy of Milan.’<a id='r357' /><a href='#f357' class='c009'><sup>[357]</sup></a> The monarch promised -the obedience of his people to the decrees of the papacy, -and the pope in his joy exclaimed: ‘<span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Questo è per la bontà -vostra!</i></span>’ Bonner, who had not lost sight of the two speakers, -remarked that at this moment the king and the pope -‘laughed merrily together,’ and appeared to be the best -friends in the world.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king having withdrawn, Bonner, again approached -the pope, and the datary finished the reading. The Englishman -had not been softened by the mysterious conversation -and laughter of Clement and Francis: he was as rough -<span class='pageno' id='Page_173'>173</span>and abrupt as the Frenchman had been smooth and amiable. -It was long since the papacy had suffered such insults -openly, and even the German Reformation had not put it -to such torture. The Cardinal De Medicis, chief of the -malcontents, who had come in, listened to Bonner, with head -bent down and eyes fixed upon the floor: he was humiliated -and indignant. ‘This is a matter of great importance,’ said -Clement; ‘I will consult the consistory and let you know -my answer.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the afternoon of Monday, <abbr title='tenth'>10th</abbr> of November, Bonner -returned to the palace to learn the pope’s pleasure: but -there was a grand reception that day, the lords and ladies -of the court of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> were presented to Clement, who -did nothing for two hours but bless chaplets, bless the spectators, -and put out his foot for the nobles and dames to kiss.<a id='r358' /><a href='#f358' class='c009'><sup>[358]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Clement’s Answer.</div> -<p class='c008'>At last Bonner was introduced: ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Domine doctor, quid -vultis?</i></span> Sir doctor, what do you want?’ said the pope. ‘I -desire the answer which your Holiness promised me.’ -Clement, who had had time to recover himself, replied: -‘A constitution of Pope Pius, my predecessor, condemns all -appeals to a general council. I therefore reject his Majesty’s -appeal as unlawful.’ The pope had pronounced these -words with calmness and dignity, but an incident occurred -to put him out of temper. Bonner, hurt at the little respect -paid to his sovereign, bluntly informed the pope that the -Archbishop of Canterbury—that Cranmer—desired also -to appeal to a council. This was going too far: Clement, -restraining himself no longer, rose, and approaching Henry’s -envoy, said to him: ‘If you do not leave the room instantly, -I will have you thrown into a caldron of molten lead.’<a id='r359' /><a href='#f359' class='c009'><sup>[359]</sup></a>—‘Truly,’ -remarked Bonner, ‘if the pope is a shepherd, he is, -as the king my master says, a violent and cruel shepherd.’<a id='r360' /><a href='#f360' class='c009'><sup>[360]</sup></a> -And not caring to take a leaden bath, he departed for -Lyons.<a id='r361' /><a href='#f361' class='c009'><sup>[361]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_174'>174</span>Clement was delighted not only at the departure, but -still more at the conduct of Bonner: the insolence of the -English envoy helped him wonderfully; and accordingly he -made a great noise about it, complaining to everybody, and -particularly to Francis. ‘I am wearied, vexed, disgusted -with all this,’ said that prince to his courtiers. ‘What I do -with great difficulty in a week for my good brother (Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), his own ministers undo in an hour.’ Clement endeavored -in secret interviews<a id='r362' /><a href='#f362' class='c009'><sup>[362]</sup></a> to increase this discontent, -and he succeeded. The mysterious understanding was apparent -to every one, and Vannes, the English agent, who -never lost sight either of the pope or the king, informed -Cromwell of the close union of their minds.<a id='r363' /><a href='#f363' class='c009'><sup>[363]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>When Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> learnt that the King of France was -slipping from him, he was both irritated and alarmed. -Abandoned by that prince, he saw the pope launching an -interdict against his kingdom, the emperor invading England, -and the people in insurrection.<a id='r364' /><a href='#f364' class='c009'><sup>[364]</sup></a> He had no repose by night -or day: his anger against the pope continued to increase. -Wishing to prevent at least the revolts which the partisans -of the papacy might excite among his subjects, he dictated a -strange proclamation to his secretary: ‘Let no Englishman -forget the most noble and loving prince of this realm,’ he -said, ‘who is most wrongfully judged by the <i>great idol</i>, and -most <i>cruel enemy to Christ’s religion, which calleth himself -Pope</i>. Princes have two ways to attain right—the general -council and the sword. Now the king, having appealed -from the unlawful sentence of the Bishop of Rome to a general -council lawfully congregated, the said usurper hath -rejected the appeal, and is thus outlawed. By holy Scripture, -there is no more jurisdiction granted to the Bishop of -Rome than to any other bishop. Henceforth honor him not -as an idol, who is but a man usurping God’s power and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_175'>175</span>authority; and a man neither in life, learning, nor conversation -like Christ’s minister or disciple.’<a id='r365' /><a href='#f365' class='c009'><sup>[365]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Henry having given vent to his irritation, bethought -himself, and judged it more prudent not to publish the -proclamation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At Marseilles England and France separated: the first, -because she was withdrawing from the pope; the other, -because she was drawing nearer to him. It is here that -was formed that secret understanding between Paris and -Rome which, adopted by the successors of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, and -more or less courted by other sovereigns of Christendom, -has for several centuries filled glorious countries with despotism -and persecution, and often with immorality. The -interview at Marseilles between the pope and the King of -France is the dividing point: since that time, governments -and nations in the train of Rome have been seen to decline, -while those who separated from it have begun to rise.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap6-21' class='c004'>CHAPTER XXI. <br /> PARLIAMENT ABOLISHES THE USURPATIONS OF THE POPES IN ENGLAND. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January to March 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Cry Against The Papacy.</div> -<p class='c008'>While the papacy was intriguing with France and the -empire, England was energetically working at the utter -abolition of the Roman authority.<a id='r366' /><a href='#f366' class='c009'><sup>[366]</sup></a> ‘One loud cry must be -raised in England against the papacy,’ said Cromwell to the -council. ‘It is time that the question was laid before the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_176'>176</span>people. Bishops, parsons, curates, priors, abbots, and -preachers of the religious orders should all declare from -their pulpits that the Bishop of Rome, styled the Pope, is -subordinate, like the rest of the bishops, to a general council, -and that he has no more rights in this kingdom than any -other foreign bishop.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was necessary to pursue the same course abroad. -Henry resolved to send ambassadors to Poland, Hungary, -Saxony, Bavaria, Pomerania, Prussia, Hesse, and other -German states, to inform them that he was touched with the -zeal they had shown in defence of the Word of God and the -extirpation of ancient errors, and to acquaint all men that he -was himself ‘utterly determined to reduce the pope’s power -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>ad justos et legitimos mediocritatis suæ modos</i></span>, to the just -and lawful bounds of his mediocrity.’<a id='r367' /><a href='#f367' class='c009'><sup>[367]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>He did not stop here. Desiring above all things to withdraw -France from under the influence of Rome, he instructed -his ambassadors to tell Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> in his name and in the -name of the people: ‘We shall shortly be able to give unto -the pope such a buffet as he never had before.’<a id='r368' /><a href='#f368' class='c009'><sup>[368]</sup></a> This was -quite in Henry’s style. ‘Things are going at such a rate -here,’ wrote the Duke of Norfolk to Montmorency, ‘that -the pope will soon lose the obedience of England; and -other nations, perceiving the great fruits, advantage, and -profit that will result from it, will also separate from Rome.’<a id='r369' /><a href='#f369' class='c009'><sup>[369]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>All this was serious: there was some chance that Norfolk’s -prophecy would be fulfilled. The poor pontiff could -think of nothing else, and began to believe that the idea -of a council was not so unreasonable after all, since the -place and time of meeting and mode of proceeding would -lead to endless discussions; and if the meeting ever took -place, he would thus be relieved of a responsibility which -became more oppressive to him every day. He therefore -bade Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> be informed that he agreed to call a -general council. But events had not stood still; the position -<span class='pageno' id='Page_177'>177</span>was not the same. ‘It is no longer necessary,’ the king -answered coldly. In his opinion, the Church of England -was sufficient of herself, and could do without the Church -of Rome.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The King of France, growing alarmed, immediately resumed -his part of mediator. Du Bellay, his ambassador at -Rome, made indefatigable efforts to inspire the consistory -with an opinion favorable to Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> According to -that diplomatist, the King of England was ready to re-establish -friendly relations with Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>, and it was -parliament alone that desired to break with the papacy forever: -it was the people who wished for reform, it was the -king who opposed it. ‘Make your choice,’ he exclaimed -with eloquence.<a id='r370' /><a href='#f370' class='c009'><sup>[370]</sup></a> ‘All that the king desires is peace with -Rome; all that the commonalty demands is war. With -whom will you go—with your enemies or with your friend?’ -Du Bellay’s assertions, though strange, were based upon a -truth that cannot be denied. It was the best of the people -who wanted protestantism in England, and not the king.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Alarm Of The Court Of Rome.</div> -<p class='c008'>The court of Rome felt that the last hour had come, -and determined to despatch to London the papers necessary -to reconcile Henry. It was believed on the Continent that -the King of England was going to gain his cause at last, and -people ascribed it to the ascendency of French policy at -Rome since the marriage of Catherine de Medicis with -Henry of Orleans. But the more the French triumphed, -the more indignant became the Imperialists. To no purpose -did the pope say to them: ‘You do not understand the state -of affairs: the thing is done.... The King of England -is married to Anne Boleyn. If I annulled the marriage, -who would undertake to execute my sentence?’—‘Who?’ -exclaimed the ambassadors of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, ‘who?... -The emperor.’<a id='r371' /><a href='#f371' class='c009'><sup>[371]</sup></a> The weak pontiff knew not which -way to turn: he had but one hope left—if Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, as -<span class='pageno' id='Page_178'>178</span>he expected, should re-establish catholicism in his kingdom, -a fact so important would silence Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr></p> - -<p class='c008'>This fact was not to be feared: a movement had begun in -the minds of the people of Great Britain which it was no -longer possible to stop. While many pious souls received -the Word of God in their hearts, the king and the most -enlightened part of the nation were agreed to put an end -to the intolerable usurpations of the Roman pontiff. ‘We -have looked in the Holy Scriptures for the rights of the -papacy,’ said the members of the Commons house of parliament, -‘but, instead of finding therein the institution of -popes, we have found that of kings—and, according to -God’s commandments, the priests ought to be subject to -them as much as the laity.’—‘We have reflected upon the -wants of the realm,’ said the royal council, ‘and have come -to the conclusion, that the nation ought to form one body; -that one body can have but one head, and that head must be -the king.’ The parliament which met in January, 1534, was -to give the death-blow to the supremacy of the pope.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This blow came strictly neither from Henry nor from -Cranmer, but from Thomas Cromwell.<a id='r372' /><a href='#f372' class='c009'><sup>[372]</sup></a> Without possessing -Cranmer’s lively faith, Cromwell desired that the preachers -should open the Word of God and preach it ‘with pure -sincereness’ before the people,<a id='r373' /><a href='#f373' class='c009'><sup>[373]</sup></a> and he afterwards procured -from every Englishman the right to read it. Being pre-eminently -a statesman of sure judgment and energetic action, -he was in advance of his generation; and it was his -fate, like those generals who march boldly at the head of the -army, to procure victory to the cause for which he fought; -but, persecuted by the traitors concealed among his soldiers, -to be sacrificed by the prince he had served, and to meet a -tragical death before the hour of his triumph.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Commons, wishing to put an end to the persecutions -practised by the clergy against the evangelical Christians, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_179'>179</span>summoned—it was a thing unprecedented<a id='r374' /><a href='#f374' class='c009'><sup>[374]</sup></a>—the Lord-bishop -of London to appear at their bar to answer the complaint -made against him by Thomas Philips, one of the -disciples of the Reformation. The latter had been lying in -prison three years under a charge of heresy. The parliament, -unwilling that a bishop should be able at his own -fancy to transform one of his Majesty’s subjects into a heretic, -brought in a bill for the repression of doctrines condemned -by the Church. They declared that, the authority -of the Bishop of Rome being opposed to Holy Scripture -and the laws of the realm, the words and acts that were -contrary to the decisions of the pontiff could not be regarded -as heresies. Then turning to the particular case which had -given rise to the grievance, parliament declared Philips innocent -and discharged him from prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After having thus upheld the cause of religious liberty, -the Commons proceeded to the definitive abolition of the -privileges which the bishops of Rome had successively -usurped to the great detriment of both Church and people. -They restored to England the rights of which Rome had -despoiled her. They prohibited all appeals to the pope, of -what kind soever they might be,<a id='r375' /><a href='#f375' class='c009'><sup>[375]</sup></a> and substituted for them -an appeal to the king in chancery. They voted that the -election of bishops did not concern the court of Rome, but -belonged to the chief ecclesiastical body in the diocese, to -the chapter ... at least in appearance; for it really -appertained to the crown, the king designating the person -whom the chapter was to elect. This strange constitution -was abolished under Edward <abbr title='the sixth'>VI.</abbr>, when the nomination of -the bishops was conferred purely and simply on the king. -If this was not better, it was at least more sincere; but the -singular <i>congé d’élire</i> was restored under Elizabeth.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Complaint Of Romish Exactions.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the same time new and loud complaints of the Romish -exactions were heard in parliament. ‘For centuries the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_180'>180</span>Roman bishops have been deceiving us,’ said the eloquent -speakers, ‘making us believe that they have the power of -dispensing with everything, even with God’s commandments. -We send to Rome the treasures of England, and Rome sends -us back in return ... a piece of paper. The monster -which has fattened on the substance of our people bears a -hundred different names. They call it reliefs, dues, pensions, -provisions, procurations, delegation, rescript, appeal, -abolition, rehabilitation, relaxation of canonical penalties, -licenses, Peter’s pence, and many other names besides. And -after having thus caught our money by all sorts of tricks, -the Romans laugh at us in their sleeves.’ Parliament forbade -everybody, even the king himself,<a id='r376' /><a href='#f376' class='c009'><sup>[376]</sup></a> to apply to Rome -for any dispensation or delegation whatsoever, and ordered -them, in case of need, to have recourse to the Archbishop -of Canterbury. Then, immediately putting these principles -into practice, they declared the king’s marriage with Catherine -to be null, for ‘no man has power to dispense with -God’s laws,’<a id='r377' /><a href='#f377' class='c009'><sup>[377]</sup></a> and ratified the marriage between Henry and -Anne, proclaiming their children heirs to the crown. At -the same time, wishing England to become entirely English, -they deprived two Italians, Campeggi and Ghinucci, of the -sees of Salisbury and Worcester, which they held.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was during the month of March, 1534—an important -date for England—that the main branches of the tree of -popery were thus lopped off one after another. The trunk -indeed remained, although stripped; but yet a few months, -and that too was to strew the earth with its fall. Still the -Commons showed a certain degree of consideration. When -Clement had threatened the king with excommunication, he -had given him three months’ grace; England, desiring to -return his politeness, informed the pope that he might receive -some compensation. At the same time she made an -important declaration: ‘We do not separate from the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_181'>181</span>Christian Church,’ said the Commons, ‘but merely from the -usurped authority of the Pope of Rome; and we preserve -the catholic faith, as <i>it is set forth in the Holy Scriptures</i>.’ -All these reforms were effected with great unanimity, at -least in appearance. The bishops, even the most scholastic, -such as Stokesley of London, Tonstal of Durham, Gardiner -of Winchester, and Rowland Lee of Coventry, declared the -Roman papacy to be of human invention, and that the pope -was, in regard to them, only a <i>bishop</i>, a <i>brother</i>, as his predecessors -had been to the bishops of antiquity.<a id='r378' /><a href='#f378' class='c009'><sup>[378]</sup></a> Every -Sunday during the cessation of parliament a prelate preached -at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul’s Cross ‘that the pope was not the head of the -Church,’ and all the people said <span class='sc'>Amen</span>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Du Bellay, the French ambassador at Rome, -was waiting for the act by which the King of England was -to bind himself once more to the pope—an act which -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> still gave him reason to expect. Every morning -he fancied it would arrive, and every evening his expectations -were disappointed. He called upon the English -envoys, and afterwards at the Roman chancery, to hear if -there was any news; but everywhere the answer was the -same—nothing.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Henry’s Condemnation.</div> -<p class='c008'>The term fixed by Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> having elapsed, he summoned -the consistory for Monday the <abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr> of March. Du -Bellay attended it, still hoping to prevent anything being -done that might separate England from the papacy. The -cardinals represented to him, that as the submission of -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> had not arrived, nothing remained but for the -pope to fulminate the sentence. ‘Do you not know,’ exclaimed -Du Bellay, in alarm, ‘that the courier charged with -that prince’s despatches has seas to cross, and the winds -may be contrary? The King of England waited your decision -for six years, and cannot you wait six days?’<a id='r379' /><a href='#f379' class='c009'><sup>[379]</sup></a> ‘Delay -is quite useless,’ said a cardinal of the imperial faction; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_182'>182</span>‘we know what is taking place in England. Instead of -thinking of reparation, the king is widening the schism every -day. He goes so far as to permit the representation of -dramas at his court, in which the holy conclave, and some -of your most illustrious selves in particular, are held up to -ridicule.’ The last blow, although a heavy one, was unnecessary. -The priests could no longer contain their vexation; -the rebellious prince must be punished. Nineteen out of -twenty-two cardinals voted against Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>; the remaining -three only asked for further enquiry. Clement -could not conceal his surprise and annoyance. To no purpose -did he demand another meeting, in conformity with the -custom which requires two, and even three consultations:<a id='r380' /><a href='#f380' class='c009'><sup>[380]</sup></a> -overwhelmed by an imposing and unexpected majority, he -gave way.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Pope’s Disquietude.</div> -<p class='c008'>Simonetta then handed him the sentence, which the unhappy -pope took and read with the voice of a criminal -rather than of a judge. ‘Having invoked the name of -Christ, and sitting on the throne of justice,<a id='r381' /><a href='#f381' class='c009'><sup>[381]</sup></a> we decree that -the marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Henry, King -of England was and is valid and canonical; that the said -King Henry is bound to cohabit with the said queen; to pay -her royal honors; and that he must be constrained to discharge -these duties.’ After pronouncing these words the -poor pontiff, alarmed at the bold act he had just performed, -turned to the envoys of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> and said to them: ‘I -have done my duty; it is now for the emperor to do his, -and to carry the sentence into execution.’ ‘The emperor -will not hold back,’ answered the ambassadors; but the thing -was not so easily done as said.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus the great affair was ended; the King of England -was condemned. It was dark when the pope quitted the -consistory; the news so long expected spread immediately -<span class='pageno' id='Page_183'>183</span>through the city; the emperor’s partisans, transported with -joy, lit bonfires in all the open places, and cannons fired -repeated salvoes. Bands of Ghibelines paraded the streets, -shouting, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><i>Imperio e Espagna</i></span> (the Empire and Spain). The -whole city was in commotion. The pope’s disquietude was -still further increased by these demonstrations. ‘He is tormented,’ -wrote Du Bellay to his master. Clement spent -the whole night in conversation with his theologians. ‘What -must be done? England is lost to us. Oh! how can I -avert the king’s anger?’ Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> never recovered -from this blow; the thought that under his pontificate Rome -lost England made him shudder. The slightest mention of -it renewed his anguish, and sorrow soon brought him to the -tomb.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Yet he did not know all. The evil with which Rome -was threatened was greater than he had imagined. If in -this matter there had been nothing more than the decision -of a prince discontented with the court of Rome, a contrary -decision of one of his successors might again place England -under the dominion of the pontiffs; and these would be sure -to spare no pains to recover the good graces of the English -kings. But in despite of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, a pure doctrine, -similar to that of the apostolic times, was spreading over the -different parts of the nation; a doctrine which was not only -to wrest England from the pope, but to establish in that -island a true Christianity—a vast evangelical propaganda -which should plant the standard of God’s word even at the -ends of the world. The empire of Christendom was thus to -be taken from a church led astray by pride, and which bade -mankind unite with it that they might be saved; and to be -given to those who taught that, according to the divine -declarations, none could be saved except by uniting with -Jesus Christ.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_184'>184</span> - <h2 class='c004'>BOOK VII. <br /> MOVEMENTS OF THE REFORMATION IN ENGLAND, AT GENEVA, IN FRANCE, GERMANY, AND ITALY.</h2> -</div> -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-01' class='c010'>CHAPTER I. <br /> THE BISHOP ESCAPES FROM GENEVA, NEVER TO RETURN. <br /> (<span class='sc'>July 1533.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Spirit Of The Times.</div> -<p class='c008'>We have seen the Reformation advancing in the bosom -of a great nation; we shall now see it making progress in -one of the smallest. The fall of Wolsey in England and -the flight of the bishop-prince from Geneva are two historical -dates which bear a certain resemblance. After the -disappearance of these two prelates, there was a forward -movement in men’s minds, and the Reformation advanced -with more decided steps. Those two countries are now, as -regards their importance, at the two extreme points in the -line of nations; but in the sixteenth century the humble -city of the Leman played a more important part in the -Church of Christ than the mighty England. Calvin and his -school did more than the Tudors, the Stuarts, and their divines, -to check the reaction of the papacy and secure the -triumph of true Christianity. The sixteenth and seventeenth -centuries have proclaimed Geneva the antagonist of -Rome; and, in truth, the petty band which marched under -its banner, held their ground for nearly two centuries against -the powerful and well-disciplined army of the Roman pontiffs. -We have not forgotten Wittemberg, we shall not forget -Geneva. The historian is not allowed to pass by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_185'>185</span>little ones who have had their share in the developments of -the human mind. To those who repose beneath the healthful -shade of the great Gospel oak, and under its green -boughs, we must relate the story of the acorn from which it -sprang. The man who despises humble things cannot understand -great things. ‘The Lord,’ says Calvin, ‘purposely -made his kingdom to have small and lowly beginnings, in -order that his divine power should be better known, when -we see a progress that had never been expected.’</p> - -<hr class='c011' /> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of July, 1533, the Bishop of Geneva had returned -to his city with the aid of the priests, the catholics, -the Friburgers, and the ‘mamelukes,’ with the intention of -‘burying that sect,’ as he called the Reformation. Many of -the most devoted friends of the Gospel were in exile or in -the episcopal prison; hostile bands appeared in the neighborhood -of the city, and all expected a victory of the Roman -party. The tree was about to be violently uptorn before it -had given any shade. But when God has placed a germ -of religious, or even of political, life among a people, that -life triumphs despite all the opposition of men. There are -rocks and mountains which seem as if they would stop the -course of the mighty waters, and yet the rivers still run on -their way. The exasperated Pierre de la Baume chafed in -Geneva, and beat the earth as if to crush reform and liberty -beneath his feet; but by so doing he opened a gulf, in -which were swallowed up his rights as a prince, his privileges -as a bishop, taxes, revenue, priests, monks, mitres, -images, altars, and all the religion of the Roman pontiffs.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the bishop was uneasy, the people were uneasy likewise. -It was not only strong men who spoke against the -abuses of the papacy, but even women extolled the prerogatives -of the evangelical faith. One day (in June or July, -1533) there was a large party at one of their houses, and -two gentlemen of the neighboring district, Sire de Simieux -and <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Flacien, ‘besides seven or eight of their varlets,’ -were invited. In their presence the wife of Baudichon de -<span class='pageno' id='Page_186'>186</span>la Maisonneuve professed the evangelical truth. De Simieux -having reproved the Genevese lady, ‘It is very clear -you are a good Papist,’ said she. ‘And that you are a -good Lutheran,’ retorted De Simieux. ‘Would to God,’ -exclaimed the lady, ‘that we were all so, for it is a good -thing and a good law!’<a id='r382' /><a href='#f382' class='c009'><sup>[382]</sup></a> The two gentlemen had had -enough; they took leave of the ladies, and their eight ‘varlets’ -followed them. Another incident will still better show -the spirit of the times.</p> - -<p class='c008'>An evangelical named Curtet had just been murdered. -Many huguenots thought it strange that, while their adversaries -struck down a man,—a real image of God,—they -must respect images made of wood, canvas, or stone. There -was a deservedly celebrated place in Geneva, formerly -occupied by the castle of Gondebaud, King of Burgundy, -whence his niece Clotilda, one day escaped to marry and -convert Clovis. It was a very ancient arcade, only pulled -down within these few years,<a id='r383' /><a href='#f383' class='c009'><sup>[383]</sup></a> and known as the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Porte du -Château</i></span> (the castle gate). Near this place stood an image -of the Virgin, an object of great veneration.<a id='r384' /><a href='#f384' class='c009'><sup>[384]</sup></a> On the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> -of July, 1533, some ‘Lutherans,’ believing it to be blasphemy -against God to regard the Virgin as ‘the salvation of the -world,’ went to the gate, carried away the image, broke it to -pieces, and burnt it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishop, feeling that such men as these were capable of -anything, resolved to put the imprisoned huguenots beyond -their reach. A report soon spread abroad that he was -secretly preparing boats to convey the prisoners during the -night to Friburg or the castle of Chillon, ‘there to do his -pleasure on them.’<a id='r385' /><a href='#f385' class='c009'><sup>[385]</sup></a> All the huguenot population was in -commotion; each man shouldered his arquebuse and joined -his company; Philip, the captain-general, ordered the approaches -to the lake to be guarded, so as to prevent the -captive citizens from being conveyed elsewhere.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Uneasiness In The City.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_187'>187</span>The noble enthusiasm which the Reformation kindles in -the soul uplifts a man; while the philosophic indifference of -scholars and priests serves but to degrade him. The Genevans, -filled with love for justice and liberty, were ready to -risk all that they held most dear in order to prevent innocent -citizens from being unjustly condemned, and a prelate -sent by the pope from usurping rights which belonged to the -magistrates elected by the people. An extraordinary agitation -prevailed in men’s minds, and several huguenots proceeded -to the shore of the lake. Pierre Verne, taking -advantage of the darkness, got into the boats fastened to the -bank, and cut the mooring-ropes as well as the cords to -which the oars were lashed, so that they were made unserviceable.<a id='r386' /><a href='#f386' class='c009'><sup>[386]</sup></a> -Numerous patrols traversed the streets, the -armed men being accompanied by citizens, both young and -old, carrying <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>montres de feu</i></span>, that is, rods tipped with iron, -having several lighted matches or port-fires at the end, -which were used at that time to discharge the arquebuses. -The dreaded hour when the evil use which princes make of -their power accelerates their ruin, had arrived at last for -the Bishop of Geneva. De la Baume and his partisans, -who watched from their windows the passage of these excited -bands, were surprised at the number of arquebusiers -with which the city was suddenly thronged. ‘They were -informed that for each arquebusier there were three or four -match-men, which caused great alarm to those in the palace.’ -A comet that appeared during the month of July alarmed -them still more.<a id='r387' /><a href='#f387' class='c009'><sup>[387]</sup></a> As yet the huguenots wanted a man to -lead the way; they were to find him in Baudichon de la -Maisonneuve.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Lutheranism of that citizen was of old date. He -was a great friend of John Lullin, who possessed, it will be -remembered, the hostelry of the Bear, at that time much -frequented by German traders, who were, for the most part, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_188'>188</span>Lutherans. Some Nuremburg merchants of the name of -Toquer arrived there during the Lent of 1526.<a id='r388' /><a href='#f388' class='c009'><sup>[388]</sup></a> De la -Maisonneuve, who had much business with Germany, went -often to see them, ‘eating and drinking with them.’ Their -conversation was very animated, and usually turned upon -religion. As early as 1523 the traders of Nuremburg had -heard the Gospel from the mouth of Osiander, and they -endeavored to propagate it wherever they went. Their -words struck De la Maisonneuve all the more ‘because at -that time there was no mention of Lutheranism in Geneva, -or next to none, at least.’<a id='r389' /><a href='#f389' class='c009'><sup>[389]</sup></a> There was at that time in -Lullin’s service a young man of Lyons, named Jean Demai, -about twenty-five years of age, and very attached to the -Roman Church. While waiting at table, he listened attentively -to the conversation between Baudichon and the Germans, -and kept it in his memory. The daring Genevese -did not restrain himself, and said, sometimes at dinner, -sometimes at supper,<a id='r390' /><a href='#f390' class='c009'><sup>[390]</sup></a> ‘God did not ordain Lent. It is -mere folly to confess to the priests, for they cannot absolve -you. It is an abuse to go to mass. All the religious orders, -mendicants, and others, are nonsense.’ ‘What, then, will -you do with the monks?’ asked one of the party. ‘Set -them all to till the earth,’ he replied. ‘If you say such things,’ -observed a catholic, ‘the Church will refuse you burial.’ -‘When I die,’ he answered, ‘I will have no preaching at -my funeral, and no bells tolled; I will be buried wherever -I please.’<a id='r391' /><a href='#f391' class='c009'><sup>[391]</sup></a> Baudichon’s remarks were not kept within the -walls of the hostelry of the Bear. Before long they were -repeated throughout the city and neighborhood. ‘That -man,’ said many, ‘is one of the principal Lutherans and in -the front rank of those who set them going.’<a id='r392' /><a href='#f392' class='c009'><sup>[392]</sup></a> That is -what he was about to do.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Baudichon Recovers The Prisoners.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_189'>189</span>On the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> of July, 1533, Baudichon had passed the -day in the country, making preparations for the harvest. -Returning from the fields at night, he was surprised to see -an extraordinary guard at the city gate, and on asking what -it meant, he was told that the episcopalians were going to -convey the prisoners to some place of strength. Immediately -he determined to compel the bishop—but solely through -fear—to follow the course prescribed by the laws. He -desired fifty of the most resolute of his friends to take each -an iron-tipped staff and to place five matches at the end. -He then concealed them all in a house not far from the -palace. Ere long darkness covered the city; there was -nobody in the streets except a few patrols. De la Maisonneuve -bade the men of his troop light their matches, and -put himself at their head. In their left hands they held the -staff, and the sword in their right. Entering the palace, -and making their way to the prince’s apartment, they appeared -before him, surrounded him with their two hundred -and fifty lights; and Baudichon, acting as spokesman, called -upon him to surrender his prisoners to their lawful judges. -The bishop stared with amazement at this band of men with -their swords and flaming torches; the night season added -to his terror, and he thought that if he did not give way he -would be put to death. Baudichon had no such idea; but -Pierre de la Baume, imagining his last hour had come,<a id='r393' /><a href='#f393' class='c009'><sup>[393]</sup></a> gave -the required order. Upon which the troop defiled before him -with their port-fires, and quitted the episcopal palace. The -huguenot prisoners having been transferred to the syndics, the -latter intrusted them to the gaoler of the same prison ‘to -keep them securely under pain of death.’ They had passed -from the arbitrary power of the bishop to the lawful authority -of the councils. Constitutional order was restored.<a id='r394' /><a href='#f394' class='c009'><sup>[394]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishop passed a very agitated night. The huguenots -and the torches and the swords with which he had been -<span class='pageno' id='Page_190'>190</span>surrounded would not let him sleep; and, when daylight -came, he, as well as his courtiers, was quite unmanned. -The <abbr title='thirteenth'>13th</abbr> of July fell on Sunday, and what a Sunday! ‘I -shall leave the city,’ the prelate said to his servants. A -rumor of his approaching departure having got abroad, some -of the canons hurried to the palace to dissuade him. ‘I will -go,’ he repeated. To no effect did his followers represent to -him that, if he left, the catholic faith, the episcopate, the authority -of the prince, his revenues, would all be lost; nothing -could shake him. He was determined to go. A Thomas à -Becket would have died on the spot; but Pierre de la -Baume, says a contemporary document, ‘was very warm -about his own safety, but more than cold for the church.’<a id='r395' /><a href='#f395' class='c009'><sup>[395]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>One thought, however, disturbed the timid bishop; and -the proceedings of the syndics, Du Crest and Coquet, who -came to beg him not to desert the city and his flock, served -but to increase his distress. If the huguenots knew of his -departure, he thought they might possibly stop him and -bring him back to the palace. He dreamt of nothing but -persecution; he saw nothing but prisons, swords, and corpses. -He made up his mind to deceive the syndics, and assured -them he would return in six weeks without fail; but he -promised himself that Geneva should never see him again. -He then asked the magistrates for six score of arquebusiers -to protect his departure the next morning.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The syndics having determined to convene the council, -the ushers went round the city and roused the councillors -from their beds. Geneva desired to keep her bishop, while -the bishop wished to desert her. The council ordered that -next morning at daybreak, for fear the prelate should leave -early, the syndics should go and point out the necessity for -his remaining.<a id='r396' /><a href='#f396' class='c009'><sup>[396]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Bishop Anxious To Leave.</div> -<p class='c008'>The syndics had scarcely left him when he fell into fresh -terrors. He thought that the mustering of six-score arquebusiers -<span class='pageno' id='Page_191'>191</span>would spread abroad the news of his departure, -that the huguenots would rush to arms, that he would find -himself between two parties armed with spears and arquebuses.... -He must make haste and depart alone, by -night or at peep of day, without any parade, before the -syndics could have time to assemble the council, which, he -fancied, could not meet before the morrow. No one slept -in the palace that night; all were busy preparing for the -departure, and they took care that nothing should betray to -the outside the agitation that reigned within. That was a -terrible night. Two spectres appeared to the bishop and -dismayed him—the Gospel and liberty. He saw no means -of escaping them but flight. But what would the duke and -the pope say? To quiet his conscience, he wrote, at the -last moment, a letter to the council, in which he enjoined -them to oppose the evangelical meetings, and to maintain -the Romish religion ‘<i>mordicus</i>, tooth and nail.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Daylight would soon appear; they were dejected in the -palace, but everything was ready for flight. At that moment -there was a knocking at the gate.... It was -the four syndics; the bishop was a few minutes too late.... -The syndics entered, and conjured Pierre de la -Baume in the name of peace, country, and religion. They -pointed out to him the consequences of his departure; the -monarchical power crumbling away, the republic rising upon -its ruins, the Church of Rome disappearing, and that of the -innovators taking shape....</p> - -<p class='c008'>But nothing could move the bishop; he remained insensible -as a statue. They next entreated him to leave the state -affairs in order; to appoint, during his absence, a vicar, an -official, a judge of appeal. Pierre de la Baume refused -everything. One only thought filled his mind—he wanted -to get away. ‘Alas!’ said the moderate catholics, ‘he does -not set the state in order, and as for the church over which -he is pastor ... he abandons his flock.’<a id='r397' /><a href='#f397' class='c009'><sup>[397]</sup></a> When the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_192'>192</span>syndics had withdrawn, he gave the signal for departure. -There was not a moment to lose, he thought; it will soon -be broad daylight, and who knows but the magistrates, who -set so much upon his presence, may give orders to stop him. -Let every man do his duty! Let there not be a minute’s -delay! The bishop took care not to leave the palace either -by the principal entrance or by the ordinary gates of the -city. In the vaults of the building was a passage which led -to an unfrequented street—the Rue du Boule, now the -Rue de la Fontaine. By following this street, the bishop -could reach a secret postern in the wall of the city, which -Froment calls <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>la fausse porte du sel</i></span>. Then Pierre de la -Baume would be outside of Geneva; then he would be safe. -Accordingly the bishop quitted his apartments, descended to -the basement of the palace, and made his escape from that -edifice (which is now a prison) like a malefactor escaping -from his dungeon. His officers were downcast; they would -have wished to crush those insolent huguenots, but were -obliged to leave them a clear field. The bishop himself, -forced to quit his palace and his power, felt great vexation.<a id='r398' /><a href='#f398' class='c009'><sup>[398]</sup></a> -He looked about him with uneasiness, and trembled lest he -should see the huguenots appear at the corner of the street. -The encroachments he had made on the liberties of the -citizens were not of a nature to tranquillize him, and in his -distress he quickened his steps.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Bishop’s Departure.</div> -<p class='c008'>The fugitive band reached the secret postern; the prelate -had the key; he passed through and stood on the shore of -the lake. There was no enemy in sight. He entered a -boat which had been got ready for him, and reached the -other bank. He sprang immediately upon the horse that -was waiting for him, and rode off at a gallop. He felt the -weight upon his heart grow lighter the farther he went. -Now the fierce huguenots will trouble him no more, and he -will ‘make good cheer.’ ‘He retired to the Tower of May,’ -says the chronicle, ‘and never returned again.’<a id='r399' /><a href='#f399' class='c009'><sup>[399]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Baudichon de la Maisonneuve had succeeded beyond his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_193'>193</span>expectations. Not only had the prisoners been rescued -from the unlawful power of the bishop, but the prelate himself -had disappeared. A few huguenots, waving their <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>montres -de feu</i></span>, had been sufficient to deliver Geneva. Not a -drop of blood had been shed. ‘As at the sound of the -trumpets of Gideon, and at the sight of his lamps,’ said the -evangelists, ‘the Amalekites and the Midianites fled during -the night, so did the bishop and his followers flee away at -the sound of the arms and at the sight of the fire.’<a id='r400' /><a href='#f400' class='c009'><sup>[400]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Early in the morning of the <abbr title='fourteenth'>14th</abbr> of July, the news of -the bishop’s departure circulated through the city. The -catholic members of the council, deserted by a perjured -prince, felt themselves unable henceforth to oppose the torrent -which was advancing with irresistible power. ‘All the -catholics,’ says Sister Jeanne, ‘were sorely grieved.’ The -pope blamed the bishop for abandoning his church, and reproached -him for his cowardice.<a id='r401' /><a href='#f401' class='c009'><sup>[401]</sup></a> ‘That miserable city, -having lost its prince and pastor,’ said people in Italy, ‘will -become the asylum of every villain and the throne of -heresy.’<a id='r402' /><a href='#f402' class='c009'><sup>[402]</sup></a> But what caused so much sorrow to the papists -was the source of immense joy to the evangelicals. They -contended that the prince by running away abdicated his -usurped power, and that the citizens resumed their rights.<a id='r403' /><a href='#f403' class='c009'><sup>[403]</sup></a> -The sun of Geneva was setting, according to the old style -(that of the Roman court); but according to the new (that -of the Gospel), it was rising; and Geneva, illumined by its -rays, was to communicate that divine light to others. The -<abbr title='fourteenth'>14th</abbr> of July, 1533, witnessed in Geneva the fall of that -hybrid power<a id='r404' /><a href='#f404' class='c009'><sup>[404]</sup></a> which claims to hold two swords in its hand. -Since then other bishop-kings have also disappeared, even -<span class='pageno' id='Page_194'>194</span>in the most catholic countries; and the last, that of Rome, -totters on his pedestal. The people of Geneva, from the -time when they lost sight of that shameless and pitiless prelate, -ceased to care about him, and never asked after him. -They even invented a by-word, in use to this day; and -when they wish to speak of a man for whom they feel a -thorough indifference, they say: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Je ne m’en soucie pas plus -que de Baume</i></span> (I do not care a straw about him).<a id='r405' /><a href='#f405' class='c009'><sup>[405]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-02' class='c004'>CHAPTER II. <br /> TWO REFORMERS AND A DOMINICAN IN GENEVA. <br /> (<span class='sc'>July to December 1533.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The bishop had fallen from his throne, and with him had -expired a despotism which offensively usurped the liberties -of the people; the lawful magistrates once more sat in their -curule chairs, with liberty and justice at their sides. They -investigated the cases of the citizens whom Pierre de la -Baume claimed to get rid of without the formality of trial. -The only man who could be accused of Wernly’s death was -Pierre l’Hoste, and he had taken refuge in the Dominican -church, where the bishop had not cared to follow him. The -syndics went to the church; the poor wretch, shaking in -every limb, clung vainly to the altar, and cried out: ‘I -claim the privileges accorded to this sanctuary.’ He was -arrested and the inquiry commenced. It proved the innocence -of the imprisoned Huguenots, and showed that the -disturbance in which Wernly fell had been caused by the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_195'>195</span>violence of the canon himself, who was armed from head to -foot, and had taunted his adversaries with loud cries. The -magistrates, however, thought that the blood of the victim -called for the blood of him who had shed it. Pierre l’Hoste, -the carman of the city, denied striking the fatal blow, but -confessed that he had struck Wernly: he was condemned -and beheaded. All the other prisoners were released.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But there was no relief to Claudine Levet’s sorrow; her -husband was still confined in Castle Gaillard, and the governor -refused to release him. The council entreated the -Bernese deputies in Geneva to intercede in behalf of the -prisoner, and on the <abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> of September, one of them, accompanied -by <abbr class='spell'>J.</abbr> Lullin and <abbr class='spell'>C.</abbr> Savoye, having gone out to -Ville-la-Grand, about a league from the city, Aimé Levet -was surrendered to them.<a id='r406' /><a href='#f406' class='c009'><sup>[406]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Froment And Alexander Arrive.</div> -<p class='c008'>While this pious man lay in the Gaillard dungeons, the -insults heaped upon him, the harshness of the prison, and -the almost certain death which threatened him, had given -his faith a new life; so that when the castellan had released -him from his bonds, he inwardly vowed that he would make -his deliverance accelerate the triumph of the Gospel. He -had scarcely reached home, when he wrote to Anthony -Froment, the evangelist, whose church had been the market-place, -and whose pulpit a fishwife’s stall, and conjured -him to return. The latter did not hesitate, and knowing -that the struggles which awaited him there were beyond the -strength of one man, he invited one of the brethren from -Paris, and at that time in the Pays de Vaud to accompany -him. This was Alexander Canus, called also Dumoulin. -One day, therefore, Aimé and Claudine Levet saw the two -evangelists arrive. One lodged with them at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Gervais -on the right bank, and the other at Claude Salomon’s, near -the Molard, on the left bank; being thus quartered in the -two parts into which the city was divided, they could share -the labor.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_196'>196</span>Salomon, who shared with Levet the honor and danger of -receiving the evangelists, was as gentle as his friend Maisonneuve -was quick and often violent. One day, shortly after -the bishop’s flight, the latter saw in front of him in the -street two of the bishop’s partisans, whom he suspected to -be getting up some conspiracy; his blood boiled at the -sight, and he exclaimed: ‘there are so many traitors here.... -My fingers itch to be at them.’<a id='r407' /><a href='#f407' class='c009'><sup>[407]</sup></a> A sense of duty, -however, restrained him, and he did nothing. But Salomon -was calm and full of charity and compassion: he felt none -of these passing ebullitions, and thought only of visiting -the sick and the poor, and sheltering strangers whom the -Romish persecutions drove to Geneva. ‘These poor refugees,’ -he said, ‘are more destitute than all the rest.’ His -wife, ‘neither dainty nor nice,’<a id='r408' /><a href='#f408' class='c009'><sup>[408]</sup></a> lavished her cares on them. -They were the Gaius and Dorcas of Scripture.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Order To Preach The Scriptures.</div> -<p class='c008'>Froment and Alexander, quartered on both sides of the -Rhone, preached the Word in private houses with such -power that the new faith extended far and wide, ‘like the -layers of a vine;’<a id='r409' /><a href='#f409' class='c009'><sup>[409]</sup></a> the old stocks producing young shoots, -which took root and formed other stocks. The priests -were alarmed, and exclaimed that if those doctrines continued -to be so preached, all the country would soon be infested -with the sect. They applied to the bishop, who was -at his castle of May—restless, agitated, and reproaching -himself with his disgraceful flight. Wishing to redeem that -fault, he replied on the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> of October, forbidding any -preaching in Geneva except according to ancient custom. -The exulting priests presented these episcopal letters to -the council. The bishop’s cowardly behavior had estranged -the magistrates. ‘<i>Preach the Gospel</i>,’ answered the -council, ‘<i>and say nothing which cannot be proved by Holy -Scripture</i>.’ These important words, which gave the victory -<span class='pageno' id='Page_197'>197</span>to the Reformation, may still be read in the official minutes.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Great was the joy among the reformed. They saw in -these words a decree which made evangelical Christianity -a lawful religion<a id='r410' /><a href='#f410' class='c009'><sup>[410]</sup></a> at Geneva (as at Rome in the third and -fourth centuries), and authorized them to form a Church -which should be free without being dominant. The same -fact has reappeared at other times and in other countries. -From that day, all who had any leaning towards the Gospel -would go to the house of Maisonneuve or of some -other huguenot leader, and sit down in the largest room. -Presently the preacher would enter, take his place before -a table, and usually (as it would seem) under the mantel-piece -of the large projecting fireplace. He would then -proclaim the Word of God. These evangelists ‘<i>did not fret -themselves</i>,’ they did not speak with bitterness like some -others, and make a great noise; but invited souls to approach -Christ without fear, because he is <i>meek and lowly -in heart</i>; and such simple genial preaching attracted all -who heard it. The bishop exclaimed that it was only -‘painted language,’ and ‘sham tenderness;’ but the number -of hearers became so considerable that the two missionaries -were forced to preach in the streets and cross-ways -of the city at the Molard, the foot of Coutance, and -other places. As soon as they appeared anywhere a -numerous assembly gathered round them, the hearers -crowded one upon another, and the living words addressed -to them bore more fruit than scholastic or trivial sermons -delivered in fine churches to hearers dozing in comfortable -seats. ‘These preachings in houses, streets, and cross-ways,’ -said Froment himself, ‘are not without danger to -life, but are a great advancement to the Word, and detriment -to popery.’<a id='r411' /><a href='#f411' class='c009'><sup>[411]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The catholic party became alarmed; their leaders met, -and the procurator-fiscal with the bishop’s officers and the -priests, who were ‘greatly envenomed against the two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_198'>198</span>reformers,’<a id='r412' /><a href='#f412' class='c009'><sup>[412]</sup></a> resolved to apprehend them. Whenever a meeting -was formed, the sergeants came upon it unexpectedly. -‘But as soon as they saw the levelled halberds, the faithful, -greatly increased in number, did their duty, surrounded -their ministers, and helped them to escape.’ In consequence -of this, the episcopal police went more craftily to work: -they kept watch upon the ministers, and came upon them -when they were alone, ‘aiming at nothing less than their -lives.’<a id='r413' /><a href='#f413' class='c009'><sup>[413]</sup></a> But these efforts of the priests increased the respect -men felt for the evangelists. ‘Such persecutions,’ -said the huguenots, ‘are a sign by which we may know that -the ministers are excellent servants of Christ.’<a id='r414' /><a href='#f414' class='c009'><sup>[414]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishop, vexed at having left his episcopal city, could -find rest nowhere. At one time he was at the Tower of -May, at another at Lons-le-Saulnier, now at Arbois, now -elsewhere. The thought that two reformers had come to -take his place in Geneva disturbed him; and when he -found that the citizens paid no attention to his strict prohibition -of Gospel preaching sent on the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> of October, his -exasperation was at its height. ‘We must apply an heroic -remedy to the disease,’ he said, and on the <abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> of November -he dictated letters patent addressed to the procurator-fiscal.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Gospel Preaching Forbidden.</div> -<p class='c008'>The Great Council met on the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of November to hear -the letters read. ‘We command,’ said the bishop, ‘that no -one in our city of Geneva preach, expound, or cause to be -preached or expounded, secretly or publicly, or in any manner -whatsoever, the <i>holy page</i>, the <i>holy Gospel</i>,<a id='r415' /><a href='#f415' class='c009'><sup>[415]</sup></a> unless he -have received our express permission, under pain of perpetual -excommunication and a fine of one hundred livres.’ The -Two Hundred were astounded, the evangelicals were indignant, -and the better catholics hung their heads. A bishop -<span class='pageno' id='Page_199'>199</span>to forbid the preaching of the <i>holy page</i>, of the <i>holy Gospel</i>! ... -to forbid it too in the very season (Advent) when it -was usual to proclaim it! To excommunicate all who -preach it! To forbid its being taught <i>in any manner whatsoever</i>! -To forbid them to talk of it in courts or gardens, -or elsewhere! Not a room, not a cellar, kitchen, or garret -was excepted! The Apostle Paul declares, however, that -<i>the Gospel of Christ must not be hindered</i>. The emotion of -the Two Hundred was so great that all deliberation became -impossible; ‘<i>the whole council rose and went out</i>,’ we read -in the minutes of the sitting. Such was the mute but energetic -reply made by Geneva to its bishop.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In the city the emotion was still greater, and vented itself -in murmurs and sighs, and also in ironical jests. ‘Have -you heard the news?’ said the huguenots: ‘the bishop is -going to issue an order with sound of trumpet, forbidding -us to speak either good or evil of God and Christ.’ The -silly prohibition was like oil thrown upon the fire: the -preachings became more frequent, and even the indifferent -began to read the Scriptures. Froment and his friends distributed -evangelical books in abundance: first the New -Testament, then various treatises recently composed, such as -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>La Vérité cachée</i>, <i>La Confrérie du Saint-Esprit</i>, <i>La Manière -du Baptême</i>, <i>La Cène de Jésus-Christ</i></span>, and <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Le Livre des -Marchands</i></span>.<a id='r416' /><a href='#f416' class='c009'><sup>[416]</sup></a> De Vingle, the printer, and one of his men, -named Grosne, helped them in this work. But the papists -sometimes treated the colporteurs roughly; a gentleman of -the neighborhood, having caught Grosne on the high road, -cut off his ears.<a id='r417' /><a href='#f417' class='c009'><sup>[417]</sup></a> This had no effect; the people thirsted -for the truth, and all were eager to hear the Word of God.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The leaders of the episcopal party, seeing that nothing -could stop these <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>prêcheurs de cheminées</i></span> (chimney-preachers) -and their hearers, looked about for a preacher whose energetic -eloquence might rekindle the expiring Roman fervor,—one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_200'>200</span>of those stout champions who can deal heavy blows in -serious contests. For three or four centuries the Dominicans -had played, as inquisitors, the chief parts in the papacy; -they were skilful, eloquent, shrewd in government, persevering -in their designs, inflexible in dogma, prodigal of -threats, condemnations, and the stake. There was much -talk in Savoy, and even in Geneva, about one of them,—a -doctor of the Sorbonne, named Guy Furbity,—‘a great -theologian,’ they said, ‘an enthusiastic servant of the pope, -a sworn enemy of the Reformation, daring and violent to the -last degree.’<a id='r418' /><a href='#f418' class='c009'><sup>[418]</sup></a> Just then he was preaching at Chambéry -and Montmeillan, charming all hearers. The Genevese catholics -petitioned the Sorbonne for this great preacher. Such -a rock, transported to the valley of the Leman, would, they -thought, check the devastating torrent of reform. Their -prayer was granted, and Furbity flattered himself that he -was going to win a fairer crown than all his predecessors. -Proud of his order, his reputation, and his Church, he arrived -in Geneva with haughty head, glaring eyes, and threatening -gestures; one might have imagined that he was going -to crush all his adversaries to powder. ‘Ah! those poor -Lutherans,’ he said disdainfully, ‘those poor chimney-preachers!’ -‘He was in a passion,’ says Froment.<a id='r419' /><a href='#f419' class='c009'><sup>[419]</sup></a> The huguenots -said, as they pointed him out, ‘Look at that Atlas, who -fancies he carries the tottering Church of the Roman pontiff -on his shoulders.’<a id='r420' /><a href='#f420' class='c009'><sup>[420]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Furbity Abuses Bible-Readers.</div> -<p class='c008'>A plot had been formed, of which Furbity was to be the -chief instrument. The syndics, Du Crest, Baud, Malbuisson, -and many other good Genevans had been gained over -by the priests to the cause of the pope, and by this means -the latter held in their hands the council, the treasury, -the artillery, and, in one word, the city property, besides -the ignorant populace.<a id='r421' /><a href='#f421' class='c009'><sup>[421]</sup></a> The Sorbonne doctor had hardly -<span class='pageno' id='Page_201'>201</span>alighted at the convent of his order when a deputation from -the canons came and asked him to preach in the cathedral -and not in the Dominican church. ‘The sermons delivered -at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre’s, said the monks, ‘will produce a greater sensation.’—‘Very -good,’ said Furbity, ‘I promise you that I -will cry out pretty loudly against the modern heretics.’ -It was objected that it was contrary to the established custom -to have such preachings in the cathedral. ‘We will put him -there by force of arms,’ answered the churchmen, ‘and he -shall say what he pleases.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the morning of Sunday, the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of November, a -certain number of priests and laymen armed themselves; -and the zealous Furbity, taking his place in the middle of -the band, proceeded to the cathedral. ‘Really,’ said some -of the Genevese with astonishment, ‘he is going to preach -by main force.’ But he restrained himself that day, and he -met with no opposition. The next day, Monday, he went -to work in earnest. His sermon was a continued declamation, -full of pompous phrases extolling the papacy, and of -invectives against the preachers. ‘In the pulpit he behaves -like a madman,’ said Froment, who was present; ‘he roars -without rhyme or reason.’ But the bigots were in ecstasies. -‘Have you heard Dr. Furbity?’ they said in the city. -On Wednesday an immense crowd assembled to hear him. -The Dominican went into the pulpit resolved to crush the -heretics, as his patron, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Dominick had done before him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>He imagined that his great business was to lower the -Bible and then to exalt the pope, and he set to work accordingly. -‘All who read the Scriptures in the vulgar tongue,’ -he said, ‘are gluttons, drunkards, debauchees, blasphemers, -thieves, and murderers.... Those who support them -are as wicked as they, and God will punish them. All who -will not obey the pope, or the cardinals, or the bishops, or -the curates, or the vicars, or the priests, are the devil’s flock. -They are marked by him, worse than Jews, traitors, murderers, -and brigands, and ought to be hanged on the gallows. -All who eat meat on Friday and Saturday, are worse -<span class='pageno' id='Page_202'>202</span>than Turks and mad dogs.... Beware of these heretics, -these Germans, as you would of lepers and rottenness. -Have no dealings with them in the way of business or otherwise, -and do not let them marry your daughters. You had -better give them to the dogs.’<a id='r422' /><a href='#f422' class='c009'><sup>[422]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Among the evangelicals who listened to this string of -abuse was one Janin, a man of small stature, a maker of -pikes, halberds, javelins, and arrows, whence he was usually -called the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>collonier</i></span>, or armorer. His activity was indefatigable; -he was present everywhere; he held discussions in -private and preached ‘to companies, urging with all his might’ -those who listened to him to embrace the faith which Luther -had found in the Holy Scriptures.<a id='r423' /><a href='#f423' class='c009'><sup>[423]</sup></a> Having gone to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Pierre’s, he sat down near some good catholics, among others -Pierre Pennet, whose brothers were soon to become famous -in Geneva for their zeal in behalf of the Romish faith. -Janin, unable to put up with such insulting language, became -restless, and exclaimed that the preacher did not know -what he was saying. The catholics around him, annoyed -at being disturbed in their devotions, said: ‘Begone; one -preacher is enough here.’<a id='r424' /><a href='#f424' class='c009'><sup>[424]</sup></a> But they had some trouble to -make him hold his tongue. A more telling interruption -was to disturb the orator before long.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Furbity Challenges The Lutherans.</div> -<p class='c008'>The Dominican saw clearly that abuse alone would not -restore the papacy; its fundamental doctrines must be established, -and this he undertook to do in other discourses. -Continuing to insult the reformers as ‘wretches who, instead -of wearing the <i>robe</i>, are dressed like <i>brigands</i>,’ he maintained -that priests only, by virtue of the sacramental institution, -could bring souls into communion with God. He even used -language that must have sounded strange to the worshippers -of Mary. ‘A priest who consecrates the elements of the -Sacrament,’ he said, ‘is above the Holy Virgin, for she only -<span class='pageno' id='Page_203'>203</span>gave life to Jesus Christ once, whereas the priest creates -him every day, as often as he likes. If a priest pronounces -the sacramental words over a sack full of bread, or in a cellar -full of wine, all the bread, by that very act, is transformed -and becomes the precious body of Christ, and all the -wine is changed into blood—which is what the Virgin -never did.... Ah! the priest! ... you should -not merely salute him, you should kneel and prostrate yourselves -before him.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This was not enough; the Dominican thought it his duty -to establish the doctrine of transubstantiation, on which the -dignity of the priest is founded. He exclaimed: ‘We must -believe that the body of Jesus Christ is in the host in flesh -and bone. We must believe that he is there as much as he -was in the Blessed Virgin’s womb, or on the wood of the -true cross. We must believe it under pain of damnation, -for our holy theological faculty of Paris at the Sorbonne, -and our mother the holy Church, believe it. Yes; Jesus -Christ is in the host, as he was in the Virgin’s womb, ... -but small ... as small as an ant. It is a matter that -admits of no further discussion.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Whereupon the Dominican, satisfied that he had gained a -signal victory, indulged in the impetuosity of his clerical -haughtiness, and, pouring out a torrent of insults, exclaimed: -‘Where are those wretched Lutherans who preach to the -contrary? Where are these heretics, these rascals, these -worse than Jews, Turks and heathens?... Where -are these fine <i>chimney-preachers</i>? Let them come forward, -and they shall be answered.... Ha! ha! They will -take good care not to show themselves, except at the chimney-corner, -for they are only brave in deceiving poor women -and such as know nothing.’<a id='r425' /><a href='#f425' class='c009'><sup>[425]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Having spoken thus, the monk sat down, proud of his -eloquence. A great agitation prevailed in the congregations; -the reformers were challenged to the combat; the people -wondered whether they would reply to the challenge. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_204'>204</span>There was a momentary pause, when Froment rose, and -standing in the middle of the church, motioned them with -his hand to be silent. ‘For the love of God,’ he said, -‘listen to what I have to tell you!’ The congregation -turned their eyes on the person who uttered these words, -and the evangelist, with sonorous voice, exclaimed: ‘Sirs, I -offer my life—yea, I am ready to go the stake if I do not -show, by Holy Scripture, that what Dr. Furbity has just -said is false, and the language of Antichrist.’ He then adduced -scriptural authorities against the Dominican’s assertions. -‘It is the truth,’ exclaimed the reformers; and some -of them looking towards the monk, called out: ‘Let him -answer that.’ Furbity, astonished at hearing himself refuted -by such plain passages, dared not rise, but remained fixed -to his seat, hiding his head in the pulpit. ‘Let him answer,’ -shouted the huguenots on all sides: their shouts were useless.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Tumult In The Church.</div> -<p class='c008'>The canons and their friends, finding their oracle was -dumb, ventured upon a controversy which was much more -in their line. They drew their swords (priests often wore -swords in those times), and approaching Froment, exclaimed: -‘Kill him—kill the Lutheran!... Ah! the -wretch! he has dared take our good father to task.’ Nothing -but death could expiate the crime of a layman who had -ventured to contradict a priest. There was only one point -on which these churchmen were not agreed: it was whether -they should <i>burn</i> or <i>drown</i> the evangelist. Some shouted: -‘Burn him—burn him!’ and others: ‘To the Rhone with -him!’—‘There was no small commotion,’ writes Froment. -Just as the priests were about to carry him off, Baudichon -de la Maisonneuve, Ami Perrin, Janin le Collonier, and -others rallied round him like a body-guard, wishing to get -him out of the church. This did not calm the tumult; -the people ran after him, and the magistrates would have -arrested him. ‘They crowded upon one another,’ says -Froment, ‘either to see him, or to strike him, or to carry -him off.’ The tumultuous crowd made a last effort to lay -<span class='pageno' id='Page_205'>205</span>hold of the evangelist, just as they reached the great doors -of the cathedral. Baudichon de la Maisonneuve observing -this, halted, drew his sword, and, facing the rioters, cried in -a loud voice: ‘I will kill the first man that touches him. -Let the law prevail; and if any one has done wrong, let -him be punished.’ The catholics, intimidated by Maisonneuve’s -look, shrank back; and Froment’s friends, taking -advantage of this favorable moment, dragged him away from -his enemies. Then, ‘the women, as if they were mad, -rushed after him with great fury, throwing many stones at -him.’<a id='r426' /><a href='#f426' class='c009'><sup>[426]</sup></a> The huguenot Perrin, more politic than evangelical, -alarmed at the tumult, said to Froment: ‘We have spoilt -the business; it was going on very well, and now all is lost.’ -<i>The other</i> (by which words Froment indicates himself), sure -of his cause, answered simply: ‘All is won!’ The future -showed that he was right. When Froment arrived at Baudichon’s -house,—the usual asylum of the friends of the -Gospel,—Le Collonier took him up to the hayloft and carefully -hid him under the hay. De la Maisonneuve and Janin -had afterwards to pay dearly for their kind offices. The -latter had scarcely quitted the loft when Claude Baud arrived -with his officers and his halberds. ‘They searched -the house all over, and even thrust their spears into the -hay, but finding nobody they withdrew.’<a id='r427' /><a href='#f427' class='c009'><sup>[427]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Alexander, who had not spoken in the church, had accompanied -his friend as far as the great doors. Seeing Froment -led away by Janin, and believing him safe, he halted -‘at the top of the steps in the midst of the people,’ and, -not permitting himself to be intimidated by the popular -fury, he exclaimed: ‘He very properly took him to task. -Doctor Furbity has preached against the holy books; he is -a false prophet.’ The syndics, pleased to catch one at least, -carried Alexander off to the town-hall, and some demanded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_206'>206</span>that he should be sentenced to death. The sage Balthasar -resisted this: ‘It was not this man who caused the uproar,’ -he said. ‘Besides, he is a Frenchman; and the King of -France may perhaps take <i>some opportunity</i> against our city -if we put his subjects to death.’ The two ‘<i>Mahometists</i>’ -were banished for life from the city, under pain of death; -and, at the same time, it was agreed that the Advent -preachers should be told ‘to preach the Gospel only, in -order to avoid disturbance.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Alexander was conducted by the watch out of the city to -a place called La Monnaye, where, seeing the crowd following -him, he turned towards them and said: ‘I shall not take -my rest like a soldier whose time of service is over.’ He -then addressed the crowd for two hours, and many were -won to the Gospel. De la Maisonneuve having returned -home, went in search of Froment in the hayloft; and as -soon as it was night, the two friends quitted Geneva secretly, -took up Alexander at La Monnaye, and then all three -set off for Berne.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-03' class='c004'>CHAPTER III. <br /> FAREL, MAISONNEUVE, AND FURBITY IN GENEVA. <br /> (<span class='sc'>December 1533 to January 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Furbity Visited By The Catholics.</div> -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve was determined to uphold the -liberty of Gospel-preaching. ‘We are called Lutherans,’ -said Froment; ‘now, <i>Luther</i> in German means <i>clear</i>, and -there is nothing clearer than the Gospel of Jesus Christ. -The Lutheran cause is the cause of light.’ And therefore -De la Maisonneuve desired to propagate it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The zealous huguenot did not lose a moment after his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_207'>207</span>arrival at Berne. He told all his friends (of whom he had -many) what was going on at Geneva. Froment and Alexander, -who stood by his side, supported his complaints and -repeated the insults of the Dominican. The Bernese were -exasperated by the abuse the monk had heaped upon the -protestants, but they were animated by a nobler motive. -They had thought that Geneva, so famous for the energetic -character of its citizens, would be a great gain for the Reformation; -and now people were beginning to say in Savoy, -in the Pays de Vaud, at Freiburg, and in France, that the -reforming movement was crushed in the huguenot city. ‘A -great rumor,’ says Farel, ‘spread everywhere touching -Geneva, how that Master Furbity had triumphed in his disputations -with the Lutherans.’<a id='r428' /><a href='#f428' class='c009'><sup>[428]</sup></a> The Bernese resolved to -assist the threatened Reform by despatching to Geneva ... -not large battalions, but a humble preacher of the Gospel. -They sent William Farel as Maisonneuve’s companion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On Sunday, December 21, the feast of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Thomas of -Canterbury, Furbity, proud at having to eulogize so heroic -a saint, was more energetic than ever. ‘All who follow -that cursed sect,’ he cried, ‘are lewd and gluttonous livers, -wanton, ambitious, murderers, and thieves, who live like -beasts, loving their own sensuality, acknowledging neither -a God nor a superior.’ These words raised the enthusiasm -of the catholics, the chief of whom resolved to go in a body -to the bishop’s palace to thank the reverend father. The -noble Perceval de Pesmes, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>capitaine des bons</i></span>, ‘the captain -of the good,’ as the nuns called him, was at their head. -‘Most reverend father,’ said the descendant of the Crusaders, -‘we thank you for preaching such good doctrine, and -beg you will fear nothing.’—‘Hold fast to the sword, captain; -on my side I will use the spirit and the tongue.’ The -compact being made, the deputation withdrew.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_208'>208</span>They had scarcely quitted the episcopal palace, when -a strange report circulated through the town. ‘De la -Maisonneuve has returned from Berne and brought the -notorious William Farel with him!’ Farel having re-entered -Geneva, was not to leave it again until the work of -the Reformation was completed there. ‘What!’ exclaimed -the catholics, ‘that wretch, that devil whom we drove out is -come back!’ They were so exasperated that De Pesmes, -Malbuisson, and others, meeting Farel and Maisonneuve in -the street that very day, drew their swords and fell upon -them; they were rescued by some huguenots. The episcopalians -consulted together, and decided to take up arms to -expel the reformer.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel And Baudichon.</div> -<p class='c008'>Not without reason were the catholics alarmed. Farel -was a hero. A work that is beginning requires one of those -strong men who, by the energy of their will, surmount all -obstacles, and set in motion all the forces of their epoch to -carry out the plan they have conceived. Calvin and Luther -are the great men of the Reformation in the sixteenth century. -Calvin defended it against dangerous enemies; he -gave to the renovated Church a body of divinity and a -simple powerful constitution. The scriptural faith which -he has set forth is making, and will make, the circuit of the -world. But when he arrived at Geneva, the Reform was -already accomplished outwardly. Farel is really the reformer -of that city as well as of other places in Switzerland -and France. A noble and simple evangelist, his genius was -less great, his name less illustrious than his successor’s; but -he ceased not to expose his life in fierce combats for the -Saviour, and, in the order of grace, he was in that beautiful -country enclosed between the Alps and the Jura what fire is -in the order of nature—the most powerful of God’s agents. -He was not, as is sometimes imagined, a hot-headed man, -liable to fits of violence and temper. With energy he combined -prudence—with zeal, impartiality. ‘Would to God,’ -he said, on the occasion of his discussion with Furbity, -‘that each man would state each thing without leaning to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_209'>209</span>one side more than to the other.’<a id='r429' /><a href='#f429' class='c009'><sup>[429]</sup></a> But it must be acknowledged -that he had more force than circumspection, and -an unparalleled activity was the principal feature of his character. -To venture everywhere, to act in all circumstances, -to preach in every place, to brave every danger, were his -enjoyment and his life. His excessive genius ‘delighted in -adventure,’ as was said of a celebrated conqueror, and -he was never so truly happy as when he was in the field. -Farel began the work, and Calvin completed it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Another man, a layman, was called to play a part not less -important in the Genevan Reformation. It has been remarked<a id='r430' /><a href='#f430' class='c009'><sup>[430]</sup></a> -that in the great revolutions of nations, God -sometimes gives not a counsellor to be listened to, but a -torrent to be followed. There was indeed in Geneva a -mighty torrent rushing towards Reform, and the man who -personified that popular force was Baudichon de la Maisonneuve. -Noble in heart as in race, at first he had been -merely an independent politician and an opponent of the -papacy; but, opening his house and his heart to the Gospel, -he came to love it more and more every day. Certainly -he did not possess all the evangelical graces; he was somewhat -of a jester, and might often be found laughing at the -superstitions of his times. Occasionally, also, he was violent -in his acts and words. But the republican energy that -characterized him made him the fittest man to cope with -Rome, the Duke, and the Inquisition. Strong, proud, immovable, -he was on a small stage, what the Elector of -Saxony and the Landgrave of Hesse were on a larger -stage, the patron of evangelical doctrine. Although of noble -descent, he was in trade, and had an extensive business. -Rich and generous, he provided for the wants of the new -creed. The magistrates of the cities with which he had -dealings showed him much consideration; and not only did -the puissant republic of Berne intercede in his favor, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_210'>210</span>King Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> also. De la Maisonneuve had no doubts -about the triumph of the Reformation. One day, as a Lausanne -dealer was buying one of his horses, the confident -Genevan said to him: ‘You shall pay me when no more -masses are celebrated at Lausanne.’ Two or three months -later, when settling his accounts at Lyons, he said to one of -his correspondents: ‘You shall pay me when the priests in -this city are what those in Berne are now.’ This made the -bigoted catholics exclaim: ‘He is the cause of the perversion -of Geneva. Would to God he had died ten years -ago!’<a id='r431' /><a href='#f431' class='c009'><sup>[431]</sup></a> De la Maisonneuve had much affinity with Berthelier: -the latter began the independence of the city, the -former introduced the reform. They were both pioneers; -but if Berthelier’s death was the most heroic, Baudichon’s -life was the most exemplary.</p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve was able, in case of necessity, to -unite prudence with energy. On the <abbr title='twenty-first'>21st</abbr> December, the -Dominican having preached with great <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>éclat</i></span> in the cathedral, -some of the reformed said, boldly: ‘Why should not our -minister (Farel) preach in the church as well as a popish -doctor?’ and invited the reformers to enter the building. -The indignant catholics exclaimed: ‘It shall cost us our -lives sooner!’ De la Maisonneuve calmed his friends; he -wished to try legal means, and ask the magistrates for a -church.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Plot Breaks Out.</div> -<p class='c008'>The next day he appeared before the council, and handed -in the letter from the chiefs of the mighty Bernese republic. -‘What!’ they said, ‘you expel from your city our servants, -people attached to the Holy Word, whom we commended to -you, and at the same time you tolerate men who blaspheme -against God. Your preacher has attacked us; we shall -prosecute him, and call upon you to arrest him. Moreover, -we ask for a place in which Farel may preach the Gospel -publicly.’ The larger portion of the council was astounded -at these two requests. They were about to deliberate on -<span class='pageno' id='Page_211'>211</span>them when a commotion was heard in the street. A plot -had broken out.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was near midday. Between eight and nine hundred -priests and laymen were going to the bishop’s palace, where -they had appointed a meeting. In the palace everything -was astir; the cellars were open, and the servants were -running about with bottles in their hands. ‘They supplied -wine in profusion, and every man promised to do his duty. -They were respectable-looking people and well dressed.’ -Two hundred men were to stop at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre’s to attack the -heretics in the rear. All the others were to go down to the -Molard, ‘burning for the cause of God,’ and attack Baudichon’s -house, where Farel was to be found.<a id='r432' /><a href='#f432' class='c009'><sup>[432]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve, understanding what was going on, -hastily quitted the council-chamber, and ran to defend his -home.<a id='r433' /><a href='#f433' class='c009'><sup>[433]</sup></a> His first care was to hide Farel as well as he -could, and then, while preparations were making to storm -his house, he took steps for its defence. But the council, -learning what was going on, left the hôtel de ville, and -ordered the bishop’s partisans to lay down their arms. It -seemed strange to do so, after so many protestations and so -much zeal; yet they obeyed. ‘The wicked build triumphs -in the air,’ said the huguenots, ‘and all these reports ended -in smoke at last.’<a id='r434' /><a href='#f434' class='c009'><sup>[434]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Farel left his hiding-place and resumed his preachings in -the houses; but his audience had a singular appearance. -In front of the minister might be seen the proud features of -the huguenots, with helmets on their heads, swords by their -sides, and some were armed with cuirass, arquebuse, or -halberd; for, since the last catholic resort to arms, they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_212'>212</span>feared a surprise. Baudichon watched over the assembly. -Wearing an allécret (a sort of light breastplate), and holding -a staff in his hand, he ‘set the people in order,’ assigning -them their places, and whenever he chanced to hear -any conversation, ‘bidding them be silent;’ then Farel -would begin to speak and preach the Gospel with boldness.<a id='r435' /><a href='#f435' class='c009'><sup>[435]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The syndics, placed between the reformers and the catholics, -could not tell what to do. If they arrested Furbity, -they would exasperate the catholics and Savoyards; if they -allowed him to continue his philippics against the reformed, -they would offend the huguenots and the Bernese. The -Two Hundred therefore resolved to leave the Dominican -ostensibly at large, at the same time treating him in reality -as a prisoner. He might go where he pleased, but attended -by six guards, who followed him even to the foot of -the pulpit. ‘Alas!’ exclaimed his friends, ‘they have -placed the reverend father in the keeping of the watch!’ -On hearing which the monk observed, haughtily: ‘I am -under restraint on account of a set of people who are good -for nothing.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Christmas day arrived: the Dominican had ‘a very numerous -audience, particularly of women.’ Incense smoked -on the altars; the chants resounded in the choir; the faithful -had never shown so much fervor, and the monk preached -with such warmth that, ‘within the memory of man, there -had never been so fine a service.’<a id='r436' /><a href='#f436' class='c009'><sup>[436]</sup></a> At the same time, Farel, -plainly dressed, was preaching in a large room. There -was no incense, no tapers, no chanting, but the words of God -which stirred men’s consciences. This irritated Furbity -still more, and on the last day of the year he exclaimed -from the pulpit: ‘All who follow the new law are heretics -<span class='pageno' id='Page_213'>213</span>and the most worthless of men.’<a id='r437' /><a href='#f437' class='c009'><sup>[437]</sup></a> Thus ended the year -1533.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Furbity Takes Leave.</div> -<p class='c008'>The new year was to make the balance incline to the side -of the Reformation; accordingly the clergy, as if terrified at -the future, resolved to destroy the tree by the roots, and inaugurated -the first day of the year 1534 by an extraordinary -proclamation. ‘In the name of Monseigneur of Geneva -and of his vicar,’ said the priests from all the pulpits, ‘it is -ordered that no one shall preach <i>the Word of God</i>, either in -public or in private, and that all the books of Holy Scripture, -whether in French or in German, shall be burnt.’<a id='r438' /><a href='#f438' class='c009'><sup>[438]</sup></a> -The reformed, who were present in great numbers in the -church, were staggered at the new-year’s gift which the -bishop presented to his people. The Dominican, who was -preaching that day for the last time, outdid the proclamation, -and bade farewell of his audience in a paltry epigram:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Je veux vous donner mes étrennes,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Dieu convertisse les luthériens!</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">S’ils ne se retournent à bien,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Qu’il leur donne fièvres quartaines!</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Qui veut <i>si, prennent ses mitaines</i>!</span><a id='r439' /><a href='#f439' class='c009'><sup>[439]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Notwithstanding his invocation of the quartan ague, the -catholics said, with tears in their eyes, ‘With what devotion -he takes leave of us!’ All, however, had not been equally -touched: just as the monk was preparing to depart, his -guards stopped him, for he had forgotten that he was a prisoner.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the episcopal mandate was causing disturbance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_214'>214</span>in the city. ‘Forbid the preaching of the Gospel,’ -said some; ‘burn the holy books! What a horrible notion! -The Mahometans never did anything like it with regard to -the Koran, or the Ghebers with the books of Zoroaster. -Those who are charged to preach the Word of God are the -very men to condemn it to the flames!’ Thus catholics and -evangelicals took up arms—the former to destroy the Bible, -the others to defend it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>They remained under arms not only during the night -of the first of January, but also during the second, the -third, and a part of the fourth, bivouacking in the squares, -and kindling great fires. The citizens of Geneva had often -taken up arms from other motives. If any one had now -gone to the catholics and asked them: ‘Why are you doing -this?’ they would have answered: ‘Because we desire to -drive out the Bible:’ and if the same question had been put -to the reformed, they would have answered: ‘Because we -desire to keep it.’ These poor folks had often nothing to eat -or drink; and when any party sent to a house to procure -provisions, the other party often seized the spoil. -They were obliged to give the purveyors a strong escort.<a id='r440' /><a href='#f440' class='c009'><sup>[440]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>It was a strange sight, no doubt, to see a town filled with -armed men because of the Word of peace. It was in this -way that great emotions displayed themselves at that epoch, -and it would be ridiculous to exhibit the men of the sixteenth -century with the manners of the nineteenth. The -evangelical Christians believed that, if the Bible were taken -from them, Jesus would also be lost to them; it -seemed that if there were no more Scripture, there would be -no more Christ, no more salvation. The political huguenots, -not troubling themselves about that matter, thought that the -Bible was the best means of getting rid of the bishop. -Consequently all alike passed the days and nights under -arms around the watchfires, being unwilling to have the -Scriptures taken away from them. The reformed, desiring -to appear pacific, thought it their duty to yield a little, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_215'>215</span>prevailed upon Alexander to withdraw, as he had been -lawfully banished. He turned his steps in the direction of -France, where he soon after found a martyr’s death. But -the evangelical cause in Geneva lost nothing, for, as Alexander -left on one side, Froment returned on the other; and -almost at the same moment an embassy from Berne, headed -by Sebastian of Diesbach, appeared at the city gates. These -worthy deputies, seeing what was going on,—the bivouacks, -the soldiers, the spears, and arquebuses,—stopped their -horses, examined the groups with an air of astonishment, -asked what it all meant, and finally exhorted the rival parties -to withdraw. The Genevese began to understand the -strangeness of their position: the huguenots felt that it was -a different power from that of their arquebuses which should -defend the Bible; the men of both parties, therefore, yielded -to the wise remonstrances of the Bernese, and every man -retired to his own house.<a id='r441' /><a href='#f441' class='c009'><sup>[441]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Three Reformers In Geneva.</div> -<p class='c008'>Diesbach and his colleagues came with the intent of prosecuting -the Dominican; but while shutting the door against -the monk, they desired to throw it wide open to the Reformation. -Farel had been at Geneva some time; Froment -had just arrived; but that was not all. A man of modest -appearance, who formed part of the Bernese retinue, was to -be more formidable to Roman-catholicism than the illustrious -ambassadors themselves. They had with them the -young and gentle Viret. Weak and faint, he was still suffering -from a wound inflicted by a priest of Payerne, but -the deputies of Berne had insisted on his accompanying -them. Thus Farel, Viret, and Froment—three men of -lively faith and indefatigable zeal—were going to work together -in Geneva. Everything seemed to indicate that the -reformed bands of Switzerland were unmasking their batteries -and preparing to dismantle those of the pope. They -were about to open a sharp fire, which would beat down the -thick walls that for so long had sheltered the oracles and -exactions of the papacy.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_216'>216</span>Viret immediately asked after his friends Farel and Froment, -who had been forced to hide themselves during the -armed crisis; some huguenots went in search of them and -brought them to the Tête-noire, where the embassy was quartered. -‘You shall stay with us,’ said the Bernese; ‘we will -protect your liberty, and you shall announce the Gospel.’ The -three reformers immediately began to preach in private houses,<a id='r442' /><a href='#f442' class='c009'><sup>[442]</sup></a> -proclaiming the authority and the doctrines of those Holy -Scriptures which the clergy had condemned. What a -strange contradiction! The bishop had just interdicted the -Bible, and the three most powerful preachers in the French -tongue were now publicly teaching its divine lessons.... -So many and such good workmen had never before been -seen in Geneva. ‘And the papists dared do nothing against -them.’<a id='r443' /><a href='#f443' class='c009'><sup>[443]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>But the Bernese wanted more: ‘You protect that Dominican -who slanders our good reputation,’ they said to the -council; ‘you despise our mode of living, you condemn the -holy Gospel of God, you maltreat those who desire to understand -it, and banish those who preach it: is that conducting -yourselves in conformity with the treaty of alliance? -Let the monk defend what he has taught: we have brought -preachers who will show him the falseness of his doctrine. -If you refuse these requests, Berne will find other means of -vindicating her honor.’ The syndics replied to the Bernese: -‘It is not our business to know what concerns priests; apply -to the prince-bishop.’—‘That is a mere evasion,’ answered -Berne. ‘We give you back our letters of alliance.’ At -these words the premier syndic, becoming alarmed, offered -to let the Dominican appear before them. The Bernese accepted, -but ‘on condition that the monk should be obliged to -answer the ministers before all the people.’<a id='r444' /><a href='#f444' class='c009'><sup>[444]</sup></a> That was the -essential point.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_217'>217</span> - <h2 id='chap7-04' class='c004'>CHAPTER IV. <br /> THE TOURNAMENT. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January to February 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>The Three Reformers.</div> -<p class='c008'>The <abbr title='ninth'>9th</abbr> of January was an important date in the history -of the Reformation of Geneva, and perhaps (we might add) -in that of Europe. The laity were about to resume their -rights: a priest was to appear before the Genevese laymen -and the Bernese magistrates. As soon as the Council of -Two Hundred had assembled, the ambassadors entered, followed -by three persons who attracted the special attention -of all present. The eyes full of fire, the bold bravery, the -indomitable features of one of them marked him to be Farel. -The second, less known, had, although young, the prudence -of a man in years and the sweetness of a <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John; this -was Viret. The third, short in stature and of mean appearance, -decided in his gait, lively, and talkative; this was -Froment. They all took their seats at the right of the premier -syndic. The friar of the order of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Dominic, entering -in his turn, sat on the left on a raised bench. They had -met to attack and defend the papacy. The tournament, at -which a great crowd of gentlemen and citizens was present, -resembled one of those ‘solemn judgments’ to which man -had had recourse for ages to terminate certain controversies. -The subject of the dispute was more important than usual. -Truth and tradition, the middle ages and modern times, independence -and slavery, were in the balance. All, therefore, -who were interested in divine and human things, waited -with impatience. Their expectations were disappointed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Just as the struggle was about to begin, one of the combatants -hung back. The Dominican rose and said: ‘Messieurs, -I am a monk and doctor of Paris; I cannot appear -<span class='pageno' id='Page_218'>218</span>before laymen without the license of my prelate.’ He sat -down. ‘You offered before all the people,’ said Sebastian -of Diesbach, ‘to defend your position by the Holy Scriptures, -and now you want a licence.’ Farel rose and observed, -that the monk and the great apostle were of contrary -opinions; ‘<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul refused, in such a case, to appear before -the priests at Jerusalem, and appealed to Cæsar. Now -Cæsar was certainly a layman, and what is more—a -heathen.’ The monk forbore to reply to this invincible argument; -but looking with pity on the individual who had -dared speak to him, said, with a gesture of contempt, ‘that -he had nothing to do with that man.’ Then, remembering -how the strappado and the stake brought such cavillers to -their senses in Paris, he added: ‘Let him go and speak like -that in France!’ ‘Good father,’ said the premier syndic, -‘since you will not answer when our lords of Berne accuse -you, leave that place and sit on the bench yonder, where -you shall hear the rest.’ The monk of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Dominic had to -quit his place of honor and go to the bar; but notwithstanding -this humiliation, he again refused to speak. The syndics -then sent to ask the grand-vicar to give him leave to -answer; but this dignitary replied: ‘I am ill.’ The deputies -made the same request to the official, <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Veigy, who -answered: ‘The bishop has forbidden me to do so.’ -‘Shameful!’ exclaimed many; ‘all these priests refuse to -give an account of their faith.’ The Dominican said to the -council: ‘Let my lords the ambassadors select as judges two -doctors from Germany; and we will select two from Paris; -then I will reply not only to Farel, Viret, and Froment, but -to a hundred or two hundred of such preachers.... -Alone I will meet them all!’ The Bernese declared they -would trust the matter to those only who were lawfully authorized. -They wanted more. The refusal of the Dominican -served but to increase their desire to see the Reformation -freely preached in Geneva. Not contenting themselves -with a theological discussion, they said to the syndics: ‘The -way to pacify the city and to be just towards all, is to pick -<span class='pageno' id='Page_219'>219</span>out one of the parish churches and appoint a preacher of -the Gospel to it. Those who wish to go to the sermon, will -go to the sermon; those who wish to go to mass, will go to -mass; every man is to remain free in his conscience; no one -shall be constrained, and all will be satisfied.’ ‘We are -only laymen,’ answered the astonished syndics; ‘it is not -our business to choose preachers and assign them churches.’ -The council sent a deputation to Berne to soften the rigor -of the chiefs of the state; but it was useless. The greater -the <i>suppleness</i> (to use the language of a manuscript) shown -by the Genevans, the greater the inflexibility displayed by -the Bernese. It was a struggle between the pliant and the -rigid; and the pliant, as usual, were compelled to give -way.<a id='r445' /><a href='#f445' class='c009'><sup>[445]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Reparation Demanded.</div> -<p class='c008'>The Bernese ambassadors pursued their plans with vigor, -and demanded reparation for the insults of the Dominican, -and a church for the preachers of the Gospel. ‘If you refuse,’ -added Diesbach, ‘we shall return you the seals of -our alliance; we shall take back ours; we shall prosecute -the monk ... and whomsoever we think fit.’ The -Two Hundred were astounded, involuntary tears escaped -from the eyes of some, and even the people outside were -much disturbed (says the Council minute). Joining deeds -to words, Sebastian of Diesbach placed the letters of alliance -on the table. The whole assembly immediately rose -up with indescribable emotion, and with tears begged the -ambassadors to take back their letters. ‘We will do our -best to satisfy you!’ exclaimed the premier-syndic, stout -catholic as he was. The stern Bernese noble was touched. -‘We take them back,’ he said at last; ‘but we protest that -we shall return them if you do not satisfy our demands.’<a id='r446' /><a href='#f446' class='c009'><sup>[446]</sup></a> -Everything was then prepared for the trial. Geneva undertook -to bear the axe into the wilderness of church -<span class='pageno' id='Page_220'>220</span>abuses: a priest, accused by laymen, was about to be tried -by laymen. This in itself was a revolution.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Monk On His Trial.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twenty-seventh'>27th</abbr> January, the Two Hundred sitting as a court -of justice, Furbity was brought before them. He had taken -courage; his erect head and confident look showed that he -believed himself sure of victory. He called upon the Bernese -to set forth their grievances, but protested against the -inquiry on account of the sacerdotal character with which he -was invested. Then the following colloquy took place:—</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambassador.</span>—You preached publicly that four kinds -of executioners divided the robe of our Saviour Jesus -Christ at the foot of the cross, and that the first were Germans. -That word concerns us.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—I never used such words; and I do not know -to what country the executioners belonged.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambas.</span>—We will prove this charge presently. You -said that those who eat meat on Friday and Saturday are -worse than Jews, Turks, and mad dogs.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—I did not mean thereby to offend their Excellencies -of Berne; I was preaching only to the people of -this city.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambas.</span>—You said that all who read the Holy Scriptures -in the vulgar tongue are no better than lewd livers, -gluttons, drunkards, blasphemers, murderers, and robbers.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—I affirm that I have not abused my lords of -Berne.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambas.</span>—You spoke in a general manner, and consequently -included them in your accusation.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—I was speaking to the Genevese only.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambas.</span>—You said: ‘Avoid these wicked modern heretics, -these Germans, as you would lepers and unclean persons. -Do not let them marry your daughters, you had -better give them to the dogs.’</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—I deny having preached that article.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambas.</span>—You said: ‘That the modern heretics, who -will not obey the pope or the cardinals, bishops, and curates, -are on that account the devil’s flock and worse than mad -dogs ... and ought to be hanged on the gallows.’</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_221'>221</span><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—That is an article of faith, and I have not to -answer for it before you.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Premier-Syndic.</span>—You are commanded to answer.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Monk.</span>—I shall not answer.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Premier-Syndic.</span>—The charge is confessed.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='sc'>Ambas.</span>—‘Most honored lords, we belong to those who -read Scripture in the vulgar tongue. We belong to those -who hold our Lord as <i>sole head of the Church</i>, as its everlasting -and sovereign pastor; and, moreover, we are Germans; -and for this reason we believe the said articles have -been uttered against us. If we were what these articles -say, we should deserve corporal punishment; and therefore -we demand, in terms of the <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>lex talionis</i></span>, that the said -preacher be visited with a punishment similar to that which -we should have incurred.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reasoning of the ambassador was not irrefutable. -Envoys from Zurich, Basle, and other Evangelical cantons, -even from the landgrave of Hesse or the elector of Saxony -might just as well accuse the monk of having insulted them. -But it is precisely this which explains the conduct of the -Bernese deputies. Protestantism had been abused, its fundamental -principles trampled under foot. The Bernese did -not prosecute the monk in order to avenge a personal affront; -what they wanted was to see the Word of God set in -the place of the word of the pope, and the Reformation established -in Geneva. The Gospel was on trial and not my -lords of Berne; but the latter considered themselves the -champions of the Reformation in Switzerland, and when -enemies attacked it, they thought it their duty to defend it. -To have kept out of the lists would have been disobedience -to the supreme judge of the combat. The ambassadors -brought up fourteen witnesses ready to swear that the monk -had said what was ascribed to him.<a id='r447' /><a href='#f447' class='c009'><sup>[447]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Furbity seeing no other means of escape, determined to -fight for Rome. On Thursday, <abbr title='twenty-ninth'>29th</abbr> January, a rumor -<span class='pageno' id='Page_222'>222</span>spread through the city that the monk would hold a discussion -with the reformers. The Two Hundred, and a certain -number of other citizens, met in the Hotel de Ville to be -present at this important struggle.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One of the tourneys of the Reformation at Geneva was -about to begin; the two combatants were in the lists. On -one side the Dominican, the champion of Rome, came forward -with scholastic learning that was not to be despised, a -front of adamant, lungs strong enough to reduce all his rivals -to silence, and a tongue furnished with an inexhaustible -flow of words.<a id='r448' /><a href='#f448' class='c009'><sup>[448]</sup></a> At once violent and skilful, he made use -of every weapon, and possessed a particular art of glozing -over his errors and rendering them less apparent.<a id='r449' /><a href='#f449' class='c009'><sup>[449]</sup></a> On the -other side was Farel, less experienced than his rival in the -tricks of dialectics, but full of love for the truth, firm as a -warrior advancing to defend it, and ready to confound the -monk’s scholastic arguments by the invincible demonstrations -of the Scriptures of God. Possessing a manly eloquence -and sonorous voice, his clear, energetic, and at times -ironical language, did prompt justice upon the sophisms of -his adversaries<a id='r450' /><a href='#f450' class='c009'><sup>[450]</sup></a>.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reformer rose first and said: ‘This is a serious business; -let us therefore speak with all mildness. Let not one -strive to get the better of the other. We can have no nobler -triumph than to see the truth prevail. So that it be -acknowledged by all, I willingly consent to forfeit my life.’ -Touched by his words, the assembly exclaimed: ‘Yes, yes! -that is what we desire.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Furbity began by asserting the authority of the pope. -He maintained that the heads of the Church may ordain -things that are not in Scripture, and to prove it, he quoted -Deuteronomy: ‘If there arise a matter too hard for thee in -judgment, thou shalt come unto the priests, and thou shalt -observe to do according to all that they inform thee.’<a id='r451' /><a href='#f451' class='c009'><sup>[451]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_223'>223</span>Farel, on the contrary, maintained the authority of the -Holy Scriptures, and declared that all doctrine must be -founded on them alone. He called to mind that God, in -this very book of Moses, had said: ‘<i>Ye shall not add unto -the Word which I command you, neither shall you diminish -aught from it</i>.’<a id='r452' /><a href='#f452' class='c009'><sup>[452]</sup></a> ‘What is said of the Levitical priest in the -Old Testament (he added) ought to be applied, not to the -Romish priests, but to Jesus Christ, who is the everlasting -high-priest. To him, therefore, we must go, him we must obey, -and not the priest.’<a id='r453' /><a href='#f453' class='c009'><sup>[453]</sup></a> ‘Christ,’ exclaimed Furbity, ‘gave to -<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter the key of the kingdom of heaven, and <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter -transmitted it to the priests, his successors.’ ‘The key of -the heavenly kingdom,’ answered Farel, ‘is the Word of -God. If any one believes in the promises of grace with all -his heart, heaven opens for him. If any one rejects them, -heaven is closed against him.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>As it was growing late, the discussion was adjourned to -the next day, and Furbity said haughtily that he was ready. -A voice from the midst of the crowd called out: ‘Endeavor -to hold more to the Word of God and less to the teaching -of the Sorbonne.’ ‘I shall behave like a man,’ he answered. -‘If the strength of a man consists in his want of sense, then -you are a true man,’ rudely returned the speaker.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day the discussion entered upon a new phase.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Interpretation By The Councils.</div> -<p class='c008'>Farel maintained throughout the right and duty of the -Christian people to read the Scriptures, to understand them, -and to submit to them alone. Furbity, on the contrary, asserted -that the Scriptures should be read by the clergy only, -and understood conformably with the interpretation of the -councils. He proved his point by reasons which might have -some force in the eyes of his friends, but they had none for -Farel, who maintained the necessity of the immediate contact -of each Christian soul with the Scriptures of God. It -<span class='pageno' id='Page_224'>224</span>was not from councils (he contended) nor from popes, but -from the Word of God itself that every Christian must receive -by faith the truth which saves. The first assembly at -Jerusalem (ordinarily termed the first council), was it not, -according to the account in the Acts, composed of apostles, -elders, and of the <i>whole church</i>, and did it not begin its letter -with: ‘The apostles and elders and <i>brethren</i>’? Defending, -therefore, the rights of the lay members of the flock, -he declaimed energetically against the institution of all those -dignitaries who, in the Romish Church, are <i>lords over God’s -heritage</i>: ‘You invent all sorts of things,’ he said to the Dominican,<a id='r454' /><a href='#f454' class='c009'><sup>[454]</sup></a> -‘you introduce diversities of orders, a countless -number of eminences, bishops, prelates, archbishops, primates, -cardinals, popes, and other superiorities of which -Scripture makes no mention. You do everything to your -own fancy, without any regard to God or the right. The -apostles took counsel with the whole assembly of the believers, -but you ... you do everything, you are everything! ... -you cut and shape as you please. The Christian -people are no more called by you into council than dogs and -brutes. Your ordinances must be adored, and those of God -be trodden under foot. Your papal monarchy surpasses all -others in pride, pomp, and feasting. You want those who -are to teach the people to be princes with lordships, estates, -law-courts, and governments. You want to have a rich triumphant -Jesus, who shall put to death all who contradict -him.... Ah! sirs, the Saviour was not such here below: -he was poor, humble, put to death, and his disciples were -banished, imprisoned, stoned, and killed.... What similarity -is there between the Apostolic Church and yours?... -The supreme argument in yours is the executioner.... -The apostles did not, like you, fulminate fierce excommunications; -they did not, like you, imprison and condemn.... -No! Jesus is not in the midst of you. He -is in the midst of those who are expelled, beaten, burnt for -the Gospel, as the martyrs were in the time of the primitive -Church.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel’s Thunders.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_225'>225</span>The reformer’s energetic words sounded like a peal of -thunder to his antagonist. Furbity was confounded and bewildered; -his ideas became confused; he lost his presence of -mind, and, wishing to establish the doctrine of the episcopate -as it is understood at Rome, he quoted the verse in -which it is said that a bishop ought to be <i>the husband of one -wife</i>, which greatly amused the assembly. He did more: -desiring to prove that there had been bishops of the Roman -model in the apostolic times, he mentioned Judas Iscariot. ‘It -is written of Judas,’ he said, ‘his bishopric let another take: -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Episcopatum suum accipiat alter</i></span>. As Judas had a bishopric, -he must of necessity have been a bishop;’ and he concluded -there was no salvation out of the Roman episcopate. The -doctor had not kept his promise to behave <i>like a man</i>. Farel -smiled at the strange argument, and began to lash the -Dominican with the scourge of irony. ‘As you have quoted -that good bishop, Judas,’ he said, ‘Judas, who sold the -Saviour of the world; as you have asserted that he had a -diocese, pray tell me in what part of the Roman empire it -lay, and how much it was worth, according to the customary -language of Rome. That bishop, whose name you use, is -very like certain prelates who, instead of preaching the -Word of God, <i>carry the bag</i>,<a id='r455' /><a href='#f455' class='c009'><sup>[455]</sup></a> and instead of glorifying Jesus -Christ, sell him by selling his members, whose souls -they hand over to the devil, receiving money from him in -exchange.’<a id='r456' /><a href='#f456' class='c009'><sup>[456]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The monk, astonished at such boldness, again exclaimed -in a threatening manner: ‘Go and repeat what you say at -Paris, or any other city of France.’ So sure was he that -the evangelist would be sent to the stake there that he could -not refrain from repeating such a peremptory argument. It -was all that Farel would have desired: ‘Would to God that -I were allowed to explain my faith publicly,’ he said; ‘I -should prove it by Holy Scripture, and if I did not, I would -consent to be put to death.’</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_226'>226</span>As the discussion went on, the feelings grew inflamed on -both sides—some defending Furbity, others supporting -Farel.</p> - -<p class='c008'>No one was more assiduous at this verbal tournament -than Baudichon de la Maisonneuve; he accompanied the -evangelical champion, both as he went to the meeting and -returned from it, being unwilling to leave to others the care -of protecting his person. The catholics did not fail to notice -the constant goings and comings of the great citizen; it quite -shocked them: his intimacy with the detested heretic seemed -to them most disgraceful. A young man of five-and-twenty, -named Delorme, who was born at Fontenay, a league and a -half from the city, and who for upwards of a year had been -following his business with a relative in Geneva, specially -watched Baudichon, and was surprised to see so great a gentleman -pay such frequent visits to the poor preacher, Farel.<a id='r457' /><a href='#f457' class='c009'><sup>[457]</sup></a> -He made a note of it, which, on a future day he made -use of.