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diff --git a/600-0.txt b/600-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..70430e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/600-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4753 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Notes from the Underground, by Fyodor Dostoyevsky + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Notes from the Underground + +Author: Fyodor Dostoyevsky + +Translator: Constance Garnett + +Release Date: July, 1996 [eBook #600] +[Most recently updated: December 26, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Judith Boss. HTML version by Al Haines + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES FROM THE UNDERGROUND *** + + + + +Notes from the Underground + +by Fyodor Dostoyevsky + + +Contents + + NOTES FROM THE UNDERGROUND + + PART I Underground + I + II + III + IV + V + VI + VII + VIII + IX + X + XI + + PART II À Propos of the Wet Snow + I + II + III + IV + V + VI + VII + VIII + IX + X + + + + +NOTES FROM THE UNDERGROUND[*] +A NOVEL + + +* The author of the diary and the diary itself are, of course, +imaginary. Nevertheless it is clear that such persons as the writer of +these notes not only may, but positively must, exist in our society, +when we consider the circumstances in the midst of which our society is +formed. I have tried to expose to the view of the public more +distinctly than is commonly done, one of the characters of the recent +past. He is one of the representatives of a generation still living. In +this fragment, entitled “Underground,” this person introduces himself +and his views, and, as it were, tries to explain the causes owing to +which he has made his appearance and was bound to make his appearance +in our midst. In the second fragment there are added the actual notes +of this person concerning certain events in his life.—AUTHOR’S NOTE. + + + + +PART I +Underground + + + + +I + + +I am a sick man.... I am a spiteful man. I am an unattractive man. I +believe my liver is diseased. However, I know nothing at all about my +disease, and do not know for certain what ails me. I don’t consult a +doctor for it, and never have, though I have a respect for medicine and +doctors. Besides, I am extremely superstitious, sufficiently so to +respect medicine, anyway (I am well-educated enough not to be +superstitious, but I am superstitious). No, I refuse to consult a +doctor from spite. That you probably will not understand. Well, I +understand it, though. Of course, I can’t explain who it is precisely +that I am mortifying in this case by my spite: I am perfectly well +aware that I cannot “pay out” the doctors by not consulting them; I +know better than anyone that by all this I am only injuring myself and +no one else. But still, if I don’t consult a doctor it is from spite. +My liver is bad, well—let it get worse! + +I have been going on like that for a long time—twenty years. Now I am +forty. I used to be in the government service, but am no longer. I was +a spiteful official. I was rude and took pleasure in being so. I did +not take bribes, you see, so I was bound to find a recompense in that, +at least. (A poor jest, but I will not scratch it out. I wrote it +thinking it would sound very witty; but now that I have seen myself +that I only wanted to show off in a despicable way, I will not scratch +it out on purpose!) + +When petitioners used to come for information to the table at which I +sat, I used to grind my teeth at them, and felt intense enjoyment when +I succeeded in making anybody unhappy. I almost did succeed. For the +most part they were all timid people—of course, they were petitioners. +But of the uppish ones there was one officer in particular I could not +endure. He simply would not be humble, and clanked his sword in a +disgusting way. I carried on a feud with him for eighteen months over +that sword. At last I got the better of him. He left off clanking it. +That happened in my youth, though. + +But do you know, gentlemen, what was the chief point about my spite? +Why, the whole point, the real sting of it lay in the fact that +continually, even in the moment of the acutest spleen, I was inwardly +conscious with shame that I was not only not a spiteful but not even an +embittered man, that I was simply scaring sparrows at random and +amusing myself by it. I might foam at the mouth, but bring me a doll to +play with, give me a cup of tea with sugar in it, and maybe I should be +appeased. I might even be genuinely touched, though probably I should +grind my teeth at myself afterwards and lie awake at night with shame +for months after. That was my way. + +I was lying when I said just now that I was a spiteful official. I was +lying from spite. I was simply amusing myself with the petitioners and +with the officer, and in reality I never could become spiteful. I was +conscious every moment in myself of many, very many elements absolutely +opposite to that. I felt them positively swarming in me, these opposite +elements. I knew that they had been swarming in me all my life and +craving some outlet from me, but I would not let them, would not let +them, purposely would not let them come out. They tormented me till I +was ashamed: they drove me to convulsions and—sickened me, at last, how +they sickened me! Now, are not you fancying, gentlemen, that I am +expressing remorse for something now, that I am asking your forgiveness +for something? I am sure you are fancying that ... However, I assure +you I do not care if you are.... + +It was not only that I could not become spiteful, I did not know how to +become anything; neither spiteful nor kind, neither a rascal nor an +honest man, neither a hero nor an insect. Now, I am living out my life +in my corner, taunting myself with the spiteful and useless consolation +that an intelligent man cannot become anything seriously, and it is +only the fool who becomes anything. Yes, a man in the nineteenth +century must and morally ought to be pre-eminently a characterless +creature; a man of character, an active man is pre-eminently a limited +creature. That is my conviction of forty years. I am forty years old +now, and you know forty years is a whole lifetime; you know it is +extreme old age. To live longer than forty years is bad manners, is +vulgar, immoral. Who does live beyond forty? Answer that, sincerely and +honestly I will tell you who do: fools and worthless fellows. I tell +all old men that to their face, all these venerable old men, all these +silver-haired and reverend seniors! I tell the whole world that to its +face! I have a right to say so, for I shall go on living to sixty +myself. To seventy! To eighty! ... Stay, let me take breath ... + +You imagine no doubt, gentlemen, that I want to amuse you. You are +mistaken in that, too. I am by no means such a mirthful person as you +imagine, or as you may imagine; however, irritated by all this babble +(and I feel that you are irritated) you think fit to ask me who I +am—then my answer is, I am a collegiate assessor. I was in the service +that I might have something to eat (and solely for that reason), and +when last year a distant relation left me six thousand roubles in his +will I immediately retired from the service and settled down in my +corner. I used to live in this corner before, but now I have settled +down in it. My room is a wretched, horrid one in the outskirts of the +town. My servant is an old country-woman, ill-natured from stupidity, +and, moreover, there is always a nasty smell about her. I am told that +the Petersburg climate is bad for me, and that with my small means it +is very expensive to live in Petersburg. I know all that better than +all these sage and experienced counsellors and monitors.... But I am +remaining in Petersburg; I am not going away from Petersburg! I am not +going away because ... ech! Why, it is absolutely no matter whether I +am going away or not going away. + +But what can a decent man speak of with most pleasure? + +Answer: Of himself. + +Well, so I will talk about myself. + + + + +II + + +I want now to tell you, gentlemen, whether you care to hear it or not, +why I could not even become an insect. I tell you solemnly, that I have +many times tried to become an insect. But I was not equal even to that. +I swear, gentlemen, that to be too conscious is an illness—a real +thorough-going illness. For man’s everyday needs, it would have been +quite enough to have the ordinary human consciousness, that is, half or +a quarter of the amount which falls to the lot of a cultivated man of +our unhappy nineteenth century, especially one who has the fatal +ill-luck to inhabit Petersburg, the most theoretical and intentional +town on the whole terrestrial globe. (There are intentional and +unintentional towns.) It would have been quite enough, for instance, to +have the consciousness by which all so-called direct persons and men of +action live. I bet you think I am writing all this from affectation, to +be witty at the expense of men of action; and what is more, that from +ill-bred affectation, I am clanking a sword like my officer. But, +gentlemen, whoever can pride himself on his diseases and even swagger +over them? + +Though, after all, everyone does do that; people do pride themselves on +their diseases, and I do, may be, more than anyone. We will not dispute +it; my contention was absurd. But yet I am firmly persuaded that a +great deal of consciousness, every sort of consciousness, in fact, is a +disease. I stick to that. Let us leave that, too, for a minute. Tell me +this: why does it happen that at the very, yes, at the very moments +when I am most capable of feeling every refinement of all that is +“sublime and beautiful,” as they used to say at one time, it would, as +though of design, happen to me not only to feel but to do such ugly +things, such that ... Well, in short, actions that all, perhaps, +commit; but which, as though purposely, occurred to me at the very time +when I was most conscious that they ought not to be committed. The more +conscious I was of goodness and of all that was “sublime and +beautiful,” the more deeply I sank into my mire and the more ready I +was to sink in it altogether. But the chief point was that all this +was, as it were, not accidental in me, but as though it were bound to +be so. It was as though it were my most normal condition, and not in +the least disease or depravity, so that at last all desire in me to +struggle against this depravity passed. It ended by my almost believing +(perhaps actually believing) that this was perhaps my normal condition. +But at first, in the beginning, what agonies I endured in that +struggle! I did not believe it was the same with other people, and all +my life I hid this fact about myself as a secret. I was ashamed (even +now, perhaps, I am ashamed): I got to the point of feeling a sort of +secret abnormal, despicable enjoyment in returning home to my corner on +some disgusting Petersburg night, acutely conscious that that day I had +committed a loathsome action again, that what was done could never be +undone, and secretly, inwardly gnawing, gnawing at myself for it, +tearing and consuming myself till at last the bitterness turned into a +sort of shameful accursed sweetness, and at last—into positive real +enjoyment! Yes, into enjoyment, into enjoyment! I insist upon that. I +have spoken of this because I keep wanting to know for a fact whether +other people feel such enjoyment? I will explain; the enjoyment was +just from the too intense consciousness of one’s own degradation; it +was from feeling oneself that one had reached the last barrier, that it +was horrible, but that it could not be otherwise; that there was no +escape for you; that you never could become a different man; that even +if time and faith were still left you to change into something +different you would most likely not wish to change; or if you did wish +to, even then you would do nothing; because perhaps in reality there +was nothing for you to change into. + +And the worst of it was, and the root of it all, that it was all in +accord with the normal fundamental laws of over-acute consciousness, +and with the inertia that was the direct result of those laws, and that +consequently one was not only unable to change but could do absolutely +nothing. Thus it would follow, as the result of acute consciousness, +that one is not to blame in being a scoundrel; as though that were any +consolation to the scoundrel once he has come to realise that he +actually is a scoundrel. But enough.... Ech, I have talked a lot of +nonsense, but what have I explained? How is enjoyment in this to be +explained? But I will explain it. I will get to the bottom of it! That +is why I have taken up my pen.... + +I, for instance, have a great deal of _amour propre_. I am as +suspicious and prone to take offence as a humpback or a dwarf. But upon +my word I sometimes have had moments when if I had happened to be +slapped in the face I should, perhaps, have been positively glad of it. +I say, in earnest, that I should probably have been able to discover +even in that a peculiar sort of enjoyment—the enjoyment, of course, of +despair; but in despair there are the most intense enjoyments, +especially when one is very acutely conscious of the hopelessness of +one’s position. And when one is slapped in the face—why then the +consciousness of being rubbed into a pulp would positively overwhelm +one. The worst of it is, look at it which way one will, it still turns +out that I was always the most to blame in everything. And what is most +humiliating of all, to blame for no fault of my own but, so to say, +through the laws of nature. In the first place, to blame because I am +cleverer than any of the people surrounding me. (I have always +considered myself cleverer than any of the people surrounding me, and +sometimes, would you believe it, have been positively ashamed of it. At +any rate, I have all my life, as it were, turned my eyes away and never +could look people straight in the face.) To blame, finally, because +even if I had had magnanimity, I should only have had more suffering +from the sense of its uselessness. I should certainly have never been +able to do anything from being magnanimous—neither to forgive, for my +assailant would perhaps have slapped me from the laws of nature, and +one cannot forgive the laws of nature; nor to forget, for even if it +were owing to the laws of nature, it is insulting all the same. +Finally, even if I had wanted to be anything but magnanimous, had +desired on the contrary to revenge myself on my assailant, I could not +have revenged myself on any one for anything because I should certainly +never have made up my mind to do anything, even if I had been able to. +Why should I not have made up my mind? About that in particular I want +to say a few words. + + + + +III + + +With people who know how to revenge themselves and to stand up for +themselves in general, how is it done? Why, when they are possessed, +let us suppose, by the feeling of revenge, then for the time there is +nothing else but that feeling left in their whole being. Such a +gentleman simply dashes straight for his object like an infuriated bull +with its horns down, and nothing but a wall will stop him. (By the way: +facing the wall, such gentlemen—that is, the “direct” persons and men +of action—are genuinely nonplussed. For them a wall is not an evasion, +as for us people who think and consequently do nothing; it is not an +excuse for turning aside, an excuse for which we are always very glad, +though we scarcely believe in it ourselves, as a rule. No, they are +nonplussed in all sincerity. The wall has for them something +tranquillising, morally soothing, final—maybe even something mysterious +... but of the wall later.) + +Well, such a direct person I regard as the real normal man, as his +tender mother nature wished to see him when she graciously brought him +into being on the earth. I envy such a man till I am green in the face. +He is stupid. I am not disputing that, but perhaps the normal man +should be stupid, how do you know? Perhaps it is very beautiful, in +fact. And I am the more persuaded of that suspicion, if one can call it +so, by the fact that if you take, for instance, the antithesis of the +normal man, that is, the man of acute consciousness, who has come, of +course, not out of the lap of nature but out of a retort (this is +almost mysticism, gentlemen, but I suspect this, too), this retort-made +man is sometimes so nonplussed in the presence of his antithesis that +with all his exaggerated consciousness he genuinely thinks of himself +as a mouse and not a man. It may be an acutely conscious mouse, yet it +is a mouse, while the other is a man, and therefore, et caetera, et +caetera. And the worst of it is, he himself, his very own self, looks +on himself as a mouse; no one asks him to do so; and that is an +important point. Now let us look at this mouse in action. Let us +suppose, for instance, that it feels insulted, too (and it almost +always does feel insulted), and wants to revenge itself, too. There may +even be a greater accumulation of spite in it than in _l’homme de la +nature et de la vérité_. The base and nasty desire to vent that spite +on its assailant rankles perhaps even more nastily in it than in +_l’homme de la nature et de la vérité_. For through his innate +stupidity the latter looks upon his revenge as justice pure and simple; +while in consequence of his acute consciousness the mouse does not +believe in the justice of it. To come at last to the deed itself, to +the very act of revenge. Apart from the one fundamental nastiness the +luckless mouse succeeds in creating around it so many other nastinesses +in the form of doubts and questions, adds to the one question so many +unsettled questions that there inevitably works up around it a sort of +fatal brew, a stinking mess, made up of its doubts, emotions, and of +the contempt spat upon it by the direct men of action who stand +solemnly about it as judges and arbitrators, laughing at it till their +healthy sides ache. Of course the only thing left for it is to dismiss +all that with a wave of its paw, and, with a smile of assumed contempt +in which it does not even itself believe, creep ignominiously into its +mouse-hole. There in its nasty, stinking, underground home our +insulted, crushed and ridiculed mouse promptly becomes absorbed in +cold, malignant and, above all, everlasting spite. For forty years +together it will remember its injury down to the smallest, most +ignominious details, and every time will add, of itself, details still +more ignominious, spitefully teasing and tormenting itself with its own +imagination. It will itself be ashamed of its imaginings, but yet it +will recall it all, it will go over and over every detail, it will +invent unheard of things against itself, pretending that those things +might happen, and will forgive nothing. Maybe it will begin to revenge +itself, too, but, as it were, piecemeal, in trivial ways, from behind +the stove, incognito, without believing either in its own right to +vengeance, or in the success of its revenge, knowing that from all its +efforts at revenge it will suffer a hundred times more than he on whom +it revenges itself, while he, I daresay, will not even scratch himself. +On its deathbed it will recall it all over again, with interest +accumulated over all the years and ... + +But it is just in that cold, abominable half despair, half belief, in +that conscious burying oneself alive for grief in the underworld for +forty years, in that acutely recognised and yet partly doubtful +hopelessness of one’s position, in that hell of unsatisfied desires +turned inward, in that fever of oscillations, of resolutions determined +for ever and repented of again a minute later—that the savour of that +strange enjoyment of which I have spoken lies. It is so subtle, so +difficult of analysis, that persons who are a little limited, or even +simply persons of strong nerves, will not understand a single atom of +it. “Possibly,” you will add on your own account with a grin, “people +will not understand it either who have never received a slap in the +face,” and in that way you will politely hint to me that I, too, +perhaps, have had the experience of a slap in the face in my life, and +so I speak as one who knows. I bet that you are thinking that. But set +your minds at rest, gentlemen, I have not received a slap in the face, +though it is absolutely a matter of indifference to me what you may +think about it. Possibly, I even regret, myself, that I have given so +few slaps in the face during my life. But enough ... not another word +on that subject of such extreme interest to you. + +I will continue calmly concerning persons with strong nerves who do not +understand a certain refinement of enjoyment. Though in certain +circumstances these gentlemen bellow their loudest like bulls, though +this, let us suppose, does them the greatest credit, yet, as I have +said already, confronted with the impossible they subside at once. The +impossible means the stone wall! What stone wall? Why, of course, the +laws of nature, the deductions of natural science, mathematics. As soon +as they prove to you, for instance, that you are descended from a +monkey, then it is no use scowling, accept it for a fact. When they +prove to you that in reality one drop of your own fat must be dearer to +you than a hundred thousand of your fellow-creatures, and that this +conclusion is the final solution of all so-called virtues and duties +and all such prejudices and fancies, then you have just to accept it, +there is no help for it, for twice two is a law of mathematics. Just +try refuting it. + +“Upon my word, they will shout at you, it is no use protesting: it is a +case of twice two makes four! Nature does not ask your permission, she +has nothing to do with your wishes, and whether you like her laws or +dislike them, you are bound to accept her as she is, and consequently +all her conclusions. A wall, you see, is a wall ... and so on, and so +on.” + +Merciful Heavens! but what do I care for the laws of nature and +arithmetic, when, for some reason I dislike those laws and the fact +that twice two makes four? Of course I cannot break through the wall by +battering my head against it if I really have not the strength to knock +it down, but I am not going to be reconciled to it simply because it is +a stone wall and I have not the strength. + +As though such a stone wall really were a consolation, and really did +contain some word of conciliation, simply because it is as true as +twice two makes four. Oh, absurdity of absurdities! How much better it +is to understand it all, to recognise it all, all the impossibilities +and the stone wall; not to be reconciled to one of those +impossibilities and stone walls if it disgusts you to be reconciled to +it; by the way of the most inevitable, logical combinations to reach +the most revolting conclusions on the everlasting theme, that even for +the stone wall you are yourself somehow to blame, though again it is as +clear as day you are not to blame in the least, and therefore grinding +your teeth in silent impotence to sink into luxurious inertia, brooding +on the fact that there is no one even for you to feel vindictive +against, that you have not, and perhaps never will have, an object for +your spite, that it is a sleight of hand, a bit of juggling, a +card-sharper’s trick, that it is simply a mess, no knowing what and no +knowing who, but in spite of all these uncertainties and jugglings, +still there is an ache in you, and the more you do not know, the worse +the ache. + + + + +IV + + +“Ha, ha, ha! You will be finding enjoyment in toothache next,” you cry, +with a laugh. + +“Well, even in toothache there is enjoyment,” I answer. I had toothache +for a whole month and I know there is. In that case, of course, people +are not spiteful in silence, but moan; but they are not candid moans, +they are malignant moans, and the malignancy is the whole point. The +enjoyment of the sufferer finds expression in those moans; if he did +not feel enjoyment in them he would not moan. It is a good example, +gentlemen, and I will develop it. Those moans express in the first +place all the aimlessness of your pain, which is so humiliating to your +consciousness; the whole legal system of nature on which you spit +disdainfully, of course, but from which you suffer all the same while +she does not. They express the consciousness that you have no enemy to +punish, but that you have pain; the consciousness that in spite of all +possible Wagenheims you are in complete slavery to your teeth; that if +someone wishes it, your teeth will leave off aching, and if he does +not, they will go on aching another three months; and that finally if +you are still contumacious and still protest, all that is left you for +your own gratification is to thrash yourself or beat your wall with +your fist as hard as you can, and absolutely nothing more. Well, these +mortal insults, these jeers on the part of someone unknown, end at last +in an enjoyment which sometimes reaches the highest degree of +voluptuousness. I ask you, gentlemen, listen sometimes to the moans of +an educated man of the nineteenth century suffering from toothache, on +the second or third day of the attack, when he is beginning to moan, +not as he moaned on the first day, that is, not simply because he has +toothache, not just as any coarse peasant, but as a man affected by +progress and European civilisation, a man who is “divorced from the +soil and the national elements,” as they express it now-a-days. His +moans become nasty, disgustingly malignant, and go on for whole days +and nights. And of course he knows himself that he is doing himself no +sort of good with his moans; he knows better than anyone that he is +only lacerating and harassing himself and others for nothing; he knows +that even the audience before whom he is making his efforts, and his +whole family, listen to him with loathing, do not put a ha’porth of +faith in him, and inwardly understand that he might moan differently, +more simply, without trills and flourishes, and that he is only amusing +himself like that from ill-humour, from malignancy. Well, in all these +recognitions and disgraces it is that there lies a voluptuous pleasure. +As though he would say: “I am worrying you, I am lacerating your +hearts, I am keeping everyone in the house awake. Well, stay awake +then, you, too, feel every minute that I have toothache. I am not a +hero to you now, as I tried to seem before, but simply a nasty person, +an impostor. Well, so be it, then! I am very glad that you see through +me. It is nasty for you to hear my despicable moans: well, let it be +nasty; here I will let you have a nastier flourish in a minute....” You +do not understand even now, gentlemen? No, it seems our development and +our consciousness must go further to understand all the intricacies of +this pleasure. You laugh? Delighted. My jests, gentlemen, are of course +in bad taste, jerky, involved, lacking self-confidence. But of course +that is because I do not respect myself. Can a man of perception +respect himself at all? + + + + +V + + +Come, can a man who attempts to find enjoyment in the very feeling of +his own degradation possibly have a spark of respect for himself? I am +not saying this now from any mawkish kind of remorse. And, indeed, I +could never endure saying, “Forgive me, Papa, I won’t do it again,” not +because I am incapable of saying that—on the contrary, perhaps just +because I have been too capable of it, and in what a way, too. As +though of design I used to get into trouble in cases when I was not to +blame in any way. That was the nastiest part of it. At the same time I +was genuinely touched and penitent, I used to shed tears and, of +course, deceived myself, though I was not acting in the least and there +was a sick feeling in my heart at the time.... For that one could not +blame even the laws of nature, though the laws of nature have +continually all my life offended me more than anything. It is loathsome +to remember it all, but it was loathsome even then. Of course, a minute +or so later I would realise wrathfully that it was all a lie, a +revolting lie, an affected lie, that is, all this penitence, this +emotion, these vows of reform. You will ask why did I worry myself with +such antics: answer, because it was very dull to sit with one’s hands +folded, and so one began cutting capers. That is really it. Observe +yourselves more carefully, gentlemen, then you will understand that it +is so. I invented adventures for myself and made up a life, so as at +least to live in some way. How many times it has happened to me—well, +for instance, to take offence simply on purpose, for nothing; and one +knows oneself, of course, that one is offended at nothing; that one is +putting it on, but yet one brings oneself at last to the point of being +really offended. All my life I have had an impulse to play such pranks, +so that in the end I could not control it in myself. Another time, +twice, in fact, I tried hard to be in love. I suffered, too, gentlemen, +I assure you. In the depth of my heart there was no faith in my +suffering, only a faint stir of mockery, but yet I did suffer, and in +the real, orthodox way; I was jealous, beside myself ... and it was all +from _ennui_, gentlemen, all from _ennui;_ inertia overcame me. You +know the direct, legitimate fruit of consciousness is inertia, that is, +conscious sitting-with-the-hands-folded. I have referred to this +already. I repeat, I repeat with emphasis: all “direct” persons and men +of action are active just because they are stupid and limited. How +explain that? I will tell you: in consequence of their limitation they +take immediate and secondary causes for primary ones, and in that way +persuade themselves more quickly and easily than other people do that +they have found an infallible foundation for their activity, and their +minds are at ease and you know that is the chief thing. To begin to +act, you know, you must first have your mind completely at ease and no +trace of doubt left in it. Why, how am I, for example, to set my mind +at rest? Where are the primary causes on which I am to build? Where are +my foundations? Where am I to get them from? I exercise myself in +reflection, and consequently with me every primary cause at once draws +after itself another still more primary, and so on to infinity. That is +just the essence of every sort of consciousness and reflection. It must +be a case of the laws of nature again. What is the result of it in the +end? Why, just the same. Remember I spoke just now of vengeance. (I am +sure you did not take it in.) I said that a man revenges himself +because he sees justice in it. Therefore he has found a primary cause, +that is, justice. And so he is at rest on all sides, and consequently +he carries out his revenge calmly and successfully, being persuaded +that he is doing a just and honest thing. But I see no justice in it, I +find no sort of virtue in it either, and consequently if I attempt to +revenge myself, it is only out of spite. Spite, of course, might +overcome everything, all my doubts, and so might serve quite +successfully in place of a primary cause, precisely because it is not a +cause. But what is to be done if I have not even spite (I began with +that just now, you know). In consequence again of those accursed laws +of consciousness, anger in me is subject to chemical disintegration. +You look into it, the object flies off into air, your reasons +evaporate, the criminal is not to be found, the wrong becomes not a +wrong but a phantom, something like the toothache, for which no one is +to blame, and consequently there is only the same outlet left +again—that is, to beat the wall as hard as you can. So you give it up +with a wave of the hand because you have not found a fundamental cause. +And try letting yourself be carried away by your feelings, blindly, +without reflection, without a primary cause, repelling consciousness at +least for a time; hate or love, if only not to sit with your hands +folded. The day after tomorrow, at the latest, you will begin despising +yourself for having knowingly deceived yourself. Result: a soap-bubble +and inertia. Oh, gentlemen, do you know, perhaps I consider myself an +intelligent man, only because all my life I have been able neither to +begin nor to finish anything. Granted I am a babbler, a harmless +vexatious babbler, like all of us. But what is to be done if the direct +and sole vocation of every intelligent man is babble, that is, the +intentional pouring of water through a sieve? + + + + +VI + + +Oh, if I had done nothing simply from laziness! Heavens, how I should +have respected myself, then. I should have respected myself because I +should at least have been capable of being lazy; there would at least +have been one quality, as it were, positive in me, in which I could +have believed myself. Question: What is he? Answer: A sluggard; how +very pleasant it would have been to hear that of oneself! It would mean +that I was positively defined, it would mean that there was something +to say about me. “Sluggard”—why, it is a calling and vocation, it is a +career. Do not jest, it is so. I should then be a member of the best +club by right, and should find my occupation in continually respecting +myself. I knew a gentleman who prided himself all his life on being a +connoisseur of Lafitte. He considered this as his positive virtue, and +never doubted himself. He died, not simply with a tranquil, but with a +triumphant conscience, and he was quite right, too. Then I should have +chosen a career for myself, I should have been a sluggard and a +glutton, not a simple one, but, for instance, one with sympathies for +everything sublime and beautiful. How do you like that? I have long had +visions of it. That “sublime and beautiful” weighs heavily on my mind +at forty But that is at forty; then—oh, then it would have been +different! I should have found for myself a form of activity in keeping +with it, to be precise, drinking to the health of everything “sublime +and beautiful.” I should have snatched at every opportunity to drop a +tear into my glass and then to drain it to all that is “sublime and +beautiful.” I should then have turned everything into the sublime and +the beautiful; in the nastiest, unquestionable trash, I should have +sought out the sublime and the beautiful. I should have exuded tears +like a wet sponge. An artist, for instance, paints a picture worthy of +Gay. At once I drink to the health of the artist who painted the +picture worthy of Gay, because I love all that is “sublime and +beautiful.” An author has written _As you will:_ at once I drink to the +health of “anyone you will” because I love all that is “sublime and +beautiful.” + +I should claim respect for doing so. I should persecute anyone who +would not show me respect. I should live at ease, I should die with +dignity, why, it is charming, perfectly charming! And what a good round +belly I should have grown, what a treble chin I should have +established, what a ruby nose I should have coloured for myself, so +that everyone would have said, looking at me: “Here is an asset! Here +is something real and solid!” And, say what you like, it is very +agreeable to hear such remarks about oneself in this negative age. + + + + +VII + + +But these are all golden dreams. Oh, tell me, who was it first +announced, who was it first proclaimed, that man only does nasty things +because he does not know his own interests; and that if he were +enlightened, if his eyes were opened to his real normal interests, man +would at once cease to do nasty things, would at once become good and +noble because, being enlightened and understanding his real advantage, +he would see his own advantage in the good and nothing else, and we all +know that not one man can, consciously, act against his own interests, +consequently, so to say, through necessity, he would begin doing good? +Oh, the babe! Oh, the pure, innocent child! Why, in the first place, +when in all these thousands of years has there been a time when man has +acted only from his own interest? What is to be done with the millions +of facts that bear witness that men, _consciously_, that is fully +understanding their real interests, have left them in the background +and have rushed headlong on another path, to meet peril and danger, +compelled to this course by nobody and by nothing, but, as it were, +simply disliking the beaten track, and have obstinately, wilfully, +struck out another difficult, absurd way, seeking it almost in the +darkness. So, I suppose, this obstinacy and perversity were pleasanter +to them than any advantage.... Advantage! What is advantage? And will +you take it upon yourself to define with perfect accuracy in what the +advantage of man consists? And what if it so happens that a man’s +advantage, _sometimes_, not only may, but even must, consist in his +desiring in certain cases what is harmful to himself and not +advantageous. And if so, if there can be such a case, the whole +principle falls into dust. What do you think—are there such cases? You +laugh; laugh away, gentlemen, but only answer me: have man’s advantages +been reckoned up with perfect certainty? Are there not some which not +only have not been included but cannot possibly be included under any +classification? You see, you gentlemen have, to the best of my +knowledge, taken your whole register of human advantages from the +averages of statistical figures and politico-economical formulas. Your +advantages are prosperity, wealth, freedom, peace—and so on, and so on. +So that the man who should, for instance, go openly and knowingly in +opposition to all that list would to your thinking, and indeed mine, +too, of course, be an obscurantist or an absolute madman: would not he? +But, you know, this is what is surprising: why does it so happen that +all these statisticians, sages and lovers of humanity, when they reckon +up human advantages invariably leave out one? They don’t even take it +into their reckoning in the form in which it should be taken, and the +whole reckoning depends upon that. It would be no greater matter, they +would simply have to take it, this advantage, and add it to the list. +But the trouble is, that this strange advantage does not fall under any +classification and is not in place in any list. I have a friend for +instance ... Ech! gentlemen, but of course he is your friend, too; and +indeed there is no one, no one to whom he is not a friend! When he +prepares for any undertaking this gentleman immediately explains to +you, elegantly and clearly, exactly how he must act in accordance with +the laws of reason and truth. What is more, he will talk to you with +excitement and passion of the true normal interests of man; with irony +he will upbraid the short-sighted fools who do not understand their own +interests, nor the true significance of virtue; and, within a quarter +of an hour, without any sudden outside provocation, but simply through +something inside him which is stronger than all his interests, he will +go off on quite a different tack—that is, act in direct opposition to +what he has just been saying about himself, in opposition to the laws +of reason, in opposition to his own advantage, in fact in opposition to +everything ... I warn you that my friend is a compound personality and +therefore it is difficult to blame him as an individual. The fact is, +gentlemen, it seems there must really exist something that is dearer to +almost every man than his greatest advantages, or (not to be illogical) +there is a most advantageous advantage (the very one omitted of which +we spoke just now) which is more important and more advantageous than +all other advantages, for the sake of which a man if necessary is ready +to act in opposition to all laws; that is, in opposition to reason, +honour, peace, prosperity—in fact, in opposition to all those excellent +and useful things if only he can attain that fundamental, most +advantageous advantage which is dearer to him than all. “Yes, but it’s +advantage all the same,” you will retort. But excuse me, I’ll make the +point clear, and it is not a case of playing upon words. What matters +is, that this advantage is remarkable from the very fact that it breaks +down all our classifications, and continually shatters every system +constructed by lovers of mankind for the benefit of mankind. In fact, +it upsets everything. But before I mention this advantage to you, I +want to compromise myself personally, and therefore I boldly declare +that all these fine systems, all these theories for explaining to +mankind their real normal interests, in order that inevitably striving +to pursue these interests they may at once become good and noble—are, +in my opinion, so