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The disputation went on all through Friday. The market -on Saturday, the services on Sunday, and the Feast of -the Purification which fell on Monday, interrupted it for -three days. The three ministers took advantage of the leisure -given them to preach to the people with fervor. Each -day they proclaimed the Gospel in the large hall of their -friend’s house, and Baudichon watched to see that everything -went on in an orderly manner—which was very necessary, -for the sensation excited by the discussion attracted large -crowds. In the evening the evangelicals met in different -houses and conversed together until far into the night. During -the daytime they endeavored to attract to their assemblies -such as still hesitated between popery and the Reformation. -‘Ah,’ exclaimed young Delorme with vexation, -‘see what efforts they are making to increase their party.’<a id='r458' /><a href='#f458' class='c009'><sup>[458]</sup></a> -All Geneva was in a ferment.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Tales About Farel.</div> -<p class='c008'>But the sensation was not confined to that city: the anger -<span class='pageno' id='Page_227'>227</span>excited by the discussions manifested itself in violent -speeches in the surrounding districts. The idle, the curious, -and the devout would stop and question travellers ‘to learn -the great news from Geneva which they so desired to -know.’<a id='r459' /><a href='#f459' class='c009'><sup>[459]</sup></a> Many priests and monks preached in the villages -round the city against <i>heretics</i> and <i>heresy</i>; and in Geneva, -as well as in other places through which Farel had passed, -there was always some friar or old woman to tell strange -stories about the reformer. ‘He has no whites to his eyes,’ -they would say; ‘his beard is red and stiff, and there is -a devil in every hair of it. He has horns on his head, and -his feet are cloven like a bullock’s.... Lastly—and -this seemed more horrible than all the rest—he is the son -of a Jew of Carpentras.’<a id='r460' /><a href='#f460' class='c009'><sup>[460]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>All these stories, flying about the city, reached the Tête-Noire -inn, where the Bernese and the three reformers -lodged. The domestic life of this hostelry was not edifying. -The landlord (according to the chronicle) had two wives: -his lawful spouse and a servant who acted as the mistress. -The former, an upright person, behaved becomingly to the -preachers of the Gospel, though she did not like them; but -the other woman detested them, and every time they entered -the house, both master and servant scowled at them. They -restrained themselves however before the illustrious lords of -Berne, greeting them with forced smiles; but made up for -it when they were alone with the preachers. The latter -usually dined together; and the landlord and servant, while -waiting on them, heard language from the lips of the evangelists -which greatly provoked them. Instead of the idle -stories and jests so common at the dinner-table, the three -ministers would exchange words of truth with one another; -and this conversation, so new to the two listeners, caused -<span class='pageno' id='Page_228'>228</span>them to make wry faces (as Froment records, who saw -them). The three guests had scarcely quitted the room -when the servant, who had restrained herself, would cry out -after them: ‘Heretics! traitors! brigands! huguenots! Germans!’ ... -‘I had rather,’ said the landlord, ‘that they -went away without paying (that was saying a great deal), -provided it was a long way off ... so long that -we should never see them again.’ These two wretched -people felt that the doctrine of the Bible condemned their -disorderly lives, and the hatred they felt towards the holiness -of God’s Word was vented on those who proclaimed -it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘The adulterous servant, unable to serve the preachers as -Herodias served John the Baptist,’ says Froment, ‘avenged -herself in another manner.’ Addressing one of those women -who prate at random about everything: ‘Only imagine -what I have seen,’ said she; ‘one night as the preachers -were going to bed, I stole up softly after them, and, approaching -the door, I peeped through a hole.... What -did I see? They were <i>feeding devils</i>!’ The neighbor’s -dismay did not hinder the servant from continuing: ‘These -devils were like black cats ... their eyes flashed fire, -their claws were crooked and pointed ... they were -under the table ... moving backwards and forwards.... -Yes; I saw them through the hole.’ In a short -time all the gossips of the quarter knew it; ‘at which there -was a great stir in the neighborhood.’<a id='r461' /><a href='#f461' class='c009'><sup>[461]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>To this story of the servant, the priests added theirs, and -said: ‘There are three devils in Geneva in the form of -men—Farel, Viret, Froment; and many demoniacs. If -ever you listen to those three goblins, they will spring upon -you, enter into your body, and you are done for.’<a id='r462' /><a href='#f462' class='c009'><sup>[462]</sup></a> Not -satisfied merely with repeating such absurdities in their conversation, -the priests began to preach to the people upon ‘the -three devils.’ Next a song was written on them; and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_229'>229</span>ere long the catholic mob went up and down the streets -singing these rude rhymes:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'>Farel farera,</div> - <div class='line'>Viret virera,</div> - <div class='line'>Froment on moudra,</div> - <div class='line'>Dieu nous aidera</div> - <div class='line'>Et le diable les emportera.<a id='r463' /><a href='#f463' class='c009'><sup>[463]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The popular epigram was mistaken. At the very moment -when the catholics were singing it about the city, -tragic events were coming that were to change everything -in Geneva. It was the Roman Church that was about to -<i>veer</i> and popery to depart.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-05' class='c004'>CHAPTER V. <br /> THE PLOT. <br /> (<span class='sc'>January and February 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Christendom In Sixteenth Century.</div> -<p class='c008'>In the sixteenth century a consciousness of justice, truth, -and liberty was awakening throughout Christendom, and -men were beginning to protest everywhere, particularly -in Geneva, at the lamentable perversions of social and -religious life imposed by popery in times gone by. But the -expiring Middle Ages rose energetically against this awakening -which was to condemn them to be reckoned among the -dead. The object of the struggle going on was to secure -the triumph of the Reformation—or, as others expressed it, -the triumph of progress and civilization. This struggle is -the supreme interest of history. The intrigues of courts, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_230'>230</span>and even the battles of armies, which are more pleasing to -certain minds, are trifles in comparison with these mighty -movements of humanity. Nevertheless, if they had their -grandeur and their necessity, they had their danger also. To -preserve the ship, launched into the open sea, from striking -upon the treacherous shoals of disorder and libertinage, it -was necessary that the Lord should command it. At the -time when mankind were breaking the secular chains of popery -and the fantastic institutions of feudalism, it was necessary -they should cleave to the sovereign Master, who alone -gives the breath of life to individuals and to nations. If -England has so long enjoyed the precious fruits of liberty, -and if France has not yet been able to secure them, it is because -the former welcomed the Reformation and the latter -rejected it. One of the great evils springing out of popery -was the blunting of the moral sense; and the revival of the -sixteenth century was a moral revival. In catholicism there -were sincere men; but everything was good in their eyes, -provided they attained an end which they believed to be glorious. -And hence, strange to say, pretended preservers of -order easily became assassins.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Meditated Coup-D’-État.</div> -<p class='c008'>The Bishop of Geneva watched attentively from his silent -priory all that was passing in his diocese, at that time so -strangely agitated. He desired to reascend his double -throne, and still hoped to reëstablish the authority of the -prince and the pope in the city. Many catholics, especially -at the courts of the bishop and the duke, could really see nothing -in this reformation of doctrine but ‘a popular tumult, -which would be of short duration.’ ‘The aspect of affairs -will soon change,’ they said.<a id='r464' /><a href='#f464' class='c009'><sup>[464]</sup></a> Perhaps if Calvin had not -come, this prophecy might have been fulfilled; but others -saw things in darker colors. The <i>tempest of Luther</i> would, -in their opinion, upset everything; the same wave that now -threatened the power of the pontiff would ere long sweep -away the power of kings. Men did not know how to act -that they might prevent such a misfortune; and the most -<span class='pageno' id='Page_231'>231</span>decided said plainly, that the only means of saving Geneva -was to set up one supreme magistrate. Did not the Romans -create dictators in the hour of extreme peril? All these -councils of Twenty-five, of Sixty, of Two Hundred, and, -above all, the General Council of the people were (the Episcopals -thought) both useless and pernicious. The administration -ought to be placed in the hands of one man, and be -given preferably to one of the lords of Friburg. The fervent -catholicism of that canton and its resentment at Wernli’s -death guaranteed the fidelity with which the mission -would be fulfilled. It does not appear that anything was decided -about the selection; but the bishop made up his mind -to attempt a bold stroke of policy. Having come to an understanding -with the Duke of Savoy,<a id='r465' /><a href='#f465' class='c009'><sup>[465]</sup></a> he signed at Arbois -the instruments which set up in Geneva a <i>Lieutenant of the -prince</i> in temporal matters <i>with full powers of punishing -criminals</i>. The document was immediately forwarded to -Portier, the episcopal secretary, the bishop’s confidential -man, who was to determine, in accordance with the heads of -the party, the favorable moment and the best means of carrying -it into execution. On his side the duke did not keep -them waiting for assistance. Portier received blank warrants, -sealed with the ducal arms, with authority to use them -as he pleased, so as to bring the matter to a happy issue. -The plot was skilfully devised. The court of Turin, the -lords of Friburg, and the mamelukes were all to assist the -bishop; but, according to the received formula, ‘God was -there and the republic of Berne.’<a id='r466' /><a href='#f466' class='c009'><sup>[466]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Indeed, it seemed at first that the instrument was destined -to remain mere waste paper. The episcopal plot existed; -the deed had been signed by the prince-bishop on the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> -of January, but on the first of February it was still a dead -letter. Portier, aware of the spirit with which the citizens -were animated, feared to make the episcopal ordinance -known, either to magistrates or people. Privately, however, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_232'>232</span>he discussed with some of his confidants the means of putting -it into execution; among them were two brothers named -Pennet, one of whom was the episcopal jailer. The bishop’s -partisans at Geneva, as well as at Arbois and Turin, -thought that logical discussions only did harm: that they -should have recourse to more vigorous measures; that force -only would constrain the Genevese to bend their necks to the -yoke; and, finally, that a riot which disturbed the public -peace would be, even if it failed, the best means of justifying -the nomination of a lieutenant invested with absolute -power. Some hot-headed episcopals, and particularly the -two Pennets, the <i>séides</i> of the party, resolved to act immediately: -‘They undertook, with several others, to spill much -blood,’ says a document written a few days after the affair.<a id='r467' /><a href='#f467' class='c009'><sup>[467]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Two Huguenots Assassinated.</div> -<p class='c008'>On Tuesday, <abbr title='third'>3d</abbr> February, the most excitable of the -episcopal party met at the palace: Pennet, the jailer, his -brother Claude, Jacques Desel, and several others. It was -after dinner. Inflamed by the desire of saving the authority -of the prince and the pope, excited by the ordinance which -they had hitherto kept by them, and irritated at seeing Furbity, -the Dominican, contradicted by Farel and prosecuted -by the Bernese, perhaps also (as some have believed) acting -under positive orders emanating from the bishop, these men -armed themselves and issued from the palace, ‘proposing to -strike and kill the others,’ says the document which we have -just quoted. These fanatics—we believe them to have -been sincere, but unhappily of opinion that to stab a heretic -was one of the most meritorious works to win heaven—these -fanatics entered the court of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre’s. Just as -they came in front of the steps, and the large platform on -which the white marble portal of the cathedral opens, they -met two huguenots, Nicholas Porral, the notary, and Stephen -d’Adda.<a id='r468' /><a href='#f468' class='c009'><sup>[468]</sup></a> Their blood boiled at the sight of the two -heretics: Pennet the jailer drew his sword, sprung at Porral, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_233'>233</span>struck him; and, seeing him fall, impudently continued his -way, with his band, by the Rue du Perron to the Molard, -the rallying ground of all rioters. D’Adda, and some other -huguenots who had come up, surrounded the wounded Porral, -lifted him up, and, wishing to stop the commencing riot -as soon as possible, carried him to the hotel-de-ville, and -laid him, all pale and bleeding, before the syndics and the -council.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The magistrates were moved at the sight as of old—if -we may compare the great things of antiquity with the little -things that inaugurated modern times—as of old the -corpse of Cæsar, gashed with wounds and carried through -the Forum, excited the indignation and cries of the startled -people. D’Adda informed the syndics of Pennet’s violent -attack, and called for the punishment of the assassin. But -he had scarcely ceased speaking when a great noise was -heard from without: the court-yard of the hotel-de-ville was -filled with agitated citizens; tumultuous shouts were raised, -the gates of the hall were dashed open and ‘incontinent (says -the Register) many people rushed in furiously crying out: -Justice! justice!’ An estimable man, a worthy tradesman -and zealous huguenot, Nicholas Berger by name, who lived -in the Rue du Perron, happened to be in his shop just as the -band, which had wounded Porral, was passing by. Attracted -by the noise, he had probably moved towards the door: -Claude Pennet observing him, stopped, and, as if jealous of -his brother’s exploit, sprung at the unarmed citizen, and -with one blow of his dagger, laid him dead at his feet. ‘All -good men,’ added the citizens, ‘are filled with horror, and -demand that the criminal be punished according to law.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This event was not without importance. It was a new act -in that obstinate struggle which, at the beginning of the sixteenth -century, took place in a permanent manner in a little -city on the shore of the Leman lake, and was repeated in other -shapes in other countries. Combatants do not cross a frontier -without marking their path by their blood. Those who -were then fighting the last battles of what may be called the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_234'>234</span>iron age, believed they were serving the cause of justice. Impartial -history shrinks from tracing too hideous a picture of -these insolent champions of Rome and feudalism. Even at -Geneva, where they were perhaps more violent than elsewhere, -they were not all devoid of generous sentiments. -Undoubtedly many were animated by party-spirit; but -there were some also who desired the good of their country. -In their eyes, both religion and order were compromised by -the alliance between Switzerland and the Reformation, and -that sacred cause could only be upheld, they thought, by the -energetic intervention of the episcopal party. They were -mistaken; but their error did not lie essentially in that. -The great evil consisted in the corruption of their moral -sense by the principles of a fanatical bigotry, so that all -means appeared good to attain their end; all—even the -dagger.</p> - -<p class='c008'>While the people were demanding justice for a double -murder, there was a great uproar in the city: the drums -beat, and everybody ran to arms. The citizens, who -wanted independence and reform, exclaimed that the bishop’s -followers, unable to vanquish them by words, desired to -triumph over them by the <i>mandosse</i> (a sort of Spanish -sword). ‘It is the fifth riot the priests have got up to save -the mass,’ they said, as they took up their arms, not to -attack but to support the established authorities.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The council was astounded at the news of Berger’s death. -All its members were opposed to such crimes; but three of -the four syndics were catholics: Du Crest, Claude Baud, -and Malbuisson, and the councillors were usually divided in -the same proportion as the syndics. Besides which, Portier, -who headed the band, was the accredited agent of the -prince-bishop, whose authority the council desired to maintain. -The syndics were discussing what was to be done, -when the ambassadors of Berne demanded to speak with -the council. The noble lords, who usually maintained such -a cold attitude, were much excited: ‘As we were coming -up to the hotel-de-ville,’ they said, ‘all the persons we met -<span class='pageno' id='Page_235'>235</span>were running to arms. It is to be feared that there will be -a great butchery (<i>tuerie</i>); we conjure you to look to it, and -offer our services to appease the disturbance.’ The premier -syndic prayed them to do so; and, when the Bernese had -left, the council continued its deliberations.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, the principle huguenots had met in consultation. -Two of their friends had just fallen beneath the blows -of their adversaries: one of them was dead; their party -had taken up arms; Portier and the Pennets had fled in -alarm; the catholic faction was discouraged. In this state -of things it would have been easy for them to fall upon -their adversaries and gain a decisive victory; but sentiments -of order and legality prevailed among them. They had no -desire to infringe the law but to appeal to it; there were -judges in Geneva. Blood must be avenged, not by violence -but by justice. ‘No disorder,’ said the huguenot chiefs, ‘no -revenge, no attack, no fighting! ... but let us help -the magistrates that they may be able to do their duty.’ -Five hundred armed citizens, the most valiant men in -Geneva, arrived in good order and drew up in front of the -hotel-de-ville, while their chiefs—Maisonneuve, Salomon, -Perrin, and Aimé Levet—went into the council-room. -‘Honored lords,’ they said, ‘we have assembled for no other -reason than to preserve order. We fear lest the priests -have prepared a fourth or fifth <i>émeute</i>; and hence we are -here in a body to avoid their fury and lend assistance to the -syndics. We pray that the murderers and those who counselled -the riot may be punished.’<a id='r469' /><a href='#f469' class='c009'><sup>[469]</sup></a> There was not a moment’s -hesitation: all, catholics and protestants alike, desired -the guilty to be punished, and search was made for them.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Bishop’s Palace Searched.</div> -<p class='c008'>It was thought that they were hiding in the bishop’s -palace: it was probable, indeed, that secretary Portier, who -lived there, had gone thither and given a refuge to his accomplices, -as being the safest place in all Geneva. ‘We -will go and take them there,’ said Syndic Du Crest, a catholic -<span class='pageno' id='Page_236'>236</span>but loyal man. The other syndics rose, and all quitted -the hotel-de-ville followed by their officers. At the imposing -sight of the chief magistrates of the city, demanding an -entrance into the palace, the bishop’s servants opened the -doors, and a strict search began immediately. Not a -chamber or a cellar or a garret escaped the inquisitive eyes -of the magistrates and their sergeants; ‘but for all the -pains they took,’ says the ‘Council Register,’ ‘none of the -culprits were found.’ Many believed they had escaped; -Perronnette alone, the episcopal secretary’s wife, seeing the -vigor with which the assassins were hunted after, felt her -anguish doubled as to the fate of her husband. The -syndics, wishing to prevent new intrigues, resolved to leave -a few of their officers in the episcopal mansion, with orders -to keep guard during the night. The men stationed themselves -in the vestibule to wait for the morning; but no one -in the city knew they were there.</p> - -<p class='c008'>These brave men were talking of what was going on -in Geneva, when a little before eight o’clock at night (it had -been dark for some time, as it was the beginning of February), -a low, smothered voice was heard in the street, as if -some one was speaking through the key-hole. The guards -listened. The voice was heard again and pronounced -several times in a distinct manner the name of the portress. -‘It was a priest softly calling to the servant,’ says the -‘Council Register.’ The huguenots, understanding instantly -the advantage they could derive from this unexpected circumstance, -desired a young man who was with them to imitate -a woman’s voice and answer. Disguising his tones, he -said: ‘What do you want?’ The priest having no doubts -about the sex and functions of the speaker, said (still in -a low voice) that he wanted certain keys for Mr. Secretary -Portier and Claude Pennet. It is probable they wished to -use them to hide in some safer place, and perhaps leave the -city by a secret gate. The young man, again assuming -a female voice, said: ‘What will you do with them?’ ‘I -shall take them to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre’s church, where they are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_237'>237</span>hidden,’ answered the priest. It was just what the guard -wanted to know. One of them got up, opened the gate, and -the priest, seeing an armed man instead of a woman, fled in -affright. The guard, without stopping to pursue him, ran -to the hotel-de-ville, where the council was sitting <i>en permanence</i>, -and told the whole story to the syndics. The -murderers whom they were looking for were hidden in the -cathedral. The magistrates determined to go there immediately.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Search.</div> -<p class='c008'>It was no slight task to seek the assassins in the vast -cathedral, all filled with chapels, altars, and other places -where men could hide. The syndics entered between eight -and nine o’clock at night with a certain number of officers -carrying flambeaux. The doors were shut immediately, so -that no one could get out, and a dead silence prevailed -in the nave. Under the flickering light of the torches, this -pile, one of the finest monuments of the twelfth century, -displayed all its august majesty. But that splendor of byzantine -and gothic architecture, those graceful proportions, -that admirable unity so well calculated to produce a deep -impression of grandeur and harmony, did not strike My -Lords of Geneva, who were thinking of other matters. Du -Crest and his colleagues were not occupied with architectural -decorations and holy images.... They were -hunting for murderers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The search began: the magistrates and their officers went -over the chapels of the Holy Cross, the Virgin, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Martin, -St. Maurice, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Anthony, and nine others in the interior; -they examined carefully the eighteen altars, so richly adorned -with all that the catholic worship requires. The sergeants -took their flambeaux into every corner, they lifted up -the carpets, they stooped to search for the culprits. The -apse, the transept, the sanctuary, they searched them all; -they examined the vestry, the stalls, the aisles, the galleries, -the stairs—they found nothing. They next went into the -chapel of the Maccabees, adjoining the cathedral, and which -the cardinal-bishop, Jean de Brogny, had built a century -<span class='pageno' id='Page_238'>238</span>before, adorning it with magnificent carvings, gorgeous paintings, -and mouldings enriched with beads of gold. They -passed by those tables where might still be seen a young -man keeping swine under an oak, the cardinal desiring in -this manner to recall the humble recollections of his early -life; but neither Portier, nor Pennet, nor any of their accomplices -could be found. The search had lasted nearly -three hours, and the magistrates and their officers were beginning -to lose all hope, when the idea occurred to one of -them that possibly the murderers they were looking after -might be hidden in one of the three towers. The syndics -and their suite resolved to examine them, beginning with -the south tower, one hundred and fifty feet high. As they -climbed the numerous steps, they thought that, if the evidence -of the priest was true, the criminals must be there, and they -might perhaps find not only Portier and the Pennets, but a -band of their friends well armed. The stairs being very -narrow, it would have been easy for the episcopals to close -the passage and even to kill some of those who were looking -after them. The men who executed the syndic’s orders -ascended slowly and steadily, and approached the great -steeple with its four gothic windows surmounted by semi-circular -arches. The steps of this numerous party re-echoed -through the winding staircase. The officer of the -Council, who marched at the head of the band, having -reached the top of the tower, carefully put forward his -torch and saw arms glittering and eyes sparkling in one -corner. He drew near, followed by his friends, and discovered -the crafty Portier and the violent Pennet, crouching -down, ‘armed,’ says the Register, ‘with swords, iron pikes, -axes, and daggers, and covered with coats of mail.’ The -two malefactors, although armed to the teeth, did not think -of defending themselves: they were more dead than alive. -The officers of the State seized them and shut them up -in the prison of the hotel-de-ville.<a id='r470' /><a href='#f470' class='c009'><sup>[470]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Plot Discovered.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_239'>239</span>While these things were going on at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre’s, the -guard which the syndics had left at the palace, encouraged -by the success of their stratagem, had resolved to take advantage -of the opportunity to get at the secrets of the -house; and, assuming a simple, good-natured air, they entered -into conversation with the servants, questioning them -so skilfully that they soon knew all they wanted. ‘The -bishop’s secretary, alone and without support, is too weak,’ -they said, ‘to withstand the will of the council and people.’ -‘But he is not so <i>alone</i> as you think,’ answered one; ‘he -has with him my lord the bishop, his highness the Duke of -Savoy;’ and then he continued proudly, ‘he has even received -letters from them!’ The independent citizens, -affecting incredulity, exclaimed! ‘What! Portier receive -secret messages from such great personages!’ ... One -of the episcopals, piqued by the disdainful sneer, declared -aloud, ‘that the letters were in existence, <i>in buffeto</i> (says -the Council Register, in its classic Latin), in the secretary’s -buffet.’ At these words the sly huguenots started up suddenly, -and, hurrying in great glee to Portier’s room, broke -open the cupboard, took out the papers lying there, and carried -them to the syndics. This discovery was still more -important than the other.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The magistrates hastened to open the packet, and found -a bundle of papers, all having reference to the plot which -the bishop had contrived for the subjugation of Geneva. -They examined the contents and were alarmed. ‘Here is -an act signed by the bishop on the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> of January last,—only -twenty days ago,—appointing a governor for the -temporalities, with power to punish rebels. The prince, of -his mere caprice, establishes an unconstitutional agent, who -is to have no other law than his own will. Here are blank -warrants sealed with the arms of the Dukes of Savoy. It is -a downright conspiracy, a crime of high-treason.’ The date -of the act made it sufficiently clear that Pierre de la Baume -was the instigator of the troubles which had been on the -point of throwing the city into confusion. It was determined -<span class='pageno' id='Page_240'>240</span>that Portier, the recognized agent of this revolutionary -intrigue, should be tried before the syndics; and a public -prosecutor, Jean Lambert, a sound huguenot, was elected to -conduct the proceedings.<a id='r471' /><a href='#f471' class='c009'><sup>[471]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>However, before commencing this trial, that of Pennet, -less complicated than the other, was to be concluded. The -case was clear, provided for by the law, and not pardonable. -Claude Pennet stood forward boldly, like a man enduring -persecution for the Christian religion. He was convicted -of having murdered Nicholas Berger in his shop at the -Perron, and Syndic du Crest, a catholic but a wise man, -pronounced the sentence of death. This made no change -in Pennet’s manner. He did not repent the deed he had -done: fanaticism stifled the voice of conscience in him. It -was the same with all his friends, zealots of the Roman -party. In them passion took the place of reason, and they -boasted of the murder as an honorable, holy, and heroic -act. Pennet asked to see Furbity, the Dominican, who -was detained in prison for having insulted the adversaries -of Rome. The monk of the order of the Inquisition was -conducted to the murderer’s cell, ‘and when they saw each -other they could not forbear from weeping,’ says the nun of -St. Claire.<a id='r472' /><a href='#f472' class='c009'><sup>[472]</sup></a> Pennet wished to die piously: ‘therefore this -good catholic made his confession.’ ... ‘I am condemned -to the scaffold for the love of Jesus Christ,’ he said -to the Dominican, ‘and I entreat your holy prayers.’ The -reverend father, moved to tears by the piety and wretched -fate of this precious son of the Church, kissed him, and -said: ‘Sire Claude, go cheerfully and rejoice in your martyrdom, -nothing doubting; for the kingdom of heaven is -open and the angels are waiting for you.’<a id='r473' /><a href='#f473' class='c009'><sup>[473]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Pennet’s Execution And Miracles.</div> -<p class='c008'>The murder of which Pennet was guilty was, in the -Dominican’s eyes, the work of a saint. Most of the episcopals -<span class='pageno' id='Page_241'>241</span>thought the same; and it was feared that their party, -which had the populace with them, would oppose the execution -of the sentence. De la Maisonneuve, determining -to support the law by force, collected a certain number of -armed men in his house.<a id='r474' /><a href='#f474' class='c009'><sup>[474]</sup></a> But their intervention was not -necessary. Nothing disturbed the course of justice, and the -executioner cut off the murderer’s head, and hung his body -on a gibbet. Before long, the populace was in commotion. -‘Have you heard the news?’ people said. ‘Miracles are -worked at the place where Pennet’s body hangs. His face -is as ruddy and his lips as fresh as if he was alive, and a -white dove is continually hovering over his head.’ The -devout made pilgrimages to the place of execution.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The other Pennet, the jailer who had wounded Porral, -and who, says Sister Jeanne, ‘was not less ardent than his -brother in upholding the holy catholic religion,’ was all this -time lying hid in the house of a poor beggar-woman, where -the nuns of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Claire, who alone were in the secret, stealthily -carried him food. The execution of his brother alarmed -him; so one night, when it froze hard, he left his hiding-place -barefoot, and arrived stealthily at the convent of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Claire, where the nuns provided him with a disguise, in -which he escaped to Savoy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The third delinquent,—the State criminal, Portier,—remained. -The matter appeared so serious to the procurator-general -that he desired it should be communicated to -the people. The Council General having met on the <abbr title='eighth'>8th</abbr> -February, Lambert ordered the letters found at the palace, -as well as the duke’s blank warrants, to be read to the -assembly. ‘What! a governor of Geneva invested with -the temporalities of the sovereign power, with authority to -punish citizens who maintain their political and religious -rights; the constitution of the State trampled under foot by -the prince-bishop; and the Duke of Savoy, that eternal enemy -of Genevan independence, forcibly aiding this usurpation and -violence!’ All this constituted a guilty plot, even in the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_242'>242</span>eyes of right-minded catholics. The voice of the people -and the voice of justice were in harmony. The procurator-general -demanded that Portier should be brought before -his judges. The trial was much slower than that of the two -Pennets had been, for the Roman-catholics made every effort -to save him, and even offered large sums of money. But -the procurator-general and the huguenots represented continually -that ‘there was a conspiracy against the liberties of -the city;’ it was not possible to save the episcopal secretary.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Yet Portier and his agents had merely begun to carry -out the orders they had received; the bishop was the real -criminal. His quality of prince covered his person, so that, -even had he been in Geneva, not a hair of his head would -have fallen. But Pierre de la Baume was to receive the -punishment, which, by the will of God, falls upon unjust -princes. He had desired to employ his power for the purpose -of oppression, and God shattered that power. When -the sealed letters of the bishop which gave Geneva a dictator -were read in the assembly of the people, the citizens -were shocked; a sullen silence betrayed their indignation; -they seemed to hear the funeral knell of an ancient dynasty -that had departed. The Genevese determined to break with -the episcopal traditions, and to raise to the government none -but men known by their attachment to the union of Geneva -with Switzerland and to the cause of the Reformation. -While, among the syndics retiring from office, there was -only one who belonged to this category, four friends of independence -were called by the people to the first position in -the State. They were Michael Sept, one of the huguenots -who, in 1526, had fled to Berne, and had brought back -the Swiss alliance; Ami de Chapeaurouge, Aimé Curtet, -and <abbr class='spell'>J.</abbr> Duvillard. The executive council thus became a -huguenot majority. It was the episcopal conspiracy that -struck the decisive blow, that threw wide open the hitherto -half-open door, and permitted the victorious Reformation to -enter the city.<a id='r475' /><a href='#f475' class='c009'><sup>[475]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_243'>243</span> - <h2 id='chap7-06' class='c004'>CHAPTER VI. <br /> A FINAL EFFORT OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM. <br /> (<span class='sc'>February 10 to March 1, 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Furbity Summoned Before The Council.</div> -<p class='c008'>Unequivocal tokens soon made known the change that -had taken place. Every one knew that the critical moment -had arrived; but that it should be salutary, it was necessary -to enlighten the people and set distinctly before them the -end which it was proposed to attain. In all that concerns -religious questions, the first point is to understand them thoroughly; -vagueness always does injury to true religion. The -magistrates determined to make clear the points on which -the discussion turned, and accordingly the new syndics ordered -Furbity to appear before the Council. This body, -which had called to their aid the deputies of Berne and the -three reformers, invited the monk to prove by the Holy -Scriptures, as he had promised, the doctrines he advanced. -‘In the first place,’ they said, ‘you have accused those who -eat meat, <i>which God hath created to be received</i>,<a id='r476' /><a href='#f476' class='c009'><sup>[476]</sup></a> of being -worse than <i>Turks</i>.’—‘Sirs,’ answered the monk, ‘I confess -that our Lord did not make the prohibition of which I -spoke; I will, therefore, prove my statement by the decrees -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Thomas.’—‘Ho! ho!’ said Farel, ‘you pretended to -prove everything by the Word of God; you even consented, -in the opposite case, to be burnt at the stake, and now ... -you give up the Scriptures!’</p> - -<p class='c008'>They did not confine themselves to this question; the -lords of Berne proved by fourteen witnesses the other errors -preached by Furbity; for instance: that God will punish -those who read the Scriptures in the vulgar tongue, and that -Christ had given the papacy to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter. They proved, also, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_244'>244</span>the reality of the abuse uttered by the Dominican against -the reformed Christians, except, however, that a <i>German</i> -(a Swiss German) was among the executioners of our Lord: -it appeared that some wag had invented the story to ridicule -the monk. The Bernese declared that, as the monk -was, according to his own confession, only ‘a preacher of the -decrees of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Thomas’ and a story-teller, justice ought to -have its course.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Dominican began to be afraid, and offered to apologize -in the cathedral for the outrage to God and the lords of -Berne. ‘We accept,’ said the premier syndic, ‘and you -will afterwards quit Geneva and never return under pain of -death.’ The Dominican desired nothing better than to get -away as soon as possible.<a id='r477' /><a href='#f477' class='c009'><sup>[477]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In consequence of this decision, the Dominican attended -by his guard, was led quietly to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre’s on Sunday, the -<abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> of February. He was much agitated, walked hurriedly, -and his mind was distracted with contending emotions. -On reaching the foot of the pulpit, he went into it hastily, -and, casting his eyes on the crowd which filled the church, -his confusion and embarrassment increased. He saw himself -between two powers—the horrible Bernese and the -terrible Dominicans—and felt himself unable to satisfy one -without offending the other. He tried, however, to recover -himself, made the sign of the cross, said the <i>Ave Maria</i>, -and invoked the Virgin.... The Bernese looked surprised; -but it was much worse, when, instead of reading the -retractation which the syndics had given him, he began to -skim it over, to wander from it, and finally to say something -quite different. One of the Bernese called to him: -‘Sir Doctor, you have nothing to do here but to retract,’ and -numerous voices immediately seconded the remark. But the -monk rambled wider than ever from the question, hesitated, and -became confused;<a id='r478' /><a href='#f478' class='c009'><sup>[478]</sup></a> many of the huguenots left their places, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_245'>245</span>a great agitation pervaded the church, and the patience of -the congregation was becoming exhausted. ‘You are making -fools of us,’ they cried out to the monk. ‘Do not stuff -our ears with your usual nonsense. Come, a good <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>peccavi</i></span>!’<a id='r479' /><a href='#f479' class='c009'><sup>[479]</sup></a> -But there was no retractation. A great uproar -then arose; some violent men went up into the pulpit, -seized the disciple of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Dominic, and dragged him down -roughly.<a id='r480' /><a href='#f480' class='c009'><sup>[480]</sup></a> ‘They made the chair fall after him,’ says Sister -Jeanne, ‘and he was nearly left dead on the spot’ (the good -sister often colors too highly). The catholics quitted the -church in alarm, and the doctor of the Sorbonne, having -broken his promise, was led back to prison.<a id='r481' /><a href='#f481' class='c009'><sup>[481]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The Bernese ambassadors next appeared before the Council, -and asked permission for the Gospel to be publicly -preached in one of the churches. The syndics replied that -it was just what they wanted, and that they would require -the Lent preacher to conform his sermons to the Gospel.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Dominicans And Franciscans.</div> -<p class='c008'>The fanatical Dominican, empowered to deliver the Advent -lectures, having compromised catholicism, and the -council having declared against every preacher who should -not preach according to God’s Word, the Genevan clergy -determined to make a last effort. They said they must -choose a monk of another sort for the Lent course, and consequently -turned to the Franciscans, who had often dreamt -of a transformation of religious society. There were great -differences between these two mendicant orders: the Dominicans -were rich, the Franciscans poor; the Dominicans -aimed at dominion, the Franciscans at humility; the -Dominicans were fossilized in their doctrines and customs, -the Franciscans were flexible and had a taste for innovations. -They knew how to catch the multitude by their -enthusiasm and flagellations, by their insinuating manners -and miraculous visions. It is a man of this sort, said the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_246'>246</span>oldest of the catholics, that we want after the Dominican. -If Geneva had resisted the roughness of the one, it would -be captivated by the flatteries of the other. In this manner -the clergy hoped to lead Geneva insensibly back into the -arms of Rome.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Father Courtelier, superior of the Franciscans of Chambery, -renowned for his eloquence and wit, was invited to come -and preach at Geneva during Lent. He arrived on Saturday, -the <abbr title='fourteenth'>14th</abbr> of February: next morning (it was the Sunday -preceding Shrove Tuesday) he appeared before the Council. -The premier syndic, assuming a duty that was somewhat -episcopal, said to him: ‘Reverend father, you must preach -nothing but the pure Gospel of God.’—‘I undertake to do -so,’ replied the monk, who had been well tutored; ‘you will -be satisfied.’ And then desiring to show how accommodating -he was, he presented nine articles, saying: ‘This is what I desire -to preach;’ adding, as if he was before the college of cardinals: -‘Strike out what you do not approve of.’ The Council, -in great part Lutheran, finding themselves converted by -the priest into a court of doctrine, ordered the paper to be -read. <i>Invocation of the Virgin Mary</i> was one of the articles; -<i>Purgatory</i> was another; <i>Prayer for the dead</i>; <i>Invocation -of the Saints</i>.... The huguenots objected, and -these four points were struck off the list; but he was allowed -to make the sign of the cross in the pulpit, to repeat -the salutation of the angel to Mary, which is recorded in the -Gospel of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Luke, and to celebrate mass. The priest returned -to his convent with the revised articles.<a id='r482' /><a href='#f482' class='c009'><sup>[482]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Courtelier’s Sermon.</div> -<p class='c008'>On Ash Wednesday the reverend superior went into the -pulpit and labored skilfully to retain Geneva in the orbit of -the papacy. The two chiefs of the Reformation—the layman -Baudichon de la Maisonneuve and the reformer Farel—with -many of their <i>accomplices</i> (as Father Courtelier -styles them),<a id='r483' /><a href='#f483' class='c009'><sup>[483]</sup></a> desirous of hearing how the monk would -manage to make the pope and Luther agree, had gone -<span class='pageno' id='Page_247'>247</span>to the Franciscan church at Rive (Courtelier had not -been admitted to the honor of the cathedral). The monk -began by repeating in a sonorous voice the invocation to the -Virgin: <i>Ave Maria</i> ..., at which Farel and the huguenots -called out so that all could hear them: ‘It is a foolish -thing to salute the Virgin Mary!’—‘I do it <i>by permission -of the Council</i>,’ answered the monk ingenuously, and all -the catholics in the congregation, desiring to support their -champion, began to cry out: <i>Ave Maria, gratia plena</i>! -There was such a loud and universal murmur, that Farel, -Maisonneuve, and their friends were obliged to hold their -tongues.<a id='r484' /><a href='#f484' class='c009'><sup>[484]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Courtelier continued, endeavoring to speak at once according -to the pope and the Gospel. One sentence contradicted -another; what was white one moment was black the next; -his sermon was a muddle of ideas without issue, a strain of -music without harmony. Farel and his friends soon understood -the manœuvre. ‘He is using a cloak to entrap us,’ -they said, ‘and will take care not to show his teeth at starting. -He gives us drink ... as they did at Babylon, -poison in a golden chalice.’ Disgusted with such trimming, -Farel stood up and said: ‘You cannot teach the truth, for -you do not know it.’ The poor friar stopped short: resuming -his courage by degrees and wishing to please the friends -of the Gospel, he began to inveigh against both priests and -popes. It was now the turn of the catholics; and the Franciscan, -noticing their anger and desiring to regain their favor, -began once more to vituperate the reformers. Without -doctrine, without opinions, he fluctuated between Rome and -Wittemberg, and instead of satisfying everybody, he exasperated -both parties. ‘We cannot serve God and the devil,’ -said Froment with disgust.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The reverend superior now changed his tactics, knowing, -as all good Franciscans did, that flies are to be caught with -honey, and began to praise the Genevans in extravagant -language: ‘Ladies and gentlemen,’ he said from the pulpit, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_248'>248</span>‘beware how you suffer yourselves to be seduced by the -people (Farel and his two friends) who teach you that you and -your fathers were idolaters, and that you are being led away -to hell. No! you are a noble and mighty city ... you -are of good repute ... and worthy people.... Ladies -and gentlemen, always preserve your glorious title, and -make yourselves worthy of the great name borne by your -noble city. Is it not called <i>Geneva, Gebenna</i>,<a id='r485' /><a href='#f485' class='c009'><sup>[485]</sup></a> that is to -say, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>gens bona, gens benigna, gens sancta, gens præclara, gens -devota</i></span>? ... a good, merciful, holy, illustrious, and devout -people.... Your name declares it.’ The monk was -inexhaustible in extravagant compliments, although he knew -very well what he ought to think of the ‘holiness’ of the -Genevese, and particularly of the monks and priests.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This final effort of Roman-catholicism in Geneva did -not succeed. On the contrary, the huguenots, provoked by -his fawning, said: ‘We do not desire to please either gentlemen -or ladies,’<a id='r486' /><a href='#f486' class='c009'><sup>[486]</sup></a> and moved with firm steps in the path of -Reform. Farel, setting aside the manifold ceremonies with -which Rome had overburdened public worship, desired to re-establish -baptism in conformity with the Gospel institution, as -a sign of regeneration. The news spread, and excited great -curiosity even among the strangers who were in Geneva. -On the <abbr title='twenty-second'>22d</abbr> of February, the first Sunday in Lent, two -Savoyards, Claude Theveron of the mountains of the Grand-Bornand, -and Henry Advreillon of the parish of Thonon, -were in the Molard, where also a number of Genevans, both -catholics and Lutherans, had assembled. ‘Have you heard,’ -said one of them, ‘that there is going to be a baptism at -Baudichon’s house?’—‘Let us go and see what it is like,’ -said the Savoyards; and, following some huguenots, they -entered a large hall, which had been contrived by removing -the partitions.<a id='r487' /><a href='#f487' class='c009'><sup>[487]</sup></a> Some of the seats were already occupied; -the two strangers were able to find room, but the later arrivals -<span class='pageno' id='Page_249'>249</span>were compelled to stand near the door. ‘There must -be three hundred and more present,’ said Advreillon to his -friend. On a raised chair sat a young man with mild countenance -and sharp eyes: they were told it was Viret of -Orbe; right and left of him were Farel and Froment. A -gentleman of the city of good appearance, who seemed to -be between forty and fifty years old, showed the people to -their seats and watched to see that everything was conducted -with propriety. ‘That is Baudichon de la Maisonneuve,’ -the Savoyards were informed, ‘the master of the house, and -the greatest Lutheran in Geneva.’<a id='r488' /><a href='#f488' class='c009'><sup>[488]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Reformed Baptism.</div> -<p class='c008'>The service then began. Viret’s gentle eloquence -charmed his hearers; the two strangers, however, would -gladly have seen themselves outside of the assembly into -which they had impudently crept; but all the passages -were blocked up: ‘We cannot get out,’ said Advreillon, ‘because -of the great crowd of people;’ so they made up their -minds to stay till the end. As soon as the sermon was over, -the two Savoyards were about to leave, when De la Maisonneuve -said aloud: ‘Let no one move, a baptism is going -to be celebrated here.’ The baptism took place, and Viret -added: ‘It was with pure, fair water that John baptized -Jesus Christ; to baptize with oil, salt, and spittle as the hypocrites -do, is wrong.’ The two strangers, offended by such -language, got away as fast as they could.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As many persons had been unable to take part in the service, -the huguenots, whose patience was exhausted, resolved to -be no longer satisfied with narrow halls, which did not permit -all who loved the Word of God to hear it. ‘Jesus -Christ commands the Gospel to be preached in all the -world,’ said Farel, ‘it must therefore be preached in Geneva;’ -whereupon he asked for a church. The Bernese ambassadors -undertook to present the petition. ‘Most honored -lords,’ they said to the Council, ‘when we and our ministers -pass along the streets, people shout after us: “Holla! heretics, -you dare not appear in public, you preach your heresies -<span class='pageno' id='Page_250'>250</span>in holes and corners like pigsties.”<a id='r489' /><a href='#f489' class='c009'><sup>[489]</sup></a> We have long put up -with this, and now we come to ask you for a church. No -one will be constrained to hear our preacher; every man -will go to the worship he prefers, and thus everybody will -be satisfied.’ The syndics, greatly embarrassed, declared -they were grieved at the <i>ignominies</i> heaped upon the Bernese, -but said it was not in their jurisdiction to assign a -pulpit to a Lutheran preacher; that it belonged to the prince-bishop -and his vicars. ‘Still,’ they added, ‘if you take of -your own accord some edifice in which you can preach your -doctrines ... you are strong ... we cannot resist -you ... we dare not.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel And Courtelier.</div> -<p class='c008'>The refusal of the syndics annoyed the evangelicals; Farel -resolved to have an interview with the father-superior. -Did he wish to convince Courtelier, at times so accommodating, -that the evangelical doctrine ought to be preached in the -churches; or else, convinced, like Luther, that the papacy -was a power of Antichrist which resisted the kingdom of -God, did he desire to tell the cordelier his mind? We cannot -say: perhaps it was partly both. Accompanied by the -intrepid Maisonneuve and the wise councillor Balthasar, Farel -proceeded to the Franciscan convent. Courtelier received -them in his cell, and the reformer having complained -that the Gospel truth could not be preached, the monk, instead -of making the least concession, took refuge behind the -authority of the pope, extolling his holiness’s infallibility -and power. Had not Alvarus Pelagius, a Franciscan like -himself, declared that the jurisdiction of the pope is universal, -embracing the whole world, its temporalities as well as -its spiritualities?<a id='r490' /><a href='#f490' class='c009'><sup>[490]</sup></a> Had not another monk taught that ‘the -pope is in the place of God?’<a id='r491' /><a href='#f491' class='c009'><sup>[491]</sup></a> But Farel, instead of -seeking his ideas about Rome in the writings of the monks -of the middle ages, derived them from the Holy Scriptures, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_251'>251</span>and particularly from the Revelation of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John. ‘Your -holy Father,’ he said to the superior, ‘is the beast whom the -ignorant worship. John the Evangelist tells us of a beast -with seven heads,<a id='r492' /><a href='#f492' class='c009'><sup>[492]</sup></a> which “devoureth them which dwell -upon the earth,” and makes war upon the saints, and he -adds: <i>the seven heads are seven hills</i>, on which it sits. <i>Seven -hills</i>, do you hear? Everybody knows that Rome is -built on <i>seven hills</i>. Therefore the holy see is not apostolical -but diabolical.’ Courtelier was moved. He remonstrated -with Farel ‘as well as he could,’ he says; but the reformer -replied, the conversation grew warm, and at last the -evangelists, unable to convince the monk, took leave of him. -Maisonneuve quitted the cell, annoyed at Courtelier’s blindness, -and all three left the convent together.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This energetic argument, which applied the prophecies of -the Bible respecting Antichrist to the pope, had already -been employed by Luther. No proof excited more anger -among the Romanists or inspired the evangelicals with more -firmness.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-07' class='c004'>CHAPTER VII. <br /> FAREL PREACHES IN THE GRAND AUDITORY OF THE CONVENT AT RIVE. <br /> (<span class='sc'>March 1 to April 25, 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The interview with the father-superior had been useless; -the churches remained closed. The evangelicals could wait -no longer: the majority of the inhabitants were for the -Word of God, but not a church was opened to them. The -walls of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Pierre, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Gervais, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Germain, and the Madelaine -contained merely the external and barren forms of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_252'>252</span>Roman worship: life and movement were there no longer; -they had passed into the hearts of the resolute men and pious -women who gathered round Farel. Neither the hall in -Maisonneuve’s house, nor any other sufficed for the <i>lovers of -the Word</i>. Every day numbers of hearers had to remain in -the street. ‘Alas!’ said they, ‘the Gospel can find nothing -in Geneva but <i>secret chambers</i>, and we can only whisper of -the grace of Christ. And yet grace ought to be proclaimed -all through the city and spread even to the ends of the -world.’ They were about to take measures accordingly.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel In The Grand Auditory.</div> -<p class='c008'>On the second Sunday in Lent (<abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of March, 1534), after -the evangelicals had heard Farel in one of the usual halls, -twenty-nine of the most notable huguenots remained behind -and began to inquire what ought to be done. ‘The Council,’ -reported one of them, ‘told my lords of Berne to take -any place they liked for their preacher ... well, suppose -we take one. It is God’s will to have the Gospel published. -But the pope with his people care no more about it -than the priests of Bacchus, Jupiter, and Venus did of old. -Without any further petitioning let us do what God commands.’ -At these words Maisonneuve and the other huguenots -proceeded to the convent at Rive. Father Courtelier -was preaching there: he had just finished his sermon and -the crowd were leaving the church. The daring Baudichon -informed the monks, to their great surprise, that Farel was -going to preach there, and also that the bells would be rung, -which did not astonish them less. Two or three huguenots, -going into the belfry, rang three loud peals at intervals during -an hour. Meanwhile De la Maisonneuve took his -measures. Instead of taking possession of the church, he -selected a part of the convent named the <i>grand auditory</i>, or -the <i>cloister</i>. This part of the monastery was constructed -in the shape of a gallery, and had a court in the middle: -it was more spacious than the church, and would hold four -or five thousand persons.<a id='r493' /><a href='#f493' class='c009'><sup>[493]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_253'>253</span>The sound of the bells at an unusual hour was heard all -through the city. Each note, as it rang in the ears of the -Genevese, announced to them that the Gospel, with which -all Christendom was then agitated, was at last about to -be publicly proclaimed within their walls. ‘Master Farel,’ -they said, ‘is going to preach in the cloister at Rive,’ and a -crowd collected from all sides. People of every sort had -assembled to hear him: evangelicals, political huguenots, -the indifferent and bigoted. Certain priests gnashed their -teeth and even attempted to turn away some of their parishioners; -but it was labor in vain: the number increased -every minute. Some Franciscan monks, who stared at the -sight of such an extraordinary multitude, could not resist -the desire of going to the grand auditory and hearing what -was said.</p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve gave the necessary orders for placing -the people. The assembly, although respectful, was profoundly -agitated. In the place where they had met, men -of different parties crowded together: the opportunity of -hearing the famous Farel, and the object which such meetings -were to attain, namely, a change in the religion of -Geneva—all stirred their minds deeply. But if there was -any unbecoming movement, Maisonneuve, from his elevated -place, imposed silence by his hand. At length the reformer -appeared. The catholics were astonished when they saw -him: ‘What!’ they said, ‘no sacerdotal ornaments! He -is dressed like a layman, with a Spanish cloak and brimmed -cap.’<a id='r494' /><a href='#f494' class='c009'><sup>[494]</sup></a> But under that cap and cloak lay hid what was -rarely found beneath the robes of priests—an ardent soul, -a heart overflowing with love, and such eloquence that the -hearers exclaimed, as Calvin did once: ‘Your thunders -<span class='pageno' id='Page_254'>254</span>have caused an indescribable trouble in my soul.’<a id='r495' /><a href='#f495' class='c009'><sup>[495]</sup></a> Farel -began to speak: borrowing his fire from the writings of the -prophets and apostles, says one of his biographers, he enlightened -and inflamed the heart.<a id='r496' /><a href='#f496' class='c009'><sup>[496]</sup></a> He excited in many a -lively feeling of love for Christ. God, as Calvin says, was -at work in his own through the ministry of the reformer. -Some began to consider and to relish the grace which they -had formerly swallowed without tasting.<a id='r497' /><a href='#f497' class='c009'><sup>[497]</sup></a> The assembly -was charmed and enraptured; the souls of many were inflamed -by the ardor of the divine spirit.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Among the Franciscans who listened to Farel was Jacques -Bernard, belonging to one of the best families in Geneva. -He was lively, intelligent, learned, and defiant, and had long -been a sincere worshipper of the Virgin. He had often -spoken violently against the reformers, and a few days before, -meeting Farel and Viret, he told them with a scowl: -‘In times past there were schismatics enough who forbade -men to salute the Virgin and make the sign of the cross.’ -Then, without another word, he rudely turned his back on -them. But on this occasion no one in the grand auditory -was more attentive than Jacques. God gave him <i>new eyes</i> -and <i>new ears</i>. It has been said that the convent at Rive -was to him as the road to Damascus—that there this new -Saul became a new Paul.<a id='r498' /><a href='#f498' class='c009'><sup>[498]</sup></a> This first preaching of Farel’s -contributed at least to Bernard’s conversion, and ere long he -maintained courageously the truths he had once so much -attacked.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But this light, which had enlightened some, blinded others. -The wrath of the men devoted to the papacy knew no -bounds; they indulged in terrible bursts of passion, and -their followers spread the flames through the city. The -conflagration broke out the next day. The Two Hundred -<span class='pageno' id='Page_255'>255</span>were hardly met, when Nicholas du Crest, the three Malbuissons, -Girardin, and Philip de la Rive, with several -others, appeared before them and said: A minister preached -the new law yesterday in the cloister at Rive; we wish -to know if it was with your consent. At the same moment -the ambassadors of Berne arrived and held very different -language: ‘What we have so long asked for,’ they said, ‘has -been accomplished <i>by the inspiration of God</i>, without our -knowing anything of it. The place which you had refused -us has been given by the Lord himself. Yes, God, by the -inspiration of the Holy Ghost, has put it into the hearts of -your citizens to have the Gospel preached in the grand -auditory. Permit the minister to continue his preaching in -that place, and give no annoyance to such as may go to hear -him.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel Continues To Preach.</div> -<p class='c008'>Although, to satisfy the catholics, the Council had at first -hinted to the Bernese that as they were returning home, -it would be very natural that they should take their ministers -with them, Farel continued to preach every day to numerous -congregations. His hearers were more convinced than -ever of the errors of Rome and of the truth of the evangelical -doctrine—things which appeared to them as clear as -the day. Many threw aside their supineness; their contrite -hearts joyfully received the Saviour’s pardon, and, ‘caring -no longer for the frivolous things so esteemed by the papists,’ -devoted themselves to works of true innocence and charity. -There was great cheerfulness in Geneva. Bands of people -paraded the city with songs of joy; groups assembled at -the Molard and conversed of the extraordinary things that -were taking place. The evangelicals no longer doubted of -the victory. A young Savoyard, named Henry Percyn, approaching -one of these groups, recognized Baudichon de la -Maisonneuve, who, surrounded by several Lutherans, ‘was -talking to some catholics who were there.’ The latter defended -their Church: ‘Are these three chimney-preachers -better than pope, bishop, canons, priests, and monks?’ -Maisonneuve replied: ‘I will bet one hundred crowns to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_256'>256</span>fifty, that next Easter not a single mass will be celebrated -in Geneva.’ None of the catholics would accept the wager. -Baudichon was mistaken, but by a few months only.<a id='r499' /><a href='#f499' class='c009'><sup>[499]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>On Saturday, the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of March, the Bernese ambassadors -attended the evangelical assembly for the last time. They -were leaving Farel, Viret, and Froment without protection -in the midst of deadly enemies, and without force to resist -them alone. Accordingly, as soon as the service was -ended, they rose and said: ‘Farewell, gentlemen of Geneva, -we commend our preachers to you.’<a id='r500' /><a href='#f500' class='c009'><sup>[500]</sup></a>—‘It is not necessary -to commend them,’ answered a Genevese, ‘we know the -danger they incur in trying to rescue the people from the -slavery into which they have fallen.’ As he left the hall, -Claude Bernard took the three evangelists home to his house, -where they lived henceforward.</p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve departed about the same time as the -Bernese, on his way to Frankfort on business. At a date we -cannot fix he took Farel and Viret to Lausanne to ‘similarly -seduce’ the inhabitants of that city; but the Lausannese, -the priests and their friends (for the middle-class was favorable -to the Reform), ‘drove the preachers away.’ It is -scarcely probable that the two reformers should have chosen -to leave Geneva at the important epoch of which we are -treating; and yet a contemporary document would lead us -to believe so. When De la Maisonneuve reached Frankfort, -he conversed with the Lutherans and communicated, -as it would seem, according to the ritual of Luther.<a id='r501' /><a href='#f501' class='c009'><sup>[501]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Shortly after this, Portier was convicted of having conspired -with the bishop against the liberty of the city, and -condemned to lose his head. The law having punished the -guilty, the public conscience was satisfied. It is necessary -that justice should reign among nations; when it is trampled -under foot and the guilty are held to be innocent, there rises -<span class='pageno' id='Page_257'>257</span>in the breasts of the good a cry of sorrow, we will not say -of revenge. But that condemnation was big with important -consequences for Geneva; it was, says the chronicler, ‘a -terror to the creatures of the bishop.’ As Portier had only -carried out the orders of the prince, the condemnation of -the servant was that of the master. The episcopal agents -began to understand that they must obey the laws and pay -respect to lay tribunals. The power of the episcopal faction -was broken.<a id='r502' /><a href='#f502' class='c009'><sup>[502]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel’s Progress.</div> -<p class='c008'>Farel became more energetic, while, on the other hand, -the Franciscan preacher did all he could to support the -tottering papacy. It was not only in the same country -that these two contrary systems were then in conflict: it -was in the same city, in the same house,—the monastery -at Rive. One day the cordelier taught in the church that -‘the wafer ceases to be bread, and that the <i>mouth</i> receives -the body of Jesus Christ;’ while Farel said in the cloister: -‘It is true that the life is <i>enclosed</i> in the body of Christ; but -we have no communion with him except by a true faith. -Faith is the mouth of the soul to receive the Saviour.’ In -the church the cordelier encouraged the purchase of indulgences, -the practice of penances and satisfactions; but in -the grand auditory Farel exclaimed: ‘All our sins are -pardoned <i>freely</i>. How dare the monks, then, set up their -satisfactions, which the Word of God has shattered to -pieces?’<a id='r503' /><a href='#f503' class='c009'><sup>[503]</sup></a> Gradually the cordelier lowered his tone: the -powerful voice of Farel was reducing him to silence. ‘You -must know,’ wrote Madame de la Maisonneuve to her husband, -who was at Frankfort, ‘you must know that Master -William does his duty bravely in announcing the Word of -God.’ She added: ‘We have had no prohibitions: nobody -contradicts us. Our business increases greatly.’<a id='r504' /><a href='#f504' class='c009'><sup>[504]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_258'>258</span>Roman-catholicism was falling: Friburg hurried to its -support. ‘Alas!’ replied the syndics to the ambassadors, -‘we do not set Farel to preach: it is the people. We could -sooner stop a torrent than prevent people going to hear -them. So far as we are concerned, we have abolished no -ceremony, pulled down no church.’ Thus, at Geneva, as in -mighty England, it was the nation rather than its leaders -who desired the Reform; and it was the same everywhere. -The Friburgers, calm and reserved, then stepped forward -in the midst of the assembly of the people, coldly laid their -letters of alliance before the premier syndic, and asked for -those of Geneva. ‘Keep them! keep them!’ was the cry -on all sides; and the citizens rushed towards the deputation, -lavishing on them marks of affection and prayers. -Messieurs of Friburg, sternly shaking off their embraces, -departed, leaving the letters of alliance on the table.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The alarmed Council now resolved to do all in their -power to appease the catholics and Friburgers. Every -year at Easter a grand procession took place, in which the -images and relics of the saints were carried through the -city. The Council ordered the usual honors to be paid -them. Aimé Levet having declared that he would not forsake -the living God for that multitude of <i>petty gods</i>, the -syndics served him with a special order through the police. -But still the Levets would hang no drapery upon their -house, and kept the shop open as on an ordinary day. For -this offence Aimé was kept three days in prison on bread -and water.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Farel’s Domestic Troubles.</div> -<p class='c008'>The consideration due to Friburg had led the magistrates -to this act of severity; but the evangelical movement was -not checked by it. The Christian meetings increased in -number after Easter. Farel energetically urged forward -the car of Reform, and his voice by turns alarmed like the -thunders of Sinai, or consoled like the Beatitudes of the -Gospel. Yet, in the midst of these numerous works, he -was often observed to pause, overcome with sadness. The -persecution continued in France: three hundred Lutherans -<span class='pageno' id='Page_259'>259</span>were in prison at Paris. ‘What restive horses are these!’ -he exclaimed. ‘They shrink back instead of advancing! -What adversaries are springing up against the Redeemer, -who reigns with glory in heaven! But God will not forsake -his work.’<a id='r505' /><a href='#f505' class='c009'><sup>[505]</sup></a> He had still keener sorrows than these: -his own brothers, Daniel, Walter, and Claude, had been -seized by the enemy from a desire to avenge upon them the -<i>evil</i> which the reformer was doing. One of the three, who -was younger than himself, had been condemned to imprisonment -for life, and his mother, already a widow, was shedding -tears of bitterness. ‘Alas!’ said William Farel, ‘her -son, who was born after me, has long been in prison, and -has greater sorrows to endure than I have.’ The reformer -applied to friends in high station to obtain his brother’s release -from the king; but the strictness of the prison had -only been increased. ‘I know not,’ he said, on the <abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr> of -April, 1534, ‘who has so stirred the fire.... May it -please God that the poor prisoner hold firm and declare -fearlessly what ought to be said of the good Saviour.’<a id='r506' /><a href='#f506' class='c009'><sup>[506]</sup></a> -Farel possessed that filial affection which is serious and -respectful towards the father, tender and gentle towards the -mother. It made him exclaim in his anguish: ‘Alas! the -poor widow! O my anguish-stricken mother!’ The love -he felt for Christ had increased his natural affections.</p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve, having returned to Geneva after -Easter, was about to start again for Lyons. Farel, knowing -that his friend, De la Forge, the merchant of Paris, -would be going also to that city at this season of the year, -gave Baudichon a letter for his Paris brethren, at that time -so afflicted, directing his letter <i>to the holy vessel elect of God</i>. -‘Jesus,’ he wrote to this little flock in the capital, ‘is the -rock of offence against which the world has fought since the -beginning of time, and will always fight; but its efforts are -<span class='pageno' id='Page_260'>260</span>vain. No council can withstand God, and if the wicked lift -their horns, they shall be broken.’ He then solicited the intercession -of the members of the church in behalf of his -brother. ‘I pray you,’ he said, ‘speak of my brother in -that quarter where you know better than myself that it is expedient -to do so. What! a protracted detention, the confiscation -of his property, six hundred crowns which the bishop -has extracted from him—is not that enough? Oh! that -the poor fellow could be set at liberty! All here who fear -the Lord entreat you to exert yourselves for him.’<a id='r507' /><a href='#f507' class='c009'><sup>[507]</sup></a> The -evangelicals of Geneva were interested in the fate of their -reformer’s brothers. At the same time Farel wrote also to -De la Forge, commending his brother to him, and knowing -the perils with which the Parisian merchant was threatened, -he added: ‘If we have Jesus, that heavenly treasure cannot -be taken from us: let us march onwards, though all the -world should rise against Him.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>In treating of our reformers, we naturally bestow attention -on their labors, struggles, writings, and trials; it is well, -however, to enter sometimes into the inner sanctuary of -their hearts and of their domestic lives. We are touched -and rejoice to find there such abundance of the most legitimate -and tenderest of human affections. They were men -as well as Christians. This fact is a proof of the sincerity -of their piety; it is like a spring of pure water gushing up -on a field of battle, refreshing and reviving those whom so -many struggles might have wearied.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_261'>261</span> - <h2 id='chap7-08' class='c004'>CHAPTER VIII. <br /> A BOLD PROTESTANT AT LYONS. <br /> (<span class='fss'>1530 TO 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>Farel, who was so distressed by the long captivity of -one of the members of his family, little suspected that a -friend, loved by him as a brother, would ere long be in -a dungeon. De la Maisonneuve, who traded in all sorts -of merchandise, but particularly in silk fabrics, jewellery, -and furs, had been in the habit of attending the fairs of -Lyons for twenty years, and went there as often as three or -four times a year. Of late, the frankness with which he -maintained the evangelical doctrines had offended many -persons, and thus paved the way for a catastrophe which -now seemed inevitable. Courted by the merchants, esteemed -by the magistrates, he was, on the other hand, in -the bad books of the priests, and the priests were powerful.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Reliquary.</div> -<p class='c008'>One day, in the year 1530, when he was at Nuremberg -on business, a rich merchant of that city, a sound protestant, -who had no love for relics, had given him a valuable reliquary -in payment of a debt.<a id='r508' /><a href='#f508' class='c009'><sup>[508]</sup></a> As Lyons was noted for its -devotion, Baudichon, who cared little for the object and -looked at it only as an article of merchandise, thought it -might fetch a good price in that city, and happening to go -there not long after, offered the little box to a money-changer. -He would have done better to have refused it at -Nuremberg, but Christian wisdom was then only dawning -upon him. The money-changer took up the article and examined -it devoutly. On the top was an image of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> James -in silver, ‘carefully wrought,’ and weighing about four -marks. Underneath was the reliquary: a box of silver -<span class='pageno' id='Page_262'>262</span>with a glass allowing the inside to be seen, and some little -parchment labels indicating the names of the saints whose -relics were contained within. The Lyons money-changer -looked with adoration on the precious remains of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Christopher, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Syriac, and another. He took off his cap, -made a bow to the relics, and kissed them devoutly; and as -his wife and children had clustered round him with pious -curiosity, he made each of them kiss the sacred remains. -Turning to Maisonneuve, he said: ‘Sir Baudichon, I am -surprised that you should bring me this relic in such a manner.’ -Maisonneuve replied: ‘It is very likely they are the -bones of some ordinary body which the priests give the people -to kiss to deceive them.’ At these words, an apprentice, -of the age of eighteen, a very bigoted youth, left the shop -indignant, and sat down on a bench in the street. The -changer having paid Baudichon seventy livres tournois for -his merchandise, the huguenot departed. But as he was -passing in front of the bench, the apprentice, unable to restrain -his anger, insulted him. Maisonneuve was content to -reply that if he was in Geneva, ‘he would give him relics -for nothing.’ This affair began to make Baudichon suspected.<a id='r509' /><a href='#f509' class='c009'><sup>[509]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Next year (1531), when Maisonneuve was again at Lyons, -and dining at the table-d’hôte of the Coupe d’Or, he -met with some merchants from the neighboring provinces, -and particularly from Auvergne, whose inhabitants, upright -and charitable, but ignorant and vindictive, were distinguished -at that time by a credulous devotion, as excessive -as it was superstitious. The Genevan did not scruple to -declare his religious convictions boldly before them, and the -bigoted Auvergnats were much surprised to hear him speak -‘<i>after his manner about the Gospel and faith during all the -meal</i>.’ ‘Hold your tongue,’ they said, angrily, ‘if you were -in our country, <i>you would be burnt</i>.’<a id='r510' /><a href='#f510' class='c009'><sup>[510]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Who Is Petrus?</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_263'>263</span>A year later (in 1532), also at fair time, De la Maisonneuve, -Bournet, a broker to whom he had confided an article -of jewellery for sale, Humbert des Oches, and other -tradesmen were supping at the table-d’hôte of the Coupe -d’Or. It was one of those days on which the Church forbids -the eating of meat. Bournet had brought some fish, -of which they all partook, and Baudichon among them. -This surprised one of the guests, who asked him whether -they eat meat at Geneva on fast days. ‘Certainly they do,’ -he answered, ‘and if I were in a place where it could be -got, I should make no difficulty about it, for God does not -forbid it.’—‘The pope and the Church forbid it,’ returned -Bournet, sharply. Baudichon declared that he did not acknowledge -the pope’s power to forbid what God permits. -‘God said to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter,’ rejoined Bournet, ‘“<i>Whatsoever -thou shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven</i>” (Matthew -<abbr title='sixteen'>xvi.</abbr> 19). The pope is now in the place of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter; -therefore’....—‘The pope and the priests,’ retorted -Maisonneuve, ‘are so far from being like <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter, that there -are many among them who lead evil lives, and require to -be set in order and reformed. The Word of God alone -brings grace to the sinner.’ He then began to repeat ‘some -passages from the Gospels <i>in the French language</i>,’ selecting -those which announce Jesus Christ and the complete -pardon he gives. Every Christian who proclaims the Gospel -might, he declared, be God’s instrument to liberate souls -from sin and condemnation; and then, growing bolder, he -exclaimed: ‘I am <i>Petrus</i>; you (turning to Bournet) are -<i>Petrus</i>. Every man is Peter, provided he is firm in the -faith of Jesus Christ.’ All present were much struck with -his observations, and the strange man became still blacker -in their eyes.<a id='r511' /><a href='#f511' class='c009'><sup>[511]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>At the feast of the Epiphany in the year 1533, the brother -of Lyonnel Raynaud, priest of the order of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John of Jerusalem, -and Messire Jean Barbier, of the cathedral of -Vienne, arrived at the Coupe d’Or, with a clerk in attendance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_264'>264</span>upon the latter. They sat down to table with the -company. Everybody was speaking at once. One of the -guests, however,—and he was usually among those who -talked the most,—seemed absorbed in thought. De la -Maisonneuve (for it was he) fixed his eyes on the priests -of Vienne, and, after a few moments, said to them, ‘Can -you explain to me why they put a certain cordelier to death -at Vienne a few years ago?’ He alluded to Stephen Renier, -of whom we have spoken elsewhere.<a id='r512' /><a href='#f512' class='c009'><sup>[512]</sup></a> ‘He was a heretic,’ -said Barbier, ‘and had taught endless errors at Annonay -and elsewhere.’ De la Maisonneuve boldly undertook his -defence. ‘You did wrong to put him to death,’ he said; -‘he was a truly good man, of sound learning, and one likely -to produce great fruits.’ The strife began immediately. -Baudichon affirmed that we were not required to keep the -commandments of the Church, but only those of God; while -the priest tried with all his might to prove that Baudichon -was wrong. The Genevan grew more animated, and spoke -with great boldness. This new kind of tournament absorbed -all attention: the guests left off eating and drinking, fixed their -eyes on the two champions, and opened their ears wide. A -merchant of Vienne, one Master Simon de Montverban, an -acquaintance of Baudichon’s, and whom the latter had often -soundly beaten, observed to him: ‘You have found a man -at last to answer you.’ But the Genevan replied so forcibly -to the arguments of the Viennese, and the contest became -so animated, that the three priests, suddenly rising from -table, quitted the room hastily, and went into a separate -chamber. ‘If this man were at Vienne,’ said Barbier, ‘I -would have him sent to prison.’ The prison and the stake -which followed it were safer arms than discussion.<a id='r513' /><a href='#f513' class='c009'><sup>[513]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Hostility To Baudichon.</div> -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve, having returned to Lyons for the -fairs of Easter and of August, met a considerable number of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_265'>265</span>merchants at the Coupe d’Or, and immediately undertook to -enlighten them, feeling that language was given for such -purposes; but, as he feared also that his scattered remarks, -if not followed up, would be insufficient to correct the tardiness -of certain men, he determined to make use of various -stimulants. Accordingly, he spared neither toil nor weariness. -Simon de Montverban, who was there again, was -struck with his zeal, and complained of it. ‘Whenever the -merchants take their meals,’ he said, ‘whenever he meets -them in the common hall, when they come in or go out, -everywhere and always, Baudichon gets talking and disputing -about the Gospel.’ No longer confining himself to -questions of fasting or images, he went straight to what -was essential: he put forward Scripture as the fountain of -truth, and declared that every sinner, even the greatest, -was saved through uniting himself by faith to Jesus Christ. -People censured him in vain. In vain did two merchants, -one named Arcon and the other Hugues, repeat to every -body and to Baudichon himself that, if he was in their -country, he would be burnt; the latter, who did not doubt -them, continued his arguments. Lyons was a free city -during the fair, and he took advantage of it to make the -pure Gospel known. Simon de Montverban complained to -the Genevan huguenot’s brother-in-law, an ardent papist, -who made answer: ‘I wish that Baudichon had died ten -years ago; he is the cause of all the troubles at Geneva.’<a id='r514' /><a href='#f514' class='c009'><sup>[514]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve was again at Lyons at the feasts of -All Saints (November, 1533) and Epiphany (1534). One -evening, when a numerous company was supping at the inn, -the conversation turned on the religious circumstances of -the times. After listening a while, he exclaimed: ‘It is -nonsense to pray to the saints, to hear mass, and confess -to the priests!’ and proceeded to quote <i>the Gospels and the -Apostles</i> to prove what he said. ‘In our country,’ again -asserted some who heard him, ‘at Avignon, at Clermont -you would be sent to the stake!’ It was the burden of the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_266'>266</span>old song, and they were only surprised that he was not -burnt at Lyons. De la Maisonneuve, knowing well that it -was out of their Roman piety that they wished to burn him, -was content to smile. But his calmness excited the wrath -of his fellow-guests. The merchants of Auvergne rose -from the table in a fit of anger, and, addressing the hostess, -desired she would not receive Maisonneuve in future. ‘If -we find him here when we come again,’ they said, ‘we -shall go and lodge elsewhere.’ The landlady promised -the Auvergnats not to receive him in future.<a id='r515' /><a href='#f515' class='c009'><sup>[515]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The Easter fair of 1534 was drawing near, and as it was -the most considerable in the year, Maisonneuve did not -want to miss it. But circumstances had become more -threatening and rendered the journey dangerous. There -were, as we have seen, in the castle of Peney on the Lyons -road, and other strong places, traitors who had fled from -Geneva, and carried off all the Genevans they could lay -hands on. Baudichon’s friends wished him to put off this -journey. ‘The fair is free (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>franche</i></span>) to every one,’ he -answered. ‘Ay!’ said Froment, ‘under the papacy -there are many franchises for thieves, robbers, and murderers; -but for the evangelicals all the liberties, franchises, -and promises of princes are broken.’<a id='r516' /><a href='#f516' class='c009'><sup>[516]</sup></a> Maisonneuve knew -this well, yet he was not a man to be frightened. The report -of his intentions having gone abroad, certain <i>traitors</i> -(as Froment terms the fanatical partisans of the bishop and -pope) hastened to give their Lyons friends notice of Baudichon’s -approaching arrival, conjuring them to get him put -to death. ‘He was spied and <i>recommended</i> to their care.’<a id='r517' /><a href='#f517' class='c009'><sup>[517]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve, bearing Farel’s letters, started from -Geneva in the morning of the <abbr title='twenty-fifth'>25th</abbr> of April, and arrived at -Lyons on the <abbr title='twenty-sixth'>26th</abbr>, having no suspicion that his enemies -were waiting for him and preparing his scaffold. He had -with him Janin the armorer, his aide-de-camp in religious -<span class='pageno' id='Page_267'>267</span>matters, who had supplied himself with evangelical books -printed at Neufchatel to circulate them in Lyons. Baudichon, -as usual, had alighted at the Coupe d’Or near <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Pierre-les-Nonnains, and was cordially received by the -landlady notwithstanding the promise she had made the -Auvergnats some months before. Janin stopped there also, -and stored his evangelical books away in the room that had -been assigned him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day there was a great disturbance at the inn. -The merchants had arrived from Auvergne, and one of the -first persons they saw was the famous heretic!... The -color rushed to their cheeks, and they had words with the -hostess because she did not keep her promise. That they -did not content themselves with mere words, is clear from -events which followed. The bigots of France wished to -share with the bigots of Geneva the honor of putting to -death the captain of the Lutherans.<a id='r518' /><a href='#f518' class='c009'><sup>[518]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Maisonneuve immediately began to look after Étienne -de la Forge, in order to hand him the reformer’s letters; -but on going to his house in the Place de l’Herberie, he -learnt, to his great disappointment, that the Parisian merchant -had not yet arrived.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Baudichon And Janin Arrested.</div> -<p class='c008'>The enemies of the Reformation lost no time. Informations -were sworn against Maisonneuve on the <abbr title='twenty-seventh'>27th</abbr> of April, -the day after his arrival, and the following morning, the -<abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr>, the officers of justice arrested him and his friend Janin -‘by authority of the seneschal’s court of Lyons,’ and shut -him up in the king’s prison. But this was not what the -priests wanted. ‘These two men,’ they said, ‘being charged -with offences against our holy faith, the interest of the king -our lord, and the common weal, we demand that they be sent -to the prison of the archiepiscopal see, and that they be tried -before the ecclesiastical judges.’<a id='r519' /><a href='#f519' class='c009'><sup>[519]</sup></a> The two prisoners were -accordingly transferred to the archbishop’s prison. The -great huguenot saw that he had fallen into a trap, and prepared -to meet his enemies.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_268'>268</span>There was great agitation in the episcopal palace. That -church of Lyons which had been the church of the primate -of all the Gauls—of which thirty bishops had been canonized—which -had supplied so many cardinals, legates, -statesmen, and ambassadors—whose chapter, consisting of -seventy canons, had included the sons of emperors, kings, -and dukes among their number, and of which the kings of -France were honorary canons—that church was about to -have the glory of trying and putting to death the layman -who was Farel’s right arm, as Jerome of Prague had been -that of John Huss. All its dignitaries—the deans, chamberlains, -wardens, provosts, knights, theologians, and school-men—all -were talking of this fortunate circumstance. The -clergy of the metropolitan church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John the Baptist, -in particular, took an active part in the business, and the -walls of that vast Gothic building echoed to the oft-repeated -name of the captain of the Lutherans. On the <abbr title='twenty-ninth'>29th</abbr> of -April the members of the <i>inquisitional court</i> assembled in -the hall of justice of the episcopal prison, and, wearing their -robes of office, took their seats on the judicial benches. -They were Stephen Faye, official of the primacy, and Benedict -Buatier, ordinary official of Lyons,—both of them -vicars-general of the primate of France. The third judge -was John Gauteret, inquisitor of ‘heretical pravity.’ Ami -Ponchon, notary public, was to act as secretary;<a id='r520' /><a href='#f520' class='c009'><sup>[520]</sup></a> and -Claude Bellièvre, king’s advocate, was to aid them by his -presence. The court being thus formed, they summoned -before them Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, who declared -his name, age (forty-six years), and condition, and the trial -began.<a id='r521' /><a href='#f521' class='c009'><sup>[521]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_269'>269</span> - <h2 id='chap7-09' class='c004'>CHAPTER IX. <br /> BAUDICHON DE LA MAISSONNEUVE BEFORE THE INQUISITIONAL COURT OF LYONS. <br /> (<span class='sc'>From 29th of April to 21st of May, 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>The Examination.</div> -<p class='c008'>The tribunal of priests wished to mark distinctly at the -very outset that the Romish doctrine was in question: it -was necessary to proclaim anew that <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>in instanti</i></span>, at the very -moment, at the priest’s word, there was no longer in the -host either bread or wine, but only the body and blood of -the Saviour. ‘What do you think of the sacrament of the -altar?’ was the first question put by the court to Maisonneuve. -He rejected the Roman error; but his protestantism, -as we have seen, came from Germany, and the Lutherans -taught that ‘in the sacrament of the altar, in the -bread and wine, were the true body, the true blood of -Christ;’<a id='r522' /><a href='#f522' class='c009'><sup>[522]</sup></a> and as, according to the Lutheran doctrine, the -presence was spiritual, supernatural, and heavenly,<a id='r523' /><a href='#f523' class='c009'><sup>[523]</sup></a> Maisonneuve, -who professed this faith and had taken the sacrament -at Frankfort in the Lutheran church, answered: -‘I believe that the real body of Christ is in the blessed -host,’<a id='r524' /><a href='#f524' class='c009'><sup>[524]</sup></a> but knowing the axiom of jurisprudence, that no -accused person is bound to criminate himself, he would not -declare his faith more precisely.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If this doctrine interested the court, the connection of the -accused with the chiefs of what they called <i>heresy</i> had also -a great importance in their eyes, and a doctor well known in -France had given them great umbrage. ‘Do you know -<i>Pharellus</i>?’ they asked Maisonneuve, who calmly replied: -<span class='pageno' id='Page_270'>270</span>‘He is from Dauphiny; he was brought to Geneva by my -lords of Berne; and when I hear him, I believe as much of -his sermons as seems right, and no more.’ These two answers -might have led some to hope that they would exercise -clemency towards the accused; but such was not the intention -of the canons of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John. The court declared that the -witnesses would be examined on the following day. They -were all to be for the prosecution; they might invent, add, -or exaggerate, and the prisoner would not have it in his -power to produce any witnesses for the defence.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The first who gave evidence was a young working-man, -twenty-two years of age, by name Philip Martin, and by -trade a weaver. ‘I lived three years in the city of Geneva,’ -he said, ‘and during that time the Lutheran sect -multiplied exceedingly. I witnessed many armed assemblies -and riots, papists against evangelists, by day as well as by -night. Among the most prominent of the Lutheran party -was Baudichon, and after him Jean Philippe, Jean Golaz, -Ami Perrin, who commonly were present at the armed -meetings, directing everything and providing for the expenses. -About a year ago a canon named Wernli was run -through the body; Baudichon was there, armed and wearing -a cuirass.’<a id='r525' /><a href='#f525' class='c009'><sup>[525]</sup></a> De la Maisonneuve calmly interrupted him: ‘The -witness does not speak the truth. When the canon was -wounded, I was in this very city of Lyons. I therefore -charge him with perjury, and desire that he be taken into -custody.’ Martin had borne false witness; this all who -knew Maisonneuve at Geneva and Lyons could declare. It -was a bad beginning.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the first of May a fanatical youth, named Pierre, -brother of the two Pennets, who had been condemned for -assassinating a citizen and conspiring against the liberties -of the city, gave his evidence. ‘Baudichon entirely supports -this Lutheran sect,’ he said; ‘he is their captain. One day -last year he assembled all the Lutherans and armed them to -plunder the churches, which ended in the death of four persons -<span class='pageno' id='Page_271'>271</span>sons and the wounding of many others.’<a id='r526' /><a href='#f526' class='c009'><sup>[526]</sup></a> This also was -false: Vandel, a huguenot, had been wounded in a riot got -up by the priests; but there had been no deaths. ‘The -witness hates me,’ said Maisonneuve, ‘because one of his -brothers was executed by judicial authority.’—‘Baudichon,’ -continued Pennet, in greater excitement, ‘instead of fearing -the syndics, constrains them to humble themselves before -him.’—‘I submit to lose my head,’ exclaimed Maisonneuve, -‘in case the syndics declare that I have ever done them any -displeasure.’<a id='r527' /><a href='#f527' class='c009'><sup>[527]</sup></a> The court rose.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Emotion At Geneva.</div> -<p class='c008'>All this time Geneva was greatly agitated: the news of -Baudichon’s arrest had caused uneasiness among his friends. -Men spoke about it ‘in the city and in the fields,’ everywhere, -in short. When friends met one another, they asked: -‘Have you heard that Baudichon has been brought before -the archiepiscopal court of Lyons for being a Lutheran?’ -The devout (if we may use the words of the manuscript) -‘consigned him to Satan, as being the principal cause of -heresy in Geneva;’<a id='r528' /><a href='#f528' class='c009'><sup>[528]</sup></a> while the huguenots, agitated and -alarmed at the dangers that threatened their friend, considered -what was to be done. They determined to act immediately -and simultaneously at Lyons, Berne, and even at Paris, -if they could. Thomas, Baudichon’s brother, started for -Lyons at once, and asked for an audience with Monseigneur -du Peyrat, the king’s Lieutenant-general. ‘For what reason,’ -he said, ‘and by what authority has my brother, Baudichon -de la Maisonneuve, been sent to prison?’—‘I do not -detain him,’ answered du Peyrat; ‘apply to the vicars general.’ -Thomas, learning that his brother was in the hands -of the priests, and his danger therefore greater, resolved to -make every effort to save him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thomas and the Genevans were not the only persons -interested in this matter. Baudichon’s imprisonment was -an attack upon the rights of the foreign merchants, and -compromised the fairs at Lyons. What German Lutheran -<span class='pageno' id='Page_272'>272</span>would come there in future? The inhabitants, especially -the innkeepers, tradespeople, and merchants, foresaw great -pecuniary loss, and the princes of commerce felt the injury -done to one of their number. There was, consequently, -a great commotion in the city, and many merchants, ‘as -well of the city as foreigners,’ determining to complain of -it, proceeded to the <i>consulate</i> (or town-council), to whom -they represented, ‘with much grief,’<a id='r529' /><a href='#f529' class='c009'><sup>[529]</sup></a> that the imprisonment -of Baudichon de la Maisonneuve was an infringement of -the privileges of the fairs; and that many merchants had to -receive from him certain sums which it was impossible for -him to pay now, because he could not collect the money -which other merchants owed him. ‘We pray you, therefore,’ -they said, in conclusion, ‘not to suffer our privileges to -be violated.’—‘Release my brother, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>à pur et à plein</i></span>, without -reserve,’ added Thomas de la Maisonneuve. Four of -the consuls seconded the remonstrance.<a id='r530' /><a href='#f530' class='c009'><sup>[530]</sup></a> The municipality -resolved that Jean de la Bessie, procurator-general of -Lyons, and one councillor should demand Baudichon’s liberation -of the inquisitional court. ‘My brother,’ said Thomas, -‘is a burgess of Berne and of Friburg, and by virtue of -the treaties between the king and the lords of the League, -he cannot be made a prisoner in this kingdom.’<a id='r531' /><a href='#f531' class='c009'><sup>[531]</sup></a> The -priests were determined to pay no regard to the request of -the magistrates: a serious incident roused them from their -listlessness.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bernese Intervention.</div> -<p class='c008'>A despatch had just arrived, addressed to Monseigneur -the king’s lieutenant-general: it was from the lords of -Berne. The lieutenant-general knew well the value of -Swiss intervention. Had not four hundred of them, at the -battle of Sesia, after Bayard’s death, checked, by their impetuosity -and the sacrifice of their lives, the army of the -allies? Monseigneur du Peyrat determined, therefore, to -support the prayer of the Bernese, and gave the city secretary -<span class='pageno' id='Page_273'>273</span>the necessary instructions. The effect of the despatch -was still greater upon Thomas de la Maisonneuve. Now -there could be no more delays! Impatient to see his -brother at liberty, imagining that he would succeed better -by hurrying the affair, he would not wait a day or an hour. -He should have considered that haste increases the chances -of failure, and that the impatient man compromises both his -character and his cause; but he could see nothing but Baudichon’s -sufferings and the injury done to the Genevese reformation -by his captivity. He was no longer master of -himself: he wanted that very instant to deliver his brother -from the jaws of the lion. ‘Set him free immediately,’ he -said, ‘so that we may be able to answer the lords of Berne -by the courier who is ready to return.’ The vicars-general -answered curtly: ‘We are in course to order it, as is right.’<a id='r532' /><a href='#f532' class='c009'><sup>[532]</sup></a> -This cold formula appeared of evil omen to Thomas, and -from that hour his fears increased.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the other hand, Baudichon, informed of what was -going on, took courage; and the judges, fully aware that it -would not do to condemn on suspicious evidence a man who -had such powerful supporters, determined to entice Maisonneuve -craftily into some heretical declaration.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='fifth'>5th</abbr> of May the sergeants once more brought -in their prisoner. ‘What are your opinions in regard -to faith?’ asked the court. De la Maisonneuve answered: -‘I am a good Christian; if you do not think so, deliver me -over to my superiors (the magistrates of Geneva) to examine -me.’ But instead of doing so, the vicars-general tried to induce -him to explain his ideas on the subject of transubstantiation, -feeling sure of catching him in an error. The prisoner -only replied: ‘I am not bound to answer you.’ The court -tried in vain to induce him to speak: ‘I will not make any -reply,’ he repeated. They read to him Janin’s answer on -the sacrament, which was (it would appear) very shocking -to Roman ears, and asked him what he thought of it; but -Baudichon did not fall into the snare. ‘I am no judge,’ he -<span class='pageno' id='Page_274'>274</span>said, ‘and it is not my business to decide whether the answer -is good or bad.’<a id='r533' /><a href='#f533' class='c009'><sup>[533]</sup></a> Then taking the offensive, he added: ‘If -Frenchmen were imprisoned at Geneva for cases analogous -to mine, would you be pleased?’—‘You have Pharellus -and other Frenchmen there,’ answered the judges, ‘and -have not surrendered them to the king.’ The officials of -Lyons complained to the man whom they kept in prison because -people were left at liberty in Geneva. Baudichon -retorted proudly: ‘Ours is a free city,’ and withdrew.<a id='r534' /><a href='#f534' class='c009'><sup>[534]</sup></a> -‘They set their traps in vain,’ said a reformer, speaking of -the attacks of the papacy. ‘God has victories abundantly -in his hands to triumph over them and their chief.’<a id='r535' /><a href='#f535' class='c009'><sup>[535]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The judges were greatly embarrassed: they desired, not -to release Maisonneuve, but (as he had often been told) to -burn him; and yet, as it was impossible for them not to reply, -at least by some formalities, to such high and mighty -lords as Messieurs of Berne, they gave a certain solemnity -to their answer. On Wednesday, the <abbr title='sixth'>6th</abbr> of May, the -officials, vicars-episcopal, inquisitors, and other ecclesiastical -dignitaries, took their seats in front of the main door of the -archiepiscopal palace. In public and in the open air they -were about to hear the demand of the Swiss, supported by -the lieutenant-general of the king. The city clerk, delegated -by the councillors of Lyons, set forth the contents of -the letters from Berne, and at the same time Thomas de la -Maisonneuve presented two substantial merchants of the -city as bail for his brother.<a id='r536' /><a href='#f536' class='c009'><sup>[536]</sup></a> The cause of the Genevese -prisoner was growing in importance: a sovereign state, -which the king had every reason to treat courteously, had -taken up his defence; the trial was becoming an international -matter. The court knew that Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was susceptible, -and that it was dangerous to thwart him, as he had -shown in the case of Beda. After full examination, therefore, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_275'>275</span>they decreed that they ‘would amply inform the king -<i>our sire</i>, in order that he may make known his good -pleasure, and until his answer arrives, the said Baudichon -shall not be liberated; at the same time, he shall be permitted, -on account of his business, to speak with those who -have dealings with him, in the presence of the jailers of -the archiepiscopal prison, who are enjoined to treat him well -and discreetly, according to his station.’<a id='r537' /><a href='#f537' class='c009'><sup>[537]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Baudichon.</div> -<p class='c008'>Two points were gained; Baudichon was to be treated -like a prisoner of mark, and his case was to be laid before -the king. The memory of the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>estrapades</i></span> of Paris was too -recent for the evangelicals to entertain very lively hopes: -it was, however, a gleam of light. The judges themselves, -feeling that the matter was becoming difficult and success -doubtful, undertook to obtain a recantation from Baudichon, -which would, besides, be more glorious for Rome (they -thought) than a sentence of death. On the <abbr title='twenty-first'>21st</abbr> of May, -therefore, the court having called to their aid two inquisitors -skilful in controversy, Nicholas Morini and Jean Rapinati, -summoned Maisonneuve before them; when Father -Morini endeavored to prove to him out of Scripture the -material presence of Christ in the Sacrament. Baudichon -understood the passages quoted differently from the doctors. -Refusing to stop at the material substance, the flesh (as -they did, and also the people of Capernaum who are -blamed in the Gospel), he held to our Saviour’s words: -<i>It is the spirit that quickeneth; the flesh profiteth nothing; -the words that I speak unto you, they are spirit, and they are -life</i>.<a id='r538' /><a href='#f538' class='c009'><sup>[538]</sup></a>—‘I understand these words as well as you, and better, -but I will not enter into any discussion. I am not -bound to answer inquisitors.’<a id='r539' /><a href='#f539' class='c009'><sup>[539]</sup></a> The court, provoked by -these refusals, resolved to put the grand question to him: -‘Do you yield obedience to our holy father the pope of -Rome?’ To the great disappointment of the vicars-general -and inquisitors, he simply replied: ‘I am not bound to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_276'>276</span>answer.’—‘We are your judges in this matter,’ they exclaimed -with irritation; ‘we order and summon you to answer.’<a id='r540' /><a href='#f540' class='c009'><sup>[540]</sup></a> -But he would not; and then, recovering from their -emotion, they tried to surprise him by an insidious question.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Alexander, who had preached the Gospel at Lyons with -such energy, had just been thrown into prison. If De la -Maisonneuve acknowledged him for his friend, they might -easily class them together. The judges therefore asked him -insidiously, ‘whether Jacques de la Croix, <i>alias</i> Alexander, -had not in former times eaten and drunk at his house?’—‘If -he has eaten and drunk at my house,’ responded Baudichon, -‘I hope it did him good.’ And that was all. It was -impossible to make the prisoner fall into the trap: his good -sense foiled all the plots of his adversaries.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus did the judges hunt down an innocent man. At -that time men set themselves up between God and the soul -of man. This was not only an outrage upon human liberty, -it was high-treason against Heaven. Such a grave consideration -imparts a tragic interest to this trial, and encourages -us conscientiously to reproduce all its painful phases. The -judge has no concern with the relations of the soul with its -Creator. ‘The dominion of man ends where that of God -begins.’<a id='r541' /><a href='#f541' class='c009'><sup>[541]</sup></a> God does not give his glory to another. Whoever -desires to exercise authority over the conscience is a -madman; nay, more, he is an atheist. He presumes to -move God from his throne and sit in his place.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_277'>277</span> - <h2 id='chap7-10' class='c004'>CHAPTER X. <br /> THE TWO WORSHIPS IN GENEVA. <br /> (<span class='sc'>May to July 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Morality In The Reformation.</div> -<p class='c008'>While they were prosecuting Maisonneuve on the banks -of the Rhone and the Saône, the struggle between catholicism -and reform became more active on the shores of Lake -Leman: an evangelical was threatened with death at Lyons, -but Roman-catholicism was on the point of expiring at Geneva. -It was crumbling away beneath its own weight: the -religious orders, and especially the Franciscans, which had -been founded to support it, were now shaking its foundations. -Notorious abuses and scandalous disorders were -making the protest against monkery and popery more necessary -every day. At the very moment when the trial -was beginning at Lyons (<abbr title='third'>3d</abbr> of May), an honorable lady -of Geneva, Madam Jaquemette Matonnier, passing near the -Franciscan convent, observed a woman noted for her disorderly -life stealthily entering the building. ‘It would be -better for you,’ she said, ‘to stay with your husband.’ At -these words, two monks who were standing at the door -rushed violently upon Madame Matonnier and beat her until -the blood came. This incident, which soon became -known, aroused the whole city. The syndics went to the -convent, shut up the two monks in the prison, and took away -the key. ‘Men who live in convents,’ said the people, -‘ought not to be stained with such depravity; and yet it is -hard to find one monastery out of ten that is not a den of -wantonness rather than the home of chastity.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Sin begat death. The Romish clergy destroyed themselves -by the abominable manners of a great number of -their members. But better times were beginning; morality -<span class='pageno' id='Page_278'>278</span>was springing, in company with faith, from the tomb in -which they had been buried so long, and were spreading -through Christendom the potent germs of a new life. A -sad spectacle was that presented by the Church at the beginning -of the sixteenth century! There were magnificent -cathedrals, wealthy pontiffs, sumptuous rites, admirable -paintings, and harmonious chants; but in the midst of all -these pomps yawned an immense void: faith and life were -wanting. Religion was at that time like those winter trees -whose frost-covered branches glitter with a certain brightness -under the rays of the sun, but are all frozen. A new -season was beginning, which, by bringing back the sap into -their sterile branches, would cover them with rich foliage -and make them produce savory fruit. We do not say, as -an eminent Christian has said, that the reaction of morality -against formalism is the great fact of the Reformation, its -glory and its appropriate title. Such an assertion omits one -essential element. The grand title of the Reformation is to -have restored to Christendom religion in its entirety, the -truth with the life, doctrine with morality. If one had -been wanting, the other would not have sufficed, and the -Reformation would hot have existed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>While Roman-catholicism was falling lower through the -disorders of the monks, evangelical Christianity was rising -through the zeal of the reformers. Farel, Viret, and Froment -preached every day, either publicly or in private -houses, ‘to the great advancement of the Word of God, -which increased much.’ The Reformation was no longer a -mere teaching; it entered into the manners and worship, -and produced life. On the Sunday after Easter, Farel -gave his blessing to the first evangelical marriage.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Savoyard Procession.</div> -<p class='c008'>When sincere catholics, and even those who were not so, -saw these strange contrasts, they imagined that the last -hour of the papacy in Geneva had arrived. A final effort -must be made, but unfortunately the remedies employed -were not much better than the disease. One day a report -spread instantaneously through the whole city that the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_279'>279</span>Blessed Virgin, arrayed in white robes, had appeared to -the curate in the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Leger, and ordered a grand -procession of all the surrounding districts. She added that -if this were done, ‘the Lutherans would all burst in the -middle: but if the order was not obeyed, the city would be -swallowed up.’<a id='r542' /><a href='#f542' class='c009'><sup>[542]</sup></a> The huguenots smiled, inquired into the -matter, and at the end of authentic investigations, discovered -that the fine lady was the curate’s housemaid. But many -catholics in Geneva, and almost all in Savoy, were convinced -of the reality of the apparition. The clergy mustered -their forces. ‘It depends upon you,’ they said in -many places, ‘to put all the heretics in Geneva to death.’ -The devotees of the neighboring parishes began to stir in -this pious work, and on the 15th of May a long procession -of men, women, and children arrived before the city. They -were heard singing lustily in the Savoyard tongue—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>Mare de Dy, pryy pou nous!</i></div> - <div class='line'>(Mother of God, pray for us!)</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The Council, fearing a disturbance, would not let them -enter, and they had to be content with going to Our Lady -of Grace, near the Arve bridge. As the poor people had -eaten nothing on the road, and were exhausted, the syndics -sent them bread; and after taking some refreshments, the -assemblage turned homewards. Many Genevese, anxious -to see them close, went out of the city, and collected on -their road, and as the Savoyards passed before them singing -<i>Mare de Dy, pryy pou nous!</i> the bantering huguenots answered -to the same tune: <i>Frare Farel, pregy toujours!</i> -Brother Farel, preach forever!<a id='r543' /><a href='#f543' class='c009'><sup>[543]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>All was not over: the story of the apparition of the -Virgin and of her commandment having reached as far as -the capital of the Chablais, the heights of Cologny were -soon crowned by a numerous and compact procession, in appearance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_280'>280</span>more formidable than the first: it was the men of -Thonon and the adjoining places, who, carrying banners, -crosses, and relics, were descending the hill with a firm step. -The stalwart pilgrims boldly passed the gates of the city, -the huguenots, who were listening to Farel, not being there -to prevent them; and on reaching the Bourg de Four, -halted before the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Claire. The alarm spread -immediately: some citizens entering the auditory where -Farel was preaching, announced this Romish invasion. The -reformer did not disturb himself; but some of his hearers, -the fiery Perrin, the energetic Goulaz, and others, went out, -and, charging the head of the procession, drove back at the -point of the sword the Savoyards who had entered Geneva -as if it were a village of the Chablais. The startled pilgrims -threw away their banners with affright, and fled from -the city. Froment supposes that as the enemy from within -had not had time to join with those from without, the plot -had failed; but we rather believe that these devout pilgrims -calculated only on their litanies in their war against the Lutherans. -Those processions, those banners of the Virgin, -those paltry relics, inspired the reformed with a still deeper -disgust for Roman-catholicism: even the pomps of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Pierre’s touched them little more than the fetichism of the -Savoyards. They were beginning to understand that public -worship ought not to be a spectacle, and that to burden the -Church with a multitude of rites is to rob her of the -presence of Christ.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Images Destroyed.</div> -<p class='c008'>The audacity displayed by these catholic bands emboldened -some of the huguenots. If Savoyards came to -strengthen their faith in Geneva, ought they to hesitate -to show theirs? Some hot-headed members of the Reform -permitted themselves to be carried away to the committal -of reprehensible acts. Whenever they went to the Franciscan -cloister, the first object that struck their eyes was the -image of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Anthony of Padua, a miracle-monger of the -thirteenth century, having eight other saints on each side of -it. These pious figures, ranged over the convent gate, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_281'>281</span>irritated the huguenots. It was vain to tell them that -pictures are <i>the books of the ignorant</i>: the reformers answered -that if the catholic prelates left the duty of teaching -the people to <i>idols</i>, they would prefer remaining at home in -their chairs. ‘If you had not taken the Bible from the -Church,’ said the huguenots, ‘you would have had no -necessity to hang up your paintings.’ Accordingly, between -eleven and twelve o’clock one Saturday night, nine -men carrying a ladder approached the convent, raised it -silently against the porch, and then, with hammers and -chisels, began to destroy the images. They cut off the -head and limbs of the saint, leaving only his trunk; they -did the same to the others, and threw the fragments into the -well of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Clair. The night passed without any disturbance, -but in the morning there was a great uproar in the -city. ‘What a piteous sight!’ said the devout assembled -before the porch of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Francis. The iconoclasts, who -were discovered after a little time, were punished, but the -images were not restored.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Alas!’ said the Friburgers, ‘Geneva is about to pull -down the altars of the Romish faith!’—‘It is,’ answered -the Bernese, ‘because upon these very altars the bishop -desired to burn the venerable charters of her people, and -has sprinkled them with the blood of her most illustrious -citizens.’<a id='r544' /><a href='#f544' class='c009'><sup>[544]</sup></a>... Sensuous worship no longer pleased -the Genevans. Those labored pictures, those sculptured -angels, those dazzling decorations, that charm of ceremonies -and edifices, those shafts and pediments, those unintelligible -chants, those intoxicating perfumes, those mechanical -performances of the priests, with their gold and lace—all -these things disgusted them exceedingly. Since God -is a spirit, they said, those who worship him must worship -him in spirit, by the inward faith of the heart, by -purity of conscience, and by offering themselves to God -to do his will.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_282'>282</span>The hour had come when this spiritual worship was to be -really celebrated in Geneva: the Feast of Pentecost had -arrived. On that day a large crowd had assembled in the -Great Auditory. It was not only such as Vandel, Chautemps, -Roset, Levet, with their wives and friends, who resorted -thither, but new hearers were added to the old ones. -Farel preached with fervor. He was accustomed to say -that ‘God sends rain upon one city when he pleases, while -another city has not a single drop;’ and therefore he conjured -‘all hearts thirsting with desire for the preaching of -the Gospel’<a id='r545' /><a href='#f545' class='c009'><sup>[545]</sup></a> to pray that the Spirit might be given them. -We have not his Whitsunday sermon, he preached extempore; -but we know that he ended it by giving glory <i>to the -Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, the only true God</i>, and that his -discourse bore good fruit. Several circumstances had prepared -his audience. The plot of the bishop and the duke -which God had frustrated, the nomination of the huguenot -syndics, the rupture with Friburg, Maisonneuve’s imprisonment—all -these events had stirred their hearts, had cleft -them as the ploughshare cleaves the earth, and opened them -to the seed from heaven. What now shone before the eyes -of those who filled the Grand Auditory ‘were not the petty -flames of human candles, but Christ, the great sun of righteousness, -as if at noonday.’<a id='r546' /><a href='#f546' class='c009'><sup>[546]</sup></a> While the priests were chanting -words that sounded only in the air, the voice of the reformer -had penetrated to the very bottom of men’s hearts. -The proof was soon visible.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Bernard’s CONVERSION.</div> -<p class='c008'>When the sermon was over, Farel prepared to celebrate -the Lord’s Supper publicly, according to the Gospel form, -and, standing with his brethren Viret and Froment before -a table, he gave thanks, took the bread, broke it, -and said: ‘<i>Take, eat</i>;’ and then, lifting up the cup, he -added: ‘<i>This is the blood of the New Testament, which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_283'>283</span>is shed for the remission of sins</i>.’ The believers were -beginning to draw near to receive the communion of -the Lord,<a id='r547' /><a href='#f547' class='c009'><sup>[547]</sup></a> when an unexpected circumstance fixed their -attention. A priest of noble stature, wearing his sacerdotal -robes, left the place where he had been sitting among the -congregation, and approached the table. It was Louis -Bernard, one of the twelve <i>habilités</i> of the cathedral, possessor -of a wealthy benefice, and brother of him who had -been touched at the time of Farel’s first preaching. Was -he going to say mass? did he want to dispute with Farel? -or had he been converted? All were anxious to see what -would happen. The priest went up to the table, and then, -to the general surprise, he took off his sacerdotal vestments, -flung away cope, alb, and stole, and said aloud: ‘I throw -off the old man, and declare myself a prisoner to the Gospel -of the Lord.’<a id='r548' /><a href='#f548' class='c009'><sup>[548]</sup></a> Then, turning to the reformers and their -friends, he said: ‘Brethren, I will live and die with you -for Jesus Christ’s sake.’ All imagined they saw a miracle;<a id='r549' /><a href='#f549' class='c009'><sup>[549]</sup></a> -their hearts were touched. Farel received Bernard like a -brother; he broke bread with him, gave him the cup, and, -eating of the same morsel, the two adversaries thus signified -that they would in future love one another ‘with a sincere -and pure affection.’ The priest was not the only person -who threw off the foul robes of his ancient life, and put on -the white robe of the Lord. Many Genevans from that -day began to think and live differently from their fathers; -but Louis Bernard was a striking type of that transformation, -and the crowd, as they quitted the church, could not -keep their eyes off him. They saw him returning full of -peace and joy to his father’s house, wearing a Spanish cape -instead of the usual priest’s hood. All the evangelicals,—‘men, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_284'>284</span>women, and children,—went with great joy to greet -him and make their reverence.’<a id='r550' /><a href='#f550' class='c009'><sup>[550]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Another circumstance, quite as extraordinary, still further -increased the beauty of this festival. During the rejoicings -of that first evangelical Pentecost, a knight of Rhodes came -to Geneva in search of liberty of faith. A knight of Rhodes -was a strange visitor in that city. It was known confusedly -that those warlike monks, instituted to defend the pilgrims -in the Holy Land, had been expelled from Jerusalem by -Soliman, and had finally settled in Malta. But why should -this one come to Geneva? The ex-knight, whose name -was Pierre Gaudet, related how, being born at <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Cloud, -near Paris, he had heard the Gospel, and that, having -chosen for his glory the cross of the Son of God, he held -the world in contempt. The scandal he had thus occasioned -had forced him to flee. Having an uncle living about a -league from Geneva—the commander of Compesières—he -had taken refuge with him; but feeling the need of -Christian communion, he had come to his brethren that he -might enjoy it. The huguenots received him like a friend. -That city which had seen in Berthelier and Lévrier the -martyrs of liberty, was to have in Gaudet the first martyr -of the Gospel.<a id='r551' /><a href='#f551' class='c009'><sup>[551]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Old And New Manners.</div> -<p class='c008'>While the Word of God was forming new manners, the -contrast of the old manners asserted itself more boldly. -The people of the lower classes—men and women, youths -and maidens—danced, according to custom, in the public -square on the evening of Whitsunday. The <i>tabarins</i> played -their music in the streets, and merry-andrews made the -people laugh. The women of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Gervais, disguised and -carrying bunches of box, set the example to those of the -other quarters. The young men united with them, and the -joyous troops paraded the streets in long files, singing, capering, -and sometimes attacking the passers-by. George Marchand, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_285'>285</span>a huguenot no doubt, who was very ready with his -hands, being caught hold of by a woman who wanted to -make him dance with her, gave her a slap on the face. -There was a fierce disturbance; and the Council consequently -forbade these dancing promenades, and ordered that -every one should be content ‘to dance before his own house:’ -and this was surely enough. From that time such idle processions -were not repeated. While the catholic common -people were indulging in wanton sports, not perceiving that -they were dancing round the open grave of Roman-catholicism, -the evangelicals increased in zeal and faith to extend -the teaching of the Word of God; and a gentler and -more Christian life was about to be naturalized in that small -but important city. The Whitsuntide procession of 1534, -with its coarse jests, was, in Geneva, the funeral procession -of popery.<a id='r552' /><a href='#f552' class='c009'><sup>[552]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Indeed, the laity were then learning better things than -those which the monks had taught them. It was not the -ministers alone who labored; simple believers practiced the -ministry of charity. If there chanced to be in any house a -man ‘very rebellious,’ opposing the doctrine of Scripture, -his friends, neighbors, and relations, who had tasted of its excellence, -would go to him, and without offending him, without -returning him evil for evil, ‘admonish him with great -mildness.’ The evangelicals invited certain of their friends, -even strangers and enemies, to their houses to eat and drink, -in order that they might speak more familiarly with them. -All their study was ‘to gain some one to the Word.’<a id='r553' /><a href='#f553' class='c009'><sup>[553]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In the neighboring countries, in Savoy, Gex, Vaud, and -the Chablais, not only did the enemies of Geneva use threats, -but made preparations to attack it. There was much talk -in the city of the assaults that were to be made by the -<i>forains</i>, the aliens; and accordingly there was always a -number of citizens kept under arms. Farel, Viret, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_286'>286</span>Froment often joined these soldiers of the republic during -their night-watches, and, sitting near the gates of the city or -on the ramparts, by the glare of the bivouac fires or the -torches, they would converse together about the truth, questioning -and answering one another. ‘Each man familiarly -and freely objected and replied to what the preacher said;’ -and sometimes before they left their posts, the citizens were -resolved in heart upon religious points about which they had -hitherto been in doubt. Not without reason are these ‘conversations -of the bivouac’ recorded here. In later times, -one of the evangelists of Geneva, calling to mind the nocturnal -meetings he had held at the military posts, exclaimed: -‘At these assemblies and watches more people have been -won to the Gospel than by public preaching.’<a id='r554' /><a href='#f554' class='c009'><sup>[554]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-11' class='c004'>CHAPTER XI. <br /> BOLDNESS OF TWO HUGUENOTS IN PRISON AND BEFORE THE COURT OF LYONS. <br /> (<span class='sc'>May to June 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Discussion In The Garden.</div> -<p class='c008'>In the midst of these dangers and struggles the Huguenots -were not to be consoled for the imprisonment of Maisonneuve. -So long as the intrepid captain of the Lutherans -was threatened with extreme punishment, the triumph of -the evangelicals could not be complete. They feared generally -a fatal termination, for Baudichon and Janin, far from -yielding anything to their adversaries, were boldly spreading -the knowledge of the Gospel in their prison. Janin -was as much at his ease as if he had been in the streets -of Geneva: at the jailer’s table, in the halls and galleries -<span class='pageno' id='Page_287'>287</span>and elsewhere, the armorer argued about the faith. -One day, meeting Jacques Desvaux, a priest of the diocese -of Le Mans, Janin took him to task and tried to convert -him to the Gospel. He spoke to him of the apostles and -the saints, and showed him how they had always taught -doctrines opposed to those of Rome. He did more. A -garden was attached to the prison, and the prisoners were -allowed to walk in it at certain hours. One day, shortly -before the festival of the Rogations, Janin went into it, taking -a French Testament with him, and began to read it. -When he had done he left the book, not unintentionally, on a -low wall, and went away. A priest named Delay (there -was no lack of ecclesiastics in the archiepiscopal prison) -passing near, observed the book, took it up, and, opening it, -read: <i>The New Testament</i>. A Testament in French! -Delay began to examine it: a number of prisoners, priests -and others, gathered round him; he turned over the pages -in search of the First Epistle of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John, ‘because on that -day the Church mentioned it,’ but could not find it.<a id='r555' /><a href='#f555' class='c009'><sup>[555]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>From the place in the garden to which he had retired, -Janin saw Delay looking for something. Going up to him, -the Genevese asked what he wanted. On being told, he -took the book, immediately found the epistle (those laymen -of Geneva knew their Bible better than the priests), and -began to read the first chapter aloud, dwelling upon the -words: <i>The blood of Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from -all sin</i>. He stopped, and addressing the prisoners, explained -the words, and drew their attention to two doctrines which, -he said, can never be made to harmonize: that of the Bible, -according to which we are cleansed <i>by the blood of Christ</i>; -and that of Rome, according to which we are cleansed by -meritorious works. ‘You explain the passage wrongly,’ exclaimed -some of his hearers: ‘we must not follow the letter, -but the moral meaning.’ It is an argument we have seen -revived in more recent times. ‘You cannot understand -<span class='pageno' id='Page_288'>288</span>that epistle,’ said a priest, ‘since you are obliged to read -it in French.’—‘Surely I must read it in my own language,’ -answered Janin, ‘for I do not understand Latin. God commanded -his apostles to preach the Gospel to all creatures, -and therefore in all languages.’—‘That is true,’ answered -the priests: ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>prædicate Evangelium omni creaturæ</i></span>; but -it is also true that all good Christians draw near our mother, -the Holy Church, to hear Scripture explained by the mouths -of priests and doctors who, in this world, hold the place of -the apostles.’ Janin, who, though honoring the special -ministry of the Word, firmly believed in the universal -priesthood taught by <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter,<a id='r556' /><a href='#f556' class='c009'><sup>[556]</sup></a> exclaimed boldly: ‘I am -just as much a priest as any man, and can give absolution. -God has made us all priests. I can pronounce the sacramental -words, like the other priests.’ And, if we are to believe -his accusers, he added: ‘You may even utter them in -the house, in the kitchen.’ He then began to repeat aloud: -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Hoc est corpus meum</i></span>.<a id='r557' /><a href='#f557' class='c009'><sup>[557]</sup></a> Janin was one of those daring -spirits who imagine that the more they startle their hearers, -the more good they do. Still, the ministers, Farel and -Viret, had no warmer friend.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The prisoners who listened to him, wishing, perhaps, to -prolong a discussion that amused them, started the huguenot -again. ‘The Virgin Mary,’ began one. Janin, interrupting -him, said: ‘The Virgin Mary was the noblest woman -that ever existed in the world, inasmuch as she bore in her -bosom Him who has washed us from our sins. But we -must not pray to her or to the saints in paradise.’—‘And -prayers for the dead,’ suggested another.—‘There is no -need of them,’ said the armorer, ‘for as soon as we are -dead, we are saved or condemned for everlasting, and there -is no purgatory.’<a id='r558' /><a href='#f558' class='c009'><sup>[558]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Rogation Festival.</div> -<p class='c008'>On Monday, the <abbr title='eleventh'>11th</abbr> of May, the festival of the Rogations -<span class='pageno' id='Page_289'>289</span>afforded the prisoners a spectacle calculated to break -the uniformity of their lives. They proceeded to the -garden, and presently a noisy crowd gave indications of the -grand procession, which was now returning to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John’s -church, adjoining the archiepiscopal prison, whence it had -started. The priests went first, with crosses and banners, -reciting prayers or singing hymns; after them came the -people. De la Maisonneuve and Janin said that such a -ceremony was an abuse, and that it would have been far -better to have given to the poor the money which those fine -banners had cost. The procession having at last reëntered -the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John, the singing, shouting, and noise became -insupportable, even in the garden. Baudichon, according -to the evidence of one of his accusers, withdrew, -saying: ‘Those people must be fools and madmen, or do -they imagine that God is deaf?’<a id='r559' /><a href='#f559' class='c009'><sup>[559]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day the festival continued, and just as the prisoners -were going to dinner, the noise of singing was heard. -It was a new procession. ‘Where do they come from?’ -asked Maisonneuve. The jailer’s wife answered: ‘From -the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Cler.’ ‘And what have they been doing -there?’ said Baudichon; ‘have they been looking for <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Cler? They will not find him or God either, for they are -in Paradise; and it is great nonsense to look for them elsewhere.’<a id='r560' /><a href='#f560' class='c009'><sup>[560]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr> of May, the depositions made by the prisoners -with reference to the language used on the Rogation -days were read. ‘I would sooner be torn in pieces,’ said -De la Maisonneuve, ‘than have uttered the words contained -in that deposition.’<a id='r561' /><a href='#f561' class='c009'><sup>[561]</sup></a> The Court having summoned the -priest Delay before them, the latter declared that he adhered -to the main points, <i>with the exception</i> of the words -<span class='pageno' id='Page_290'>290</span>ascribed to Baudichon. ‘He only said,’ continued Delay, -‘that it would have been better to give the poor the money -paid for the banners. I did not hear him use the other -words.’<a id='r562' /><a href='#f562' class='c009'><sup>[562]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Janin, who had hitherto been the most ardent of the -two prisoners, now began to grow dispirited, as is usual with -such temperaments. He looked upon his condemnation to -death as certain; and was quite unmanned by the thought -that he would never see Geneva again. On Whitsunday, a -turnkey having gone to fetch him from his dungeon to hear -a mass which the other prisoners had asked for, Janin, far -from refusing, did not betray the least sign of opposition -during the service, but behaved himself decently, ‘which he -had not been accustomed to do before,’ said one who was -present. He quitted the chapel, dejected and silent. Just -as he was about to re-enter his narrow cell, De la Maisonneuve -came up: he knew the state of his friend’s soul -and desired to cheer him. Leaning against the door, he said -to Janin, who was already inside: ‘Do not fret yourself; -be firm, and make no answer. I would sooner it cost me five -hundred crowns, than that any harm should come to you or -me. My lords of Berne will not suffer them to do us any -mischief.’<a id='r563' /><a href='#f563' class='c009'><sup>[563]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Opinion Of Baudichon.</div> -<p class='c008'>Janin’s alarm was not, however, without foundation: false -evidence multiplied. Louis Joffrillet accused De la Maisonneuve -of having said to him at the door of his master’s -shop: ‘Pshaw! if you were at Geneva I would give you a -horse-load of relics for a dozen <i>aiguilettes</i>.... They -sell relics there at the butchers’ stalls.’<a id='r564' /><a href='#f564' class='c009'><sup>[564]</sup></a> On hearing the -unbecoming words ascribed to him, Baudichon exclaimed: -‘That witness is a little brigand, a young thief; he has told -a lie. I demand that he be detained, and (he added in -great anger) I will have him hanged!’ Manicier, Joffrillet’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_291'>291</span>deposed that he had no recollection of such -words being used by De la Maisonneuve.<a id='r565' /><a href='#f565' class='c009'><sup>[565]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>All these depositions, De la Maisonneuve’s courage, and -the interest felt for him in high places, created a greater excitement -every day in the second city of France. ‘There -was much noise in Lyons about those two Lutherans of Geneva.’<a id='r566' /><a href='#f566' class='c009'><sup>[566]</sup></a> -Some eagerly took their part; others, who detested -them, hoped to see them burnt. But as the two -protestants had powerful protectors, the clergy dared not -proceed to extremities without sufficient proof. The canons -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John sent <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Simieux, a gentleman of Dauphiny, -who was related to one of them, to Geneva to try and hunt -up some capital charge against Baudichon. De Simieux -alighted at the Hôtel de la Grue, in the Corraterie, and -immediately entered into conversation with the landlord, -who promised to introduce him to some worthy people, from -whom he would receive accurate information about that -wretched Baudichon.<a id='r567' /><a href='#f567' class='c009'><sup>[567]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile, the gentleman amused himself by walking up -and down in front of his lodging. Presently he saw fifteen -persons, ‘of the most respectable of the city,’ approaching, -who saluted him and said: ‘We have heard that you are -come from Lyons; is it true that Baudichon is about to be -released?’ De Simieux asked the gentlemen what they -thought of the prisoner. ‘If he is discharged,’ said one of -them, ‘we and all the Catholics in Geneva will be totally -ruined and lost. His accomplices, the Lutherans of the -city, have prepared their plan, and the only thing they are -waiting for, before putting it into execution, is Baudichon’s -release.’ ‘Yes, yes,’ said all the fifteen, ‘we are sure of -it.’<a id='r568' /><a href='#f568' class='c009'><sup>[568]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_292'>292</span>De Simieux asked them to specify some overt act. ‘On -Corpus Christi day,’ said one, ‘as the procession was passing -Baudichon’s house, his wife was at the window with her -maid, and both were spinning with their distaffs. When -Madame de la Maisonneuve saw the priests marching before -her <i>all in white</i>, she exclaimed: “Look what fine -<i>goats</i>!” ... as if a flock of those animals had been -passing by twos before her.’<a id='r569' /><a href='#f569' class='c009'><sup>[569]</sup></a> As this remark of the wife -was not sufficient to burn the husband, De Simieux asked -for something more. ‘It is notorious,’ they told him, ‘that -Baudichon is the person most employed in seducing the city -of Geneva to the Lutheran heresies; that it was he who -caused the preachers to come; and that, if he is liberated, -everybody will go over to his faith.’<a id='r570' /><a href='#f570' class='c009'><sup>[570]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>While this conversation was going on in a narrow street, -an official interview of far greater importance was taking -place not far off. Two ambassadors from the King of -France had just arrived at Geneva, and the syndics who -waited upon them declared they thought it very strange that -messieurs of Lyons should presume to give them the law. -The ambassadors promised to speak to the king on the -subject.<a id='r571' /><a href='#f571' class='c009'><sup>[571]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Baudichon Locked Up.</div> -<p class='c008'>Meantime, matters were looking worse at Lyons. On -Thursday, the <abbr title='eighteenth'>18th</abbr> of June, Florimond Pécoud, the merchant, -seasoned his deposition with some piquant expressions -which he falsely ascribed to Baudichon. ‘Telling him one -day that I had just come from mass,’ said Pécoud, ‘Baudichon -made the remark: “And what did you see there? ... -a slice of turnip, ... nothing more.”’<a id='r572' /><a href='#f572' class='c009'><sup>[572]</sup></a> At -these words the prisoner rose indignantly, and said to the -judges: ‘I will not make any reply, I have made too many -already,’ and proceeded to leave the hall. ‘We order you -to stay,’ said the judges; but De la Maisonneuve would not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_293'>293</span>stop. ‘Positively,’ said the judges, looking at each other, -‘he flees our presence.’ To the jailer who was sent after -him to bid him return, he answered haughtily: ‘I am not -disposed at present; let them wait until after dinner.’ -Baudichon reappeared in the afternoon, but his anger had -not cooled down. ‘I know that Pécoud,’ he said; ‘he has -cheated the merchants, he has been a bankrupt, and his wife -and he live by the debauchery of others. I guarantee to -prove what I say.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The next day there was a scene quite as lively. Maisonneuve -having contradicted a witness: ‘I command you to -sit in the dock,’ said the president. ‘I will not sit in the -dock,’ answered the citizen of Geneva; ‘I have sat there too -long.’ This was too much for the judges. The procurator-fiscal -ordered Baudichon to be taken away and put in solitary -confinement: no one was to speak to him. The prisoner -was accordingly removed and locked up.<a id='r573' /><a href='#f573' class='c009'><sup>[573]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The Court immediately increased the number of witnesses -for the prosecution: it is useless to name them. De la -Maisonneuve, more indignant than ever, thought it enough -to say: ‘They are false witnesses, tutored to procure my -death.’<a id='r574' /><a href='#f574' class='c009'><sup>[574]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Such was indeed the intention of the Court, and, considering -the power of the ecclesiastical tribunals, it seemed impossible -they should fail to attain their end. De la Maisonneuve -was not prepared to die. His knowledge of the -Gospel had stripped death of its terrors in his eyes, but the -work of his life was not terminated: the reformation of Geneva -was not accomplished, there was still many a tough -contest to be fought for liberty. A man of resolution was -wanted at Geneva—a man to launch the bark with energy -towards the happy shores it was to reach. That man was -De la Maisonneuve.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of July, seeing the eagerness of his adversaries, -he petitioned the court to grant him an advocate. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_294'>294</span>The judges would not consent: the prosecution was difficult -enough already. ‘The case does not require it,’ said the -procurator-fiscal, ‘the accused must answer by his own -mouth. The said Baudichon is not an ignorant man; he is -prudent and <i>astute</i> enough in his business.’<a id='r575' /><a href='#f575' class='c009'><sup>[575]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve could indeed speak freely in the uprightness -of his heart; but a formal defence alarmed him. -Anticipating, however, the unjust refusal of his judges, he -had resolved to protest against it. Producing certain papers, -he said, as he pointed to them: ‘This document was -written by my own hand; I desire that it be inserted among -the minutes of the trial, and propose to read it word for -word.’ He was permitted to do so; upon which Baudichon, -standing before his judges with the paper in his hand, reminded -them of the fact of his unjust imprisonment, which -had already lasted three months; contended that his judges -had no authority to take cognizance of anything he had done -out of the kingdom, and added: ‘I call upon you to do me -speedy justice; if you refuse, I will prosecute each one of -you, and force you to make compensation and reparation for -the injuries I have suffered.... I appeal to his -Majesty.’<a id='r576' /><a href='#f576' class='c009'><sup>[576]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Treatment Of Baudichon.</div> -<p class='c008'>The vicars-general could not believe their ears. What -impudence! The accused presumes to attack the members -of the Court, and his judges are to be put on their defence. -Are they not the representatives of the Church? ‘You -have no cause to complain of your long detention,’ they said. -‘It proceeds solely from your having refused to answer us. -We cannot send you before the syndics of Geneva, because, -as laymen, they have no cognizance of such matters. Besides, -the king understands that you demur concerning the -offences committed by you in the kingdom of France.’ -Then pressing him with questions, they said: ‘Are you a -Christian? What is your faith? Do you believe in the -holy catholic Church? Do you obey our holy father the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_295'>295</span>pope? We are judges of your faith, and we require you to -answer, under pain of excommunication and other lawful -penalties.’ ‘I will not answer,’ returned Maisonneuve, quite -as determined as they, ‘and I appeal from your order to -every court in the kingdom.’ After this answer, Baudichon, -in the eyes of the Court, was nothing but an obstinate -heretic. The inquisitor, Morini, conjured him to return to -the catholic faith. It was useless.<a id='r577' /><a href='#f577' class='c009'><sup>[577]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>A man who struggled with so much courage against unreasonable -judges, who, in their despotism, claimed the right -to forbid him to display before God the faith, homage, and -obedience which his conscience imposed upon him,—a man -who, in the first half of the sixteenth century, bearded the -inquisitors even in sight of the stake, as if his forehead had -been made <i>of adamant, harder than flint</i>, deserves some respect -from an easier age, which is no longer called to such -combats, and which perhaps would be unable to sustain -them.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-12' class='c004'>CHAPTER XII. <br /> SENTENCE OF DEATH. <br /> (<span class='sc'>July 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The judges and priests, though determined to free the -Church from such a dangerous enemy by pronouncing the -capital sentence upon him, resolved to make a last effort to -obtain a condemnatory confession from him. The procurator-fiscal, -looking at Baudichon, said: ‘Considering the -arrogance and temerity of the accused, considering that he -is not sufficiently attainted by the witnesses, we order that -he be <i>constrained</i> to answer <i>concerning his faith</i>, and to that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_296'>296</span>end be put to the torture.’ The noble-minded citizen was -to be exposed to the horrible torments practiced by the inquisitors, -but there were no instructions as to the kind of -torture to be employed.<a id='r578' /><a href='#f578' class='c009'><sup>[578]</sup></a> De la Maisonneuve was imprisoned -under the roof. Was the order of the Court carried -out? That is more than we can tell; we have discovered -nothing relative to his punishment; we can only find that he -was treated in a harsh and cruel manner. Appearing before -the Court on the <abbr title='thirteenth'>13th</abbr> of July, he complained strongly -of the indignities to which he had been exposed. ‘They -have behaved tyrannously to me,’ he said, ‘and shown me -much rudeness and cruelty.’ The judges answered that he -had no grounds of complaint, and that if he wished any -favor he had only to answer concerning his faith. ‘If I -were to remain here a prisoner all my life,’ said Baudichon, -‘I would never answer you, for you are not my -judges.’<a id='r579' /><a href='#f579' class='c009'><sup>[579]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The Court then resolved to try if they could not obtain -from him some semi-catholic formula which would authorize -them to publish his recantation, or, in default of that, -some very heretical declaration which would justify their -burning him. A few words uttered with the lips were -enough for certain judges to give life or death. Evangelical -Christianity prescribes an opposite way; words will not satisfy -it: truth must penetrate into the depths of the heart and -abide there by means of a thorough assimilation which transforms -man to the image of God. But, above all, it protests -against constraint; and to those officials, those inquisitors -who imagine they are helping the cause of truth, it exclaims: -‘Leave to God what belongs to God!’ This was -Maisonneuve’s opinion.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Charges Against Baudichon.</div> -<p class='c008'>The Court and the canons of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John, having failed to -obtain any confession from Baudichon, resolved to call a witness -before them who, they thought, must crush him. At -their request, the Bishop of Geneva, who was then at Chambéry, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_297'>297</span>desired father Cautelier, superior of the Franciscan -convent, to proceed to Lyons and give evidence against the -prisoner. On the <abbr title='eighteenth'>18th</abbr> of July the monk appeared before -the Court, and declared that ‘he had preached daily at -Geneva all through Lent, doing the best he could; that he -had known Baudichon, notoriously reputed as a favorer of -the Lutheran sect, and one Farellus, a very bad man, who -preached that heresy, and others more execrable still, of -which he was the inventor; that one day, being unable to obtain -a license for Farellus to preach, Baudichon came up -with his accomplices; that, in the presence of a very great -multitude of people, he declared he would have Farellus -preach; that thereupon some of his party went and rang the -bell three different times, and that in the same monastery -where he, Cautelier, had preached in the morning, the said -Farellus preached publicly, according to his accursed doctrine, -which he continued to do all through Lent, wearing a -secular dress.’ Then, speaking of the visit made him by -Maisonneuve and Farel, the father superior continued: -‘They asserted that the pope is the beast of the apocalypse, -and that the holy see is not apostolical but diabolical; ... -and Baudichon was so transported with rage and anger, that -he would have set the monastery on fire.’<a id='r580' /><a href='#f580' class='c009'><sup>[580]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Maisonneuve was then brought in. The two great -adversaries met face to face and kept their eyes fixed on -each other. The energetic huguenot, speaking with calmness, -almost with disdain, said: ‘I know that witness; he is -a bad man.... He preached several heresies at Geneva, -and excited much disturbance among the people.’—‘Heresies!’ -exclaimed the astonished judges. ‘What heresies?’ -An heretical father superior! that was strange indeed!—‘If -I was at Geneva,’ answered the accused, ‘I -would tell you, but here I shall say no more.’<a id='r581' /><a href='#f581' class='c009'><sup>[581]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>At the same time the crafty monk had with him a weapon -which, he thought, must infallibly procure Baudichon’s -<span class='pageno' id='Page_298'>298</span>death. Pierre de la Baume, in his quality of bishop and -prince, had given him a sealed letter addressed to the judges, -praying them to send the culprit to him, or at least, to treat -him with all the rigor of justice. Coutelier handed it to -the Court. The bishop informed his ‘good brothers and -friends’ that Maisonneuve had already been convicted of -Lutheran heresy (this was five or six years back), that he -had done penance, and promised him, his bishop, that he -would not go astray again. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum nemini gremium ecclesia -claudat,’</span> continued La Baume, ‘as the Church shuts her -bosom against no one, I was content to pardon him, but -threatened him with the stake in case of relapse.’ It is -possible that De la Maisonneuve may formerly have had -some conversation of this sort with the bishop, who took advantage -of it. The law threatened very severe penalties -against such as relapsed; they were not allowed a trial, and -were delivered up immediately to the secular arm to be put -to death. ‘I beg you to transfer him to me’ continued the -bishop, ‘to execute justice upon him to the contentment of -<i>God and the world</i>, and the maintenance of our holy faith.’ -But a rivalry worthy of Rome existed between the Bishop of -Geneva and the primate of France; each wished to have -the honor of burning the Genevan.<a id='r582' /><a href='#f582' class='c009'><sup>[582]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The struggle was natural. The affair had all the more -importance in the eyes of the bishops and priests inasmuch -as Maisonneuve was guilty of a blacker crime in their opinion -than that of Luther and of Farel. He was a <i>layman</i>, -and yet he presumed to reform the Church. The clergy -believed that the intervention of the laity was the most -menacing circumstance possible. A great transformation -was going on: opinion was changing; as the understanding -became enlightened, it condemned abuses and reformed errors. -One of the evils introduced by catholicism, aggravated -still further by the papacy, had been to nullify the -faithful in religious matters. It was endurable that a bishop -should go to war; but for a layman to have anything to say -<span class='pageno' id='Page_299'>299</span>in the Church was inadmissible. This perversion of the -primitive order was pointed out by the reformers: in their -eyes the despotism of priests was still more revolting than -the despotism of kings. A man might, they thought, give -up to another man his house, his fields, his earthly existence; -but to give up to him his soul, his eternal -existence, ... impossible! One of the forces of -protestantism was the influence of the laity; one of the -weaknesses of Roman-catholicism was their exclusion from -the direction of religious interests.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Bishop of Geneva thought that, by putting that powerful -layman, Maisonneuve, to death, he was dealing the -Reformation a heavy blow. The officials of the archbishop-primate -of France thought the same. There was no doubt -what would be the fate of the proud Baudichon: it was -only a question whether the flames of his funeral pile should -be kindled at Lyons or Chambéry. The judges consequently -asked him if he desired to be sent to Chambéry to be -tried by the Bishop of Geneva; and the prisoner declared -that he preferred remaining in the kingdom of France. De -la Baume gave way, but insisted that the Court should -make haste and punish such a turbulent man. ‘Chastise -him,’ said the bishop, ‘according to the good pleasure of -the king, who has shown in his letters that he is quite inclined -that way. Nay, more, you will do a very meritorious -work before God.’ The Court accordingly began their -preparations for offering up the sacrifice.<a id='r583' /><a href='#f583' class='c009'><sup>[583]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Proceedings Of The Magistrates.</div> -<p class='c008'>The magistrates of Geneva had not remained inactive. -On the <abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr> of June the syndics and council of the city -wrote three letters: one to the king’s lieutenant, another to -the burgesses of Lyons, and a third to Diesbach and Schœner, -ambassadors of Berne at the Court of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, declaring -they thought it ‘very strange that Messieurs of -Lyons should wish to give the law to Geneva.’<a id='r584' /><a href='#f584' class='c009'><sup>[584]</sup></a> The vicars-general -were not much alarmed: they hoped that the intervention -<span class='pageno' id='Page_300'>300</span>of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> would be limited to forbidding Baudichon -de la Maisonneuve to be tried for acts committed in -his own country. Still they judged it prudent to make -haste.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Court now resorted to its final, solemn, and triple -summons.<a id='r585' /><a href='#f585' class='c009'><sup>[585]</sup></a> ‘Baudichon de la Maisonneuve,’ said the president, -‘we adjure you to answer concerning your faith under -pain of excommunication.’ The Genevan was silent. -Thrice the same question was put, thrice there was the same -silence. At last, when the president added: ‘Are you a -Christian?’ he replied: ‘You are not my judges, and never -will be. If I were before the syndics of Geneva, I should -answer so that every one would be satisfied.’ He declared, -however, that he was ready to enter into explanations immediately -concerning any offence he was accused of committing -in France; thus showing that he desired merely to maintain -the rights of his people and of their magistrates. The -Court would not consent: they no doubt understood that -mere table-talk was not sufficient to cause a man to be -burnt. Once more they refused him a counsel. ‘If you can -write,’ they told him, ‘we permit you to set down with your -own hand whatever you please, and we will hear you tomorrow.’ -He declared he could not do it without access to -the minutes of the proceedings; to which the Court answered, -that the proceedings must be well known to him.<a id='r586' /><a href='#f586' class='c009'><sup>[586]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Sentence.</div> -<p class='c008'>The inquiry was over; De la Maisonneuve was returned -to the care of the archbishop’s procurator-general, and the -next day, the <abbr title='=eighteenth'>18th</abbr> of July, he was taken before him. That -personage rose and said: ‘Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, -being manifestly convicted of the crimes and offences mentioned -in the indictment, is by us pronounced heretical, a -great abettor, defender, and protector of the heretics and -heresies which at present swarm so greatly, and as such he -is remitted to the secular arm.’<a id='r587' /><a href='#f587' class='c009'><sup>[587]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_301'>301</span>They were in haste to finish. There was a rumor that -the king would deliver the prisoner: they must, therefore, -hurry on the sentence and execution. On the <abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr> of July -the Court held its last sitting. Two inquisitors were on the -bench, and the final sentence was pronounced:</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Baudichon de la Maisonneuve,’ said the Court, ‘you -have been fully convicted of having affirmed at Geneva and -elsewhere many heretical propositions of the Lutheran or -Œcolampadian faction;</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Of having been the chief promoter and defender of -that sect;</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Of having protected the impure Farel and other persons, -propagators of that perverse doctrine;</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Of having refused to answer in our presence concerning -your faith;</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘We therefore declare you to be heretical, and the chief -fautor and defender of heresy and heretics;<a id='r588' /><a href='#f588' class='c009'><sup>[588]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Consequently we deliver you over as such to the secular -arm.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This was the formula employed by the ecclesiastical -tribunals in pronouncing the capital sentence. De la -Maisonneuve appealed to the king, to the legate, to any -proper authority, and was led back to prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Church, having a horror of blood, delivered Baudichon -to the civil magistrates that they might take the life -of that high-minded man: the captain of the Lutherans -was condemned to death.<a id='r589' /><a href='#f589' class='c009'><sup>[589]</sup></a> For a long while people at Geneva, -Lyons, and elsewhere, had been every day expecting -that he would be burnt.<a id='r590' /><a href='#f590' class='c009'><sup>[590]</sup></a> Now there could no longer be -any doubt about his fate: the sentence was lawfully pronounced. -The priests triumphed, and the evangelicals -awaited a great sorrow.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_302'>302</span>Many burning piles had already been erected in France, -Germany, and elsewhere, and Christians more earnest than -Maisonneuve, but not freer or more courageous, had perished -on them for their faith. Were the persecutors always -influenced by cruelty and hatred? Were the vicars-general, -the canons of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John, the archbishop-primate of -France—all of them thirsting for blood? No doubt there -were malignant fanatics among them, but it would be unjust -to form so severe a judgment of all. Some of them were -upright and perhaps benevolent men, to whom the words -uttered upon the cross might be justly applied: <i>Forgive -them, for they know not what they do</i>. Atrocious as are the -deeds of the persecutors in the sixteenth century, they -easily admit of explanation. A religion convinced of the -truth of its dogmas considers it to be its right and duty to -combat the errors which destroy souls (as it believes); and, -if it is allied with the civil power, makes it a virtue and a -law to borrow the secular sword to purify the Church from -contagion. The fault of such judges—and it is a great -fault—is to put themselves in the place of God, to whom -alone belongs the dominion over conscience; to forget that -religion, being in its nature spiritual, has nothing to do with -constraint, and can be propagated and received by moral -convictions only. The sword, when religion determines to -grasp it, easily becomes insensate and ruthless in her -hands. <i>Put up thy sword into the sheath</i>, said Jesus to -Peter; and those who call themselves Peter’s successors -have been always drawing it. The ground is so slippery, -the gulf so near, that, besides the thousands of cases in -which the Church of Rome during the sixteenth century -suffered that great fall, two or three instances may be -quoted in which even protestants have stumbled.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Three centuries have corrected such lamentable aberrations; -we no longer erect scaffolds, but tribunals, dungeons, -and exile still coerce religious convictions. What must we -do to destroy forever such evils in all their ramifications? -The most effectual remedy would seem to be the separation -<span class='pageno' id='Page_303'>303</span>of the spiritual and temporal power, the destruction of the -links which still unite the ecclesiastical with the civil power. -The doctrine which condemns those fanatical murders has -long prevailed all over evangelical Christendom; at Rome -the acts are tempered, but the principles remain. Modern -civilization is waiting for the time when salutary modifications -between the Church and the State will take from the -former, everywhere and forevermore, the possibility of -again grasping the unholy sword which has poured forth -such torrents of the most generous blood.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-13' class='c004'>CHAPTER XIII. <br /> THE NIGHT OF JULY THIRTY-FIRST AT GENEVA. <br /> (<span class='sc'>July 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Effect Of Baudichon’s Imprisonment.</div> -<p class='c008'>By imprisoning Maisonneuve, the priests had desired to -check the progress of the Gospel, but it had the contrary -effect. The courage of the accused and the injustice of -the accusers increased the determination of the Genevans. -The work of the Reformation was not a work without fore-thought; -it had been long preparing, and advanced step -by step towards the goal by paths which the hand of God -had traced for it. The rich harvests which were to cover -the shores of Lake Leman and to feed so many hungry -souls, were not to spring from the earth in a day; the soil -had long been ploughed and dressed, the seed had been sown, -and therefore the crop was so abundant. The Reformation -was the fruit of a long travail: at one time the secret -operations of divine influence, at another, deeds done by -men in the light of day, was transforming by slow degrees -a somewhat restless but still energetic and generous people.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_304'>304</span>The festival of Corpus Christi was approaching, and the -catholics hoped by that imposing ceremony to bring back -some of those who had left them; but their expectations -were disappointed. The most enlightened and honorable -men of Geneva had no longer any taste for these feasts—not -because of their antiquity, but because they were -in their opinion founded on serious errors, and shocked -their enlightened sentiments. The thought that a wafer, -consecrated by a priest, was about to be paraded through -the city to receive divine honors, revolted evangelical Christians. -They determined not to join in the procession, or to -shut up their houses, but to work as on ordinary days. -When the priests and their adherents heard of this, they imagined -that the Lutherans intended attacking them during -their progress; but, on being reassured, they took courage -and the devout began to file off. There was not the least -act of violence, but only a silent protest; many houses before -which the procession passed were without hangings, and -through the open windows ‘the Lutheran dames were seen -in velvet hoods busily spinning with their distaffs or working -with their needles.’ Vainly did the priests sing and the -splendid cortège defile through the streets: the velvet-hooded -ladies remained motionless. Gross insults would not have -enraged the devotees so much. One of them seeing a window -open on the ground-floor and a protestant lady filling -her distaff, reached into the room, snatched away the distaff, -struck her violently on the head with it, threw it into -the mud, trampled on it, and disappeared among the crowd. -The startled lady screamed out, and (says Sister Jeanne) -nearly died of fright. Notwithstanding this act of violence, -the protestants remained quiet. Everything helped the -cause of Reform: neither the grotesque nor unseemly dances -of the populace, nor the sanctimonious processions of the -clergy, were able to paralyze in Geneva the power of the -doctrine from on high.<a id='r591' /><a href='#f591' class='c009'><sup>[591]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_305'>305</span>An act of a new convert still further increased the murmurs. -When Louis Bernard threw off the surplice he returned -to civil life: he soon became a member of the Two -Hundred, and afterwards of the Executive Council. Being -an upright man and desirous of leading a Christian life, he -married a widow of good family, and Viret blessed their -union. The marriage created a great sensation. ‘What!’ -exclaimed the catholics, ‘priests and monks with wives!’ -‘Yes!’ rejoined the reformers, ‘you think it strange they -should have lawful wives, but you were not surprised when -they had unlawful wives, the practice was so general. -What foxy consciences are yours! You confess to brushing -off the dew with your tail as you crossed the meadows, but -not of having stolen the poor man’s poultry!’ Bernard -justified by his conduct the step that he had taken. The -men who had been dissolute priests became good fathers,<a id='r592' /><a href='#f592' class='c009'><sup>[592]</sup></a> -and society was gainer by the exchange.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Discussion Before The Council.</div> -<p class='c008'>But the priests did not think so. Master Jean, the vicar -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Gervais, a zealous man and noisy talker, having -heard of Bernard’s marriage, exclaimed from the pulpit: -‘Where is the discipline prescribed by the church, where -are the commandments of the pope? Oh, horror! priests -marry after they have taken the vow of chastity!’ The -question of marriage and celibacy was discussed before the -Council; the priest and Viret, who had given the nuptial -benediction, were summoned to the Hôtel-de-ville. The -reformer maintained that marriage is honorable to all men. -<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul, when directing that the minister of the Lord -should not have several wives, shows that we must not constrain -him to have none at all, and if the apostle insists -that he must be a good father, it follows evidently that he -should be married. ‘Those who issue from the dens of -the solitary and idle life called monkery or celibacy,’ said -one of the reformers, ‘are like savages; while the government -of a household is an apprenticeship for the government -of the Church of God.’ The vicar supported his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_306'>306</span>opinion by bad arguments,’ says the ‘Register,’ ‘and wandered -far from the truth.’ ‘Do not corrupt the Gospel, or -else we shall take proceedings against you,’ said the premier-syndic. -The poor dumbfoundered vicar stammered -out a few excuses and retired, promising to teach in future -in conformity with their lordships’ instructions.<a id='r593' /><a href='#f593' class='c009'><sup>[593]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>But they had no sooner shut his mouth on the question of -marriage, than he opened it on that of baptism. ‘Do these -heretics imagine,’ he exclaimed, ‘that the Holy Ghost can -descend into the heart by other channels than the priests?... -They baptize in rooms, in gardens, without blowing -upon the child to drive away the wicked one.... They -are <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>ipso facto</i></span> excommunicate.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The independence of Church and State was not understood -in the sixteenth century. Farel complained to the -Council, and the priest was about to yield, when some laymen, -irritated by the defeat of Rome, came to his assistance. -‘Are these heretics already giving us the law in Geneva?’ -they said to the council. ‘Only the other day they were -satisfied to speak, and now they want to hinder us from doing -so. We demand that it be as permissible for Master -Jean to preach as it is for Master Farel.’ The syndic replied -frankly:—‘We have not forbidden the vicar to -preach: on the contrary we order him to preach the Gospel.’<a id='r594' /><a href='#f594' class='c009'><sup>[594]</sup></a> -It was not then understood that to command a man to preach -what he did not believe was more tyrannical than to silence -him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Farel, Viret, and the vicar were in attendance; they -were led into the council chamber, and the discussion began -immediately. ‘The Holy Ghost,’ said Farel, ‘can act without -the aid of priests. It is faith in the power of Christ’s -blood that cleanseth us from our sins, and baptism is the -evidence of that absolution. But where have you read -that it must be celebrated with oil, salt, and other rubbish?<a id='r595' /><a href='#f595' class='c009'><sup>[595]</sup></a> ... -<span class='pageno' id='Page_307'>307</span>I know very well that this strange trumpery is of -ancient origin.... The devil very early began to -indulge in heavy jokes, and all these baubles come from him. -Let us put aside these pomps and shows that dazzle the eyes -of the simple, but brutalize their understanding, and let us -celebrate the rite of baptism simply, according to the Gospel -form, with fair water, in the name of the Father, Son, -and Holy Ghost.’ The embarrassed vicar quoted the authority -of the pope in his defence, and highly extolled the -two swords that are in his hand. ‘That is an idle allegory,’ -said the reformer, ‘and a sorry jest.... There are -two powers indeed: one in the Church, the other in the -State. The only power in the Church is the Word of -Christ, and the only power in the State is the sword.’ That -distinction gave much pleasure, and the secretary entered it -on the minutes. An important transformation was going -on: the civil power was lifting its head and beginning to -brave that spiritual power which had humbled it for so long. -The syndic kindly entreated Farel ‘to take it all in good -part;’ but turning with severity towards the vicar, ordered -him again ‘to preach in accordance with the truth.’ ‘Do -you forbid me to preach any more?’ asked the priest, -abashed. The syndic answered him a little harshly: ‘You -are forbidden nothing, except lying.’ This marks a new -phase of the Reformation in Geneva. The monks who remained -faithful to <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Francis were alarmed in their convent -at Rive, and said: ‘Let us make haste to carry away -our altar-ornaments and jewels.’ ... The Council opposed -this, and ordered those precious objects to be kept in -safe custody.<a id='r596' /><a href='#f596' class='c009'><sup>[596]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Alarming Rumor.</div> -<p class='c008'>While the magistracy of Geneva held back from catholicism, -the partisans of the pope in the surrounding country -were preparing to support it. An alarming rumor had been -circulating in the city for some days; and the vicar and the -reformer had scarcely withdrawn, when several members -of the Council expressed their fears. ‘The bishop, in concert -<span class='pageno' id='Page_308'>308</span>with the duke, has formed the design of invading us,’ -they said. ‘At a banquet, at which two hundred persons were -present, a formidable conspiracy was planned against our -liberties. Wherever you go, you hear nothing but threats -against the city. Many of our fellow-citizens have gone -out to join the enemy, and are preparing to attack us, with -the gentry of the neighborhood.’ Captain-General Philippe -was ordered ‘to be on the look-out,’ and many placed their -hands and their lives at his disposal. It was true that -Pierre de la Baume, having formed a new plot, had come -to an understanding with the Genevese episcopals and the -lords of Friburg; and quitting, not without reluctance, his -delightful residence at Arbois, he had gone to Chambéry to -concert measures with the duke. A Romish camarilla -stimulated the two princes. The most fervid of the mamelukes, -and of the lords of Savoy and of Vaud, had arranged -a meeting for a hunting match at the foot of the -Voirons, and there arrangements had been made for ‘hunting -down’ the heresy of Geneva. ‘Every one there is running -after this new word,’ they told the duke. ‘There is -but one means of safety left, and that is, to destroy the city -and the heretics by making war upon them, and then restoring -the prelate by force.’ Forthwith the plan was arranged -‘of the most dangerous treason that had yet been aimed at -Geneva.’ The duke hoped to become master of the city, -and to re-establish the papal power in it. He had no doubt -that catholicity, far from being jealous of his conquest, would -be eager to applaud it. To insure success, he determined -to ask the help of France, and to that end applied to the -Cardinal de Tournon. It was proposed that Pierre de la -Baume should resign his see to one of the duke’s sons, the -young Count of Bresse, and a handsome compensation was -offered him. Maisonneuve, the captain of the Lutherans, a -man so generally dreaded, being then in prison at Lyons, it -was desirable to take advantage of his absence, and the last -day of July was fixed for the execution of the enterprise.<a id='r597' /><a href='#f597' class='c009'><sup>[597]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_309'>309</span>The Councils of Geneva, in great alarm, sent John Lullin -and Francis Favre to Berne to ask the advice and assistance -of those powerful allies. At the same time they ordered -the bells of the Convent of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor and others to be -cast into cannon, and directed the captains of the city to -take the necessary measures for putting it into a state of defence. -And, lastly, wishing to deprive the enemies of Geneva -of every pretext, the Council determined to punish -those who had ‘ill-advisedly broken the images of the convent -at Rive;’ and declared, that <i>though such images ought -to be taken down and destroyed, according to God’s law</i>, yet -‘those persons’ ought not to have done it without order and -permission, because it was <i>an act pertaining to the magistracy</i>. -In consequence of this, six men, of whom little was -known, were imprisoned on the <abbr title='twenty-sixth'>26th</abbr> July.<a id='r598' /><a href='#f598' class='c009'><sup>[598]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Enthusiasm In Geneva.</div> -<p class='c008'>Great was the enthusiasm in Geneva. The citizens were -ready to give up everything ‘to follow the right path,’ and -the Reformation still advanced, notwithstanding the great -danger with which it was threatened. Some even chose -this moment to confess their faith. The last Sunday in July, -a few hours before the day when the enemy intended to enter -Geneva, a member of the Dominican order, that pillar -of the papacy, ‘after the bell had bidden the people to the -sermon,’ appeared before the congregation, took off his monastic -dress, went into the pulpit, and then, ‘like a madman,’ -prayed God to have pity on him. He bewailed himself, -asked pardon of his listeners for having ‘lived so ill in -times past, and so monstrously deceived everybody.’ ‘I -have preached indulgences,’ he continued, ‘I have praised -the mass, I have extolled the sacraments and ceremonies of -the Church. Now I renounce them all as idle things. I desire -to find but one thing—the grace of Christ crucified -for me.’ After which he preached an heretical sermon.<a id='r599' /><a href='#f599' class='c009'><sup>[599]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>These conversions increased the dangers of Geneva, by exciting -the wrath of the catholics. Four days after the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_310'>310</span>touching confession of the Dominican the projected plot was -to be carried out. The Savoyard troops, assembling at a little -distance from the city, were to approach it under cover -of the darkness. One detachment would arrive by the lake -and the tower guard, bribed by ten crowns, would let the -boats pass without firing on them. Within the city, more -than three hundred foreigners had entered separately and -stealthily, and were hidden in catholic houses. In the middle -of the night <abbr class='spell'>F.</abbr> du Crest was to go to the Molard with fire-arms -and hoist a red flag. The firing of a heavy culverine -would be the signal for the priests to come to the support of -their friends. Certain episcopals would mount to the roofs -of their houses with lighted torches to summon the foreign -troops to approach. The catholics of Geneva and their allies -would then leave their houses; three of the city gates -were to be forced by a locksmith of their party, the troops -would enter, and Genevans and strangers would advance -shouting: ‘Long live our prince, monseigneur of Geneva!’ -The friends of independence and reform, thus caught between -two fires, would be unable to make any resistance. Then -would begin the executing of the judgment of God: if it -had been waited for long, it would only be the more terrible -now. The pious soldiers of the Church would fall upon the -Lutherans and put them to death. The city would be -purged of all those seeds of the gospel and liberty which -were choking, within its walls, the ancient and glorious plants -of feudalism and popery. Finally to complete their work, -the conquerors would share the property of the vanquished, -which the bishop had in anticipation confiscated for their -benefit, and Geneva, forever bound to Rome, would thus become -its slave and never its rival.<a id='r600' /><a href='#f600' class='c009'><sup>[600]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twenty-ninth'>29th</abbr> and <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> July all began to move round the -city. On the north, the Marshal of Burgundy, the bishop’s -brother, was to descend into the valley of the Leman, with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_311'>311</span>six thousand men, raised in imperial Burgundy. On the -south, the Duke of Savoy had obtained permission of the -king of France to enlist in Dauphiny, ‘persons experienced -in war.’ Numerous soldiers—some coming by land, others -by water—were expected from Chablais, Faucigny, Gex, -and Vaud. A galley and other boats had been fitted out -near Thonon, to which place the artillery of Chillon had -been removed. Several corps were marching on Geneva. -The bishop, who was anything but brave, did not wish to -leave Chambéry; but the duke, to encourage him, gave him -a body-guard of two hundred well-armed men, and Pierre -de la Baume quitted, not without alarm, the capital of Savoy -early in the morning of the 30th July, and halted at Lé-luiset, -a village situated about two leagues from Geneva, -where he intended to wait in safety the issue of the affair.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The corps nearest to Geneva appeared. Savoyard troops -under the command of Mauloz, castellan of Gaillard, -reached their station in front of the <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Antoine Gate. -Armed men from Chablais advanced along the Thonon -road as far as Jargonnant, in front of the Rive gate. Other -bands prepared to enter by the gate on the side of Arve -and Plainpalais. Barks and boats filled with soldiers arrived -in the waters that bathed the city. The army that -was to cross the Jura, and other corps, did not appear; but -the assembled forces were sufficient for the coup-de-main.<a id='r601' /><a href='#f601' class='c009'><sup>[601]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Levrat, The Traitor.</div> -<p class='c008'>While these manœuvres were going on without, everything -seemed going on well within. The man entrusted with the -care of the artillery, and who was called Le Bossu (the -Hunchback), had been bribed. In the evening Jean Levrat, -‘one of the most active of the traitors,’ had prowled about -his dwelling, and the keeper, not wishing to be compromised, -had handed him through a loophole the keys of the tower of -Rive, where the cannons had been stored. Levrat and his -accomplices spiked several, and Le Bossu had filled others -<span class='pageno' id='Page_312'>312</span>with hay. The blacksmith had counterfeited the keys of -the city, and made iron implements to break down the gates.<a id='r602' /><a href='#f602' class='c009'><sup>[602]</sup></a> -The most lively emotion prevailed in the houses of all the -catholics. Party walls had been broken through, so that -they could go from one to another and concert matters secretly. -Michael Guillet, Thomas Moine, Jacques Malbuisson, -De Prato, Jean Levrat, and the Sire de Pesmes, went -to and fro watching that no man shrank back.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Throughout the whole of the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of July the Councils -and the reformed remained in complete ignorance of the -blow that was impending. They knew of the threats, but -did not believe there was any danger, so that in the evening -of the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> they had gone to rest as quietly as usual. -In the early part of the night a stranger desired to speak -with the premier-syndic on urgent business. Michael Sept -received him. ‘I am from Dauphiny,’ said the man: ‘I -am a hearer of the Word of God, and should grieve to see -Geneva and the Gospel brought to destruction. The duke’s -army is marching upon your city; a number of soldiers are -already assembled all round you, and very early this morning -the bishop left Chambéry to make his entrance among -you.’ It was a fellow-countryman of Farel and Froment -that undertook to save Geneva. But was there still time? -The premier-syndic immediately communicated the intelligence -to his colleagues, and it was resolved to arrest some -of those who were always ready to make common cause -with the enemy outside. The syndics questioned them, -confronted them with one another, and gradually saw the -horrible plot unravelled, of which they had until that moment -been ignorant.<a id='r603' /><a href='#f603' class='c009'><sup>[603]</sup></a> All the citizens upon whom they -could rely were called to arms. It was not yet midnight.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_313'>313</span>The episcopals, who had not gone to bed, waited in excitement -for the appointed hour. A great number of canons -and priests had assembled in the house of the canon of -Brentena, Seigneur of Menthon, belonging to an illustrious -family of Savoy. They congratulated one another that the -plot had been so well arranged, and nothing in that assembly -of ecclesiastics was talked of but torches, banners, and -artillery. In a short time, however, one of their party came -in, and told them that the huguenots were arming everywhere. -The reverend members of the chapter ran to the -window, and saw with affright a numerous patrol marching -by. The alarm spread; not an episcopal dared venture -out: they hid the red flag, the signal for the murder of the -huguenots. One hope only remained; the troops round -Geneva were amply sufficient to secure the triumph of the -bishop.<a id='r604' /><a href='#f604' class='c009'><sup>[604]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Waiting For The Signal.</div> -<p class='c008'>And indeed the number of soldiers round the city was -very great. Playing on the word <i>Geneva, gens nova</i>, the -leaders had chosen for their watchword this cruel phrase: -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Nous ferons ici gent nouvelle</i></span>,<a id='r605' /><a href='#f605' class='c009'><sup>[605]</sup></a> that is to say, they would extirpate -the evangelicals from Geneva and replace them by -catholic Savoyards. They waited for the appointed signal -and turned their eyes to the roofs of the houses from which -the torches were to be waved. They fancied that some had -been seen, but had soon disappeared. While the anxious -officers were asking what was to be done, some of the soldiers -noticed a simple-looking boy walking about on the hill, -peering innocently about him, but constantly getting nearer -to the city gates. He was taken before Mauloz the castellan -and <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Simon, another of the leaders, who asked him -what he was doing there at such an hour of the night. -The boy, who seemed greatly embarrassed, answered, ‘I -am looking for the mare I lost.’ It was not the case.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Three of the best citizens of Geneva, Jean d’Arlod, auditor, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_314'>314</span>the zealous Étienne d’Adda, and Pontet, happening to -be at La Roche, three or four leagues from Geneva, in the -evening, had heard the enterprise talked of, and had immediately -mounted their horses in order to reach the gates -before the enemy.<a id='r606' /><a href='#f606' class='c009'><sup>[606]</sup></a> Pushing rapidly along the by-roads, -they stopped at a farm-house a short distance from the city, -where they learnt that the Savoyard troops were already -under the walls. D’Arlod directed one of the farm-servants -to go and see if they could enter. <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Simon and Mauloz -the castellan, impatient to know the cause of the delay, determined -to make use of this poor boy, of whose innocence -they felt no doubts. ‘Hark ye!’ they said to him; ‘go and -see whether the Rive and <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Antoine gates are open.’ -The lad, who was very unwilling to serve as a scout to the -Savoyards, replied: ‘Oh! I should be afraid they would -kill me.’ At that instant Mauloz, whose attention was -divided between the youth and the houses on which the -torches were to be displayed, exclaimed, ‘There is one!’ -A brilliant light appeared over the city: the whole force -hailed it with joy, and the two captains could not turn away -their eyes. The light appeared and disappeared, returned, -and was again eclipsed, and every time it came in sight, -strange to say, it looked more elevated. Higher and higher -it rose; already it overtopped the tallest chimneys. There -was something extraordinary about it, and the Savoyards -began to grow uneasy. ‘Why, can it be so?’ said those who -knew Geneva; ‘the light is ascending the spire of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Pierre!... Yes, it is so ... that is where the -main watch of the city is stationed in time of danger.’ At -last the light ceased to move; it halted at the top of the -spire, which was built on the crest of the hill. It thus -brooded over the city, and seemed turned upon the Savoyard -army, like the glaring eye of the lion shining through the -midnight darkness of the desert. Then a panic terror -seized the soldiers of Charles <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr>; their features were disturbed, -their hearts quaked. Mauloz, who had kept his eyes -<span class='pageno' id='Page_315'>315</span>fixed on the threatening apparition, turned in despair -towards <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> de Simon, who was already moving off, and exclaimed: -‘We are discovered: we are betrayed! We shall -not enter Geneva to-night.’ The young messenger, finding -that nobody took heed of him, ran off to the farm to tell -D’Arlod and his friends what had taken place.<a id='r607' /><a href='#f607' class='c009'><sup>[607]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Retreat Of The Savoyards.</div> -<p class='c008'>Yet the lion’s eye still glared above the city. ‘The -sugar-plums are all ready for our supper,’ said the men-at-arms.<a id='r608' /><a href='#f608' class='c009'><sup>[608]</sup></a> -Every one thought of retiring: Mauloz and Simon -gave orders for the retreat. As day was beginning to -break, the Genevese look-outs stationed on the tower saw -the Savoyards filing off in the direction of Castle Gaillard, -with drums beating and colors flying.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Genevan catholics were in suspense no longer: their -enterprise had miscarried. They were stupefied and furious -against their allies. One of them, Francis Regis, said with -a great oath: ‘We are ruined and undone: those gentlemen -are not worth a straw. We made the signals, everything -was in good order, but the gentry deceived us.’<a id='r609' /><a href='#f609' class='c009'><sup>[609]</sup></a> As for -the bishop, he was more frightened than disappointed. -When the terrible beacon shone out from the temple of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Pierre’s, some men, commissioned to keep him informed of -what was going on, had started off full gallop, and reported -to him the ominous words of the ferocious Mauloz: ‘We are -betrayed!’ Instantly the poor prelate mounted his horse, -and rode hastily away to join the duke.</p> - -<p class='c008'>When the sun rose, not an enemy was to be seen about -the city. The Genevans could not believe their eyes: the -events of that memorable night seemed almost miraculous, -and they were transported with joy, like men who have been -saved from death. All the morning the streets were filled -with people; they exchanged glances, they shook hands with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_316'>316</span>each other; many blessed God; some could not believe that -their catholic fellow-citizens were cognizant of the plot. -One little incident removed every doubt. As some citizens -happened to be passing the house of the keeper of the artillery, -they heard the shrill voice of a woman screaming in -great emotion: ‘Ha! traitor! you are betraying me as you -betrayed the city!’ ... A man replied with abuse -and blows; the screams of the wretched creature became -louder and louder, and the coarse voice of another woman -was mingled with hers. It was the Bossu, his wife, and -servant: the keeper of the artillery had been surprised by -his wife in flagrant infidelity. The huguenots, hearing the -uproar, stopped and entered the house. ‘Yes,’ screamed -the wife louder than ever; ‘yes, traitor, you gave Jean -Levrat the keys through the loop-hole.’ Levrat, the Bossu, -and the locksmith were immediately arrested.<a id='r610' /><a href='#f610' class='c009'><sup>[610]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The leaders of the conspiracy remained, as usual, at liberty. -Skulking in their houses, Guillet, De Prato, Perceval -de Pesmes, the two Du Crests, the two Regis, and many -others, knew well that they merited death more than Portier; -and, affrighted like the hare in its form, which pricks -up its ears to listen for the pursuing huntsman, they started -at the slightest noise, and fancied every moment that the -syndics or their officers were coming. As no one appeared, -they formed a desperate resolution: disguising themselves in -various ways, they left their houses and escaped; ‘and never -returned to the city again,’ says Froment. The bishop’s -conspiracy with Portier and the Pennets had forced several -catholics to leave the council; the project of a night attack -obliged many to leave Geneva. Every effort made by -catholicism to rise helped it to descend, and every blow -aimed at the Reformation for its destruction raised it still -higher. The citizens remarked to one another, reports a -contemporary, who has recorded the words: ‘It was God -who brought down the hearts of our enemies, both without -<span class='pageno' id='Page_317'>317</span>and within, so that they could not make use of their -strength.’<a id='r611' /><a href='#f611' class='c009'><sup>[611]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Vigilance And Meditation.</div> -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile Geneva was not at ease. The Marshal of Burgundy -and the Governor of Chablais had not appeared; and -the enemy might have withdrawn only to wait for these -powerful reinforcements. All the citizens were called to -arms. ‘Throughout that week a strong guard was kept up, -and the gates of the city were closed.’ As the episcopals -had often had recourse to the bells to summon their partisans, -‘it was forbidden to ring the church-bells either day -or night.’ A silence, accompanied with meditation and vigilance, -prevailed through the city. The inhabitants were -ready to sacrifice their lives, and showed their resolution by -a deep earnestness, and not by idle boasts. The preachers -would converse with the soldiers, speaking familiarly to them -of <i>the good fight</i>, and the soldiers never grew tired of listening -to them. ‘What a new way of making war,’ said -many. ‘In old times the soldiers used to have dissolute -women with them at their posts, but now they have preachers, -and instead of debauchery and filthy language, every -thing is turned to good.’<a id='r612' /><a href='#f612' class='c009'><sup>[612]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Could such generous zeal save the city from the attacks -of Savoy supported by France, Friburg, Burgundy, and the -mamelukes? There were men who shook their heads with -sorrow and ‘lived in fear and despondency.’ But ‘a friend -sticketh closer than a brother.’ On the morning after the -enterprise, a delegate from Lausanne arrived in Geneva, -and although the Duke had given orders that the Estates of -Vaud should make common cause with him, the messenger -said: ‘We are ready, brethren, to send you a hundred arquebusiers -if you want them.’ Neuchâtel made a similar -offer. Berne commissioned Francis Nägeli the treasurer, -the banneret Weingarten, and two other citizens, to exhort -<span class='pageno' id='Page_318'>318</span>the Duke and Marshal of Burgundy to desist from hostilities. -The Swiss cantons, assembled at Baden, forwarded a similar -message to Charles <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr></p> - -<p class='c008'>The partisans of the pope and of the bishop saw that as -their enterprise had miscarried, their cause was lost. The -leaders had escaped at first: now the flight became general. -Even the friends of the Genevese franchises began to leave -the city; it was, therefore, natural that the fanatics should -depart to swell the ranks of the mamelukes. They took -with them all they could carry, and used various stratagems -to get out of the city, stealing away cautiously by night. -Some took refuge on the left shore of the lake; a greater -number in the castle of Peney, on the right bank of the -Rhone, whence they kept the Genevese population continually -on the alert. Their wives and children, left behind in -the city, held secret interviews with them at the foot of the -steep cliffs which line the banks of the river, and told them -all the news. No Genevan citizen could start for Lyons -without the refugees at Peney being informed of it; they -were always on the look-out for travellers. It was a strange -phenomenon, of which history presents, however, more than -one example, this opposition of the papists and feudalists to -civil and religious liberty degenerating into brigandage.<a id='r613' /><a href='#f613' class='c009'><sup>[613]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The flight of the episcopalian laity destroyed the power -of the clergy, whose support they were, and made the reformers -masters of the situation. Geneva was resolved to -keep within her walls none but those who were ready to -shed their blood for her. One night when the drum called -citizens to arms a timid man bade his wife say he was absent: -some of his neighbors, however, forced their way into -his chamber and found him hidden in bed, pretending to -have the fever: he shook, indeed, but it was with fear. The -coward was banished from the city for life, under pain of being -flogged if he returned: a year later, however, he was -<span class='pageno' id='Page_319'>319</span>indulgently readmitted, ‘because it is not given to every -man to have the courage of a Cæsar,’ says the ‘Register’; -but he was always looked upon as an alien. Courage was -at that time one of the qualifications necessary for Genevese -citizenship.<a id='r614' /><a href='#f614' class='c009'><sup>[614]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Frightened Nuns.</div> -<p class='c008'>While the mamelukes were indulging in highway robbery -without the city, the weaker members of the episcopal party -who still remained within it were living in fear. Their -persons, their worship, their convents were respected: not a -hair of their heads was touched; but they trembled lest the -outrages of the refugees at Peney should excite the huguenots -to take their revenge. The nuns especially were in -perpetual alarm. One night, between eleven and twelve -o’clock, the sisters of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Claire were startled from their -slumbers by a loud knocking at the door: scared at the -noise, they listened with beating hearts. Then other knocks -were heard. Faint and trembling, they crept from their -beds. The huguenots are surely coming to avenge on them -the perfidious night of the <abbr title='thirty-first'>31st</abbr> of July! ‘The heretics,’ -they whispered one to another, ‘have broken down the gates -of the convent.’ The nuns ascribing guilty intentions to -them, ran to the abbess in dismay: ‘My dear children,’ said -she, ‘fight valiantly for the love of God.’ They waited, but -nobody came.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The youngest of the nuns, who had been at service overnight -with the rest of the community, and made drowsy by -the long prayers, had fallen into a sound sleep; the under-superior -had locked her in the church without observing -her. About eleven o’clock the unlucky sister awoke: she -looked round, and could not make out where she was.... -At last she recognized the chapel; but the darkness, the -loneliness, the place itself—all combined to frighten her. -She fancied she could see the dead taking advantage of that -silent hour to quit their graves and wander through the -church.... Her limbs refused to move. At length she -<span class='pageno' id='Page_320'>320</span>summoned up courage and rushed to the door. It was -locked. In her fright, she gave it a violent blow. It was -this which woke the sisters. Then she listened, and as no -one came, she knocked again three times, as loud as she -could.</p> - -<p class='c008'>While this was going on, the abbess prepared to receive -the wolves who were about to devour her innocent lambs. -She first desired to know if all her flock were present, and -to her great anguish discovered that one was missing. Then -another knock, louder than all the rest, was heard. ‘Let us -go forth,’ said the abbess, ‘and enter the church, for it will -be better for us to be before God than in the dormitory.’ -They descended the stairs; the abbess put the key into the -lock, opened the door ... and found before her the -young nun, who, pale as death fainted away at her feet.<a id='r615' /><a href='#f615' class='c009'><sup>[615]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The tales that men took pleasure in circulating, and sometimes -even printing, about the reformers and the reformed, -about Calvin and Luther in particular, often had no more -reality than the imaginations of the nuns of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Claire as to -the designs of the huguenots, which had given the poor girls -such a terrible fright; and they were less innocent.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-14' class='c004'>CHAPTER XIV. <br /> AN HEROIC RESOLUTION AND A HAPPY DELIVERANCE. <br /> (<span class='sc'>August and September, 1534.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The friends of independence and of the Reformation had -better grounded anxieties than those of the nuns of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Claire: they understood that the attack had only been adjourned, -and that they must hold themselves ready for severe -<span class='pageno' id='Page_321'>321</span>struggles. Accordingly, Geneva mustered all her forces. -‘Let those who are abroad return home,’ said the Council: -but alas! two of the most intrepid were in the prisons -of the French primate, and about to be sent to the stake. -The sentence condemning Baudichon de la Maisonneuve -and his friend to death had been pronounced, as we have -seen. They had been delivered by the priests to the secular -arm, and were about to be executed, when a fresh attempt -was made in their behalf.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Tales About Parel.</div> -<p class='c008'>There was a patrician family in Berne, illustrious for its -ancient nobility and valor, some of whose members had rendered -signal services to France. In the <abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> century, -Nicholas of Diesbach, the avoyer, allied that puissant republic -with Louis <abbr title='the eleventh'>XI.</abbr> against Charles the Bold, and had -gained several victories over the Burgundian forces. At -Pavia, in 1525, another of the family, John of Diesbach, -commanded the Swiss auxiliary troops of France. Stationed -on the right wing, at the head of 2,000 Helvetians, at first -he drove back the imperialist infantry and cavalry. Francis -<abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was on the point of gaining the victory; but meanwhile -his left wing had been annihilated; in that quarter -Suffolk, the heir of the White Rose, the Duke of Lorraine’s -brother, Nassau, Schomberg, La Tremouille, San Severino, -and the veteran La Palisse, fell on the field of battle, and -Montmorency was made prisoner. Nevertheless, the Swiss -still held their ground manfully, when Alençon, the king’s -brother-in-law, fleeing shamefully, and carrying after him -part of the French men-at-arms, caused Diesbach’s soldiers, -who were fighting at his side and already shouting victory, -to waver. At that moment the lansquenets, commanded by -the redoubtable Freundsberg, fell furiously on the Swiss and -broke them. The Helvetians, seeing the Frenchmen retiring, -believed they were to be sacrificed to the hatred of the Germans. -John of Diesbach conjured and threatened them in -vain; nothing could stop them. Then the valorous captain -rushed forward alone against a battalion of lansquenets and -fell dead. Bonnivet, in despair, stretched out his neck to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_322'>322</span>the spears of the enemy, and was killed: and Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> -who was the last to fight, yielded up his sword with a shudder -to Lannoy.<a id='r616' /><a href='#f616' class='c009'><sup>[616]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>John of Diesbach had married a French lady, Mademoiselle -de Refuge, to whom the king had promised a dowry of -10,000 livres, but had afterwards given her husband, as an -equivalent, the lordship of Langes, which the latter had bequeathed -to his wife. But in 1533 Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> had taken -back the estate, without giving the promised dowry. The -widow of the hero of Pavia, finding herself thus deprived -of her property by the man for whom her husband had died, -implored the intervention of Berne, and the chiefs of that -republic had commissioned another Diesbach, Rodolph, to -proceed to the court of France to support the just claims of -his relation. Rodolph departed on the <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> of January, -1534, accompanied by George Schœner. This mission was -destined to be of more importance to Geneva than to -Berne.<a id='r617' /><a href='#f617' class='c009'><sup>[617]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Rodolph of Diesbach himself was highly esteemed in -France. He had passed his youth there, had studied at the -University of Paris, and from 1507 to 1515 had taken part -in the wars of Louis <abbr title='the twelfth'>XII.</abbr>, and honorably distinguished himself. -On his return to Berne, he was one of those who embraced -the evangelical faith, and was often called to defend -the interests of Geneva and the Reformation. While -Rodolph was in France pleading the cause of his cousin, -De la Maisonneuve and Janin were imprisoned at Lyons, -and Diesbach received instructions from the lords of Berne -to do all in his power to obtain their liberation from the king. -He set about it with all the energy of a Bernese and -a warrior; went to Blois, where Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was then holding -his court, and earnestly solicited the enlargement of the -two evangelicals.<a id='r618' /><a href='#f618' class='c009'><sup>[618]</sup></a> He regarded Baudichon de la Maisonneuve -<span class='pageno' id='Page_323'>323</span>as his co-burgher and co-religionist, and saw clearly -how useful his presence would be in Geneva. But, on the -other hand, the catholic nobles and ultramontane priests -urged the king to suffer the two Genevans to be burnt. -How could Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, who had recently become the pope’s -friend, and who had ordered the heretics in his kingdom to -be brought to trial<a id='r619' /><a href='#f619' class='c009'><sup>[619]</sup></a>—how could he save the heretics of -Geneva? The friends as well as the enemies of the Reformation -were in the keenest suspense. Weeks, and even -months elapsed, without obtaining a decisive answer from -the king.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Terrible Necessity.</div> -<p class='c008'>Geneva was greatly agitated during this long delay; but -the absence of the two energetic huguenots did not hinder -the work from being pursued with resolution. The magistrates -desired to take and execute promptly the supreme -measures rendered necessary by the danger of the country. -A terrible and inexorable necessity continually rose before -their minds. To save Geneva, a great portion of it must be -destroyed.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The city was at that time composed of two parts: the -city proper and the four suburbs. The suburb of the Temple, -or <i>Aigues Vives</i> (Eaux Vives), stood on the left shore -of the lake, and took its name from the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John -of Rhodes, which stood there.<a id='r620' /><a href='#f620' class='c009'><sup>[620]</sup></a> The suburb of Palais lay -to the left, on the picturesque banks of the Rhone; that of -St. Leger extended from the city to the bridge thrown over -the icy torrent of the Arve; and that of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor, in which -the monastery of that name was situated, stretched from -Malagnou to Champel. This town beyond the walls not -only had as many houses as the one within, but covered -a far more extensive surface, and contained over six thousand -inhabitants.</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the <abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr> August the Two Hundred members of the -Great Council received a summons, bearing the words: ‘In -<span class='pageno' id='Page_324'>324</span>consequent of urgent affairs of the city.’<a id='r621' /><a href='#f621' class='c009'><sup>[621]</sup></a> Every one understood -what they meant. The premier-syndic proposed to -build up some of the gates, and to set a good guard; but -added, that such measures alone were not sufficient; that, as -the suburbs were very extensive, the enemy could establish -himself in them; and that it was necessary unhesitatingly to -knock down all the houses, barns, and walls, beginning with -the nearest. Many were struck with grief when they heard -the proposition. What a resolution! what a disaster! -With their own hands the citizens were to destroy those -peaceful homes in which their childhood had played, where -they had been born, and where those whom they loved had -died; and a great part of the population would have no -other shelter left them than the vault of heaven. Yet the -Two Hundred did not hesitate. The friends of the Reformation, -in whose eyes the Gospel had shone with all its -brightness, were prepared for the greatest sacrifices so that -they might preserve it. Those who were not touched by -religious motives were carried away by patriotic enthusiasm. -‘It is better to lose the hand than the arm ... the -suburbs than the city,’ exclaimed the citizens. The resolution -was agreed to; and without any delay—for the matter -was urgent—the very same day, after dinner, the four syndics, -accompanied by Aimé Levet and five other captains of -the city, ‘went to give orders for the destruction of the -suburbs.’ There were cries and tears here and there, but -nearly all had formed the resolution to lay their goods, -although with trembling hands, upon the altar of their -country and their faith.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It must be done, for every day the danger appeared to -draw nearer. The Genevese ambassadors at Berne wrote -to the Council: ‘Be on your guard.’ Acts of violence and -trifling skirmishes announced more serious combats. On -the <abbr title='fourteenth'>14th</abbr> of August, Richerme, a merchant of Geneva, returning -from Lyons, was seized, dragged successively to -three of the bishop’s castles, and put to the torture. On -<span class='pageno' id='Page_325'>325</span>the <abbr title='twenty-fifth'>25th</abbr>, Chabot, another citizen, was stopped at the Mont -de Sion, taken to the castle of Peney, and also put to the -torture; but the judges, wishing to give a proof of their -good nature, added: ‘Do not let his bones be broken or his -life endangered.’ They soon brought in a new prisoner.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Embroiderer Of Avignon.</div> -<p class='c008'>There was an embroiderer at Avignon, ‘so superstitious -in fasting,’ that he had sometimes gone several days without -eating or drinking. The poor artisan, having received the -Gospel, had ceased to attend mass, and had consequently -been sent to prison. The churchmen asked him how long it -was since he had been present at the sacrifice of the altar. -‘Three years,’ he replied; ‘and with my own will neither -myself nor any of my family would ever have gone there.’ -When they heard him talk in this way, the priests did not -dare put him to death, for they thought him mad. Six -months afterwards there came a great pestilence; every one -fled, and the prison-doors were left open: ‘seeing which the -pious embroiderer went out.’ He thirsted for the Gospel, -and knowing that there were great preachers at Geneva, he -took the road to that city. His travelling expenses were -not great: ‘he had been accustomed to go from Avignon to -Lyons, more than sixty French leagues, for a <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>sol-de-roi</i></span>,’ says -Froment. At last he reached the valley of the Leman, -alone and a fugitive, but joyfully anticipating the words of -life that he was soon to hear. Suddenly he was surrounded -by a troop of horsemen, who asked him roughly: ‘Where -are you going?’ ‘To Geneva.’ ‘What to do?’ The embroiderer -answered frankly and courteously, as was his -custom, ‘I am going to hear the Gospel preached; will you -not go and hear it also?’ ‘No, indeed,’ answered the men. -He began to press them: ‘Go, I entreat you,’ he said. ‘I -am surprised at you: you are so near, and I am come expressly -all the way from Avignon to hear it. I entreat you -to come.’ ‘March, rascal!’ they cried, ‘and we will teach -you to hear those devils of Geneva.’ They took him to -Peney, and, on reaching the castle, said to him: ‘We will -give you three strappadoes in the name of the three devils -<span class='pageno' id='Page_326'>326</span>you wished to go and hear preach.’ Having tied his hands -behind his back, they raised him to the top of a long beam -of wood, and let him fall suddenly to within two feet of the -ground. ‘That is in the name of Farel,’ they cried; then -came one for Froment, and another for Viret. The poor -fellow, all bruised as he was, getting on his legs as well as -he could, again looked at his tormentors, and, touched with -love for them, repeated, in a persuasive tone: ‘Come along -with me and hear the Gospel.’ The indignant Peneysans -answered roughly: ‘March back quickly to the place from -whence you came,’ which he would not do for anything they -could do to him. ‘He is out of his mind,’ they said; and, -taking him for an idiot, they let him go. The poor man -reached Geneva at last, and was lodged for nearly two -months, says Froment, ‘with the author of this book, to -whom he related the whole matter.’<a id='r622' /><a href='#f622' class='c009'><sup>[622]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Such deeds of violence showed the Genevans that there -was no time to lose. In the month of August the resolutions -of the Council followed one another rapidly. On the -<abbr title='eighteenth'>18th</abbr> they ordered that the church and priory of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor -should be demolished; on the <abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr>, that all the houses, -barns, and walls in the suburbs should be pulled down; and -that a certain number of Swiss veteran soldiers should be -enrolled who should be fed and lodged by the rich in turn; -on the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr>, that all absentees should be summoned to return -for the defence of the city; on the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of September, that -it should be fortified on the side of the lake; on the <abbr title='eleventh'>11th</abbr>, -that the trees around the walls which might screen the approach -of the enemy should be cut down; and on the <abbr title='thirteenth'>13th</abbr>, -that every man should begin to pull down his house within -two days, that is, by the <abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> of September.<a id='r623' /><a href='#f623' class='c009'><sup>[623]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The calamity then appeared before them as imminent and -inexorable, and with all its coarser and sad realities. The -weaker minds were distressed, the more excitable gave way -to anger. In the suburbs there was much clamor. What! -<span class='pageno' id='Page_327'>327</span>the houses to be levelled to the ground, like those of traitors, -and that too by the very hands of the inhabitants! The -priests shuddered at the thought that the churches of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Victor, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Leger, and of the Knights of Rhodes were to be -destroyed. Discontented citizens pointed coolly to the solidity -of the condemned edifices, and declared that it would -not be possible to pull them down. And, finally, the chiefs -of the catholic party, foreseeing that the measures which -were to be the salvation of Reform would be the ruin of -popery, determined to make a vigorous demonstration against -them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thirty of the most notable catholics, headed by Anthony -Fabri, one of the family of the celebrated Bishop Waldemar, -and Philip de la Rive, waited upon the council. Fabri, -who had been elected spokesman, was calm, but by his -side stood De Muro (du Mur), who was much excited. ‘We -demand that the suburbs be left in their present condition, -as being beautiful, convenient, and more useful to the city -than if they were destroyed.’ The council, whom it pained -to impose such a sacrifice, reserved the power of compensating -the greatest sufferers, but held to their orders. ‘I -crave permission to leave the city,’ said De Muro, ‘with -eight hundred of my co-burghers, for this demolition is an -act of hostility against us.’<a id='r624' /><a href='#f624' class='c009'><sup>[624]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Baudichon Liberated.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the very time when certain of the citizens were threatening -to leave Geneva, the friends of independence desired -all the more to see the return of those who were away. -There was one in particular whose decision and courage -were appreciated by all. Suddenly, on the <abbr title='twenty-sixth'>26th</abbr> of September, -the very day when De Muro had used that threatening -language, a report circulated through the city that Baudichon -de la Maisonneuve and his companion had been set -at liberty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Rodolph of Diesbach and George Schœner had not ceased -to implore the king’s intervention. Although the prince, -who in a few months was to fill the streets of his capital -<span class='pageno' id='Page_328'>328</span>with strappadoes and burning piles, did not feel any -very sincere compassion for the two heretics, still he desired -to conciliate the favor of the Swiss, and perhaps not being -much inclined to restore her estates to John of Diesbach’s -widow, he was not sorry to give the Bernese some other satisfaction. -The cause of justice triumphed at last. Moved by -Diesbach’s earnest solicitations, Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> granted the release -of the prisoners. The two Bernese, instead of ‘tarrying -to turn from side to side to the helps of this world,’ acknowledged -the protection of God. ‘We have obtained their liberty,’ -said the ambassadors, ‘God having given them to -us.’<a id='r625' /><a href='#f625' class='c009'><sup>[625]</sup></a> They started immediately for Lyons, furnished with -letters under his Majesty’s seal, which they presented to -the authorities in whose guard the prisoners were kept ‘until -they should be burnt, as was the practice in those days.’<a id='r626' /><a href='#f626' class='c009'><sup>[626]</sup></a> -The gates of the prison were opened; De la Maisonneuve -and Janin were given up to the Bernese. At the news of -such an unprecedented act, the officials, inquisitors, and -canons of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John were amazed; all the priests of Lyons -were sorely vexed, and the archbishop of Geneva still more -so; but they were forced to be patient.<a id='r627' /><a href='#f627' class='c009'><sup>[627]</sup></a> As for the prisoners, -they knew that if God delivers his servants, it is not -with the intent that they should abandon what they have -begun. Instead of saying, when they were restored to liberty, -Let us remain for a time in the shade, lest we be exposed -to new dangers, they desired to work with greater -zeal at the emancipation of their country. They travelled -from Lyons to Geneva with the two lords of Berne, and were -once more within the walls of that ancient city.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Prisoners Restored.</div> -<p class='c008'>There was still so much uneasiness felt about them, that -on the <abbr title='sixteenth'>16th</abbr> of September, when the news spread that some -Bernese gentlemen had arrived at the hostelry of the Tour -Perse<a id='r628' /><a href='#f628' class='c009'><sup>[628]</sup></a> with Baudichon and Collonier, many persons would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_329'>329</span>hardly believe it. God gave the Genevans more than they -hoped for. When friends who have been supposed lost are -found again, those who had sorrowed over their bereavement -run to meet them, and feel an inexpressible satisfaction as -they look at them. So it happened at Geneva when the -two prisoners returned. There was great joy in the city: -many gave thanks to God that ‘the violent course of the -wolves who would have devoured the best sheep of the flock -had been frustrated,’ and praised the King of France because -he valued the arquebuses of the Swiss more than the -paternosters of the priests.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Desirous of showing the ambassadors a mark of respectful -gratitude, the four syndics and the councillors, with their -ushers and serjeants, proceeded on the <abbr title='seventeenth'>17th</abbr> of September -to the Tour Perse<a id='r629' /><a href='#f629' class='c009'><sup>[629]</sup></a> to hold an official sitting, at which the -transfer of the prisoners was to be made. The chief magistrates -of the republic having taken their seats in one of -the large rooms, according to the usual order, Rodolph of -Diesbach and <abbr class='spell'>G.</abbr> Schœner entered, accompanied by the -captives. Those noble gentlemen explained that they had -come from Lyons and the court of France; that with God’s -aid they had obtained the release of the two Genevans; -that, according to rule, they ought to deliver the prisoners -into the hands of the magnificent lords of Berne, to whose -intervention their deliverance was due;<a id='r630' /><a href='#f630' class='c009'><sup>[630]</sup></a> that they yielded, -however, to the wishes of Baudichon and Collonier, who -preferred to remain in the city of Geneva;<a id='r631' /><a href='#f631' class='c009'><sup>[631]</sup></a> and that they -only wanted a guarantee that the Council would be willing -to produce them before Messieurs of Berne, whenever the -latter demanded them.<a id='r632' /><a href='#f632' class='c009'><sup>[632]</sup></a> The Genevese magistrates thanked -the lords of Berne, and gave the required guarantee in -writing.<a id='r633' /><a href='#f633' class='c009'><sup>[633]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_330'>330</span>At last De la Maisonneuve was free: he could return to -his wife and children, and converse with his friends. The -latter were never tired of listening to him: the particulars -of his imprisonment, his examinations, and his dangers possessed -the liveliest interest for them. Froment especially, -who was fond of a gossip,<a id='r634' /><a href='#f634' class='c009'><sup>[634]</sup></a> asked him many questions. -‘As Baudichon told me,’ we read in his <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes</i></span>, ‘all that -could not be done without great expense, and his captivity -cost him one thousand and fifty crowns of the sun.’<a id='r635' /><a href='#f635' class='c009'><sup>[635]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>A letter from Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> completed this episode in the -history of the Reformation. Four days after the prisoners -had been restored to their homes, that prince wrote to the -syndics at Geneva:—<a id='r636' /><a href='#f636' class='c009'><sup>[636]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c012'>‘To our very dear and good friends the lords of Geneva:</p> - -<p class='c013'>‘Very dear and good friends,—You know how, at your -earnest prayer and request, and also at that of our very -dear and great friends, confederates, allies, and gossips, the -lords of the city and canton of Berne, we have restored -and sent back certain prisoners who had, in this our kingdom, -used words respecting the faith, such and of such consequence, -that therefore they had been condemned to death. -This we were right willing to do; for the affection we have -to gratify you and the said lords of Berne, as well in this -respect as in all others that may be possible to us, having -perfect confidence that you are willing to do the like for us. -For this cause, having been advertised that you have detained -in prison in your city a monk our subject, Guy Furbity -by name, of the order of Preaching Friars, for having -held certain language and dogmatized things touching the -faith of the Church, which did not seem good to you, and -for which he is about to be brought to trial, we desire to -pray you right affectionately by these presents, that, showing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_331'>331</span>towards us reciprocal pleasure, you would immediately release -the said Furbity our subject, without further proceedings -against him for the reasons aforesaid. By so doing you -will please us very agreeably. Praying the Creator to -guard you, our very dear and good friends, in his most holy -keeping. Written at Blois the <abbr title='twenty-first'>xxist</abbr> day of September, -one thousand <abbr title='five'>v</abbr> hundred <abbr title='thirty-four'>xxxiiij</abbr>.</p> - -<p class='c013'>‘<span class='sc'>Françoys.</span> <span class='sc'>Breton.</span>’</p> - -<div class='c000'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Furbity Set At Liberty.</div> -<p class='c008'>Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> said: I send you back two prisoners, return -me one. That seemed just and natural, yet the petty republic -did not yield to the demand of the puissant king of -France. The Council desired to follow conscientiously -the legal course, and the rules of diplomacy. They found -that the two cases were not identical; and as the Dominican -had been imprisoned at the instance of the lords of Berne, -it was agreed to ask their opinion first. The favor of the -house of Valois could not make the magistrates of Geneva -yield, even after the extraordinary boon they had just received: -they desired, above all things, to follow the principles -admitted in politics, and act justly towards the Bernese. -Furbity was set at liberty at the beginning of 1536.</p> - -<p class='c008'>To have imprisoned the Dominican at all for preaching -was a fault, and to keep him in prison was another; but in -each case the fault was that of the age. With this reserve, -we may pay to the courage of the weak the honor that is -due to them. It is a noble thing in small states to hold firm -to their principles in the presence of powerful empires, -when they do so without presumption. And not only is it -noble, it is salutary also, and invests them with a moral -force which guarantees their existence. The petty republics -of Switzerland and Geneva in particular have given more -signal examples than that which has just been recorded.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_332'>332</span> - <h2 id='chap7-15' class='c004'>CHAPTER XV. <br /> THE SUBURBS OF GENEVA ARE DEMOLISHED AND THE ADVERSARIES MAKE READY. <br /> (<span class='sc'>September 1534 to January 1535.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>Baudichon de la Maisonneuve and Janin re-entered -Geneva the day after that on which the final order to demolish -the suburbs was given. The captain of the Lutherans -was restored to his country at the very moment when -the deadliest blows were aimed at it. The coincidence was -remarkable. The return of these two energetic citizens -could not but give a fresh impetus to the resolution to sacrifice -one half of the city in order to save the other. The -first walls destined to fall were those of the monastery of -<abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor, which, as it stood at the gate of the city, might -easily be occupied by the enemy’s army as an advanced -post.<a id='r637' /><a href='#f637' class='c009'><sup>[637]</sup></a> There were no tears shed over the destruction of -that building, except such as might have been drawn down -by the thought of its antiquity. Ever since Bonivard the -prior had been prisoner at Chillon, the monks had shaken -off every kind of restraint, and the monastery had become -a sty of scandals and disorders. The friars had been in -the habit of frequenting certain houses of ill fame in their -suburbs; but now the convent was the scene of their continual -orgies. No sooner was there a talk of destroying that nest -of debauchery than the reprobates exhibited the most insatiable -greediness. The monks and their mistresses began to -pillage the monastery; they tore down and carried away -everything that was of any value; at night, and sometimes -even during the day, they were seen leaving the monastery -<span class='pageno' id='Page_333'>333</span>with bundles, and hiding their plunder in the adjoining houses. -The priory was thus not only emptied, but almost stripped -to the bare walls.<a id='r638' /><a href='#f638' class='c009'><sup>[638]</sup></a> What an ignoble fall was that of these -pretended religious orders! Notwithstanding their robbery, -the Council assigned the monks a residence in the city, and -even a chapel, which was more than they deserved.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Then every man put his hand to the work. All was life -and animation on those beautiful heights whence the eye -takes in the lake, the Alps, the Jura, and the valley lying -between them. First, the church was pulled down, and then -the priory, and nothing was left but rubbish which encumbered -the ground. That building, the most ancient in Geneva, -was founded at the beginning of the sixth century by -Queen Sedeleuba, sister of Queen Clotilda, in memory of -the victories of her brother-in-law, Clovis;<a id='r639' /><a href='#f639' class='c009'><sup>[639]</sup></a>—that temple -where the body of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor had been deposited during the -night, and which (as it was said) a light from heaven pointed -out to strangers,—that sanctuary to which the great ones -of the earth had gone as pilgrims, was now an undistinguishable -ruin. That monument, erected to commemorate the -triumph of orthodoxy defended by Clovis over Arianism -professed by Gondebald, crumbled to the ground, after lasting -more than a thousand years, in the midst of the libertinism -of its monks. A crown had been placed on the cradle -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor—a rod should have been placed upon its -ruins.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Lamentations Of The Dead.</div> -<p class='c008'>Yet things that have been great in the eyes of men do not -always end like those that have been vulgar. One day a -strange report, set afloat by the monks and nuns, circulated -through the city. During the night, voices, groans, and -lamentations had been heard among the ruins of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor. -The wind, when it blows strong over those heights, often resembles -the human voice. The devotees listened: again -<span class='pageno' id='Page_334'>334</span>the plaintive tones were heard, and agitated them. ‘Ah!’ -they exclaimed, ‘it is the dead groaning, and not without -reason, because their repose has been disturbed.’ The crowd -increased, and ere long ‘the ghosts were plainly lamenting, -not only by night, but by day.’ If the dead lamented over -the fall of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Victor, the living had reason to weep still -more over the church, whose monks had been its disgrace -instead of its glory.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After the priory, the houses nearest to the city were -pulled down one by one. When the citizens, wearied by -their labors, sat down on the ruins to rest, they asked what -was to become of them. ‘Where shall I store my goods, -where shelter my wife and children?’ said Jean Montagnier. -‘And where shall I go myself?’ A poor mason, an -infirm old man, burst into tears when he saw his wretched -home demolished: the Council gave him a measure of -wheat, and promised to pay his rent. But if the magistrates -showed kindness to the wretched, they were inflexible -to the rebels. Magdalen Picot, a widow, having insulted -the syndics in a fit of passion, was sentenced to three days’ -imprisonment. If the poor lamented their hovels, the rich -regretted their beautiful houses, the pleasant gardens round -them, the smiling meadows watered by running streams and -overshadowed by majestic trees, the fountains and the temple -of the Crusaders, whose Gothic walls imparted an antique -and religious character to the pleasing picture. A -poet gave utterance to their thoughts in these lines:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Urbe fuere mihi majora suburbia quondam,</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Templis et domibus nec speciosa minus,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quinetiam irriguis pratis, hortis et amœnis;</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pascebant oculos hæc animosque magis.</span><a id='r640' /><a href='#f640' class='c009'><sup>[640]</sup></a></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Amid such lamentations, all good citizens and zealous -evangelicals remained firm; but De Muro with a great -<span class='pageno' id='Page_335'>335</span>number of catholics quitted Geneva, and passed over to the -enemy’s camp. Henceforward they were to fight no longer -against the Reformation with secret conspiracies; they -would attack it in open war: <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>aperto bello patriam oppugnaturi</i></span>.<a id='r641' /><a href='#f641' class='c009'><sup>[641]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Affrighted Nuns.