far, mere logical exercises! Yes, logical exercises. +Why, to maintain this theory of the regeneration of mankind by means of +the pursuit of his own advantage is to my mind almost the same thing +... as to affirm, for instance, following Buckle, that through +civilisation mankind becomes softer, and consequently less bloodthirsty +and less fitted for warfare. Logically it does seem to follow from his +arguments. But man has such a predilection for systems and abstract +deductions that he is ready to distort the truth intentionally, he is +ready to deny the evidence of his senses only to justify his logic. I +take this example because it is the most glaring instance of it. Only +look about you: blood is being spilt in streams, and in the merriest +way, as though it were champagne. Take the whole of the nineteenth +century in which Buckle lived. Take Napoleon—the Great and also the +present one. Take North America—the eternal union. Take the farce of +Schleswig-Holstein.... And what is it that civilisation softens in us? +The only gain of civilisation for mankind is the greater capacity for +variety of sensations—and absolutely nothing more. And through the +development of this many-sidedness man may come to finding enjoyment in +bloodshed. In fact, this has already happened to him. Have you noticed +that it is the most civilised gentlemen who have been the subtlest +slaughterers, to whom the Attilas and Stenka Razins could not hold a +candle, and if they are not so conspicuous as the Attilas and Stenka +Razins it is simply because they are so often met with, are so ordinary +and have become so familiar to us. In any case civilisation has made +mankind if not more bloodthirsty, at least more vilely, more +loathsomely bloodthirsty. In old days he saw justice in bloodshed and +with his conscience at peace exterminated those he thought proper. Now +we do think bloodshed abominable and yet we engage in this abomination, +and with more energy than ever. Which is worse? Decide that for +yourselves. They say that Cleopatra (excuse an instance from Roman +history) was fond of sticking gold pins into her slave-girls’ breasts +and derived gratification from their screams and writhings. You will +say that that was in the comparatively barbarous times; that these are +barbarous times too, because also, comparatively speaking, pins are +stuck in even now; that though man has now learned to see more clearly +than in barbarous ages, he is still far from having learnt to act as +reason and science would dictate. But yet you are fully convinced that +he will be sure to learn when he gets rid of certain old bad habits, +and when common sense and science have completely re-educated human +nature and turned it in a normal direction. You are confident that then +man will cease from _intentional_ error and will, so to say, be +compelled not to want to set his will against his normal interests. +That is not all; then, you say, science itself will teach man (though +to my mind it’s a superfluous luxury) that he never has really had any +caprice or will of his own, and that he himself is something of the +nature of a piano-key or the stop of an organ, and that there are, +besides, things called the laws of nature; so that everything he does +is not done by his willing it, but is done of itself, by the laws of +nature. Consequently we have only to discover these laws of nature, and +man will no longer have to answer for his actions and life will become +exceedingly easy for him. All human actions will then, of course, be +tabulated according to these laws, mathematically, like tables of +logarithms up to 108,000, and entered in an index; or, better still, +there would be published certain edifying works of the nature of +encyclopaedic lexicons, in which everything will be so clearly +calculated and explained that there will be no more incidents or +adventures in the world. + +Then—this is all what you say—new economic relations will be +established, all ready-made and worked out with mathematical +exactitude, so that every possible question will vanish in the +twinkling of an eye, simply because every possible answer to it will be +provided. Then the “Palace of Crystal” will be built. Then ... In fact, +those will be halcyon days. Of course there is no guaranteeing (this is +my comment) that it will not be, for instance, frightfully dull then +(for what will one have to do when everything will be calculated and +tabulated), but on the other hand everything will be extraordinarily +rational. Of course boredom may lead you to anything. It is boredom +sets one sticking golden pins into people, but all that would not +matter. What is bad (this is my comment again) is that I dare say +people will be thankful for the gold pins then. Man is stupid, you +know, phenomenally stupid; or rather he is not at all stupid, but he is +so ungrateful that you could not find another like him in all creation. +I, for instance, would not be in the least surprised if all of a +sudden, _à propos_ of nothing, in the midst of general prosperity a +gentleman with an ignoble, or rather with a reactionary and ironical, +countenance were to arise and, putting his arms akimbo, say to us all: +“I say, gentleman, hadn’t we better kick over the whole show and +scatter rationalism to the winds, simply to send these logarithms to +the devil, and to enable us to live once more at our own sweet foolish +will!” That again would not matter, but what is annoying is that he +would be sure to find followers—such is the nature of man. And all that +for the most foolish reason, which, one would think, was hardly worth +mentioning: that is, that man everywhere and at all times, whoever he +may be, has preferred to act as he chose and not in the least as his +reason and advantage dictated. And one may choose what is contrary to +one’s own interests, and sometimes one _positively ought_ (that is my +idea). One’s own free unfettered choice, one’s own caprice, however +wild it may be, one’s own fancy worked up at times to frenzy—is that +very “most advantageous advantage” which we have overlooked, which +comes under no classification and against which all systems and +theories are continually being shattered to atoms. And how do these +wiseacres know that man wants a normal, a virtuous choice? What has +made them conceive that man must want a rationally advantageous choice? +What man wants is simply _independent_ choice, whatever that +independence may cost and wherever it may lead. And choice, of course, +the devil only knows what choice. + + + + +VIII + + +“Ha! ha! ha! But you know there is no such thing as choice in reality, +say what you like,” you will interpose with a chuckle. “Science has +succeeded in so far analysing man that we know already that choice and +what is called freedom of will is nothing else than—” + +Stay, gentlemen, I meant to begin with that myself I confess, I was +rather frightened. I was just going to say that the devil only knows +what choice depends on, and that perhaps that was a very good thing, +but I remembered the teaching of science ... and pulled myself up. And +here you have begun upon it. Indeed, if there really is some day +discovered a formula for all our desires and caprices—that is, an +explanation of what they depend upon, by what laws they arise, how they +develop, what they are aiming at in one case and in another and so on, +that is a real mathematical formula—then, most likely, man will at once +cease to feel desire, indeed, he will be certain to. For who would want +to choose by rule? Besides, he will at once be transformed from a human +being into an organ-stop or something of the sort; for what is a man +without desires, without free will and without choice, if not a stop in +an organ? What do you think? Let us reckon the chances—can such a thing +happen or not? + +“H’m!” you decide. “Our choice is usually mistaken from a false view of +our advantage. We sometimes choose absolute nonsense because in our +foolishness we see in that nonsense the easiest means for attaining a +supposed advantage. But when all that is explained and worked out on +paper (which is perfectly possible, for it is contemptible and +senseless to suppose that some laws of nature man will never +understand), then certainly so-called desires will no longer exist. For +if a desire should come into conflict with reason we shall then reason +and not desire, because it will be impossible retaining our reason to +be _senseless_ in our desires, and in that way knowingly act against +reason and desire to injure ourselves. And as all choice and reasoning +can be really calculated—because there will some day be discovered the +laws of our so-called free will—so, joking apart, there may one day be +something like a table constructed of them, so that we really shall +choose in accordance with it. If, for instance, some day they calculate +and prove to me that I made a long nose at someone because I could not +help making a long nose at him and that I had to do it in that +particular way, what _freedom_ is left me, especially if I am a learned +man and have taken my degree somewhere? Then I should be able to +calculate my whole life for thirty years beforehand. In short, if this +could be arranged there would be nothing left for us to do; anyway, we +should have to understand that. And, in fact, we ought unwearyingly to +repeat to ourselves that at such and such a time and in such and such +circumstances nature does not ask our leave; that we have got to take +her as she is and not fashion her to suit our fancy, and if we really +aspire to formulas and tables of rules, and well, even ... to the +chemical retort, there’s no help for it, we must accept the retort too, +or else it will be accepted without our consent....” + +Yes, but here I come to a stop! Gentlemen, you must excuse me for being +over-philosophical; it’s the result of forty years underground! Allow +me to indulge my fancy. You see, gentlemen, reason is an excellent +thing, there’s no disputing that, but reason is nothing but reason and +satisfies only the rational side of man’s nature, while will is a +manifestation of the whole life, that is, of the whole human life +including reason and all the impulses. And although our life, in this +manifestation of it, is often worthless, yet it is life and not simply +extracting square roots. Here I, for instance, quite naturally want to +live, in order to satisfy all my capacities for life, and not simply my +capacity for reasoning, that is, not simply one twentieth of my +capacity for life. What does reason know? Reason only knows what it has +succeeded in learning (some things, perhaps, it will never learn; this +is a poor comfort, but why not say so frankly?) and human nature acts +as a whole, with everything that is in it, consciously or +unconsciously, and, even if it goes wrong, it lives. I suspect, +gentlemen, that you are looking at me with compassion; you tell me +again that an enlightened and developed man, such, in short, as the +future man will be, cannot consciously desire anything disadvantageous +to himself, that that can be proved mathematically. I thoroughly agree, +it can—by mathematics. But I repeat for the hundredth time, there is +one case, one only, when man may consciously, purposely, desire what is +injurious to himself, what is stupid, very stupid—simply in order to +have the right to desire for himself even what is very stupid and not +to be bound by an obligation to desire only what is sensible. Of +course, this very stupid thing, this caprice of ours, may be in +reality, gentlemen, more advantageous for us than anything else on +earth, especially in certain cases. And in particular it may be more +advantageous than any advantage even when it does us obvious harm, and +contradicts the soundest conclusions of our reason concerning our +advantage—for in any circumstances it preserves for us what is most +precious and most important—that is, our personality, our +individuality. Some, you see, maintain that this really is the most +precious thing for mankind; choice can, of course, if it chooses, be in +agreement with reason; and especially if this be not abused but kept +within bounds. It is profitable and sometimes even praiseworthy. But +very often, and even most often, choice is utterly and stubbornly +opposed to reason ... and ... and ... do you know that that, too, is +profitable, sometimes even praiseworthy? Gentlemen, let us suppose that +man is not stupid. (Indeed one cannot refuse to suppose that, if only +from the one consideration, that, if man is stupid, then who is wise?) +But if he is not stupid, he is monstrously ungrateful! Phenomenally +ungrateful. In fact, I believe that the best definition of man is the +ungrateful biped. But that is not all, that is not his worst defect; +his worst defect is his perpetual moral obliquity, perpetual—from the +days of the Flood to the Schleswig-Holstein period. Moral obliquity and +consequently lack of good sense; for it has long been accepted that +lack of good sense is due to no other cause than moral obliquity. Put +it to the test and cast your eyes upon the history of mankind. What +will you see? Is it a grand spectacle? Grand, if you like. Take the +Colossus of Rhodes, for instance, that’s worth something. With good +reason Mr. Anaevsky testifies of it that some say that it is the work +of man’s hands, while others maintain that it has been created by +nature herself. Is it many-coloured? May be it is many-coloured, too: +if one takes the dress uniforms, military and civilian, of all peoples +in all ages—that alone is worth something, and if you take the undress +uniforms you will never get to the end of it; no historian would be +equal to the job. Is it monotonous? May be it’s monotonous too: it’s +fighting and fighting; they are fighting now, they fought first and +they fought last—you will admit, that it is almost too monotonous. In +short, one may say anything about the history of the world—anything +that might enter the most disordered imagination. The only thing one +can’t say is that it’s rational. The very word sticks in one’s throat. +And, indeed, this is the odd thing that is continually happening: there +are continually turning up in life moral and rational persons, sages +and lovers of humanity who make it their object to live all their lives +as morally and rationally as possible, to be, so to speak, a light to +their neighbours simply in order to show them that it is possible to +live morally and rationally in this world. And yet we all know that +those very people sooner or later have been false to themselves, +playing some queer trick, often a most unseemly one. Now I ask you: +what can be expected of man since he is a being endowed with strange +qualities? Shower upon him every earthly blessing, drown him in a sea +of happiness, so that nothing but bubbles of bliss can be seen on the +surface; give him economic prosperity, such that he should have nothing +else to do but sleep, eat cakes and busy himself with the continuation +of his species, and even then out of sheer ingratitude, sheer spite, +man would play you some nasty trick. He would even risk his cakes and +would deliberately desire the most fatal rubbish, the most uneconomical +absurdity, simply to introduce into all this positive good sense his +fatal fantastic element. It is just his fantastic dreams, his vulgar +folly that he will desire to retain, simply in order to prove to +himself—as though that were so necessary—that men still are men and not +the keys of a piano, which the laws of nature threaten to control so +completely that soon one will be able to desire nothing but by the +calendar. And that is not all: even if man really were nothing but a +piano-key, even if this were proved to him by natural science and +mathematics, even then he would not become reasonable, but would +purposely do something perverse out of simple ingratitude, simply to +gain his point. And if he does not find means he will contrive +destruction and chaos, will contrive sufferings of all sorts, only to +gain his point! He will launch a curse upon the world, and as only man +can curse (it is his privilege, the primary distinction between him and +other animals), may be by his curse alone he will attain his +object—that is, convince himself that he is a man and not a piano-key! +If you say that all this, too, can be calculated and tabulated—chaos +and darkness and curses, so that the mere possibility of calculating it +all beforehand would stop it all, and reason would reassert itself, +then man would purposely go mad in order to be rid of reason and gain +his point! I believe in it, I answer for it, for the whole work of man +really seems to consist in nothing but proving to himself every minute +that he is a man and not a piano-key! It may be at the cost of his +skin, it may be by cannibalism! And this being so, can one help being +tempted to rejoice that it has not yet come off, and that desire still +depends on something we don’t know? + +You will scream at me (that is, if you condescend to do so) that no one +is touching my free will, that all they are concerned with is that my +will should of itself, of its own free will, coincide with my own +normal interests, with the laws of nature and arithmetic. + +Good heavens, gentlemen, what sort of free will is left when we come to +tabulation and arithmetic, when it will all be a case of twice two make +four? Twice two makes four without my will. As if free will meant that! + + + + +IX + + +Gentlemen, I am joking, and I know myself that my jokes are not +brilliant, but you know one can take everything as a joke. I am, +perhaps, jesting against the grain. Gentlemen, I am tormented by +questions; answer them for me. You, for instance, want to cure men of +their old habits and reform their will in accordance with science and +good sense. But how do you know, not only that it is possible, but also +that it is _desirable_ to reform man in that way? And what leads you to +the conclusion that man’s inclinations _need_ reforming? In short, how +do you know that such a reformation will be a benefit to man? And to go +to the root of the matter, why are you so positively convinced that not +to act against his real normal interests guaranteed by the conclusions +of reason and arithmetic is certainly always advantageous for man and +must always be a law for mankind? So far, you know, this is only your +supposition. It may be the law of logic, but not the law of humanity. +You think, gentlemen, perhaps that I am mad? Allow me to defend myself. +I agree that man is pre-eminently a creative animal, predestined to +strive consciously for an object and to engage in engineering—that is, +incessantly and eternally to make new roads, _wherever they may lead_. +But the reason why he wants sometimes to go off at a tangent may just +be that he is _predestined_ to make the road, and perhaps, too, that +however stupid the “direct” practical man may be, the thought sometimes +will occur to him that the road almost always does lead _somewhere_, +and that the destination it leads to is less important than the process +of making it, and that the chief thing is to save the well-conducted +child from despising engineering, and so giving way to the fatal +idleness, which, as we all know, is the mother of all the vices. Man +likes to make roads and to create, that is a fact beyond dispute. But +why has he such a passionate love for destruction and chaos also? Tell +me that! But on that point I want to say a couple of words myself. May +it not be that he loves chaos and destruction (there can be no +disputing that he does sometimes love it) because he is instinctively +afraid of attaining his object and completing the edifice he is +constructing? Who knows, perhaps he only loves that edifice from a +distance, and is by no means in love with it at close quarters; perhaps +he only loves building it and does not want to live in it, but will +leave it, when completed, for the use of _les animaux domestiques_—such +as the ants, the sheep, and so on. Now the ants have quite a different +taste. They have a marvellous edifice of that pattern which endures for +ever—the ant-heap. + +With the ant-heap the respectable race of ants began and with the +ant-heap they will probably end, which does the greatest credit to +their perseverance and good sense. But man is a frivolous and +incongruous creature, and perhaps, like a chess player, loves the +process of the game, not the end