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the same time that the houses were demolished, ramparts -were built. Tribolet, captain of Berne, and one of -the envoys from that republic, a man of experience, quick and -compassionate at the same time, directed the construction -of the earthworks and masonry intended to fortify the city. -Towards the end of September, he began to plot out the -lines in a garden adjoining the convent of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Claire. Rich -and poor, great and small, wheeled their barrows filled with -earth and stones. When the work was done, Tribolet decided -that it must be continued into the next garden, that -of the nuns; and on the <abbr title='thirtieth'>30th</abbr> of September, as early as -four in the morning, they were politely requested to remove -from the garden everything they wished to keep. Sorely -distressed at this terrible message, they began to call upon -God through the intercession of the Virgin and the saints. -‘We are secluded from the world for the love of God,’ said -the abbess to the Bernese captain; ‘forbear from breaking -into our holy cloister.’ Tribolet explained to her that the -safety of the city required it, and added that he would do -his work, ‘whether they liked it or not.’ Thereupon the -frightened sisters threw open the convent, and running into -the church, fell prostrate to the earth, weeping bitterly. -When the captain opened the door, and saw the poor women -stretched on the pavement, he said kindly to them: ‘Do not -be afraid, we shall do you no harm.’ The sisters were -much surprised to find a heretic could be so good-natured.<a id='r642' /><a href='#f642' class='c009'><sup>[642]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Meanwhile the work of destruction continued, and as the -materials were employed to build the fortification and repair -<span class='pageno' id='Page_336'>336</span>the breaches in the walls, we may say with Bonivard, ‘<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Etiam -periere ruinæ</i></span>:’ ‘the very ruins have perished.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>But what was to be done with the six thousand citizens -expelled from their homes? Were they to be left to wander -about, exposed to the robbers of the neighborhood? There -would have been room for a great portion of them in the -convents, but those buildings were kept closed. On the -other hand, the houses of the huguenots were thrown open, -even to catholics. The citizens had incurred debts through -long wars, their trade was ruined and their fields laid waste.... -Nevertheless he that possessed two rooms gave -up one, and he who had a loaf of bread shared it with his -brother. Syndic Duvilard was empowered to lodge provisionally, -either in the state buildings or in private houses, -such as had been deprived of their homes. If any destitute -persons were seen loitering in the streets, benevolent men -and pious women would accost them, take them home, sit -them down at the family table, and every place however -small, was fitted up with sleeping accommodation. The -Council even gave aid and comfort to the rich. Butini of -Miolans was lodged, says the Register, in the house of the -curate of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Leger.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The activity of the Genevese was constantly stimulated -by the news which reached them from without. ‘The Duke -of Savoy,’ said letters from Berne, ‘is collecting an army of -brigands, and preparing perpetual troubles for you.’ Towards -the end of September, the two Gallatins (John the -notary and his son Pierre), having gone to their estate at -Peicy for the vintage, were on their return summoned before -the Council on a charge of communicating with the people -in the castle of Peney, which was half a league distant. -The father said that, while he was in the press-house pressing -the grapes, Nicod de Prato and other Peneysans had -called on him. Did any one ever refuse a visit paid in the -press-house? They had taken a glass of wine together, and -that was all. ‘As for me,’ said the son, ‘I confess that I -went to Peney and drank with the episcopal fugitives there; -<span class='pageno' id='Page_337'>337</span>they told me that ere long we should have a <i>stout war</i>; that -it would not be a little one like De Mauloz’ night attack on -the <abbr title='thirty-first'>31st</abbr> of July; that they would come in great force, and -that I should do well to leave the city. When I returned -(continued Pierre) I reported it all to my captain.’ The -two Gallatins were immediately discharged without any remark.<a id='r643' /><a href='#f643' class='c009'><sup>[643]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The first enemy which the bishop loosed against his flock -was famine: he gave orders to intercept the provisions all -round the city. The market-place was deserted, the stores -in the houses were gradually exhausted, and the episcopals -flattered themselves that before long none but hungry phantoms -would be seen in Geneva, instead of valiant citizens. -‘Oh, insensate shepherd! he robs even his sheep of their -food, when he should feed them,’ said one who was among -the number confined within the city walls. Unhappy bishop! -unhappy Geneva!<a id='r644' /><a href='#f644' class='c009'><sup>[644]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Geneva Encircled With Iron.</div> -<p class='c008'>As if starvation was not enough, the unnatural pastor surrounded -Geneva with a circle of iron. His castle of Jussy -to the east, at the foot of the Voirons; that of Peney to the -west, on the banks of the Rhone; the Duke’s castle of Galliad -to the south-west, on the heights overlooking the Arve; -and to the north on the lake, the village of Versoix, at that -time well defended: all these fortresses, filled with mamelukes -and soldiers, hemmed in the city, and left no issue but -by the lake. ‘In this way no one can leave Geneva,’ they -said, ‘except at the risk of his life.’ The bishop followed -the example given by dispossessed princes—nay, even by -ecclesiastical authorities, and connived more or less at the -brigands. Many gentlemen of those districts, returning -with delight to a trade their fathers had formerly practised, -kept watch in their eyries for the little merchant caravans, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_338'>338</span>to pounce upon them. One day some devout catholics of -Valais, on their way to France with a long file of well-laden -mules, were stripped by these rough episcopals. Beyond -the Fort de l’Ecluse was situated a castle—a thorough den -of robbers—belonging to the Seigneur of Avanchi, ‘the -cunningest and cruellest man ever known.’ Accompanied by -a few savage mercenaries, he would lie in ambush near the -high-road, and when travellers appeared, spring from the -rocks like a wild beast, ‘tearing out the eyes of some, and -cutting off the ears of others.’ D’Avanchi treated in this -manner a poor tradesman who had printed some New Testaments;<a id='r645' /><a href='#f645' class='c009'><sup>[645]</sup></a> -and when the judge of the castle remonstrated -with him for his cruelty, the seigneur killed him on the spot. -He showed no preference, however, so far as religion was -concerned. Having fallen in with some nuns one day, he -graciously invited them to enter his mansion under pretence -of giving them alms, and then maltreated them. The fierce -and sensual wild-boar of the Jura was taken to Dôle, and -there put to death by order of a catholic tribunal.<a id='r646' /><a href='#f646' class='c009'><sup>[646]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishop now took another step: he ordered the episcopal -see to be transferred from Geneva to the town of Gex, -at the foot of the Jura, and gave instructions ‘that his council, -court, judges, and all other officers should proceed thither.’ -In the night of the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> of September the episcopal -officers escaped stealthily, and the city was left not only -without prelate, but also without civil judges or courts of -appeal. When the news of this flight got abroad in the -morning, De la Maisonneuve, Levet, Salomon, and their -friends felt an immense relief. At last they were free from -that episcopal crew, who had so often caught the Genevese -in their toils ‘by frauds and snares.’<a id='r647' /><a href='#f647' class='c009'><sup>[647]</sup></a> The Council forbade -the seals, the symbol of supreme authority, to be taken from -<span class='pageno' id='Page_339'>339</span>Geneva.<a id='r648' /><a href='#f648' class='c009'><sup>[648]</sup></a> The prince bishop assembled at Gex a great -number of priests from the surrounding districts. ‘We -must crush that Lutheran sect,’ he told them, ‘by war or -otherwise. It is not enough to remain entrenched in our -camp, we must force the enemy in theirs.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Thunderbolts Against Geneva.</div> -<p class='c008'>Pierre de la Baume launched his thunderbolts at last. -In every parish of the Chablais, Faucigny, Gex, and Bugey, -in every abbey, priory, and convent, the great excommunication -was pronounced in his name, not only against the -councils and citizens of Geneva, but against all who should -hear the preachers or talk with them, and even against any -persons who should enter the city for any purpose whatsoever. -Hereafter, the superstitious rural population looked -upon Geneva as a place inhabited by devils. Some men of -Thonon, more curious than the rest, ventured to pay it a visit, -and on their return declared ‘that the preachers were -really men and not demons.’ These rash individuals were -arrested and taken to Gex, where the bishop sent them to -prison;<a id='r649' /><a href='#f649' class='c009'><sup>[649]</sup></a> and after that time no one dared go to Geneva.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The friends of the Reformation were not discouraged by -these hostile acts. ‘By Christmas at the latest,’ they said, -‘all the churches will be empty, and the whole city of one -faith.’<a id='r650' /><a href='#f650' class='c009'><sup>[650]</sup></a> ‘It is all for the best,’ added many. ‘Once upon -a time the bishops usurped the franchises of the city; now -they return them to us and go away. Well, then, let us do -without bishops, and govern ourselves.’ The Council did not -think fit to proceed so quickly, and merely resolved ‘that -everything should be written down which the bishop had -done against the city, by way of precaution against him.’<a id='r651' /><a href='#f651' class='c009'><sup>[651]</sup></a> -When the canons, the representatives of the prelate, assembled -for their usual monthly meeting,<a id='r652' /><a href='#f652' class='c009'><sup>[652]</sup></a> the syndics and council -appeared before them: ‘Forsaken by our bishop, who is -<span class='pageno' id='Page_340'>340</span>exciting cruel soldiers against his flock, what shall we do, -reverend sirs?’ they asked. ‘The see is vacant: we pray -you to recognise the fact, and to elect, as in your privilege, -the necessary functionaries for the city, in the place of those -who have deserted their office.’<a id='r653' /><a href='#f653' class='c009'><sup>[653]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The canons having answered in a dilatory manner, the -councils, who were always rigid observers of precedent, resolved -to apply to the only authority that could decide between -them and the bishop. The Genevese appealed to the -pope. It was a strange step, but appeals to the Roman -pontiff as head of the catholic world, partly founded on the -forged decretals of the pseudo Isidore,<a id='r654' /><a href='#f654' class='c009'><sup>[654]</sup></a> were then in full -vigor. That petty people followed the path of legality, and -by this means attained their end. The men who have succeeded, -remarks an historian, are those who, in the very -midst of a revolution, have neither accepted nor adopted a -revolutionary policy.<a id='r655' /><a href='#f655' class='c009'><sup>[655]</sup></a> On the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of October, 1534, the -syndics and council entered an appeal at Rome, complaining -that their bishop had deprived them of their franchises and -jurisdiction. It was not a matter of religion, but of policy. -The prince of the Vatican was called upon to fulfil his obligations. -It was Rome who broke the bond: no answer -was returned, which greatly delighted the evangelicals.<a id='r656' /><a href='#f656' class='c009'><sup>[656]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Proceedings Of The Duke.</div> -<p class='c008'>But as the pope laid down the crosier the duke took it up. -He succeeded in gaining over some Bernese ambassadors -who had been sent to him, and these men, enraptured with -the prince’s courteous manners, tried to convince the people -of Geneva of his goodness. ‘We know him,’ said the huguenot, -‘he has an ass’s head and a fox’s tail.’<a id='r657' /><a href='#f657' class='c009'><sup>[657]</sup></a> The Bernese -continued: ‘Everything will be forgiven, but on condition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_341'>341</span>that you send away these new preachers; that you -permit such preachings no longer; that the bishop be restored -to his former estate, and finally that you live in the -faith of our holy mother, the Church.’<a id='r658' /><a href='#f658' class='c009'><sup>[658]</sup></a> The Genevans -could hardly believe their ears. The Little and the Great -Council having sent for the ambassadors of Berne, told them -plainly and curtly: ‘You ask us to abandon our liberties -and the Gospel of Jesus Christ. We would sooner renounce -father and mother, wife and children, we would sooner lose -our goods and our life! Tell the duke we will set fire to the -four corners of the city, before we dismiss the preachers who -announce the Word of God.... Nevertheless, they -offer to endure death, if it can be shown by Scripture that -they are wrong.’ The men of Berne were greatly astonished -at such a reply.<a id='r659' /><a href='#f659' class='c009'><sup>[659]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The duke was still more astonished; the measure was full, -the insolence of that handful of friends to the evangelical -doctrine must be severely punished. ‘Seeing this, the duke -and all his following (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>sequelle</i></span>), more inflamed than ever with -anger against Geneva, consulted together to make war upon -it.’ From every quarter the heads of the clergy (and -Bishop du Bellay in particular) conjured him ‘to support -the authority of the holy faith in the city of Geneva.’<a id='r660' /><a href='#f660' class='c009'><sup>[660]</sup></a> -The persuasion of these prelates inflamed the prince with -such zeal for the maintenance of the papacy, that, unmindful -of every treaty, he sent letters to Valais and the catholic -cantons, demanding their assistance <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>propter fidem</i></span>, in behalf -of the true faith, against the cities of Geneva, Lausanne, -and others.<a id='r661' /><a href='#f661' class='c009'><sup>[661]</sup></a> At the same time he despatched orders to his -governors, gentlemen, provosts and other officers, ‘to ruin -and destroy Geneva.’<a id='r662' /><a href='#f662' class='c009'><sup>[662]</sup></a> On the <abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> of November a diet -was held at Thonon to decide upon the fate of the city; and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_342'>342</span>as the aristocratic influence prevailed just then at Berne, the -Bernese deputies adopted the sinister resolutions of Savoy. -Even Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> declared through an ambassador his support -of the duke’s demands, and required that, prior to any -other measure, the bishop should be restored to all his rights.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Happily the citizens of Geneva were not without timely -warning of the storm that was about to burst upon them. -The messengers, commissioned by Charles <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr> to carry his -rigorous orders to his agents, had to pass through certain -villages, where they would sometimes halt at the inn. -Everybody noticed their embarrassed manner, and in some -places there were well-disposed persons who stopped and -searched them, and discovering their letters took them away -and sent them to the syndics. The latter comprehended the -danger impending over the city, and accordingly took the -measures necessary for its defence.<a id='r663' /><a href='#f663' class='c009'><sup>[663]</sup></a> The friends of independence -and of the Reformation, instead of being dejected -by such news, felt their courage increased. It was as if a -spark had fallen upon powder; their spirits caught fire. -The hour of sacrifices and energetic resolutions had arrived; -there were no more paltry scruples, evasions or delays, no -more timid compromises. For a thing to succeed, it must be -done with decision. The Genevese therefore boldly grasped -the hammer, and with fresh strength began to demolish the -suburbs and popery at the same time. At the Pré l’Evêque, -they took down a stone cross because (as they said) ‘it -turned men away from the true cross of Jesus Christ.’<a id='r664' /><a href='#f664' class='c009'><sup>[664]</sup></a> -At <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Leger, as the church had been demolished, they destroyed -the images also. Still the Roman worship remained -free; while Rome was attacking Geneva, Geneva protected -Rome. The canons having timidly asked the Council, on -the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> of December, if they might celebrate the Christmas -matins next day, the syndics posted themselves at the doors -<span class='pageno' id='Page_343'>343</span>of the different churches ‘with men-at-arms to prevent -annoyance,’ until divine service was over.<a id='r665' /><a href='#f665' class='c009'><sup>[665]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Switzerland Against Geneva.</div> -<p class='c008'>Geneva had still one hope remaining. Would those same -Switzers, who had shaken off the oppression of Austria, -permit Savoy to place Geneva under the yoke? Would -the protestant republic of Berne, which had done so much -to sow the good seed in this allied city,—which to this end -had brought thither and protected Farel, Viret, and Froment,—would -that republic turn away, now that the grain -was beginning to shoot forth, and the harvest was at hand? -It seemed impossible. A diet was to meet at Lucerne in -January, to deliberate what Switzerland should do in this -conjuncture. All the ideas of the Genevans were concentred -on that one point. Not only did a majority of the -cantons, but the Bernese themselves, consent to the restoration -of the duke and the bishop. They required, indeed, -that liberty of conscience should be respected; ‘for,’ said -they, ‘it does not depend upon man to believe what he -wishes; faith is the gift of God.’ But the duke and the -bishop had the frankness to reject such a condition: ‘We -claim,’ they said, ‘the right of ordering everything that concerns -religion in our states.’—‘We mean,’ added their representatives, -‘that the preachers shall be expelled from the -city, and that Berne shall break off her alliance with it.’ -At these words grief and indignation pierced the Genevan -deputies like a sword. ‘What!’ they said; ‘the bishop -complains of being robbed of his jurisdiction, and it is he -who is the robber! He has been always wishing to strip -Geneva of her franchises; and not long ago he transferred -the officers of justice, the courts, and the tribunals, to a -foreign country.’ The diet was inexorable. They resolved -that the duke and the bishop should be reinstated in the -possession of all their lordships and privileges. To no purpose -did Syndic Claude Savoie and Jean Lullin, who were -alarmed at this decision, hasten to Lucerne and declare that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_344'>344</span>Geneva would never accept the articles voted. ‘You ought -to thank us,’ answered the Swiss,—was it in irony or in -sincerity?—‘instead of which you insult us. Accept the -mandate.’—‘We cannot,’ proudly answered the deputies. -‘In that case,’ resumed the cantons, ‘we have only to place -the matter in the hands of God.’<a id='r666' /><a href='#f666' class='c009'><sup>[666]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Geneva was abandoned by all, even by Berne. The news -filled the citizens with the liveliest emotion. There was -nothing left them but God, and God is mighty. ‘Yes,’ said -they, ‘be it so, let God decide.’ Men worked at the walls -and prepared their arms, the women prayed, and the -children in their games defied Savoy and the bishop. The -bells of the demolished churches were melted down to make -cannon. Every night, men on guard stretched the chains -across the streets, and the watchword was to make ‘good -ward and sure ward.’ Everything was carried out with -order, calmness, and courage.<a id='r667' /><a href='#f667' class='c009'><sup>[667]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Their enemies smiled at this activity, and asked how it -could be possible for such a small city to resist the numerous -forces about to march against it. But wiser men were not -ignorant that in the world faith often prevails over superstition, -wisdom over strength, piety over anger, and that the -great mission falls ultimately to the just and the calm. -Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, who aspired to place his sword in the balance, -and other great and ambitious men, have had something -gigantic in them; extraordinary ideas have flashed across -their minds like lightning, and they have often cast a wide -and sombre light over history; but they have founded nothing -lasting. All great and solid creations belong to justice, -perseverance, and faith.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Song Of Resurrection.</div> -<p class='c008'>The spirit of self-sacrifice and firmness with which the -Genevans demolished one half of their city was a pledge of -victory. At the beginning of 1535 the work was almost -ended. A few, however, of the remoter buildings did not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_345'>345</span>come down until 1536, and even 1537. Everything was -levelled round the walls, the approaches to the place were -free, the artillery could play without obstruction, the lines -intended to cover the city were formed, the ramparts were -built, and Geneva, witnessing the labors of her children, and -her sudden and marvellous transformation, might well exclaim -by the mouth of one of her poets:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"> . . . . . Incepit tentandi causa pudoris</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Alliciens varios hæc mea forma procos;</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Qui me cum blandis non possent fallere verbis,</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ecce minas addunt, denique vimque parant.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Tunc ego non volui pulchrum præponere honesto,</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diripui rigida sed mea pulchra manu</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Templa, domos, hortos, in propugnacula verti,</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Arcerent stolidos quæ procul inde procos.</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Diripui pulchrum certe, ut tutarer honestum.</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>E pulchra et fortis facta Geneva vocor.</i><a id='r668' /><a href='#f668' class='c009'><sup>[668]</sup></a></span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Geneva was then passing through the arduous ordeal of -transformation. Rough blows assailed her, groans burst -from her bosom, and on her features was the pallor of death. -But in the hour when the sacrifice was thus accomplished on -the altar, when riches and beauty were immolated to save -independence and faith, when these proud thoughts agitated -men’s hearts and made their presence known by a cry of -agony or by words of high-mindedness, a mysterious light -shone forth, in the midst of the darkness; liberty, morality, -and the Gospel had appeared. Hopeful eyes had seen a -new edifice, radiant with immortal glory, rising above the -ruins of the old. The song then heard was not the song -of death, but of resurrection.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_346'>346</span> - <h2 id='chap7-16' class='c004'>CHAPTER XVI. <br /> THE KING OF FRANCE INVITES MELANCTHON TO RESTORE UNITY AND TRUTH. <br /> (<span class='sc'>End of 1534 to August 1535.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>While the work of the Reformation appeared exposed to -great dangers in a small city of the Alps, it had in the eyes -of the optimists chances of success in two of the greatest -countries of Europe—France and Italy. The two finest -geniuses of the reform, Melancthon and Calvin, had been -summoned to those two countries respectively. Luther, -their superior by the movements of his heart and the simplicity -of his faith, was inferior to them as a theologian, and -they probably surpassed him in their capacity to comprehend -in their thoughts all nations and all churches.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The first half of the sixteenth century was the epoch of a -great transformation to the people of Europe; there had -been nothing like it since the introduction of Christianity. -During the middle ages, the pope was the guardian of Christendom, -and the people were infants, who, not having attained -the necessary age, could not act for themselves. The -pontificial hierarchy opened or shut the gates of heaven, -laid down what every man ought to believe and do, dominated -in the councils of princes, and exercised a powerful -influence over all public institutions. -But a wardship is always provisional. When a man attains -his majority, he enters into the enjoyment of his property -and rights, and having to render an account to none -but God, he walks without guardians by the light which his -conscience gives him. There is also a time of majority for -nations, and Christian society attained that age in the sixteenth -century. From that moment it ceased to receive -<span class='pageno' id='Page_347'>347</span>blindly all that the priests taught; it entered into a higher -and more independent sphere. The teaching of man vanished -away; the teaching of God began again. Once more -those words were heard in Christendom which Paul of Tarsus -had uttered in the first century: ‘<i>I speak as to wise men; -judge ye what I say</i>.’<a id='r669' /><a href='#f669' class='c009'><sup>[669]</sup></a> But it must be carefully observed -that it was by throwing open the Bible to their generation -that the reformers realized this sentence. If they had not -restored a heavenly torch to man, if they had left him to -himself in the thick shadows of the night, he would have -remained blind, uneasy, restless, and unsatisfied. The holy -emancipation of the sixteenth century invited those who -listened to it to draw freely from the divine Word all that -was necessary to scatter the darkness of their reason and fill -up the void in their hearts. Elevating them above the -goods of the body, above even arts, literature, science, and -philosophy, it offered to their soul eternal treasures—God -himself. The Gospel, then restored to the world, gave an -unaccustomed force to the moral law, and thus conferred on -the people who received it two boons,—order and liberty,—which -the Vatican has never possessed within its precincts.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Alarm And Joy.</div> -<p class='c008'>All men, however, did not understand that the majority -which each must necessarily attain individually is at the -same time essential to them collectively, and that the Church -in particular must inevitably attain it. There were many, -among those who were interested in the prosperity of nations, -who felt alarm at the abolition of the papal guardianship. -They saw that this stupendous act would work -immense changes in the sphere of the mind; that society -as a whole, literature, social life, politics, the relations -of foreign countries with one another, would be made new. -This prospect, which was a subject of joy to the greater -number, excited the liveliest apprehensions in others. -Those especially who had not learnt that man, as a moral -being, can only be led by free convictions, imagined that all -<span class='pageno' id='Page_348'>348</span>society would run wild and be lost if that power was suppressed -which had so long intimidated and restrained it by -the fear of excommunications and the stake. These men, -alarmed at the sight of the free and living waters of reform -and wishing at any cost to save the nations of Europe from -the deluge which appeared to threaten them, thought it -their duty to confine them still more, to restore, strengthen -and raise the imperilled dikes, and thus keep the stagnant -waters in the foul canals where they had stood for ages.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Notwithstanding his liberal tendencies with regard to -literature and the arts, Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was not exempt from -these fears, and gave a helping hand to a restoration,—often -a cruel restoration of the Romish jurisdiction. Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, of little interest as an individual, though great as a -king, and who was truly the father, predecessor, and fore-runner -of Elizabeth and her reign, even while striving ineffectually -to preserve the catholic doctrines in his realm, separated -it decisively from the papacy, and by so doing laid -the foundations of the liberty and greatness of England. -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, on the other hand, maintained the papal supremacy -in his dominions, and labored to restore it in the -countries where it had been abolished. In 1534 and 1535 -we see him making great exertions to that end, and finding -numerous helpers to back him up.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The idea of restoring unity in the Christian Church of the -West, not only engrossed the attention of those who were -actuated by despotic views, but also of noble-minded and -liberal men. ‘By what means can we succeed?’ they -asked. The violent answered, ‘By force;’ but the wise -represented that Christian unity could not be brought about -by the sword. Those who were occupied with this great -question determined to examine whether they could not -solve it by means of mutual concessions; and they set about -their task with different motives and in different tempers. -They formed three categories.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There existed at that time in all parts of Europe men of -wit and learning, children of the Renaissance, who disliked -<span class='pageno' id='Page_349'>349</span>the superstitions and abuses of Rome, as well as the bold -doctrines and severe precepts of the Reformation. They -wanted a religion, but it must be an easy one, and more in -conformity (as they held) with reason. Between Luther -and the pope, they saw Erasmus, and that elegant and judicious -writer was their apostle: hence the Elector of Saxony -called them Erasmians.<a id='r670' /><a href='#f670' class='c009'><sup>[670]</sup></a> They thought that by melting -popery and protestantism together they might realize their -dreams.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In like manner, too, there were persons to be found of -greater or less eminence in whom the desire prevailed to -maintain Europe in that papal wardship which had lasted -through all the middle ages: they feared the most terrible -convulsions if that supreme authority should come to an end. -At their head in France was the king. Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> had also -a more interested object: he desired, from political motives, -to unite protestants and catholics, because he had need of -Rome in Italy to recover his preponderance there, and of -the protestants in Germany to humble Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> To this -class also belonged, to a greater or less extent, William du -Bellay, the king’s councillor and right hand in diplomacy. -So far as concerns doctrine, both were on the side of Erasmus; -but, in an ecclesiastical point of view, while the prince -inclined to a moderate papal dominion, the minister would -have preferred a still more liberal system.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Moderate Evangelicals.</div> -<p class='c008'>Finally, there were, particularly in Germany, a few evangelical -Christians who consented to accept the episcopalian -form, and even the primacy of a bishop, in the hope of obtaining -the transformation of the doctrine and manners of -the universal Church. Melancthon at Wittemberg, Bucer -at Strasburg, and Professor Sturm at Paris, were the most -eminent men of this school. Melancthon went farther than -his colleagues. He believed that the great revolution then -going on was salutary and even necessary; but he would -have liked to see it limited and directed. Former ages had -<span class='pageno' id='Page_350'>350</span>elaborated certain results which ought, in his opinion, to be -handed down to ages to come; and he imagined that if the -pope could be induced to receive the Gospel, that despot of -old times might still be useful to the Church. Another and -a still more urgent interest animated these pious men: it -was necessary to rescue the victims of fanaticism, to extinguish -the burning piles. The bloody and solemn executions -which had taken place in Paris on the <abbr title='twenty-first'>21st</abbr> of January, -1535, in presence of the king and court, had excited an indescribable -horror everywhere. One might have imagined -that those noble-hearted men foresaw the miseries of France, -the battle-fields running with blood, and the night of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Bartholomew with its murders ushered in by the death-knell -from the steeple of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Germain l’Auxerrois; that -they saw pass before them those armies of fugitives whom -the revocation of the Edict of Nantes scattered over the -wide world.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One common feature characterized all three classes. -Those who composed them were in general of an accommodating -disposition, an easy manner, ready to sacrifice some -part of what they thought true, in order to attain their end. -But there were in Europe, on the side of Rome many inflexible -papists, and on the side of the Reformation many -determined protestants, who set truth above unity, and were -resolved to do everything ‘so that the talent which God had -entrusted to them might not be lost through their cowardice, -or taken from them on account of their ingratitude.’<a id='r671' /><a href='#f671' class='c009'><sup>[671]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Effects Of The Placards.</div> -<p class='c008'>The famous placards posted up in the capital and all over -France on that October night of 1534 had carried trouble -into the hearts of the peacemakers. They had seen, as -they imagined, the torch suddenly applied to the house in -which they were quietly laboring to reconcile Rome and the -Reformation. ‘Such a seditious act agitates the whole kingdom, -and exposes us to the greatest dangers,’<a id='r672' /><a href='#f672' class='c009'><sup>[672]</sup></a> wrote Sturm -<span class='pageno' id='Page_351'>351</span>from Paris to Melancthon. ‘The authors of those placards -are men of a fanatical turn, rebels who circulate pernicious -sentiments, and who deserve chastisement,’ wrote Melancthon -to the Bishop of Paris. But at the same time the most -energetic of the German protestants, revolted by the cruelty -of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, refused to join in union with a prince who -burnt their brethren. The King of France had formed the -plan of a congress, destined to restore peace to Christendom; -but an imprudent hand had applied the match to the mine, -and the friends of peace were struck with terror and confusion. -From that moment there was nothing heard but -recriminations, reproaches, and altercations.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> saw clearly that, if his project was on the -brink of failing, the fault was due mainly to his own violence; -he therefore undertook to set straight the affairs he -had so imprudently damaged. On the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> February, 1535, -he wrote to the evangelical princes of the empire, assuring -them that there was no similarity between the German -protestants and the French <i>heretics</i>, his victims. The contriver -of the strappadoes of the <abbr title='twenty-first'>21st</abbr> January, assumed a -lofty tone, as if he were innocence itself. ‘I am insulted in -Germany,’ he said, ‘in every place of assembly, and even -at public banquets. It is said that people dressed like Turks -can walk freely about the streets of Paris, but that no one -dares appear there in German costume. People say that -the Germans are looked upon here as heretics, and are -arrested, tortured, and put to death. We think it our duty -to reply to these calumnies. Just when we were on the -point of coming to an understanding with you, certain mad-men -endeavored to upset our work. I prefer to bury in -darkness the paradoxes they have put forth; I am loth to -set them before you, most illustrious princes, and thus display -them in the sight of the world.<a id='r673' /><a href='#f673' class='c009'><sup>[673]</sup></a> I think it sufficient to say -<span class='pageno' id='Page_352'>352</span>that even you would have devoted them to execration. I -wished to prevent the pestilence from spreading over France, -but not a single German was sent to prison.<a id='r674' /><a href='#f674' class='c009'><sup>[674]</sup></a> The men of -your nation, princes and nobles, continue to be graciously -received at my court; and as for the German students, -merchants, and artisans who work in my kingdom, I treat -them like my other subjects, and, I may say, like my own -children.’ The letter produced some little effect, and there -was a reaction on the other side of the Rhine. Melancthon -resumed his schemes of reunion.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But a new change then occurred: suddenly, and with -greater violence than ever, new difficulties arose, which -threatened to make shipwreck of the whole business. Francis -<abbr title='thre first'>I.</abbr> had caused the conciliatory opinions of Melancthon, -Hedio, and Bucer to be circulated in Germany.<a id='r675' /><a href='#f675' class='c009'><sup>[675]</sup></a> Some -unwise and by no means upright adherents of catholicism -mutilated and abridged those opinions,<a id='r676' /><a href='#f676' class='c009'><sup>[676]</sup></a> and then proclaimed -with an air of triumph that the heretics, with Melancthon -at their head, were about to return into the bosom of the -Church!... Excessive was the irritation of the evangelical -flocks, and loud cries arose from every quarter against -the temporizers and their weakness. They called to mind -that truth is not a merchandise which can be cheapened; -but a chain, of which if but one link be broken, all the rest -is useless. ‘Melancthon is of opinion,’ said some, ‘that a -single pontiff, residing at Rome, would be very useful to -maintain harmony of faith between the different nations of -Christendom. Bucer adds that we must not overthrow all -that exists in popery, but restore in the protestant churches -many of the practices observed by the ancients. The men -who speak thus are deserters and turncoats. They betray -<span class='pageno' id='Page_353'>353</span>our cause, they commit a crime.’<a id='r677' /><a href='#f677' class='c009'><sup>[677]</sup></a> If such protestants as -these were heard among the Lutherans, doctors such as -Farel and Calvin spoke out still more plainly against all -attempts at a union with popery. ‘It is wrong,’ wrote Calvin -afterwards to some English friends, ‘to preserve such -paltry rubbish, the sad relics of papal superstition, every -recollection of which we ought to strive to extirpate.’<a id='r678' /><a href='#f678' class='c009'><sup>[678]</sup></a> The -thought that Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was at the head of these negotiations -filled the Swiss theologians in particular with ineffable -disgust. ‘What good can be expected of that prince,’ said -Bullinger, ‘that impure, profane, ambitious man?<a id='r679' /><a href='#f679' class='c009'><sup>[679]</sup></a> He is -dissembling: Christ and truth are of no account in his projects. -His only thought is how to gain possession of Naples -and Milan. What does this or that matter, so that he -makes himself master of Italy?’ These honest Swiss were -not wanting in common sense. Alarmed at the trap that -was preparing for Reform, Bullinger, Blaarer, Zwyck, and -other reformed divines wrote to Bucer: ‘It is of no use -your contriving a reunion with the pope; thousands of protestants -would rather forfeit their lives than follow you.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the same time the Sorbonne and its followers raised -their voices still higher against all assimilation with Lutheran -doctrines. The storm swelled on both sides, and burst -upon the moderate party. Poor Bucer, driven in different -directions, succumbed under the weight of his sorrow. -‘Would to God,’ he exclaimed, ‘that, like the French martyrs, -I were delivered from this life to stand before the face -of Jesus Christ!’<a id='r680' /><a href='#f680' class='c009'><sup>[680]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Hope Of Union Lost.</div> -<p class='c008'>Every hope of union seemed lost. The ship which the -politic King of France had launched, and to which the hand -<span class='pageno' id='Page_354'>354</span>of the pious Melancthon had fastened the banners of peace, -had been carried upon the breakers; all attempts to get her -out to sea again appeared useless; there was neither water -enough to float her, nor wind enough to move her. She -was about to be abandoned, when a sudden breeze extricated -her from the shallows, and launched her once more -upon the wide ocean.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> having died of chagrin, occasioned by the -prospect of a future in which he could see nothing but deception -and sorrow,<a id='r681' /><a href='#f681' class='c009'><sup>[681]</sup></a> the King of France considered himself -thenceforward liberated from the promises made to Catherine’s -uncle. Ere long the choice of the Sacred College -gave him still greater liberty. Alexander Farnese, who, -under the title of Paul <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr>, succeeded Clement, was a man -of the world; he had studied at Florence in the famous gardens -of Lorenzo de’ Medici, and from his youth had lived -an irregular life. On one occasion, being imprisoned by his -mother’s orders in the castle of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Angelo, he took advantage -of the moment when the attention of his jailers was -attracted by the procession of Corpus Christi to escape -through a window by means of a rope. Although he had -two illegitimate children, a son and a daughter, he was made -cardinal, and from that hour kept his eyes steadily fixed -upon the triple crown. He obtained it at last, at the age -of sixty-seven, and declared that in religious matters he -would follow very different principles from those of his predecessors. -This man, who had so much need of reformation -for himself and his family, was engrossed wholly with -reforming the Church. We shall find not only a king of -France, but a pope of Rome also, making advances to Melancthon. -Leo <abbr title='the tenth'>X.</abbr> bequeathed schism to Christendom. -Paul <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr> undertook to restore unity, and thus hoped to -acquire a greater glory than that of the Medicis. He promised -the ambassadors of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> to call a council, and -four days after his election declared his intentions in full -<span class='pageno' id='Page_355'>355</span>consistory. ‘I desire a reform,’ he said; ‘before we attempt -to change the universal Church, we must first sweep -out the court of Rome;’ and he nominated a congregation -to draw up a plan of reform. Proud of his skill, he thought -that everything would be easy to him, and already triumphed -in imagination over the Germans, who were, in his opinion, -so boorish, and the Swiss, who were so barbarous. Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, -satisfied with this disposition of the pope, was not unaware, -besides, that he had private means of communicating with -him. The first secretary of his Holiness was Ambrosio, an -influential man and by no means averse to presents. A -person who had need of his services having given him sixty -silver basins with as many ewers, ‘How is it,’ said a man -one day, ‘that with all these basins to wash in, his hands -are never clean?’<a id='r682' /><a href='#f682' class='c009'><sup>[682]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Popery In France.</div> -<p class='c008'>But the work of union was not to be so easy as the conjunction -of two such stars as Farnese and Valois seemed to -promise. While the Romish Church was being toned down -at Rome, popery became stricter in France. The fanatical -party that was to acquire a horrible celebrity by the crimes of -the Bartholomew massacre and of the League, was beginning -to take shape round the dauphin, the future Henry <abbr title='the second'>II.</abbr> That -youth of eighteen, who had not long returned from Madrid, -was far from being lively, talkative, and independent, like a -young Frenchman, but gloomy and silent, and appeared to -live only to obey women. There were two at his side, -admirably calculated to give him a papistical direction: -first, his wife, Catherine de Medicis, and next his mistress, -Diana of Poitiers, a widow, still beautiful in spite of her -age, and who would not (as it has been said) have spoken -to a heretic for an empire. The mistress and the wife, who -were on the best of terms, and all of the dauphin’s party, -endeavored to thwart the king’s plans. The most influential -members of that faction were continually repeating to -him that the protestants of Germany were quite as fanatical -and seditious as those of France. At the same time, the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_356'>356</span>emperor’s agents, animated by the same intentions, told the -German protestants that Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was an infidel in alliance -with the Turks. The obstacles opposed in France and -Germany to the reconciliation of Christendom were such -that its realization appeared a matter of difficulty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But in the midst of these intrigues the moderate party -held firm. The Du Bellays belonged to one of the oldest -families in France; their nobility could be traced back to -the reign of Lothaire,<a id='r683' /><a href='#f683' class='c009'><sup>[683]</sup></a> and their mother, Margaret de la -Tour-Landry, reckoned among her ancestors a man who -had occupied himself with laying down the rules of a good -education. After a life of busy warfare, the Chevalier de -la Tour-Landry, seignior of Bourmont and Claremont, who -lived in the fourteenth century, wrote two works on education: -one for his sons, the other for his daughters, copies of -which became numerous. The treatise intended for the -girls was printed in 1514, perhaps by the direction of -the parents of the Du Bellays. ‘Out of the great affection -I bear to my children,’ wrote the old cavalier, ‘whom -I love as a father ought to love them, my heart will -be filled with perfect joy if they grow up good and -honorable, loving and serving God.’<a id='r684' /><a href='#f684' class='c009'><sup>[684]</sup></a> William and John -particularly seemed to have responded to this prayer. William, -the elder, was not void of Christian sentiments. ‘I -desire,’ he said, ‘that nothing may happen injurious to the -cause of the Gospel and the glory of Christ;’<a id='r685' /><a href='#f685' class='c009'><sup>[685]</sup></a> but he was -specially one of the most distinguished generals and diplomatists -of his epoch. He knew, says Brantome, the most -private secrets of the emperor and of all the princes of -Europe, so that people supposed him to have a familiar -<span class='pageno' id='Page_357'>357</span>spirit. Although maimed in his limbs—the consequence -of his campaigns—he was a man of indefatigable activity. -His brother John, Bishop of Paris, who was also ‘another -master-mind,’ professed like him an enlightened catholicism; -and hence it happened that on the accession of Henry <abbr title='the second'>II.</abbr> -he was deprived of his rank by the intrigues of the papist -party, and driven from France. Still, to show that he remained -a catholic, he took up his residence in Rome.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Melancthon’s Position.</div> -<p class='c008'>In 1535 the moderate catholic party, at the head of which -were these two brothers, seeing the chances of success at -Rome as well as at Paris, resolved to take a more decided -step, and to invite Melancthon to France. The proposal -was made to Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, and supported by all the members -of the party. They knew that Melancthon was called ‘the -master of Germany,’ and thought that if he came to France -he would conciliate all parties by the culture of his mind, by -his learning, wisdom, piety, and gentleness. One man, if he -appears at the right moment, is sometimes sufficient to give -a new direction to an entire epoch, to a whole nation. ‘Ah, -sire,’ said Barnabas Voré de la Fosse, a learned and zealous -French nobleman, who knew Germany well, and had tasted -of the Gospel, ‘if you knew Melancthon, his uprightness, -learning, and modesty! I am his disciple, and fear not to -tell it you. Of all those who in our days have the reputation -of learning, and who deserve it, he is the foremost.’<a id='r686' /><a href='#f686' class='c009'><sup>[686]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>These advances were not useless: Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> thought the -priests very arrogant and noisy. His despotism made him -incline to the side of the pope; but his love of letters, and -his disgust at the monks, attracted him the other way. -Just now he thought it possible to satisfy both these inclinations -at once. Fully occupied with the effect of the moment, -and inattentive to consequences, he passed rapidly -from one extreme to another. At Marseilles he had thrown -himself into the arms of Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>, now he made up -his mind to hold out his hand to Melancthon. ‘Well!’ said -<span class='pageno' id='Page_358'>358</span>the king, ‘since he differs so much from our rebels, let him -come: I shall be enchanted to hear him.’ This gave great -delight to the peacemakers. ‘God has seen the affliction of -his children and heard their cries,’ exclaimed Sturm.<a id='r687' /><a href='#f687' class='c009'><sup>[687]</sup></a> -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> ordered De la Fosse to proceed to Germany to -urge Melancthon in person.</p> - -<p class='c008'>A king of France inviting a reformer to come and explain -his views was something very new. The two principal -obstacles which impeded the Reformation seemed now to -be removed. The first was the character of the reformers -in France, the exclusive firmness of their doctrines, and the -strictness of their morality. Melancthon, the mild, the wise, -the tolerant, the learned scholar, was to attempt the task. -The second obstacle was the fickleness and opposition of -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>; but it was this prince who made the advances. -There are hours of grace in the history of the human race, -and one of those hours seemed to have arrived. ‘God, who -rules the tempests,’ exclaimed Sturm, ‘is showing us a harbor -of refuge.’<a id='r688' /><a href='#f688' class='c009'><sup>[688]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Efforts Of The Mediators.</div> -<p class='c008'>The friends of the Gospel and of light set earnestly to -work. It was necessary to persuade Melancthon, the Elector, -and the protestants of Germany, which might be a task -of some difficulty. But the mediators did not shrink from -before obstacles; they raised powerful batteries; they -stretched the strings of their bow, and made a great effort -to carry the fortress. Sturm, in particular, spared no exertions. -The free courses he was giving at the Royal College, -his lectures on Cicero, his logic, which, instead of preparing -his disciples (among whom was Peter Ramus) for -barren disputes, developed and adorned their minds—nothing -could stop him. Sturm was not only an enlightened -man, a humanist, appreciating the Beautiful in the productions -of genius, but he had a deep feeling of the divine -grandeur of the Gospel. Men of letters in those times, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_359'>359</span>especially in Italy, were often negative in regard to the -things of God, light in their conduct, without moral force, -and consequently incapable of exercising a salutary influence -over their contemporaries. Such was not Sturm: and -while those <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>beaux-esprits</i></span>, those wits were making a useless -display of their brilliant intelligence in drawing-rooms, that -eminent man exhibited a Christian faith and life: he busied -himself in the cultivation of all that is most exalted, and -during his long career, never ceased from enlightening his -contemporaries.<a id='r689' /><a href='#f689' class='c009'><sup>[689]</sup></a> ‘The future of French protestantism is -in your hands,’ he wrote to Bucer; ‘Melancthon’s answer -and yours will decide whether the evangelicals are to enjoy -liberty, or undergo the most cruel persecutions. When I -see Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> meditating the revival of the Church, I recognize -God, who inclines the hearts of princes. I do not -doubt his sincerity; I see no hidden designs, no political -motives; although a German by birth, I do not share my -fellow-countrymen’s suspicions about him. The king, I am -convinced, wishes to do all he can to reform the Church, and -to give liberty of conscience to the French.’<a id='r690' /><a href='#f690' class='c009'><sup>[690]</sup></a> Such was, -then, the hope of the most generous spirits—such the aim -of their labors.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Sturm, wishing to do everything in his power to give -France that liberty and reformation, wrote personally to -Melancthon. He was the man to be gained, and the professor -set his heart upon gaining him. ‘How delighted I am -at the thought that you will come to France!’ he said. -‘The king talks much about you; he praises your integrity, -learning, and modesty; he ranks you above all the scholars -of our time, and has declared that he is <i>your disciple</i>.<a id='r691' /><a href='#f691' class='c009'><sup>[691]</sup></a> I -shed tears when I think of the devouring flames that have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_360'>360</span>consumed so many noble lives; but when I learn that the -king invites you to advise with him as to the means of extinguishing -those fires, then I feel that God is turning his -eyes with love upon the souls who are threatened with unutterable -calamities. What a strange thing! France appeals -to you at the very time when our cause is so fiercely attacked. -The king, who is of a good disposition at bottom, -perceives so many defects in the old cause, and such imprudence -in those who adhere to the truth, that he applies to -you to find a remedy for these evils. O Melancthon! to see -your face will be our salvation. Come into the midst of our -violent tempests, and show us the haven. A refusal from -you would keep our brethren suspended above the flames. -Trouble yourself neither about emperors nor kings: those -who invite you are men who are fighting against death. -But they are not alone: the voice of Christ, nay, the voice -of God himself calls you.’<a id='r692' /><a href='#f692' class='c009'><sup>[692]</sup></a> The letter is dated from Paris, -<abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> March, 1535.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Holy Scriptures, which were read wherever the Reform -had penetrated, had revived in men’s hearts feelings -of real unity and Christian charity. Such cries of distress -could not fail to touch the protestants of Germany; Bucer, -who had also been invited, made preparations for his departure. -‘The French, Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and -other nations, who are they?’<a id='r693' /><a href='#f693' class='c009'><sup>[693]</sup></a> he asked. ‘All our brethren -in Jesus Christ. It is not this nation or that nation -only, but all nations that the Father has given to the Son. -I am ready,’ he wrote to Melancthon; ‘prepare for your departure.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Importance Of France.</div> -<p class='c008'>What could Melancthon do? that was the great question. -Many persons, even in Germany, had hoped that France -would put herself at the head of the great revival of the -Church. Had not her kings, and especially Louis <abbr title='the twelfth'>XII.</abbr>, -often resisted Rome? Had not the university of Paris -<span class='pageno' id='Page_361'>361</span>been the rival of the Vatican? Was it not a Frenchman -who, cross in hand, had roused the West to march to the -conquest of Jerusalem? Many believed that if France -were transformed, all Christendom would be transformed -with her. To a certain point, Melancthon had shared these -ideas, but he was less eager than Bucer. The outspoken -language of the placards had shocked him; but the burning -piles erected in Paris had afterwards revolted him; he -feared that the king’s plans were a mere trick, and his reform -a phantom. Nevertheless, after reflecting upon the -matter, he concluded that the conquest of such a mighty -nation was a thing of supreme importance. His adhesion -to the regenerating movement then accomplishing might -decide its success, just as his hostility might destroy it. He -must do something more than open his arms to France, he -must go to meet her.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon understood the position and set to work. -First, he wrote to the Bishop of Paris, in order to gain him -over to the proposed union, by representing to him that the -episcopal order ought to be maintained. The German doctor -did not doubt that even under that form, the increasing -consciousness of truth and justice, the living force of the -Gospel, which was seen opening and increasing everywhere, -would gain over to the Reformation the fellow-countrymen -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Bernard and <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Louis. ‘France is, so to speak, the -head of the Christian world,’ he wrote to the Bishop of -Paris.<a id='r694' /><a href='#f694' class='c009'><sup>[694]</sup></a> ‘The example of the most eminent people may exercise -a great influence over others. If France is resolved -to defend energetically the existing vices of the Church, -good men of all countries will see their fondest desires -vanish. But I have better hopes; the French nation possesses, -I know, a remarkable zeal for piety.<a id='r695' /><a href='#f695' class='c009'><sup>[695]</sup></a> All men turn -their eyes to us; all conjure us, not only by their words, but -<span class='pageno' id='Page_362'>362</span>by their tears, to prevent sound learning from being stifled, -and Christ’s glory from being buried.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>On the same day, <abbr title='ninth'>9th</abbr> of May, 1535, Melancthon wrote to -Sturm: ‘I will not suffer myself to be prevented either by -domestic ties or the fear of danger. There is no human -grandeur which I can prefer to the glory of Christ. Only -one thought checks me: I doubt of my ability to do any -good; I fear it will be impossible to obtain from the king -what I consider necessary to the glory of the Lord and the -peace of France.<a id='r696' /><a href='#f696' class='c009'><sup>[696]</sup></a> If you can dispel these apprehensions, -I shall hasten to France, and no prison shall affright me. -We must seek only for what is fitting for the Church and -France. You know that kingdom. Speak. If you think -I should do well to undertake the journey, I will start.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon’s letter to the Bishop of Paris was not without -effect. That prelate had just been made a cardinal; -but the new dignity in nowise diminished his desire for the -restoration of truth and unity in the Church; on the contrary, -it gave him more power to realize the great project. -The Reformation was approaching. Delighted with the -sentiments expressed to him by the <i>master</i> of Germany, he -communicated his letter to such as might feel an interest in -it, and among others, no doubt, to the king. ‘There is not -one of our friends here,’ he said, ‘to whom Melancthon’s -mode of seeing things is not agreeable. As for myself, it is -pleasant far beyond what I can express.’<a id='r697' /><a href='#f697' class='c009'><sup>[697]</sup></a> It was the same -with his brother William. While the new cardinal especially -desired a union with Melancthon in the hope of obtaining -a wise and pious reform, the councillor of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> -desired, while leaving to the pope his spiritual authority, to -make France politically independent of Rome. The two -brothers united in entreating the king to send for Luther’s -friend. De la Fosse joined them, and all the friends of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_363'>363</span>peace, in conjuring the king to give the German doctor some -proof of his good-will. ‘He will come if you write to him,’ -they said.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Letter Of The King.</div> -<p class='c008'>Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> made up his mind, and instead of addressing -the sovereign whose subject Melancthon was, the proud king -of France wrote to the plain doctor of Wittemberg. This was -not quite regular; had the monarch written to the elector, -such a step might have produced very beneficial results; not -so much because the susceptibility of the latter prince would -not have been wounded, as because the reasons which Francis, -with Du Bellay’s help, might have given him, would -perhaps have convinced a ruler so friendly to the Gospel -and to peace as John Frederick. It is sometimes useful to -observe the rules of diplomacy. This is the letter from the -King of France to the learned doctor, dated <abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr> of June, -1535.</p> - -<p class='c012'>‘Francis, by the grace of God King of the French, to our -dear Philip Melancthon, greeting:</p> - -<p class='c013'>‘I have long since been informed by William du Bellay, -my chamberlain and councillor, of the zeal with which -you are endeavoring to appease the dissensions to which -the Christian doctrine has given rise. I now learn from the -letter which you have written to him, and from Voré de la -Fosse, that you are much inclined to come to us, to confer -with some of our most distinguished doctors on the means -of restoring in the Church that divine harmony which is the -first of all my desires.<a id='r698' /><a href='#f698' class='c009'><sup>[698]</sup></a> Come then, either in an official -character, or in your own name; you will be very acceptable -to me, and you will learn, in either case, the interest I -feel in the glory of your Germany and the peace of the universe.’</p> - -<p class='c007'>These declarations from the King of France forwarded -the enterprise; before taking such a step, he must have -<span class='pageno' id='Page_364'>364</span>been very clear in his intentions. We may well ask, however, -if the letter was sincere. In history, as in nature, -there are striking contrasts. While these things were passing -in the upper regions of society, scenes were occurring -in the lower regions which ran counter to those fine projects -of princes and scholars. The Swiss divines maintained that -the whole affair was a comedy in which the king and his -ministers played the chief parts. That may be questionable, -but the interlude was a blood-stained tragedy. In the very -month when Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> wrote to Melancthon, a poor husbandman -of La Bresse, John Cornon, was arrested while at -work in the fields, and taken to Macon. The judges, who -expected to see an idiot appear before them, were astonished -when they heard that poor peasant proving to them, in his -simple <i>patois</i>, the truth of his faith, and displaying an extensive -knowledge of Holy Scripture. As the pious husbandman -remained unshaken in his attachment to the all-sufficient -grace of Jesus Christ, he was condemned to death, -dragged on a hurdle to the place of execution, and there -burnt alive.<a id='r699' /><a href='#f699' class='c009'><sup>[699]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In the following month of July, Dennis Brion, a humble -barber of Sancerre, near Paris, and a reputed heretic, was -taken in his shop. He had often expounded the Scriptures, -not only to those who visited him, but also to a number of -persons who assembled to hear him. Nothing annoyed the -priests so much as these meetings, where simple Christians, -speaking in succession, bore testimony to the light and consolation -they had found in the Bible. Brion was condemned, -as the husbandman of La Bresse had been, and his death -was made a great show. It was the time of the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>grands -jours</i></span> at Angers; and there he was burnt alive, in the midst -of an immense concourse of people from every quarter.<a id='r700' /><a href='#f700' class='c009'><sup>[700]</sup></a> It -is probable that those executions were not the result of any -new orders, but a mere sequel to the cruelties of the <abbr title='twenty-first'>21st</abbr> -of January, the influence of which had only then reached -the provinces.</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_365'>365</span>These two executions, however, made the necessity of -laboring to restore peace and unity still more keenly felt. -Those engaged in the task saw but one means: to admit on -one side the evangelical doctrine, and on the other the episcopal -form with a bishop <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>primus inter pares</i></span>. Western -Christendom would thus have a protestant body with a Roman -dress. The Church of the Reformation (it was said) -holds to doctrine before all things, and the Church of Rome -to its government; let us unite the two elements. The -Wittemberg doctors hoped that the substance would prevail -over the form; the Roman doctors that the form would -prevail over the substance; but many on both sides honestly -believed that the proposed combination would succeed and -be perpetual.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Du Bellay Goes To Rome.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the same time as De la Fosse started for Wittemberg, -the new cardinal, Du Bellay, departed for Rome: two French -embassies were to be simultaneously in the two rival cities. -The ostensible object of the cardinal’s journey was not the -great matter which the king had at heart, but to thank the -pope for the dignity conferred upon him; still it was the -intention and the charge of the Bishop of Paris to do all in -his power to induce the catholic Church to come to an understanding -with the protestants. Before quitting France, -he wrote to Melancthon: ‘There is nothing I desire more -earnestly than to put an end to the divisions which are -shaking the Church of Christ. My dear Melancthon, do -all you can to bring about this happy pacification.<a id='r701' /><a href='#f701' class='c009'><sup>[701]</sup></a> If you -come here, you will have all good men with you, and especially -the king, who is not only in name, but in reality, <i>most -Christian</i>. When you have conferred with him thoroughly, -which will be soon, I trust, there is nothing that we may not -hope for. God grant that at Rome, whither I am going -with all speed, I may obtain, in behalf of the work I meditate, -all the success that I desire.’<a id='r702' /><a href='#f702' class='c009'><sup>[702]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_366'>366</span>The cardinal’s journey was of great importance. The -party to which he belonged, which desired one sole Catholic -Church, in which evangelical doctrines and Romish forms -should be skilfully combined, was acquiring favor in the -metropolis of catholicism. The new pope raised to the cardinalate -Contarini and several other prelates who were -known for their evangelical sentiments and the purity of -their lives. He left them entire liberty; he permitted -them to contradict him in the consistory, and even encouraged -them to do so. The hope of a reform grew -greater day by day in Italy.<a id='r703' /><a href='#f703' class='c009'><sup>[703]</sup></a> It thus happened that -Cardinal du Bellay found himself in a very favorable atmosphere -at Rome: he would be backed by the influence -of France, and to a certain point by the imperial influence -also, for no one desired more strongly than Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> an -arrangement between catholics and protestants. The Bishop -of Paris, an enlightened and skilful diplomatist and pious -man, had a noble appearance, and displayed in every act -the mark of a great soul.<a id='r704' /><a href='#f704' class='c009'><sup>[704]</sup></a> He thus won men’s hearts, and -might, in concert with Melancthon, be the chosen instrument -to establish the so much desired unity in the Church.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Du Bellay To Melancthon.</div> -<p class='c008'>While he was on his way to confer with the pope and -cardinals, others were canvassing Melancthon and the protestants. -De la Fosse left for Wittemberg, bearing the king’s -letter, and William du Bellay, an intelligent statesman, who -was determined to spare no pains to bring the great scheme -to a successful issue, wrote to the German doctor, explaining -motives and removing objections. In his eyes the -cause in question was the greatest of all: it was the cause -of religion and of France. ‘Let us beware,’ wrote the councillor -of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to Melancthon, ‘let us beware of irritating -the king, whose favor you will confess is necessary to -us. If, after he has written to you with his own hand, after -<span class='pageno' id='Page_367'>367</span>you have almost given your consent, after he has sent you -a deputation, in whose company you could make the journey -without danger,—if you finally refuse to come to France, I -much fear that the monarch will not look upon it with a favorable -eye. It is necessary both to France and religion -that you comply with the king’s request.<a id='r705' /><a href='#f705' class='c009'><sup>[705]</sup></a> Fear not the -influence of the wicked, who cannot endure to be deprived -of anything in order that the glory of Jesus Christ should be -increased.<a id='r706' /><a href='#f706' class='c009'><sup>[706]</sup></a> The king is skilful, prudent, yielding, and allows -himself to be convinced by sound reasons. If you have -an interview with him, if you talk with him, if you set your -motives before him, you will inflame him with an admirable -zeal for your cause.<a id='r707' /><a href='#f707' class='c009'><sup>[707]</sup></a> Do not think you will have to dissemble -or give way.... No; the king will praise -your courage in such serious matters more than he would -praise your weakness. I therefore exhort and conjure you -in Christ’s name not to miss the opportunity of doing the -noblest of all the works which it is possible to perform among -men.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>As we read these important letters, these touching solicitations, -and the firm opinions of the councillor of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, -we are tempted to inquire what is their date. Is it in reality -only five months after the strappadoes? One circumstance -explains the startling contrast. France might say: -‘I feel two natures in me.’ Which of them shall prevail? -That is the question. Will it be the intelligence, frankness, -love of liberty, and presentiment of the moral responsibility -of man, which are often found in the French people; or the -incredulity, superstition, sensuality, cruelty, and despotism, -of which Catherine de Medicis, her husband, and her sons -were the types? Shall we see a people, eager for liberty, -submitting in religious things to the yoke of a Church which -never allows any independence to individual thought? -Strange to say, the solution of this important question seemed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_368'>368</span>to depend upon a reformer. Should Melancthon come to -France, he would, in the opinion of the Du Bellays and the -best intellects of the age, inaugurate with God’s help in that -illustrious country the reign of the Gospel and liberty, and -put an end to the usurpations of Rome.</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the great enterprise at which some of the greatest and -most powerful personages were then working succeeded, if -the tendency of Catherine and her sons (continued unfortunately -by the Bourbons) were overcome, France was saved. -It was a solemn opportunity. Never, perhaps, had that -great nation been nearer the most important transformation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In addition to the appeals of Du Bellay, no means were -spared to persuade Germany. Sturm wrote another letter -to the Wittemberg doctor, telling him that the king was not -very far from sharing the religious ideas of the protestants, -and that, if his views were laid clearly and fearlessly before -him, the reformer would find that the sovereign agreed with -him on many important points. And more than this, Claude -Baduel, who, after studying at Wittemberg, was in succession -professor at Paris, rector at Nismes, and pastor at -Geneva, was intrusted by the Queen of Navarre with a -mission to Melancthon. Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, wishing to pass from -words to deeds, published an amnesty on the <abbr title='sixteenth'>16th</abbr> July, -1535, in which he declared that ‘the anger of our Lord -being appeased, persons accused or suspected should not be -molested, that all prisoners should be set at liberty, their -confiscated goods restored, and the fugitives permitted to re-enter -the kingdom, provided they lived as good catholic -Christians.’<a id='r708' /><a href='#f708' class='c009'><sup>[708]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>As Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> did not wish to alarm the court of Rome, -and desired to prevent it from interfering and seeking to -disturb and thwart his plans, he called Cardinal du Bellay -to him a short time before his departure, and said: ‘You -will give the Holy Father to understand that I am sending -your brother to the protestants of Germany to get what he -can from them; at the very least to prevail on them to acknowledge -<span class='pageno' id='Page_369'>369</span>the power of the pope as head of the Church -universal. With regard to faith, religion, ceremonies, institutions, -and doctrines, he will preserve such as it will be -proper to preserve,—at least, what may reasonably be tolerated, -while waiting the decision of the council.... -Matters being thus arranged, our Holy Father will then be -able earnestly and joyfully to summon a council to meet at -Rome, and his authority will remain sure and flourishing; -for, if the enemies of the Holy See once draw in their horns -in Germany, they will do the same in France, Italy, England, -Scotland, and Denmark.’<a id='r709' /><a href='#f709' class='c009'><sup>[709]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The opinions of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> come out clearly in these instructions. -The only thing he cared about was the preservation -of the pope’s temporal power. As for religion, -ceremonies, and doctrines, he would try to come to an understanding,—he -would get what he could; but the protestants -must pull in their horns,—must renounce their independent -bearing. The king declared himself satisfied, provided -the people of Europe continued to walk beneath the -Caudine forks of Romish power.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Conference With The Reformers.</div> -<p class='c008'>It was not long before the king showed what were his -real intentions, and towards what kind of reconciliation a -council would have to labor, if one should ever be assembled, -which was very doubtful. On the <abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> July, the Bishop of -Senlis, his confessor, requested the Sorbonne to nominate -ten or twelve of its theologians to confer with the reformers. -If a bombshell had fallen in the midst of the Faculty, it -could not have caused greater alarm. ‘What an unprecedented -proposal!’ exclaimed the doctors; ‘is it a jest or an -insult?’ For two days they remained in deliberation. -‘We will nominate deputies,’ said the assembly, ‘but for -the purpose of remonstrating with the king.’ ‘Sire,’ boldly -said these delegates, ‘your proposal is quite useless and supremely -dangerous. Useless, for the heretics will hear of -nothing but Holy Scripture; dangerous, for the catholics, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_370'>370</span>who are weak in faith, may be perverted by the objections -of the heretic.... Let the Germans communicate to -us the articles on which they have need of instruction, we -will give it them willingly; but there can be no discussion -with heretics. If we meet them, it can only be as their -judges. It is a divine and a human law to cut off the corrupted -members from the body. If such is the duty of the -State against assassins, much more is it their duty against -schismatics who destroy souls by their rebellion.’<a id='r710' /><a href='#f710' class='c009'><sup>[710]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>These different movements did not take place in secret; -they were talked about all over the city, and far beyond it. -Enlightened minds were much amused by the fear which -the doctors of the Sorbonne had of speaking. There was no -lack of remarks on that subject. ‘We must not chatter and -babble overmuch about the Gospel; but it is absurd that, -when anybody inquires into our faith, we should say nothing -in defence of it. Let us discourse about the mysteries of -God peaceably and mildly: to be silent is a supineness and -cowardice worthy of the sneers of unbelievers.’<a id='r711' /><a href='#f711' class='c009'><sup>[711]</sup></a> When -Marot the poet heard of the answer of the Sorbonne, he -said:—</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Je ne dis pas que Mélancthon</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ne déclare au roi son advis;</span></div> - <div class='line in2'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Mais de disputer vis-à-vis ...</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Nos maîtres n’y veulent entendre.</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The politicians were not silent. The prospect of an -agreement with the protestants deeply moved the chiefs of -the Roman party, who resolved to do all in their power to -oppose the attempt. Montmorency, the grand master, the -Cardinal de Tournon, the Bishop of Soissons, de Chateaubriand, -and others exerted all their influence to prevent Melancthon -from coming to France, Cardinal du Bellay from -succeeding at Rome, and catholics and protestants from -shaking hands together under the auspices of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_371'>371</span>This fanatical party, which was to make common cause with -the Jesuits, already forestalled them in cunning. ‘One -morning,’, say Roman-catholic historians,<a id='r712' /><a href='#f712' class='c009'><sup>[712]</sup></a> ‘Cardinal de -Tournon appeared at the king’s <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>levée</i></span>, reading a book magnificently -bound.’ ‘Cardinal, what a handsome book you -have there!’ said the king. ‘Sire,’ replied De Tournon, ‘it -is the work of an illustrious martyr, Saint Irenæus, who presided -over the Church of Lyons in the second century. I -was reading the passage which says that John the Evangelist, -being about to enter some public baths, and learning -that the heretic Cerinthus was inside, hastily retired, exclaiming: -“Let us fly, my children, lest we be swallowed -up with the enemies of the Lord.” That is what the -apostles thought of heretics; and yet you, Sire, the eldest -son of the Church, intend inviting to your court the most -celebrated disciple of that arch-heretic Luther.’ De Tournon -added that an alliance with the Lutherans would -not only cause Milan to be lost to France, but would -throw all the catholic powers into the arms of the emperor.<a id='r713' /><a href='#f713' class='c009'><sup>[713]</sup></a> -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, though persisting in his scheme, saw that he -could not force those to speak who had made up their minds -to be silent; and wishing to give De Tournon some little -satisfaction he let the Faculty know that he would not ask -them to confer with the reformers. The king intended to -hear both parties; he sought to place himself between the -two stormy seas, like a quiet channel, which communicates -with both oceans, and in which it was possible to manœuvre -undisturbed by tempests.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Is A Mixed Congress Possible?</div> -<p class='c008'>The refusal of the Sorbonne, at that time more papistical -than the pope himself, does not imply that a conference -between protestant and catholic theologians was impossible; -for six years later such a conference really did take place at -Ratisbon, and nearly succeeded. A committee, half protestant, -half Romanist, in which Melancthon and Bucer sat, -and in which the pious Cardinal Contarini took part as papal -<span class='pageno' id='Page_372'>372</span>legate, admitted the evangelical faith in all essential points, -and declared in particular that man is justified not by his -own merits, but by faith alone in the merits of Christ, -pointing out, however, as the protestants had always done, -that the faith which justifies must <i>work by love</i>. That meeting -of Ratisbon came to nothing: it could come to nothing. -A gleam of light shone forth, but a breath from Rome extinguished -the torch, and Contarini submitted in silence. -The conference, however, remains in history as a solemn -homage, paid by the most believing members of the Roman-catholic -Church to the Christian doctrines of the Reformation.<a id='r714' /><a href='#f714' class='c009'><sup>[714]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-17' class='c004'>CHAPTER XVII. <br /> WILL THE ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH UNITY AND TRUTH SUCCEED? <br /> (<span class='sc'>August to November 1535.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Individuality And Community.</div> -<p class='c008'>Was the union desired by so many eminent men to -be for good or for evil? On this question different opinions -may be, and have been, entertained. Certain minds like to -isolate themselves, and look with mistrust and disdain upon -human associations. It is true that man exists first as an individual, -and that before all things he must be himself; but -he does not exist alone: he is a member of a body, and this -forms the second part of his existence. Human life is both -a monologue and a dialogue. Before the era of Christianity, -these two essential modes of being had but an imperfect existence: -on the one hand, social institutions absorbed the -individual, and on the other, each nation was encamped -apart. Christianity aggrandized individuality by calling -<span class='pageno' id='Page_373'>373</span>men to unite with God, and at the same time it proclaimed -the great unity of the human race, and undertook to make -into one family all the families of the earth, by giving the -same heavenly Father to all. It imparts a fresh intensity -to individuality by teaching man that a single soul is in God’s -eyes of more value than the whole universe; but this, far -from doing society an injury, becomes the source of great -prosperity to it. The more an individual is developed in a -Christian sense, the more useful a member he becomes of -the nation and of the human race. Individuality and community -are the two poles of life; and it is necessary to -maintain both, in order that humanity may fulfil its mission -in revolving ages. The mischief lies in giving an unjust -pre-eminence to either of the two elements. Romish unity, -which encroaches upon individuality, is an obstacle to real -Christian civilization; while an extreme individuality, which -isolates man, is full of peril both to society and to the individual -himself. It would therefore be unreasonable to condemn -or to approve absolutely the eminent men who in 1535 -endeavored to restore unity to the Church. The question -is to know whether, by reconstructing catholicity, they intended -or not to sacrifice individual liberty. If they desired -a real Christian union, their work was good; if, on the contrary, -they aimed at restoring unity with a hierarchical -object, with a despotic spirit, their work was bad.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was another question on which men were not more -agreed. Would the great undertaking succeed? France -continued to ask for Melancthon; would Germany reply to -her advances? We must briefly glance at the events which -had taken place in the empire since the agreement between -the catholics and protestants concluded, as we have seen, in -July, 1532.<a id='r715' /><a href='#f715' class='c009'><sup>[715]</sup></a> These events may help us to solve the question.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It had been stipulated in the religious peace that all Germans -should show to one another a sincere and Christian -friendship. In the treaty of Cadan (<abbr title='twenty-ninth'>29th</abbr> June, 1534), -<span class='pageno' id='Page_374'>374</span>Ferdinand, who had been recognized as King of the Romans, -had undertaken, both for himself and for Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, to -protect the protestants against the proceedings of the imperial -court. Somewhat later, the city of Münster, in Westphalia, -had become the theatre of the extravagances of -fanaticism. John Bockhold, a tailor of Leyden, setting himself -up for a prophet, had made himself master of the city, -and been proclaimed king of Zion. He had also established -a community of goods, and attempted, like other sectarians, -to restore polygamy. He used to parade the city, wearing -a golden crown; to sit in judgment in the market-place, and -would often cut off the head of a condemned person. A -pulpit was erected at the side of the throne, and after the -sermon the whole congregation would sometimes begin to -dance. The Landgrave, Philip of Hesse, one of the leaders -of the protestant cause, marched against these madmen, -took Münster on the <abbr title='twenty-fourth'>24th</abbr> June, 1535, and put an end to -the pretended kingdom of Zion.<a id='r716' /><a href='#f716' class='c009'><sup>[716]</sup></a> These extravagances did -not injure the protestant cause, which was not confounded -with a brutal communism, reeking with cruelty and debauchery; -besides, it was the protestants, and not the catholics, -who had put them down. But from that hour, the -evangelicals felt more strongly than ever the necessity of -resisting the sectarian spirit: this they had done at Wittemberg -as early as 1522. At last it appeared clearer every -day that the free and Christian general council, which they -had so often demanded, would be granted them. All the -events, which we have indicated, seemed to have prepared -protestant Germany to accept the proposals of France.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>An Important Mission.</div> -<p class='c008'>Voré de la Fosse, bearing letters from Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, William -du Bellay, and other friends of the union, was going to Germany -to try and bring it to a successful issue. De la Fosse -was not such a distinguished ambassador as those who -figured at London and at Rome, and the power to which he -was accredited was a professor in a petty town of Saxony. -<span class='pageno' id='Page_375'>375</span>But Germany called this professor her ‘master,’ and De la -Fosse considered his mission a more important one than -any that had been confided to dukes and cardinals. Christendom -was weakened by being severed into two parts; he -was going to re-establish unity, and revive and purify the -old member by the life of the new one. The Christian -Church thus strengthened would be made capable of the -greatest conquests. On the success of the steps that were -about to be taken depended, in the opinion of De la Fosse -and his friends, the destiny of the world.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The envoy of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> arrived at Wittemberg on the -<abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> of August, 1535, and immediately paid Melancthon a -visit, at which he delivered the letters intrusted to him, and -warmly explained the motives which ought to induce the -reformer to proceed to France. De la Fosse’s candor, his -love for the Gospel, and his zeal gained the heart of Luther’s -friend. By degrees a sincere friendship grew up -between them; and when Melancthon afterwards wanted to -justify himself in the eyes of the French, he appealed to the -testimony of the ‘very good and very excellent Voré.’<a id='r717' /><a href='#f717' class='c009'><sup>[717]</sup></a> -But if the messenger pleased him, the message filled his -heart with trouble: the perusal of the letters from the -king, Du Bellay, and Sturm brought the doubts of this man -of peace to a climax. He saw powerful reasons for going -to France and equally powerful reasons for staying in Germany. -To use the expression of a reformer, there were -two batteries firing upon him by turns from opposite quarters, -now driving him to the right, now to the left. What -would Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> say, if a German should go to the court -of his great adversary? Besides, what was to be expected -from the Sorbonne, the clergy, and the court? Contempt.... -He would not go. On the other hand, Melancthon -had before him a letter from the king, pressing him to come -to Paris. An influential nation might be gained to the -Gospel, and carry all the West along with it. When the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_376'>376</span>Lord calls, must we allow ourselves to be stopped by fear?... -He hesitated no longer: he would depart. Voré -de la Fosse was delighted. But erelong other thoughts -sprang up to torment the doctor’s imagination. What was -there not to be feared from a prince who had sworn, standing -before the stake at which he was burning his subjects, -that to stop heresy he would, if necessary, cut off his own -arm and cast it into the fire?... In that terrible day -of the strappadoes, a deep gulf had opened in the midst of -the church. Was it his business to throw himself, Curtius-like, -into the abyss, in order that the gulf should close over -him?... Melancthon would willingly leave to the -young Roman the glory of devoting himself to the infernal -gods.</p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Fosse visited the illustrious professor daily, and -employed every means to induce him to cross the Rhine.<a id='r718' /><a href='#f718' class='c009'><sup>[718]</sup></a> -‘We will do whatever you desire,’ he said. ‘Do you wish -for royal letters to secure to you full liberty of going to -France and returning? You shall have them. Do you -ask for hostages as guarantees for your return? You shall -have them also. Do you want an armed guard of honor to -escort you and bring you back? It shall be given you.<a id='r719' /><a href='#f719' class='c009'><sup>[719]</sup></a> -We will spare nothing. On your interview with the king -depends not only the fate of France, but (so to speak) of -the whole world.<a id='r720' /><a href='#f720' class='c009'><sup>[720]</sup></a> Hearken to the friends of the Gospel -who dwell in Paris. Threatening waves surround us, they -say by my mouth; furious tempests assail us; but the moment -you come, we shall find ourselves, as it were, miraculously -transported into the safest of havens.<a id='r721' /><a href='#f721' class='c009'><sup>[721]</sup></a> If, on the -contrary, you despise the king’s invitation, all hope is lost -<span class='pageno' id='Page_377'>377</span>for us. The fires now slumbering will instantly shoot -forth their flames, and there will be a cruel return of the -most frightful tortures.<a id='r722' /><a href='#f722' class='c009'><sup>[722]</sup></a> It is not only Sturm, Du Bellay, -and other friends like them who invite you, but all the pious -Christians of France. They are silent, no doubt—those -whom the cruellest of punishments have laid among the dead, -and even those who, immured in dungeons, are separated -from us by doors of iron; but, if their voices cannot reach -you, listen at least to one mighty voice, the voice of God -himself, the voice of Jesus Christ.’<a id='r723' /><a href='#f723' class='c009'><sup>[723]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Melancthon A Man Of God.</div> -<p class='c008'>When Melancthon heard this appeal, he was agitated -and overpowered.<a id='r724' /><a href='#f724' class='c009'><sup>[724]</sup></a> What an immense task! These Frenchmen -are placing the world on his shoulders! Can such a -poor Atlas as he is bear it? How must he decide? What -must he do? In a short time his perplexity was again -increased. The French gentleman had hardly left the -room when his wife, Catherine daughter of the Burgomaster -of Wittemberg, her relations, her young children, and some -of his best friends surrounded him and entreated him not to -leave them. They were convinced that, if Melancthon -once set foot in that city ‘which killeth the prophets,’ they -would never see him again. They described the traps laid -for him; they reminded him that no safe-conduct had been -given him; they shed tears, they clung to him, and yet he -did not give way.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon was a man of God, and prayed his heavenly -Father to show him the road he ought to take; he thoroughly -weighed the arguments for and against his going. -‘The thought of myself and of mine,’ he said, ‘the remoteness -of the place to which I am invited, and fear of the dangers -that await me ought not to stop me.<a id='r725' /><a href='#f725' class='c009'><sup>[725]</sup></a> Nothing should be -<span class='pageno' id='Page_378'>378</span>more sacred to me than the glory of the Son of God, the -deliverance of so many pious men, and the peace of the -Church troubled by such great tempests. Upon that all my -thoughts ought to be concentred; but this is what disturbs -me: I fear to act imprudently in a matter of such great -importance, and to make the disease still more incurable -through my precipitancy. Will not the French, while giving -way on some trivial points which they must necessarily -renounce, retain the most important articles in which falsehood -and impiety are especially found?<a id='r726' /><a href='#f726' class='c009'><sup>[726]</sup></a> Alas! such -patchwork would produce more harm than good.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was much truth in these fears; but De la Fosse, -returning to his friend, sought to banish his apprehensions, -and assured him that the disposition of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was excellent -at bottom. ‘Yes,’ replied Luther’s friend, ‘but is -he in a position to act upon it?’<a id='r727' /><a href='#f727' class='c009'><sup>[727]</sup></a> He expected nothing -from a conference with fanatical doctors. Besides, the -Sorbonne refused all discussion. ‘The king,’ he said, ‘is -not the Church. A council alone has power to reform it; -and therefore the prince ought to set his heart upon hastening -its convocation. All other means of succoring afflicted -Christendom are useless and dangerous.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>De la Fosse turned Melancthon’s objection against him. -‘At least we must prepare the way for the council,’ he said; -‘and it is just on that account that the King of France -wishes to converse with you.’ Then, desiring to strike -home, the envoy of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> continued: ‘The king never -had anything more at heart than to heal the wounds of the -Church: he has never shown so much care, anxiety, and -zeal.<a id='r728' /><a href='#f728' class='c009'><sup>[728]</sup></a> If you comply with his wishes, you will be received -with more joy in France than any stranger before you. -Will you withhold from the afflicted Church the hand that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_379'>379</span>can save her? Let nothing in the world, I conjure you, -turn you aside from so pure and sacred an enterprise.’<a id='r729' /><a href='#f729' class='c009'><sup>[729]</sup></a> -De la Fosse was agitated. The idea of returning to Paris -without Melancthon—that is to say, without the salvation -he expected—was insupportable. ‘Depart,’ he exclaimed, -‘if you do not come to France!... I shall never -return there.’<a id='r730' /><a href='#f730' class='c009'><sup>[730]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Melancthon’s Character.</div> -<p class='c008'>Melancthon was touched by these supplications. He -thought he heard (as they had told him) the voice of God -himself. ‘Well, then,’ he said, ‘I will go. My friends in -France have entertained great expectations and apply to -me to fulfil them: I will not disappoint their hopes.’ Melancthon -was resolved to maintain the essential truths of -Christianity, and hoped to see them accepted by the catholic -world. Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> and his friends had not rejected Luther’s -fundamental article,—justification solely by faith in the -merits of Christ, by a living faith, which produces holiness -and works. According to the most eminent and most Christian -orator of the Roman Church, Melancthon combined -learning, gentleness, and elegance of style, with singular -moderation, so that he was regarded as the only man fitted -to succeed in literature to the reputation of Erasmus.<a id='r731' /><a href='#f731' class='c009'><sup>[731]</sup></a> -But he was more than that: his convictions were not to be -shaken; <i>he knew where he was</i>, and, far from seeking all his -life for his religion—as Bossuet asserts—he had found it and -admirably explained it in his <i>Theological Commonplaces</i>.<a id='r732' /><a href='#f732' class='c009'><sup>[732]</sup></a> -Still he constantly said to his friends: ‘We must contend -only for what is great and necessary.’<a id='r733' /><a href='#f733' class='c009'><sup>[733]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon, who was full of meekness, was always ready -to do what might be agreeable to others. Sincere, open, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_380'>380</span>and exceedingly fond of children, he liked to play with them -and tell them little tales. But with all this amiability he -had a horror of ambiguous language, especially in matters -of faith; and although a man of extreme gentleness, he felt -strongly, his anguish could be very bitter, and when his soul -was stirred, he would break out with sudden impetuosity, -which, however, he would soon repress. His error, in the -present case, was in believing that the pope could be received -without receiving his doctrines: every true Roman-catholic -could have told him that this was impossible. At -all events De la Fosse had decided him. For the triumph -of unity and truth, this simple-hearted bashful man was -resolved to brave the dangers of France and the bitter reproaches -of Germany. ‘I will go,’ he said to the envoy of -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> It was the language of a Christian ready to -sacrifice himself. In history we sometimes meet with characters -who enlarge our ideas of moral greatness: Melancthon -was one of them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>But would his prince allow him to go? The prejudices -of Germany against France, besides numerous political and -religious considerations, might influence the elector. These -were difficulties that might cause the enterprise to fail. -Still the noble-minded professor resolved to do all in his -power to overcome them. The university had just removed -from Wittemberg to Jena on account of the plague. Melancthon, -quitting Thuringia, directed his course hastily -towards the banks of the Elbe, and arriving at Torgau, -where the court was staying, at the old castle outside the -city, was admitted on Sunday, the <abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> of August, after -divine service to present his respects to the elector.</p> - -<p class='c008'>John Frederick was attended by many of his councillors -and courtiers, and notwithstanding the esteem he felt for -Melancthon, an air of dissatisfaction and reserve was visible -in his face. The elector was offended because the King of -France, instead of applying to him, had written direct to -one of his subjects; but graver motives caused him to regard -the Wittemberg doctor’s project with displeasure.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Letter To The Elector.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_381'>381</span>It was no slight thing for Melancthon, who was naturally -timid and bashful, to ask his sovereign for anything likely -to displease him. Without alluding to the letter he had -received from Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, which he thought it wiser not to -mention, he said: ‘Your Electoral Grace is aware that -eighteen Christians have been burnt in Paris, and many -others thrown into prison or compelled to fly. The brother -of the Bishop of Paris has endeavored to soften the king, -and has written to me that that prince has put an end to the -executions, and desires to come to an understanding with us -in regard to religious matters. Du Bellay invites me to -mount my horse and go to France.<a id='r734' /><a href='#f734' class='c009'><sup>[734]</sup></a> If I refuse, I appear -to despise the invitation or to be afraid. For this reason I -am ready in God’s name to go to Paris, as a private individual, -if your Highness permits. It is right that we should -teach great potentates and foreign nations the importance -and beauty of our evangelical cause. It is right that they -should learn what our doctrine is and not confound us with -fanatics, as our enemies endeavor to do. I do not deceive -myself as to my personal unimportance and incapacity; but -I also know, that if I do not go to Paris, I shall appear to -be ashamed of our cause, and to distrust the words of the -King of France, and the good men who are endeavoring to -put an end to the persecution will be exposed to the displeasure -of the master. I know the weight of the task imposed -upon me ... it overwhelms me ... but I -will do my duty all the same, and with that intent I conjure -your Grace to grant me two or three months’ leave of -absence.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon, according to custom, handed in a written -petition.<a id='r735' /><a href='#f735' class='c009'><sup>[735]</sup></a> John Frederick was content to answer coldly -that he would make his pleasure known through the members -of his council.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The ice was broken. France and Germany were face to -face in that castle on the banks of the Elbe. The opposition -<span class='pageno' id='Page_382'>382</span>immediately showed itself. The audience given to -Melancthon set all the court in motion. The Germanic -spirit prevailed there more than the evangelical spirit, and -the knowledge that Germans could be found who were -willing to hold out their hands to Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> irritated the -courtiers. They met in secret conference, looked coldly -upon Melancthon, and addressed him rudely. Gifted with -the tenderest feelings, the noble-hearted man was deeply -wounded. ‘Alas!’ he wrote to Jonas, ‘the court is full of -mysteries, or rather of hatreds!... I will tell you all -about it when I see you.’<a id='r736' /><a href='#f736' class='c009'><sup>[736]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>He awaited with anxiety the official communication from the -elector. The next day, <abbr title='sixteenth'>16th</abbr> of August, he was informed that -John Frederick’s councillors had a communication to make -to him on the part of their master. If the interview with -the Elector had been cold, this was icy. Chancellor Bruck—better -known as Pontanus, according to the fashion of -latinizing names—had been intrusted with this mission. -Bruck, who at the famous diet of Augsburg had presented -the Evangelical Confession to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> in the presence of -all the princes of Germany, was an excellent man, more -decided than Melancthon, and in some respects more enlightened; -he saw that it was dangerous to accept the pope, -if they desired to reject his doctrines. He received the -doctor with a severe look, and said to him in a harsh tone: -‘His Highness informs you that the business you have submitted -to him is of such importance, that you ought not to -have engaged yourself in it without his consent. As your -intentions were good, he will overlook it; but as to permitting -you to make a hasty and perilous journey to France, -all sorts of reasons are against it. Not only his Highness -cannot expose your safety; but as he is on the point of discussing -with the emperor several questions which concern -religion, he fears that if he sent a deputy to Paris, his Imperial -Majesty, and the other princes of Germany, would -<span class='pageno' id='Page_383'>383</span>imagine that he was charged with negotiations opposed to -the declarations we have made to them. That journey -might be the cause of divisions, quarrels, and irreparable -evils.<a id='r737' /><a href='#f737' class='c009'><sup>[737]</sup></a> You are consequently desired to excuse yourself to -the King of France in the best way you can, and the elector -promises you he will write to him on the subject.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Melancthon’s Sorrow.</div> -<p class='c008'>Melancthon withdrew in sorrow. What a position was -his! His conscience bade him go to Paris, and his prince -forbade him. Do what he would, he must fail in one of his -most important duties. If he departs in defiance of the -elector’s prohibition, he will not only offend his prince, but -set Germany against himself, and sacrifice the circle of -activity which God has given him. If he remains, all hope -is lost of bringing France to the light of the Gospel. Hesitating -and heart-broken, he went first to Wittemberg, desiring -to confer with Luther, and did not conceal from his -friend the deep indignation with which he was filled.<a id='r738' /><a href='#f738' class='c009'><sup>[738]</sup></a> He -was called to raise the standard of the Gospel in an illustrious -kingdom, and the elector opposed it on account of -certain diplomatic negotiations. He declared to Luther -that he would not renounce the important mission, and he -was fortified in this opinion by the sentiments which that -reformer entertained. The two friends could speak of -nothing but France, the king, and Du Bellay. ‘As you -have consulted me,’ said Luther, ‘I declare that I should -see you depart with pleasure.’<a id='r739' /><a href='#f739' class='c009'><sup>[739]</sup></a> He also made a communication -to Melancthon which gave the latter some hope.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Having been informed of the audience of the <abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr>, the -reformer had just written to the elector. The cries of his -brethren in France, delivered to the flames, moved Luther -at Wittemberg, as they moved Calvin at Basle. The -French reformer addressed an admirable letter to Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, -and the German reformer endeavored to send Melancthon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_384'>384</span>to him. The two men were thus unsuspectingly ‘conjoint -together in opinion and desires.’ ‘I entreat your Grace,’ -wrote Luther to John Frederick, in the most pressing manner, -‘to authorize Master Philip to go to France. I am -moved by the tearful prayers made to him by pious men, -hardly rescued from the stake, entreating him to go and -confer with the king, and thus put an end to the murders -and burnings. If this consolation be refused them, their -enemies, thirsting for blood,<a id='r740' /><a href='#f740' class='c009'><sup>[740]</sup></a> will begin to slay and burn -with redoubled fury.... Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> had written Melancthon -an exceedingly kind letter, and envoys have come -to solicit him on his behalf.... For the love of God, -grant him three months’ leave. Who can tell what God -means to do? His thoughts are always higher and better -than ours. I should be greatly distressed if so many pious -souls, who invite Melancthon with cries of pain, and reckon -upon him, should be disappointed and conceive untoward -prejudices against us. May God lead your Grace by his -Holy Spirit!’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Such was Luther’s affection for his brethren in France. -He did more than write. The reformer was not in good -health just then; he complained of losing his strength, and -of being so <i>decrepit</i> that he was compelled to remain idle -half the day.<a id='r741' /><a href='#f741' class='c009'><sup>[741]</sup></a> Notwithstanding this, he made the journey -from Wittemberg to Torgau, where he had an interview -with the prince.<a id='r742' /><a href='#f742' class='c009'><sup>[742]</sup></a> Perhaps this journey was anterior to -Melancthon’s.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>German Prejudices.</div> -<p class='c008'>The simultaneous efforts of these two great reformers -ought to have produced a favorable effect upon a prince like -the elector. John Frederick, who had succeeded his father -<span class='pageno' id='Page_385'>385</span>John in August, 1532, was true and high-minded, a good -husband and a good prince. A disciple of Spalatin and the -friend of Luther, he venerated the Word of God, and was -full of zeal for the cause of the Reformation. Less phlegmatic -than his father, he united judgment and prudence with -an enterprising spirit. Such qualities must have led him -to favor Melancthon’s journey to France. But he was -susceptible and rather obstinate; so that if a project, not -originating with him, but with another, displeased him in -any way, the probability of its success was not great. And -hence Luther’s letter did not make a great impression upon -him: it merely increased the excitement. The prejudices -of Germany rendered Melancthon’s journey less popular -every day; at the court of Torgau, in Saxony, and in the -other protestant countries, it was regarded as madness. -‘We at Augsburg,’ wrote Sailer, the deputy of that city, -‘know the King of France well: he cares very little, as -everybody knows, about religion, and even morality. He is -playing the hypocrite with the pope, and cajoling the Germans, -thinking only how he can disappoint the expectations -he raises in them. His sole thought is to crush the emperor.’<a id='r743' /><a href='#f743' class='c009'><sup>[743]</sup></a> -Some even of the best disposed were full of horrible -apprehensions, and fancied that they saw an immense pile -constructing on which to burn the <i>master of Germany</i>. -Passions were roused; a violent tempest stirred men’s -minds; the most gloomy opinions arrived at Torgau every -day from all quarters. Others did not look upon the matter -so tragically, but employed the weapons of ridicule. German -susceptibility was wounded because Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> had not -selected some great personage for this mission. They looked -down upon Barnabas Voré called De la Fosse: ‘A fine -ambassador!’ they said; ‘all the pawnbrokers in France -would not advance twenty crowns upon his head.’—‘Even -the Jews,’ said another, ‘would not have such a Barnabas, -if they could buy him for a penny.’<a id='r744' /><a href='#f744' class='c009'><sup>[744]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_386'>386</span>Before long the people grew tired of jests and suppositions, -and circulated extraordinary stories. Many prophesied -that Melancthon would be assassinated, even before he had -crossed the Rhine. It was reported that the papists had -killed the real ambassador on the road, that they had substituted -De la Fosse for him, and given him forged letters with -a view to influence Melancthon, for whom they had prepared -an ambuscade. ‘If he departs, he is a dead man.’<a id='r745' /><a href='#f745' class='c009'><sup>[745]</sup></a> Albert -of Mayence, the ecclesiastical elector, in particular gave -umbrage to the protestants. When these rumors reached -Luther, he said: ‘In this I clearly recognize that bishop -and his colleagues; of all the devil’s instruments, they are -the worst; my fears for Philip increase. Alas! the world -belongs to Satan, and Satan to the world.’ Then, remembering -an anecdote, he continued: ‘The Archbishop of Mayence, -after reading Melancthon’s commentary on the Epistle -to the Romans, exclaimed: “The man is possessed!” and -throwing the volume on the ground, trampled upon it.’ If -the prince, through whose states Melancthon would probably -have to pass, treated the book thus, what would he do to the -author? Luther was shaken. In 1527, George Winckler, -the pious pastor of Halle, having been summoned before this -very Archbishop Albert, had been murdered by some horsemen -as he was returning by the road Melancthon must -take. The great reformer began to change his mind.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The elector, perceiving this, put more solid arguments -before him: ‘I fear,’ he said, ‘that if Melancthon goes to -France, he will concede to the papists far more than what -you, doctor, and the other theologians would grant, and hence -there would arise a disunion between you and him that -would scandalize Christians and injure the Gospel. Those -who invite him are more the disciples of Erasmus than of -the Bible. Melancthon will infallibly incur the greatest -danger at Paris—danger both to body and soul. I would -rather see God take him to himself than permit him to go -to France. That is my firm resolve.’<a id='r746' /><a href='#f746' class='c009'><sup>[746]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_387'>387</span>These communications seriously affected Luther: the -elector attacked him on his weakest side. The reformer -venerated Melancthon, but he knew to what sacrifices his -desire for union had more than once been on the point of -leading him. If Melancthon was the champion of unity, -Luther was the champion of truth: to guard the whole truth -with a holy jealousy was his principle. The Reformation, -he thought, must triumph by fidelity to the Word of God, -and not by the negotiations of kings. Recovering from his -first impressions, he said to Melancthon: ‘I begin to suspect -these ambassadors.’<a id='r747' /><a href='#f747' class='c009'><sup>[747]</sup></a> From that moment he never -uttered a word in favor of the journey. Still the dangers -of the protestants of France were never out of his thoughts. -‘Must we abandon our brethren?’ he asked himself perpetually. -A luminous idea occurred to him: Suppose the -evangelicals were to leave France, and come to Germany in -search of liberty.<a id='r748' /><a href='#f748' class='c009'><sup>[748]</sup></a> He engaged to receive them well. Luther -anticipated <i>the Refuge</i> by a century and a half.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Harsh Letter To Melancthon.</div> -<p class='c008'>By degrees the elector gained ground, and the extraordinary -adventure proposed to Melancthon became more -doubtful every day. From the first the prince had had -the politicians and courtiers with him; then the men of letters -and citizens, alarmed by the sinister reports, had gone over -to his side; and now Luther himself was convinced. Melancthon -remained almost alone. His sympathetic heart -longed to remove the sword hanging over the heads of the -French evangelicals, and it seemed as if nothing could stop -him. John Frederick endeavored to convince him. Beyond -a doubt, the French reformation, driven at this moment by -contrary winds, must reach the haven; but the task must be -left to its own crew. Every ship must have its own pilot. -John Frederick, therefore, wrote a severe letter to Melancthon, -and the tender-hearted divine had to drink the cup to -the dregs. ‘You declared that you were ready to undertake -<span class='pageno' id='Page_388'>388</span>a journey to France,’ said the elector, ‘without consulting us. -You should, however, have thought of your duty to us, -whom God has established as your superior. We were -greatly displeased to see that you had gone so far in the -matter. You know the relations existing between the King -of France and the emperor, and you are not ignorant that -we are obliged to respect them. We desire that foreign -nations should be brought to the Gospel; but must we go to -them to effect their conversion?<a id='r749' /><a href='#f749' class='c009'><sup>[749]</sup></a> The undertaking is of -great extent, and the success very doubtful. The letters we -receive from France are well calculated to make us despair -of seeing the evangelical seed bear fruit there. <i>Do you desire -to disturb the public peace of the German nation, and -while we have a right to expect that you will second us, do -you presume on the contrary to vex us and thwart our plans?</i>’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This was too much. Melancthon stopped; the arrow, -aimed by the elector, had pierced his heart. His decision -was soon made: ‘Because of these words,’ he said ‘I will -not go.’ He afterwards underlined the passage, and wrote -in the margin the words we have just quoted.<a id='r750' /><a href='#f750' class='c009'><sup>[750]</sup></a> The -elector had been still more severe, when he dictated the despatch. -‘Go,’ were his words, ‘go and do as you please; -engage in this adventure. But we leave all the responsibility -with you. Consider it well.’ He suppressed this paragraph -at the chancellor’s desire.