of it. And who knows (there is no +saying with certainty), perhaps the only goal on earth to which mankind +is striving lies in this incessant process of attaining, in other +words, in life itself, and not in the thing to be attained, which must +always be expressed as a formula, as positive as twice two makes four, +and such positiveness is not life, gentlemen, but is the beginning of +death. Anyway, man has always been afraid of this mathematical +certainty, and I am afraid of it now. Granted that man does nothing but +seek that mathematical certainty, he traverses oceans, sacrifices his +life in the quest, but to succeed, really to find it, dreads, I assure +you. He feels that when he has found it there will be nothing for him +to look for. When workmen have finished their work they do at least +receive their pay, they go to the tavern, then they are taken to the +police-station—and there is occupation for a week. But where can man +go? Anyway, one can observe a certain awkwardness about him when he has +attained such objects. He loves the process of attaining, but does not +quite like to have attained, and that, of course, is very absurd. In +fact, man is a comical creature; there seems to be a kind of jest in it +all. But yet mathematical certainty is after all, something +insufferable. Twice two makes four seems to me simply a piece of +insolence. Twice two makes four is a pert coxcomb who stands with arms +akimbo barring your path and spitting. I admit that twice two makes +four is an excellent thing, but if we are to give everything its due, +twice two makes five is sometimes a very charming thing too. + +And why are you so firmly, so triumphantly, convinced that only the +normal and the positive—in other words, only what is conducive to +welfare—is for the advantage of man? Is not reason in error as regards +advantage? Does not man, perhaps, love something besides well-being? +Perhaps he is just as fond of suffering? Perhaps suffering is just as +great a benefit to him as well-being? Man is sometimes extraordinarily, +passionately, in love with suffering, and that is a fact. There is no +need to appeal to universal history to prove that; only ask yourself, +if you are a man and have lived at all. As far as my personal opinion +is concerned, to care only for well-being seems to me positively +ill-bred. Whether it’s good or bad, it is sometimes very pleasant, too, +to smash things. I hold no brief for suffering nor for well-being +either. I am standing for ... my caprice, and for its being guaranteed +to me when necessary. Suffering would be out of place in vaudevilles, +for instance; I know that. In the “Palace of Crystal” it is +unthinkable; suffering means doubt, negation, and what would be the +good of a “palace of crystal” if there could be any doubt about it? And +yet I think man will never renounce real suffering, that is, +destruction and chaos. Why, suffering is the sole origin of +consciousness. Though I did lay it down at the beginning that +consciousness is the greatest misfortune for man, yet I know man prizes +it and would not give it up for any satisfaction. Consciousness, for +instance, is infinitely superior to twice two makes four. Once you have +mathematical certainty there is nothing left to do or to understand. +There will be nothing left but to bottle up your five senses and plunge +into contemplation. While if you stick to consciousness, even though +the same result is attained, you can at least flog yourself at times, +and that will, at any rate, liven you up. Reactionary as it is, +corporal punishment is better than nothing. + + + + +X + + +You believe in a palace of crystal that can never be destroyed—a palace +at which one will not be able to put out one’s tongue or make a long +nose on the sly. And perhaps that is just why I am afraid of this +edifice, that it is of crystal and can never be destroyed and that one +cannot put one’s tongue out at it even on the sly. + +You see, if it were not a palace, but a hen-house, I might creep into +it to avoid getting wet, and yet I would not call the hen-house a +palace out of gratitude to it for keeping me dry. You laugh and say +that in such circumstances a hen-house is as good as a mansion. Yes, I +answer, if one had to live simply to keep out of the rain. + +But what is to be done if I have taken it into my head that that is not +the only object in life, and that if one must live one had better live +in a mansion? That is my choice, my desire. You will only eradicate it +when you have changed my preference. Well, do change it, allure me with +something else, give me another ideal. But meanwhile I will not take a +hen-house for a mansion. The palace of crystal may be an idle dream, it +may be that it is inconsistent with the laws of nature and that I have +invented it only through my own stupidity, through the old-fashioned +irrational habits of my generation. But what does it matter to me that +it is inconsistent? That makes no difference since it exists in my +desires, or rather exists as long as my desires exist. Perhaps you are +laughing again? Laugh away; I will put up with any mockery rather than +pretend that I am satisfied when I am hungry. I know, anyway, that I +will not be put off with a compromise, with a recurring zero, simply +because it is consistent with the laws of nature and actually exists. I +will not accept as the crown of my desires a block of buildings with +tenements for the poor on a lease of a thousand years, and perhaps with +a sign-board of a dentist hanging out. Destroy my desires, eradicate my +ideals, show me something better, and I will follow you. You will say, +perhaps, that it is not worth your trouble; but in that case I can give +you the same answer. We are discussing things seriously; but if you +won’t deign to give me your attention, I will drop your acquaintance. I +can retreat into my underground hole. + +But while I am alive and have desires I would rather my hand were +withered off than bring one brick to such a building! Don’t remind me +that I have just rejected the palace of crystal for the sole reason +that one cannot put out one’s tongue at it. I did not say because I am +so fond of putting my tongue out. Perhaps the thing I resented was, +that of all your edifices there has not been one at which one could not +put out one’s tongue. On the contrary, I would let my tongue be cut off +out of gratitude if things could be so arranged that I should lose all +desire to put it out. It is not my fault that things cannot be so +arranged, and that one must be satisfied with model flats. Then why am +I made with such desires? Can I have been constructed simply in order +to come to the conclusion that all my construction is a cheat? Can this +be my whole purpose? I do not believe it. + +But do you know what: I am convinced that we underground folk ought to +be kept on a curb. Though we may sit forty years underground without +speaking, when we do come out into the light of day and break out we +talk and talk and talk.... + + + + +XI + + +The long and the short of it is, gentlemen, that it is better to do +nothing! Better conscious inertia! And so hurrah for underground! +Though I have said that I envy the normal man to the last drop of my +bile, yet I should not care to be in his place such as he is now +(though I shall not cease envying him). No, no; anyway the underground +life is more advantageous. There, at any rate, one can ... Oh, but even +now I am lying! I am lying because I know myself that it is not +underground that is better, but something different, quite different, +for which I am thirsting, but which I cannot find! Damn underground! + +I will tell you another thing that would be better, and that is, if I +myself believed in anything of what I have just written. I swear to +you, gentlemen, there is not one thing, not one word of what I have +written that I really believe. That is, I believe it, perhaps, but at +the same time I feel and suspect that I am lying like a cobbler. + +“Then why have you written all this?” you will say to me. “I ought to +put you underground for forty years without anything to do and then +come to you in your cellar, to find out what stage you have reached! +How can a man be left with nothing to do for forty years?” + +“Isn’t that shameful, isn’t that humiliating?” you will say, perhaps, +wagging your heads contemptuously. “You thirst for life and try to +settle the problems of life by a logical tangle. And how persistent, +how insolent are your sallies, and at the same time what a scare you +are in! You talk nonsense and are pleased with it; you say impudent +things and are in continual alarm and apologising for them. You declare +that you are afraid of nothing and at the same time try to ingratiate +yourself in our good opinion. You declare that you are gnashing your +teeth and at the same time you try to be witty so as to amuse us. You +know that your witticisms are not witty, but you are evidently well +satisfied with their literary value. You may, perhaps, have really +suffered, but you have no respect for your own suffering. You may have +sincerity, but you have no modesty; out of the pettiest vanity you +expose your sincerity to publicity and ignominy. You doubtlessly mean +to say something, but hide your last word through fear, because you +have not the resolution to utter it, and only have a cowardly +impudence. You boast of consciousness, but you are not sure of your +ground, for though your mind works, yet your heart is darkened and +corrupt, and you cannot have a full, genuine consciousness without a +pure heart. And how intrusive you are, how you insist and grimace! +Lies, lies, lies!” + +Of course I have myself made up all the things you say. That, too, is +from underground. I have been for forty years listening to you through +a crack under the floor. I have invented them myself, there was nothing +else I could invent. It is no wonder that I have learned it by heart +and it has taken a literary form.... + +But can you really be so credulous as to think that I will print all +this and give it to you to read too? And another problem: why do I call +you “gentlemen,” why do I address you as though you really were my +readers? Such confessions as I intend to make are never printed nor +given to other people to read. Anyway, I am not strong-minded enough +for that, and I don’t see why I should be. But you see a fancy has +occurred to me and I want to realise it at all costs. Let me explain. + +Every man has reminiscences which he would not tell to everyone, but +only to his friends. He has other matters in his mind which he would +not reveal even to his friends, but only to himself, and that in +secret. But there are other things which a man is afraid to tell even +to himself, and every decent man has a number of such things stored +away in his mind. The more decent he is, the greater the number of such +things in his mind. Anyway, I have only lately determined to remember +some of my early adventures. Till now I have always avoided them, even +with a certain uneasiness. Now, when I am not only recalling them, but +have actually decided to write an account of them, I want to try the +experiment whether one can, even with oneself, be perfectly open and +not take fright at the whole truth. I will observe, in parenthesis, +that Heine says that a true autobiography is almost an impossibility, +and that man is bound to lie about himself. He considers that Rousseau +certainly told lies about himself in his confessions, and even +intentionally lied, out of vanity. I am convinced that Heine is right; +I quite understand how sometimes one may, out of sheer vanity, +attribute regular crimes to oneself, and indeed I can very well +conceive that kind of vanity. But Heine judged of people who made their +confessions to the public. I write only for myself, and I wish to +declare once and for all that if I write as though I were addressing +readers, that is simply because it is easier for me to write in that +form. It is a form, an empty form—I shall never have readers. I have +made this plain already ... + +I don’t wish to be hampered by any restrictions in the compilation of +my notes. I shall not attempt any system or method. I will jot things +down as I remember them. + +But here, perhaps, someone will catch at the word and ask me: if you +really don’t reckon on readers, why do you make such compacts with +yourself—and on paper too—that is, that you won’t attempt any system or +method, that you jot things down as you remember them, and so on, and +so on? Why are you explaining? Why do you apologise? + +Well, there it is, I answer. + +There is a whole psychology in all this, though. Perhaps it is simply +that I am a coward. And perhaps that I purposely imagine an audience +before me in order that I may be more dignified while I write. There +are perhaps thousands of reasons. Again, what is my object precisely in +writing? If it is not for the benefit of the public why should I not +simply recall these incidents in my own mind without putting them on +paper? + +Quite so; but yet it is more imposing on paper. There is something more +impressive in it; I shall be better able to criticise myself and +improve my style. Besides, I shall perhaps obtain actual relief from +writing. Today, for instance, I am particularly oppressed by one memory +of a distant past. It came back vividly to my mind a few days ago, and +has remained haunting me like an annoying tune that one cannot get rid +of. And yet I must get rid of it somehow. I have hundreds of such +reminiscences; but at times some one stands out from the hundred and +oppresses me. For some reason I believe that if I write it down I +should get rid of it. Why not try? + +Besides, I am bored, and I never have anything to do. Writing will be a +sort of work. They say work makes man kind-hearted and honest. Well, +here is a chance for me, anyway. + +Snow is falling today, yellow and dingy. It fell yesterday, too, and a +few days ago. I fancy it is the wet snow that has reminded me of that +incident which I cannot shake off now. And so let it be a story _à +propos_ of the falling snow. + + + + +PART II +À Propos of the Wet Snow + + +When from dark error’s subjugation +My words of passionate exhortation + Had wrenched thy fainting spirit free; +And writhing prone in thine affliction +Thou didst recall with malediction + The vice that had encompassed thee: +And when thy slumbering conscience, fretting + By recollection’s torturing flame, +Thou didst reveal the hideous setting + Of thy life’s current ere I came: +When suddenly I saw thee sicken, + And weeping, hide thine anguished face, +Revolted, maddened, horror-stricken, + At memories of foul disgrace. + NEKRASSOV (_translated by Juliet Soskice_). + + + + +I + + +At that time I was only twenty-four. My life was even then gloomy, +ill-regulated, and as solitary as that of a savage. I made friends with +no one and positively avoided talking, and buried myself more and more +in my hole. At work in the office I never looked at anyone, and was +perfectly well aware that my companions looked upon me, not only as a +queer fellow, but even looked upon me—I always fancied this—with a sort +of loathing. I sometimes wondered why it was that nobody except me +fancied that he was looked upon with aversion? One of the clerks had a +most repulsive, pock-marked face, which looked positively villainous. I +believe I should not have dared to look at anyone with such an +unsightly countenance. Another had such a very dirty old uniform that +there was an unpleasant odour in his proximity. Yet not one of these +gentlemen showed the slightest self-consciousness—either about their +clothes or their countenance or their character in any way. Neither of +them ever imagined that they were looked at with repulsion; if they had +imagined it they would not have minded—so long as their superiors did +not look at them in that way. It is clear to me now that, owing to my +unbounded vanity and to the high standard I set for myself, I often +looked at myself with furious discontent, which verged on loathing, and +so I inwardly attributed the same feeling to everyone. I hated my face, +for instance: I thought it disgusting, and even suspected that there +was something base in my expression, and so every day when I turned up +at the office I tried to behave as independently as possible, and to +assume a lofty expression, so that I might not be suspected of being +abject. “My face may be ugly,” I thought, “but let it be lofty, +expressive, and, above all, _extremely_ intelligent.” But I was +positively and painfully certain that it was impossible for my +countenance ever to express those qualities. And what was worst of all, +I thought it actually stupid looking, and I would have been quite +satisfied if I could have looked intelligent. In fact, I would even +have put up with looking base if, at the same time, my face could have +been thought strikingly intelligent. + +Of course, I hated my fellow clerks one and all, and I despised them +all, yet at the same time I was, as it were, afraid of them. In fact, +it happened at times that I thought more highly of them than of myself. +It somehow happened quite suddenly that I alternated between despising +them and thinking them superior to myself. A cultivated and decent man +cannot be vain without setting a fearfully high standard for himself, +and without despising and almost hating himself at certain moments. But +whether I despised them or thought them superior I dropped my eyes +almost every time I met anyone. I even made experiments whether I could +face so and so’s looking at me, and I was always the first to drop my +eyes. This worried me to distraction. I had a sickly dread, too, of +being ridiculous, and so had a slavish passion for the conventional in +everything external. I loved to fall into the common rut, and had a +whole-hearted terror of any kind of eccentricity in myself. But how +could I live up to it? I was morbidly sensitive as a man of our age +should be. They were all stupid, and as like one another as so many +sheep. Perhaps I was the only one in the office who fancied that I was +a coward and a slave, and I fancied it just because I was more highly +developed. But it was not only that I fancied it, it really was so. I +was a coward and a slave. I say this without the slightest +embarrassment. Every decent man of our age must be a coward and a +slave. That is his normal condition. Of that I am firmly persuaded. He +is made and constructed to that very end. And not only at the present +time owing to some casual circumstances, but always, at all times, a +decent man is bound to be a coward and a slave. It is the law of nature +for all decent people all over the earth. If anyone of them happens to +be valiant about something, he need not be comforted nor carried away +by that; he would show the white feather just the same before something +else. That is how it invariably and inevitably ends. Only donkeys and +mules are valiant, and they only till they are pushed up to the wall. +It is not worth while to pay attention to them for they really are of +no consequence. + +Another circumstance, too, worried me in those days: that there was no +one like me and I was unlike anyone else. “I am alone and they are +_everyone_,” I thought—and pondered. + +From that it is evident that I was still a youngster. + +The very opposite sometimes happened. It was loathsome sometimes to go +to the office; things reached such a point that I often came home ill. +But all at once, _à propos_ of nothing, there would come a phase of +scepticism and indifference (everything happened in phases to me), and +I would laugh myself at my intolerance and fastidiousness, I would +reproach myself with being _romantic_. At one time I was unwilling to +speak to anyone, while at other times I would not only talk, but go to +the length of contemplating making friends with them. All my +fastidiousness would suddenly, for no rhyme or reason, vanish. Who +knows, perhaps I never had really had it, and it had simply been +affected, and got out of books. I have not decided that question even +now. Once I quite made friends with them, visited their homes, played +preference, drank vodka, talked of promotions.... But here let me make +a digression. + +We Russians, speaking generally, have never had those foolish +transcendental “romantics”—German, and still more French—on whom +nothing produces any effect; if there were an earthquake, if