<a id='r751' /><a href='#f751' class='c009'><sup>[751]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon’s simple and tender heart was crushed by his -sovereign’s dissatisfaction. Surmounting his natural shyness, -he had determined to brave danger, in the hope of -seeing the Reformation triumph, and now disgrace was his -only reward. The courtiers maintained that he and the -other theologians were obstinate and almost imbecile, and -would do much better to be content with their schools and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_389'>389</span>leave the government of the Church to others. Melancthon -lightened his grief by sharing it with his friends; he -wrote to Camerarius, to Sturm, and even to William du -Bellay. The great hellenist, who had lived much among -the ancient republics of Greece, imagined that Europe was -already overrun by the evils under which those states had -perished. ‘I have never known a more cruel prince,’ he -said to them: ‘with what harshness he treats me!<a id='r752' /><a href='#f752' class='c009'><sup>[752]</sup></a> He -not only does not permit me to depart, but he insults me besides. -My fault is in being less obstinate than others. I -confess that peace is so precious in my eyes that it ought not -to be broken except for matters really great and necessary. -Oh! if the elector did but know those who take advantage -of this proposed journey to sow discord! It is not the -learned who do it, but the ignorant and the fools. They -call me deserter and runaway.... O my friend, we -live under the <i>régime</i> of the democracy, that is to say, under -the tyranny of the unlearned,<a id='r753' /><a href='#f753' class='c009'><sup>[753]</sup></a> of people who quarrel about -old wives’ stories, and think of nothing but gratifying their -passions. How great is the hatred with which they are inflamed -against me!... They slander me and say that -I am betraying my prince.’ Theramenes was condemned to -drink hemlock because he had substituted an aristocracy or -government of the worthiest for a democracy, and governed -the state with wisdom. ‘I do not deceive myself,’ he exclaimed; -‘the fate of Theramenes awaits me.’<a id='r754' /><a href='#f754' class='c009'><sup>[754]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon was not the only sufferer; his faithful friend, -Luther, did not fail him. Although he was now opposed to -the French journey, John Frederick’s letter disturbed him -seriously; it appeared to him that great changes were -necessary, and a stormy future loomed before him. ‘My -heart is sad,’ he wrote to Jonas, ‘for I know that such a -severe letter will cause Philip the keenest anguish.... All -<span class='pageno' id='Page_390'>390</span>this awakens thoughts which I would rather not have.<a id='r755' /><a href='#f755' class='c009'><sup>[755]</sup></a> -Another time I will tell you more ... at present I am -overwhelmed with sorrow.’ Then, feeling uneasy about -Melancthon, he wrote to him: ‘Have you <i>swallowed</i> our -prince’s letter?<a id='r756' /><a href='#f756' class='c009'><sup>[756]</sup></a> I was exceedingly agitated by it from love -to you. Tell me how you are.’ ...</p> - -<p class='c008'>What were the thoughts that occurred to Luther involuntarily? -There is some difficulty in deciding. Perhaps the -reformer thought that this business might occasion a difference -between Church and State. ‘Admire the wisdom of -the court,’ he said; ‘see how it boasts of being an actor in -this adventure! As for us, we much prefer being merely -spectators, and I begin to congratulate myself that the court -despises and excludes us.<a id='r757' /><a href='#f757' class='c009'><sup>[757]</sup></a> It all happens through the goodness -of God, so that we should not be mixed up with these -disturbances, which we might perchance have to lament -hereafter very sorely. Now we are safe, for whatever is -done is done without us. What Demosthenes desired too -late, we obtain early—namely, not to be concerned in the -government.<a id='r758' /><a href='#f758' class='c009'><sup>[758]</sup></a> May God strengthen us therein! Amen.’ -Luther appeared to foresee a time when the evangelical -Church would have no other support but God, and rejoiced -at the prospect.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Melancthon’s Letter To The King.</div> -<p class='c008'>As John Frederick had not yet despatched his letter to -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, his councillors delicately advised him to suppress -it. ‘Since the king has not written to the elector about the -proposed journey,’ said Luther, ‘it would be better for the -elector also not to write. A letter from him would perhaps -give the king an opportunity of answering, and that should -be avoided.’<a id='r759' /><a href='#f759' class='c009'><sup>[759]</sup></a> John Frederick still hesitated, for although -his letter was written on the <abbr title='eighteenth'>18th</abbr> of August, it was not despatched -until the <abbr title='twenty-eighth'>28th</abbr>. ‘Most serene and illustrious king,’ -he said, ‘we should have been willing to do your majesty a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_391'>391</span>pleasure, by permitting Melancthon to go to France, especially -as it was for an extraordinary propagation of the -Gospel, so as to make it yield the most abundant and the -richest fruit.<a id='r760' /><a href='#f760' class='c009'><sup>[760]</sup></a> But we had to take into consideration the -difficulties of the present times.’ Then, as a final reason, -the elector added: ‘Lastly, we do not remember for certain ... -that your Majesty has written to us about Melancthon. -If in any future contingency you should write to us -for him,’ continued John Frederick, ‘and should assure us -that he will be restored safe and sound, we will permit him -to proceed to you. Be assured that we shall always readily -do whatever we can to propagate the Gospel of Christ in -every place, to favor the temporal and spiritual interests of -your Majesty, your kingdom, and its church, and to hasten -the deliverance of the Christian commonwealth.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Melancthon, to whom the elector communicated this -letter,<a id='r761' /><a href='#f761' class='c009'><sup>[761]</sup></a> feared that instead of quieting the King of France, it -would only irritate him still more. He could not bear the -idea of answering ungratefully a powerful monarch who had -shown such kindness towards him. This thought engrossed -him from morning to night. On the very day when the -Elector Frederick’s letter was despatched, Melancthon sent -off three, the first of which was for the king. He feared, -above all things, that Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> would relinquish the great -enterprise that was to restore unity and truth to the Church. -He therefore wrote to him, suppressing the indignation he -felt at the elector’s refusal. ‘Most Christian and most -mighty king,’ he said, ‘France infinitely excels all the kingdoms -of the world, in that it has continually been a vigilant -sentinel for the defence of the Christian religion.<a id='r762' /><a href='#f762' class='c009'><sup>[762]</sup></a> Wherefore, -I humbly congratulate your Majesty for having undertaken -to reform the doctrine of the Church, not by violent -<span class='pageno' id='Page_392'>392</span>remedies but by reasonable means;<a id='r763' /><a href='#f763' class='c009'><sup>[763]</sup></a> and I beseech your -Majesty not to cease bestowing all your thoughts and all -your care upon this matter. Sire, do not allow yourself to -be stopped by the harsh judgments and rude writings of -certain men. Do not suffer their imprudence to nullify a -project so useful to the Church. After receiving your letter, -I made every effort to hasten to your Majesty; for there is -nothing I desire more than to aid the Church according to -my poverty. I had conceived the best hopes, but great obstacles -keep me back.... Voré de la Fosse will inform -you of them.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>If the doctor of Germany was reserved when writing to -the king, he allowed the emotions of his heart to be seen in -the letters he wrote the same day to Du Bellay and Sturm: -‘Could anything be more distressing,’ he said to Du Bellay, -‘than to be exposed at one and the same time to the anger -of the most Christian king, the harsh treatment of the elector, -and the calumnies of the people?... But the injustice -of men shall not rob me of moderation of spirit or zeal for -religion. Touching the journey, I have promised Voré de -la Fosse to go to Frankfort shortly, whence, if it be desired, -I will hasten to you.’ He had not, therefore, entirely given -up France. ‘I hope,’ he said in conclusion, ‘that the king’s -mind will be so guided by your advice and by that of your -brother the cardinal, that he will henceforward employ all -his powers in setting forth the glory of Christ.’<a id='r764' /><a href='#f764' class='c009'><sup>[764]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The work of union to which Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> invited Melancthon, -had struck deep root in the doctor’s mind. Sadolet, -Bishop of Carpentras (who was raised to the cardinalate the -year after), having published a treatise on the matter under -discussion, the reformer wrote to Sturm that Sadolet advocated -the very points he was resolved to defend, but he regretted -to see him indulge in such bitter attacks upon the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_393'>393</span>protestants.<a id='r765' /><a href='#f765' class='c009'><sup>[765]</sup></a> A little later, when the illustrious Budæus, -on whom he had counted, praised Francis for his zeal in -expiating and punishing the assaults of the heretics,<a id='r766' /><a href='#f766' class='c009'><sup>[766]</sup></a> Melancthon -was hurt, but not disconcerted. ‘I have read his -treatise,’ he said to Sturm, ‘but what does it matter? All -these things inflame rather than cool me; they fan my desire -to go to you, to make my ideas known to all those learned -men, those friends of what is good, and to learn theirs. Let -us unite all our forces to save the Church: no injustice of -man shall check my zeal.’<a id='r767' /><a href='#f767' class='c009'><sup>[767]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Motives Of Francis.</div> -<p class='c008'>In this respect Melancthon did not stand alone: Francis -<abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> showed no less energy, and was careful not to be offended -at the elector’s refusal. The alliance of the protestants became -more necessary to him every day. The prince who did -so much in France for the arts, and who, as the patron of -scholars, received the title of <i>Father of Letters</i>, desired a -reform after Erasmus’s pattern. There was a very marked -distinction, which it is impossible to overlook, between -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> and his son Henry <abbr title='the second'>II.</abbr>; but the love of knowledge -was not the king’s chief motive: he entertained certain political -designs which greatly increased his eagerness for an -alliance with the protestants. The Duke of Milan was just -dead, and the ambitious Francis desired to conquer the -duchy for his second son. Moreover, the evangelical party -was not without influence at court: Margaret, Queen of -Navarre, Admiral Chabot, and many noblemen favored the -Gospel; and they were supported by the Du Bellays and -others of the moderate party. The men of the Romish faction -rallied round Diana of Poitiers and Catherine of Medicis.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The king had discovered that John Frederick had felt -hurt at seeing a foreign monarch address one of his subjects -on a matter touching the cause of which the elector was regarded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_394'>394</span>as the head. Francis probably thought the prince’s -susceptibility to be very natural, and therefore, instead of -breaking with him, determined to profit by the lesson he -had received. He would resume his plans, but he would -write no more to Melancthon: he would address the elector -in person, or rather all the protestant princes united, according -to the usual forms; and to avoid reminding them of his -first fault, the name of Melancthon should not be mentioned. -The zeal of the learned professor and of the powerful monarch -came, we may be sure, from different sources; one -proceeded from on high, the other from below; but the same -desire animated both of them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Romish party were greatly agitated when they heard -of the king’s intentions, and again attempted to thwart a -project they regarded as highly pernicious. The Sorbonne -represented to Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> that no concession ought to be -made, and proceeded to demonstrate, after an extraordinary -fashion, the articles rejected by the Lutherans. ‘They deny -the power of the saints to heal the sick,’ said the theologians; -‘but is not this miraculous power proved by the virtue the -kings of France possess of healing the <i>evil</i> by a touch?’ -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was an extraordinary saint, and such an argument -probably amused him more than it convinced him. The -Cardinal De Tournon proceeded more wisely, by reiterating -to the monarch that he could not have Milan without the -help of the pope. But even this argument did not shake -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>: he highly appreciated the pope’s friendship, but -he valued still more highly the spears of the lansquenets.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Mission Of Du Bellay.</div> -<p class='c008'>The protestants were about to assemble at Smalcalde; -two powerful princes, the Dukes of Wurtemberg and Pomerania, -had joined the evangelical alliance, and steps had -been taken by the confederates to have a large army constantly -on foot. When he heard of this, the King of France -felt new hopes, and began a second campaign, which he -planned better than the first. Instead of employing an obscure -gentleman like Voré de la Fosse, he selected the most -illustrious of his diplomatists, and ordered William du Bellay -<span class='pageno' id='Page_395'>395</span>to start for Germany. The latter was still more zealous -than his master, and fearing he should arrive too late, wrote -from Lorraine (where he happened to be staying) to the -Elector of Saxony, praying him to prolong the meeting for -a few days, ‘as the King of France had intrusted him with -certain propositions touching the peace of Christendom.’<a id='r768' /><a href='#f768' class='c009'><sup>[768]</sup></a> -The news of such a mission delighted the friends of the -Reformation, and filled the Roman party with indignation. -‘Never,’ said Sturm, ‘never before now has the cause of the -Gospel been in such a favorable position in France.’<a id='r769' /><a href='#f769' class='c009'><sup>[769]</sup></a> The -elector, Melancthon, and Du Bellay arrived at Smalcalde -in the middle of December.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The ambassador of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> immediately demanded a -private audience of the elector, and on the <abbr title='sixteenth'>16th</abbr> December -handed him the letters in which the king, with many professions -of zeal for the pacification of the Christian Church, -besought the elector to co-operate earnestly ‘in so pious and -holy a work.’<a id='r770' /><a href='#f770' class='c009'><sup>[770]</sup></a> John Frederick was not convinced; he -always set religion before policy, but he knew that Francis -<abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> adopted the contrary order. Fearing, accordingly, that -behind this <i>pious work</i>, the king concealed war with the -emperor, he immediately pointed to the insurmountable barrier -which separated them: ‘Our alliance,’ he said, ‘has been -formed solely to maintain the pure Word of God, and propagate -the holy doctrine of faith.’ The diplomatist was not -to be baffled: there were two pockets in his portfolio—one -containing religious, the other political matters. Opening -the former, he said: ‘We ask you to send us doctors to deliberate -on the union of the Churches.’ Germany spoke of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_396'>396</span>the <i>Word</i> and <i>doctrine</i>: France of <i>union</i> and of the <i>Church</i>: -this was characteristic. John Frederick replied that he -would consult his allies. The audience came to an end, and -the <abbr title='nineteenth'>19th</abbr> December was appointed by the princes and deputies -of the cities to receive the ambassador of France.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Intercession.</div> -<p class='c008'>To gain this assembly was the essential thing, and this -the king had felt. Accordingly, in the letter he addressed -to that body, he made use of every plea, and spoke ‘of the -ancient, sacred, and unbroken friendship which united -France and Germany, and of the unalterable affection and -good-will he entertained towards the princes.’<a id='r771' /><a href='#f771' class='c009'><sup>[771]</sup></a> Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> -hoped that these worthy Germans would allow themselves -to be caught by his words; but they were more clear-sighted -than he imagined. Du Bellay had observed this; he had -ascertained the unfavorable prepossessions of Germany, -and when he rose to speak, he described the pious and -peaceable evangelicals put to death by Francis as seditious -persons who desired to stir up the people. ‘Most illustrious -and most excellent princes,’ he continued, ‘certain persons, -moved by hatred, pretend that the states of the empire -ought to be on their guard when foreign kings send them -embassies, seeing that those monarchs speak in one way and -act in another.<a id='r772' /><a href='#f772' class='c009'><sup>[772]</sup></a> The French have not been named, I must -confess; but they are clearly pointed at. Who has been -more strictly faithful to his friendships than the King of -France? Who has been more prompt to brave danger for -the good of Germany? What nations have ever been more -united than the Germans and the French? The king is -convinced that you think very soundly on many things; but -he could have desired a little more moderation in some of -them. Like yourselves, he feels that the negligence and -superstition of men have introduced many useless ceremonies -into the Church; but he does not approve of their suppression -<span class='pageno' id='Page_397'>397</span>without a public decree.<a id='r773' /><a href='#f773' class='c009'><sup>[773]</sup></a> He fears lest a diversity -of rites should engender dissension of minds, and be the -cause of civil strife throughout Christendom. Reconciliation -is the dearest of his wishes. If you are willing to receive -him into your association, you will find him a sure friend. -Diversity of opinion has separated you from him hitherto, -but similitude of doctrine will henceforward unite him.’<a id='r774' /><a href='#f774' class='c009'><sup>[774]</sup></a> -In conclusion, Du Bellay renewed his demand for a congress -of French and German doctors, to confer on the matters in -dispute.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This clever oration did not convince the protestants; they -had remained cold, while Du Bellay was pleading his cause so -warmly. The point on which Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> and his ambassador -wished to touch lightly was that which the Germans had most -at heart. They could not forget what they had heard about -Du Bourg and the cripple and other martyrs, prisoners, and -fugitives. They were shocked at the idea of entering into alliance -with the man who had shed the blood of their brethren. -They determined to ‘open their mouths for the dumb, and to -support the cause of all such as were appointed to destruction.’ -‘We will not suffer in our states,’ they answered, ‘any -stirrers-up of sedition, and we cannot, therefore, condemn -the King of France for putting them down in his kingdom. -But we beseech him not to punish all without distinction. -We ask him to spare those who, having been convinced of -the errors with which religion is infected, have embraced -the pure doctrine of the Gospel, which we ourselves possess. -Merciless men, who wish to save their interests and their -power, have cruelly defended their impious opinions, and, -in order to exasperate the king’s mind, have supposed false -crimes, which they impute to innocent and pious Christians. -It is the duty of princes to seek God’s glory, to cleanse the -Church from error, and to stop iniquitous cruelties; and we -<span class='pageno' id='Page_398'>398</span>earnestly beseech the mighty King of France to give his -most serious attention to this great duty only.’<a id='r775' /><a href='#f775' class='c009'><sup>[775]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This noble answer was not encouraging. The ambassador -was not disconcerted, but, dexterously eluding the subject, -merely assured the assembly once more of his master’s -firm resolution to labor at the reformation of the Church. -The great point was to know what would be the nature of -this reformation. Why assemble a congress of learned men -to discuss it, if it was certain beforehand that they could not -come to an understanding? The protestants present did -not all think alike. The religious men, who were very incredulous -on the subject of the king’s evangelical piety, -thought that nothing ought to be done; on the other hand, -the men of expediency said it was worth looking into; and, -the proposition having been made to hold a preliminary -consultation (at Smalcalde), it was resolved that next day -(<abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> of December) there should be a meeting between Du -Bellay, Bruck the electoral chancellor, Melancthon, John -Sturm, deputy from Strasburg,<a id='r776' /><a href='#f776' class='c009'><sup>[776]</sup></a> the delegates of the Landgrave -of Hesse,—in whose states the conference was held,—and -Spalatin, the elector’s chaplain, who was appointed -secretary. The opposing parties were now to try if they -could come to some arrangement. It was no slight task assumed -by the minister of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, who came forward, according -to his master’s instructions, as the representative of -the catholic party; but no one knew better than Du Bellay -how far, in the king’s opinion, France could then be reformed, -if the protestants consented to enter into alliance -with her. This explanation is important: it is worth our -while to learn the plan conceived by the French government.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Du Bellay’s Propositions.</div> -<p class='c008'>At daybreak<a id='r777' /><a href='#f777' class='c009'><sup>[777]</sup></a> on the <abbr title='twentieth'>20th</abbr> of December the members of -the conference assembled. They had chosen that early -hour, probably, because important business still demanded -<span class='pageno' id='Page_399'>399</span>their attention. An ambassador from the pope, the famous -legate Vergerio, who afterwards came over to the side of -the reformers, was then in the town. He had been sent to -propose a council, and was to receive the answer of the -protestants on the following morning. The delegates having -taken their seats, the French ambassador explained -what was the nature of the reform to which the kingdom of -France would lend a helping hand. ‘Firstly,’ he said, ‘with -regard to the primacy of the Roman pontiff, the King of -France thinks, as you do, that he possesses it by human, -and not by divine, right. We are not inclined to loose the -rein too much in this respect. Hitherto the popes have -employed the power they claim in making and unmaking -kings, which is certainly going too far. True, some of our -theologians maintain that the papacy is of divine right; but, -when the king asked for proofs, they could not give him -any.’ Melancthon was satisfied; the chancellor less so; -Bruck shared the opinion of the King of England, who, says -Du Bellay, ‘would not concede any authority to the pope, -whether coming from God or from man.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘As for the sacrament of the Eucharist,’ continued the -ambassador, ‘your opinions on the matter please the king, -but not his theologians, who support transubstantiation with -all their might. His Majesty seeks for arguments to justify -your way of thinking, and is ready to profess it, if you will -give him sound ones. Now you know that the king is the -only person who commands in his realm.’<a id='r778' /><a href='#f778' class='c009'><sup>[778]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>‘As for the mass,’ continued Du Bellay, a little uneasy, -like a man walking over a quicksand, ‘there are great disputes -about it. The king is of opinion that many prayers -and silly, impious legends have been foisted into that portion -of divine worship, and that those absurd and ridiculous passages -must be expurgated, and the primitive order restored.’<a id='r779' /><a href='#f779' class='c009'><sup>[779]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_400'>400</span>As Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> was particularly averse to masses celebrated -in honor of the saints to obtain their intercession with God, -Du Bellay repeated one or two of the king’s expressions on -that point. ‘One day the king said: “I have a prayer-book, -written many years ago, in which there is no mention -of the intercession of saints. I am assured that Bessarion<a id='r780' /><a href='#f780' class='c009'><sup>[780]</sup></a> -himself said: ‘As for me, I am more concerned about live -saints than dead ones.’”’</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘The king thinks, however,’ added Du Bellay, ‘that we -preserve the celebration of mass; only there must not be -more than three a day in every parish church; one before -daybreak, for working men and servants; the second and -third for the other worshippers,’ If transubstantiation and -the <i>silly legends</i> were rejected, the moderate protestants were -ready to concede the daily celebration of the Eucharist. -Du Bellay continued:—</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘As for the images of the saints, the king thinks, with you, -that they are not set up to be worshipped, but to remind us -of the faith and works of those whom they represent; and -that is what the people ought to be taught.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘His Majesty is also pleased with your opinions on free-will.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The discussion—the great struggle in France—turned -on purgatory; the ambassador slyly pointed out the reason: -‘Our divines obstinately defend it,’ he said, ‘for upon that -doctrine depends the payment of masses, indulgences, and -pious gifts. Put down purgatory, and you take away from -them all opportunity of acquiring wealth and honor;<a id='r781' /><a href='#f781' class='c009'><sup>[781]</sup></a> you -cut off the limbs that supply their very life-blood! The -king gave them some months to prove their doctrine by -Scripture; they accepted the terms, but made no answer, -and when the king pressed them, they exclaimed: “Ah, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_401'>401</span>Sire, do not furnish our adversaries with weapons that they -will afterwards turn against us.” It therefore appears to -me that it would be proper for one of your doctors to write -a treatise on the subject and present it to his Majesty.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘As for good works, our theologians stoutly maintain -their opinion; namely, that they are necessary. I told them -that you thought the same, and that all you assert is, that -the necessity of works cannot be affirmed so as to mean -that we are justified and saved by them. An inquisitor of -the faith has declared his agreement with Melancthon on -this point.<a id='r782' /><a href='#f782' class='c009'><sup>[782]</sup></a> I think, therefore, that we may come to an -understanding on that matter.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Monasteries And Celibacy.</div> -<p class='c008'>‘You do not like monasteries: well! The king hopes to -obtain from the Roman party that no one shall be at liberty -to take monastic vows before the age of thirty or forty; -and that the monks shall be free henceforth to leave their -convents and marry, if opportunity offers. The king thinks -that not only the good of the Church requires it, but also -the good of the State, for there are many capable men in -the cloisters who might be usefully employed in divers functions -and duties. His Majesty is therefore of opinion, not -that monasteries should be destroyed, but that vows should -be no longer obligatory. It is by taking one step after -another that we shall come to an understanding.... It -is not convenient to pluck off a horse’s tail at one pull.<a id='r783' /><a href='#f783' class='c009'><sup>[783]</sup></a> -Monasteries ought to be places of study, set apart for the -instruction of those who are to teach the young. It is useful -and even necessary to proceed with moderation.... -His Majesty hopes to bring the Roman pontiff himself gradually -to this idea.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘As for the marriage of priests, the French theologians -do not approve of it; but here the king holds a certain medium. -He desires the toleration of those of your ecclesiastics -<span class='pageno' id='Page_402'>402</span>who have wives; as for the others, he wishes they should -remain in celibacy. If, however, there are any priests who -desire to be married, let them marry; only they must at the -same time quit holy orders.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘As for the communion, the king hopes to obtain from the -pope permission for every man to take the sacrament under -one or both kinds, as his conscience may dictate. He declares -that he has heard old men say that both kinds used -to be given to the laity in France a hundred and twenty -years ago; not indeed in the churches but in private chapels. -And even to this day, the kings of France communicate -under both kinds.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>This explanation of the reform projected for France, and -the exchange of ideas which it had occasioned, occupied -some time. The day was already advanced, and the protestant -delegates were making ready to depart.<a id='r784' /><a href='#f784' class='c009'><sup>[784]</sup></a> The ambassador -hastened to add a few words to prove the sincerity -of his proposals. ‘Cardinal Santa Croce,’ he said, ‘has -already substituted psalms for the silly and ungodly hymns -in the liturgy. True, the theologians of Paris have condemned -the change. You see the Sorbonne claims such -authority that it not only calls you heretics, but does not -fear to condemn the cardinals and the pope himself.’<a id='r785' /><a href='#f785' class='c009'><sup>[785]</sup></a> Thus, -according to Du Bellay, protestants, king, cardinals, and pope -were on one side, and the Sorbonne on the other. The -Lutherans, being in such good company, had nothing to fear. -To encourage them still more, he informed them that Francis -<abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> admitted the point which they put forward as the very -life-spring of their doctrine. ‘The king,’ he continued, -‘thinks highly of the doctrine of justification, as you explain -it. It would please him much, if two or three of your -learned men were sent to France to discuss these several -points in his presence. We must take precautions that the -best and soundest part of the Church be not conquered and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_403'>403</span>crushed by numbers.<a id='r786' /><a href='#f786' class='c009'><sup>[786]</sup></a> Lastly, it would be very beneficial,’ -Du Bellay adroitly added, as he finished his speech, ‘if the -princes and deputies of the cities here assembled were to -intercede in behalf of those who are exiled on account of -religion, and to ask that no one should hereafter suffer any -injury for what he thinks, says, or does with respect to his -faith.’<a id='r787' /><a href='#f787' class='c009'><sup>[787]</sup></a> How could the protestants, after such a compassionate -solicitation, speak any more of the scaffolds of the -21st of January?</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Reformation Of Francis <abbr title='1'>I.</abbr></div> -<p class='c008'>Such was the Reformation which Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> declared him-self -willing to give France. As concerns doctrine, it was -much more complete than the hybrid system which Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> was at that time endeavoring to set up in England. -The protestants found these propositions acceptable enough -in general, with some modifications, doubtless, which could -not fail to be introduced: the imperfect reform of the -French king would be completed by degrees. Had not his -ambassador just said that it was dangerous to pull out a -horse’s tail at once, giving them to understand that it would -be pulled out hair by hair? The Reformation proclaimed, -the evangelical doctrine professed, the frivolities of public -worship put away, the Sorbonne placed under ban, the sounder -part of Christendom preponderating over the more numerous -part,—the cardinals and the pope himself (as Du Bellay -hinted) aiding in this transformation,—what important -advantages! One thing, however, was still wanting: many -asked not only whether the catholics would carry out the -Reformation to an end, as they hinted, but even whether -they would maintain the concessions they had made.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This thought engrossed the attention of the protestant -delegates. They made their report, however, to their principals, -and amid the doubts by which they were agitated -one thing only appeared urgent to the men of the Augsburg -<span class='pageno' id='Page_404'>404</span>Confession—the duty of interceding in favor of their -brethren in France. They commissioned Melancthon to -draw up the answer to Du Bellay, and on the <abbr title='twenty-second'>22d</abbr> of December, -the French envoy having been once more admitted -into the assembly of the princes and deputies, the vice-chancellor -said to him: ‘That the most puissant king of France -by sending them an ambassador as illustrious by his virtues -as eminent by his rank, and the duty imposed on him to -treat concerning matters of faith, the importance of which -was paramount in their eyes, manifestly showed them the -Christian zeal with which the king was animated—a zeal -most worthy of so good a prince: that the reports circulated -with respect to certain punishments that had taken place in -France could not in truth authorize the States of Germany -to form a judgment on the puissant monarch of that kingdom; -however, they besought him not to allow himself to be -carried away by the cruelty of men who, ignorant of the -truth, desire to act severely against good and bad without -distinction; that idle opinions having crept into the Church, -it was necessary to apply a remedy, but those who endeavored -to do so became objects of the bitterest hatred—the -papists, who clung to their abuses, striving by a thousand -artifices to inflame the hearts of kings and to arm them -against the innocent.<a id='r788' /><a href='#f788' class='c009'><sup>[788]</sup></a> For this reason the States assembled -at Smalcalde conjured his Majesty to prohibit such -iniquitous cruelty, and to advance the good of the Church -and the glory of God.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The evangelicals having discharged this duty passed rapidly -over the rest. They represented to the ambassador -that the proposal to send learned men into France was of -such importance, that it was impossible to give him an immediate -answer, but that the deputies would report thereon -to the chiefs as soon as they returned home. ‘We assure -you, however,’ they said in conclusion, ‘that nothing would -please us more than to see the doctrine of piety and the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_405'>405</span>concord of nations propagated more and more by means in -conformity with the Word of God.’<a id='r789' /><a href='#f789' class='c009'><sup>[789]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>After a postponement, which seemed almost a refusal, Du -Bellay felt embarrassed, for he had still to discharge the -principal mission that his master had entrusted to him. He -could not, however, leave Smalcalde without fulfilling it. -He did not make it known distinctly in his public speeches, -but solicited the protestants in private conversations to make -an alliance with the king his master. The latter answered -that the first condition of such a union would be that the -allies should undertake nothing against the emperor, the -head of the Germanic Confederation. Now it was precisely -for the purpose of acting against Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> that Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> -sought the friendship of evangelical Germany. Du Bellay -left Smalcalde dissatisfied.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Francis Plays Two Parts.</div> -<p class='c008'>The distrust of the Lutheran princes was not unreasonable. -While the king was acting the protestant beyond the -Rhine, he was acting the papist beyond the Alps; if the -emperor would consent to yield Milan to him, Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> -would bind himself to reduce Germany under the yoke of -the house of Austria. ‘I will spare nothing,’ he said, ‘for -the greatness of the said emperor and his brother the king -of the Romans.’<a id='r790' /><a href='#f790' class='c009'><sup>[790]</sup></a> He went further than this: ‘Let the -pope say the word, and I will constrain England by force -of arms to submit to the Church.’ The cruel paw peeped -out from beneath the skin of the lamb, and the lion suddenly -appeared, ready to attack, seize, and devour, as a delicate -morsel, those whom he treated as friends and companions.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The cause of truth and unity was not to triumph by means -of a congress at Smalcalde, by diplomatic negotiations, or by -the instrumentality of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> He who said, <i>My kingdom -is not of this world</i>, did not choose men of the world to -establish his kingdom, and will not permit a monotonous -uniformity to take the place of unity in his empire. Treaties, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_406'>406</span>constitutions, and forms prescribed by monarchs are human -elements which the kingdom of heaven repudiates. True -unity does not proceed from an identical administration, a -clerical organization, or a pompous hierarchy: it is essentially -moral and spiritual, and consists in community of -thoughts, faith, affections, works, and hopes. Diversity of -forms, far from injuring it, gives it more intensity. In the -sixteenth century the world was far, and is still far, from -seeing the realization of this divine unity. Some steps, -however, have been taken, and the time no doubt will come -when, according to the scriptural prophecy, all the families -of the earth will be blessed in Christ Jesus.<a id='r791' /><a href='#f791' class='c009'><sup>[791]</sup></a> But there -will be no real, free, evangelical catholicity until Christians -understand and realize those elementary words of the primitive -Church: <i>I believe in the communion of saints</i>.</p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <h2 id='chap7-18' class='c004'>CHAPTER XVIII. <br /> THE GOSPEL IN THE NORTH OF ITALY. <br /> (<span class='fss'>1519 TO 1536.</span>)</h2> -</div> -<div class='c003'></div> -<div class='sidenote'>Condition Of Italy.</div> -<p class='c008'>The Reformation had also commenced in Italy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As the knowledge of the ancient languages, literary pursuits, -and cultivation of the intellect flourished more in that -country than elsewhere, it seemed natural that it should be -among the first to open itself to the light of the Gospel. In -the midst of superstition, many elevated minds were to be -found whom the formalism of the Roman Church could not -satisfy. The corruption of the clergy and of religion had -sunk deeper in Italy than in the rest of Christendom, so -that the magnitude of the evil made the necessity of a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_407'>407</span>remedy more keenly felt. Accordingly, although many -obstacles appeared to close the peninsula against the entrance -of evangelical doctrine; although national pride, the -interest which the Italians of every class seemed to have in -the continuance of the papacy, the hostility of the governments, -and above all the overwhelming power of the pontifical -hierarchy, erected barriers everywhere, which seemed -more insurmountable than the Alps, there was at that time -an electric current between Italy and the reformed countries -that nothing could stop. The Reformation had hardly sent -forth its first beams of light, the flame had hardly risen over -Germany and Switzerland, when, in the regions beyond the -mountains, from Venice and Turin to Naples, isolated spots -of light gleamed out amidst the darkness. The evangelical -doctrine, in general not much appreciated by the people, -found an easy access to the hearts of many cultivated men. -Italy was a vast plain, in which were numerous uncultivated -fields and barren heaths: but a liberal hand having been -opened over it, the seeds of life which fell from it found here -and there good soil, and, at the breath of spring, the blade -and the ear sprang forth. A fierce storm, mingled with -thunder and lightning, afterwards burst upon those fields; -the light of day was hidden, and the obscurity of darkness -once more covered the country. But the light had been -beautiful, and its appearance, although fugitive, deserves to -be remembered, if only as a pledge to make us hope for -better days. The positive results of the Italian Reformation -seem to escape us entirely; and yet it possesses quite as -many of those characteristics which charm the mind, captivate -the imagination, and touch the heart, as other Reformations -do. The new and varied plants which that ancient -land began to produce, the brilliant flames which for a moment -shed such beautiful light, the men of God at that -time scattered all over Italy, deserve to be known, and we -must now turn to them.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At Pavia, on the Ticino, there lived a bookseller named -Calvi, ‘who cultivated the muses.’ Frobenius, the celebrated -<span class='pageno' id='Page_408'>408</span>printer of Basle, having as early as 1519 sent him -Erasmus’s Testament and the early writings of Luther, he -began to study the Gospel more than the poets. Wishing -to help, in proportion to his ability, in ‘the revival of piety,’<a id='r792' /><a href='#f792' class='c009'><sup>[792]</sup></a> -he undertook to circulate the writings of the reformers not -only in his immediate neighborhood, but through all the -cities of Italy.<a id='r793' /><a href='#f793' class='c009'><sup>[793]</sup></a> Pavia possessed a celebrated university, -and the precious volumes were first distributed among its -professors and their pupils. The students might often be -seen reading these absorbing pages under the porticos of -the university and beneath the walls of the cathedral or of -the old castle. Other printers and booksellers joined with -Calvi in the work of dissemination, and before long a book -entitled <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Il principii della Theologia di Ippolito di Terranigra</i></span> -was read all over Italy, even in Rome. <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Terranigra</i></span> was -Melancthon, and these <i>Principles of Divinity</i> were his <i>Theological -Commonplaces</i>. This admirable book was to be found -even in the Vatican, along with the works of <i>Coricius -Cogelius</i> (Zwingle) and <i>Aretius Felinus</i> (Bucer). Bishops -and cardinals pompously extolled them; none of them suspecting -that the breath of evangelical piety which animated -those writings must necessarily dissipate the false piety of -the confessional. <i>Terranigra’s</i> book was read with such -eagerness at Rome, that it soon became necessary to ask for -a fresh supply. A learned Franciscan of the metropolis, -who possessed the Latin edition, struck with the unknown -name <i>Terranigra</i>,<a id='r794' /><a href='#f794' class='c009'><sup>[794]</sup></a> desired to procure the Italian work so -much talked of. It soon began to call up certain recollections: -he fancied he had seen the work before. He rose -from his seat, took down his Latin <i>Melancthon</i>, compared it -with the Italian, and to his great horror found the two works -<span class='pageno' id='Page_409'>409</span>were the same. Without delay he made known the stratagem -of the booksellers, and the volume, which the cardinals -had extolled to the skies one day, was condemned to the -flames on the next.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Enthusiasm For Luther.</div> -<p class='c008'>But the propaganda did not cease. The young Germans -who came to study law and medicine at Bologna, Padua, -and other universities of the peninsula, the young Italians -who began to frequent the schools of Germany and Switzerland, -helped alike to diffuse evangelical faith beyond the -Alps. Many of the Lutheran lansquenets whom Charles -<abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> marched into Italy, and of the Swiss soldiers whom -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> drew thither, professed in the houses where they -lodged the doctrines of the Reformation, and did so with -thorough military frankness. Some praised Luther, others -Zwingle, and all contrasted the purity of the reformers’ lives -and the simplicity of their manners with the irregularities, -luxury, and pride of the Roman prelates.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The Italians have an open and quick understanding, precision -in their ideas, clearness of expression, an instinct of -the beautiful, and great independence of character; and -hence they were tired of living in ignoble subjection to ignorant, -lazy, and dissolute priests. Conscientious men of -eminent mind joyfully welcomed a doctrine which put God’s -Word in the place of papal bulls, briefs, and decretals, and -substituted the spirit and the life for the ecclesiastical mechanism -of the Latin ritual. Italy was charmed with Luther’s -character and work. In 1521 a voice from Milan exclaimed: -‘O mighty Luther! who can paint thy features so -full of animation, the godlike qualities of thy mind, thy soul -inspired with a will so pure? Thy voice, which rings -through the universe and utters unaccustomed sounds, terrifies -the vile hearts of the wicked,<a id='r795' /><a href='#f795' class='c009'><sup>[795]</sup></a> and bears an unexpected -balm to diseases which appeared beyond remedy. Take -<span class='pageno' id='Page_410'>410</span>courage, then, venerable father, whose mouth makes salvation -known to all, and whose word destroys more monsters -than ever Hercules rent in pieces.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>The dignitaries of Rome were alarmed at this enthusiasm. -At the diet of Nuremberg in 1524, Cardinal Campeggi exclaimed: -‘The Germans take up a new opinion quickly, but -they soon abandon it; while the Italians obstinately persist -in what they have once adopted.’<a id='r796' /><a href='#f796' class='c009'><sup>[796]</sup></a> It was rather the contrary -that was to take place. The Italians showed themselves -still more prompt than the Germans: the number of Lutherans -increased every day.<a id='r797' /><a href='#f797' class='c009'><sup>[797]</sup></a> The converted catholics began -by degrees to explain the Gospel and to refute the errors -of the Roman Church in private houses: this was done even -in the Papal States. Before long, several priests and monks -were enlightened, and the Reformation took a new step: its -principles were taught in the churches. Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> felt -great alarm, when all of a sudden the doctrine, attacked by -him and his legates in distant countries, broke out all over -his dear Italy and threatened the walls of the papacy. He -uttered a cry of terror: ‘To our exceeding sorrow,’ he said, -‘Luther’s pestilential heresy has been spread among us, not -only among the laity, but also among the priests and monks.<a id='r798' /><a href='#f798' class='c009'><sup>[798]</sup></a> -Heresy is increasing, and in every place the catholic faith -has to suffer the cruellest assaults.’ The cry was useless. -In that very year (1530) the New Testament was translated -by Bruccioli, printed at Venice, and the much dreaded contagion -thenceforward made still more rapid progress.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Rosselli To Melancthon.</div> -<p class='c008'>It was in this latter city, on the hundred islets and amid -the lagunes of the queen of the Adriatic, that the doctrine -of the Gospel first raised its standard. There was no power -in Europe more jealous of its independence and authority -than Venice; the winged lion of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Mark braved the priest -<span class='pageno' id='Page_411'>411</span>of Rome; the senate rejected the Inquisition, practised freedom -of inquiry, and did not license the pope’s edicts until -after serious study and strict examination. Protestants were -soon to be found at Venice who, strange to say, were more -protestant than those of Augsburg. ‘I am delighted,’ said -Luther, on the <abbr title='seventh'>7th</abbr> of March, 1528, ‘to hear that they have -received the Word of God at Venice.’<a id='r799' /><a href='#f799' class='c009'><sup>[799]</sup></a> A report having -got abroad that Melancthon appeared inclined, at the diet -of 1530, to recognize the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, -the new evangelicals of Venice were troubled and alarmed: -one of them, Lucio Paolo Rosselli, although only a beginner -in the Christian doctrine, determined to write, respectfully -but frankly, to the illustrious doctor of Germany: ‘There -are no books by any author,’ he said to Melancthon, ‘which -please me more than those you have published. But if the -reports which the papists circulate about you are true, the -cause of the Gospel and those who, taught by the writings -of yourself and Luther, have embraced it, are in great danger. -All Italy awaits the result of your meeting at Augsburg.<a id='r800' /><a href='#f800' class='c009'><sup>[800]</sup></a> -O Melancthon! let neither threats, nor fears, nor -prayers, nor promises make you desert the standard of Jesus -Christ! Even if you must suffer death to maintain his -glory, do not hesitate. It is better to die with honor than -to live with ignominy.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was much worse when the Venetian ambassador at the -court of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> forwarded to the senate the letter which -Melancthon had written on the <abbr title='sixth'>6th</abbr> of July to Cardinal -Campeggi, and in which he went so far as to say that the -protestants did not differ from the Roman Church in any -important dogma, and were disposed to acknowledge the -papal jurisdiction.<a id='r801' /><a href='#f801' class='c009'><sup>[801]</sup></a> The evangelical Christians of Venice, -who wanted a decided position, were dismayed. Most of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_412'>412</span>them denied that the letter was Melancthon’s; Rosselli, in -particular, with generous enthusiasm, took up the doctor’s -defence, and on the <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> of August sent him a copy of the -letter, ‘to the end that he might carefully scrutinize the -wickedness of those who ascribed to him words calculated to -disgrace the true defenders of the cause of Christ and Christ -himself.<a id='r802' /><a href='#f802' class='c009'><sup>[802]</sup></a> Now that we have discovered their malice,’ added -the Venetian, ‘resist their iniquity with greater zeal, and -let the emperor and all Christian princes know the shameless -practices of the enemy.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>What seemed impossible to the Italians was but too true: -Melancthon had carried his concessions too far. When he -declared, however, that he would not recognize the Bishop -of Rome until he became evangelical, he had put a stipulation -to his compact which rendered it impossible.</p> - -<p class='c008'>From Venice we pass to Turin. The Italian revival did -not present that simple historical and continuous advance -which we meet with in other European countries. It was -not like a single river whose deep and mighty waters, as -they flowed along, ran calmly in the same channel; but like -little streams, issuing from the earth in various places, whose -bright and limpid waters glittered in the sunbeam and fertilized -the soil around them. They disappeared; they were -lost in the ground, oftentimes, alas! imparting to it a sanguine -hue, and the earth returned to its former barrenness. -Yet many a plant had been revived by them, and their -sweet remembrance may still cause joy to others.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Celio Curione.</div> -<p class='c008'>The works of the reformers had reached Turin. Piedmont, -from its vicinity to Switzerland, France, and Germany, -was among the first to receive a glimpse of the sun -which had just risen beyond the Alps. The Reformation -had already appeared in one of its cities,—at Aosta,—and -most of its doctrines had for ages been current among the -Waldensian valleys. Monks of the Augustine convent at -Turin, Hieronimo Nigro Foscianeo in particular, were -<span class='pageno' id='Page_413'>413</span>among the number of those who first became familiar with -the evangelical writings. Celio Secundo Curione, a young -man still at college, received them from their hands in 1520.</p> - -<p class='c008'>About three leagues and a half from Turin, and at the -foot of the Alps, was situated the town of Cirié, with its two -parochial churches and an Augustine monastery. Higher -up there stood an old castle named Cuori, and the family to -which it belonged was called from it Curione or Curioni.<a id='r803' /><a href='#f803' class='c009'><sup>[803]</sup></a> -One of its members, Giacomino Curione, who lived at Cirié, -had married Charlotte de Montrotier, lady of honor to -Blanche, Duchess of Savoy, and sister to the chief equerry -of the reigning duke. On the 1st of May, 1503, a son was -born to them at Cirié; he was named Celio Secundo,<a id='r804' /><a href='#f804' class='c009'><sup>[804]</sup></a> -and was their twenty-third child.<a id='r805' /><a href='#f805' class='c009'><sup>[805]</sup></a> He lost his mother as -he came into the world, and his father, who had removed to -Turin, and afterwards to Moncaglieri, where he had property, -died when Celio was only nine years old.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The elder Curione possessed a Bible, which in the hour -of death he put into his son’s hands. That act was perhaps -the cause of the love for Scripture by which the heir of -the Curiones was afterwards distinguished: the depth of his -filial piety made him look upon the book as a treasure before -he knew the value of its contents. Celio having begun -his education at Moncaglieri, went to Turin, where his maternal -grandmother, Maddalena, lived. She received him -into her house, where the anxious love of the venerable -lady surrounded him with the tenderest care.<a id='r806' /><a href='#f806' class='c009'><sup>[806]</sup></a> He is said -to have dwelt on that pleasant hill which overlooks Turin, -whence the summits of the Alps are visible, and whose base -<span class='pageno' id='Page_414'>414</span>is washed by the slow and majestic waters of the Po.<a id='r807' /><a href='#f807' class='c009'><sup>[807]</sup></a> -Celio had applied with his whole heart to the study of the -classical orators, poets, historians, and philosophers; when -he reached his twentieth year he felt deeper longings, which -literature was incapable of satisfying. The old Bible of -his father could do this: a new world, superior to that of -letters and philosophy,—the world of the spirit,—opened -before his soul.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There was much talk just then, both in university and -city, of the Reformation and the reformers. Curione had -often heard certain priests and their partisans bitterly complaining -of the ‘false doctrines’ of those <i>heretics</i>, and making -use of the harshest language against Luther and Zwingle. -He listened to their abuse, but was not convinced. -He possessed a nobler soul than the majority of the people -around him, and his generous independent spirit was more -disposed in favor of the accused than of the accusers. Instead -of joining in this almost unanimous censure, Celio said to -himself: ‘I will not condemn those doctors before I have -read their works.’<a id='r808' /><a href='#f808' class='c009'><sup>[808]</sup></a> It would appear that he was already -known in the Augustine convent, in which, as in that of -Wittemberg, some truly pious men were to be found. The -grace of his person, the quickness of his intellect, and his -ardent thirst for religious knowledge, interested the monks. -Knowing that they possessed some of the writings of the -reformers, Curione asked for them, and Father Hieronimo -lent him Luther’s <i>Babylonian Captivity</i>, translated into -Italian under a different title. The young man carried it -away eagerly to his study. He read those vigorous pages -in which the Saxon doctor speaks of the lively faith with -which the Christian ought to cling to the promises of God’s -Word; and those in which he asserts that neither bishop -nor pope has any right to command despotically the believer -who has received Christian liberty from God. But Celio -<span class='pageno' id='Page_415'>415</span>had not yet obtained light enough; he carried the book back -to the convent, and asked for another. Melancthon’s <i>Principles -of Theology</i> and Zwingle’s <i>True and False Religion</i> -were devoured by him in turn.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Curione’s Spiritual Wants.</div> -<p class='c008'>A work was then going on in his soul. The truths he -had read in his Bible grew clearer and sank deeper into his -mind; his spirit thrilled with joy when he found his faith -confirmed by that of these great doctors, and his heart was -filled with love for Luther and Melancthon. ‘When I was -still young,’ he said to the latter afterwards, ‘when first I -read your writings, I felt such love for you that it seemed -hardly capable of increase.’<a id='r809' /><a href='#f809' class='c009'><sup>[809]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Curione was not satisfied with the writings merely of these -men of God: his admiration for them was such that he -longed to hear them: an ardent desire to start immediately -for Germany was kindled in his heart.<a id='r810' /><a href='#f810' class='c009'><sup>[810]</sup></a> He talked about -it with his friends, especially with Giovanni and Francesco -Guarino, whom the Gospel had also touched, and who declared -their readiness to depart with him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The three young Italians, enthusiastic admirers of Luther -and Melancthon, quitted Turin and started for Wittemberg. -They turned their steps towards the valley of Aosta, intending -to cross the <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Bernard,<a id='r811' /><a href='#f811' class='c009'><sup>[811]</sup></a> where for more than five centuries -a house of the Augustine order had existed for the -reception of the travellers who made use of that then very -frequented pass. They conversed about their journey, their -feelings, and their hopes; and not content with this, they -spoke of the truth with simple-hearted earnestness to the -people they met with on the road or at the inns. In the -ardor of their youthful zeal, they even allowed themselves -to enter into imprudent discussions upon the Romish doctrines.<a id='r812' /><a href='#f812' class='c009'><sup>[812]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_416'>416</span>They were ‘bursting to speak’—they could not -wait until they had crossed the Alps: the spirit with which -they were filled carried them away. They had been cautioned, -and had resolved to be circumspect; but ‘however -deep the hiding-places in the hearts of men,’ said a reformer, -‘their tongues betray their hidden affections.’<a id='r813' /><a href='#f813' class='c009'><sup>[813]</sup></a> One of -those with whom these Piedmontese youths had debated -went and denounced them to Boniface, Cardinal-bishop of -Ivrea, and pointed out the road they were to take. The -prelate gave the necessary orders, and just as the three -students were entering the valley of Aosta,<a id='r814' /><a href='#f814' class='c009'><sup>[814]</sup></a> the cardinal’s -satellites, who were waiting for them, laid hold of them and -carried them to prison.</p> - -<p class='c008'>What a disappointment! At the very time they were -anticipating the delights of an unrestrained intercourse with -Melancthon and Luther, they found themselves in chains -and solitary imprisonment. Curione possessed friends in -that district who belonged to the higher nobility; and contriving -to inform them of his fate, they exerted themselves -in his behalf. The cardinal having sent for him, soon discovered -that his prisoner was not an ordinary man. Struck -with the extent of his knowledge and the elegance of his -mind, he resolved to do all he could to attach him to the -Roman Church. He loaded him with attentions, promised -to bear the necessary expenses for the continuation of his -studies, and with that intent placed him in the priory of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Benignus. It is probable that Cornelio and Guarino were -soon released: although less celebrated than their fellow-traveller, -they afterwards became distinguished by their -evangelical zeal.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Relics And The Bible.</div> -<p class='c008'>Although shut up in a monastery, Curione’s soul burnt -with zeal for the Word of God. He regretted that Germany -<span class='pageno' id='Page_417'>417</span>on which he had so much reckoned, and unable to increase -his light at the altar of Wittemberg, he wished at least to -make use of what he had for the benefit of the monks commissioned -to convert him. He was grieved at the superstitious -practices of their worship, and would have desired -to enfranchise those about him. A shrine, put in a prominent -place on the altar, enclosed a skull and other bones -reported to be those of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Agapetus and <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Tibur the -martyr, and which during certain solemnities were presented -to the adoration of the people. Why set dry bones in the -place which should be occupied by the living Word of God? -Are not their writings the only authentic remains of the -apostles and prophets? Curione refused to pay the slightest -honor to these relics, and in his private conversation he went -so far as to speak to some of the monks against such idolatrous -worship, instructing them in the true faith.<a id='r815' /><a href='#f815' class='c009'><sup>[815]</sup></a> He -resolved to do something more. In the convent library he -had found a Bible, to which no one paid any attention; -he had, moreover, noticed the place where the monks kept -the key of the shrine they held so dear.<a id='r816' /><a href='#f816' class='c009'><sup>[816]</sup></a> One day—probably -in 1530—taking advantage of a favorable opportunity -when the monks were occupied elsewhere,<a id='r817' /><a href='#f817' class='c009'><sup>[817]</sup></a> he went -into the library, took down the holy Word of which David -said it was <i>more to be desired than gold</i>, carried it into the -church, opened the mysterious coffer, removed the relics, -put the Bible in their place, and laid this inscription upon -it: ‘<i>This is the ark of the covenant, wherein a man can -inquire of the true oracles of God, and in which are contained -the true relics of the saints</i>.’ Curione, with emotion -and joy, closed the shrine and left the church without being -observed. The act, rash as it was, had a deep and evangelical -meaning: it expressed the greatest principles of the -Reformation. Some time after, at one of the festivals when -<span class='pageno' id='Page_418'>418</span>the relics were to be presented to the adoration of the worshippers, -the monks opened the shrine. Their surprise, -emotion, and rage were boundless, and they at once accused -their young companion of sacrilege. Being on the watch, -he made his escape, and, quitting Piedmont, took refuge at -Milan.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In that city Curione zealously devoted himself to lecturing; -but, being at the same time disgusted with the unmeaning -practices of the monks, he gave himself with his -whole heart to works of Christian charity. As famine and -pestilence were wasting the country, he soon after occupied -himself wholly in succoring the poor and the sick; he solicited -the donations of the nobility, prevailed on the priests -to sell for the relief of the wretched the precious objects -which adorned their churches, consoled the dying, and even -buried the dead.<a id='r818' /><a href='#f818' class='c009'><sup>[818]</sup></a> In the convent, he had appeared to be -struggling for faith only; in the midst of the pestilence, he -seemed to be living for works only. He remembered that -Jesus had come <i>to serve</i>, and following his Master’s example, -he was eager to console every misery. ‘Christ having become -the living root of his soul, had made it a fruitful tree.’ -As soon as the scourge abated, every one was eager to testify -a proper gratitude to Celio, and the Isacios, one of the -best families in the province, gave him the hand of one of -their daughters, Margarita Bianca, a young woman of great -beauty, who became the faithful and brave companion of his -life.<a id='r819' /><a href='#f819' class='c009'><sup>[819]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Papal Preachers.</div> -<p class='c008'>Some time after this, Curione, believing that he had nothing -more to fear, and desiring to receive his patrimony, to -revisit his native country, and to devote his strength and -faith to her service, returned to Piedmont. His hopes were -disappointed. Cruel family vexations and clerical persecutions -assailed a life that was never free from agitation. He -<span class='pageno' id='Page_419'>419</span>had lost all but one sister, whose husband, learning that he -intended claiming his inheritance, determined to ruin him. -A Dominican monk was making a great noise by his sermons -in a neighboring city.<a id='r820' /><a href='#f820' class='c009'><sup>[820]</sup></a> Celio took a book from his library, -and went with some friends to hear him. He expected that -the monk, according to the custom of his class, would draw -a frightful picture of the reformers. Curione knew that -the essence of the preaching of the evangelical ministry -was Christ, justification by faith in his atoning work, the -new life which He imparts, and the new commandments -which He gives. According to him, the task of the servant -of God, now that all things were made new, was to exalt, -not the Church, but the Saviour; and to make known all -the preciousness of Christ rather than to stun his hearers by -furious declamations against their adversaries. Such were -not the opinions entertained at that time—we will not say -by the great doctors of the Romish Church, but by the vulgar -preachers of the papacy. Laying down as a fundamental -principle that <i>there was no salvation out of the -Church</i>, they naturally believed themselves called to urge -the necessity of union—not with Christ, but—with Rome; -to extol the beauties of its hierarchy, its worship, and its -devout institutions. Instead of feeding the sheep, by giving -them the spiritual nourishment of faith, they thought only -of pronouncing declamatory eulogies of the fold and -drawing horrible pictures of the devouring wolves that -were prowling about it. If there had been no protestants -to combat, no Luther or Calvin to calumniate, -many popish preachers would have found the sermon a -superfluous part of the service, as had been the case in -the Middle Ages.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The <i>good monk</i>, whom Curione and his friends had gone -to hear, preached according to the oratorical rules of vulgar -preachers. ‘Do you know,’ he exclaimed, ‘why Luther -pleases the Germans?... Because, under the name -of Christian liberty, he permits them to indulge in all kinds -<span class='pageno' id='Page_420'>420</span>of excess.<a id='r821' /><a href='#f821' class='c009'><sup>[821]</sup></a> He teaches, moreover, that Christ is not God, -and that He was not born of a virgin.’ And continuing -this monkish philippic with great vehemence, he inflamed -the animosity of his hearers.</p> - -<p class='c008'>When the sermon was over, Curione asked the prelate -who was present for permission to say a few words. Having -obtained it, and the congregation being silent and expectant, -he said: ‘Reverend father, you have brought serious -charges against Luther: can you tell me the book or the -place in which he teaches the things with which you reproach -him?’ The monk replied that he could not do so -then, but if Curione would accompany him to Turin, he -would show him the passages. The young man rejoined -with indignation: ‘Then I will tell you at once the page and -book where the Wittemberg doctor has said the very contrary.’ -And opening Luther’s <i>Commentary on the Galatians</i>, -he read aloud several passages which completely -demonstrated the falseness of the monk’s calumnies. The -persons of rank present at the service were disgusted; the -people went still further; some violent men, exasperated by -the Dominican’s having told them such impudent lies, rushed -upon him and struck him. The more reasonable had some -trouble to rescue him and send him home safe and sound.<a id='r822' /><a href='#f822' class='c009'><sup>[822]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Curione Again Imprisoned.</div> -<p class='c008'>This scene made a great noise. The bishop and the inquisitors -looked upon it as a revolt against the papacy. -Curione was a firebrand flung by Satan into the midst of the -Church, and they felt that if they did not quench it instantly, -the impetuous wind which, crossing the Alps, was beginning -to blow in the peninsula, would scatter the sparks far -and wide, and spread the conflagration everywhere. The -valiant evangelist was seized, taken to Turin, thrown into -prison, and in a moment, as soon as the news circulated, all -his old enemies set to work. His covetous brother, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_421'>421</span>even his sister, as it would appear, made common cause with -the priests to destroy him.<a id='r823' /><a href='#f823' class='c009'><sup>[823]</sup></a> Fanaticism and avarice joined -together; one party wished to deprive him of his property -only, but the others wanted his life. It was not the first -time Curione had been in prison for speaking according to -the truth: he did not lose courage, he preserved all the -serenity of his mind, and remained master of himself. The -ecclesiastic charged with the examination overwhelmed him -with questions.<a id='r824' /><a href='#f824' class='c009'><sup>[824]</sup></a> He was reminded of the relics taken away -from the monastery of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Benignus, the journey he had -wished to take to Germany, and the conversations he had -held on the road, and was threatened with the stake.<a id='r825' /><a href='#f825' class='c009'><sup>[825]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The bishop, knowing that Curione had protectors among -the first people in the city, started for Rome, in order to obtain -from the pope in person his condemnation to death. -Before leaving, he transferred the prisoner to his coadjutor -David, brother of the influential cardinal Cibo. David, -wishing to make sure of his man, and to prevent its being -known where he was detained, removed him by night from -the prison in which he had been placed, took him to one of -those mansions, not very unlike castles, that are often to be -found in Italy, and locked him up in a room enclosed by -very thick walls.<a id='r826' /><a href='#f826' class='c009'><sup>[826]</sup></a> His officers attached heavy chains to -poor Celio’s feet, riveted them roughly, and fastened -them into the wall; and finally, two sentries were placed inside -the door of the house. When that was done, David felt -at ease, sure of being able to produce his prisoner when the -condemnation arrived from Rome. There was no hope left -the wretched man of being saved. Curione felt that his -death could not be far off; but though in great distress he -still remained full of courage.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The different operations by which David had secured his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_422'>422</span>prisoner had been carried on during the night; when the day -came, Curione looked round him: the place seemed to bring -to his memory certain half-effaced recollections. He began -to examine everything about him more carefully, and by degrees -remembered that once upon a time, when a boy, he had -been in that house, in that very room—it had probably -been the house of some friend. He called to remembrance -exactly the arrangement of the building, the galleries, the -staircase, the door, and the windows.<a id='r827' /><a href='#f827' class='c009'><sup>[827]</sup></a> But ere long he was -recalled from these thoughts by a feeling of pain: his jailers -had riveted the fetters so tightly that his feet began to swell -and the anguish became intolerable. When his keeper came -as usual to bring him food, Curione spoke to him of his pain, -and begged him to leave one of his feet at liberty, adding -that, when that was healed, the jailer could chain it up -again and set the other free. The man consented, and some -days passed in this way, during which the prisoner experienced -by turns severe pain and occasional relief.</p> - -<p class='c008'>This circumstance did not prevent him from making the -most serious reflections. He should never see his wife, his -children, or his friends again; he could no longer take part -in that great work of revival which God was then carrying -on in the Church. He knew what sentence would be delivered -at Rome. When <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John saw the woman seated on -the seven hills, he exclaimed: ‘<i>Babylon! ... drunken -with the blood of the saints and martyrs of Jesus</i>.’ Death -awaited Curione on the bishop’s return: of that he had not -a doubt. But was it not lawful to defend one’s life against -the violence of murderers? An idea suddenly crossed his -inventive mind; the hope of escaping, of seeing his dear -ones again, of again serving the cause of the Gospel, flashed -upon him. He reflected and planned; the expedient which -occurred to his mind was singular: possibly it might not -succeed, but it might also be the means of saving him from -the hands of his persecutors. When Peter was in prison -<span class='pageno' id='Page_423'>423</span>the angel of the Lord opened the door and led him out. -Celio did not expect a miracle; but he thought it was man’s -duty to do all in his power to thwart the counsels of the ungodly. -He was not, however, very sanguine of success. -God holds the lives of his children in his hand; the Lord -will restore him to liberty or send him to the scaffold, as He -shall judge best.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Curione’s Escape.</div> -<p class='c008'>Curione delayed no longer: he proceeded at once to carry -out the curious and yet simple expedient which had occurred -to his lively imagination. He took the boot off his -free leg and stuffed it with rags;<a id='r828' /><a href='#f828' class='c009'><sup>[828]</sup></a> he then broke off the leg -of a stool that was within his reach, fastened the sham foot -to it, and contrived a wooden leg which he fixed to his knee, -in such a way that he could move it as if it were a real leg. -His Spanish robe, reaching down to his heels, covered -everything, and made the matter easier. Presently he -heard the footsteps of his jailers: luckily, everything was -ready. They entered, did what they were accustomed to -do every day, loosed the chained foot, and then, without examining -too closely—for they had no suspicions—they put -the fetters on the sham leg, and went away.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Celio was free; he rose, he walked; surprised at a deliverance -so little expected, he was almost beside himself ... -he was rescued from death. But all was not over; -he had still to get out of that strong mansion, where so close -a watch was kept over him. He waited until night, and -when darkness brooded over the city and his keepers were -sunk in sleep, he approached the door of the chamber. The -jailers, knowing that the prisoner was chained to the wall, -and that sentinels were posted at the outer gate, had only -pushed it to without locking it. Curione opened it, and -moved along with slow and cautious steps, avoiding the -slightest noise for fear of giving the alarm. Although it -was quite dark, he easily found his way by the help of his -memory: he groped his course along the galleries, descended -<span class='pageno' id='Page_424'>424</span>the stairs; but on reaching the door of the house, he found -it closely shut. What was to be done now? The <i>sbirri</i> -were asleep, but he dared not make any noise lest he should -wake them. Recollecting that there was a window placed -rather high on one side of the door, he contrived to reach -it, leapt into the court-yard, scaled the outer wall, fell into -the street, and began to seek for a hiding-place as fast as his -wounded feet would permit him.<a id='r829' /><a href='#f829' class='c009'><sup>[829]</sup></a> When the morning -came, there was great surprise and agitation in the house. -The fidelity of the jailers was not suspected: and as no one -could explain the prisoner’s flight, his enemies circulated the -report that he had had recourse to magic to save himself -from death.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Curione himself was surprised. The thought that he had -escaped not only from the hands of his guards, but also from -the terrible condemnation of the sovereign pontiff, whose -support the bishop had gone to solicit, still further magnified -in his eyes the greatness of his deliverance. He had felt, -and severely too, the power of his enemies; but he saw that -however keen the hatred of the world, a breath of heaven -was sufficient to frustrate its plots. He hastened to leave -Turin, and took refuge in a secluded village in the duchy of -Milan, where his family joined him. His reputation as a -man of letters had spread through that country, and certain -Milanese gentlemen who came to pass the summer in the -villas near the lonely house which he inhabited, entertained -a high opinion of him. One of them, happening to meet -him, recognized him; he spoke of him to others of his -friends, who made his acquaintance, and all of them, delighted -with his amiable character and cultivated mind, were -unwilling that such fine talents should remain buried in a -sequestered village. They got him invited to the university -of Pavia, where he was soon surrounded by an admiring audience. -The inquisition, for a time at fault, discovered at -last that the daring heretic who had escaped from his prison -at Turin was teaching quietly at Pavia; it issued an arrest -<span class='pageno' id='Page_425'>425</span>against him, being determined to put an end to the harassing -warfare which this independent man was waging against -the darkness of the Middle Ages. The familiars of the -Holy Office lay in ambush with the intention of seizing the -Piedmontese professor as he was leaving his house to go to -the lecture-room. But the plot got wind; the students, who -were very numerous, supported by some of the chief people -of the town, formed a battalion which surrounded Curione -as he left his house, conducted him to the Academy, and -when the lecture was over, escorted him home again.<a id='r830' /><a href='#f830' class='c009'><sup>[830]</sup></a> Public -opinion declared itself so strongly in favor of liberty of -teaching and against Romish tyranny, that three years elapsed -without the inquisitors being able to seize the professor, -which caused great joy all over the city. The pope, irritated -at such resistance, threatened to excommunicate the -senate of Pavia; and Curione, unwilling to imperil his -friends, quitted that town for Venice, whence he proceeded -to Ferrara to live under that enlightened protection which -the Duchess Renée extended to all who loved the Gospel.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Renée Of France.</div> -<p class='c008'>Ferrara was in truth a centre where the Gospel found a -firm support. Renée, who was daughter of Louis <abbr title='the twelfth'>XII.</abbr>, and -would have succeeded him if (as she used to say) ‘she had -had a beard on her chin,’ had inherited, not the catholic ardor -of her mother, Anne of Brittany, but the reforming and -anti-popish spirit of her father, who had taken for his device: -<i>Perdam Babylonis nomen</i>. Deprived of the throne -by ‘that accursed Salic law’—to use her own words—but -brought up at the court of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, she was closely attached -to her cousin Margaret, and although her junior by -eighteen years, had eagerly embraced the Gospel which that -‘elder sister’ had preached to her with so much earnestness. -Renée was not one of those people who are simply the disciples -of others. Less beautiful than Margaret, she resembled -her in possessing a great soul, a generous heart, and, -more than that, a sound judgment and firm will. While -<span class='pageno' id='Page_426'>426</span>clouds gathered round the mild and brilliant luminary which -presided over the destinies of Navarre and obscured the end -of its course, hardly a passing vapor dimmed for an instant -the pure star of Ferrara and Montargis.</p> - -<p class='c008'>There had been a talk of marrying Renée, as there had -been of marrying Margaret, to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, and also to -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>; but the politic Francis had preferred giving -his predecessor’s daughter to a prince who would cause him -no umbrage. She was therefore married to Hercules of -Este, Duke of Ferrara, grandson of pope Alexander <abbr title='the sixth'>VI.</abbr> by -Lucrezia Borgia, and vassal of the Holy See. Such gloomy -antecedents did not promise a sympathetic union to the -friend of Margaret of Valois.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Although surrounded at Ferrara with all the splendors -of a court, Renée delighted in the associations of literature -and art, and loved above everything to retire to her closet -and seek ‘the one thing needful.’ There was in her piety -at this period of her life a slight trace of Margaret’s mystical -spirit. A contemplative life, however, was not in keeping -with her active character; she had rather a practical -turn; she loved to attract to her small court the learned -men of Italy, and particularly welcomed the evangelicals -who had been driven out of France. She was thus beginning -to be the object of the most opposite remarks. All -were agreed as to her extreme beneficence; but the adherents -of the papacy complained that her intellect, which enabled -her to excel in philosophy, inclined her, unfortunately, -to investigate religious questions; they added, however, -that if she came to the aid of certain persons in bad odor -among Roman catholics, it was because her inexhaustible -goodness filled her with compassion for those whom she -thought unjustly treated.<a id='r831' /><a href='#f831' class='c009'><sup>[831]</sup></a> ‘She desires to do good to everybody,’ -it was said; ‘in one year she assisted ten thousand -of her fellow-countrymen. And when the stewards of -her household represented to her the excessive expense of -this, she only answered: “What would you have?—they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_427'>427</span>are poor people of my own country, all of whom would be -my subjects but for that wicked Salic law!”’<a id='r832' /><a href='#f832' class='c009'><sup>[832]</sup></a> She was -at once a Mæcenas and a Dorcas.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Resurrection Of Christianity.</div> -<p class='c008'>The time had gone by in Italy when the fanaticism of -pagan antiquity had misled the mind, and preachers were to -be heard speaking from the pulpit of Minerva, Christ, and -Jupiter in the same breath. At the very moment when -celebrated professors, commissioned to teach philosophy -even at the university of Ferrara, were exclaiming, as Voltaire -and others did after him: ‘Christianity is dying out, -and its end is near!’ Christianity on the contrary was -reviving at Wittemberg, Zurich, Cambridge, and even in -France, and the cry which it uttered as it issued from the -tomb, re-echoed through Italy and awoke many souls there. -In 1528, and perhaps earlier, the evangelical doctrines had -been professed at Ferrara. In 1530, the inquisition -of that city wrote to the pope, that there were many -Lutherans, both laymen and ecclesiastics, within its walls.<a id='r833' /><a href='#f833' class='c009'><sup>[833]</sup></a> -In fact, the duchess was calling round her, either for the education -of her children, or simply for love of learning and the -Gospel, professors skilled in the study of the classics, among -whom were men enlightened about the superstitions of the -Roman Church, and often sincerely attached to the Gospel. -Of their number were Celio Calcagnini, Lilio Giraldi Bartholomeo -Riccio, Marzello Palingenio, and the two brothers -Sinapi. Giovanni Sinapi in particular was full of zeal to -spread around him the doctrine of the Scriptures. Many of -the most eminent men of Italy, such as Curione, Occhino, -Peter Martyr, and the famous poet Flaminio, lived for a -time at Ferrara. From that centre evangelical doctrines -were propagated in the neighbouring cities; and particularly -in Modena, where they spread so widely in the university -and among the townspeople, that it was soon called <i>the -Lutheran city</i>.<a id='r834' /><a href='#f834' class='c009'><sup>[834]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_428'>428</span> - <h2 id='chap7-19' class='c004'>CHAPTER XIX. <br /> THE GOSPEL IN THE CENTRE OF ITALY. <br /> (<span class='fss'>1520 TO 1536</span>).</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>While Venice, Turin, Milan, Ferrara, Modena, and other -cities of Upper Italy were listening to the voice of the Gospel, -the centre and south of the peninsula had also their -witnesses to the truth.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Character Of Occhino.</div> -<p class='c008'>Bernardino Occhino, born at Sienna in 1487, four years -younger than Luther and Zwingle, and twenty-one years -older than Calvin, was the most famous preacher of the age. -In his sermons were to be found that elegance, that choice -of words and those turns of expression which produce clearness, -grace, and facility of style; but at the same time he -was not void of imagination or enthusiasm, and possessed a -boldness of language which surprises and carries away those -who listen to it. Without being one of those firm, solid -spirits who search into all knowledge, and weigh and measure -all thoughts, he had strong religious cravings, and as he -was moved himself, he moved his hearers. ‘From the very -beginning of my life,’ he said, ‘I had a great longing for the -heavenly paradise.’ He determined to win it, but went -astray on the road. His studies were imperfect; he knew -little Greek and no Hebrew: his knowledge of Christian doctrine -was neither deep nor extensive; he sometimes allowed -himself to descend to trifles and even to contradictions; -and without denying the essential doctrines of faith, he -was found in the latter part of his life employing obscure -and equivocal expressions concerning them. He -inopportunely defended customs tolerated under the old -covenant, but manifestly forbidden under the new, and thus -<span class='pageno' id='Page_429'>429</span>drew down much affliction on his old age. Occhino was a -great orator, but not a great divine.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Sienna, the rival of Florence in the Middle Ages, still possessed -sufficient attractions to induce a young man to follow -the career of letters or of honors; but Occhino’s mind took -another direction. From his earliest youth, his religious -feelings had inclined him to an ascetic life, and he sought -peace for his soul in exercises of devotion. ‘I believe in -salvation through works,’ he said, ‘through fasting, prayer, -mortifications, and vigils. With the help of God’s grace -we can, by means of these practices, satisfy the justice of -God, obtain pardon for our sins, and merit heaven.’<a id='r835' /><a href='#f835' class='c009'><sup>[835]</sup></a> -Erelong his private macerations proved insufficient for him, -and he became a monk. Every religious society approved -of by Rome was holy in his eyes; but he joined the Observantine -Franciscans, because that order was reputed to be -stricter than the others. The youthful Bernardino soon -found, like Luther, that the life of the cloister could not satisfy -his need of holiness. He was discouraged, and, renouncing -the pursuit of an object which he seemed unable to attain, -he turned to the study of medicine, without however, -leaving the convent. Some Franciscans, having separated -from the order with the intention of forming a still stricter -rule, under the name of Capuchins, Occhino thought he had -found what he wanted, and, having joined them, gave himself -up with all his strength to voluntary humiliation and the -mortification of the senses. <i>Eat not, touch not, taste not.</i> -If any new and stricter laws were drawn up by the chiefs -of the order, he hastened to conform to them. He threw -himself blindfold into a complicated labyrinth of traditions, -disciplines, fastings, mortifications, austerities, and ecstasies. -And when they were over, he would ask himself whether he -had gained anything? Remaining ill at ease and motionless -in his cell, he would exclaim: ‘O Christ! if I am not saved -now, I know not what I can do more!’ The moment was -approaching when he would feel that all these macerations -<span class='pageno' id='Page_430'>430</span>were but ‘running knots, which bind at first and strangle at -last.’<a id='r836' /><a href='#f836' class='c009'><sup>[836]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This was in 1534, when Occhino was forty-seven years -old. The agitations of his soul often inspired him, during -his sermons, with those pathetic impulses which touch the -heart; his superiors, wishing to turn his gifts to account, -called him to the functions of the pulpit, and as he thus entered -upon a new phase of life, a revolution was also effected -in his thoughts. He turned away from the superstitious practices -and paltry bonds of the monks and devotees, and approached -the Holy Scriptures. Monastic discipline had increased -his darkness: the Word was to bring him light. -He felt the necessity of conscientiously preparing his sermons, -and began to study the Bible. But, strange to say, -Scripture, instead of making his work easier, embarrassed -him at the very outset, made him uneasy, and even paralyzed -him. A striking contrast presented itself to his -mind. ‘I believe,’ he said, ‘that we must merit heaven -by our works, while Scripture tells me that heaven is -given by grace, because of the redemption through Jesus -Christ.’ He tried for some time to reconcile these contradictory -views; but, do what he would, Rome and the -Bible remained diametrically opposed to each other; he determined -in favour of Rome. To doubt that the pope’s -teaching was divine would have been a crime. ‘The authority -of the Church,’ he said in after years, ‘silenced my -scruples.’ He applied again to his mortifications. It was -all in vain: peace was a stranger to his soul.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Then he turned once more to what he had abandoned. -He said to himself that, according to the universal opinion -of Christendom, the Scriptures were given by God to show -the path to heaven; and that if there was anywhere a remedy -for the disease under which he felt himself suffering, it -must be in God’s Book. He read its holy pages with entire -confidence, and made every exertion to understand them. -Erelong a new light broke upon him; a heavenly brightness -<span class='pageno' id='Page_431'>431</span>was poured upon the mystery of Golgotha, and he -was filled with unutterable joy. ‘Certainly,’ he said, -‘Christ by his obedience and death has fully satisfied the law -of God and merited heaven for his elect. That is true -righteousness, that is the true salvation.’<a id='r837' /><a href='#f837' class='c009'><sup>[837]</sup></a> He did not advance -any farther just then; for some time longer the Roman-Catholic -Church was in his eyes the true Church, and -the religious orders were holy institutions. He had found -that peace which he had sought so long, and was satisfied.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Occhino’s Popularity.</div> -<p class='c008'>The activity of his life increased, the fervor of his zeal -augmented, his preaching became more spiritual and more -earnest. He continued his itinerant ministry, and attracted -still more the attention of the people of Italy. He always -went on foot, though weak in body. His name filled the -peninsula, and when he was expected in any city a multitude -of people and even nobles and princes would go out to -meet him. The principal men of the city would display a -deep affection for him, pay him every honor, and not permit -him to go and lodge in the wretched cell of a monastery, but -force him to accept the brilliant hospitality of their mansions. -The magnificence of these dwellings, the costly dresses of -their inhabitants, and ‘all the pomp of the age,’ made no -change in his humble and austere life. Sitting at the luxurious -banquets of the great ones of this world, he would -drink no wine and eat but of one dish, and that the plainest. -Being conducted to the best chamber, and invited to repose -in a soft and richly-furnished bed, in order to recruit himself -after the fatigue of his journey, he would smile, stretch his -threadbare mantle on the floor, and lie down upon it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>As soon as the news of his arrival became known, crowds -of people would throng round him from all parts. ‘Whole -cities went to hear him,’ says the Bishop of Amelia, ‘and -there was no church large enough to contain the multitude of -hearers.’<a id='r838' /><a href='#f838' class='c009'><sup>[838]</sup></a> All eyes were fixed on him as soon as he entered -the pulpit. His age, his thin pale face, his beard falling below -<span class='pageno' id='Page_432'>432</span>the waist, his gray hair and coarse robe, and all that -was known of his life, made the people regard him as an -extraordinary man, indeed as a saint. Was there any affectation -in these strange manners? Probably there was, -for though a new creation had begun in him, the old nature -was still very strong. He was not insensible to the glory -that comes from man, and perhaps did not seek alone that -which comes from God.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At length the great orator began to speak, and all the -congregation hung upon his lips. He explained his ideas -with such ease and grace, that even from the very beginning -of his ministry, he charmed all who heard him. But after -he had studied Scripture, there was more elegance, originality, -and talent in his discourses. He made use of evangelical -language, which penetrated the heart; and yet no -one, unless he were a very subtle theologian, would dare -ascribe new doctrines to him. The inward power which he -had received touched their hearts; the movements of his -eloquence carried away his hearers, and he led them where -he pleased.<a id='r839' /><a href='#f839' class='c009'><sup>[839]</sup></a> At Perugia, enemies embraced one another -as they left the church, and renounced the family feuds -which had been handed down through several generations. -At Naples, when he preached for some work of charity, -every purse was opened: one day he collected five thousand -crowns—an enormous sum for those times. Even princes -of the Church, such as Cardinal Sadolet and Cardinal -Bembo, adjudged him the palm of popular eloquence: all -voices hailed him as the first preacher of Italy.<a id='r840' /><a href='#f840' class='c009'><sup>[840]</sup></a> We shall -see him presently producing a religious revival at Naples. -He was preceded and aided in that work by men who, although -inferior to him in eloquence, were his superiors in -knowledge and faith.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Character Of Peter Martyr.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the time when the Word was thus sown, and was -everywhere bearing fruit more or less, Florence, the land -<span class='pageno' id='Page_433'>433</span>of the Medici, so illustrious from its attachment to letters -and liberty, was not to be a barren soil. In the year 1500, -the year in which Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> was born, a rich patrician -named Stephen Vermigli had a son whom he named Peter -Martyr in honor of Peter of Milan whom the Arians are -said to have put to death for maintaining the orthodox faith, -and to whom a church was dedicated near the house in -which the child was born.<a id='r841' /><a href='#f841' class='c009'><sup>[841]</sup></a> His mother, Maria Fumantina, -an educated woman of meek and tranquil piety, devoted -herself to her only son, taught him Latin in his earliest -years, and poured into his heart that incorruptible spirit, -which is of such great value before God. The boy early -attended the public schools established for the Florentine -youth, and was distinguished for the quickness of his understanding, -the extent of his powers, the strength of his memory, -and above all by such a thirst for learning that no difficulties -could stop him. If Occhino possessed liveliness of -feeling and imagination, Peter Martyr possessed solidity of -judgment and depth of mind.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Before long the youth was involved in a painful struggle. -His father,—either because he disapproved of a monastic -life, the abuses of which, even at Florence, had been exposed -by Dante and afterwards by Savonarola; or because he -was ambitious and desired to see his son attain a brilliant -position—intended giving him an education calculated to -advance him in the service of the State. Peter Martyr, on -the contrary, inspired by the pious feelings which he had -inherited from his mother, wished to dedicate himself to -God. His greatest ambition was to learn; his glory was to -know; knowledge, and especially the knowledge of divine -things, was in his eyes superior to all the world besides. His -father commanded in vain and disinherited him in vain; in -1516 the young man entered the monastery of regular canons -of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Augustine at Fiesole, near Florence. After a -certain interval of time Peter Martyr felt that he did not -<span class='pageno' id='Page_434'>434</span>learn much in the cloister. He was penetrated with the -thought that man ought to make it his object to propagate -around him solid knowledge and true light, especially in all -that relates to the immortal soul; but to propagate them, he -must first possess them. He obtained permission to visit -Padua, the seat of a celebrated university. Quiet, steady, -diligent, affectionate, and respectful, he was loved and esteemed -by all. He venerated the aged as if they were his -fathers, and displayed such modesty, affection, and eagerness -to do what was pleasing to his comrades, that he always -found them, in times of trial, his surest friends.<a id='r842' /><a href='#f842' class='c009'><sup>[842]</sup></a> Although -he was in the age of passions, and lived in cities where -temptations were numerous, he was able to preserve that -chastity of thought and that purity of conduct so necessary -to the happiness and real success of a young man. He -studied philosophy, and in the public disputations acquired a -singular dialectic skill, of which he afterwards gave striking -proofs. But he was in search of something better, namely, -divine truth; and therefore began to attend the lectures of -the theological professors. He was soon disgusted with -them, for they taught nothing but scholastics, and he resolved -to seek the road by himself. He frequently spent -the greater part of the night in the library of his monastery; -he read the Greek authors, and then took up the Fathers of -the Church, Tertullian, Athanasius, and Augustine, and -began to have a perception that the theology of primitive -catholicism was quite different from that of the papacy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>In 1526, his superiors, struck with his talents, called him -to the ministry. Peter Martyr preached at Rome, Bologna, -Pisa, Venice, Mantua, Bergamo, and other cities. At the -same time he gave public lessons in literature and philosophy, -particularly on Homer. But he determined to go -farther, and, no longer contenting himself with the poets, -philosophers, and Fathers of the Church, he desired to know -<span class='pageno' id='Page_435'>435</span>the Holy Scriptures. He was enraptured with them; as the -Latin text was not sufficient for him, he read the New Testament -in Greek; he next resolved to read the Old Testament -also in the original, and meeting with a Jewish doctor -named Isaac, at Bologna, he learnt Hebrew of him. Then -it was that a new light illumined his fine genius. While he -was studying the letter of the Holy Scriptures, <i>the Spirit -of God opened his understanding</i>, and displayed before him -the mysteries concealed within them.<a id='r843' /><a href='#f843' class='c009'><sup>[843]</sup></a> His learning, labors, -and administrative ability had already attracted general -consideration; and the pious sentiments he now displayed -helped to increase it. He was appointed Abbot of Spoleto, -and in 1530 was summoned to a larger theatre, to Naples, -as Prior of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter’s <i>ad Aram</i>, where we shall meet him -erelong.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Aonio Paleario.</div> -<p class='c008'>In 1534 there lived in Sienna a friend of Greek and -Latin literature, an enthusiast for Cicero, whose elegant -and harmonious periods he translated better than any other -scholar, and who was particularly distinguished among the -professors of the university for his elevation of soul, love of -truth, boldness of thought, and the courage with which he -attacked false doctors and sham ascetics. He made a -sensation in the world of schools, and, though he had no -official post, the students crowded to his lectures. His -name was Antonio della Paglia, which he latinized, according -to the fashion of the age, into Aonius Palearius. This, -again, was Italianized into Aonio Paleario. Among the -hills which bound the Roman Campagna, near the source -of the Garigliano, stands the ancient city of Veroli; here -he was born in 1503, of an old patrician house according to -some, of the family of an artisan according to others. In -1520 he went to Rome, where the love of art and antiquity -was then much cultivated, and, from the lessons of illustrious -teachers, he learnt to admire Demosthenes, Homer, and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_436'>436</span>Virgil. A rumor of war disturbed his peaceful labors. In -1527 the imperial army descended the Alps, and, like an -avalanche which, slipping from the icy mountain-tops, rushes -down into the valley, it overthrew and destroyed everything -in its course. Milan had been crushed, and, when the news -reached Rome at the same time with the furious threats -uttered by the imperialists against the city of the pontiffs, -the young student exclaimed, ‘If they come near us, we -are lost!’ Paleario hastily took refuge in the valley where -he was born; but even there the spray of the avalanche -reached him. When he returned to the papal city, alas! -the houses were in ruins, the men of letters had fled. He -turned his eyes towards Tuscany, quitted Rome in the latter -part of 1529, and after spending some time at Perugia, -went on to Sienna, where he arrived in the autumn of 1530.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That ancient city of the Etruscans, transformed into a -city of the Middle Ages, at first delighted the friend of letters. -Its position in the midst of smiling hills,<a id='r844' /><a href='#f844' class='c009'><sup>[844]</sup></a> the fertility -of its fields, the abundance of everything, the beauty of the -buildings, the cultivated minds of its inhabitants—all enraptured -him. But erelong he discovered a wound which -wrung his heart: the State was torn by factions; an ignorant, -impetuous, turbulent democracy had the upper hand; -the strength of a people who might have done great things -was wasted in idle and barren disputes. The most eminent -men wept over the sorrows of their country, and fled with -their wives and children from the desolated land. ‘Alas!’ -exclaimed Paleario, ‘the city wants nothing but concord -between the citizens.’<a id='r845' /><a href='#f845' class='c009'><sup>[845]</sup></a> He met, however, with an affectionate -welcome in the families of a few nobles; and, after -visiting Florence, Ferrara, Padua, and Bologna, he returned -in 1532 to Sienna, to which his friends had invited -him.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Poem On Immortality.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_437'>437</span>Paleario was a poet: his fancy was at work wherever he -went; and, either during his travels or on his return to the -Ghibeline city, he composed a Latin poem on the immortality -of the soul.<a id='r846' /><a href='#f846' class='c009'><sup>[846]</sup></a> We find traces of the Roman doctrine in -it, especially of purgatory<a id='r847' /><a href='#f847' class='c009'><sup>[847]</sup></a> and of the queenship of the -Virgin.<a id='r848' /><a href='#f848' class='c009'><sup>[848]</sup></a> His eyes, however, were already turned towards -the Reformation. He desired to have readers like Sadolet, -and also the sympathy of Germany.<a id='r849' /><a href='#f849' class='c009'><sup>[849]</sup></a> The poem evidences -a soul which, without having yet found God and the peace -he gives, sighs after a new earth, a rejuvenated humanity, -and a happiness which consists in contemplating the Almighty, -the King of men, as the eternal and absolute goodness -and supreme happiness.<a id='r850' /><a href='#f850' class='c009'><sup>[850]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Ere long Paleario took another step. The religious -questions by which Italy was so deeply agitated engrossed -that eminent mind. He commenced reading not only Saint -Augustine but the Reformers and the Holy Scriptures, and -began to speak in his lectures with a liberty that enraptured -his hearers, but so exasperated the priests that his friend -and patron Sadolet recommended him to be more prudent. -Paleario, however, boldly crossed the threshold which -separates the literary from the Christian world. He received -thoroughly the doctrine of justification by faith, and -found in it a peace which was to him a warrant of its truth. -‘Since he in whom the Godhead dwells,’ he said, ‘has so -lovingly poured out his blood for our salvation, we must not -doubt of the favor of Heaven. All who turn their souls -towards Jesus crucified, and bind themselves to him with -<span class='pageno' id='Page_438'>438</span>thorough confidence, are delivered from evil and receive -forgiveness of their sins.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Paleario loved the country. Having noticed a villa -which had belonged to Aulus Cecina, the friend of Cicero, -situated between Colle and Volterra, at the summit of a -plateau, whence flowed a stream, watering the slopes, and -where a pure air and the tranquility of the fields could be -enjoyed,<a id='r851' /><a href='#f851' class='c009'><sup>[851]</sup></a> the Christian poet bought it, and there, in his -beloved <i>Cecignana</i>, on the terrace before the house or -among the forest oaks, he passed many a peaceful day, consecrated -to serious meditation. He knew that the world on -which he fixed his eyes was the creation of the Supreme, -the free will of God; that an inward and uninterrupted bond -existed between the Creator and his creatures; and rejoiced -that, owing to the redemption of Jesus Christ, there would -be formed out of its inhabitants a kingdom of God, from -which evil would be forever banished.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Paleario’s Love Of Nature.</div> -<p class='c008'>Paleario’s tender soul needed domestic affections, and at -Sienna he was alone. He married Marietta Guidotti, a -young person of respectable parentage, who had been -brought up with holy modesty.<a id='r852' /><a href='#f852' class='c009'><sup>[852]</sup></a> She bore him two sons, -Lampridius and Phædrus, and two daughters, Aspasia and -Sophonisba, whom he loved tenderly, and who were, after -God, the consolation of a life agitated by the injustice of his -enemies. Family affections and a love for the beauties -of nature were in Paleario, as they often are, the marks of -an elevated soul. At a later period, when his life had become -still more bitter; when he had lost his health, and -his faith had made him an object of horror to the fanatical; -when he exclaimed, ‘All men are full of hatred and ill-will -toward me;’<a id='r853' /><a href='#f853' class='c009'><sup>[853]</sup></a> when he foresaw that he must ere long -succumb beneath the blows of his adversaries; even then -he sighed after the country, and wrote to one of his friends, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_439'>439</span>with a simplicity reminding us of ancient times:—‘I am -weary of study; fain would I fly to you and pass my days -under the warm bright sky of your fields. At early morn, -or when the day begins to wane, we will wander through -the country, around the cottages, with Lampridius and -Phædrus my darling boys, and with your wife and mine.<a id='r854' /><a href='#f854' class='c009'><sup>[854]</sup></a> -Get ready the garden, that we may live on herbs, for I am -utterly disgusted with the luxurious tables of our cities. -The farm shall supply us with eggs and poultry, the river -with fish. Oh! how sweet are the repasts at which we eat the -fruit we gather from our own garden, the fowls fed by our -own hands, the birds caught in our nets,—sweeter far than -those where you see nothing on the table but provisions -bought in the market! We will work in the fields; we will -tire ourselves. Make your preparations; get ready a saw, -a hatchet, a wedge to cleave the wood, pruning-shears, a -harrow, and a hoe. If these implements fail us, we will -be content with planting trees, that shall serve for ages yet -to come.’ It is pleasing to see the disciple of Cicero and especially -of the Bible, at a time when he was tormented by -sickness and the hatred of the wicked, rejoicing like a child -at the thought of planting trees that should give a cool -shade and welcome fruit to coming generations. We shall -now describe the end of his stay at Sienna, and what brought -his great sorrow upon him, although it will lead us beyond -the limits of time we have prescribed for ourselves.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The best friend Paleario possessed was Antonio Bellantes, -president of the Council of Nine, a grave and benevolent -man, generally loved and respected; in a time of difficulty -he had assisted the State by the gift of two million -golden crowns. Bellantes esteemed Paleario very highly, -and Paleario loved him above all other men. In the -course of the popular disturbances, the members of the -Council of Nine had been banished; but the senate and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_440'>440</span>people had entreated Bellantes to remain at Sienna—a -circumstance which had greatly enraged his enemies. -Ruffians broke into his house one night and plundered it. -Somewhat later Bellantes died, leaving all his ready money -to his mother, that she might deliver it to his sons when -they came of age. The good lady was a great friend of -the monks; every day the capuchins used to visit her,<a id='r855' /><a href='#f855' class='c009'><sup>[855]</sup></a> and -when she felt sick they crowded round her bed. After her -death, no property could be found in her house, except -some torn bags which appeared to have held money. The -sons of Bellantes accused the monks of having stolen their -inheritance, and Paleario supported them with his eloquence. -The monks denied the fact, and were acquitted upon their -solemn oath. Inflamed with anger against Paleario, they -resolved upon his destruction.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Plot Against Paleario.</div> -<p class='c008'>At the head of his adversaries was the senator Otto Melio -Cotta, a rich, powerful, and ambitious man of a domineering -spirit. At first he had been mixed up in political affairs, -but he afterwards enlisted under the banners of the clergy, -and made common cause with the monks. A plot was -formed in the Observantine convent, situated about a mile -from Sienna, in the midst of woods, grottos, and holy places. -Three hundred members of the Joanelli, a brotherhood -formed for certain exercises of piety, swore upon the altar -to destroy Paleario. Not confining themselves to attacks -upon his teaching, Cotta and his other adversaries began to -pry into his private life, to watch all his movements, and -to catch up every word. They soon found fresh subjects of -complaint against him. Paleario had ridiculed a wealthy -priest, who was to be seen every morning devoutly kneeling -before the shrine of a saint, but who refused to pay his -debts; and the keen irony with which he had spoken of him -had occasioned a great scandal among the clergy. That -however, was not enough; they must have a palpable mark -of heresy. His adversaries endeavored, therefore, to entrap -<span class='pageno' id='Page_441'>441</span>him, and some of them, presenting themselves as if -they wanted to be instructed, put questions to him calculated -to lead him into the snare. ‘What,’ they asked, ‘is -the first means of salvation given by God to man?’ He -answered ‘<i>Christ</i>.’ That might pass; but, continuing their -questions, Paleario’s enemies added: ‘What is the second?’ -In their opinion, he should have indicated meritorious works; -but Paleario replied: ‘<i>Christ</i>.’ Continuing their inquiry, -they said: ‘And what is the third?’ They thought that -Paleario should answer, The Church; out of the Church -there is no salvation; but he still replied, ‘<i>Christ</i>.’<a id='r856' /><a href='#f856' class='c009'><sup>[856]</sup></a> From -that moment he was a lost man. The monks and their friends -reported to Cotta the answer which they deemed so heretical.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Paleario had no suspicion of danger. Cardinal Sadolet -and some other friends invited him to come and see them -at Rome, and he went. He had not been there long before -he received a very excited letter from Faustus Bellantes. -‘There is a great agitation in the city,’ he said; ‘an astounding -conspiracy has been formed against you by the most -criminal of men.<a id='r857' /><a href='#f857' class='c009'><sup>[857]</sup></a> We do not know upon what the accusation -is founded; we are ignorant of the names of your adversaries. -The report runs that the chiefs of the state -have been excited against you in consequence of calumnious -charges concerning religion. It is said that some wretched -monks have sworn your ruin; but the plot must have -deeper roots. I shall go to Sienna to-morrow, and shall -speak to my friends and relations about it. I am ready for -everything, even to lose my life in your defence. Mean-time -I conjure you, let your mind be at peace.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Bellantes was not deceived. Cotta, without loss of time, -appeared in the senate and reported to his colleagues the -monstrous language of Paleario, and exclaimed, that if they -<span class='pageno' id='Page_442'>442</span>suffered him to live, ‘there would be no vestige of religion -left in the city.’<a id='r858' /><a href='#f858' class='c009'><sup>[858]</sup></a> Every man was silent: such was the -alarm caused by a charge of heresy, that no one dared take -up the defence of that courageous Christian.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Paleario heard of this, and was distressed but not surprised. -One truth was deeply engraved in his heart: All -power of salvation is given to Jesus Christ; He is the -only source whence the new life can be drawn. It -seemed to him that the priests had forged so many means -of acquiring pardon, that they hardly left Christ the hundredth -part. He could well understand how irritated the -clergy must be against a man who set so little store by -all their paltry contrivances; but although he saw clearly -the danger that threatened him, he remained firm. ‘The -power of the conspirators is immense,’ he said; ‘the more -fiercely a man attacks me, the more pious he is reckoned. -But what matters it? Jesus Christ, whom I have always -sincerely and religiously adored, is my hope.<a id='r859' /><a href='#f859' class='c009'><sup>[859]</sup></a>... I despise -the cabals of men, and my heart is full of courage.’<a id='r860' /><a href='#f860' class='c009'><sup>[860]</sup></a> -Christ was his king. He knew that that great Sovereign, -who is achieving the conquest of the world, preserves at the -same time all those who have found reconciliation with God -through him.</p> - -<p class='c008'>His wife was not so calm. Marietta, his virtuous and -devoted partner, so ardent in her affection, was filled with uneasiness -and trouble; her imagination called up before her not -only the misfortunes of the moment; but also those of the future; -she was the most unhappy of women.<a id='r861' /><a href='#f861' class='c009'><sup>[861]</sup></a> Her agony -was greater than her strength; she passed whole days in -tears.<a id='r862' /><a href='#f862' class='c009'><sup>[862]</sup></a> Distressed and exhausted, she lost her health; and -every one might see in her face the sorrow which was consuming -<span class='pageno' id='Page_443'>443</span>her. When her husband heard of this at Rome, he -was heart-broken, and conjured his mother and Bellantes to -visit Marietta, in order to distract the afflicted wife from her -sorrow.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Paleario would have desired to hasten to her in person -and confront his accusers; but his friends at Sienna and at -Rome alike dissuaded him. The citizens who were then at -the head of the state were violent men, of no morality, and -as ready to condemn the innocent as to acquit the guilty. It -was hoped that a new election would bring upright men into -power: they conjured Paleario to wait, and he did so. But -there was no change: the denunciations, charges, and murmurs -only increased. The enemies of the Gospel attacked -not merely Paleario, but the reformers, the <i>Germans</i>, as -they said: they tried to involve all the friends of the Bible, -both German and Italian, in the same condemnation. At -last, what had been hoped for came to pass; an important -change took place in the government of the republic; order -and liberty were restored. Paleario thought he could no -longer remain away; he left Rome and joined his family at -his country-house near Colle.