all France +perished at the barricades, they would still be the same, they would +not even have the decency to affect a change, but would still go on +singing their transcendental songs to the hour of their death, because +they are fools. We, in Russia, have no fools; that is well known. That +is what distinguishes us from foreign lands. Consequently these +transcendental natures are not found amongst us in their pure form. The +idea that they are is due to our “realistic” journalists and critics of +that day, always on the look out for Kostanzhoglos and Uncle Pyotr +Ivanitchs and foolishly accepting them as our ideal; they have +slandered our romantics, taking them for the same transcendental sort +as in Germany or France. On the contrary, the characteristics of our +“romantics” are absolutely and directly opposed to the transcendental +European type, and no European standard can be applied to them. (Allow +me to make use of this word “romantic”—an old-fashioned and much +respected word which has done good service and is familiar to all.) The +characteristics of our romantic are to understand everything, _to see +everything and to see it often incomparably more clearly than our most +realistic minds see it;_ to refuse to accept anyone or anything, but at +the same time not to despise anything; to give way, to yield, from +policy; never to lose sight of a useful practical object (such as +rent-free quarters at the government expense, pensions, decorations), +to keep their eye on that object through all the enthusiasms and +volumes of lyrical poems, and at the same time to preserve “the sublime +and the beautiful” inviolate within them to the hour of their death, +and to preserve themselves also, incidentally, like some precious jewel +wrapped in cotton wool if only for the benefit of “the sublime and the +beautiful.” Our “romantic” is a man of great breadth and the greatest +rogue of all our rogues, I assure you.... I can assure you from +experience, indeed. Of course, that is, if he is intelligent. But what +am I saying! The romantic is always intelligent, and I only meant to +observe that although we have had foolish romantics they don’t count, +and they were only so because in the flower of their youth they +degenerated into Germans, and to preserve their precious jewel more +comfortably, settled somewhere out there—by preference in Weimar or the +Black Forest. + +I, for instance, genuinely despised my official work and did not openly +abuse it simply because I was in it myself and got a salary for it. +Anyway, take note, I did not openly abuse it. Our romantic would rather +go out of his mind—a thing, however, which very rarely happens—than +take to open abuse, unless he had some other career in view; and he is +never kicked out. At most, they would take him to the lunatic asylum as +“the King of Spain” if he should go very mad. But it is only the thin, +fair people who go out of their minds in Russia. Innumerable +“romantics” attain later in life to considerable rank in the service. +Their many-sidedness is remarkable! And what a faculty they have for +the most contradictory sensations! I was comforted by this thought even +in those days, and I am of the same opinion now. That is why there are +so many “broad natures” among us who never lose their ideal even in the +depths of degradation; and though they never stir a finger for their +ideal, though they are arrant thieves and knaves, yet they tearfully +cherish their first ideal and are extraordinarily honest at heart. Yes, +it is only among us that the most incorrigible rogue can be absolutely +and loftily honest at heart without in the least ceasing to be a rogue. +I repeat, our romantics, frequently, become such accomplished rascals +(I use the term “rascals” affectionately), suddenly display such a +sense of reality and practical knowledge that their bewildered +superiors and the public generally can only ejaculate in amazement. + +Their many-sidedness is really amazing, and goodness knows what it may +develop into later on, and what the future has in store for us. It is +not a poor material! I do not say this from any foolish or boastful +patriotism. But I feel sure that you are again imagining that I am +joking. Or perhaps it’s just the contrary and you are convinced that I +really think so. Anyway, gentlemen, I shall welcome both views as an +honour and a special favour. And do forgive my digression. + +I did not, of course, maintain friendly relations with my comrades and +soon was at loggerheads with them, and in my youth and inexperience I +even gave up bowing to them, as though I had cut off all relations. +That, however, only happened to me once. As a rule, I was always alone. + +In the first place I spent most of my time at home, reading. I tried to +stifle all that was continually seething within me by means of external +impressions. And the only external means I had was reading. Reading, of +course, was a great help—exciting me, giving me pleasure and pain. But +at times it bored me fearfully. One longed for movement in spite of +everything, and I plunged all at once into dark, underground, loathsome +vice of the pettiest kind. My wretched passions were acute, smarting, +from my continual, sickly irritability I had hysterical impulses, with +tears and convulsions. I had no resource except reading, that is, there +was nothing in my surroundings which I could respect and which +attracted me. I was overwhelmed with depression, too; I had an +hysterical craving for incongruity and for contrast, and so I took to +vice. I have not said all this to justify myself.... But, no! I am +lying. I did want to justify myself. I make that little observation for +my own benefit, gentlemen. I don’t want to lie. I vowed to myself I +would not. + +And so, furtively, timidly, in solitude, at night, I indulged in filthy +vice, with a feeling of shame which never deserted me, even at the most +loathsome moments, and which at such moments nearly made me curse. +Already even then I had my underground world in my soul. I was +fearfully afraid of being seen, of being met, of being recognised. I +visited various obscure haunts. + +One night as I was passing a tavern I saw through a lighted window some +gentlemen fighting with billiard cues, and saw one of them thrown out +of the window. At other times I should have felt very much disgusted, +but I was in such a mood at the time, that I actually envied the +gentleman thrown out of the window—and I envied him so much that I even +went into the tavern and into the billiard-room. “Perhaps,” I thought, +“I’ll have a fight, too, and they’ll throw me out of the window.” + +I was not drunk—but what is one to do—depression will drive a man to +such a pitch of hysteria? But nothing happened. It seemed that I was +not even equal to being thrown out of the window and I went away +without having my fight. + +An officer put me in my place from the first moment. + +I was standing by the billiard-table and in my ignorance blocking up +the way, and he wanted to pass; he took me by the shoulders and without +a word—without a warning or explanation—moved me from where I was +standing to another spot and passed by as though he had not noticed me. +I could have forgiven blows, but I could not forgive his having moved +me without noticing me. + +Devil knows what I would have given for a real regular quarrel—a more +decent, a more _literary_ one, so to speak. I had been treated like a +fly. This officer was over six foot, while I was a spindly little +fellow. But the quarrel was in my hands. I had only to protest and I +certainly would have been thrown out of the window. But I changed my +mind and preferred to beat a resentful retreat. + +I went out of the tavern straight home, confused and troubled, and the +next night I went out again with the same lewd intentions, still more +furtively, abjectly and miserably than before, as it were, with tears +in my eyes—but still I did go out again. Don’t imagine, though, it was +cowardice made me slink away from the officer; I never have been a +coward at heart, though I have always been a coward in action. Don’t be +in a hurry to laugh—I assure you I can explain it all. + +Oh, if only that officer had been one of the sort who would consent to +fight a duel! But no, he was one of those gentlemen (alas, long +extinct!) who preferred fighting with cues or, like Gogol’s Lieutenant +Pirogov, appealing to the police. They did not fight duels and would +have thought a duel with a civilian like me an utterly unseemly +procedure in any case—and they looked upon the duel altogether as +something impossible, something free-thinking and French. But they were +quite ready to bully, especially when they were over six foot. + +I did not slink away through cowardice, but through an unbounded +vanity. I was afraid not of his six foot, not of getting a sound +thrashing and being thrown out of the window; I should have had +physical courage enough, I assure you; but I had not the moral courage. +What I was afraid of was that everyone present, from the insolent +marker down to the lowest little stinking, pimply clerk in a greasy +collar, would jeer at me and fail to understand when I began to protest +and to address them in literary language. For of the point of +honour—not of honour, but of the point of honour (_point +d’honneur_)—one cannot speak among us except in literary language. You +can’t allude to the “point of honour” in ordinary language. I was fully +convinced (the sense of reality, in spite of all my romanticism!) that +they would all simply split their sides with laughter, and that the +officer would not simply beat me, that is, without insulting me, but +would certainly prod me in the back with his knee, kick me round the +billiard-table, and only then perhaps have pity and drop me out of the +window. + +Of course, this trivial incident could not with me end in that. I often +met that officer afterwards in the street and noticed him very +carefully. I am not quite sure whether he recognised me, I imagine not; +I judge from certain signs. But I—I stared at him with spite and hatred +and so it went on ... for several years! My resentment grew even deeper +with years. At first I began making stealthy inquiries about this +officer. It was difficult for me to do so, for I knew no one. But one +day I heard someone shout his surname in the street as I was following +him at a distance, as though I were tied to him—and so I learnt his +surname. Another time I followed him to his flat, and for ten kopecks +learned from the porter where he lived, on which storey, whether he +lived alone or with others, and so on—in fact, everything one could +learn from a porter. One morning, though I had never tried my hand with +the pen, it suddenly occurred to me to write a satire on this officer +in the form of a novel which would unmask his villainy. I wrote the +novel with relish. I did unmask his villainy, I even exaggerated it; at +first I so altered his surname that it could easily be recognised, but +on second thoughts I changed it, and sent the story to the +_Otetchestvenniya Zapiski_. But at that time such attacks were not the +fashion and my story was not printed. That was a great vexation to me. + +Sometimes I was positively choked with resentment. At last I determined +to challenge my enemy to a duel. I composed a splendid, charming letter +to him, imploring him to apologise to me, and hinting rather plainly at +a duel in case of refusal. The letter was so composed that if the +officer had had the least understanding of the sublime and the +beautiful he would certainly have flung himself on my neck and have +offered me his friendship. And how fine that would have been! How we +should have got on together! “He could have shielded me with his higher +rank, while I could have improved his mind with my culture, and, well +... my ideas, and all sorts of things might have happened.” Only fancy, +this was two years after his insult to me, and my challenge would have +been a ridiculous anachronism, in spite of all the ingenuity of my +letter in disguising and explaining away the anachronism. But, thank +God (to this day I thank the Almighty with tears in my eyes) I did not +send the letter to him. Cold shivers run down my back when I think of +what might have happened if I had sent it. + +And all at once I revenged myself in the simplest way, by a stroke of +genius! A brilliant thought suddenly dawned upon me. Sometimes on +holidays I used to stroll along the sunny side of the Nevsky about four +o’clock in the afternoon. Though it was hardly a stroll so much as a +series of innumerable miseries, humiliations and resentments; but no +doubt that was just what I wanted. I used to wriggle along in a most +unseemly fashion, like an eel, continually moving aside to make way for +generals, for officers of the guards and the hussars, or for ladies. At +such minutes there used to be a convulsive twinge at my heart, and I +used to feel hot all down my back at the mere thought of the +wretchedness of my attire, of the wretchedness and abjectness of my +little scurrying figure. This was a regular martyrdom, a continual, +intolerable humiliation at the thought, which passed into an incessant +and direct sensation, that I was a mere fly in the eyes of all this +world, a nasty, disgusting fly—more intelligent, more highly developed, +more refined in feeling than any of them, of course—but a fly that was +continually making way for everyone, insulted and injured by everyone. +Why I inflicted this torture upon myself, why I went to the Nevsky, I +don’t know. I felt simply drawn there at every possible opportunity. + +Already then I began to experience a rush of the enjoyment of which I +spoke in the first chapter. After my affair with the officer I felt +even more drawn there than before: it was on the Nevsky that I met him +most frequently, there I could admire him. He, too, went there chiefly +on holidays, He, too, turned out of his path for generals and persons +of high rank, and he too, wriggled between them like an eel; but +people, like me, or even better dressed than me, he simply walked over; +he made straight for them as though there was nothing but empty space +before him, and never, under any circumstances, turned aside. I gloated +over my resentment watching him and ... always resentfully made way for +him. It exasperated me that even in the street I could not be on an +even footing with him. + +“Why must you invariably be the first to move aside?” I kept asking +myself in hysterical rage, waking up sometimes at three o’clock in the +morning. “Why is it you and not he? There’s no regulation about it; +there’s no written law. Let the making way be equal as it usually is +when refined people meet; he moves half-way and you move half-way; you +pass with mutual respect.” + +But that never happened, and I always moved aside, while he did not +even notice my making way for him. And lo and behold a bright idea +dawned upon me! “What,” I thought, “if I meet him and don’t move on one +side? What if I don’t move aside on purpose, even if I knock up against +him? How would that be?” This audacious idea took such a hold on me +that it gave me no peace. I was dreaming of it continually, horribly, +and I purposely went more frequently to the Nevsky in order to picture +more vividly how I should do it when I did do it. I was delighted. This +intention seemed to me more and more practical and possible. + +“Of course I shall not really push him,” I thought, already more +good-natured in my joy. “I will simply not turn aside, will run up +against him, not very violently, but just shouldering each other—just +as much as decency permits. I will push against him just as much as he +pushes against me.” At last I made up my mind completely. But my +preparations took a great deal of time. To begin with, when I carried +out my plan I should need to be looking rather more decent, and so I +had to think of my get-up. “In case of emergency, if, for instance, +there were any sort of public scandal (and the public there is of the +most _recherché:_ the Countess walks there; Prince D. walks there; all +the literary world is there), I must be well dressed; that inspires +respect and of itself puts us on an equal footing in the eyes of the +society.” + +With this object I asked for some of my salary in advance, and bought +at Tchurkin’s a pair of black gloves and a decent hat. Black gloves +seemed to me both more dignified and _bon ton_ than the lemon-coloured +ones which I had contemplated at first. “The colour is too gaudy, it +looks as though one were trying to be conspicuous,” and I did not take +the lemon-coloured ones. I had got ready long beforehand a good shirt, +with white bone studs; my overcoat was the only thing that held me +back. The coat in itself was a very good one, it kept me warm; but it +was wadded and it had a raccoon collar which was the height of +vulgarity. I had to change the collar at any sacrifice, and to have a +beaver one like an officer’s. For this purpose I began visiting the +Gostiny Dvor and after several attempts I pitched upon a piece of cheap +German beaver. Though these German beavers soon grow shabby and look +wretched, yet at first they look exceedingly well, and I only needed it +for the occasion. I asked the price; even so, it was too expensive. +After thinking it over thoroughly I decided to sell my raccoon collar. +The rest of the money—a considerable sum for me, I decided to borrow +from Anton Antonitch Syetotchkin, my immediate superior, an unassuming +person, though grave and judicious. He never lent money to anyone, but +I had, on entering the service, been specially recommended to him by an +important personage who had got me my berth. I was horribly worried. To +borrow from Anton Antonitch seemed to me monstrous and shameful. I did +not sleep for two or three nights. Indeed, I did not sleep well at that +time, I was in a fever; I had a vague sinking at my heart or else a +sudden throbbing, throbbing, throbbing! Anton Antonitch was surprised +at first, then he frowned, then he reflected, and did after all lend me +the money, receiving from me a written authorisation to take from my +salary a fortnight later the sum that he had lent me. + +In this way everything was at last ready. The handsome beaver replaced +the mean-looking raccoon, and I began by degrees to get to work. It +would never have done to act offhand, at random; the plan had to be +carried out skilfully, by degrees. But I must confess that after many +efforts I began to despair: we simply could not run into each other. I +made every preparation, I was quite determined—it seemed as though we +should run into one another directly—and before I knew what I was doing +I had stepped aside for him again and he had passed without noticing +me. I even prayed as I approached him that God would grant me +determination. One time I had made up my mind thoroughly, but it ended +in my stumbling and falling at his feet because at the very last +instant when I was six inches from him my courage failed me. He very +calmly stepped over me, while I flew on one side like a ball. That +night I was ill again, feverish and delirious. + +And suddenly it ended most happily. The night before I had made up my +mind not to carry out my fatal plan and to abandon it all, and with +that object I went to the Nevsky for the last time, just to see how I +would abandon it all. Suddenly, three paces from my enemy, I +unexpectedly made up my mind—I closed my eyes, and we ran full tilt, +shoulder to shoulder, against one another! I did not budge an inch and +passed him on a perfectly equal footing! He did not even look round and +pretended not to notice it; but he was only pretending, I am convinced +of that. I am convinced of that to this day! Of course, I got the worst +of it—he was stronger, but that was not the point. The point was that I +had attained my object, I had kept up my dignity, I had not yielded a +step, and had put myself publicly on an equal social footing with him. +I returned home feeling that I was fully avenged for everything. I was +delighted. I was triumphant and sang Italian arias. Of course, I will +not describe to you what happened to me three days later; if you have +read my first chapter you can guess for yourself. The officer was +afterwards transferred; I have not seen him now for fourteen years. +What is the dear fellow doing now? Whom is he walking over? + + + + +II + + +But the period of my dissipation would