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Paleario Accused Of Heresy.</div> -<p class='c008'>As soon as his adversaries were informed of his return, -they laid a charge of heresy before the senate of Sienna and -the court of Rome. Determined to employ all means to destroy -Paleario, they resolved to constrain the ecclesiastical -authority to go along with them by the strong pressure they -would bring to bear upon it. With this intent twelve of -them met, and, bent on prevailing upon the archbishop to -demand that Paleario should be put upon his trial, they -marched through the streets of the city to the prelate’s -palace. In this excited band there was the senator Cotta -with five others, distinguished among whom was Alexis -Lucrinas, an impetuous and foolish man; then three priests, -people of little importance, but very violent, grossly ignorant, -and untiring babblers;<a id='r863' /><a href='#f863' class='c009'><sup>[863]</sup></a> and lastly, three monks. The archbishop -<span class='pageno' id='Page_444'>444</span>happened just then to be at his villa in the suburbs, -for the sake of the purer air; the delegates went there after -him, accompanying their march with such shouting, threats, -and disputes, that the women, attracted by the unusual noise, -ran to the windows, fancying they were taking some criminal -to punishment. Some of the conspirators said: ‘The witnesses -will be heard, the motives of his condemnation will -be declared, and then Paleario will be thrown into the fire;’ -but others wanted to proceed more quickly, so that the punishment -should follow immediately upon the statement of -the offence without any form of trial and without permitting -the accused to be heard.<a id='r864' /><a href='#f864' class='c009'><sup>[864]</sup></a> Archbishop Francesco Bandini, -of the illustrious house of Piccolomini, was a friend of letters -and consequently of Paleario. It was afternoon; the prelate -who was taking his siesta, being awoke by the noise, called -a servant, and asked him who were vociferating in that manner. -Being informed that they were men of consideration, -he ordered them to be admitted. He rose from his couch, -took his seat and waited for the strange deputation. They -entered: Lucrinas, who had been sometimes invited to his -lordship’s table, was full of confidence in himself, and accordingly -had begged that they would allow him to speak. -Looking round him with a satisfied and boasting air, he began -to pour out against Paleario a long string of insults and -maledictions in a passionate tone. The bishop, a wise and -grave man, had some difficulty to contain himself, and said -that the whole proceeding appeared to him full of levity. -‘There can be no question of levity,’ impudently exclaimed -Lucrinas, ‘when three hundred citizens are ready to sign the -accusation.’ ‘And I could produce six hundred witnesses,’ -rejoined the prelate, ‘who have sworn that you are a merciless -usurer. I did not, however, give effect to their denunciation. -Did I do well or ill? tell me.’ ... The poor -wretch was silent; the fact was too notorious to be denied, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_445'>445</span>and too scandalous to be confessed. But his companions -were not to be put out by such a trifle; they explained -the motives of their prosecution, threw themselves at the -prelate’s feet, and conjured him in the name of religion to -support the charge against Paleario. The archbishop, considering -that it was a question of heresy, thought that it was -a matter for the courts to decide, and consented to their -prayer.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Paleario’s Enemies.</div> -<p class='c008'>Paleario’s enemies set to work immediately; they endeavored -to prejudice the most notable persons in Sienna -against him; and picked out individuals from among the -populace, who were without light and without conscience, -whom they induced to testify before the court to things of -which they knew nothing.<a id='r865' /><a href='#f865' class='c009'><sup>[865]</sup></a> It was in vain that the famous -Sadolet, summoned to Rome by the pope, stopped at Sienna, -and undertook Paleario’s defence. It was in vain that the -cardinal, the archbishop, and Paleario had a consultation in -which Sadolet commended the accused to the archbishop, -and gave touching proofs of his esteem and affection for him; -the conspirators were able to turn the interview against the -man whom they had sworn to sacrifice to their hatred. A -number of people who had assembled in the public square -began to talk about the conference: ‘When Paleario was -accused by the prelate,’ said some, ‘he was silent through -shame.’ ‘No,’ said the others, ‘he answered, but was sharply -reprimanded by Sadolet.’<a id='r866' /><a href='#f866' class='c009'><sup>[866]</sup></a> Impatient to see their victim -handed over to death, happy at having already caused doubt -in the mind of the archbishop, and imagining they had convinced -Sfondrati the president of the republic, and Crasso -the prætor, the twelve obtained an order for Paleario to be -summoned before the senate on a charge of heresy.</p> - -<p class='c008'>That innocent and just man was not blind to the danger -and difficulty of his position. He felt that the calumnies of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_446'>446</span>his enemies would check the good he hoped to do, would -break up old friendships, and destroy the peace that the city -was beginning to enjoy. Ere long, perhaps, his wife would -be a widow and his children orphans: a veil of sadness -covered his face. Oh! how bitter was such a trial! He -knew full well that afflictions awaken heavenly life in the -Christian; that it is a privilege of the child of God; but he -was for some time without comfort, and his soul was bowed -down. ‘My adversaries,’ he said, ‘heap wrong upon wrong, -hatred upon hatred:<a id='r867' /><a href='#f867' class='c009'><sup>[867]</sup></a> they have done nothing else these six -months. Has there ever been a man saintly enough not to -give way under the attacks of such a perverse zeal? I will -not speak of Socrates, Scipio, Rutilius, or Metellus; certain -failings might have laid them open to the attacks of their -enemies. But even He than whom none was so good, none -so holy, even the all-innocent Jesus Christ himself, was -assailed on every side.<a id='r868' /><a href='#f868' class='c009'><sup>[868]</sup></a> Alas! where can the righteous -man turn? whom can he implore?’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Trial Of Paleario.</div> -<p class='c008'>Paleario soon learnt to answer this. When he found -himself summoned to appear before the senate, his courage -revived. He was not only strong in his innocence, but the -faith which inspired his heart told him that God loves his -servants, and that with Him they are free from every danger. -He went to the palace of the Signiory, and entered -the hall, leaning on the arm of the youthful Faustus Bellantes, -son of his old friend, accompanied by some faithful men -who were unwilling to forsake him in the day of his distress. -He stood in the presence of those who held his life in their -hands. Sfondrati the president, Crasso the prætor, the senate, -and the Nine were seated in their judicial chairs. His -adversaries were there also; Cotta especially, full of presumptuous -assurance, and feeling certain that the time had -come at last when he could fall upon his prey. Paleario -recognized him; he was agitated and indignant at seeing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_447'>447</span>him quietly taking his seat in the senate, at the very time -he was bent on carrying out an infamous plot. He contained -himself, however; and, first addressing the senators, -to whom he gave the title employed in ancient Rome, he -said:<a id='r869' /><a href='#f869' class='c009'><sup>[869]</sup></a> ‘Conscript fathers, when there was a talk about me -in former years, I was not seriously moved by it: the times -were times of desolation; all human and divine rights were -confounded in the same disorder. But now, when, by the -goodness of God, men of wisdom have been placed at the -head of the republic, when the sap and the blood circulate -afresh through the state,<a id='r870' /><a href='#f870' class='c009'><sup>[870]</sup></a> why should I not lift up my -head?’</p> - -<p class='c008'>By degrees Paleario grew warm; his eyes fell again upon -his insolent enemy whom he apostrophized as Cicero did -Catiline: ‘Cotta, you wicked, arrogant, and factious man,’ -he said, ‘who practise not that religion in which God is -worshipped in spirit and in truth, but that which plunges -into every superstition, because it is the best adapted to impose -upon mankind: Cotta, you imagine you are a Christian, -because you bear the image of Christ upon your purple -robe; while by your calumnies you are crushing an innocent -man, who is also an image, a living image, of Jesus Christ. -When you accused me falsely of a crime, did you obey Jesus -Christ? When you went to the house of the Nine to utter -falsehoods against me, did you think, Cotta, you were making -a pilgrimage to Jerusalem? I am surprised that you do -not crucify innocent persons.... You would do it—yes, -you would do it, if you could do all that your pride suggests.’<a id='r871' /><a href='#f871' class='c009'><sup>[871]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Paleario then passed on to a more important subject. In -<span class='pageno' id='Page_448'>448</span>attacking him, his adversaries really attacked the Gospel, -the Reformation, and those excellent men whom God was -making use of to transform Christian society. Paleario defended -the reformers in the presence of all Italy.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Paleario’s Defence.</div> -<p class='c008'>‘You bring impudent reproaches against me, Cotta,’ he -continued; ‘you assert that I think wrongly on religious -matters, that I am falling into heresy, and you accuse me of -having adopted the opinions of the <i>Germans</i>. What a paltry -accusation! Do you pretend to bind all the Germans in -the same bundle? Are all the Germans bad? Do you not -know that the august emperor is a German? Will you say -that you mean only the theologians? What noble theologians -there are in Germany! But though your accusations -are unmeaning in appearance, there is a sting lying under -them. I know the venom they contain.... The <i>Germans</i> -that you mean are Œcolampadius, Erasmus, Melancthon, -Luther, Pomeranus, Bucer, and their friends. But is -there a single theologian in Italy so stupid as not to know -that there are many things worthy of praise in the works -of those doctors?... Exact, sincere, earnest, they -have professed the truths which we find set forth by the -early fathers. To accuse the Germans is to accuse Origen, -Chrysostom, Cyrillus, Irenæus, Hilary, Augustin, and Jerome. -If I purpose imitating those illustrious doctors of -Christian antiquity, why repeat perpetually that I think like -the Germans? What! because the learned professors of the -German schools have followed the footsteps of those holy -men of the first centuries, may not I follow them also? -You would like me to imitate the folly of those who, to obtain -good preferments, fight against even that which is good -in Germany.... Ah! conscript fathers, rather than -strive after those delights which lead many astray, I prefer -to live honestly. My circumstances may be narrow, but my -conscience is at liberty.<a id='r872' /><a href='#f872' class='c009'><sup>[872]</sup></a> Let those vile flatterers sit on the -doctor’s seat or the bishop’s throne, let them put mitres or -<span class='pageno' id='Page_449'>449</span>tiaras on their heads, let them wear the purple.<a id='r873' /><a href='#f873' class='c009'><sup>[873]</sup></a>... -Not so for me, I will remain in my library, sitting on a -wooden stool, wearing a woollen garment against the cold, -a linen garment in the heat, and with only a little bed on -which to taste the repose of sleep.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘But, Cotta, you still continue your attacks; you reproach -me for praising all the Germans say and do. No! there are -some things I approve of in them and others that I do -not. When I meet with thoughts which for ages have been -obscured by a barbarous style, hidden under the brambles of -scholasticism, and sunk into the deepest darkness—when I -see these brought into the full light of day, placed within -the reach of all, and expressed in the choicest Latinity, I -not only praise the Germans, but I heartily thank them. -Sacred studies had fallen asleep in convent cells, where the -idle men who should have cultivated them had hidden themselves -as if in gloomy forests, under the pretence of applying -to work. But what happened? They snored so loud -that we could hear them in our cities and towns.<a id='r874' /><a href='#f874' class='c009'><sup>[874]</sup></a> Now, -learning has been restored to us; Latin, Greek, and Chaldee -libraries have been formed; assistance has been honorably -extended to the theologians; precious books have been multiplied -by means of the wonderful invention of printing. -Can there be anything more striking, more glorious, or more -deserving our eternal gratitude?’</p> - -<p class='c008'>After this defence of the literary and reforming movement -of Germany, Paleario came to what is grander than -all—to Christ: ‘Are they not insufferable men,’ he said, -‘nay, wicked men, before whom we dare not praise the God -of our salvation, Jesus Christ, the King of all nations, by -whose death such precious boons have been conferred upon -<span class='pageno' id='Page_450'>450</span>the human race? And yet for this, conscript fathers, yes, -for this I am reproached in the accusation brought against -me. On the authority of the most ancient and most faithful -documents, I had declared that the end of all evils had -arrived, that all condemnation was done away with for those -who, being converted to Christ crucified, trust in him with -perfect confidence. These are the things that appeared detestable -to those twelve ... shall I say to those twelve -men or twelve wild beasts, who desire that the man who -wrote these things should be thrown into the fire! If I -must suffer that penalty for the testimony I have borne to -the Son of God, believe me that no happier fate could befall -me; in truth, I do not think that a Christian in our times -ought to die in his bed. Ah! conscript fathers, to be accused -and cast into prison is a trifle; to be scourged, to be -hanged, to be sewn up in a sack, to be thrown to wild beasts, -to be consumed by fire,—all these are trifles, if only by such -punishments truth is brought into the light of day.’<a id='r875' /><a href='#f875' class='c009'><sup>[875]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Aonio Paleario did not speak as a rhetorician; he was no -maker of Ciceronian periods. The man who at this time -professed so energetically the supreme importance of truth -and did so again in his <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Beneficio di Gesù Christo crocifisso</i></span>,<a id='r876' /><a href='#f876' class='c009'><sup>[876]</sup></a> -gave his life for it. If he <i>spoke</i> at Sienna, he was to <i>act</i> at -Rome. In each of these phases we recognize the noble victim -of 1570.</p> - -<p class='c008'>After speaking like a martyr, he spoke like a man. He -looked round him: some of the most eminent citizens, the -Tancredis, the Placidis, the Malevoltas were near him full -of emotion. Egidio, superior of the Augustines, and his -monks—men abounding in piety and modesty—strengthened -him by their approbation and their prayers. His two -<span class='pageno' id='Page_451'>451</span>young friends, Faustus and Evander Bellantes, keeping -their eyes fixed upon him, could not restrain their tears. -Presently a more moving sight met his eyes: he beheld Marietta, -pale and weeping. ‘What do I see?’ he exclaimed. -‘Thou also, my wife, art thou come dressed in mourning -weeds, accompanied by the noblest and most pious of women—art -thou come with thy children, to throw thyself at the -feet of the senators? O my light, my life, my soul! return -home, train up our children; do not be afraid, Christ who is -thy spouse will be their father.<a id='r877' /><a href='#f877' class='c009'><sup>[877]</sup></a>... Alas! she is half -killed with grief.<a id='r878' /><a href='#f878' class='c009'><sup>[878]</sup></a> O mother, support her, take her away; -take her to your own home, if you can ... and let -your love dry up her tears.’</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Paleario Acquitted.</div> -<p class='c008'>The impression produced by this address was so profound, -that the senate declared Paleario innocent. But such a -striking triumph served only to enrage his enemies the -more: he saw that he could not remain at Sienna, and -therefore took leave of his friends. Bellantes, on his death-bed, -had commended his children to him, and Paleario exhorted -them to aspire to something great. It is probable -that he went to Rome for a short time, where his friends -had got the proceedings set aside which his enemies had -commenced against him; and afterwards to Lucca, where -the chair of eloquence was given him. He left a great -void at Sienna, and his friends were grieved. Faustus -Bellantes seemed to express the feelings of all when he -wrote: ‘Since you left, such a torpor has come over me -that I am scarcely able to write.’<a id='r879' /><a href='#f879' class='c009'><sup>[879]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Evangelicals Of Bologna.</div> -<p class='c008'>Besides these lights—a Curione or a Paleario, scattered -here and there over Italy—there were societies of Christian -men in several cities who courageously professed evangelical -truth. Bologna in particular—a city in the neighborhood -of Ferrara, and whose university was, along with that of -Paris, the first of the great schools of Europe—counted a -<span class='pageno' id='Page_452'>452</span>large number of laymen and ecclesiastics who, like those of -Venice, showed much zeal and decision for the great principles -of the Reformation. When John of Planitz, ambassador -from Saxony to the emperor, crossed the Alps in 1533, the -evangelical Christians of Bologna addressed him with -thorough Italian ardor. ‘We know,’ they said, ‘that the -Germans have thrown off the yoke of antichrist and have -attained to the liberty of the children of God. We know -that they are but little troubled because the hateful name of -heretics has been given them, and that, on the contrary, they -rejoice because they are thought worthy of enduring shame, -imprisonment, fire and sword for the cause of Christ. We -know that if they demand a council, it is not in their own -interest, but with a view to the salvation of other people. -For this reason all the nations of Christendom owe a deep -debt of gratitude both to them and to you, most honored -lord; but there is no nation more indebted to you than our -own. Of all countries subject to the tyrant, Italy, being the -nearest to him, as it is his seat,<a id='r880' /><a href='#f880' class='c009'><sup>[880]</sup></a> experiences the liveliest joy -and special gratitude, because, through the goodness of God, -redemption has drawn nigh to her at last. We entreat you -to employ every means for the convocation of a council. -In all the towns of the peninsula, and in Rome itself, as -the emperor knows, a great number of pious, wise, and distinguished -men desire it, are waiting for it, and loudly demanding -it. If the pope should summon a council, he will -easily remedy the abuses that have crept into the Church -through the neglect of his predecessors; and for that excellent -work he will receive appropriate honor from men, -and from Jesus Christ life eternal. Let every one be at -liberty to read the books in which learned doctors (the -reformers) have explained their faith. At least let priests, -monks, and laity be at liberty to possess the Bible without -incurring the reproach of heresy, and even to quote the -<span class='pageno' id='Page_453'>453</span>words of Christ and of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul without being reviled as -sectarians. If, on the contrary, Rome tramples under foot -the commandments of the Lord, his grace, his doctrine, -his peace, and the liberty which he gives—has not the -reign of Antichrist begun?... If you need our -help, speak! we are ready. If necessary, we will sacrifice -our fortunes and our lives in the Redeemer’s cause; and -as long as we live we will commend it daily to God by fervent -prayer.’<a id='r881' /><a href='#f881' class='c009'><sup>[881]</sup></a> Such was the decision of the Christians of -Italy, even in the cities subject to the pope.</p> - -<p class='c008'>About the time when this eloquent address reached the -lord of Planitz, John Mollio, a Franciscan from the neighborhood -of Sienna, arrived at Bologna as professor in the -university. Convinced by the teaching of the Holy Scriptures -and of the reformers, he professed with great freedom -the Christian truth according to the writings of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul; -but the pope forbade him to lecture on the epistles of that -Apostle. Mollio then took up the other books of the New -Testament; but he drew from them the same doctrine, and -his hearers, delighted at seeing the pope’s prohibition thus -evaded, enthusiastically applauded him. The Court of Rome, -finding that there was no means of turning grace out of the -Bible, gave orders to turn Mollio out of the university—which -was much easier. However, the number of evangelical -Christians in Bologna continued to increase.<a id='r882' /><a href='#f882' class='c009'><sup>[882]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='chapter'> - <span class='pageno' id='Page_454'>454</span> - <h2 id='chap7-20' class='c004'>CHAPTER XX. <br /> THE GOSPEL AT NAPLES AND ROME. <br /> (1520-1536.)</h2> -</div> -<p class='c005'>The Gospel had made noble conquests in the north and -centre of the peninsula: it did the same at Naples, and -even at Rome.</p> - -<p class='c008'>It was not the Italians alone who spread the Gospel in -Italy. Among the contemporaries and acquaintances of -Paleario, Peter Martyr, and Occhino, were two twin brothers, -descended from one of the oldest families of Leon in -Spain, Juan and Alfonso di Valdez. They were so much -alike, that Erasmus, who knew Alfonso, wrote to Juan: -‘They tell me you are so like your brother, both in figure -and in talent, that when people see you, they do not take you -for twins, but for the same person. I shall regard you, then, -as one, and not two individuals.’<a id='r883' /><a href='#f883' class='c009'><sup>[883]</sup></a> And, indeed, some historians, -understanding literally what Erasmus merely intended -for a pleasant jest, have converted the two brothers -into one person. One of them disappears, and it is usually -Alfonso: his actions are recorded, but they are ascribed to -Juan. The two Valdez were born in 1500, at Cuença, in -New Castile, of which their father was corregidor in 1520. -Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> made Alfonso his secretary,<a id='r884' /><a href='#f884' class='c009'><sup>[884]</sup></a> and took him with -him when he left Spain in 1520, to receive the imperial -crown at Aix-la-Chapelle. In the following year the young -Spaniard was among the gentlemen who attended the emperor -at Worms, when Luther made his famous appearance -<span class='pageno' id='Page_455'>455</span>before the Diet. Luther’s writings having been condemned -by imperial decree to be burnt, Alfonso, whom all these -events interested in the highest degree, desired to be present -at the execution of the sentence. When the monks, who -surrounded and fed the fire saw all the heretical paper converted -into black ashes, as thin as a spider’s web, and blown -to and fro by the wind, they exclaimed: ‘There is nothing -more to fear now: it is all over;’ and then went away. But -such was not Alfonso’s opinion. ‘They call it the end of -the tragedy,’ he wrote to his friend Peter Martyr of Anghiera -(who must not be confounded with Vermigli), ‘but I -believe we are only at the beginning of it.’ Valdez, whom -everybody looked upon as a youth of great expectation,<a id='r885' /><a href='#f885' class='c009'><sup>[885]</sup></a> -became intimate with Erasmus; perhaps at the suggestion -of the emperor, who, like Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, would willingly have -united with the prince of the schools, in order to become -master of Luther and the pope, and if possible to reconcile -them. Alfonso, who was a great admirer of Erasmus, was -considered to be more Erasmian than Erasmus himself; but -the disciple went further and higher than the teacher. Erasmus -was the bridge by which Alfonso crossed the river, and -passed from Rome to the Gospel.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>A Dialogue By Valdez.</div> -<p class='c008'>In May, 1527, the emperor and his court were at Valladolid, -where the empress awaited her confinement. Valdez -was there also. On a sudden the news arrived of the -famous sack of Rome by the troops of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> The -indignation of the clergy, the agitation of the people, and -the emotion of the courtiers were extreme. Although -grieved by the excess of which the capital of Romanism -had been the theatre, Alfonso believed it was the season to -say what he thought of the papacy, and consequently he -wrote and published a ‘Dialogue on the Things which happened -at Rome.’<a id='r886' /><a href='#f886' class='c009'><sup>[886]</sup></a> The afflictions of the metropolis of -catholicism, he says, have dispersed a great number of its -<span class='pageno' id='Page_456'>456</span>inhabitants; a Roman archbishop, escaping from the disaster, -arrives at Valladolid, and in the town where a prince -(the future Philip <abbr title='the second'>II.</abbr>) had just been born, he meets one of -the emperor’s knights, by name Lactontio. The guilt of -these disasters, says the knight, lies with the pope, who, -as instigator of the war and unfaithful to his oaths, has dishonored -his holy calling. Lactontio draws one of those -contrasts of light and darkness, between Christ and the pontiff, -which Luther’s pen could describe so well, but which -were quite new in the ‘most catholic’ kingdom. He goes -even further, and declares for the separation of the spiritual -from the temporal power. ‘Is it useful, is it advantageous,’ -he asks, ‘for the high priests of Christendom to possess temporal -power? We believe they could occupy themselves -much more freely with spiritual interests if they had not this -great burden of secular things. In all Christendom there -is not a state worse governed than the States of the Church. -Erasmus pointed out the faults of the Court of Rome, but -his gentle remonstrances did not touch you. Then God -permitted Martin Luther unsparingly to expose all your -vices in broad daylight, and to detach many churches from -their obedience to you. It was all of no use; neither the -respectful advice of Erasmus nor the irreverent language -of Luther could convince Rome of its errors. God, therefore, -had recourse to other appeals, and permitted the -calamities of war to fall upon your impenitent city.’ Here -the archdeacon, much more sensitive about the punishment -of Rome than about its faults, exclaims with mingled sorrow -and naïveté: ‘Alas! the sacking of the city has occasioned -a loss of fifteen millions of ducats. Rome will never become -Rome again, even in half a century. The holy church -of <abbr title='saint'>St.</abbr> Peter has been turned into a stable. For forty days -not a single mass has been said in the metropolis of Christendom. -Even the bones of the Apostles were scattered -about.’ ‘The relics of the saints should be honored,’ remarks -the knight. ‘Let us understand one another, however; -I do not speak of those which require believers to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_457'>457</span>solve some very thorny problems—to decide, for instance, -whether the mother of the Virgin had two heads or the -Virgin had two mothers.... We should place all -our hope in Jesus Christ alone. Honor images, if you like, -but do not dishonor Jesus Christ, and do not let Paradise be -shut against the man who has no money in his purse.’<a id='r887' /><a href='#f887' class='c009'><sup>[887]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>This sharp attack, levelled at the papacy, was the more -important, as before the dialogue was published and circulated -in Spain, Italy, and Germany, it had been submitted -by Valdez to several men of mark: to Don Juan Manuel, -formerly ambassador of the emperor at Rome, to the celebrated -imperial chancellor Gattinara, to Doctor Carrasco, -and several other theologians, who with a few unimportant -observations, had approved it. Count Castiglione, the papal -nuncio, was not to be deceived; he made a violent attack -upon the imperial secretary, called him a Lutheran, and -declared that he could already see him wearing the ignominious -costume of the <i>autos da fé</i>.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Mercury And Charon.</div> -<p class='c008'>Alfonso was silent; but a voice was raised in his defence—it -was that of his twin brother. In 1528<a id='r888' /><a href='#f888' class='c009'><sup>[888]</sup></a> Juan published -a <i>Dialogue</i>, half serious and half in jest, <i>between -Mercury and Charon</i>, which bears the mark of a young -writer. While the ferryman of Hades is busy taking over -the souls which come to him on the banks of the Styx, he -is accosted by the messenger of heaven, who makes use of -strong language about the papacy. ‘So great is the corruption -of those who call themselves Christians,’ he says, ‘that -I should consider it a great insult if they wanted to change -their name and be called <i>Mercurians</i>. One day,’ he continues, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_458'>458</span>‘seeing a number of people approaching the altar to -receive the host, I followed them, with the pious design of -partaking one of the wafers the priests were distributing. -But I was refused; and why? Solely because I would not -pay for it.’ Then, turning to the relics, whose dispersion -was considered to be the greatest outrage in the sack of -Rome, Juan introduces <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter, and puts wiser words into -his mouth on this subject than those of Mercury. According -to the fervent apostle, the plunder of Rome teaches -Christians that they ought to set more value upon one of -the epistles of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul or of himself than upon all the <i>relics</i> of -their bodies. ‘The homage hitherto paid to our bones,’ he -continues, ‘must now be paid to the spirit which, for the -good of Christians, we have enshrined in our writings.’ -But the satire immediately begins again. At the thought -of the sack of Rome, Mercury bursts out into an ‘Olympian -laugh.’ ‘Behold the judgment of God!’ he says; ‘the -sellers have been sold, the robbers have been robbed, and -the ill-doers ill-done!’ And when Charon complains that -the pretended vicars of heaven often forget to keep their -word, ‘It is quite the rule,’ answers Mercury, ‘that at the -place where the best wine grows you drink the worst; that -the cobbler is always ill-shod, and the barber never shaved.’ -The dialogues of the twin brothers, so full of wit and yet -of Christian truth, excited loud recriminations; for the moment, -however, persecution did not touch them. It is true, -the priests raised a violent storm against them; but they -were protected by the name of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> In March, 1529, -Erasmus wrote to Juan, congratulating him on having escaped -safe and sound from the tempest.<a id='r889' /><a href='#f889' class='c009'><sup>[889]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>When the emperor returned to Germany, Alfonso accompanied -him. At Augsburg, in 1530, as we have said in -another place,<a id='r890' /><a href='#f890' class='c009'><sup>[890]</sup></a> he played the part of mediator between -<span class='pageno' id='Page_459'>459</span>Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> and the protestants, and immediately translated -the celebrated evangelical confession into Spanish. But in -April, 1533, when Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> embarked at Genoa on his return -to Spain, Valdez remained in Italy. If he had accompanied -his master, even that powerful monarch, it was said, -could not have preserved him from the death the monks -were preparing for him. From this period Alfonso seems to -have shared his time between Germany and Italy: henceforward -his brother occupies the foremost place. He was -converted to the Gospel after Alfonso, but eventually outstripped -him.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Juan Valdez At Naples.</div> -<p class='c008'>Juan had been forced to leave his native country.<a id='r891' /><a href='#f891' class='c009'><sup>[891]</sup></a> He -did not go to Germany, as some have said, confounding him -with his brother; but henceforward he occupies an important -position in Italy. In 1531 he went to Naples, -thence he proceeded to Rome, returning again to Naples in -1534, where he spent the remainder of his days. Some -zealous protestants, who formed part of the German army, -and had been sent, in 1528, to drive off the French, who -were besieging that city, were the first to propagate the -knowledge of the Gospel in that district. ‘But when Juan -Valdez arrived,’ says the Roman-catholic Caracciolo, ‘he -alone committed greater ravages among souls than many -thousands of heretic soldiers had done.’<a id='r892' /><a href='#f892' class='c009'><sup>[892]</sup></a> Some have -thought that he occupied the post of secretary to the viceroy -of Naples. But if he had an office at court, he soon resigned -it to enjoy his independence. ‘He did not frequent -the court very much,’ says Curione, ‘after Christ was revealed -to him.’<a id='r893' /><a href='#f893' class='c009'><sup>[893]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Persecution had made Juan more serious; the experiences -of his inner life had matured him; he was still busy -<span class='pageno' id='Page_460'>460</span>with literature and languages,<a id='r894' /><a href='#f894' class='c009'><sup>[894]</sup></a> but he loved the Gospel -above everything, and sought to make it known by his conversation -as well as by his writings. There was such grace -in his mind, such peace and innocence in his features, such -attraction in his character, that he exercised an irresistible -charm over all who came near him. He soon gathered a -circle of scholars and gentlemen about him; he strove to -extricate them from their worldliness, to convince them of -the nothingness of their own righteousness, and to lead them -to the salvation that is in Christ Jesus. He was even a -torch to enlighten some of the most celebrated preachers of -Italy. ‘I know it,’ says Curione, ‘for I have heard it from -their own mouths.’ But at the same time he had so much -love in his heart and so much simplicity in his manners, that -he put the poor at their ease, and won the confidence even -of the rudest men, the lazzaroni of that day. He became -all things to all men to bring souls to Christ.<a id='r895' /><a href='#f895' class='c009'><sup>[895]</sup></a> Valdez was -not robust; he was thin, and his limbs were weak; and it -would appear that the state of his health induced him to -settle at Naples. ‘But,’ said his friends, ‘one part of his -soul served to animate his delicate and puny nature, while -the greater part of that clear, bright spirit was devoted to -the contemplation of truth.’ He generally collected his -friends together at Chiaja, near Pausilippo and Virgil’s -tomb, in a villa whose gardens looked over the wide sea, in -front of the island of Nisida. In that delightful country -‘where Nature exults in her magnificence and smiles on all -who behold her,’ Juan Valdez, and such as were attracted -by the loveliness of his doctrine and the holiness of his life, -passed hours and days never to be forgotten. He was not -content to admire with them the magnificence of nature; he -introduced them to the magnificence of grace. ‘An honored -and brilliant knight of the emperor,’ says Curione, ‘he was -a still more honored and brilliant knight of Jesus Christ.’<a id='r896' /><a href='#f896' class='c009'><sup>[896]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Peter Martyr Vermigli.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_461'>461</span>Among the eminently gifted men who gathered round him -was Peter Martyr Vermigli, abbot of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter’s <i>ad aram</i>. -Peter Martyr, as we have said, had gone from Spoleto -to Naples in 1530, where he had made great progress in the -knowledge of the Gospel. Nothing could divert him from -the search after truth; neither fear of the world, nor the -great income he possessed, nor the high dignity with which -he was invested. That earnest soul, that profound mind, -pursued after the knowledge of God with indefatigable zeal. -Being called to give drink to the sheep which, attracted by -his voice, crowded to the sheepfold, he was thirsty himself, -and alas! he had no water. He experienced that tormenting, -that bitter, that violent thirst under which the strongest -men sometimes give way. It was then he heard those words -of Christ: <i>If any man thirst, let him come unto me and drink</i>. -He knew that man <i>comes</i> to Christ by faith,—by believing -in his holiness, in his love, in his promises, and in his -almighty power to save. Putting scholasticism aside, and -no longer contenting himself with the Fathers of the Church, -he hastened to the fountain of Scripture and drank of the -cup of salvation.<a id='r897' /><a href='#f897' class='c009'><sup>[897]</sup></a> He knew the fulness of grace which is -in the Redeemer, and understood how those who seek consolation -elsewhere labor in vain. Growing more enlightened -every day by the Spirit of God, he discovered the grievous -errors of the Church and the simple grandeur of the Gospel. -It was at Naples that the light of the divine Word shone -into his soul with increasing glory and splendor.<a id='r898' /><a href='#f898' class='c009'><sup>[898]</sup></a> Vermigli -admired the beauties of creation,<a id='r899' /><a href='#f899' class='c009'><sup>[899]</sup></a> the sea glittering in the -sunshine, and the graceful promontories of the bay; but he -loved still better to plunge into the mysterious splendors of -grace. He did not confine himself to the writings of the -Apostles, but added those of the reformers,—of Bucer, -Zwingle, Luther, and Melancthon. Zwingle’s treatise on -<span class='pageno' id='Page_462'>462</span><i>False and True Religion</i> showed him the necessity of returning -to the simplicity and primitive customs of the -Church. Almost every day he conversed upon Holy Scripture -with friends who, like himself, loved religion pure and -undefiled, and principally with Flaminio and Valdez.<a id='r900' /><a href='#f900' class='c009'><sup>[900]</sup></a> -But above all things he sought to impart by preaching the -light which he had received.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Purgatorial Fire.</div> -<p class='c008'>To this end Vermigli undertook to preach on the First -Epistle to the Corinthians, which he did in the presence of -a large audience, including even bishops. When he came -to the third chapter,<a id='r901' /><a href='#f901' class='c009'><sup>[901]</sup></a> he first showed what was the foundation -upon which the whole of Christian doctrine must be -built: <i>For other foundation can no man lay than that is laid, -which is Jesus Christ</i>, says the Apostle. But what is built -on that stone? When the architect has laid the foundations -of the edifice he intends to raise, he employs various materials -to complete the work. Marble, porphyry, and jasper -shall form the pillars, the mantel-pieces, the pavement, and -the statues; gold and silver will serve for the internal decorations; -but there will also be wood and paper, stubble and -other coarse materials employed in the structure. It is so -with the edifice of God. On the foundation, which is Christ, -we must build sound doctrines which flow from Christ himself, -from his divinity, truth, grace, and spirit. If false -doctrines are substituted for them,—doctrines proceeding -from man’s own righteousness and from the darkness with -which sin has overshadowed his understanding, what will -happen? When a conflagration breaks out, the fire makes -manifest the divers materials with which the house was -built: the flame consumes the wood and stubble; but it -attacks in vain the marble and the jasper, the silver and -gold: these it cannot destroy. So it will be with the doctrines -taught in the Church. ‘False teachings cannot eternally -pass for true,’ said Peter Martyr. ‘There is nothing -<span class='pageno' id='Page_463'>463</span>hidden which shall not be revealed; if the falsehood of the -dogmas put forth is not detected at the first, time will make -it known.<a id='r902' /><a href='#f902' class='c009'><sup>[902]</sup></a> The day will come when every error hidden -under an appearance of truth shall be declared to be error -in the most striking manner; all darkness shall be scattered, -everything will be valued in conformity with its strict -reality.<a id='r903' /><a href='#f903' class='c009'><sup>[903]</sup></a> The eternal judgment of God is the <i>fire that shall -try every man’s work</i>. It is not enough that the doctrines -should be approved by the judgment of men, they must be -able to stand before the fire of God’s trial.<a id='r904' /><a href='#f904' class='c009'><sup>[904]</sup></a> The day and -the fire of which the Apostle speaks are the piercing investigation, -the sure touchstone, which will enable us at last to -distinguish between true doctrines and false.<a id='r905' /><a href='#f905' class='c009'><sup>[905]</sup></a> <i>Gold, stubble, -fire</i>—they are all metaphors.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>Peter Martyr’s audience, and especially the ecclesiastics, -were unable to conceal their surprise. The passage which -he thus explained was that on which the Romish Church -based the doctrine of purgatorial fire; but the learned doctor -found something quite different in it. The priests and -monks not only saw that precious fire taken away from which -they had derived so much profit, but saw another fire substituted -for it, which threatened to consume their traditions -and practices, <i>their hay and stubble</i>. And hence the sermon -aroused a storm in the hitherto calm waters of Naples. -The monks accused the prior of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter’s <i>ad aram</i>, and -his friends of Chiaja defended him. His enemies succeeded -in closing the pulpit against him; but on the intervention -of the powerful protectors he possessed at Rome, his liberty -of preaching was restored.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Illustrious Women At Chiaja.</div> -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_464'>464</span>This petty persecution was salutary to the Christian circle -at Chiaja. It grew wider, and its meetings were attended -by nobles and scholars, among others by Benedetto Gusano -de Verceil, and a Neapolitan nobleman, Giovanni Francesco -Caserta.<a id='r906' /><a href='#f906' class='c009'><sup>[906]</sup></a> The latter had a young relative, at that time -living in the midst of the splendors of the world. The -Marquis Caraccioli, one of the grandees of Naples, had an -only son, Galeazzo. Ardently desiring to perpetuate his -name, he married him early to a wealthy heiress, Vittoria, -daughter of the Duke of Nocera, who bore him four sons -and two daughters. As soon as the old marquis saw that -his desire for posterity would be satisfied, he turned his ambition -in another direction, and sent his son to the court of the -emperor, who invested him with one of the great offices of -his household. As Galeazzo was not always on service, he -returned from time to time to Naples, where he gave himself -up entirely to the vanities of the world, to the pleasures -of the earth, and to projects of ambition. A close friendship, -however, bound him to the pious Caserta. The Christian, -taking advantage of this intimacy, spoke to the worldling -about the Word of God and the only way of salvation -which is Christ Jesus; but after these conversations, the -youthful chamberlain of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> would hurry off to theatre -or ball. Caserta took him to hear Peter Martyr; and -then thinking that a society so cultivated as that which met at -Chiaja might perhaps win over his friend, he introduced him -to Valdez. For some time longer the seed continued to fall -among thorns; but a little later the young marquis received -with joy the salvation of the Gospel, and, desiring to remain -faithful to it, he took refuge in Geneva. Calvin, who welcomed -him like a son, dedicated one of his writings to him, -to show his respect for the firmness of his faith. Although -Caraccioli ‘did not court the applause of men, and was content -to have God alone for a witness,’ the reformer, when -<span class='pageno' id='Page_465'>465</span>he saw the illustrious Neapolitan refugee, exclaimed with -emotion: ‘Here is a man of ancient house and great parentage, -flourishing in honors and in goods, having a noble and -virtuous wife, a family of children, quiet and peace in his -house, in short, happy in everything that concerns the state -of this life, but who has voluntarily abandoned the place of -his birth to stand beneath the banner of Christ. He made -no difficulty in leaving his lordship, a fertile and pleasant -country, a great and rich patrimony, a convenient, comfortable, -and cheerful palace; he broke up his household, he left -father, wife, children, relations, and friends, and after abandoning -so many allurements of the world, he is content with our -littleness, and lives frugally according to the habits of the -commonalty—neither more nor less than any one of us.’<a id='r907' /><a href='#f907' class='c009'><sup>[907]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In the select society which gathered round Valdez, there -were also, as at Thessalonica in the days of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul, <i>of the -chief women not a few</i>. Among these high-born dames was -Vittoria Colonna, widow of that famous general the Marquis -of Pescara, a woman illustrious for her beauty, and her -talent, whose poems were much admired at the time, and in -whose society, the poet Bernardo Tasso, father of him who -wrote the ‘Jerusalem Delivered,’ and Cardinal Bembo, -learned some of the truths of the Gospel. There also -might be seen Isabella di Bresegna, to whom Curione dedicated -the works of Olympia Morata; but above all Guilia di -Gonzaga, widow of Vespasiano Colonna, Duke of Trajetto,<a id='r908' /><a href='#f908' class='c009'><sup>[908]</sup></a> -the most beautiful woman in Italy. So great was the reputation -of her beauty in Europe, and even beyond it, that Barbarossa -the corsair determined to carry her off. Having undertaken -in 1534 to terrify Naples, he suddenly appeared before -that city with a hundred sail, and landing near Fondi, between -Gaeta and Terracina, where the duchess was living on her -estate, he tried to surprise her; but she escaped the bird of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_466'>466</span>prey, though not without difficulty. This attempt was one -of the motives which determined Charles to undertake the -expedition to Tunis. It is thus that men and women, of -whom the 16th century is proud, adorned the evangelical -circle of Chiaja.</p> - -<p class='c008'>While Valdez reposed on the beautiful hills of Pausilippo, -in the midst of orange and fig trees, and in front of the -wide sea, he loved to indulge peacefully in religious meditations, -and not unfrequently the thoughts with which he was -busy formed the subject of interesting conversations with -his friends. Certain topics—<i>Considerazioni</i>, as he called -them—occupied a mind at once eminently original and -Christian. Virgil’s tomb, which was situated a few paces -off, might have suggested other thoughts: the dying poet -had ordered the following words to be carved on his sepulchre:</p> - -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><i>Parthenope, cecini pascua, rura, duces.</i></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>The country life and the warlike exploits which the prince -of Latin poets sang have great attractions to many minds; -but the visitors at Pausilippo, whose history we are relating, -had higher aspirations, and conversed on topics which it is -our duty to record.</p> - -<p class='c008'>‘In what do the sons of God differ,’ they asked, ‘from -the sons of Adam?—Why is the state of a Christian who believes -with difficulty better than that of him who believes with -ease?—Why does God give a child to a Christian and suddenly -take it away?—The man from whom God takes -away the love of the world, and to whom He gives the love -of God, experiences nearly the same thing as he who ceases -to love one woman and becomes enamored of another.<a id='r909' /><a href='#f909' class='c009'><sup>[909]</sup></a>—To -believe with difficulty is the sign of a call from God.—Those -who tread the Christian path without the inward -light of the Holy Spirit, are like those who walk by night -<span class='pageno' id='Page_467'>467</span>without the light of the sun.—How can God make himself -<i>felt</i>, and how can he permit himself to be <i>seen</i>?—The -evils of curiosity, and how we ought to read the Scriptures -without curiosity.—Why are the superstitious severe, while -true Christians are merciful?—How God reigns by Christ, -and Christ is the head of the Church.—The three kinds -of conscience: that of the natural law, that of the written -law, and that of the Gospel.—Is justification the fruit of -piety, or piety the fruit of justification?—How does it happen -that the wicked cannot believe, that the superstitious -believe easily, and that pious men believe with difficulty?—How -to resist the imaginations which confuse our Christian -faith.’—Such are some of the thoughts with which the -noblest minds were then busy on the enchanting shores of -the bay of Naples.<a id='r910' /><a href='#f910' class='c009'><sup>[910]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Sermons Of Occhino.</div> -<p class='c008'>The sermons of the celebrated Occhino helped to give -a wider circulation to the thoughts which engrossed the -evangelicals of Chiaja. In the early part of 1536, the -great orator of Italy was invited to Naples to preach the -Lent course. Valdez immediately felt the living faith by -which the orator was animated: he became intimate with -him, and introduced him to the Christian circle around him. -The well-known name of Occhino, his strange appearance, -his coarse dress, and reputation for holiness, attracted an immense -crowd to the church of <abbr title='Saint'>S.</abbr> Giovanni Maggiore. He -seemed called to scatter among the people the religious ideas -which Valdez and Peter Martyr were propagating among -the noble and the learned. De Vio, Cardinal of Gaeta, before -whom Luther had appeared, was a man of singular -perspicacity, and he immediately suspected heresy.<a id='r911' /><a href='#f911' class='c009'><sup>[911]</sup></a> Struck -with the power of the three doctors, he fancied he saw the -formation of a league, one of those triumvirates which destroyed -<span class='pageno' id='Page_468'>468</span>the Roman republic. ‘These triumvirs of the republic -of Satan,’<a id='r912' /><a href='#f912' class='c009'><sup>[912]</sup></a> he said, ‘are circulating doctrines of -startling novelty, and even of detestable impiety about purgatory, -the power of the sovereign pontiff, freewill, and the -justification of the sinner.’ The cardinal protested in vain: -not only the Christian society of Naples, but a great crowd -of the nobility and people, attended Occhino’s sermons.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Struggles Of Giulia.</div> -<p class='c008'>The beautiful Duchess of Trajetto did not miss one of -them. She was at that time suffering under great domestic -trouble: her brother Luigi, wishing to recover a castle that -had been taken from his sister, perished in the assault, and -Luigi’s widow, Isabella Colonna, who was also the duchess’s -daughter-in-law, went to law with her for a portion of her -inheritance. Giulia, roused by her vexations from the -worldly indifference in which she had lived, sought consolation -in God, and hoped to find in Occhino’s words a relief -from her sorrow. An event which at this time gave splendor -to Naples might have diverted her from these thoughts: the -emperor arrived, and held a brilliant court. It was natural -that the monarch and the daughter of Gonzaga should meet, -for he had desired to avenge her when he gave up Tunis to -be pillaged; but Giulia would willingly have dispensed with -the honor done to her in Africa. Besides, her troubles and -the awakening of her mind estranged her from the court; -the great lady, the ornament of every fête, did not appear -at those which were given to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> If they did not -meet at court or ball, they probably met at church. The -emperor having heard much of the great orator of Italy, -went like the rest to the church of <abbr title='Saint'>S.</abbr> Giovanni Maggiore. -He was surprised and struck by Occhino’s eloquence, and -said as he went out: ‘That monk would make the very -stones weep.’<a id='r913' /><a href='#f913' class='c009'><sup>[913]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>It was easier to draw tears from Giulia Gonzaga’s eyes. -That young woman, whose heart was wrung by sorrow, was -agitated more and more every day by the powerful words -<span class='pageno' id='Page_469'>469</span>of the great preacher; and it was at this time that the -Christian life truly began in her. One day, as she was -leaving the church of <abbr title='Saint'>S.</abbr> Giovanni Maggiore, Juan Valdez -observed her emotion, and accompanied her to her palace. -The stricken and agitated widow begged him to stay and enlighten -her, and made known to him the distress, the hopes, -and the struggles of her soul. Valdez felt that he was -called to disperse the darkness in the midst of which Giulia -was struggling, and the conversation lasted till evening. -The Duchess of Trajetto desired to have nothing more to do -with the world, but as yet she had not tasted the peace of -God. ‘Ah!’ she exclaimed to Valdez, ‘there is a combat -within me. The monk’s words fill me with fear of hell, -but I fear evil tongues also. Occhino inspires me with love -for paradise, but I feel at the same time a love for the world -and its glory. How can I escape from the contest under -which I am sinking? Is it by harmonizing these two tendencies, -or by rejecting one of them? Pray show me the -way; I promise to follow it.’ Valdez replied that the -agitation she felt was occasioned by the renewing of the -image of God in her. ‘The law has wounded you,’ he -said, ‘the Gospel will heal you; for if the Law gives death, -the Gospel gives life.<a id='r914' /><a href='#f914' class='c009'><sup>[914]</sup></a> What I fear,’ he continued, ‘is lest -you should attempt to regulate your Christian life in such -a manner that those about you should not remark any change -in you.’ The duchess confessing that such was her secret -wish, Valdez told her to choose between God and the world, -adding: ‘I will show you the path of perfection: Love God -above everything, and your neighbor as yourself.’—‘Your -words surprise me,’ she said; ‘I have heard all my life that -<span class='pageno' id='Page_470'>470</span>monastic vows alone lead to perfection.’—‘Let them say -on,’ replied Valdez firmly; ‘the monks have no Christian -perfection except so far as they possess the love of God, -and not an atom more.’ Valdez then tried to make her understand -the only means by which that charity, which is -perfection, is produced in the heart. ‘Our works are good,’ -he said, ‘only when they are done by a justified person. -Fire is needed to give warmth; a living faith to produce -charity. Faith is the tree, charity the fruit. But when I -speak of faith, Madam, I mean that which lives in the soul, -that which proceeds from God’s grace, and which clings with -boundless confidence to every word of God. When Christ -says: <i>He that believes shall be saved</i>, the disciple who believes -must not have the slightest doubt of his salvation.’<a id='r915' /><a href='#f915' class='c009'><sup>[915]</sup></a>—‘Ah!’ -exclaimed the duchess, ‘I will yield to no one in -faith.’—‘Take care,’ rejoined Valdez; ‘if you were asked -whether you believed in the articles of the faith, you would -reply, Yes! but if you were asked whether you believed -God had pardoned all your sins, you would say that you -think so ... that you are not quite sure, however.... -Ah! Madam, if you accept with full faith the words -of Christ, then, even while suffering under the pain caused -by your sins, you would not hesitate to say with perfect -assurance: <i>Yes, God himself has pardoned all my sins</i>.’<a id='r916' /><a href='#f916' class='c009'><sup>[916]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Such evangelical sentiments, uttered by a Spaniard in a -palace at Naples, and received with humility by a Gonzaga, -are a feature of the Reformation. We must humble ourselves -before we can be exalted. Conscience spoke in -Giulia. We have here a woman whose family had given -many sovereigns to Italy and princesses to royal houses, the -widow of a Colonna, the chief of the most ancient family -in the peninsula, which has counted among its members -cardinals, illustrious generals, and the celebrated Pope -Martin <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>; and this Gonzaga, touched by grace, lent an -<span class='pageno' id='Page_471'>471</span>ear to the truth with more humility than her own servants: -she had become a little child. If the Acts of the Apostles -remark more than once that among the persons converted to -Christ in Asia and in Greece, where <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul preached, -were women of distinction, history will also remark that at -the epoch of the Reformation of the sixteenth century the -wave mounted from the lowest levels of the shore to the -highest peaks. Or rather, <i>the hills did bow</i> before it. -Valdez having spoken of a ‘<i>path</i>,’ the duchess manifested -a desire to know it. ‘There are three paths,’ he answered, -‘which lead to the knowledge of God: the natural light -which teaches us the omnipotence of God; the Old Testament, -which shows us the Creator as hating iniquity; and -lastly, Christ, the sure, clear, and royal way. Christ is love; -and accordingly, when we know God through him, we know -him as a God of love. Christ has made satisfaction for sin. -An infinite God alone could pay an infinite debt. But it is -not sufficient to believe it, we must experience it also.’<a id='r917' /><a href='#f917' class='c009'><sup>[917]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Meditation And Preaching.</div> -<p class='c008'>‘Devote some time every day,’ continued Valdez, ‘to -meditation on the world, on yourself, on God, and on Jesus -Christ, without binding yourself to it in a superstitious manner; -do it in liberty of spirit, selecting any of your rooms -that may seem most convenient, perhaps even as you lie -awake in bed. Two images should be continually before -your eyes: that of Christian perfection and that of your -own imperfection. These books will cause you to make -greater progress in a day than any others would in ten -years. Even the Holy Scriptures, if you do not read them -with that humility which I point out to you, might become -poison to your soul.’<a id='r918' /><a href='#f918' class='c009'><sup>[918]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>‘Listen to preaching with a humble mind,’ continued -Valdez.—‘But,’ said Giulia, ‘if the preacher is one of -those who, instead of preaching Christ, give utterance to -vain and foolish things, drawn from philosophy or some -empty theology—one of those who tell us dreams and -<span class='pageno' id='Page_472'>472</span>fables—would you have me follow him?’—‘In that case, -do what seems best. The worst moments of all the year -are to me those which I waste in listening to preachers such -as you have described; and hence it rarely happens to me.’<a id='r919' /><a href='#f919' class='c009'><sup>[919]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>The day was coming to an end when Valdez rose: the -duchess was like a person who has discovered the road to -happiness, and fears to go astray in the new path. Valdez -desired to leave, but she detained him: ‘Only two words -more before you go,’ she said; ‘what use must I make of -Christian liberty?’—‘The true Christian,’ replied the -Spanish gentleman, ‘is free from the tyranny of sin and -death; he is the absolute master of his affections; but at the -same time he is the servant of all.... Farewell, -madam, from this very moment pray follow my advice, and -to-morrow I will ask how you have found yourself after it.’ -He withdrew.<a id='r920' /><a href='#f920' class='c009'><sup>[920]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>It was during these solemn hours, when Valdez traced -out for her the order of salvation, that the daughter of the -Gonzagas sat in spirit at her Saviour’s feet, and gave herself -to him with all her soul. It is possible that in the instructions -given by this pious layman we may here and -there discover some slight shades not strictly evangelical, -tinged either with a mystic or a Roman color; and possibly -the Holy Scriptures do not occupy a place sufficiently -prominent; yet the two great Christian facts—the work of -Christ on the cross, and that which He accomplishes in the -heart—were clearly laid down by the Spanish gentleman, -and that was the essential thing.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The religious awakening then going on in the Duchess of -Trajetto and in many others at Naples, happened at a difficult -moment. Some days before, Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, excited by -the priests who were growing alarmed at a movement which -they could not understand, had published an edict forbidding -all intercourse with those infected with or only suspected of -Lutheranism. When the emperor left Naples shortly after -<span class='pageno' id='Page_473'>473</span>(22 March, 1536), the viceroy, driven onwards by the same -influence, and ascribing to Occhino’s eloquence a religious -agitation which was so novel in the Parthenopean city, interdicted -the preaching of that great orator; but his eloquence -and energy, backed by his numerous friends and the -protests of those who so liked to hear him, prevailed. He -was able to continue the course of his sermons, and did not -end them until Easter (April 16). The Duchess of Trajetto, -without leaving the church, endeavored more and more -to walk in that new path which Valdez had shown her; the -latter zealously directed her, and not long after dedicated -to her a translation of the Psalms from the Hebrew, with -a practical explanation. Somewhat later he published <i>Commentaries</i> -on the Epistles of Paul to the Romans and to the -Corinthians.<a id='r921' /><a href='#f921' class='c009'><sup>[921]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Pietro Carnesecchi.</div> -<p class='c008'>In this charming circle at Chiaja, and among the habitual -guests of Valdez, Vittoria Colonna, and Giulia Gonzaga, was -a patrician of Florence, as distinguished by his person as by -the important offices he had filled: he was Pietro Carnesecchi.<a id='r922' /><a href='#f922' class='c009'><sup>[922]</sup></a> -Although for a long time placed as near as possible -to the pontifical throne, he found a strange and indefinable -charm in the conversations of Valdez, attended with pleasure -the sermons of Occhino, drew light from the lamp of Peter -Martyr, formed a close friendship with Galeazzo Caraccioli, -and was touched by that mixture of grace, intelligence, -humility, faith, and good works then to be found in some of -the most distinguished women of Italy. As soon as Charles -<abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> arrived at Naples, he desired Carnesecchi to come and -see him. The noble Florentine was surprised at the order, -but the emperor’s motive was this. Carnesecchi, a native -of the city of the Medicis,<a id='r923' /><a href='#f923' class='c009'><sup>[923]</sup></a> was early distinguished by his -<span class='pageno' id='Page_474'>474</span>knowledge of polite literature, by his talent in the art of -writing, and particularly by that penetrating mind which -can discern the secret springs of events and see clear in -the obscurest matters. From his early youth he had felt a -desire for great things,<a id='r924' /><a href='#f924' class='c009'><sup>[924]</sup></a> and had placed himself in connection -with the most eminent men, with the view of running a -more useful career. His fine countenance struck observers -all the more because with nobility of features he combined -modesty, purity, sobriety, and admirable mildness tempered -by imposing gravity. By these qualities he gained the -favor of the Medicis, and when Julius became pope, under -the name of Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>, Carnesecchi received a message -appointing him secretary to the new pontiff. Having at -that time no evangelical convictions, he thought that the invitation -would open a noble career before him; he therefore -accepted it, and soon found himself in possession of great -influence. Clement, who had so much to do with politics, -with Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, and Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, committed -the direction of the Church to Carnesecchi, and it was generally -said that ‘the pontificate was at that time filled by -Pietro Carnesecchi rather than by Clement.’<a id='r925' /><a href='#f925' class='c009'><sup>[925]</sup></a> The pope -several times offered him a cardinal’s hat, which he always -refused. This is surprising, for he was naturally ambitious; -but after he had seen the papacy closely, he probably feared -to ally himself too intimately with it; possibly, also, the first -beams of evangelical light were dawning upon his soul.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Carnesecchi And Charles V.</div> -<p class='c008'>The death of Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr> broke the golden chains which -were beginning to oppress Carnesecchi. He quitted Rome, -and, attracted by the mild light which was shining over the -hills of Chiaja, he went to Naples with the desire of remaining -for a time in the society of those men of God who were -so much talked about in Italy.<a id='r926' /><a href='#f926' class='c009'><sup>[926]</sup></a> The treasures of truth -<span class='pageno' id='Page_475'>475</span>and life which he found there surpassed his expectations. -But suddenly the command of Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> disturbed him in -the midst of the Christian joy by which his soul was filled. -What did the puissant emperor want with him? Did he -design to open once more that career of politics and glory -which he, Carnesecchi, had renounced forever? Was there -some political scheme brewing, or did Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> desire to -become a disciple of the Gospel? Carnesecchi could not -make it out, but he went to the palace all the same. The -emperor had a very different object: knowing full well that -the Florentine had been initiated into all the thoughts of -Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>, he desired to learn what schemes that pope -had formed with Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> at Marseilles.<a id='r927' /><a href='#f927' class='c009'><sup>[927]</sup></a> In that interview -Carnesecchi did not forfeit the confidence which -Clement had reposed in him; he did not violate the fidelity -he had sworn,<a id='r928' /><a href='#f928' class='c009'><sup>[928]</sup></a> but answered the emperor with a nobleness -and respect which quite won the esteem of that prince. -Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr>, however, when he heard of this conference at -Naples, was exasperated; it seemed to him that the kindness -he had shown Carnesecchi during the famous interview -at Marseilles should have led him to refuse his rival’s invitation, -and he confiscated the revenues of an abbey which -Carnesecchi possessed in France. The Medicis, however, -and even Catherine, having known this excellent man well, -never withdrew their esteem from him, although he was -everywhere decried as a heretic.</p> - -<p class='c008'>However great was the honor of a conference with -Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, Carnesecchi much preferred those he had with -Valdez, Peter Martyr, and Occhino. These pious men -were not content with <i>vain babbling</i>: they read the Holy -Scriptures together, enlightened each other on their meaning, -and carefully compared one passage with another.<a id='r929' /><a href='#f929' class='c009'><sup>[929]</sup></a> -<span class='pageno' id='Page_476'>476</span>Carnesecchi had that love of truth and that boldness of -thought which make rapid progress in the knowledge of -Christ. A gleam of light shone into his heart. He did -not oscillate for years in doubt between light and darkness; -he was one of those noble spirits who attain their end at a -bound. Ere long, the influential secretary of Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr>, -by turns the object of the attentions of the two greatest -monarchs in Europe, sat humbly at the foot of the cross. -He believed in those truths which he afterwards confessed -before the college of cardinals, and on account of which he -was put to death by the pope. Looking unto Christ, he -could say: ‘Certainly justification proceeds from faith alone -in the work and love of a crucified Saviour. We can have -the assurance of salvation, because it was purchased for us -by the Son of God at so great a price. We must submit to -no authority except the Word of God, which has been -handed down to us in Holy Scripture.’<a id='r930' /><a href='#f930' class='c009'><sup>[930]</sup></a> These doctrines -formed from that hour the happiness of his eminent spirit, -and filled with sweetness the intercourse he enjoyed at Naples -with Valdez and Peter Martyr.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Marco Antonio Flaminio.</div> -<p class='c008'>Two groups of pious men took part at this time in the revival -of Italy: the independent Christians, all of whom -ended their lives in exile or at the stake; and men of -a hierarchical tendency, who, though religious, still remained -in Romanism, some of them even rising to the highest -posts in the Church. Carnesecchi and Paleario belonged to -the first group, and no doubt Valdez also; and if his life -had been much prolonged, it is probable that he also would -have come to a tragic end. As for the second group, it included -many of those who had belonged to the oratory of -<i>Divine Love</i>, the most distinguished of whom (Contarini) -we shall mention presently. One of them, Caraffa, who became -pope under the name of Paul <abbr title='the fourth'>IV.</abbr>, fell lower than all -the others, and became a persecutor. These two groups, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_477'>477</span>however, did not include all the Italians who were touched -by the Reformation. Between them were many truly -Christian people, who, as regards faith, were with the evangelicals, -but as regards the Church, clung to Rome through -dread of falling into what they called schism. Of this -number was Flaminio, one of Valdez’ best friends. He was -born between Ferrara and Florence, but we meet with him -in the south. Political disturbances having broken out at -Imola in the early part of the sixteenth century, one of the -burgesses of that city, named Flaminio, who had acquired a -reputation in literature, fled hastily, carrying with him a very -young child, and took refuge in a castle in the Venetian -territory.<a id='r931' /><a href='#f931' class='c009'><sup>[931]</sup></a> That child was Marco Antonio Flaminio, and -his flight was almost a type of what his whole life would be—one -of anguish, and often of pressing want. When he grew -older, he went to study at Padua, where he displayed very -remarkable poetic talents. ‘His poems,’ it was afterwards -said, ‘possess all the simplicity and grace of Catullus, but -untainted with his license. They penetrate into the soul -with their wonderful sweetness.’ With the gifts, Flaminio -also shared the adversities of the poet. He was often -greatly straitened during his studentship, and his university -friends had to subscribe to supply him with clothes.<a id='r932' /><a href='#f932' class='c009'><sup>[932]</sup></a> Whatever -were the hardships of his position and the weakness of -his health, he worked assiduously and made great progress -in philosophy and the study of languages, and attained a -thorough knowledge of the poets and orators. At the same -time, trial was telling upon his soul: his literary and philosophical -studies could not satisfy him. Shut up in his little -room, he said to himself ‘that there was a science higher -than that of Cicero and Plato, the science of the sacred -writings, the knowledge of divine things handed down to -<span class='pageno' id='Page_478'>478</span>us by the everlasting Word.’<a id='r933' /><a href='#f933' class='c009'><sup>[933]</sup></a> Such was the only treasure -he longed for in the midst of his poverty. ‘The study of -heavenly truth is the goal I set before me,’ he said. ‘I -desire to adore the eternal God with fervor, and devote my -life to the salvation of souls.’<a id='r934' /><a href='#f934' class='c009'><sup>[934]</sup></a> He might have received -considerable sums for his writings; but he could not bear the -idea of making a trade of his books, as if they were merchandise. -He might, as he grew older, have attained high -ecclesiastical dignity and earthly distinction; but he loved -the spiritual heights of faith more than the elevations of the -world, and, disdaining empty decorations, preferred a life -hidden with Christ in God. He visited in succession Rome, -Venice, and Verona, and was received in the last city by the -Bishop Giovanni Matteo Giberto, who esteemed learning, -had published the <i>Homilies of Chrysostom on <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul</i>, and -‘thus revived the doctrine of the Greek fathers in Europe.’ -This prelate, perhaps from devotion, but perhaps also because -he wished to be made a cardinal, had adopted an exceedingly -austere life; Flaminio, who cared nothing for the -hat with its red cords, followed, however, the rough paths -by which Giberto hoped to attain his end. The bishop, -combining labor with ascetic practices, desired his guest to -make a translation and commentary of the Psalms. The -latter applied zealously to his work, and endeavored to make -the labor attractive;<a id='r935' /><a href='#f935' class='c009'><sup>[935]</sup></a> but his constitution being too weak to -bear up against the severities of the ascetic prelate, he fell -ill and nearly died.<a id='r936' /><a href='#f936' class='c009'><sup>[936]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Way Of Peace.</div> -<p class='c008'>Flaminio went into the Venetian campagna to recover his -strength, and entered, as soon as he was well, the household -<span class='pageno' id='Page_479'>479</span>of another future cardinal, Giovanni Pietro Caraffa, Bishop -of Chieti. Caraffa, a violent and impetuous man, and afterwards, -when pope, under the name of Paul <abbr title='the fourth'>IV.</abbr>, the restorer -of the inquisition and of the strictest Roman-catholicism, -had had his seasons of struggle and even of faith in the -truth. Oppressed by the agitation caused within him by his -ardent and fanatical nature, he often felt that he would -never find peace except by sacrificing his will to that of God; -and this it was that bound him to Flaminio. Unhappily, -his evil nature afterwards prevailed. Caraffa being made -cardinal, went to Rome, and Flaminio to Naples, at the -time when Valdez, Peter Martyr, Carnesecchi, and their -friends were there.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Association with these pious men was of great use to -Flaminio: he had been prepared to seek God by adversity, -by sickness, and by the approach of death; in his intercourse -with the Christians of Pausilippo he learnt the way -of peace. ‘God,’ he said, ‘does not call those happy who -are clear from every stain; alas! there is not one! but -those whom his mercy pardons, because they believe with -all their heart that the blood of our Lord Jesus Christ is the -atonement for all sin. If our conscience accuses us before -the tribunal of God, if death is imminent, let us still be full -of hope, for the mercy of the Supreme Ruler infinitely exceeds -the wickedness of the whole human race.’ Flaminio -having dedicated his book on the <i>Psalms</i> to the famous cardinal -Farnese, he boldly confessed his faith before that -grandson of Paul <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr> ‘Herein will be found,’ he said, -‘many things about Christ, our Lord and our God; his -bitter death and his everlasting kingship;—his death, by -which, sacrificing himself on the cross and blotting out all -our sins by his most precious blood, he has reconciled us -with God—his kingship, by which He defends us against -the eternal enemy of the human race, and, governing us by -his Spirit, leads us to a blessed and immortal life.’<a id='r937' /><a href='#f937' class='c009'><sup>[937]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_480'>480</span>Valdez, charmed by the simplicity of Flaminio’s character, -the beauty of his genius, and the liveliness of his faith, was -accustomed to say: ‘Of all men, Flaminio is the one for -whom I feel the greatest love and admiration.’<a id='r938' /><a href='#f938' class='c009'><sup>[938]</sup></a> Carnesecchi -also appreciated Flaminio, but without being so enthusiastic -in his affection as Valdez. He had a less glowing imagination -than the poet of Imola, and perhaps his feelings -were less quick, but his understanding was clearer, more -logical, and more practical. While Flaminio desired to remain -in the Roman Church, Carnesecchi was still more resolved -to walk in the paths of the Gospel. These two -eminent men had serious discussions about universal consent -(<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>catholicus consensus</i></span>) and the sacrifice of the mass, -which Flaminio defended, but to which Carnesecchi opposed -the sacrifice offered once for all at Golgotha, as the only -real one. Still, it was not until later that these two Christians -entered into a correspondence on the subject which -shows us the diversity of their faith.<a id='r939' /><a href='#f939' class='c009'><sup>[939]</sup></a> Notwithstanding -their differences, they remained united in close affection; -and when they were forced to separate, Flaminio addressed -his friend in a graceful little poem, the very first lines of -which indicate the charms of the sweet and serious conversations -of the Chiaja.<a id='r940' /><a href='#f940' class='c009'><sup>[940]</sup></a> ‘Although I must now depart far -from thee, O dear Carnesecchi,’ he said in conclusion, -‘neither time, nor distance, nor death itself, shall deprive -me of the sweetness of thy friendship. I shall remain with -thee; I shall be ever with thee; I shall leave thee always -the greater half of my soul.’</p> - -<p class='c008'><span class='pageno' id='Page_481'>481</span>Flaminio returned to Rome, and Reginald Pole, cousin to -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, who was then in the city, endeavored to gain -for the papacy a man whose value he appreciated. The -intercourse of Flaminio with Caraffa and Pole had an unfortunate -influence upon him. Somewhat later he said to -Carnesecchi: ‘O my friend, if we do not wish to be wrecked -in the midst of the dangerous breakers that surround us, let -us bend humbly before God, and permit no motive, however -lawful it may appear, to separate us from the catholic -Church.’<a id='r941' /><a href='#f941' class='c009'><sup>[941]</sup></a> Since that time, Romish and evangelical writers -have continually disputed possession of him, each affirming -that he belonged to them: he belonged entirely to neither. -He was able to keep himself evenly balanced between the -two powers that then disputed the sovereignty of Christendom, -and did not fall into the abyss. But, whatever men -may say, if the reformers had desired to follow that middle -path which pleases certain minds, it would assuredly have -been fatal to truth and liberty. Christendom would have -fallen back into the servility of the middle ages; and if the -yoke had appeared too heavy, it would have plunged into -the license of incredulity. The narrow path of evangelical -truth runs between these two gulfs: it is a refuge to those -whom they threaten to swallow up.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Oratory Of Divine Love.</div> -<p class='c008'>Among the Italians affected by the religious movement -there were many who clung to the papacy still more than -Flaminio did. The scepticism which had been fashionable -at the pontifical court had brought about a reaction, to -which, no doubt, the writings of the reformers contributed. -The wave, uplifted at Wittemberg, Zurich, and Cambridge, -descending gradually towards the south, reached as far as -Rome, and touched the gates of the Vatican. The men -who there received the doctrine of grace in their hearts, -seeing religion weakened and public worship decayed, -united to found in the Trastevere—in the very spot where -it was said the first Christians had assembled, and where -St. Peter had dwelt—that <i>Oratory of Divine Love</i> which -<span class='pageno' id='Page_482'>482</span>was to be a kind of citadel in which they could rally their -forces to preserve the divine law in its purity.<a id='r942' /><a href='#f942' class='c009'><sup>[942]</sup></a> They -were between fifty and sixty in number, ecclesiastics and -laymen, and Julio Bathi, rector of the church of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Silvester, -in which their meetings were held, was the centre -of that Christian association. They were not all alike. In -some the hierarchical tendency ultimately stifled the evangelical -spirit; but there were others whose living piety endured -unto the end. On certain days they might be seen -crossing the Tiber and ascending the Trastevere. Among -them were two priests, who were afterwards Flaminio’s -patrons—Giberto and Caraffa; Gaetano di Thiene, who -founded in 1524 the order of regular Clerks or Theatines, -and was canonized; Sadolet, born at Modena, secretary to -Leo <abbr title='the tenth'>X.</abbr>, who made him Bishop of Carpentras in 1517, and -Lippomano, who attained a high reputation by his writings. -They were afterwards joined by a number of eminent men, -among whom were Reginald Pole, whose opposition to the -work of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> had forced him to leave England; -Pietro Bembo, whose house at Padua was the resort of -men of letters; Gregorio Cortesi, Abbot of San Giorgio -Maggiore, near Venice, and many more, among whom was -one whom we must soon speak of at greater length.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Members Of The Oratory.</div> -<p class='c008'>These men, most of whom were called to play important -parts, were not the only persons who felt the influence of -the revival; many a monk shut up in his convent shared in -it. These were to be found particularly in the Benedictine -monasteries, and among their number was Marco of Padua, -who appears to have been the monk from whom Pole says -he had drawn the spiritual milk of the Word. But the -most striking example of this semi-evangelical, semi-monastic -life was Giovanni-Battista Folengo. In his cell in the -cloister of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Benedict, he passed days and nights in the -study of Scripture, and plainly ascribed the justification of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_483'>483</span>the sinner to grace alone. The good Benedictine was punctual -in attending matins, in fasting, in singing mass, and in -confessing; but he earnestly exhorted the faithful not to put -their trust in fasts, or in the mechanical repetition of the -prayers prescribed by the church, or in confession, or in -the mass. He was a monk and a priest, in subjection to the -dignities of the Church; but, like a prophet, he hurled the -flashes of his burning eloquence against the priesthood, the -tonsure, and the mitre. He called for the reform of the -Church; he loved evangelical Christians; he would have -wished, in his profound charity, to reunite them <i>with the -flock</i>. He published commentaries on the Epistles of <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> -Peter, <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> James, and <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John; and his noble style, as well -as the elevation of his Christian thoughts, caused them to be -read with eagerness; but the Court of Rome, irritated by the -liberty with which he expressed his faith, put his book in the -Index Expurgatorius. The truth of the Latin saying—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>habent -sua fata libelli</i></span> was then manifested. Folengo having -written a commentary on the Psalms, expressed in it -his evangelical views with great decision, especially in his -remarks on the sixty-eighth Psalm. Strange to say, while -his first work had been put in the Index by one pope, the -second was reprinted by another pope (Gregory <abbr title='the thirteenth'>XIII.</abbr>), -with some corrections indeed, but with nothing that changed -the general spirit of the work. More than one infallible -pontiff has condemned what another infallible pontiff has -approved of. The pious Folengo died at the age of sixty, -in the same convent where he had taken the vows in his -youth.<a id='r943' /><a href='#f943' class='c009'><sup>[943]</sup></a> A man of piety less lively than Folengo’s was -destined to play a more important part in the affairs of the -Church at the epoch of the Reformation.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Contarini, The Venetian.</div> -<p class='c008'>At that famous sitting of the Diet of Worms in 1521, -before which Martin Luther appeared, there was present -among the ambassadors from the different states of Europe, -who had come to congratulate the young emperor, a senator -of Venice, by name Gasper Contarini. Eldest son of one -<span class='pageno' id='Page_484'>484</span>of the noble families of the republic, possessing an elevated -mind formed by the study of philosophy and literature, delicate -taste, exquisite judgment, elegant in his life and manners, -Contarini was not favorably impressed with the -celebrated reformer. These two men, who held many principles -of religion and morality in common, were widely -separated from each other as regards cultivation, character, -and mode of life. Luther was displeasing to Contarini, -and the Reformation of Germany itself, stamped with the -character of the nation, did not suit the Venetian’s taste. -Noble impulses acted on the reformer, order prevailed with -the diplomatist. Contarini devoted three hours every day -to study, never more, never less, and each time began by -repeating what he had done the day before. He never -abandoned the study of a science until he had mastered it.<a id='r944' /><a href='#f944' class='c009'><sup>[944]</sup></a> -One of his first writings was directed against his master the -celebrated Pomponatius, who passed for an atheist. That -philosopher having affirmed the impossibility of proving the -immortality of the soul by reason, Contarini established it -by philosophical arguments. His birth called him to the -first offices of the republic, and while still young he became -a member of the Venetian senate. At first he sat and listened -to the deliberations of his colleagues: his modesty, -and perhaps his timidity, prevented him from speaking. At -length he took courage, and though he did not speak with -much wit, grace, or animation, he expressed himself with -such simplicity and showed such thorough knowledge of -the questions under discussion, that he soon acquired great -consideration. His mission to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr> was not limited -to the embassy of Worms; he accompanied the emperor to -Spain, and was there when the ship <i>Vittoria</i> returned from -the first voyage ever made round the world. People were -surprised that the hardy sailors arrived a day later than the -one marked in their log; it was Contarini, as it would appear, -who discovered the cause. Being sent as ambassador -<span class='pageno' id='Page_485'>485</span>to the pope, after the sack of Rome, he effected a reconciliation -between the pontiff and Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, and officiated at the -coronation of the emperor by Clement <abbr title='the seventh'>VII.</abbr><a id='r945' /><a href='#f945' class='c009'><sup>[945]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Every one present at these pomps took notice of the -Venetian ambassador, and a brilliant career seemed to lie -before him. Men admired the rich gifts of his mind, the -firmness and mildness of his character, the moral dignity -and gravity which challenged respect. This was not all: a -deep religious feeling had been developed early in his soul. -At Rome he had joined the pious men who assembled at the -Oratory of Divine Love on the Trastevere: he was fond of -the meetings which so reminded him of those held by the -disciples at Jerusalem in Mary’s house.</p> - -<p class='c008'>One day, in the year 1535, when the senate of Venice had -assembled for the elections, Contarini, at that time invested -with one of the most important offices of the republic, was -sitting near the balloting urn. On a sudden he was told that -the pope had appointed him cardinal. The news surprised -him exceedingly, and at first he would not believe it: he, a -layman, the magistrate of a republic, and not known to the -sovereign pontiff ... to be nominated a cardinal, a prince -of the Church! It appeared like a dream, and yet it was a -reality. Paul <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr>, having undertaken the task of bringing -the protestants back to the Church, saw that he must employ -for that purpose, not worldly prelates of the school of Leo -<abbr title='the tenth'>X.</abbr>, but men of sincere piety; besides, Contarini had rendered -services to the papacy, and hence he was invited to -Rome. The report of his nomination circulated in a moment -through the assembly, and his colleagues, leaving their -places, gathered round to congratulate him. Even the -senator who was at the head of the party opposed to him, -his every-day antagonist, exclaimed, ‘The republic has lost -her best citizen.’</p> - -<p class='c008'>But in the midst of these congratulations Contarini remained -undecided and silent. There was a struggle in his -soul. He felt it difficult to leave his friends, the country of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_486'>486</span>his fathers, a free city, where he was among equals, and -where he might aspire to the highest dignity, that of doge—an -honor enjoyed by seven of his family; he shrank from -putting himself at the service of an autocrat, often the slave -of passion, of living in the midst of a corrupt clergy, in -a world of simony and intrigue. However, he believed he -could see the finger of God in his appointment. The Church -was exposed to unprecedented danger. Could he, in such a -critical hour, refuse his services and his life to that militant -assembly which then claimed the support of all the servants -of God? He accepted the offer.<a id='r946' /><a href='#f946' class='c009'><sup>[946]</sup></a> Such catholics as desired -to see the Church animated by a new spirit were filled with -joy, which they expressed to Contarini: ‘I congratulate you,’ -wrote Sadolet, ‘because you can now employ your genius -and wisdom more profitably for the necessities and advantage -of the Christian republic.’<a id='r947' /><a href='#f947' class='c009'><sup>[947]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>In becoming a cardinal, he did not intend that the golden -chain should bind him to the foot of the pontifical throne: -he desired to preserve his independence. Ready to devote -to the catholic Church all the powers he had hitherto employed -in the service of his country, he was determined to -remain himself; to obey the voice of God in his conscience -more than the varying caprices of the Vatican. He desired -to be faithful to that internal truth which gave him sweet -and constant peace. One day, when he opposed the nomination -of a certain ecclesiastic to the cardinalate, the pope, -who was of a contrary opinion, exclaimed: ‘Yes, yes! we -know how men sail in these waters; the cardinals do not -like to see another made equal to them in dignity.’ Contarini -turned to the pontiff, and observed calmly: ‘I do not -think the cardinal’s hat constitutes my highest honor.’<a id='r948' /><a href='#f948' class='c009'><sup>[948]</sup></a></p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Contarini’s Principles.</div> -<p class='c008'>Opposed to the deplorable elections which were customary -<span class='pageno' id='Page_487'>487</span>at Rome, the Venetian ardently desired to bring men of -sound morals, learning, and piety into the sacred college. -The pope, therefore, following his advice, gave the purple -in succession to Sadolet, Caraffa, Giberto Bishop of Verona, -Fregoso Archbishop of Salerno, and Reginald Pole. These -new and strange elections seemed as if they would be favorable -to the Gospel, but, on the contrary, they became the -principle of a restoration of Romanism, and of a serious -and ere long cruel resistance to the Reformation.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Contarini, the Melancthon of the papacy, set to work at -once: he sincerely wished to reform the doctrines and -morals of the Church, but to maintain it still under a sole -chief. Like the reformers he laid great stress in religious -matters on the positive side, but remained faithful to -Roman-catholicism, by extenuating the negative side. ‘Assuredly, -the sinner is justified by grace through faith,’ he -would say to the evangelicals. ‘But why pronounce so -harshly against meritorious works?’—‘A frank opposition -to those practices,’ they replied, ‘can alone destroy the numberless -abuses of popular superstition.’—‘Predestination,’ -said the cardinal again, ‘belongs undoubtedly to God’s -mercy; by his grace He prevents all our movements, but -at the same time the will must oppose no resistance. God -has known from all eternity the predestined and the reprobate, -but that knowledge does not take away either contingency -or liberty.’<a id='r949' /><a href='#f949' class='c009'><sup>[949]</sup></a>—‘We recognize man’s responsibility,’ -answered the reformers; ‘we believe that man must will to -be saved, and yet we say with <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Paul: <i>God worketh in -us both to will and to do</i>.’<a id='r950' /><a href='#f950' class='c009'><sup>[950]</sup></a></p> - -<p class='c008'>Contarini followed the same principle in his conversations -with the champions of the papacy. ‘The unity of the -Church is necessary,’ he said; ‘to separate from it is the -wildest error; but the cause of the sufferings of Christendom, -the root of all the evil, is the unlimited authority -<span class='pageno' id='Page_488'>488</span>ascribed by its adulators to the pontifical legislation. A -pope ought not to govern just as he pleases, but only in accordance -with God’s commandments, the rules of reason, -and the laws of charity.’ Convinced that unity of faith -would gradually be restored, he devoted all his efforts to -remove from the Church everything that shocked the moral -sentiment; he resolutely fought against simony, and advocated -the marriage of priests. He entertained no doubt that -success would crown the holy work he had commenced. -We shall see hereafter what became of it.</p> - -<p class='c008'>At the dawn of the Reformation, when the first gleams -heralding the rising of the sun began to appear, they were -probably nowhere more brilliant than in Italy, and nowhere -foretokened a brighter day. Men’s souls were moved by a -spirit from on high, and a new life sanctified their hearts: -the primitive relation of man to God, and his personal relation -to Him, which sin had destroyed, were restored. -It was in the very stronghold of formalism that the adoration -of God was manifested with most liberty and grace. -From the Alps to Sicily, burning lights had everywhere appeared, -and many rejoiced in their brightness.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>The Two Camps.</div> -<p class='c008'>Rome still remained seated on her seven hills—with her -excommunications and her burning piles; but it seemed as -if a new invasion—that of the Gospel and of liberty—would -repair all the mischiefs committed by the inroads of -the barbarians and the papacy. Two camps were formed, -one to the north, the other to the south of that ancient city. -On one side was Naples and the camp of Pausilippo, where -a small but gallant army was assembled. A gentle light -gilded the hills of Chiaja: no formidable enemy appeared -in sight, and everything led to the hope that a final and -successful victory would ere long be gained.</p> - -<p class='c008'>The other camp was to the north. It could not boast of -such eminent men as those who watched in the ancient city -of Parthenope. The throne of Ferrara was occupied by an -earnest woman and devoted Christian, the daughter of Louis -<abbr title='the twelfth'>XII.</abbr>, who gave a welcome to all the fugitive soldiers of -<span class='pageno' id='Page_489'>489</span>Christ; and who had made it her business to build up the -city of God in Italy, and thus to work out, in a Christian -manner, her father’s device: <i>Perdam Babylonis nomen</i>. -About this time she was expecting at her court a young -divine, who had confessed Jesus Christ in France with -energy, who had just written to Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> an eloquent and -forcible letter, and published a book in which he had set -forth the great doctrines of the faith in admirable order and -in language of unequalled beauty. What would be the effect -of his presence beyond the Alps? No one could say; but if -the duchess had influence enough over her husband to make -religious liberty prevail at Ferrara; if Calvin should settle -in the birthplace of Savonarola, his faith, his talents, and his -activity among a people already moved by the power of God, -might gain a glorious victory for the truth.</p> - -<p class='c008'>Thus two great forces met face to face—Rome and the -Gospel. Curione, Paleario, Peter Martyr, and many others, -asked themselves what would be the issue of the struggle -then preparing in Italy. Experiencing in themselves the -power of God’s Word, and seeing its marvellous effects -around them, they doubted not that the Gospel would triumph -in their country, as it had triumphed in other countries -more to the north, and where, perhaps, less of light -and life were to be found. The Reformation in Italy would -doubtless present peculiar features, which, without disturbing -Christian unity, would manifest national individuality. -Episcopacy existed in England; the primate, Archbishop of -Canterbury, remained on his throne, while submitting to the -Word of God. Why might not a similar reform be effected -in Rome itself? Not only evangelicals, such as Curione and -Carnesecchi, but pious catholics were full of hope. ‘Ah!’ -they said; ‘at the beginning of his reign the pope wonderfully -excited all our expectations.<a id='r951' /><a href='#f951' class='c009'><sup>[951]</sup></a> Putting aside institutions -established by preceding popes, he resolved to conduct -<span class='pageno' id='Page_490'>490</span>the supreme pontificate in a holier manner;<a id='r952' /><a href='#f952' class='c009'><sup>[952]</sup></a> and to accomplish -that task, he gathered round him men whom fame had -pointed out as doctors excellent in wisdom and integrity.’ -Contarini believed in a reformation which, beginning with -the head, would purify all the members. ‘God,’ he said, -‘will not permit the gates of hell to prevail against his Holy -Spirit. He is about to accomplish something great in the -Church.’<a id='r953' /><a href='#f953' class='c009'><sup>[953]</sup></a> The flames which he had kindled in the peninsula, -and which rose higher and higher every day, appeared -as if they would soon reduce to ashes the scaffolding of dead -works which the papacy had set up, and to purify the temple -of God.</p> - -<div class='sidenote'>Glory To The Martyrs.</div> -<p class='c008'>But the times of Rome were not accomplished. The -malady, with which the body of the Church was affected -in Italy, was (to use the words of Cardinal Sadolet) one -of those which incline the sick man to reject the remedies -prescribed for him.<a id='r954' /><a href='#f954' class='c009'><sup>[954]</sup></a> Pope Paul <abbr title='the third'>III.</abbr>, who consulted -the stars more than he did the Gospel, finding at last that -his attempts ended in nothing; that the Reformation was -advancing, and threatening to regenerate and deliver the -Church, suddenly turned upon it and endeavored to crush -it. Those men who would have been the regenerators of -Italy, with minds of such activity, with such varied learning -and exquisite cultivation, who held converse in the finest -parts of the world with the best and most illustrious of their -time,—those men, the flower of their nation, soon found -themselves constrained to escape beyond the Alps, or saw -themselves condemned by cruel pontiffs, insulted by ignorant -priests, and conducted ignominiously to some public -square in Rome, there to be beheaded and have their bodies -cast into the fire.... The heart shrinks at the thought, -and an inner voice seems to say: ‘If Carnesecchi, Paleario, -<span class='pageno' id='Page_491'>491</span>and all the noble army of martyrs were disowned by their -contemporaries; if coarse monks jeered at them, if they -were covered with opprobrium; there are now thousands -of Christians in the world who love them as fathers, honor -them as victorious heroes of the Gospel of peace, and preserve -a grateful remembrance of them in their hearts.</p> - -<div class='nf-center-c1'> -<div class='nf-center c002'> - <div><span class='large'>Footnotes</span></div> - </div> -</div> - -<div class='footnote' id='f1'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r1'>1</a>. </span><i>History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Queen -Elizabeth</i>, by <abbr class='spell'>J. A.</abbr> Froude.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f2'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r2'>2</a>. </span><abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Gaberel has quoted some passages of this manuscript which -concern Geneva, in the first volume of his History of the Genevese -Church.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f3'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r3'>3</a>. </span><abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Charles Eynard, a friend of the author’s, has communicated -to him some genealogies of the descendants of Baudichon de la Maisonneuve, -in which, besides a great number of Genevese names, are found -those of some foreign families,—Constant-Rebecque in Holland; the -de Gasparins, de Staëls, and other families of note in France, who descend -from Baudichon de la Maisonneuve through the Neckers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f4'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r4'>4</a>. </span>See the works of <abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Jouffroy, and the <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Revue des Deux Mondes</i></span> for -<abbr title='fifteenth'>15th</abbr> March, 1865.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f5'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r5'>5</a>. </span>These letters will be found in Bonnet’s <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres Françaises de Calvin</i></span> -i. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 261, 305, 332, 345, 374. <i>Zurich Letters</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 70, 785, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f6'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r6'>6</a>. </span>Isaiah <abbr title='49'>xlix.</abbr> 23.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f7'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r7'>7</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves du Divorce</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 378.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f8'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r8'>8</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Il nous faudra jeter le froc aux orties.”</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f9'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r9'>9</a>. </span>“Certain preachers who presumed to preach openly or secretly in a -manner contrary to the catholic faith.”—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='4'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 677.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f10'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r10'>10</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves du Divorce</i></span>, Du Bellay to Montmorency, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 374.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f11'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r11'>11</a>. </span>“Communis pronuba inter presbyteros, fratres, monacos et canonicos.”—Hall, -<i>Criminal Causes</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 28.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f12'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r12'>12</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">“Je crois qu’ils vont faire de beaux miracles.”</span>—Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 374.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f13'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r13'>13</a>. </span>In Johannem, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> 36.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f14'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r14'>14</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> petition in Record Office: Froude, <i>History of England</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 208, -214.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f15'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r15'>15</a>. </span>Petition of the Commons: Froude’s <i>England</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 208-216.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f16'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r16'>16</a>. </span>“Within these ten weeks, I reformed many other things.”—Froude, -<abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> 233, <i>Reply of the Bishops</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f17'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r17'>17</a>. </span><i>The Answer of the Ordinaries.</i> Record Office <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> Froude, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 225.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f18'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r18'>18</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 611.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f19'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r19'>19</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">“Quod non pernoctent in locis suspectis. Mulierum colloquia suspecta -nullatenus habeant.”</span>—Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 717, 722, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f20'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r20'>20</a>. </span>“The Archbishop of Canterbury and all the bishops began to frown -and grunt.”—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 612.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f21'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r21'>21</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 614.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f22'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r22'>22</a>. </span>“The great displeasure of spiritual persons.”—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f23'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r23'>23</a>. </span>Tyndale’s <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 421.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f24'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r24'>24</a>. </span>“All indifferent and discreet persons judged that it was right and -necessary.”—Hall, <i>Chronicles of England</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 784.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f25'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r25'>25</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">“Congressus iste magna cum pompa fiet.”</span>—<i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 209. -We must not confound this congress with the one held later in this city. -See antea, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> book <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>chap.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-five'>xxv.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-six'>xxvi.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-nine'>xxix.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f26'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r26'>26</a>. </span>Letter from Sir <abbr class='spell'>H.</abbr> Carew to Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>: <i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> 225.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f27'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r27'>27</a>. </span>Antea, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='nine'>ix.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f28'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r28'>28</a>. </span>Instruction to Wiltshire: <i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 230.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f29'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r29'>29</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f30'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r30'>30</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 400.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f31'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r31'>31</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">“Reginam complectendo, affectione maritali tractet in omnibus.”</span>—Le -Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 451.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f32'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r32'>32</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 399.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f33'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r33'>33</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">“Esso Conte habi commissione far una grossa spesa.”</span>—<i>Lettre de -Joachim de Vaux</i>, ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 409.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f34'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r34'>34</a>. </span>“The spaniel took fast with his mouth the great toe of the pope.”—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f35'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r35'>35</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">“Che l’altri regni questo imitando.”</span>—Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves du Divorce</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 419.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f36'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r36'>36</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 401, 454.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f37'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r37'>37</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 401, 454.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f38'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r38'>38</a>. </span>“He declared himself ignorant of that law.”—<i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='twelve'>xii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 230.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f39'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r39'>39</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 401, 455.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f40'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r40'>40</a>. </span>‘A book as welcome to his Holiness as a prison.’—Fuller, <i>Church -History</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 182.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f41'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r41'>41</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f42'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r42'>42</a>. </span>‘In the ears of them.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 39.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f43'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r43'>43</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Et res erat in multa confusione.’</span>—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 79, Gardiner -to the king.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f44'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r44'>44</a>. </span>‘To resort to his seat apart, every man’s mind to be known secretly.’—Burnet, -<i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f45'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r45'>45</a>. </span>‘To cause some to depart the house.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f46'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r46'>46</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘S. Scripturæ locorum conferentes, tum etiam interpretum.’</span>—Burnet, -<i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 22.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f47'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r47'>47</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Publicam disputationem matura deliberatione.’</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f48'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r48'>48</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Scrutatis diligentissime Sacræ Scripturæ locis.’</span>—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 22.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f49'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r49'>49</a>. </span>‘In doubt always.’—<i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 377.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f50'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r50'>50</a>. </span>‘Most convenient way to entertain the multitude.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f51'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r51'>51</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 26.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f52'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r52'>52</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f53'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r53'>53</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 26.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f54'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r54'>54</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 379, and note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f55'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r55'>55</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Sermons</i> (Parker Soc.), <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 46, 381.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f56'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r56'>56</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 126, 471.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f57'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r57'>57</a>. </span>‘An papa potest dispensara.’—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 24.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f58'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r58'>58</a>. </span>Stokesley to the Earl of Wiltshire, January 16, 1530: <i>State Papers</i>, -<abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 227.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f59'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r59'>59</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves du Divorce</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 459. This letter is from Du Bellay, -and not from Montmorency, as a distinguished historian has supposed.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f60'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r60'>60</a>. </span>The opinions of these universities are given in Burnet’s <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 83.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f61'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r61'>61</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tale conjugium horrendum esse, execrabile, detestandum, viroque -christiano etiam cuilibet infideli prorsus abominabile.’</span>—Rymer, <i>Acta</i>, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 155.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f62'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r62'>62</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 87.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f63'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r63'>63</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 242.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f64'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r64'>64</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 82.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f65'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r65'>65</a>. </span>Calvin’s letter or dissertation (<i>Calvini Epistolæ</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 384) harmonizes -the apparently contradictory passages of Leviticus and Deuteronomy; -but I much doubt if it belongs to this period.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f66'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r66'>66</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tam grande peccatum futurum permitti non debet.’</span>—Lutheri <i>Epp.</i> -<abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 265.