end and I always felt very sick +afterwards. It was followed by remorse—I tried to drive it away; I felt +too sick. By degrees, however, I grew used to that too. I grew used to +everything, or rather I voluntarily resigned myself to enduring it. But +I had a means of escape that reconciled everything—that was to find +refuge in “the sublime and the beautiful,” in dreams, of course. I was +a terrible dreamer, I would dream for three months on end, tucked away +in my corner, and you may believe me that at those moments I had no +resemblance to the gentleman who, in the perturbation of his chicken +heart, put a collar of German beaver on his great-coat. I suddenly +became a hero. I would not have admitted my six-foot lieutenant even if +he had called on me. I could not even picture him before me then. What +were my dreams and how I could satisfy myself with them—it is hard to +say now, but at the time I was satisfied with them. Though, indeed, +even now, I am to some extent satisfied with them. Dreams were +particularly sweet and vivid after a spell of dissipation; they came +with remorse and with tears, with curses and transports. There were +moments of such positive intoxication, of such happiness, that there +was not the faintest trace of irony within me, on my honour. I had +faith, hope, love. I believed blindly at such times that by some +miracle, by some external circumstance, all this would suddenly open +out, expand; that suddenly a vista of suitable activity—beneficent, +good, and, above all, _ready made_ (what sort of activity I had no +idea, but the great thing was that it should be all ready for me)—would +rise up before me—and I should come out into the light of day, almost +riding a white horse and crowned with laurel. Anything but the foremost +place I could not conceive for myself, and for that very reason I quite +contentedly occupied the lowest in reality. Either to be a hero or to +grovel in the mud—there was nothing between. That was my ruin, for when +I was in the mud I comforted myself with the thought that at other +times I was a hero, and the hero was a cloak for the mud: for an +ordinary man it was shameful to defile himself, but a hero was too +lofty to be utterly defiled, and so he might defile himself. It is +worth noting that these attacks of the “sublime and the beautiful” +visited me even during the period of dissipation and just at the times +when I was touching the bottom. They came in separate spurts, as though +reminding me of themselves, but did not banish the dissipation by their +appearance. On the contrary, they seemed to add a zest to it by +contrast, and were only sufficiently present to serve as an appetising +sauce. That sauce was made up of contradictions and sufferings, of +agonising inward analysis, and all these pangs and pin-pricks gave a +certain piquancy, even a significance to my dissipation—in fact, +completely answered the purpose of an appetising sauce. There was a +certain depth of meaning in it. And I could hardly have resigned myself +to the simple, vulgar, direct debauchery of a clerk and have endured +all the filthiness of it. What could have allured me about it then and +have drawn me at night into the street? No, I had a lofty way of +getting out of it all. + +And what loving-kindness, oh Lord, what loving-kindness I felt at times +in those dreams of mine! in those “flights into the sublime and the +beautiful”; though it was fantastic love, though it was never applied +to anything human in reality, yet there was so much of this love that +one did not feel afterwards even the impulse to apply it in reality; +that would have been superfluous. Everything, however, passed +satisfactorily by a lazy and fascinating transition into the sphere of +art, that is, into the beautiful forms of life, lying ready, largely +stolen from the poets and novelists and adapted to all sorts of needs +and uses. I, for instance, was triumphant over everyone; everyone, of +course, was in dust and ashes, and was forced spontaneously to +recognise my superiority, and I forgave them all. I was a poet and a +grand gentleman, I fell in love; I came in for countless millions and +immediately devoted them to humanity, and at the same time I confessed +before all the people my shameful deeds, which, of course, were not +merely shameful, but had in them much that was “sublime and beautiful” +something in the Manfred style. Everyone would kiss me and weep (what +idiots they would be if they did not), while I should go barefoot and +hungry preaching new ideas and fighting a victorious Austerlitz against +the obscurantists. Then the band would play a march, an amnesty would +be declared, the Pope would agree to retire from Rome to Brazil; then +there would be a ball for the whole of Italy at the Villa Borghese on +the shores of Lake Como, Lake Como being for that purpose transferred +to the neighbourhood of Rome; then would come a scene in the bushes, +and so on, and so on—as though you did not know all about it? You will +say that it is vulgar and contemptible to drag all this into public +after all the tears and transports which I have myself confessed. But +why is it contemptible? Can you imagine that I am ashamed of it all, +and that it was stupider than anything in your life, gentlemen? And I +can assure you that some of these fancies were by no means badly +composed.... It did not all happen on the shores of Lake Como. And yet +you are right—it really is vulgar and contemptible. And most +contemptible of all it is that now I am attempting to justify myself to +you. And even more contemptible than that is my making this remark now. +But that’s enough, or there will be no end to it; each step will be +more contemptible than the last.... + +I could never stand more than three months of dreaming at a time +without feeling an irresistible desire to plunge into society. To +plunge into society meant to visit my superior at the office, Anton +Antonitch Syetotchkin. He was the only permanent acquaintance I have +had in my life, and I wonder at the fact myself now. But I only went to +see him when that phase came over me, and when my dreams had reached +such a point of bliss that it became essential at once to embrace my +fellows and all mankind; and for that purpose I needed, at least, one +human being, actually existing. I had to call on Anton Antonitch, +however, on Tuesday—his at-home day; so I had always to time my +passionate desire to embrace humanity so that it might fall on a +Tuesday. + +This Anton Antonitch lived on the fourth storey in a house in Five +Corners, in four low-pitched rooms, one smaller than the other, of a +particularly frugal and sallow appearance. He had two daughters and +their aunt, who used to pour out the tea. Of the daughters one was +thirteen and another fourteen, they both had snub noses, and I was +awfully shy of them because they were always whispering and giggling +together. The master of the house usually sat in his study on a leather +couch in front of the table with some grey-headed gentleman, usually a +colleague from our office or some other department. I never saw more +than two or three visitors there, always the same. They talked about +the excise duty; about business in the senate, about salaries, about +promotions, about His Excellency, and the best means of pleasing him, +and so on. I had the patience to sit like a fool beside these people +for four hours at a stretch, listening to them without knowing what to +say to them or venturing to say a word. I became stupefied, several +times I felt myself perspiring, I was overcome by a sort of paralysis; +but this was pleasant and good for me. On returning home I deferred for +a time my desire to embrace all mankind. + +I had however one other acquaintance of a sort, Simonov, who was an old +schoolfellow. I had a number of schoolfellows, indeed, in Petersburg, +but I did not associate with them and had even given up nodding to them +in the street. I believe I had transferred into the department I was in +simply to avoid their company and to cut off all connection with my +hateful childhood. Curses on that school and all those terrible years +of penal servitude! In short, I parted from my schoolfellows as soon as +I got out into the world. There were two or three left to whom I nodded +in the street. One of them was Simonov, who had in no way been +distinguished at school, was of a quiet and equable disposition; but I +discovered in him a certain independence of character and even honesty +I don’t even suppose that he was particularly stupid. I had at one time +spent some rather soulful moments with him, but these had not lasted +long and had somehow been suddenly clouded over. He was evidently +uncomfortable at these reminiscences, and was, I fancy, always afraid +that I might take up the same tone again. I suspected that he had an +aversion for me, but still I went on going to see him, not being quite +certain of it. + +And so on one occasion, unable to endure my solitude and knowing that +as it was Thursday Anton Antonitch’s door would be closed, I thought of +Simonov. Climbing up to his fourth storey I was thinking that the man +disliked me and that it was a mistake to go and see him. But as it +always happened that such reflections impelled me, as though purposely, +to put myself into a false position, I went in. It was almost a year +since I had last seen Simonov. + + + + +III + + +I found two of my old schoolfellows with him. They seemed to be +discussing an important matter. All of them took scarcely any notice of +my entrance, which was strange, for I had not met them for years. +Evidently they looked upon me as something on the level of a common +fly. I had not been treated like that even at school, though they all +hated me. I knew, of course, that they must despise me now for my lack +of success in the service, and for my having let myself sink so low, +going about badly dressed and so on—which seemed to them a sign of my +incapacity and insignificance. But I had not expected such contempt. +Simonov was positively surprised at my turning up. Even in old days he +had always seemed surprised at my coming. All this disconcerted me: I +sat down, feeling rather miserable, and began listening to what they +were saying. + +They were engaged in warm and earnest conversation about a farewell +dinner which they wanted to arrange for the next day to a comrade of +theirs called Zverkov, an officer in the army, who was going away to a +distant province. This Zverkov had been all the time at school with me +too. I had begun to hate him particularly in the upper forms. In the +lower forms he had simply been a pretty, playful boy whom everybody +liked. I had hated him, however, even in the lower forms, just because +he was a pretty and playful boy. He was always bad at his lessons and +got worse and worse as he went on; however, he left with a good +certificate, as he had powerful interests. During his last year at +school he came in for an estate of two hundred serfs, and as almost all +of us were poor he took up a swaggering tone among us. He was vulgar in +the extreme, but at the same time he was a good-natured fellow, even in +his swaggering. In spite of superficial, fantastic and sham notions of +honour and dignity, all but very few of us positively grovelled before +Zverkov, and the more so the more he swaggered. And it was not from any +interested motive that they grovelled, but simply because he had been +favoured by the gifts of nature. Moreover, it was, as it were, an +accepted idea among us that Zverkov was a specialist in regard to tact +and the social graces. This last fact particularly infuriated me. I +hated the abrupt self-confident tone of his voice, his admiration of +his own witticisms, which were often frightfully stupid, though he was +bold in his language; I hated his handsome, but stupid face (for which +I would, however, have gladly exchanged my intelligent one), and the +free-and-easy military manners in fashion in the “’forties.” I hated +the way in which he used to talk of his future conquests of women (he +did not venture to begin his attack upon women until he had the +epaulettes of an officer, and was looking forward to them with +impatience), and boasted of the duels he would constantly be fighting. +I remember how I, invariably so taciturn, suddenly fastened upon +Zverkov, when one day talking at a leisure moment with his +schoolfellows of his future relations with the fair sex, and growing as +sportive as a puppy in the sun, he all at once declared that he would +not leave a single village girl on his estate unnoticed, that that was +his _droit de seigneur_, and that if the peasants dared to protest he +would have them all flogged and double the tax on them, the bearded +rascals. Our servile rabble applauded, but I attacked him, not from +compassion for the girls and their fathers, but simply because they +were applauding such an insect. I got the better of him on that +occasion, but though Zverkov was stupid he was lively and impudent, and +so laughed it off, and in such a way that my victory was not really +complete; the laugh was on his side. He got the better of me on several +occasions afterwards, but without malice, jestingly, casually. I +remained angrily and contemptuously silent and would not answer him. +When we left school he made advances to me; I did not rebuff them, for +I was flattered, but we soon parted and quite naturally. Afterwards I +heard of his barrack-room success as a lieutenant, and of the fast life +he was leading. Then there came other rumours—of his successes in the +service. By then he had taken to cutting me in the street, and I +suspected that he was afraid of compromising himself by greeting a +personage as insignificant as me. I saw him once in the theatre, in the +third tier of boxes. By then he was wearing shoulder-straps. He was +twisting and twirling about, ingratiating himself with the daughters of +an ancient General. In three years he had gone off considerably, though +he was still rather handsome and adroit. One could see that by the time +he was thirty he would be corpulent. So it was to this Zverkov that my +schoolfellows were going to give a dinner on his departure. They had +kept up with him for those three years, though privately they did not +consider themselves on an equal footing with him, I am convinced of +that. + +Of Simonov’s two visitors, one was Ferfitchkin, a Russianised German—a +little fellow with the face of a monkey, a blockhead who was always +deriding everyone, a very bitter enemy of mine from our days in the +lower forms—a vulgar, impudent, swaggering fellow, who affected a most +sensitive feeling of personal honour, though, of course, he was a +wretched little coward at heart. He was one of those worshippers of +Zverkov who made up to the latter from interested motives, and often +borrowed money from him. Simonov’s other visitor, Trudolyubov, was a +person in no way remarkable—a tall young fellow, in the army, with a +cold face, fairly honest, though he worshipped success of every sort, +and was only capable of thinking of promotion. He was some sort of +distant relation of Zverkov’s, and this, foolish as it seems, gave him +a certain importance among us. He always thought me of no consequence +whatever; his behaviour to me, though not quite courteous, was +tolerable. + +“Well, with seven roubles each,” said Trudolyubov, “twenty-one roubles +between the three of us, we ought to be able to get a good dinner. +Zverkov, of course, won’t pay.” + +“Of course not, since we are inviting him,” Simonov decided. + +“Can you imagine,” Ferfitchkin interrupted hotly and conceitedly, like +some insolent flunkey boasting of his master the General’s decorations, +“can you imagine that Zverkov will let us pay alone? He will accept +from delicacy, but he will order half a dozen bottles of champagne.” + +“Do we want half a dozen for the four of us?” observed Trudolyubov, +taking notice only of the half dozen. + +“So the three of us, with Zverkov for the fourth, twenty-one roubles, +at the Hôtel de Paris at five o’clock tomorrow,” Simonov, who had been +asked to make the arrangements, concluded finally. + +“How twenty-one roubles?” I asked in some agitation, with a show of +being offended; “if you count me it will not be twenty-one, but +twenty-eight roubles.” + +It seemed to me that to invite myself so suddenly and unexpectedly +would be positively graceful, and that they would all be conquered at +once and would look at me with respect. + +“Do you want to join, too?” Simonov observed, with no appearance of +pleasure, seeming to avoid looking at me. He knew me through and +through. + +It infuriated me that he knew me so thoroughly. + +“Why not? I am an old schoolfellow of his, too, I believe, and I must +own I feel hurt that you have left me out,” I said, boiling over again. + +“And where were we to find you?” Ferfitchkin put in roughly. + +“You never were on good terms with Zverkov,” Trudolyubov added, +frowning. + +But I had already clutched at the idea and would not give it up. + +“It seems to me that no one has a right to form an opinion upon that,” +I retorted in a shaking voice, as though something tremendous had +happened. “Perhaps that is just my reason for wishing it now, that I +have not always been on good terms with him.” + +“Oh, there’s no making you out ... with these refinements,” Trudolyubov +jeered. + +“We’ll put your name down,” Simonov decided, addressing me. “Tomorrow +at five-o’clock at the Hôtel de Paris.” + +“What about the money?” Ferfitchkin began in an undertone, indicating +me to Simonov, but he broke off, for even Simonov was embarrassed. + +“That will do,” said Trudolyubov, getting up. “If he wants to come so +much, let him.” + +“But it’s a private thing, between us friends,” Ferfitchkin said +crossly, as he, too, picked up his hat. “It’s not an official +gathering.” + +“We do not want at all, perhaps ...” + +They went away. Ferfitchkin did not greet me in any way as he went out, +Trudolyubov barely nodded. Simonov, with whom I was left _tête-à-tête_, +was in a state of vexation and perplexity, and looked at me queerly. He +did not sit down and did not ask me to. + +“H’m ... yes ... tomorrow, then. Will you pay your subscription now? I +just ask so as to know,” he muttered in embarrassment. + +I flushed crimson, as I did so I remembered that I had owed Simonov +fifteen roubles for ages—which I had, indeed, never forgotten, though I +had not paid it. + +“You will understand, Simonov, that I could have no idea when I came +here.... I am very much vexed that I have forgotten....” + +“All right, all right, that doesn’t matter. You can pay tomorrow after +the dinner. I simply wanted to know.... Please don’t...” + +He broke off and began pacing the room still more vexed. As he walked +he began to stamp with his heels. + +“Am I keeping you?” I asked, after two minutes of silence. + +“Oh!” he said, starting, “that is—to be truthful—yes. I have to go and +see someone ... not far from here,” he added in an apologetic voice, +somewhat abashed. + +“My goodness, why didn’t you say so?” I cried, seizing my cap, with an +astonishingly free-and-easy air, which was the last thing I should have +expected of myself. + +“It’s close by ... not two paces away,” Simonov repeated, accompanying +me to the front door with a fussy air which did not suit him at all. +“So five o’clock, punctually, tomorrow,” he called down the stairs +after me. He was very glad to get rid of me. I was in a fury. + +“What possessed me, what possessed me to force myself upon them?” I +wondered, grinding my teeth as I strode along the street, “for a +scoundrel, a pig like that Zverkov! Of course I had better not go; of +course, I must just snap my fingers at them. I am not bound in any way. +I’ll send Simonov a note by tomorrow’s post....” + +But what made me furious was that I knew for certain that I should go, +that I should make a point of going; and the more tactless, the more +unseemly my going would be, the more certainly I would go. + +And there was a positive obstacle to my going: I had no money. All I +had was nine roubles, I had to give seven of that to my servant, +Apollon, for his monthly wages. That was all I paid him—he had to keep +himself. + +Not to pay him was impossible, considering his character. But I will +talk about that fellow, about that plague of mine, another time. + +However, I knew I should go and should not pay him his wages. + +That night I had the most hideous