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f67'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r67'>67</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 88.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f68'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r68'>68</a>. </span>Fuller, <i>Church History</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 182.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f69'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r69'>69</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Malorum pelagus reipublicæ nostræ imminere cernimus ac certum -quoddam diluvium comminari.’</span>—Rymer, <i>Acta</i>, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 160.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f70'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r70'>70</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Rex aliam uxorem ducat.’</span>—Letter of <abbr class='spell'>G.</abbr> Da Casale, Orvieto, -January 13, 1528.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f71'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r71'>71</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut duas uxores habeat.’</span>—Rome, September 28, 1530. Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -330.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f72'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r72'>72</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘An conscientiæ satisfieri posset, quam V. M. imprimis exonerare -cupit.’</span>—Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 330.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f73'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r73'>73</a>. </span>Collier, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 60.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f74'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r74'>74</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sed pro Deo non sumus, ut liberos dare possimus.’</span>—Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 338.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f75'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r75'>75</a>. </span>‘I marked them earnestly in the inward parts of mine heart.’—Latimer, -<i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 298.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f76'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r76'>76</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 208.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f77'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r77'>77</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 298 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f78'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r78'>78</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 306 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f79'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r79'>79</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 309 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f80'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r80'>80</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 155.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f81'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r81'>81</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 223.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f82'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r82'>82</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 85 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f83'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r83'>83</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 295.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f84'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r84'>84</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 86.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f85'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r85'>85</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 134.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f86'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r86'>86</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 93.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f87'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r87'>87</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 93.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f88'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r88'>88</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 134.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f89'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r89'>89</a>. </span>Ibid. The preacher, when he left the vestry, was followed to the pulpit -by an attendant carrying his books.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f90'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r90'>90</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 135.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f91'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r91'>91</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Dominus autem papa statim percussit cum pede suo coronam imperatoris -et dejecit eam in terram.’</span>—Tyndale, <i>Practice of Prelates</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 170 -(Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f92'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r92'>92</a>. </span><i>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f93'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r93'>93</a>. </span>‘Upon the promise of your Majesty, be content to repair into England.’—Vaughan -to Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> Cotton <abbr title='manuscript'>MSS.</abbr> Galba, <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 42. -<i>Bible Ann.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 270.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f94'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r94'>94</a>. </span>‘Whatsoever surety he could reasonably desire.’—Vaughan to Cromwell, -ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 270.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f95'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r95'>95</a>. </span><i>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, <abbr title='tome'>tom.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> book <abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr> -<abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> 15.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f96'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r96'>96</a>. </span>‘He brought me without the gates ... into a field.’—Anderson, -<i>Annals of the English Bible</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 272.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f97'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r97'>97</a>. </span>Anderson (Chr.), <i>Annals of the English Bible</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 152.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f98'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r98'>98</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f99'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r99'>99</a>. </span>‘Lest I would have persued him.’—Anderson, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 152.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f100'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r100'>100</a>. </span>‘Being something fearful.’—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f101'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r101'>101</a>. </span>Cotton <abbr title='manuscript'>MSS.</abbr> Titus, <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 6, 7. Anderson, <i>Annals</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 273.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f102'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r102'>102</a>. </span>‘At opportune leasure his Highness would read the content.’—Ibid -p. 275.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f103'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r103'>103</a>. </span>‘Ye bear much affection toward the said Tyndale.’—Cotton <abbr title='manuscript'>MSS.</abbr> -Galba, <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 388. Anderson, <i>Annals</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 275.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f104'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r104'>104</a>. </span>The corrections are still to be seen in the original draft, and are indicated -in the biographical notice of Tyndale at the beginning of his -<i>Practices</i> (Parker Society), <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 46, 47.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f105'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r105'>105</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 303.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f106'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r106'>106</a>. </span>‘In such wise that water stoode in his eyes.’—<i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -303.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f107'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r107'>107</a>. </span>Tyndale, <i>Exposition</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 141.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f108'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r108'>108</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 302.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f109'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r109'>109</a>. </span>‘They ought to take notice of the constitution at their peril.’—Collyers, -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 61. Burnet, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 108.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f110'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r110'>110</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Regia majestas nostrum caput atque anima.’</span>—Collyers, <i>Records</i>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 8, 30 July, 1530.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f111'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r111'>111</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ecclesiæ protector et supremum caput.’</span>—Collyers, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 62.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f112'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r112'>112</a>. </span>‘Seeing this Gordian knot, to play the noble Alexander.’—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 55.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f113'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r113'>113</a>. </span>Strype’s <i>Memorials</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 111.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f114'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r114'>114</a>. </span>Tytler, <i>Life of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr></i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 312.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f115'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r115'>115</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Qui tacet consentire videtur. Itaque tacemus omnes.’</span>—Collyers, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f116'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r116'>116</a>. </span>The act is given in Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 742, and Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, -<abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 163.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f117'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r117'>117</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ne ab ecclesia catholica dissentire videar, expresse dissentio.’</span>—Wilkins, -<i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 745.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f118'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r118'>118</a>. </span>Collyers, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 64.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f119'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r119'>119</a>. </span>Lord Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 353.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f120'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r120'>120</a>. </span>Hall, <i>Chron. of England</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 780.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f121'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r121'>121</a>. </span>Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 354.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f122'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r122'>122</a>. </span>Bill against conjuration, witchcraft, sorcerers, &c. Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> cap. -<abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f123'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r123'>123</a>. </span>Burnet, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 110.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f124'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r124'>124</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Omnium innocentissimum.’</span>—Pole, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>De Unitate</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 57.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f125'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r125'>125</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut nec rex pater principi filio majus dare possit.’</span>—Pole, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>De Unitate</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f126'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r126'>126</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum me audies, alumnum tuum audies.’</span>—Pole, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>De Unitate</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f127'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r127'>127</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Infra etiam belluarum vitam.’</span>—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 55.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f128'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r128'>128</a>. </span>‘The king standeth even upon the brink of the water; all his honor is -drowned.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f129'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r129'>129</a>. </span>‘Had he not forborne to come to her bed.’—Lord Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 335.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f130'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r130'>130</a>. </span>‘To what place soever she removed, nothing could remove her from -being the king’s wife.’—Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 354.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f131'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r131'>131</a>. </span>‘Immediately and only upon your grace.’—Juramentum. Rymer, -<i>Acta</i>, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 169.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f132'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r132'>132</a>. </span>‘The rest forced the door, rushed in, and the bishop’s servants were -beaten and ill-used.’—Burnet, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 110.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f133'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r133'>133</a>. </span>‘They struck the bishop’s officers over the face.’—Hall, <i>Chronicles of -England</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 783.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f134'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r134'>134</a>. </span>Hall, <i>Chronicles</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f135'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r135'>135</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 783.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f136'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r136'>136</a>. </span>The noble was worth six shillings and eightpence.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f137'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r137'>137</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tanta ejus Majestatis merita quod nullis laudibus æquari queant.’</span>—<i>Concilia</i>, -M. Brit. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 742.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f138'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r138'>138</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Sermons</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 46 (Parker Soc.); Tyndale, <i>Op.</i> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 231.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f139'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r139'>139</a>. </span>‘Ye would have raked in the coals.’—Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 46 (Parker -Soc.); Tyndale, <i>Op.</i> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 231.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f140'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r140'>140</a>. </span><i>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='eighteen'>xviii.</abbr> -<abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='nine'>ix.</abbr> <abbr title='twelve'>xii.</abbr>; <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='nineteen'>xix.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr>; <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='fifteen'>xv.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f141'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r141'>141</a>. </span>‘A man of a timorous conscience, and not fully resolved touching that -matter of the Church.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 649.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f142'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r142'>142</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Soli sacerdotes, ordinati ritè per pontifices, habent claves.’</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f143'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r143'>143</a>. </span>‘The anachoress whom he had converted to Christ.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 642.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f144'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r144'>144</a>. </span>Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 357.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f145'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r145'>145</a>. </span>‘Like as if a man should take and strike off the head and set it under -the foot, and to set the foot above.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 649.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f146'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r146'>146</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> <abbr title='thirteen'>xiii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f147'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r147'>147</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f148'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r148'>148</a>. </span>‘Fit empoigner.’—Crespin, <i>Actes des Martyrs</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 101.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f149'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r149'>149</a>. </span>Strype, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 313.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f150'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r150'>150</a>. </span>‘As he had planted himself upon the firm rock of God’s Word.’—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 643.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f151'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r151'>151</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 648.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f152'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r152'>152</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 330 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f153'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r153'>153</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 650.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f154'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r154'>154</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 650 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f155'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r155'>155</a>. </span>Isaiah <abbr title='forty-three'>xliii.</abbr> 2. In Bilney’s Bible, which is preserved in the library of -Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, this passage (verses 1-3) is marked -in the margin with a pen.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f156'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r156'>156</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 654 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f157'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r157'>157</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 655, note.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f158'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r158'>158</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 655 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f159'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r159'>159</a>. </span>‘And toward his enemy so charitable.’—Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 330. -(Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f160'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r160'>160</a>. </span><i>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> -<abbr title='fifteen'>xv.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f161'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r161'>161</a>. </span>‘To the intent that the Gospel of Christ might be set forward.’—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 683.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f162'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r162'>162</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 687.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f163'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r163'>163</a>. </span>‘He took his crozier-staff and smote him oh the breast.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f164'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r164'>164</a>. </span><i>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> -<abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f165'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r165'>165</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 689.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f166'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r166'>166</a>. </span>‘And also twisted in his brows with small ropes so that the blood....’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f167'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r167'>167</a>. </span>Cotton <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> Anderson, <i>Annals of Bible</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 310. ‘It will cause the -sect to wax greater, and those errors to be more plenteously sowed in the -realm, than heretofore.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f168'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r168'>168</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 349.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f169'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r169'>169</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 100.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f170'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r170'>170</a>. </span>This was equivalent to two millions and a half sterling of our money. -Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 96. <i>Statutes of the Realm</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 388.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f171'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r171'>171</a>. </span>Strype, <i>Eccl. Memor.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='part'>pt.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 158.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f172'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r172'>172</a>. </span>‘There needeth not any temporal power to concur with the same.’—Strype, -<i>Eccl. Memor.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 202.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f173'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r173'>173</a>. </span>‘Declaring the infringers to incur into the terrible sentence of excommunication’—Wilkins, -<i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 751.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f174'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r174'>174</a>. </span>‘The king made them buckle at last.’—Strype, <i>Eccles. Memorials</i>, -<abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 204.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f175'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r175'>175</a>. </span>‘Prosequar et impugnabo.’—Burnet, <i>Reformation</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 250 (Oxford, -1829).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f176'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r176'>176</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Hist. Reform.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 249 (Oxford, 1829).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f177'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r177'>177</a>. </span>Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 354.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f178'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r178'>178</a>. </span>Thomas More, by his grandson, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 187.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f179'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r179'>179</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 193.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f180'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r180'>180</a>. </span>‘In horto suo.’—Rymer, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 171.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f181'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r181'>181</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 184, 185.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f182'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r182'>182</a>. </span>Chrysostom, in opere imperfecto.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f183'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r183'>183</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 203.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f184'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r184'>184</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 225.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f185'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r185'>185</a>. </span>Romans, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> 14.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f186'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r186'>186</a>. </span>Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 326 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f187'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r187'>187</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 454.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f188'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r188'>188</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Plures longe fures esse quam pastores.’</span>—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 479.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f189'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r189'>189</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quibus latronibus suffocandis ne Angliæ totius canavum sufficere -prædicabas.’</span>—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 478.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f190'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r190'>190</a>. </span>Strype, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f191'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r191'>191</a>. </span>Strype, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f192'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r192'>192</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Crimina seu excessus graves personaliter responsurus.’</span>—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -455.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f193'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r193'>193</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Oportet pati et sic intrare.’</span>—Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 351 (Parker -Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f194'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r194'>194</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tempestive, itempestive, privatim, publice.’</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f195'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r195'>195</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Etiam si male vivant.’</span>—Latimer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 466 (Parker Soc.); -and Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 456.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f196'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r196'>196</a>. </span>‘I heard a pen walking in the chimney behind the cloth.’—Latimer, -<i>Sermons</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 294.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f197'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r197'>197</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 455.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f198'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r198'>198</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non dicit omnia quæ vobis ipsis videntur prædicanda.’</span>—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 747.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f199'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r199'>199</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Donec respirare licebit, stare non desinam.’</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f200'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r200'>200</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tertio requisitus ut subscriberet, recusavit.’</span>—Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 747.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f201'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r201'>201</a>. </span>Strype, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 180.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f202'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r202'>202</a>. </span>Luther, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Wieder die himmlischen Propheten</i></span>, and <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Explication du 6me -chapitre de <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Mathieu</i></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f203'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r203'>203</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Fuit absolutus a sententia excommunicationis.’</span>—Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 747.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f204'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r204'>204</a>. </span>Tyndale, <i>Treatises</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 38; Strype, <i>Memorials</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> 257, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr>, <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 257; -<abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 30, 136.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f205'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r205'>205</a>. </span>1 Kings <abbr title='twenty-one'>xxi.</abbr> 19.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f206'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r206'>206</a>. </span>Tyndale, <i>Treatises</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 38. Stowe, <i>Annals</i>, 562.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f207'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r207'>207</a>. </span>Foxe <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 697.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f208'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r208'>208</a>. </span>Both Strype (<i>Memorials</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 35) and Foxe (<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 698) say, <i>and -whipped him</i>; but More denied it.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f209'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r209'>209</a>. </span>‘Sir Thomas More being present himself, till in a manner he had -lamed him.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 698.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f210'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r210'>210</a>. </span>1 John <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> 7.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f211'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r211'>211</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> 1.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f212'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r212'>212</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 700.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f213'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r213'>213</a>. </span>‘Stood up there before the people in his pew with weeping tears.’—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 702.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f214'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r214'>214</a>. </span>‘He would not feel such a hell again as he did feel.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f215'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r215'>215</a>. </span>Strype, <i>Annals</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 372.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f216'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r216'>216</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f217'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r217'>217</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 705.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f218'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r218'>218</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f219'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r219'>219</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 706.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f220'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r220'>220</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 32.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f221'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r221'>221</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Protestamur quod nolumus alicui statuto edito in derogationem -Romani pontificis consentire.’</span>—Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 746.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f222'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r222'>222</a>. </span>There is a letter of his dated from Hampton Court, <abbr title='twelfth'>12th</abbr> June, 1531.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f223'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r223'>223</a>. </span>Cotton <abbr title='manuscript'>Ms.</abbr>, Vitellius, <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-one'>xxi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 54.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f224'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r224'>224</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Commendatus primoribus civitatis facundia sua.’</span>—Camerarius -<i>Melanchthonis Vita</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 285.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f225'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r225'>225</a>. </span>‘It excludeth them from the office of justifying.’—<i>Homily of Salvation.</i> -Cranmer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 129 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f226'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r226'>226</a>. </span>‘Christ is corporally in heaven and spiritually in his lively members.’—Cranmer, -<i>On the Lord’s Supper</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 33.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f227'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r227'>227</a>. </span>Lutheri <i>Opp.</i> <abbr title='twenty-two'>xxii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1808.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f228'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r228'>228</a>. </span>Cranmer, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 219 (Parker Soc.).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f229'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r229'>229</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hæc erat neptis uxoris Osiandri.’</span>—Godwin, <i>Annales Angl.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 167.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f230'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r230'>230</a>. </span>1 Timothy <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> 3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f231'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r231'>231</a>. </span>Seckendorf, <i>Hist. Lutheranismi</i>, 1532.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f232'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r232'>232</a>. </span>Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 232.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f233'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r233'>233</a>. </span>Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 332.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f234'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r234'>234</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 65.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f235'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r235'>235</a>. </span>‘Thinking that he would be forgetful of me in the meantime.’—Cranmer, -<i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 216.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f236'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r236'>236</a>. </span>‘I found in no town, man, woman, nor child, meat, drink, nor bedding.’—Cranmer, -<i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 223.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f237'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r237'>237</a>. </span>Ibid, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 225.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f238'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r238'>238</a>. </span>Le Grand, <i>Histoire du Divorce</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 229.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f239'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r239'>239</a>. </span><i>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century</i>, <abbr title='tome'>tom.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> -<abbr title='twenty-one'>xxi.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f240'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r240'>240</a>. </span>This is the date given by Hall, <i>Chronicles</i>, <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 209; Holinshed, <i>Chronicles</i>, -<abbr title='three'>iii</abbr>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 629; Strype, <i>Cranmer’s Mem.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 16; Collyers, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 71. Others -hesitate between November and January (1533); Burnet, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 121; -Herbert, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 369; Benger, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 336, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f241'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r241'>241</a>. </span>‘They judge him a man right worthy to be high in favor and authority -with his prince.’—<i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>) <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 391.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f242'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r242'>242</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 66.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f243'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r243'>243</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Aliquid intus.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f244'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r244'>244</a>. </span>‘I am unwilling to be made a bishop.’ ‘I desire you to be a bishop.’—Fuller, -<i>Eccl. Hist.</i> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 184.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f245'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r245'>245</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 66.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f246'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r246'>246</a>. </span>Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 223.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f247'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r247'>247</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f248'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r248'>248</a>. </span>Bossuet makes this remark when speaking of Cranmer’s oath.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire -des Variations</i></span>, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f249'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r249'>249</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quas bullas obtulit tum regi.’</span> Lambeth <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <abbr title='number'>No.</abbr> 1136.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f250'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r250'>250</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Palam et publice et expresse protestor.’</span>—Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 757.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f251'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r251'>251</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quas protestationes in omnibus clausulis et sententiis dictorum juramentorum -repetitas et recitatas volo.’</span>—Wilkins, <i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 757.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f252'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r252'>252</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Eandem sedulam perlegit.’</span>—Lambeth <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <abbr title='number'>No.</abbr> 2106.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f253'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r253'>253</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Qua protestatione per eundem reverendissimum tertio facta.’</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f254'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r254'>254</a>. </span>‘In the presence of so much people as the church could hold.’—Card. -Pole.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f255'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r255'>255</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Il faut marcher rondement en toutes choses.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f256'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r256'>256</a>. </span>Concilium Tridentinum, Sessio prima.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f257'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r257'>257</a>. </span>Resolutions of certain bishops. Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='article'>art.</abbr> 21; -Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 117.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f258'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r258'>258</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Multo, minus scandalosum fuisset, dispensare cum Majestate vestra -super duabus uxoribus.’</span>—Record Office <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f259'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r259'>259</a>. </span>Bossuet, <i>Hist. des Variations</i>, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f260'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r260'>260</a>. </span>‘Compelled to lie in the straw.’—<i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), part -<abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 394.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f261'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r261'>261</a>. </span>‘Utterly resolve to do pleasure to your Highness.’—Benet to Henry -<abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>, <i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 401, 402.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f262'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r262'>262</a>. </span>‘He would it had cost him a joint of his hand.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f263'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r263'>263</a>. </span>‘Your Grace should give no credence thereto, for it is but dissimulation.—Ibid. -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 422.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f264'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r264'>264</a>. </span>Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 246.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f265'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r265'>265</a>. </span>‘The purity of her life, her constant virginity.’—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 64; see, also, Wyatt, <i>Memoirs of Anne Boleyn</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 437.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f266'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r266'>266</a>. </span>Henry’s instructions to the Earl of Rochford are written in French, -probably that they might be shown to Francis.—<i>State papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> -429-431.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f267'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r267'>267</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 421. A note mentions that the document cannot -be found. It is evidently the brief given by Le Grand, <i>Preuves du Divorce</i>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 558.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f268'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r268'>268</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Te et ipsam Annam, excommunicationis pœna, innodatos declaramus.’</span>—Le -Grand, <i>Preuves</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 567.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f269'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r269'>269</a>. </span>‘Granted by the pope at the suits of the imperials.’—<i>State Papers</i>, -<abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 454.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f270'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r270'>270</a>. </span>‘He can hardly believe it to be true rather than to be counterfeited.’—Ibid. -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 421.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f271'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r271'>271</a>. </span>‘In derogation both of justice and the affection lately shown by his -Holiness unto us.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f272'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r272'>272</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f273'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r273'>273</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 454.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f274'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r274'>274</a>. </span>Statute against appeals, 24 Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr> cap. 12; Collyers, <i>Ch. History</i>, -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f275'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r275'>275</a>. </span>Wilkins, <i>Concilia Mag. Britanniæ</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 756-759. Rymer, Fœdera, -<abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 179.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f276'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r276'>276</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 390.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f277'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r277'>277</a>. </span>‘Your sufferance and grants.’—<i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 390.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f278'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r278'>278</a>. </span>The two letters are in the State Paper Office; they are in Cranmer’s -handwriting, and appear to have been read, both of them, by the king. -Our hypothesis touching these letters differs from that of Mr. Froude -(<i>Hist. England</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 440). <i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 390, 391.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f279'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r279'>279</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Vere et manifeste contumacem.’</span>—<i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>) <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -394.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f280'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r280'>280</a>. </span>‘My lord of Canterbury handleth himself very uprightly.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -395.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f281'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r281'>281</a>. </span>‘A great bruit and voice of the people.’—Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 342.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f282'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r282'>282</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non licere in eodem prætenso matrimonio remanere.’</span>—Wilkins, -<i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 759; Rymer, <i>Fœdera</i>, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 182.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f283'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r283'>283</a>. </span>Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f284'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r284'>284</a>. </span>Mr. Froude says that Anne went to the Tower on the <abbr title='nineteenth'>19th</abbr> of May, and -that she quitted it for Westminster on the <abbr title='thirty-first'>31st</abbr>, so that she resided there -for eleven days (<i>History of England</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 450, 451). That appears hardly -probable, and is in contradiction to Cranmer’s narrative, where we read: -‘Her grace came to the Tower on Thursday at night.... Friday all -day the king and queen tarried there.... The next day, which was -Saturday, the knights rid before the queen’s grace towards Westminster.’—<i>Letters</i>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f285'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r285'>285</a>. </span>‘Lambert delivered ... by the coming of Queen Anne.’—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 225.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f286'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r286'>286</a>. </span>‘To the clear alienation of a great part of Christendom from that -see.’—<i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 477.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f287'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r287'>287</a>. </span>‘That the matrimony was and is naught.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 498.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f288'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r288'>288</a>. </span>‘Serving for the common utility.’—Tyndale to Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -74.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f289'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r289'>289</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 10.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f290'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r290'>290</a>. </span>Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 421.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f291'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r291'>291</a>. </span>‘He would never seem to strive against the papists.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f292'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r292'>292</a>. </span>Fryth, <i>A Declaration of Baptism</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 287.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f293'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r293'>293</a>. </span>See Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 91. Preface to the Reader.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f294'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r294'>294</a>. </span>Anderson, <i>Annals of the Bible</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 338.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f295'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r295'>295</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 5.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f296'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r296'>296</a>. </span>Earl of Derby’s Translation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f297'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r297'>297</a>. </span>He added: ‘Now have I experience of the faith which is in you.’—Tyndale -and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 257.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f298'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r298'>298</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 324.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f299'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r299'>299</a>. </span>Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 321.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f300'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r300'>300</a>. </span><i>Confutation of Tyndale’s Answer</i>, by Sir Thomas More, lord-chancellor -of England (1532).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f301'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r301'>301</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 133.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f302'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r302'>302</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f303'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r303'>303</a>. </span>Strype. <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 316.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f304'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r304'>304</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 6.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f305'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r305'>305</a>. </span>Preface to More’s Confutation, <i>Bible Ann.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 343.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f306'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r306'>306</a>. </span>‘He was so loaded with iron that he could scarce sit with any ease.’—Burnet, -<abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 161.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f307'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r307'>307</a>. </span>Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 342.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f308'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r308'>308</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 338.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f309'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r309'>309</a>. </span>The Subsidy or Bulwark; Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 242.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f310'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r310'>310</a>. </span>‘I am in continual fear, lest the lieutenant or my keeper should espy -any such thing by me.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f311'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r311'>311</a>. </span>‘If any notable thing had been in my mind, it was clean lost.’—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f312'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r312'>312</a>. </span>The Subsidy or Bulwark; Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 241.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f313'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r313'>313</a>. </span>The Subsidy or Bulwark; Tyndale and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 211.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f314'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r314'>314</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 259.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f315'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r315'>315</a>. </span>Strype.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f316'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r316'>316</a>. </span>Tyndale and Fryth; <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 288.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f317'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r317'>317</a>. </span>Cranmer’s <i>Letters and Remains</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 246.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f318'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r318'>318</a>. </span>Tyndale to Fryth: Foxe, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 132; Anderson, <i>Annals of Bible</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -357.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f319'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r319'>319</a>. </span>‘For there should be no concourse of citizens.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -696.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f320'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r320'>320</a>. </span>The narrative from which we learn these particulars is given in the -eighth volume of Foxe’s <i>Acts</i>, and seems to have been written by the gentleman -himself. The circumstance that it is drawn up so as to compromise -neither himself nor Cranmer is of itself a confirmation.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f321'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r321'>321</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 696.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f322'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r322'>322</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> Appendix.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f323'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r323'>323</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f324'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r324'>324</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Mit den Zähnen zu bissen.’</span>—Plank. <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 369.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f325'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r325'>325</a>. </span>‘And surely I myself sent for him three or four times to persuade -him.’—Cranmer, <i>Remains</i>, <i>Letters</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 246.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f326'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r326'>326</a>. </span>‘There was no man willing to answer him in open disputation.’—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 699.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f327'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r327'>327</a>. </span>Bishop Hooper, <i>Early Writings</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f328'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r328'>328</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ego Frythus ita sentio, ita dixi, scripsi, affirmavi, &c.’</span>—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, -<abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 14.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f329'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r329'>329</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 15.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f330'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r330'>330</a>. </span>‘All the Germans, both of Luther’s side and also of Œcolampadius.’—Tyndale -and Fryth, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 455.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f331'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r331'>331</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 18.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f332'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r332'>332</a>. </span>Becon, <i>Works</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f333'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r333'>333</a>. </span>Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 10.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f334'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r334'>334</a>. </span>Becon, <i>Jewel of Joy</i> (Parker Soc.), <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 420.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f335'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r335'>335</a>. </span>‘She gave me a look as to that she should marvell thereof.’—<i>State -Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 451.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f336'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r336'>336</a>. </span>‘Setting forward to ride out a hunting.’—<i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 451.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f337'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r337'>337</a>. </span>‘Taking me aside, showed unto me secretly.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 457.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f338'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r338'>338</a>. </span>‘So sore for him to stand still and do nothing.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 469.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f339'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r339'>339</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 496.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f340'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r340'>340</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 501.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f341'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r341'>341</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sed tantum annuit capite.’</span>—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 502.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f342'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r342'>342</a>. </span>This official document is given in the <i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 407. An examination -of the manuscript in the Harleian collection, shows that the <i>s</i> -was added afterwards in the two following passages: ‘bringing forth of a -prince<i>s</i>’ and ‘preservation of the said prince<i>s</i>.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f343'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r343'>343</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Hist. du Divorce</i></span>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 269.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f344'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r344'>344</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 587.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f345'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r345'>345</a>. </span>‘Making a plairemouth with his lip.’—Foxe, <i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 152.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f346'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r346'>346</a>. </span>Cranmer’s <i>Memorials</i>, Appendix, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 8.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f347'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r347'>347</a>. </span>‘The pope whose sight is incredulous quick, eyed me.’—Burnet, -<i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 38.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f348'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r348'>348</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 51.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f349'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r349'>349</a>. </span>‘His Holiness, delivering it to the datarie, commanded him to read -it.’—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 23.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f350'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r350'>350</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 37-46; Rymer, <i>Acta</i>, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> pars <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 188.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f351'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r351'>351</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Legitimo defensionis clypeo protegere.’</span>—Rymer, <i>Acta</i>, <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> pars <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 188.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f352'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r352'>352</a>. </span>‘He fell in a marvellous great choler and rage.’—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 54.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f353'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r353'>353</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f354'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r354'>354</a>. </span>‘Wherein the pope snarling.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 42.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f355'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r355'>355</a>. </span>‘The French king making very low <i>curtisie</i>, putting off his bonnet -and keeping it off.’—Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 42.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f356'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r356'>356</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Questi signori Inglesi sono stati quà per intimare certi provocationi -et appellationi. . . . e di fare altre cose.’</span>—Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f357'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r357'>357</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire du Divorce</i></span>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 268.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f358'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r358'>358</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 42.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f359'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r359'>359</a>. </span>Ibid, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 130.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f360'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r360'>360</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Immitis et crudelis pastor.’</span>—Rymer, <i>Acta</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 188.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f361'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r361'>361</a>. </span>Cranmer’s appeal was not written till later, except there be some error -in the date. Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 24.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f362'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r362'>362</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hæc omnia a pontifice cum rege amotis arbitris tractata.’</span>—<i>State -Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 222.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f363'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r363'>363</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘De summa animorum conjunctione.’</span>—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 523.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f364'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r364'>364</a>. </span>Strype, <i>Eccles. Mem.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 22.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f365'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r365'>365</a>. </span>Strype, <i>Eccles. Mem.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 226 (Oxf. 1822).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f366'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r366'>366</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i> (Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr>), <abbr title='tome'>t.</abbr> <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 526.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f367'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r367'>367</a>. </span>Burnet, <i>Records</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 69.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f368'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r368'>368</a>. </span><i>State Papers</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='seven'>vii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 526.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f369'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r369'>369</a>. </span>Le Grand, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Preuves</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 591.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f370'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r370'>370</a>. </span>‘He eloquently declared our king’s message.’—Lord Herbert, <i>Life of -Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr></i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 396, <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f371'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r371'>371</a>. </span>‘That the emperor would be the executor.’—Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 553.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f372'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r372'>372</a>. </span>For Cromwell’s early history, see the <i>History of the Reformation</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> -<abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='fourteen'>xiv.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f373'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r373'>373</a>. </span>Lord Cromwell to Parker.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f374'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r374'>374</a>. </span>‘Not fit for any of the Peers to appear and answer at the bar of the -House of Commons.’—Collyers, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 83.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f375'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r375'>375</a>. </span>Collyers, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 84.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f376'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r376'>376</a>. </span>‘Neither the king, his successor, nor his subjects to apply to the see of -Rome.’—Collyers, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 84.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f377'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r377'>377</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f378'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r378'>378</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Solum Romanum episcopum et fratrem, ut primis episcopis mos erat.’</span>—Wilkins, -<i>Concilia</i>, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 782.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f379'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r379'>379</a>. </span>Herbert, <i>Life of Henry <abbr title='the eighth'>VIII.</abbr></i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 396. Burnet, <i>Hist. Ref.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 131.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f380'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r380'>380</a>. </span>‘What could not be done in less than three consistories, was now -despatched in one.’—<i>Herbert</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 397.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f381'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r381'>381</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Christi nomine invocato, in throno justitiæ pro tribunali sedentes.’</span>—Foxe, -<i>Acts</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 657.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f382'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r382'>382</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Une bonne chose et une bonne loi.’</span> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès inquisitionnel de -Lyon (Archives de Berne)</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 200-202.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f383'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r383'>383</a>. </span>About 1836.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f384'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r384'>384</a>. </span>Registre du Conseil, <i>ad locum</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f385'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r385'>385</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Et illic en faire à son plaisir.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f386'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r386'>386</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Ni tirer ni nager’</span> (neither pull nor steer), alluding to the peculiar -mode of rowing employed on the lake.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f387'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r387'>387</a>. </span>Berne <abbr title='manuscript'>MSS.</abbr>, <i>Hist. Helvet.</i> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 125.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f388'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r388'>388</a>. </span>‘About eight years ago,’ says an authority of 1534 (<abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès -inquisitionel de Lyon</span>). The reading of the <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> is <i>Toquer</i>, which is probably -not the correct spelling of the German name.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f389'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r389'>389</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Ou du moins était-ce comme rien.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f390'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r390'>390</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Soit en dînant, soit en soupant.’</span>—<i>MS. de Lyon.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f391'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r391'>391</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 294-297.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f392'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r392'>392</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Les mettent en train.’</span>—<abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 185.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f393'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r393'>393</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Sœur Jeanne. <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 68.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f394'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r394'>394</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 10, 11, 12 Juillet. Froment, <i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 62, 63. Roset <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f395'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r395'>395</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Fort échauffé pour sa propre personne, plus que froid pour l’église.’—Registre -du Conseil du 13 Juillet; Froment, <i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 63, -Berne <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f396'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r396'>396</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 13 Juillet 1533.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f397'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r397'>397</a>. </span>Le Curé Besson: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Mémoires pour l’Histoire Ecclésiastique du Diocèse de -Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f398'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r398'>398</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f399'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r399'>399</a>. </span>Roset <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f400'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r400'>400</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 62, 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f401'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r401'>401</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Curé Besson, <i>Mémoires pour l’Histoire Ecclésiastique du Diocèse de -Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f402'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r402'>402</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Briève Relation de la Révolte de la Ville de Genève.</span> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> in the -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Archives Générales du Royaume d’Italie</span>, paquet 14.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f403'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r403'>403</a>. </span>Letter to Lord Townsend, by the Secretary of State Chouet. Berne -MSS. <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> 57.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f404'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r404'>404</a>. </span>It was also on the <abbr title='fourteenth'>14th</abbr> of July, two centuries and a half later (1789), -that the reign of the feudal system came to an end.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f405'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r405'>405</a>. </span>‘I care no more for him than for Baume,’ that is, <i>not at all</i>. This -expression owes its origin to the name of La Baume, last bishop of -Geneva. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Glossaires Genevois</i></span> de Gaudy et de J. Humbert.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f406'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r406'>406</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 6, 7, 8, 12, 17, Août et 4 Septembre 1533.</span>—Froment, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 60. Roset <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='sixteen'>xvi.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f407'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r407'>407</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘La main me fourmille que je n’agisse contre les traîtres!’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f408'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r408'>408</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Nullement délicate ni mignarde.’</span>—Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 68. -Registre du Conseil du 12 Octobre 1535.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f409'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r409'>409</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘A la façon des provins.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f410'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r410'>410</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Religio licita.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f411'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r411'>411</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 66.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f412'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r412'>412</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Fort envenimés contre les deux réformateurs.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f413'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r413'>413</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Ne voulant pas moins que la <i>jacture</i> de leur vie.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f414'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r414'>414</a>. </span>Froment, <i>Gestes</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 66.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f415'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r415'>415</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Neminem clam, palam, occulte vel publice sacram paginam, sacrum -Evangelium exponere aut alias quomodocumque dicere.’</span>—Gaberel, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres -patentes de l’Evêque. Pièces justificatives</i></span>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 42.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f416'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r416'>416</a>. </span>The Hidden Truth. The Brotherhood of the Holy Ghost. The Manner -of Baptism. The Supper of Jesus Christ. The Tradesmen’s Book.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f417'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r417'>417</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 6 et 7.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f418'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r418'>418</a>. </span>Berne <abbr title='manuscript'>MSS.</abbr> <i>Hist. Helv.</i> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f419'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r419'>419</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Il était enflambé.’</span>—Froment, <i>Gestes</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f420'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r420'>420</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Velut alter Atlas qui instanti causæ catholicæ succollaret.’</span>—<i>Geneva -Restituta</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f421'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r421'>421</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 66-68. La Sœur Jeanne, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Levain du -Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 70.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f422'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r422'>422</a>. </span>See the documents attached to the trial, in the Registres du Conseil -du 27 Janvier 1534.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f423'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r423'>423</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Prêchant à des compagnies induisant de toute sa possibilité, &c.’</span>—<abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 29.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f424'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r424'>424</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 37.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f425'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r425'>425</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 69-71. Gautier <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f426'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r426'>426</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Les femmes comme enragées . . . de grande furie, lui jetant -force pierres.’</span>—Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes merveilleux de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 71-74. Sœur -Jeanne, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 70. Gautier <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f427'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r427'>427</a>. </span>Registre du Conseil du 2 Décembre 1533.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f428'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r428'>428</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles et tumultes advenus à Genève, -avec la disputation faite l’an 1534.</i></span> This pamphlet is dated April 1, 1534, -and is from the pen of Farel, though the printer describes it as being -by a notary of Geneva.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f429'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r429'>429</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles et tumultes advenus à Genève, -avec la disputation faite l’an 1534</i>, avant-propos.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f430'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r430'>430</a>. </span>Thiers on the Insurrection in Spain.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f431'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r431'>431</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. Archives de Berne,</span> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 38, -198, 229, 285.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f432'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r432'>432</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 22 Décembre 1533. Froment, <i>Gestes merveilleux -de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 78. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 71. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres -certaines d’aucuns grands troubles</i></span>, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f433'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r433'>433</a>. </span>Recent investigations indicate that this house was situated in the Rue -basse du Marché, in front of the Terraillet.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f434'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r434'>434</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Les méchants se bâtissent des triomphes en l’air, et tous ces bruits ne -sont finalement que fumée.’—<i>Lettres certaines.</i></span> Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, -p. 79. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 73.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f435'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r435'>435</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 79. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du procès inquisitionnel de -Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 226.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f436'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r436'>436</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘De vie d’hommes, n’avait été fait si bel office.’ Registre du Conseil -des 23 et 24 Décembre et du 27 Janvier, 1534.—La Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain -du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 74.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f437'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r437'>437</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 27 et 28 Décembre.</span>—Gautier MSC.—Ruchat, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f438'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r438'>438</a>. </span>MSC. de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> xvii.—Registre du 1 Janvier, 1534.—Spon. -<abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 50.—Ruchat, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 244.—Roset and Farel, both contemporaries, and -in a position to know the truth, report the fact that the Holy Scriptures -were to be <i>burnt</i>. The minutes of the council do not mention it; but the -secretary occasionally toned down what seemed too strong for a council -the majority of which was at that time catholic.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f439'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r439'>439</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Prendre ses mitaines</i></span>, a figurative expression for <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>prendre ses mesures</i>.—<i>Lettres -certaines</i></span>, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f440'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r440'>440</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Actes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f441'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r441'>441</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f442'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r442'>442</a>. </span>Farellus, Fromentius, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Viretus intra privatos parietes in prædicando -Dei verbo</span>. <i>Geneva restituta</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 65.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f443'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r443'>443</a>. </span>MSC. de Roset, <i>Chron.</i>, lib. <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> xviii.—Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 80, 81.—Registre du Conseil du 5 Janvier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f444'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r444'>444</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 7 et 8 Janvier, 1534.—Froment, <i>Gestes de -Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 80, 81.—Ruchat, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f445'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r445'>445</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 10, 11, 12 Janvier, 1534.</span>—Ruchat, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 251, -252.—MSC. de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f446'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r446'>446</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 25 et 26 Janvier, 1534.</span>—MSC. de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='eighteen'>xviii.</abbr> etc.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f447'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r447'>447</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 27 Janvier, 1534.—<i>Lettres certaines d’aucuns -grands troubles.</i></span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f448'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r448'>448</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Furbito homine sinuoso, cui firma latera, frons ferrea.</span>—<i>Geneva restituta</i>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 68.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f449'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r449'>449</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Pictæ tectoria linguæ.</span>—<i>Persius.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f450'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r450'>450</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Farello pro veritate strenue stante, etc.</span>—<i>Geneva restituta.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f451'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r451'>451</a>. </span>Deuteronomy <abbr title='seventeen'>xvii.</abbr> 8-10.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f452'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r452'>452</a>. </span>Deuteronomy <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f453'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r453'>453</a>. </span>Farel indicated the passages taken from the following chapters: Hebrews -<abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> to <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr>; Romans <abbr title='fourteen'>xiv.</abbr>; Matthew <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr>; Luke <abbr title='twenty-four'>xxiv.</abbr>; John <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='eight'>viii.</abbr> -<abbr title='twelve'>xii.</abbr> <abbr title='fourteen'>xiv.</abbr>; Romans <abbr title='fifteen'>xv.</abbr>; Galatians <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr>; Deuteronomy <abbr title='eighteen'>xviii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f454'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r454'>454</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines</i></span>, &c., by Farel.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f455'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r455'>455</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Au lieu de porter la Parole de Dieu, portent la bourse.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f456'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r456'>456</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines.</i></span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f457'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r457'>457</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">MSC. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f458'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r458'>458</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 81.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f459'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r459'>459</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines d’aucuns grands troubles</i></span>, &c. This work, which is -dated Geneva, <abbr title='first'>1st</abbr> April 1534, and consequently appeared two months -after the discussion, is the principal source whence we have taken our -account of these discussions.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f460'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r460'>460</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 86.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f461'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r461'>461</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f462'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r462'>462</a>. </span>Ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f463'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r463'>463</a>. </span>Farel shall depart, Viret shall veer (go away); Froment (corn) shall -be ground in the mill; God will help us, and the devil shall run away -with them all. Froment’s <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 84-86.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f464'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r464'>464</a>. </span>Crespin, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Actes des Martyrs</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 114.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f465'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r465'>465</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MSC.</abbr> de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-one'>xxi.</abbr>—<abbr title='manuscript'>MSC.</abbr> de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f466'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r466'>466</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 8 et 10 Février, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f467'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r467'>467</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines</i></span>, 1534.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f468'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r468'>468</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 245.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Chron. msc.</i> de Roset.—<i>Hist. -msc.</i> de Gauthier.—Registre du Conseil.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f469'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r469'>469</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 3 Février, 1534.</span>—MSC. de Roset, <i>Chron.</i> -<abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr>, <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='nineteen'>xix.</abbr>—MSC. de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f470'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r470'>470</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 3 Février, 1534.</span> Spon. <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 516. Ruchat, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 276. Balvignac, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Mèm. d’Archeologie</i></span>, <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 101-102.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f471'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r471'>471</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 3 et 8 Février, 1534.</span> Ruchat, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 277. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Mém. -de Gautier.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f472'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r472'>472</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Quand se virent l’un l’autre, ne se purent tenir de pleurer.’</span>—La -Sœur Jeanne, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Levain du Calvinisme</i>.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f473'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r473'>473</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 82-83.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f474'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r474'>474</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 32.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f475'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r475'>475</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 8 et 10 Février, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f476'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r476'>476</a>. </span>1 Timothy <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> 3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f477'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r477'>477</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres certaines</i>, &c. Registre du Conseil des 11, 12, 13, 15 Février, -1534. Froment, <i>Gestes</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 87.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f478'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r478'>478</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Vagans et vacillans, sententiæ satisfacere neglexit.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du -Conseil du 15 Février, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f479'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r479'>479</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nugis solitus plebis aures suspendere satageret.’—<i>Geneva restituta</i></span>, -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 6-9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f480'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r480'>480</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Impostor suggestu deturbatus.’—<i>Geneva restituta</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 6-9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f481'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r481'>481</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 15, 16, 20 Février. Froment, <i>Gestes de Genève</i>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 88. La Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 78.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f482'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r482'>482</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 15 et 16 Février, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f483'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r483'>483</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 331.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f484'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r484'>484</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 331-332.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f485'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r485'>485</a>. </span>The word <i>Gebenna</i> occurs frequently in ancient documents.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f486'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r486'>486</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Nous ne voulons plaire, nous, ni à Monsieur ni à Madame.’</span>—Froment, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 83-84.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f487'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r487'>487</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 231, 232, 236.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f488'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r488'>488</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 233, 234.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f489'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r489'>489</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 235, 236.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f490'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r490'>490</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Jurisdictionem habet universalem in toto mundo papa, nedum in spiritualibus -sed temporalibus.’</span>—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>De planctu ecclesiæ</i></span>, <abbr title='book'>lib.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> cap. <abbr title='thirteen'>xiii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f491'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r491'>491</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Papa vice Dei, est omnium regnorum provisor.’</span>—Aug. Triumphus, -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Summa de potestate ecclesiasticâ</i></span>, Qu. xlvi. <abbr title='article'>art.</abbr> 3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f492'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r492'>492</a>. </span>Revelation <abbr title='thirteen'>xiii.</abbr>-<abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f493'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r493'>493</a>. </span>Froment, an eye-witness, says (<i>Gestes de Genève</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 82) that Farel -preached ‘in the grand auditory of the convent of Rive, without entering -the church.’ Father Courtelier, in his evidence at Lyons (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Procès inquisitionnel</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 322), says that Farel preached ‘in the same church and pulpit as -himself.’ But Froment’s evidence is corroborated by the Register of the -Council of Geneva, which says, that the meeting was held in the cloister or -auditory. Courtelier, no doubt only meant to say that Farel preached in -the same edifice as himself, without strictly designating the place.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f494'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r494'>494</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 323.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f495'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r495'>495</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sane me, tam vehementer conturbarunt tua illa fulgura.’</span>—Calvini -<i>Epp.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f496'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r496'>496</a>. </span>Ancillon, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Vie de Farel</i></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f497'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r497'>497</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Savourer la grâce ... avalée sans la goûter.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f498'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r498'>498</a>. </span><abbr class='spell'>M.</abbr> Archinard: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Edifices religieux de l’ancienne Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 108.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f499'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r499'>499</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 226-227.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f500'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r500'>500</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 6 Mars, 1534.</span> Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 91. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f501'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r501'>501</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 199, 200, 204.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f502'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r502'>502</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 10 Mars, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f503'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r503'>503</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">de Gautier. Registre du Conseil du 18 Mars, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f504'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r504'>504</a>. </span>She dated her letter, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>De Genève, trois semaines avant Pâques</i></span>, and -signed it: <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>La toute votre femme chérie, Baudichone</i>.</span>—<abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 23-24.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f505'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r505'>505</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 11-12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f506'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r506'>506</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Puisse à Dieu seulement que le pauvre prisonnier pousse outre et déclare -sans crainte ce qui doit être dit du bon Sauveur.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Lettre aux fidèles -de Paris. (MS. du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon.)</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f507'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r507'>507</a>. </span>Geneva, April 25, 1534. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f508'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r508'>508</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 147.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f509'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r509'>509</a>. </span>All those particulars, as well as those which follow, are taken literally -from the depositions of the witnesses, made on oath, before the court of -Lyons, and are to be found in pages 132-147 of the official manuscript.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f510'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r510'>510</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon, déposition de Pécoud</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 159-163.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f511'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r511'>511</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 209, 211, 217, 218.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f512'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r512'>512</a>. </span><abbr title='Volume'>Vol.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 576.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f513'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r513'>513</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>. There are three depositions -with regard to these facts: those of Barbier the priest, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 267-270; of -the furrier Simon de Montverban, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 274-278; and of friar Lyonnel, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> -305-312.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f514'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r514'>514</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 282-285.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f515'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r515'>515</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 298-300, 413-414.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f516'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r516'>516</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 241.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f517'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r517'>517</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Iceluy fut épié et recommandé.’</span>—Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 241.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f518'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r518'>518</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 424.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f519'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r519'>519</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f520'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r520'>520</a>. </span>All the procès-verbaux or minutes have his signature, with a curious -flourish (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>parafe</i></span>) exactly alike on each.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f521'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r521'>521</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 5-6.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f522'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r522'>522</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Panam et vinum in cœna esse verum corpus et sanguinem Christi.’</span> -<i>Ant. Smalcad. Catech. major</i>, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f523'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r523'>523</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Intelligimus spiritualem, supernaturalem, cœlestem modum.’</span>—<i>Formula -Concordiæ</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f524'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r524'>524</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 6-9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f525'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r525'>525</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Embastonné et muni d’un allécret.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">MS. du Procès inquisitionnel.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f526'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r526'>526</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 34-41.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f527'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r527'>527</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 46.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f528'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r528'>528</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Le donnaient au diable.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">MS. du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 87-88.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f529'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r529'>529</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Fort dolosés.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">MS. du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 52, 53.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f530'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r530'>530</a>. </span>Henri Guyot, Benoît Rochefort, Pierre Manicier, and Simon Penet. -MS. du Procès inquisitionnel.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f531'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r531'>531</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 47-50.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f532'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r532'>532</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 59-61.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f533'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r533'>533</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 62-65.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f534'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r534'>534</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 66, 67.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f535'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r535'>535</a>. </span>Calvin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f536'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r536'>536</a>. </span>Thomas Javellot and Loys de la Croix. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 72.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f537'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r537'>537</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 69-76.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f538'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r538'>538</a>. </span><abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> John <abbr title='six'>vi.</abbr> 63.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f539'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r539'>539</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 91-94.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f540'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r540'>540</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 95-96.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f541'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r541'>541</a>. </span>Said by Napoleon <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to a deputation from the Consistory of Geneva.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f542'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r542'>542</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Les luthériens crêveraient par le milieu ... la ville s’abymerait.’</span>—Froment, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 92, 93.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f543'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r543'>543</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 15 Mai, 1534. Froment, <i>Gestes de Genève</i>.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f544'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r544'>544</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 4, 11, 13, 30 Avril; 5, 14, 15, 17, 24, 26 Mai, -and 12 Juin. Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 89. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Berne, -<i>Hist. Helv.</i>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> 12. Froment, <i>Gestes de Genève</i>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 119, 120.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f545'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r545'>545</a>. </span>Farel’s words. See <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 242 of the volume recently published in commemoration -of the tercentenary of his death (<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Du vrai usage de la croix de -Jesus-Christ</i></span>, Neuchatel, 1865).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f546'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r546'>546</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Du vrai usage</i></span>, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f547'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r547'>547</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Gebennis hac Pentacoste cum innumeri cœnam peragerent dominicam.’</span>—Haller -to Bullinger, <abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> June, 1534. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> Arch. Eccl. Tigur.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f548'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r548'>548</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Veterem hominem exuens et se Evangelii captivum exhibens.’</span>—Haller, -ibid.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f549'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r549'>549</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Est in miraculum.’</span>—Haller to Bullinger, <abbr title='fourth'>4th</abbr> June, 1534. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> -Eccl. Tigur.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f550'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r550'>550</a>. </span>The Spanish cape was a cloak with a hood, in common use at that -time.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 89.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f551'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r551'>551</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 29 Juin</span>, 1535. Crespin, <i>Martyrologue</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 114.