dreams. No wonder; all the evening I +had been oppressed by memories of my miserable days at school, and I +could not shake them off. I was sent to the school by distant +relations, upon whom I was dependent and of whom I have heard nothing +since—they sent me there a forlorn, silent boy, already crushed by +their reproaches, already troubled by doubt, and looking with savage +distrust at everyone. My schoolfellows met me with spiteful and +merciless jibes because I was not like any of them. But I could not +endure their taunts; I could not give in to them with the ignoble +readiness with which they gave in to one another. I hated them from the +first, and shut myself away from everyone in timid, wounded and +disproportionate pride. Their coarseness revolted me. They laughed +cynically at my face, at my clumsy figure; and yet what stupid faces +they had themselves. In our school the boys’ faces seemed in a special +way to degenerate and grow stupider. How many fine-looking boys came to +us! In a few years they became repulsive. Even at sixteen I wondered at +them morosely; even then I was struck by the pettiness of their +thoughts, the stupidity of their pursuits, their games, their +conversations. They had no understanding of such essential things, they +took no interest in such striking, impressive subjects, that I could +not help considering them inferior to myself. It was not wounded vanity +that drove me to it, and for God’s sake do not thrust upon me your +hackneyed remarks, repeated to nausea, that “I was only a dreamer,” +while they even then had an understanding of life. They understood +nothing, they had no idea of real life, and I swear that that was what +made me most indignant with them. On the contrary, the most obvious, +striking reality they accepted with fantastic stupidity and even at +that time were accustomed to respect success. Everything that was just, +but oppressed and looked down upon, they laughed at heartlessly and +shamefully. They took rank for intelligence; even at sixteen they were +already talking about a snug berth. Of course, a great deal of it was +due to their stupidity, to the bad examples with which they had always +been surrounded in their childhood and boyhood. They were monstrously +depraved. Of course a great deal of that, too, was superficial and an +assumption of cynicism; of course there were glimpses of youth and +freshness even in their depravity; but even that freshness was not +attractive, and showed itself in a certain rakishness. I hated them +horribly, though perhaps I was worse than any of them. They repaid me +in the same way, and did not conceal their aversion for me. But by then +I did not desire their affection: on the contrary, I continually longed +for their humiliation. To escape from their derision I purposely began +to make all the progress I could with my studies and forced my way to +the very top. This impressed them. Moreover, they all began by degrees +to grasp that I had already read books none of them could read, and +understood things (not forming part of our school curriculum) of which +they had not even heard. They took a savage and sarcastic view of it, +but were morally impressed, especially as the teachers began to notice +me on those grounds. The mockery ceased, but the hostility remained, +and cold and strained relations became permanent between us. In the end +I could not put up with it: with years a craving for society, for +friends, developed in me. I attempted to get on friendly terms with +some of my schoolfellows; but somehow or other my intimacy with them +was always strained and soon ended of itself. Once, indeed, I did have +a friend. But I was already a tyrant at heart; I wanted to exercise +unbounded sway over him; I tried to instil into him a contempt for his +surroundings; I required of him a disdainful and complete break with +those surroundings. I frightened him with my passionate affection; I +reduced him to tears, to hysterics. He was a simple and devoted soul; +but when he devoted himself to me entirely I began to hate him +immediately and repulsed him—as though all I needed him for was to win +a victory over him, to subjugate him and nothing else. But I could not +subjugate all of them; my friend was not at all like them either, he +was, in fact, a rare exception. The first thing I did on leaving school +was to give up the special job for which I had been destined so as to +break all ties, to curse my past and shake the dust from off my +feet.... And goodness knows why, after all that, I should go trudging +off to Simonov’s! + +Early next morning I roused myself and jumped out of bed with +excitement, as though it were all about to happen at once. But I +believed that some radical change in my life was coming, and would +inevitably come that day. Owing to its rarity, perhaps, any external +event, however trivial, always made me feel as though some radical +change in my life were at hand. I went to the office, however, as +usual, but sneaked away home two hours earlier to get ready. The great +thing, I thought, is not to be the first to arrive, or they will think +I am overjoyed at coming. But there were thousands of such great points +to consider, and they all agitated and overwhelmed me. I polished my +boots a second time with my own hands; nothing in the world would have +induced Apollon to clean them twice a day, as he considered that it was +more than his duties required of him. I stole the brushes to clean them +from the passage, being careful he should not detect it, for fear of +his contempt. Then I minutely examined my clothes and thought that +everything looked old, worn and threadbare. I had let myself get too +slovenly. My uniform, perhaps, was tidy, but I could not go out to +dinner in my uniform. The worst of it was that on the knee of my +trousers was a big yellow stain. I had a foreboding that that stain +would deprive me of nine-tenths of my personal dignity. I knew, too, +that it was very poor to think so. “But this is no time for thinking: +now I am in for the real thing,” I thought, and my heart sank. I knew, +too, perfectly well even then, that I was monstrously exaggerating the +facts. But how could I help it? I could not control myself and was +already shaking with fever. With despair I pictured to myself how +coldly and disdainfully that “scoundrel” Zverkov would meet me; with +what dull-witted, invincible contempt the blockhead Trudolyubov would +look at me; with what impudent rudeness the insect Ferfitchkin would +snigger at me in order to curry favour with Zverkov; how completely +Simonov would take it all in, and how he would despise me for the +abjectness of my vanity and lack of spirit—and, worst of all, how +paltry, _unliterary_, commonplace it would all be. Of course, the best +thing would be not to go at all. But that was most impossible of all: +if I feel impelled to do anything, I seem to be pitchforked into it. I +should have jeered at myself ever afterwards: “So you funked it, you +funked it, you funked the _real thing!_” On the contrary, I +passionately longed to show all that “rabble” that I was by no means +such a spiritless creature as I seemed to myself. What is more, even in +the acutest paroxysm of this cowardly fever, I dreamed of getting the +upper hand, of dominating them, carrying them away, making them like +me—if only for my “elevation of thought and unmistakable wit.” They +would abandon Zverkov, he would sit on one side, silent and ashamed, +while I should crush him. Then, perhaps, we would be reconciled and +drink to our everlasting friendship; but what was most bitter and +humiliating for me was that I knew even then, knew fully and for +certain, that I needed nothing of all this really, that I did not +really want to crush, to subdue, to attract them, and that I did not +care a straw really for the result, even if I did achieve it. Oh, how I +prayed for the day to pass quickly! In unutterable anguish I went to +the window, opened the movable pane and looked out into the troubled +darkness of the thickly falling wet snow. At last my wretched little +clock hissed out five. I seized my hat and, trying not to look at +Apollon, who had been all day expecting his month’s wages, but in his +foolishness was unwilling to be the first to speak about it, I slipped +between him and the door and, jumping into a high-class sledge, on +which I spent my last half rouble, I drove up in grand style to the +Hôtel de Paris. + + + + +IV + + +I had been certain the day before that I should be the first to arrive. +But it was not a question of being the first to arrive. Not only were +they not there, but I had difficulty in finding our room. The table was +not laid even. What did it mean? After a good many questions I elicited +from the waiters that the dinner had been ordered not for five, but for +six o’clock. This was confirmed at the buffet too. I felt really +ashamed to go on questioning them. It was only twenty-five minutes past +five. If they changed the dinner hour they ought at least to have let +me know—that is what the post is for, and not to have put me in an +absurd position in my own eyes and ... and even before the waiters. I +sat down; the servant began laying the table; I felt even more +humiliated when he was present. Towards six o’clock they brought in +candles, though there were lamps burning in the room. It had not +occurred to the waiter, however, to bring them in at once when I +arrived. In the next room two gloomy, angry-looking persons were eating +their dinners in silence at two different tables. There was a great +deal of noise, even shouting, in a room further away; one could hear +the laughter of a crowd of people, and nasty little shrieks in French: +there were ladies at the dinner. It was sickening, in fact. I rarely +passed more unpleasant moments, so much so that when they did arrive +all together punctually at six I was overjoyed to see them, as though +they were my deliverers, and even forgot that it was incumbent upon me +to show resentment. + +Zverkov walked in at the head of them; evidently he was the leading +spirit. He and all of them were laughing; but, seeing me, Zverkov drew +himself up a little, walked up to me deliberately with a slight, rather +jaunty bend from the waist. He shook hands with me in a friendly, but +not over-friendly, fashion, with a sort of circumspect courtesy like +that of a General, as though in giving me his hand he were warding off +something. I had imagined, on the contrary, that on coming in he would +at once break into his habitual thin, shrill laugh and fall to making +his insipid jokes and witticisms. I had been preparing for them ever +since the previous day, but I had not expected such condescension, such +high-official courtesy. So, then, he felt himself ineffably superior to +me in every respect! If he only meant to insult me by that +high-official tone, it would not matter, I thought—I could pay him back +for it one way or another. But what if, in reality, without the least +desire to be offensive, that sheepshead had a notion in earnest that he +was superior to me and could only look at me in a patronising way? The +very supposition made me gasp. + +“I was surprised to hear of your desire to join us,” he began, lisping +and drawling, which was something new. “You and I seem to have seen +nothing of one another. You fight shy of us. You shouldn’t. We are not +such terrible people as you think. Well, anyway, I am glad to renew our +acquaintance.” + +And he turned carelessly to put down his hat on the window. + +“Have you been waiting long?” Trudolyubov inquired. + +“I arrived at five o’clock as you told me yesterday,” I answered aloud, +with an irritability that threatened an explosion. + +“Didn’t you let him know that we had changed the hour?” said +Trudolyubov to Simonov. + +“No, I didn’t. I forgot,” the latter replied, with no sign of regret, +and without even apologising to me he went off to order the _hors +d’œuvres_. + +“So you’ve been here a whole hour? Oh, poor fellow!” Zverkov cried +ironically, for to his notions this was bound to be extremely funny. +That rascal Ferfitchkin followed with his nasty little snigger like a +puppy yapping. My position struck him, too, as exquisitely ludicrous +and embarrassing. + +“It isn’t funny at all!” I cried to Ferfitchkin, more and more +irritated. “It wasn’t my fault, but other people’s. They neglected to +let me know. It was ... it was ... it was simply absurd.” + +“It’s not only absurd, but something else as well,” muttered +Trudolyubov, naively taking my part. “You are not hard enough upon it. +It was simply rudeness—unintentional, of course. And how could Simonov +... h’m!” + +“If a trick like that had been played on me,” observed Ferfitchkin, “I +should ...” + +“But you should have ordered something for yourself,” Zverkov +interrupted, “or simply asked for dinner without waiting for us.” + +“You will allow that I might have done that without your permission,” I +rapped out. “If I waited, it was ...” + +“Let us sit down, gentlemen,” cried Simonov, coming in. “Everything is +ready; I can answer for the champagne; it is capitally frozen.... You +see, I did not know your address, where was I to look for you?” he +suddenly turned to me, but again he seemed to avoid looking at me. +Evidently he had something against me. It must have been what happened +yesterday. + +All sat down; I did the same. It was a round table. Trudolyubov was on +my left, Simonov on my right, Zverkov was sitting opposite, Ferfitchkin +next to him, between him and Trudolyubov. + +“Tell me, are you ... in a government office?” Zverkov went on +attending to me. Seeing that I was embarrassed he seriously thought +that he ought to be friendly to me, and, so to speak, cheer me up. + +“Does he want me to throw a bottle at his head?” I thought, in a fury. +In my novel surroundings I was unnaturally ready to be irritated. + +“In the N—— office,” I answered jerkily, with my eyes on my plate. + +“And ha-ave you a go-od berth? I say, what ma-a-de you leave your +original job?” + +“What ma-a-de me was that I wanted to leave my original job,” I drawled +more than he, hardly able to control myself. Ferfitchkin went off into +a guffaw. Simonov looked at me ironically. Trudolyubov left off eating +and began looking at me with curiosity. + +Zverkov winced, but he tried not to notice it. + +“And the remuneration?” + +“What remuneration?” + +“I mean, your sa-a-lary?” + +“Why are you cross-examining me?” However, I told him at once what my +salary was. I turned horribly red. + +“It is not very handsome,” Zverkov observed majestically. + +“Yes, you can’t afford to dine at cafés on that,” Ferfitchkin added +insolently. + +“To my thinking it’s very poor,” Trudolyubov observed gravely. + +“And how thin you have grown! How you have changed!” added Zverkov, +with a shade of venom in his voice, scanning me and my attire with a +sort of insolent compassion. + +“Oh, spare his blushes,” cried Ferfitchkin, sniggering. + +“My dear sir, allow me to tell you I am not blushing,” I broke out at +last; “do you hear? I am dining here, at this cafe, at my own expense, +not at other people’s—note that, Mr. Ferfitchkin.” + +“Wha-at? Isn’t every one here dining at his own expense? You would seem +to be ...” Ferfitchkin flew out at me, turning as red as a lobster, and +looking me in the face with fury. + +“Tha-at,” I answered, feeling I had gone too far, “and I imagine it +would be better to talk of something more intelligent.” + +“You intend to show off your intelligence, I suppose?” + +“Don’t disturb yourself, that would be quite out of place here.” + +“Why are you clacking away like that, my good sir, eh? Have you gone +out of your wits in your office?” + +“Enough, gentlemen, enough!” Zverkov cried, authoritatively. + +“How stupid it is!” muttered Simonov. + +“It really is stupid. We have met here, a company of friends, for a +farewell dinner to a comrade and you carry on an altercation,” said +Trudolyubov, rudely addressing himself to me alone. “You invited +yourself to join us, so don’t disturb the general harmony.” + +“Enough, enough!” cried Zverkov. “Give over, gentlemen, it’s out of +place. Better let me tell you how I nearly got married the day before +yesterday....” + +And then followed a burlesque narrative of how this gentleman had +almost been married two days before. There was not a word about the +marriage, however, but the story was adorned with generals, colonels +and kammer-junkers, while Zverkov almost took the lead among them. It +was greeted with approving laughter; Ferfitchkin positively squealed. + +No one paid any attention to me, and I sat crushed and humiliated. + +“Good Heavens, these are not the people for me!” I thought. “And what a +fool I have made of myself before them! I let Ferfitchkin go too far, +though. The brutes imagine they are doing me an honour in letting me +sit down with them. They don’t understand that it’s an honour to them +and not to me! I’ve grown thinner! My clothes! Oh, damn my trousers! +Zverkov noticed the yellow stain on the knee as soon as he came in.... +But what’s the use! I must get up at once, this very minute, take my +hat and simply go without a word ... with contempt! And tomorrow I can +send a challenge. The scoundrels! As though I cared about the seven +roubles. They may think.... Damn it! I don’t care about the seven +roubles. I’ll go this minute!” + +Of course I remained. I drank sherry and Lafitte by the glassful in my +discomfiture. Being unaccustomed to it, I was quickly affected. My +annoyance increased as the wine went to my head. I longed all at once +to insult them all in a most flagrant manner and then go away. To seize +the moment and show what I could do, so that they would say, “He’s +clever, though he is absurd,” and ... and ... in fact, damn them all! + +I scanned them all insolently with my drowsy eyes. But they seemed to +have forgotten me altogether. They were noisy, vociferous, cheerful. +Zverkov was talking all the time. I began listening. Zverkov was +talking of some exuberant lady whom he had at last led on to declaring +her love (of course, he was lying like a horse), and how he had been +helped in this affair by an intimate friend of his, a Prince Kolya, an +officer in the hussars, who had three thousand serfs. + +“And yet this Kolya, who has three thousand serfs, has not put in an +appearance here tonight to see you off,” I cut in suddenly. + +For one minute every one was silent. “You are drunk already.” +Trudolyubov deigned to notice me at last, glancing contemptuously in my +direction. Zverkov, without a word, examined me as though I were an +insect. I dropped my eyes. Simonov made haste to fill up the glasses +with champagne. + +Trudolyubov raised his glass, as did everyone else but me. + +“Your health and good luck on the journey!” he cried to Zverkov. “To +old times, to our future, hurrah!” + +They all tossed off their glasses, and crowded round Zverkov to kiss +him. I did not move; my full glass stood untouched before me. + +“Why, aren’t you going to drink it?” roared Trudolyubov, losing +patience and turning menacingly to me. + +“I want to make a speech separately, on my own account ... and then +I’ll drink it, Mr. Trudolyubov.” + +“Spiteful brute!” muttered Simonov. I drew myself up in my chair and +feverishly seized my glass, prepared for something extraordinary, +though I did not know myself precisely what I was going to say. + +“_Silence!