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f552'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r552'>552</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 31 Mai et 2 Juin, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f553'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r553'>553</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Gaigner quelqu’un à la Parolle.’—Froment, <i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 127.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f554'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r554'>554</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 126, 127.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f555'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r555'>555</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. Déposition Desvaux</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 99, -100; <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition Delay</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 112, 113.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f556'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r556'>556</a>. </span>1 <abbr title='Saint'>St.</abbr> Peter <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f557'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r557'>557</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel de Lyon. Déposition Desvaux</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 100-103; -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition Delay</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 114, 115, 124.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f558'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r558'>558</a>. </span>Ibid. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition Desvaux</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 104, 105; <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition Delay</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 116, -117.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f559'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r559'>559</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel. Déposition Desvaux</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 106, 107; -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition Delay</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 118, 119.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f560'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r560'>560</a>. </span>Ibid. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition Galla</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 148-151; <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition de Gynieux dit Nego</span>, -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 154-156.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f561'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r561'>561</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 121.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f562'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r562'>562</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 124.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f563'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r563'>563</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel. Déposition de Billet</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 127-129; -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition de Mochon</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 130, 131.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f564'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r564'>564</a>. </span>Ibid. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition de Joffrillet</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 136, 137.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f565'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r565'>565</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Recors de tels propos et paroles.’—MS. du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> -138-140; <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition de Manicier</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 144.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f566'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r566'>566</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 241.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f567'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r567'>567</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>. The inn of La Grue was, it would seem, -the projecting corner house on the left as you go from the Rhone, before -reaching the museum.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f568'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r568'>568</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 184-196.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f569'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r569'>569</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 197, 198.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f570'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r570'>570</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 198-200.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f571'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r571'>571</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil du 10 Juin, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f572'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r572'>572</a>. </span>Maisonneuve compared the host to a slice of turnip—one of the commonest -of things.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">MS. du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 162.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f573'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r573'>573</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 189-191.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f574'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r574'>574</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 222-238.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f575'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r575'>575</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 246.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f576'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r576'>576</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 247-250.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f577'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r577'>577</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 251-259.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f578'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r578'>578</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 260-262.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f579'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r579'>579</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 303, 304.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f580'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r580'>580</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 324-327.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f581'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r581'>581</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 335-338.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f582'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r582'>582</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 345-349.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f583'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r583'>583</a>. </span> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 338.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f584'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r584'>584</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 10 et 23 Juin et 7 Juillet, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f585'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r585'>585</a>. </span>Friday, <abbr title='seventeenth'>17th</abbr> July, 1534.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f586'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r586'>586</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 339-343.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f587'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r587'>587</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 350-354.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f588'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r588'>588</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hæreticæ pravitates et hæreticorum maximum defensorem et factorem.’</span>—The -sentence is in Latin in the <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">du Procès inquisitionnel</span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> -431-435.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f589'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r589'>589</a>. </span>See the letter of Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to the Council of Geneva in the archives of -that city.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f590'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r590'>590</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 242.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f591'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r591'>591</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 2 Juin, 1534.—La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du -Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 89, 90.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f592'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r592'>592</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 127-129; <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f593'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r593'>593</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 8 Juin, 1534.—MS. de Gautier; La sœur -Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 88.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f594'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r594'>594</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 20 et 24 Juillet, 1534.—MS. de Gautier.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f595'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r595'>595</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Aliis unguentis.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil du 24 Juillet, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f596'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r596'>596</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 30 Juin et 24 Juillet, 1534.—MS. de Gautier.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f597'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r597'>597</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 23 Juin et 7 Juillet, 1534.—Froment, <i>Gestes de -Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 123; Ruchat, <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 334.—MS. de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f598'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r598'>598</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 24, 26 Juin, 17, 26, 27, 28 Juillet, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f599'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r599'>599</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 94.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f600'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r600'>600</a>. </span><i>Chron.</i> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> xxvii.—MS. de Gautier.—Froment, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 123, 124.—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Procès aux Archives.—Gaberel, Pièces -Justificatives.—Papiers Galiffe, communiqués par M. A. Roget</span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> 115.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f601'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r601'>601</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Chron.</i> de Roset.—Registre du Conseil des 17, 28, 31 Juillet, 1534.</span>—Ruchat, -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 325.—Vulliemin, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire de la Suisse</i></span>, <abbr title='eleven'>xi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 89.—Froment, -<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 123-125.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f602'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r602'>602</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 123.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f603'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r603'>603</a>. </span>Our account of the manner in which the plot was discovered is founded -on the testimony of many witnesses. Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -125; Roset (<i>Chron.</i> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> xxvii.), and the minutes or Register of -the Council which were drawn up by Roset’s father. Other versions, differing -from this narrative, do not appear to us to repose upon such solid -foundations.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f604'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r604'>604</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 31 Juillet, 1534.</span>—<i>Chron.</i> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Roset.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f605'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r605'>605</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Faciemus hic gentem novam.’</span>—<i>Geneva restituta</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 73. ‘We will -make a new people here.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f606'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r606'>606</a>. </span>Registre du Conseil <i>in loco</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f607'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r607'>607</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 25 Janvier, 1537</span>. It was not until then that -D’Arlod related to the Council of Two Hundred what had happened to -him three years before. <i>Chron.</i> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-seven'>xxvii.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f608'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r608'>608</a>. </span>The soldiers played upon the word <i>dragée</i>—which means small-shot as -well as sweetmeats.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f609'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r609'>609</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Déposition de Jacques Maguin. Papiers Galiffe.</span> A. Roget, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 116.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f610'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r610'>610</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 125. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 31 Juillet,</span> -1534. <i>Chron.</i> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Roset.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f611'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r611'>611</a>. </span>Michel Roset, <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 123-125. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre -du Conseil du 7 Août, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f612'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r612'>612</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 92. Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 126. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f613'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r613'>613</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du 30 Septembre, 1534</span>. The ruins of the castle of Peney were -still to be seen a few years ago near Satigny, between the Lyons and Geneva -railway and the Rhone.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f614'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r614'>614</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil des 4, 12, 13 Août, 4 Septembre, 1534: 27 Janvier, -1535.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f615'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r615'>615</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 92-94.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f616'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r616'>616</a>. </span>Narrative of Pescara and Freundsberg. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire de la Suisse</i></span>, by -Jean de Muller, continued by MM. Gloutz-Blotzheim, <abbr class='spell'>J. J.</abbr> Hottinger, -Monnard, and <abbr class='spell'>L.</abbr> Vulliemin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f617'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r617'>617</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> chronicles of the Diesbach family at Berne.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f618'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r618'>618</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil de Genève</span>, 17 September, 1534.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f619'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r619'>619</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘<i>Faire et perfaire le procès des hérétiques.</i>’</span>—Letter to the Bishop of -Paris.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f620'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r620'>620</a>. </span>Near the Pré l’Évêque.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f621'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r621'>621</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil</span> <i>ad diem</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f622'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r622'>622</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Actes et Gestes Merveilleux de la Cité de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 174, 175.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f623'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r623'>623</a>. </span>Council Registers under the dates mentioned.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f624'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r624'>624</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 14 Septembre, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f625'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r625'>625</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Deo dante illorum relaxationem obtinuerunt.’</span> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registres du Conseil -du 14 Septembre, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f626'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r626'>626</a>. </span>Note by Flournois on the corresponding passage of the Council Registers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f627'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r627'>627</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 244.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f628'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r628'>628</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 17 Septembre, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f629'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r629'>629</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In domo turris Perse.’</span> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 17 Septembre, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f630'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r630'>630</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">’Illos debere magnificis Dominis Bernatibus præsentari.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f631'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r631'>631</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Dicti Baudichon et Collonier optant potius in hac civitate expectare, -quod alibi.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f632'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r632'>632</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Petunt cautionem de repræsentando eosdem.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f633'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r633'>633</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Super quo factum remersiationibus.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f634'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r634'>634</a>. </span>Bonnet, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres Françaises de Calvin</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 575.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f635'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r635'>635</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 244.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f636'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r636'>636</a>. </span>Archives of Geneva, <abbr title='number'>No.</abbr> 1054, year 1534.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f637'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r637'>637</a>. </span>It was situated nearly on the spot where the Russian church now -stands.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f638'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r638'>638</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 18 Août, 1534.</span> The expression in the Register -is much more energetic.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f639'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r639'>639</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ecclesia quam Sedeleuba regina in suburbano Genevensi construxerat.’</span>—Fredegarius, -<i>Chron.</i> cap. <abbr title='twenty-two'>xxii.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 94.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f640'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r640'>640</a>. </span>‘Great suburbs at one time surrounded the city, not less beautiful -with churches and houses than with well-watered meadows and pleasant -gardens; which feasted the eyes and the heart still more.’ The lines from -which our extract is taken are in Gautier’s manuscript. He ascribes them -to an anonymous writer who had seen the suburbs.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f641'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r641'>641</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 11, 14, 16, et 19 Septembre, 1534. Gautier, -MS. La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 97, 98. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Turrettini; -Berne, <i>Hist. Helvet.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f642'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r642'>642</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 21, 25 Septembre, 1534. La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain -du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 97-100.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f643'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r643'>643</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 21 Septembre, 1534.</span> The Gallatin family, after -serving this republic, furnished devoted citizens to the United States. -Abraham Albert Alphonse Gallatin, who emigrated to America at the end -of the eighteenth century, became Secretary of State.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f644'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r644'>644</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 115. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil, 29 Septembre, -1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f645'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r645'>645</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Procès Inquisitionnel de Baudichon de la Maisonneuve.</span> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de -Berne, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 7.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f646'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r646'>646</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 117, 118, 121, 174. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil -du 25 Septembre, 1534.</span> Roset <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f647'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r647'>647</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Par fraudes et pipées.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f648'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r648'>648</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 115. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 25 Septembre, -1534.</span> Gautier <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f649'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r649'>649</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 116.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f650'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r650'>650</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La sœur de Sainte Claire, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 97.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f651'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r651'>651</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du 18 Septembre, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f652'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r652'>652</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Die calendæ suæ.’</span>—<span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 1er Octobre, 1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f653'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r653'>653</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 1er Octobre 1534.</span> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Gautier. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de -Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-nine'>xxix.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f654'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r654'>654</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Episcoporum judicia et cunctorum majorum negotia causarum eidem -sanctæ sedi reservata esse liquet.’</span>—Canon 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f655'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r655'>655</a>. </span><abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Guizot.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f656'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r656'>656</a>. </span><i>Chron.</i> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-nine'>xxix.</abbr> <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Gautier.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f657'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r657'>657</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 110. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 1er Septembre, -1534.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f658'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r658'>658</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 110, 111.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f659'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r659'>659</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 112.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f660'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r660'>660</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘Soutenir l’autorité de la sainte foy dans la ville de Genève.’</span>—Archives -of the kingdom of Italy at Turin, bundle <abbr title='thirteen'>xiii.</abbr> <abbr title='number'>No.</abbr> 19.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f661'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r661'>661</a>. </span>Archives of the kingdom of Italy at Turin, bundle <abbr title='thirteen'>xiii.</abbr> <abbr title='number'>No.</abbr> 19.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f662'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r662'>662</a>. </span>‘Nuire et détruire Genève.’</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f663'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r663'>663</a>. </span>Froment, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Gestes de Genève</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 113. <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil 1er, 13 -Octobre, 1534.</span> MSC. de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='thirty'>xxx.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f664'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r664'>664</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 28 Novembre, 3 Décembre, 1534, et 9 Mars, -1535. La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 100-104.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f665'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r665'>665</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil du 24 Décembre, 1534. La sœur Jeanne, <i>Levain -du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 104.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f666'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r666'>666</a>. </span><abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Roset, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty'>xx.</abbr> <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 5, 28 Janvier, -20 et 21 Février, 1535. <abbr title='manuscript'>MS.</abbr> de Gautier.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f667'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r667'>667</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Registre du Conseil des 29 Décembre, 1534; 8, 12, 15 Janvier, 1535.</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f668'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r668'>668</a>. </span>‘My beauty attracted many suitors who sought to seduce me. When -they saw that their flattering could not make me faithless, they had recourse -to threats, and at last prepared to overcome me by force. Then I, -unwilling to set my beauty above my virtue, destroyed with inflexible -hand my temples, gardens, and houses, and converted them into ramparts, -to keep my insensate suitors at a distance. I destroyed my beauty to -preserve my honor. I was once Geneva the fair; now I am called Geneva -the valiant.’ These lines are preserved in Gautier’s manuscript history.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f669'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r669'>669</a>. </span>1 Corinth. <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> 15.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f670'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r670'>670</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Die Leute die die Sache fordern, mehr Erasmich als Evangelisch -sind.’</span>—Bretschneider, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Corpus Reformatorum</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 909.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f671'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r671'>671</a>. </span>Calvin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f672'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r672'>672</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Stultissimis et seditiosissimis rationibus regna et gentes perturbarunt.’</span>—<i>Corp. -Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 855.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f673'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r673'>673</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quorum ego paradoxa malo iisdem sepelire tenebris, unde subito -emerserant, quam apud vos, amplissimi ordines, hoc est, in orbis terrarum -luce memorari.’</span> In the <i>Corpus Reformatorum</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 828-835, Bretschneider -gives only the German translation of this letter. The original -Latin, whose existence we were ignorant of when our third volume was -published, will be found in Freheri <i>Script. Rerum German.</i> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 295.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f674'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r674'>674</a>. </span>It appears certain that some Germans were imprisoned; but they were -afterwards released and sent back to Germany by the king’s order.—<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Corpus -Reformatorum</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 857.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f675'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r675'>675</a>. </span>For these opinions see <i>supra</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 353.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f676'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r676'>676</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Mutilati et excerpti . . . . . . mala fide decerpti.’—<i>Corpus -Reformatorum</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 976.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f677'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r677'>677</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Vocor transfuga, desertor . . . . me totam causam prodidisse.’</span>—Melancthon -to Du Bellay. <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Corpus Reform.</i></span> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 915.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f678'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r678'>678</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">‘C’est un vice d’entretenir des menus fatras.’</span>—Calvin, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Lettres Françaises</i></span>, -<abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 420.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f679'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r679'>679</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘De Gallo, homine impuro, profano et ambitioso.’</span>—Bullinger to -Myconius, 12 March, 1534. <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 122.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f680'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r680'>680</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ego velim . . . . cum Gallis martyribus Christum adire.’</span>—Bucer, -<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Zeitschrift für Hist. Theol.</i></span> 1850, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 44.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f681'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r681'>681</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘E fu questo dolore ed affanno che lo condusse alla morte.’</span>—Soriano, -in Ranke, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 127.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f682'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r682'>682</a>. </span>Warchi, <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Istorie Fiorentine</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 636. Ranke.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f683'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r683'>683</a>. </span>Moreri, <abbr title='article'>art.</abbr> <i>Du Bellay</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f684'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r684'>684</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Livre du Chevalier de la Tour-Landry qui fut fait pour l’enseignement -des femmes mariées et à marier.</i></span> It was reprinted in 1854 by Jannet, in the -‘Bibliothèque Elzevirienne.’ There are seven manuscript copies in the -Bibliothèque Impériale. See also Burnier, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire Littéraire de l’Education</i></span>, -<abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f685'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r685'>685</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quod Evangelii causam et Christi gloriam perturbaret.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 887.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f686'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r686'>686</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum rege diu de te locutus est, ita ut te omnibus, qui nostris temporibus -docti et habentur et sunt, prætulerit.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 857.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f687'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r687'>687</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sentio respici a Deo calamitatibus affectas et afflictas hominum -conditiones.’—<i>Corpus Reformatorum</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 858.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f688'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r688'>688</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Deus portum aliquem profugium ostendit.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 856.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f689'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r689'>689</a>. </span>See Schmidt’s <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Vie de Jean Sturm, premier recteur de Strasbourg</i></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f690'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r690'>690</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Da Franz <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> aüf Erneürung der Kirche sinne . . . . bereit sei zur -Kirchenverbesserung, das seine zu thun, und die Gevissen frei zu lassen.’</span>—Sturm -to Bucer. Schmidt, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Zeitschrift für die Hist. Theol.</i></span> 1850, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 46. -Strobel, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Hist. du Gymnase de Strasbourg</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 111 &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f691'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r691'>691</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non rogatus se discipulum tuum esse dixit.’—<i>Corpus Reformatorum</i></span>, -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 857.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f692'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r692'>692</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sed advocari te Dei Christique voce.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 859.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f693'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r693'>693</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Qui sunt Germani, qui Itali, qui Hispani et alii?’</span>—Schmidt, -<span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Zeitschr. für Hist. Theol.</i></span> 1850, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 47.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f694'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r694'>694</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum regnum gallicum, si licet dicere, caput christiani orbis sit.’—<i>Corpus -Reformatorum</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 869.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f695'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r695'>695</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Gallica natio eximium habet pietatis studium.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f696'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r696'>696</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Vereor ut impetrari ea possint quæ ad gloriam Christi et tranquillitatem -Galliæ et Ecclesiæ necessaria esse duco.’—<i>Corpus Reformatorum</i></span>, -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 876.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f697'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r697'>697</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Mihi vero etiam supra quam dici potest jucundum.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 880.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f698'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r698'>698</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quo resarciri possit pulcherrima illa ecclesiasticæ politiæ harmonia, -qua una re cum ego mihi nihil unquam quicquam majori cura, studio -complectendum esse duxerim.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 880.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f699'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r699'>699</a>. </span>Crespin, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Actes des Martyres</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 116.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f700'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r700'>700</a>. </span>Ibid. <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 126.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f701'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r701'>701</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In hanc pacificationem, mi Melancthon, per Deum quantum potes -incumbe.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 881.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f702'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r702'>702</a>. </span>The letter is dated: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ex fano Quintini (St. Quentin) in Viromanduis, -die 27 Jun. anno 1535.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f703'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r703'>703</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘Molti anni inanzi, li prelati non erano stati in quelle riforma di vita; -li cardinali havevono libertà maggiore di dire l’ opinione loro, in consistorio .... -Si poteva sperare di giorno in giorno maggiore riforma.’—<i>Tre -libri delli Commentarj delli Guerra</i></span>, 1537. Ranke.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f704'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r704'>704</a>. </span>De Thou; Sainte-Marthe.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f705'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r705'>705</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Necessarium esse religioni et Galliæ ut regiæ exspectationi satisfacias.’</span>—<i>Corp. -Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 888.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f706'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r706'>706</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non enim est quod metuas iniquorum potentiam.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f707'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r707'>707</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Mirabiliter eum inflammares.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f708'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r708'>708</a>. </span>Isambert, <abbr title='twelve'>xii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 405; Sismondi, <abbr title='sixteen'>xvi.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 459.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f709'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r709'>709</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Instructions des rois très chrétiens et de leurs ambassadeurs (Paris -1654)</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 7.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f710'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r710'>710</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ballue et Bouchigny. Crevier, <i>Hist. de l’Université</i></span>, <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 2-4.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f711'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r711'>711</a>. </span>Calvin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f712'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r712'>712</a>. </span>Pallavicini, Maimbourg, Varillas, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f713'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r713'>713</a>. </span>Maimbourg, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 28. Varillas, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 449.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f714'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r714'>714</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Acta in conventu Ratisbonensi, 1541,’</span> by Melancthon and Bucer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f715'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r715'>715</a>. </span><i>Supra</i>, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-one'>xxi.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> 2.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f716'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r716'>716</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Historia belli Anabaptistarum monasteriensis</i></span>, by <abbr class='spell'>H.</abbr> von Kerssenbroeck.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f717'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r717'>717</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Viri optimi et fidelissimi Voræi testimonium.’</span>—Melancthon <abbr class='spell'>G.</abbr> -Bellaio, <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> 315.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f718'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r718'>718</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum eo locutus de profectione ad Regem.’</span>,—Camerarius, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Vita -Melancthonis</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 148. Camerarius was an intimate friend of Melancthon’s.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f719'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r719'>719</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Obsides qui darentur dum abesset..... Præsidia quibus deduceretur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f720'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r720'>720</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Pæne orbis terrarum fortunam esse positam.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f721'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r721'>721</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In illis fluctibus et sævissimis tempestatibus, jam portum et tutissimam -stationem.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f722'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r722'>722</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sopiti ignes rursum suscitarentur, et suppliciorum immanitas recrudesceret.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f723'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r723'>723</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Advocari ipsum Dei Christique Jesu voce.’</span>—Camerarius, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Vita -Melancthonis</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 148.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f724'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r724'>724</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Afficiebatur atque perturbabatur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f725'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r725'>725</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non respectus ad se aut suos, non longiquitas loci, non periculorum -metus.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 149.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f726'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r726'>726</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In quibus potissimum falsitas impietatis resideret.’</span>—Camerarius, -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Vita Melancthonis</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 150.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f727'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r727'>727</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quid ipse tamen rex posset efficere—non sine causa dubitabat.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 150.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f728'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r728'>728</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nullam enim rem unquam majore Regem cura, studio, sollicitudine -animi complectendam duxisse.’</span>—Camerarius, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Vita Melancthonis</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 151.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f729'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r729'>729</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Neque se abduci ullius persuasione sineret ex tam pio sanctoque -instituto.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f730'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r730'>730</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Er wollte nicht in Frankreich wiederkommen, so ich nicht mit -zöge.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 905.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f731'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r731'>731</a>. </span>Bossuet, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Hist. des Variations</i></span>, <abbr title='tome'>t.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> et <abbr title='nineteen'>xix.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f732'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r732'>732</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Loci communes theologici.</i></span> They went through sixty-seven editions, -and were translated into several languages.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f733'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r733'>733</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non puto contendendum esse, nisi de magnis et necessariis rebus.’</span>—Melancthon -Sturmio, <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 917.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f734'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r734'>734</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Ich wollte einen Ritt in Frankreich thun.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 904.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f735'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r735'>735</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 903-905.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f736'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r736'>736</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Aulica quædam μυοτήρια vel potius odia sunt.’</span>—<i>Corp. Reform.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 903.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f737'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r737'>737</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Zerrüttung, unwiederbringlicher Nachtheil, Beschwerung und Schade -zu erfolgen.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 908.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f738'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r738'>738</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Subindignabundus hinc discessit,’</span> said Luther. <i>Ep.</i> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 621.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f739'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r739'>739</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Philippus . . . . me consule libens proficisceretur.’</span>—Lutheri <i>Ep.</i> -<abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 621.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f740'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r740'>740</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Bluthünde,’</span> bloodhounds. <i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 620.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f741'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r741'>741</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ego non annis, sed viribus, decrepitus fio, ad labores antemeridianos -pene totus inutilis factus.’</span>—Lutheri <i>Ep.</i> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 623 (<abbr title='twenty-third'>23d</abbr> August, 1535).</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f742'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r742'>742</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Nachdem aber Dr. Martinus bey uns zu Torgau auch gewest, so -haben wir Ihm solches ungefährlich vermeldet.’</span> This declaration of the -elector incontestably proves the fact of Luther’s journey to Torgau with -this object. The time cannot be fixed, but the elector speaks of it in -a paper addressed to Bruck on the <abbr title='nineteenth'>19th</abbr> of August. <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 908.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f743'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r743'>743</a>. </span>Seckendorf, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Historie des Lutherthums</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1497.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f744'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r744'>744</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1498.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f745'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r745'>745</a>. </span>Luther to Jonas, 1 Sept. 1535. <i>Ep.</i> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 628.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f746'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r746'>746</a>. </span><i>Corpus Reformat.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 909. Seckendorf, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Historie des Lutherthums</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1458.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f747'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r747'>747</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ego suspectos cœpi habere istos legatos tuos.’</span>—Lutheri <i>Ep.</i> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 627.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f748'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r748'>748</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Invenirent loca in quibus viverent.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f749'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r749'>749</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Wir viel mehr fördern wollten dasz fremde <i>nationes zu</i> dem Evangelio -gebracht wurden.’</span>—<i>Corpus Reform.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 911.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f750'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r750'>750</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Propter hæc verba nolui proficisci.’</span>—<i>Corpus Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 911, in note. -The italics in the text indicate the lines underscored by Melancthon.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f751'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r751'>751</a>. </span>The passage is found in Bruck’s copy (Weimar Archives), but not in -Melancthon’s.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f752'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r752'>752</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nunquam sensi asperiorem principem.’</span>—<i>Corpus Reform.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 915.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f753'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r753'>753</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nunc autem est democratia aut tyrannis indoctorum.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 917.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f754'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r754'>754</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Plane fatum mihi Theramenis impendere videtur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 918.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f755'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r755'>755</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cogito varia, quæ utinam non cogitarem.’</span>—Lutheri <i>Ep.</i> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 626.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f756'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r756'>756</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘An devoraveris litteras istas principis.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 627.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f757'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r757'>757</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Incipio enim unice gaudere, nos ab aula contemni et excludi.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f758'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r758'>758</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Scilicet ne ad rempublicam adhibeamur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 628.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f759'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r759'>759</a>. </span>Lutheri <i>Ep.</i> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 627.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f760'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r760'>760</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ad insignem propagationem, uberrimum et amplissimum fructum -Evangelii.’—Johannes Fredericus ad Franciscum regem Galliæ. <i>Corpus -Reform.</i></span> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 906.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f761'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r761'>761</a>. </span><i>Corpus Reform.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 903.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f762'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r762'>762</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Pro religionis christianæ defensione præcipue velut in statione perpetuo -fuit.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 913.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f763'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r763'>763</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Suscipit curam sanandæ doctrinæ christianæ; non tamen violentis -remediis, sed vera ratione.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f764'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r764'>764</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut potius (rex) det operam, ut illustretur gloria Christi.’</span>—<i>Corpus -Reform.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 916.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f765'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r765'>765</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sadoleti scriptum . . . . . eadem dicit quæ nos defendimus.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 917.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f766'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r766'>766</a>. </span>See his treatise: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>De transitu Hellenismi ad Christianismum</i></span>, dedicated -to the king in 1535.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f767'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r767'>767</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hoc studium nulla mihi eripiet hominum iniquitas.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f768'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r768'>768</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ad publicam christianæ, reipublicæ pacem spectantibus.’</span> <abbr title='second'>2d</abbr> Dec., -1535. <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1015.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f769'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r769'>769</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nunquam in meliori loco fuit res Evangelii, quam sit hoc tempore in -Gallia.’</span> Sturm to Bucer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f770'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r770'>770</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Maximopere obtestantes ut pro virili nobiscum incumbatis in tam pium -sanctumque opus.’</span> <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1010. Seckendorf says (<i>Hist. Luth.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1146) that this letter had been sent to the Elector beforehand; but in -the documents of the State Paper Office at Weimar we read: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hæc locutus -reddidit principi litteras quas vocant credentiales.’</span> And the <i>Corpus</i> gives -in a note the letter we have just quoted.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f771'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r771'>771</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quæ voluntas, quam amica, quam benevola, quam constans.’</span>—<i>Corp. -Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1010.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f772'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r772'>772</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut aliud agentibus et aliud significantibus.’ Bellaii ad principes -Oratio.</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1012.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f773'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r773'>773</a>. </span>Sleidan, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Mémoires sur l’État de la Religion et de la République</i></span>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 389.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f774'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r774'>774</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut quos diversitas opinionum sejunxerit, similitudo doctrinæ conjungat.’</span>—<i>Corp. -Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1013.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f775'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r775'>775</a>. </span>Sleidan, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 392.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f776'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r776'>776</a>. </span>He must not be confounded with Professor Sturm, who was then -in Paris.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f777'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r777'>777</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sub diluculum.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1014.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f778'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r778'>778</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Esse enim solum qui in suo regno imperet.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1015.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f779'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r779'>779</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Orationes et legendas multas ut ineptas et impias abrogandas, aut -saltem emendandas; multa enim in his absurda, multa ridicula.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1015.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f780'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r780'>780</a>. </span>Bessarion, born at Trebizond in 1395, Greek bishop of Nicæa, and afterwards -Cardinal of the Roman Church, endeavored to unite the two -Churches, and was on the point of being elected pope.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f781'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r781'>781</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Videre enim eos, alioqui sibi tolli omnes occasiones acquirendi opes, -honores, et omnia.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1015.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f782'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r782'>782</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘De fide quoque inquisitorem fidei recte sentire.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1016.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f783'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r783'>783</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sicut etiam cauda equina non statim et commode tota evelli possit.’</span>—<i>Corp. -Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1016.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f784'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r784'>784</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nobis jam abituris.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1017.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f785'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r785'>785</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sed etiam cardinales, papam quoque ipsum, condemnare non dubitant.’</span>—<i>Corp. -Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1017.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f786'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r786'>786</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Melior et sanior pars a majore vincatur et opprimatur.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1018.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f787'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r787'>787</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nequid fraudi sit, quod quisque senserit, dixerit, egerit.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1018.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f788'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r788'>788</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Variis artificiis regum animos incendunt atque armant adversus eos.’</span> -<i>Corp. Ref</i>. <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1024.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f789'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r789'>789</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nihil enim optatius quam ut latissime propagetur pia doctrina et -multarum gentium concordia.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1026.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f790'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r790'>790</a>. </span><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Mémoires de Du Bellay</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 243.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f791'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r791'>791</a>. </span>Genesis <abbr title='twelve'>xii.</abbr> 3.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f792'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r792'>792</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cupit renascenti pietati suppetias ferre.’</span>—Frobenius to Luther, -February 14, 1519.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f793'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r793'>793</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Per omnes civitates sparsum.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f794'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r794'>794</a>. </span>Gerdesius, <i>Specimen Ital. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 11. The words <i>Schwarzerd</i>, -<i>Melancthon</i>, and <i>Terranigra</i> have the same meaning in German, Greek, -and Italian, namely, <i>black earth</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f795'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r795'>795</a>. </span></p> -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Vocis, quæ totum penitus diffusa per orbem,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Terruit insolito pectora tetra sono.’</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>These verses have been preserved by Schelhorn in his <i>Amœnitates Eccl.</i> -<abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 624.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f796'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r796'>796</a>. </span>Seckendorf, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Hist. du Luthéranisme</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 613.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f797'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r797'>797</a>. </span>Sarpi, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Hist. du Concile de Trente</i></span>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f798'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r798'>798</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Pestifera hæresis Lutheri non tantum apud sæculares personas, sed -etiam ecclesiasticas et regulares, tam mendicantes quam non mendicantes.’</span> -<i>Brief to the Inquisitors</i>, Raynald <i>ad annum</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f799'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r799'>799</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Læte audio de Venetis quod Verbum Dei receperint.’</span>—Luther, <i>Ep.</i> -<abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 289.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f800'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r800'>800</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Scias igitur Italos omnes expectare Augustensis hujus vestri decreta.’</span> -Venetiis, 3 calend. Aug. anno 1530. <i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 227.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f801'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r801'>801</a>. </span><i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 170.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f802'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r802'>802</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tibi ea adscribent, quæ Christo, verisque Christi defensoribus, -dedecori sunt.’</span>—<i>Corp. Ref.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 243.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f803'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r803'>803</a>. </span>Celio Secundo writes his name both ways, but more frequently -<i>Curioni</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f804'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r804'>804</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Natus anno <abbr title='1503'>MDIII.</abbr> calendis Maii, Cyriaci Taurinorum.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i> a Professore Stupano, 1570, in Schelhorn, <i>Amœnitates Litterariæ</i>, -<abbr title='thirteen'>xiii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 330.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f805'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r805'>805</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Vicenos ternosque liberos suscepit, ex quibus Cœlius ultimus natus -fuit.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 329.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f806'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r806'>806</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Taurinum se contulit, ubi per aliquos annos apud Magdalenam -proavam suam agens.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 330.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f807'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r807'>807</a>. </span>Bonnet, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Récits du seizième Siècle</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 248.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f808'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r808'>808</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Non esse sibi damnandos hosce, priusquam illorum horos legisset.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 331.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f809'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r809'>809</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Adolescens adhuc, cum prima tua monimenta legissem, te ita amavi -ut vix ulterius progredi meus in te amor posse videretur.’</span>—<i><abbr class='spell'>C. S.</abbr> Curionis, -Epist.</i> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 71.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f810'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r810'>810</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ita est illa (opera) admiratus ut statim decreverit in Germaniam -transire.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 331.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f811'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r811'>811</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Institutum iter per Salassorum regionem ingreditur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f812'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r812'>812</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum juvenes in itinere, minus caute, de rebus ad religionem pertinentibus -disputarent.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 332.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f813'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r813'>813</a>. </span>Calvin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f814'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r814'>814</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum essent vallem prætoriam ingressuri.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -332.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f815'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r815'>815</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Privatim multos contraria hisce docebat et in vera fide erudiebat.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 332.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f816'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r816'>816</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Itaque, observato clavium loco, capsam aperit.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 333.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f817'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r817'>817</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum cæteri aliis rebus intenti essent.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f818'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r818'>818</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ipse omnibus aderat, consolabatur, atque etiam mortuos ipsos sepeliebat.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 335.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f819'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r819'>819</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ei uxorem dederunt Margaritam Biancam, puellam elegantissimam.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 335.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f820'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r820'>820</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In vicinum locum, Castelleviolonem nomine.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f821'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r821'>821</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Lutherum Germanis placere, quod sub libertate christiana omnis -generis libidines concederet.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f822'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r822'>822</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut vix intercedente Præfecto, vivus Taurinum redire potuerit.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 339.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f823'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r823'>823</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In causa propemodum ipsi fuerunt (soror et maritus) quod captus -fuerit, vitam quoque fere amiserit.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 336.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f824'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r824'>824</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hic examinatur, quæstiones adhibentur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 339.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f825'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r825'>825</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ignem flammasque minantur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 339.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f826'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r826'>826</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ex prioribus carceribus noctu deducit, et in conclavi quodam fortissimis -parietibus munito ... asservari curat.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f827'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r827'>827</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Recreatque in memoriam singularum domus partium situm.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f828'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r828'>828</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Extrahit caligam pedis liberi, eamdem lineis quibusdam pannis infarcit.’</span>—<i>Curionis -Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 341.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f829'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r829'>829</a>. </span>His feet never recovered their strength.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f830'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r830'>830</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Magna studiosorum caterva, eum a sua domo in auditorium deducebat, -et ex eo iterum domum comitabatur.’</span>—<i>Curionis Historia</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 343.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f831'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r831'>831</a>. </span>Maimbourg, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire du Calvinisme</i></span>, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 61.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f832'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r832'>832</a>. </span>Varillas, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Histoire des Hérésies</i></span>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 499. Brantôme, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Dames Illustres</i></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f833'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r833'>833</a>. </span><i><abbr class='spell'>P.</abbr> Martyr Vermigli</i>, par <abbr class='spell'>C.</abbr> Schmidt, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 11.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f834'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r834'>834</a>. </span>‘Città lutherana.’—Poli, <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 84.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f835'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r835'>835</a>. </span><abbr class='spell'>B.</abbr> Occhino, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Responsio qua rationem reddit discessus ex Italia.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f836'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r836'>836</a>. </span>Calvin.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f837'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r837'>837</a>. </span><abbr class='spell'>B.</abbr> Occhino, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Responsio qua rationem reddit discessus ex Italia.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f838'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r838'>838</a>. </span>Ant. M. Gratiani, Bishop of Amelia: see <i>Hist. du Cardinal Commendon</i>, -<abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='nine'>ix.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f839'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r839'>839</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut auditorum animos quocumque vellet raperet.’</span>—Bzovius, ad -annum 1542.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f840'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r840'>840</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ut unus optimus totius Italiæ concionator haberetur.’</span>—Bzovius, ad -annum 1542.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f841'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r841'>841</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ex voto quodam quod fuerunt Petro Martyri Mediolanensi, qui -quondam ab Arianis occisus est.’</span>—Simler, <i>Vita Petri M. Vermilii</i>, -Tiguri, 1569.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f842'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r842'>842</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Æquales suos quamvis plerosque ingenio excelleret, ita tamen -amabat, ita modestia sua sibi devinciebat, ut . . . amicissimos semper -habuerit.’</span>—Simler, <i>Vita Petri M. Vermilii</i>, Tiguri, 1569.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f843'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r843'>843</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Dum litteram aliquandiu sectatur, patefaciente Spiritu Dei, abdita -et spiritualia mysteria salutariter cognovit.’</span>—Simler, <i>Vita Petri M. -Vermilii</i>, Tiguri, 1569.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f844'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r844'>844</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Urbs situ, natura, et ingeniis nobilis, inter amœnos colles conclusa, -fertilis et copiosa.’</span>—<i>Oratio de Concordia Civium</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 380. (<i>Palearii -Opera</i>, Wetstein, Amsterdam.)</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f845'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r845'>845</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nihil unquam enim civitati defuit nisi concordia civilis.’</span>—<i>Oratio -de Concordia Civium.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f846'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r846'>846</a>. </span>De Immortalitate Animarum. The poem was published by Gryphius, -at Lyons, in 1536, through the instrumentality of Cardinal Sadolet, -Bishop of Carpentras.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f847'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r847'>847</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tres igitur sedes statuit pater optimus ipse.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f848'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r848'>848</a>. </span></p> -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"> ‘Teque, optima Virgo,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Victricem, præclare acto <i>Regina</i> triumpho.’</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f849'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r849'>849</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quales nunc habet ingeniis Germania florens.’</span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f850'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r850'>850</a>. </span></p> -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line in14'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Oculos defigite in unum,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Unus ego omnipotens, ego Rex hominumque Deumque,</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Æternumque bonum simplexque, et summa voluptas.’</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">(<i>Ad finem.</i>)</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f851'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r851'>851</a>. </span>The villa is now the property of Count Guicciardini.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f852'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r852'>852</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Adolescentulam optimis parentibus bene et pudice educatam ducam -in uxorem.’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 61.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f853'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r853'>853</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Malevolorum et invidorum plena sunt omnia.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 209.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f854'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r854'>854</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Mane aut inclinato in pomeridianum tempus die, cum Lampridio -et Phædro, suavissimis pueris, et cum mulieribus nostris circum villulas -errabimus.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 209.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f855'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r855'>855</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Lignipodas, qui in aviæ conclave quotidie cursabant.’</span>—Faustus -Bellantes to Paleario, <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 97.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f856'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r856'>856</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Rogatus quid primum esset generi hominum a Deo datum, in quo -salutem collocare mortales possent? Responderim <span class='sc'>Christum</span>. Quid -secundum? <span class='sc'>Christum.</span> Quid <i>tertium</i>? <span class='sc'>Christum.</span>’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 99.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f857'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r857'>857</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Incredibilem conspirationem scelestissimorum hominum contra te -esse factam.’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 97.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f858'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r858'>858</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cotta asserebat, me salvo, vestigium religionis in civitate reliquum -esse nullum.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 99.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f859'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r859'>859</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Christus tamen meus mihi spem facit, quem sancte et auguste -semper colui.’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 100.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f860'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r860'>860</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sed ego jam humana contemno, fortissimo animo sum.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f861'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r861'>861</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Miserrima est omnium mulierum.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 103.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f862'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r862'>862</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In lacrymis jacet totos dies et mærore conficitur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f863'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r863'>863</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tenues homines sed arrogantes, imperiti, loquacissimi.’</span>—Palearii -<i>Opera</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 86.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f864'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r864'>864</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Alii . . . auditis testibus, mox in ignem conjiciendum censebant, -indicata causa. Alii, causa dicta pœnam sequi oportere putabant.’</span>—Palearii -<i>Opera</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f865'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r865'>865</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Testes partim e plebecula tenues, rerum de quibus testimonium -dixerunt imperiti.’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 116.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f866'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r866'>866</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Alii respondentem graviter objurgatum a Sadoleto.’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 118.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f867'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r867'>867</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Injuriam augere injuria, et odio cumulare odium.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 119.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f868'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r868'>868</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quo nemo melior, nemo sanctior circumventus est innocentissimus -Christus.’</span>—Palearii <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 116.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f869'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r869'>869</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Oratio tertia pro se ipso.</i></span> This is the speech which the ecclesiastical -authorities of Naples cut out of all the copies of Paleario’s works that fell -into their hands, but which we have found complete in the edition of Amsterdam, -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 73-97.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f870'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r870'>870</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum succus et sanguis Reipublicæ sit restitutus.’</span>—Palearii <i>Opera</i>, -edit. Amsterdam, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 73.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f871'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r871'>871</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Homines innocentes in crucem tollas. . . . Tolleres, tolleres quidem -si quantum furor iste, superbia, iracundia affert, tantum tibi liceret.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 80.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f872'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r872'>872</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Res domi angusta est; at conscientia in animi penetralibus augusta, -læta, alacris.’</span>—Palearii <i>Opera</i>, edit. Amsterdam, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 84.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f873'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r873'>873</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sedeant illi in cathedra, diademata imponunt, dibaphum vestiant.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f874'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r874'>874</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Jacebant divina studia, strata in cellulis hominum otiosorum, qui -licet in sylvas se abstrusissent, ut in hæc incumberent; ita stertebant -tamen, ut nos in urbibus et vicis audiremus.’</span>—Palearii <i>Opera</i>, edit. -Amsterdam, <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 81-85.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f875'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r875'>875</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Parum est accusari et deduci in carcerem, virgis cædi, reste suspendi, -insui in culeum, feris objici, ad ignem torreri nos decet, si his -suppliciis veritas in lucem est proferenda.’</span>—Palearii <i>Opera</i>, edit. Amsterdam, -<abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 91.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f876'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r876'>876</a>. </span>The fact that Paleario was the author of this book seems clearly -established by Mr. Babington, as well as by <abbr class='spell'>M. J.</abbr> Bonnet and Mrs. -Young.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f877'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r877'>877</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nunquam iis sponsore Christo deerit pater.’</span>—Palearii <i>Opera</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 97.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f878'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r878'>878</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Præ dolore misere exanimatam.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f879'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r879'>879</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Postquam in urbem profectus es, ita nescio quomodo animus meus -torpuit, ut difficillimum mihi fuerit scribere epistolam hanc.’</span>—Palearii -<i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 93.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f880'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r880'>880</a>. </span><span lang="de" xml:lang="de">‘Besonders Italien, welches dem Tyrannus am nähesten unterworfen; -ja, dessen Sitz sey.’</span>—Seckendorff’s translation, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1366.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f881'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r881'>881</a>. </span>The Italian original, which is dated 5th January, 1533, is preserved in -the archives of Weimar. Seckendorff gives a German translation in his -‘History of Lutheranism,’ <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 1365-1367.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f882'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r882'>882</a>. </span>Mac Crie, <i>History of the Reformation in Italy</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 88.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f883'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r883'>883</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tu vero, ut audio, sic illum (Alfonsum) refers et corporis specie et -ingenii dexteritate, ut non duo gemelli, sed idem prorsus homo videri possitis.’</span>—Erasmi -<i>Epist.</i> 938 et 1030.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f884'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r884'>884</a>. </span><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">‘Fue secretario de la Magestad del Emperador.’</span>—<span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><i>Hist. de la Ciudad de -Cuenza</i></span>, quoted by <abbr class='spell'>E.</abbr> Bœhmer.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f885'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r885'>885</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘Ab Alfonso Valdesio, magnæ spei juvene.’</span>—Petri Martyris Anghierii -<i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 689.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f886'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r886'>886</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Dialogo sulle Coso accadute in Roma.</i></span></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f887'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r887'>887</a>. </span>Mr. Bœhmer, of the university of Halle, has done good service to -literature and to the history of religion by reprinting at Halle, in 1860, -the <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Cento e dieci divine Considerazioni di Giovanni Valdesso</i></span>, and by carefully -studying the history of the two brothers. He has communicated the -result of his researches in his <i>Cenni Biografici</i>, and in the conscientious -paper he has contributed to the Encyclopædia of our learned friend M. -Herzog.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f888'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r888'>888</a>. </span>It has been stated that this dialogue was written in 1521; but it begins -with the history of the challenge sent by Francis <abbr title='the first'>I.</abbr> to Charles <abbr title='the fifth'>V.</abbr>, which -occurred at the beginning of 1528.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f889'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r889'>889</a>. </span>These two dialogues, which have been recently reprinted in Spanish, -were translated into Italian and German, and the last (<i>Charon and Mercury</i>) -into French.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f890'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r890'>890</a>. </span>History of the Reformation of the Sixteenth Century, <abbr title='volume'>vol.</abbr> <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='book'>bk.</abbr> <abbr title='fourteen'>xiv.</abbr> -<abbr title='chapter'>ch.</abbr> <abbr title='five'>v.</abbr></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f891'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r891'>891</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In disciplina fraterna præclare institutus, in Hispania vivere non -potuit.’</span>—<i>Francisco Enzinas to Melancthon.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f892'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r892'>892</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Longe majorem mentium stragem dedit, quam multa illa hæreticorum -militum millia.’</span>—Ant. Caracciolo, <i>de Vita Pauli IV.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 239.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f893'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r893'>893</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘Non però ha egli seguito molto la corte dopo che gli fu rivelato -Christo.’</span>—<i>Epist. de Curione</i> at the end of the <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Cento e dieci divine Considerazioni</i></span> -of J. Valdez, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 433.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f894'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r894'>894</a>. </span>His <span lang="es" xml:lang="es"><i>Dialogo de la Lengua</i></span> was first printed at Madrid in 1737, and again -in 1860.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f895'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r895'>895</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘Era di tanta benignità e carità, che a ogni piccola e bassa e rozza -persona si rendeva debitore.’</span>—Curione, <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 433.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f896'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r896'>896</a>. </span><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">‘Ma più onorato e splendido cavaliere di Cristo.’</span>—Curione, <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 433.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f897'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r897'>897</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ad ipsos fontes se totum contulit.’</span>—Simler, <i>Vita Vermilii</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f898'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r898'>898</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘In hac urbe gratia divinæ illuminationis illustrius ac clarius illi -effulgere.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f899'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r899'>899</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Loci amœnitatem.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f900'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r900'>900</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quotidie pæne cum amicis qui puræ religionis studiosi erant aliquid -ex sanis litteris commentabatur.’</span>—Simler, <i>Vita Vermilii</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f901'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r901'>901</a>. </span>1 Corinth. <abbr title='three'>iii.</abbr> 13-15.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f902'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r902'>902</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Quod si e vestigio prava dogmata non patefiant, accessione temporis -declarantur.’</span>—Petri Martyris <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Loci Communes; de Purgatorio Igne</i></span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -440.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f903'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r903'>903</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Dies ergo accipitur, cum tenebræ depellentur, ut de re, prout ipsa est, -judicium feratur.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 441.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f904'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r904'>904</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ad ignem divini examinis perstare illas oportet.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f905'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r905'>905</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Est itaque ignis et dies, clara inspectio, certa probatio, perspicua -revelatio, qua tandem cognoscemus doctrinarum veritatem, earum denique -fallaciam.’</span>—Petri Martyris <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Loci Communes: de Purgatorio Igne</i></span>. These -may not be the exact words used by Peter Martyr in his sermon, but the -sense was the same.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f906'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r906'>906</a>. </span>This is the person whom Flaminio mentions in a letter to Galeazzo, -printed in Schelhorn’s <i>Amœnit. Eccles.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 132: <span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Johannes Franciscus -magna lætitia affecit me,’</span> &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f907'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r907'>907</a>. </span>Calvin to Signor Galeazzo Caraccioli, a man of noble birth, and -still more renowned for the excellence of his virtues than for the nobility -of his family, the only son and lawful heir to the Marquis of Vico.—Dèdicace -de la 1ére Epître aux Corinthiens: <i>Commentaires</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f908'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r908'>908</a>. </span>Trajetto, the ancient Minturnæ, where Marius hid himself.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f909'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r909'>909</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘Che a colui, il quale Dio disinnamora del mondo ed innamora di se, -avvengano quasi tutte le medesime cose che a colui che si disinnamora -d’ una donna e s’innamora d’ un’ altra.’</span>—23 <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Considerazione: Valdez -Cento e dieci divine Considerazioni</i></span>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f910'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r910'>910</a>. </span>The <span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i>Cento e dieci divine Considerarioni</i></span> of Giovanni Valdesso (Juan -Valdez) were published at Halle in Saxony in 1860 by Edward Bœhmer. -Each of the meditations occupies from two to ten pages. They have been -reprinted recently at Madrid in Spanish.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f911'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r911'>911</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cajetanus, perspicaci vir ingenio, rem odorari cœpit.’</span>—Caracciolo. -<i>Vita Pauli <abbr title='the fourth'>IV.</abbr></i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f912'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r912'>912</a>. </span>‘Illi Satanicæ reipublicæ triumviri.’—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f913'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r913'>913</a>. </span>Sadoleti <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 558. Schrœk, <i>Kirchengeschichte</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 780.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f914'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r914'>914</a>. </span><i>Abecedario espiritual</i>, fols. 11-12. Valdez gives a full report of this -conversation in his <i>Spiritual Abecedary</i>, which he so called because it was -intended to teach the elements of Christian perfection. There is no doubt -as to the genuineness of the dialogues he reports, for the duchess asked -him to commit what he had said to her to paper. Did Valdez, when doing -so, complete any of his answers? It is very possible. In Herzog’s <i>Encyclopædia</i>, -<abbr title='Monsieur'>M.</abbr> Bœhmer has given an extract from this dialogue, much -longer than the limits of this history will permit us to do.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f915'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r915'>915</a>. </span><i>Abecedario espiritual</i> <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 26. On this point Valdez is quite in harmony -with the reformers.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f916'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r916'>916</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i>, <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 27.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f917'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r917'>917</a>. </span><i>Abecedario espiritual</i>, fols. 36, 37, 38.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f918'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r918'>918</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i>, fols. 44, 45, 47, 50, 52, 53.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f919'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r919'>919</a>. </span><i>Abecedario espiritual</i>, fols. 57, 58.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f920'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r920'>920</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i>, <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 68.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f921'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r921'>921</a>. </span>These <i>Commentaries</i> have recently been reprinted in Spain.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f922'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r922'>922</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Convictus quod in Italia, cum Victoria Colonna Marchionis Piscarii -vidua et Julia Gonzaga, lectissimis alioquin feminis, de pravitate sectaria -suspectis, amicitiam coluisset, tandem ad ignem damnatus.’</span>—De Thou, -<i>ad annum</i> 1567. Schelhorn, <i>Amænitates Ecclesiasticæ</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 187.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f923'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r923'>923</a>. </span>The name of Carnesecchi still exists in Florence; the Latin documents -which we use give it under the form of Carneseca.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f924'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r924'>924</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Literarum bonarum scientia . . . ad perspiciendum acerrimi sensus . . . -cupiditas verum magnarum.’</span>—Notice of <i>Camerarius</i>, the friend of Melancthon, -in Schelhornii <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1201.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f925'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r925'>925</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Pontificatum illius temporis magis a Petro Carneseca geri quam a -Clemente.’</span>—<i>Camerarius</i> in Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1202.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f926'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r926'>926</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Carneseca commoratus aliquantulum in regno Neapolitano.’</span>—<i>Camerarius</i> -in Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1203.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f927'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r927'>927</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Carolum V. accercisse Carnesecam, ut ex ipso eliceret arcana consilia -pontificis Clementis, quæ hic credebatur cum Francisco rege Galliarum -Massiliæ inivisse.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f928'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r928'>928</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Tunc etiam boni viri officium neutiquam violavit.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f929'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r929'>929</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum quibus de sacrarum literarum lectione et intelligentia disserere -conferreque accurate solebat.’</span>—Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1204.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f930'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r930'>930</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Justificatio per solam fidem . . . Gratiæ et salutis certitudo -habetur . . . Nulli credendum, nisi Verbo Dei, in Sacris Scripturis -tradito.’</span>—Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Eccles.</i> <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 197-205.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f931'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r931'>931</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Puerum parvulum cum patre fugiente turbulentam dissentionem -civium suorum.’</span>—<i>Camerarius</i> in Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -1149.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f932'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r932'>932</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Adolescentem tueamur, in vestiario tantum laboramus.’</span>—Longoli -<i>Epist.</i> lib. <abbr title='four'>iv.</abbr> <abbr title='folio'>fol.</abbr> 271.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f933'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r933'>933</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Veram et salutarem sapientiam esse statuisset cognitionem sacrarum -literarum, id est, rerum divinarum Verbo Dei æterno proditarum.’</span>—<i>Camerarius</i> -in Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1150.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f934'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r934'>934</a>. </span><i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1152.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f935'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r935'>935</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Cum Gibertus pontifex Veronensis, homo literarum divinarum -amantissimus, a me summo studio contenderet, ut hymnos Davidis breviter -ac dilucide interpretarer, studiose istum laborem suscepi.’</span>—Flaminii -<i>Psalmorum Explanatio</i>, Lugduni, 1576, præf. 12.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f936'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r936'>936</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Et tum factum est ut in periculosum morbum incideret.’</span>—<i>Camerarius</i> -in Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1158.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f937'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r937'>937</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Nos Deo reconciliavit, se ipsum in cruce immolans, et omnia peccata -nostra suo purissimo sanguine delens.’</span>—Flaminii <i>Psalmorum Explicatio</i> -<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">(Epistola nuncupatoria Alex. Farnesio, Cardinali amplissimo)</span>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 9.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f938'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r938'>938</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Hunc enim, præ cæteris omnibus, magnopere dilexit et admiratus -est.’</span>—<i>De religione</i> Flaminii. Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Eccles.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 50.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f939'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r939'>939</a>. </span>This correspondence took place in the year 1543, and is found in -Schelhorn’s <i>Amœnitates Ecclesiasticæ</i>, <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> <abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 146-179.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f940'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r940'>940</a>. </span></p> -<div class='lg-container-b c006'> - <div class='linegroup'> - <div class='group'> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘O dulce hospitium! O lares beati!</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">O mores faciles! O Atticorum</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Conditæ sale collocutiones!</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quam vos ægro animo et laborioso</span></div> - <div class='line'><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Quantis cum lacrymis miser relinquo!’</span></div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p class='c007'>Schelhorn, <i>Amœnit. Literar.</i> <abbr title='ten'>x.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 1199.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f941'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r941'>941</a>. </span>‘Protonotario Carnesecæ.’—Schelhorn <i>Amœnit. Eccles.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 154.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f942'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r942'>942</a>. </span><span lang="it" xml:lang="it">‘Cosi maltrato il culto divino, si unirono in un’ oratorio chiamato del -<i>Divino Amore</i>.’</span>—Caracciolo, <i>Vita di Paolo IV.</i> <i>Vita Cajetani Thienæi</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> -<abbr title='pages'>pp.</abbr> 7-10.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f943'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r943'>943</a>. </span>De Thou, <i>Histoire</i>, <abbr title='book'>liv.</abbr> <abbr title='twenty-three'>xxiii.</abbr> <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>Le Mire de Scriptor. sæculi</i></span> <abbr title='sixteen'>xvi.</abbr>, &c.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f944'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r944'>944</a>. </span>Joannis Casæ <i>Vita Gasparis Contarini</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 88. Ranke, <i>Römische Päpste</i>, -<abbr title='one'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 152. Herzog, <i>Encyclopédie Théologique</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f945'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r945'>945</a>. </span>Beccatello, <i>Vita del Contarini</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 103. Ranke, <i>Römische Päpste</i>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 153.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f946'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r946'>946</a>. </span>Jean de la Case, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr"><i>Vie du Cardinal Contarini</i></span>, Lettere Volgari, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> 73. -Moreri, <abbr title='article'>art.</abbr> <i>Contarini</i>.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f947'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r947'>947</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Gratulor tibi quod habiturus sis locum tui et ingenii et animi in -Christianæ reipublicæ utilitate et commodis uberius explicandi.’</span>—Sadoletus -Contareno, 3 Novemb. 1535, <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 330.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f948'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r948'>948</a>. </span>Ranke, <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><i>Die Römische Päpste</i></span>, <abbr title='1'>i.</abbr> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 155.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f949'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r949'>949</a>. </span>Contarini, <span lang="la" xml:lang="la"><i>De Prædestinatione</i></span>. <i>De Libero Arbitrio.</i> Contarini’s theological, -philosophical, and political treatises were printed at Paris in 1571.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f950'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r950'>950</a>. </span>Philippians <abbr title='two'>ii.</abbr> 13.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f951'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r951'>951</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Is Paulus [tertius], sui pontificatus initio, spem atque expectationem -omnium mirabiliter erexit.’</span>—Florebelli <i>vita Sadoleti cardinalis</i>, <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> -708.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f952'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r952'>952</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Sublatis eis quæ a superioribus pontificibus Romanis instituta, sanctiorem -gerendi summi pontificatus rationem instituere.’</span>—<i>Ibid.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 709.</p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f953'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r953'>953</a>. </span>Contarini, Weizsæcker, <i>Theol. Encyclop.</i></p> -</div> -<div class='footnote' id='f954'> -<p class='c008'><span class='label'><a href='#r954'>954</a>. </span><span lang="la" xml:lang="la">‘Ægrotat enim corpus reipublicæ, et eo morbi genere ægrotat quod -præscriptam medicinam respuit.’</span>—<i>Sadolet to Contarini</i> March, 1536. -Sadoleti <i>Epist.</i> <abbr title='page'>p.</abbr> 342.</p> -</div> -<div class='tnotes'> - - <ul class='ul_1 c002'> - <li>Transcriber’s Notes: - <ul class='ul_2'> - <li>Missing or obscured punctuation was silently corrected. - </li> - <li>Typographical errors were silently corrected. - </li> - <li>Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation were made consistent only when a predominant - form was found in this book. - </li> - <li>Footnotes have been collected at the end of the text, and are linked for ease of - reference. - </li> - </ul> - </li> - </ul> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the Reformation in Europe -in the Time of Calvin, Vol. 4 of 8, by J. 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