_” cried Ferfitchkin. “Now for a display of wit!” + +Zverkov waited very gravely, knowing what was coming. + +“Mr. Lieutenant Zverkov,” I began, “let me tell you that I hate +phrases, phrasemongers and men in corsets ... that’s the first point, +and there is a second one to follow it.” + +There was a general stir. + +“The second point is: I hate ribaldry and ribald talkers. Especially +ribald talkers! The third point: I love justice, truth and honesty.” I +went on almost mechanically, for I was beginning to shiver with horror +myself and had no idea how I came to be talking like this. “I love +thought, Monsieur Zverkov; I love true comradeship, on an equal footing +and not ... H’m ... I love ... But, however, why not? I will drink your +health, too, Mr. Zverkov. Seduce the Circassian girls, shoot the +enemies of the fatherland and ... and ... to your health, Monsieur +Zverkov!” + +Zverkov got up from his seat, bowed to me and said: + +“I am very much obliged to you.” He was frightfully offended and turned +pale. + +“Damn the fellow!” roared Trudolyubov, bringing his fist down on the +table. + +“Well, he wants a punch in the face for that,” squealed Ferfitchkin. + +“We ought to turn him out,” muttered Simonov. + +“Not a word, gentlemen, not a movement!” cried Zverkov solemnly, +checking the general indignation. “I thank you all, but I can show him +for myself how much value I attach to his words.” + +“Mr. Ferfitchkin, you will give me satisfaction tomorrow for your words +just now!” I said aloud, turning with dignity to Ferfitchkin. + +“A duel, you mean? Certainly,” he answered. But probably I was so +ridiculous as I challenged him and it was so out of keeping with my +appearance that everyone including Ferfitchkin was prostrate with +laughter. + +“Yes, let him alone, of course! He is quite drunk,” Trudolyubov said +with disgust. + +“I shall never forgive myself for letting him join us,” Simonov +muttered again. + +“Now is the time to throw a bottle at their heads,” I thought to +myself. I picked up the bottle ... and filled my glass.... “No, I’d +better sit on to the end,” I went on thinking; “you would be pleased, +my friends, if I went away. Nothing will induce me to go. I’ll go on +sitting here and drinking to the end, on purpose, as a sign that I +don’t think you of the slightest consequence. I will go on sitting and +drinking, because this is a public-house and I paid my entrance money. +I’ll sit here and drink, for I look upon you as so many pawns, as +inanimate pawns. I’ll sit here and drink ... and sing if I want to, +yes, sing, for I have the right to ... to sing ... H’m!” + +But I did not sing. I simply tried not to look at any of them. I +assumed most unconcerned attitudes and waited with impatience for them +to speak _first_. But alas, they did not address me! And oh, how I +wished, how I wished at that moment to be reconciled to them! It struck +eight, at last nine. They moved from the table to the sofa. Zverkov +stretched himself on a lounge and put one foot on a round table. Wine +was brought there. He did, as a fact, order three bottles on his own +account. I, of course, was not invited to join them. They all sat round +him on the sofa. They listened to him, almost with reverence. It was +evident that they were fond of him. “What for? What for?” I wondered. +From time to time they were moved to drunken enthusiasm and kissed each +other. They talked of the Caucasus, of the nature of true passion, of +snug berths in the service, of the income of an hussar called +Podharzhevsky, whom none of them knew personally, and rejoiced in the +largeness of it, of the extraordinary grace and beauty of a Princess +D., whom none of them had ever seen; then it came to Shakespeare’s +being immortal. + +I smiled contemptuously and walked up and down the other side of the +room, opposite the sofa, from the table to the stove and back again. I +tried my very utmost to show them that I could do without them, and yet +I purposely made a noise with my boots, thumping with my heels. But it +was all in vain. They paid no attention. I had the patience to walk up +and down in front of them from eight o’clock till eleven, in the same +place, from the table to the stove and back again. “I walk up and down +to please myself and no one can prevent me.” The waiter who came into +the room stopped, from time to time, to look at me. I was somewhat +giddy from turning round so often; at moments it seemed to me that I +was in delirium. During those three hours I was three times soaked with +sweat and dry again. At times, with an intense, acute pang I was +stabbed to the heart by the thought that ten years, twenty years, forty +years would pass, and that even in forty years I would remember with +loathing and humiliation those filthiest, most ludicrous, and most +awful moments of my life. No one could have gone out of his way to +degrade himself more shamelessly, and I fully realised it, fully, and +yet I went on pacing up and down from the table to the stove. “Oh, if +you only knew what thoughts and feelings I am capable of, how cultured +I am!” I thought at moments, mentally addressing the sofa on which my +enemies were sitting. But my enemies behaved as though I were not in +the room. Once—only once—they turned towards me, just when Zverkov was +talking about Shakespeare, and I suddenly gave a contemptuous laugh. I +laughed in such an affected and disgusting way that they all at once +broke off their conversation, and silently and gravely for two minutes +watched me walking up and down from the table to the stove, _taking no +notice of them_. But nothing came of it: they said nothing, and two +minutes later they ceased to notice me again. It struck eleven. + +“Friends,” cried Zverkov getting up from the sofa, “let us all be off +now, _there!_” + +“Of course, of course,” the others assented. I turned sharply to +Zverkov. I was so harassed, so exhausted, that I would have cut my +throat to put an end to it. I was in a fever; my hair, soaked with +perspiration, stuck to my forehead and temples. + +“Zverkov, I beg your pardon,” I said abruptly and resolutely. +“Ferfitchkin, yours too, and everyone’s, everyone’s: I have insulted +you all!” + +“Aha! A duel is not in your line, old man,” Ferfitchkin hissed +venomously. + +It sent a sharp pang to my heart. + +“No, it’s not the duel I am afraid of, Ferfitchkin! I am ready to fight +you tomorrow, after we are reconciled. I insist upon it, in fact, and +you cannot refuse. I want to show you that I am not afraid of a duel. +You shall fire first and I shall fire into the air.” + +“He is comforting himself,” said Simonov. + +“He’s simply raving,” said Trudolyubov. + +“But let us pass. Why are you barring our way? What do you want?” +Zverkov answered disdainfully. + +They were all flushed, their eyes were bright: they had been drinking +heavily. + +“I ask for your friendship, Zverkov; I insulted you, but ...” + +“Insulted? _You_ insulted _me?_ Understand, sir, that you never, under +any circumstances, could possibly insult _me_.” + +“And that’s enough for you. Out of the way!” concluded Trudolyubov. + +“Olympia is mine, friends, that’s agreed!” cried Zverkov. + +“We won’t dispute your right, we won’t dispute your right,” the others +answered, laughing. + +I stood as though spat upon. The party went noisily out of the room. +Trudolyubov struck up some stupid song. Simonov remained behind for a +moment to tip the waiters. I suddenly went up to him. + +“Simonov! give me six roubles!” I said, with desperate resolution. + +He looked at me in extreme amazement, with vacant eyes. He, too, was +drunk. + +“You don’t mean you are coming with us?” + +“Yes.” + +“I’ve no money,” he snapped out, and with a scornful laugh he went out +of the room. + +I clutched at his overcoat. It was a nightmare. + +“Simonov, I saw you had money. Why do you refuse me? Am I a scoundrel? +Beware of refusing me: if you knew, if you knew why I am asking! My +whole future, my whole plans depend upon it!” + +Simonov pulled out the money and almost flung it at me. + +“Take it, if you have no sense of shame!” he pronounced pitilessly, and +ran to overtake them. + +I was left for a moment alone. Disorder, the remains of dinner, a +broken wine-glass on the floor, spilt wine, cigarette ends, fumes of +drink and delirium in my brain, an agonising misery in my heart and +finally the waiter, who had seen and heard all and was looking +inquisitively into my face. + +“I am going there!” I cried. “Either they shall all go down on their +knees to beg for my friendship, or I will give Zverkov a slap in the +face!” + + + + +V + + +“So this is it, this is it at last—contact with real life,” I muttered +as I ran headlong downstairs. “This is very different from the Pope’s +leaving Rome and going to Brazil, very different from the ball on Lake +Como!” + +“You are a scoundrel,” a thought flashed through my mind, “if you laugh +at this now.” + +“No matter!” I cried, answering myself. “Now everything is lost!” + +There was no trace to be seen of them, but that made no difference—I +knew where they had gone. + +At the steps was standing a solitary night sledge-driver in a rough +peasant coat, powdered over with the still falling, wet, and as it were +warm, snow. It was hot and steamy. The little shaggy piebald horse was +also covered with snow and coughing, I remember that very well. I made +a rush for the roughly made sledge; but as soon as I raised my foot to +get into it, the recollection of how Simonov had just given me six +roubles seemed to double me up and I tumbled into the sledge like a +sack. + +“No, I must do a great deal to make up for all that,” I cried. “But I +will make up for it or perish on the spot this very night. Start!” + +We set off. There was a perfect whirl in my head. + +“They won’t go down on their knees to beg for my friendship. That is a +mirage, cheap mirage, revolting, romantic and fantastical—that’s +another ball on Lake Como. And so I am bound to slap Zverkov’s face! It +is my duty to. And so it is settled; I am flying to give him a slap in +the face. Hurry up!” + +The driver tugged at the reins. + +“As soon as I go in I’ll give it him. Ought I before giving him the +slap to say a few words by way of preface? No. I’ll simply go in and +give it him. They will all be sitting in the drawing-room, and he with +Olympia on the sofa. That damned Olympia! She laughed at my looks on +one occasion and refused me. I’ll pull Olympia’s hair, pull Zverkov’s +ears! No, better one ear, and pull him by it round the room. Maybe they +will all begin beating me and will kick me out. That’s most likely, +indeed. No matter! Anyway, I shall first slap him; the initiative will +be mine; and by the laws of honour that is everything: he will be +branded and cannot wipe off the slap by any blows, by nothing but a +duel. He will be forced to fight. And let them beat me now. Let them, +the ungrateful wretches! Trudolyubov will beat me hardest, he is so +strong; Ferfitchkin will be sure to catch hold sideways and tug at my +hair. But no matter, no matter! That’s what I am going for. The +blockheads will be forced at last to see the tragedy of it all! When +they drag me to the door I shall call out to them that in reality they +are not worth my little finger. Get on, driver, get on!” I cried to the +driver. He started and flicked his whip, I shouted so savagely. + +“We shall fight at daybreak, that’s a settled thing. I’ve done with the +office. Ferfitchkin made a joke about it just now. But where can I get +pistols? Nonsense! I’ll get my salary in advance and buy them. And +powder, and bullets? That’s the second’s business. And how can it all +be done by daybreak? and where am I to get a second? I have no friends. +Nonsense!” I cried, lashing myself up more and more. “It’s of no +consequence! The first person I meet in the street is bound to be my +second, just as he would be bound to pull a drowning man out of water. +The most eccentric things may happen. Even if I were to ask the +director himself to be my second tomorrow, he would be bound to +consent, if only from a feeling of chivalry, and to keep the secret! +Anton Antonitch....” + +The fact is, that at that very minute the disgusting absurdity of my +plan and the other side of the question was clearer and more vivid to +my imagination than it could be to anyone on earth. But .... + +“Get on, driver, get on, you rascal, get on!” + +“Ugh, sir!” said the son of toil. + +Cold shivers suddenly ran down me. Wouldn’t it be better ... to go +straight home? My God, my God! Why did I invite myself to this dinner +yesterday? But no, it’s impossible. And my walking up and down for +three hours from the table to the stove? No, they, they and no one else +must pay for my walking up and down! They must wipe out this dishonour! +Drive on! + +And what if they give me into custody? They won’t dare! They’ll be +afraid of the scandal. And what if Zverkov is so contemptuous that he +refuses to fight a duel? He is sure to; but in that case I’ll show them +... I will turn up at the posting station when he’s setting off +tomorrow, I’ll catch him by the leg, I’ll pull off his coat when he +gets into the carriage. I’ll get my teeth into his hand, I’ll bite him. +“See what lengths you can drive a desperate man to!” He may hit me on +the head and they may belabour me from behind. I will shout to the +assembled multitude: “Look at this young puppy who is driving off to +captivate the Circassian girls after letting me spit in his face!” + +Of course, after that everything will be over! The office will have +vanished off the face of the earth. I shall be arrested, I shall be +tried, I shall be dismissed from the service, thrown in prison, sent to +Siberia. Never mind! In fifteen years when they let me out of prison I +will trudge off to him, a beggar, in rags. I shall find him in some +provincial town. He will be married and happy. He will have a grown-up +daughter.... I shall say to him: “Look, monster, at my hollow cheeks +and my rags! I’ve lost everything—my career, my happiness, art, +science, _the woman I loved_, and all through you. Here are pistols. I +have come to discharge my pistol and ... and I ... forgive you. Then I +shall fire into the air and he will hear nothing more of me....” + +I was actually on the point of tears, though I knew perfectly well at +that moment that all this was out of Pushkin’s _Silvio_ and Lermontov’s +_Masquerade_. And all at once I felt horribly ashamed, so ashamed that +I stopped the horse, got out of the sledge, and stood still in the snow +in the middle of the street. The driver gazed at me, sighing and +astonished. + +What was I to do? I could not go on there—it was evidently stupid, and +I could not leave things as they were, because that would seem as +though ... Heavens, how could I leave things! And after such insults! +“No!” I cried, throwing myself into the sledge again. “It is ordained! +It is fate! Drive on, drive on!” + +And in my impatience I punched the sledge-driver on the back of the +neck. + +“What are you up to? What are you hitting me for?” the peasant shouted, +but he whipped up his nag so that it began kicking. + +The wet snow was falling in big flakes; I unbuttoned myself, regardless +of it. I forgot everything else, for I had finally decided on the slap, +and felt with horror that it was going to happen _now, at once_, and +that _no force could stop it_. The deserted street lamps gleamed +sullenly in the snowy darkness like torches at a funeral. The snow +drifted under my great-coat, under my coat, under my cravat, and melted +there. I did not wrap myself up—all was lost, anyway. + +At last we arrived. I jumped out, almost unconscious, ran up the steps +and began knocking and kicking at the door. I felt fearfully weak, +particularly in my legs and knees. The door was opened quickly as +though they knew I was coming. As a fact, Simonov had warned them that +perhaps another gentleman would arrive, and this was a place in which +one had to give notice and to observe certain precautions. It was one +of those “millinery establishments” which were abolished by the police +a good time ago. By day it really was a shop; but at night, if one had +an introduction, one might visit it for other purposes. + +I walked rapidly through the dark shop into the familiar drawing-room, +where there was only one candle burning, and stood still in amazement: +there was no one there. “Where are they?” I asked somebody. But by now, +of course, they had separated. Before me was standing a person with a +stupid smile, the “madam” herself, who had seen me before. A minute +later a door opened and another person came in. + +Taking no notice of anything I strode about the room, and, I believe, I +talked to myself. I felt as though I had been saved from death and was +conscious of this, joyfully, all over: I should have given that slap, I +should certainly, certainly have given it! But now they were not here +and ... everything had vanished and changed! I looked round. I could +not realise my condition yet. I looked mechanically at the girl who had +come in: and had a glimpse of a fresh, young, rather pale face, with +straight, dark eyebrows, and with grave, as it were wondering, eyes +that attracted me at once; I should have hated her if she had been +smiling. I began looking at her more intently and, as it were, with +effort. I had not fully collected my thoughts. There was something +simple and good-natured in her face, but something strangely grave. I +am sure that this stood in her way here, and no one of those fools had +noticed her. She could not, however, have been called a beauty, though +she was tall, strong-looking, and well built. She was very simply +dressed. Something loathsome stirred within me. I went straight up to +her. + +I chanced to look into the glass. My harassed face struck me as +revolting in the extreme, pale, angry, abject, with dishevelled hair. +“No matter, I am glad of it,” I thought; “I am glad that I shall seem +repulsive to her; I like that.” + + + + +VI + + +... Somewhere behind a screen a clock began wheezing, as though +oppressed by something, as though someone were strangling it. After an +unnaturally prolonged wheezing there followed a shrill, nasty, and as +it were unexpectedly rapid, chime—as though someone were suddenly +jumping forward. It struck two. I woke up, though I had indeed not been +asleep but lying half-conscious. + +It was almost completely dark in the narrow, cramped, low-pitched room, +cumbered up with an enormous wardrobe and piles of cardboard boxes and +all sorts of frippery and litter. The candle end that had been burning +on the table was going out and gave a faint flicker from time to time. +In a few minutes there would be complete darkness. + +I was not long in coming to myself; everything came back to my mind at +once, without an effort, as though it had been in ambush to pounce upon +me again. And, indeed, even while I was unconscious a point seemed +continually to remain in my memory unforgotten, and round it my dreams +moved drearily. But strange to say, everything that had happened to me +in that day seemed to me now, on waking, to be in the far, far away +past, as though I had long, long ago lived all that down. + +My head was full of fumes. Something seemed to be hovering over me, +rousing me, exciting me, and making me restless. Misery and spite +seemed surging up in me again and seeking an outlet. Suddenly I saw +beside me two wide open eyes scrutinising me curiously and +persistently. The look in those eyes was coldly detached, sullen, as it +were utterly remote; it weighed upon me. + +A grim idea came into my brain and passed all over my body, as a +horrible sensation, such as one feels when one goes into a damp and +mouldy cellar. There was something unnatural in those two eyes, +beginning to look at me only now. I recalled, too, that during those +two hours I had not said a single word to this creature, and had, in +fact, considered it utterly superfluous; in fact, the silence had for +some reason gratified me. Now I suddenly realised vividly the hideous +idea—revolting as a spider—of vice, which, without love, grossly and +shamelessly begins with that in which true love finds its consummation. +For a long time we gazed at each other like that, but she did not drop +her eyes before mine and her expression did not change, so that at last +I felt uncomfortable. + +“What is your name?” I asked abruptly, to put an end to it. + +“Liza,” she answered almost in a whisper, but somehow far from +graciously, and she turned her eyes away. + +I was silent. + +“What weather! The snow ... it’s disgusting!” I said, almost to myself, +putting my arm under my head despondently, and gazing at the ceiling. + +She made no answer. This was horrible. + +“Have you always lived in Petersburg?” I asked a minute later, almost +angrily, turning my head slightly towards her. + +“No.” + +“Where do you come from?” + +“From Riga,” she answered reluctantly. + +“Are you a German?” + +“No, Russian.” + +“Have you been here long?” + +“Where?” + +“In this house?” + +“A fortnight.” + +She spoke more and more jerkily. The candle went out; I could no longer +distinguish her face. + +“Have you a father and mother?” + +“Yes ... no ... I have.” + +“Where are they?” + +“There ... in Riga.” + +“What are they?” + +“Oh, nothing.” + +“Nothing? Why, what class are they?” + +“Tradespeople.” + +“Have you always lived with them?” + +“Yes.” + +“How old are you?” + +“Twenty.” + +“Why did you leave them?” + +“Oh, for no reason.” + +That answer meant “Let me alone; I feel sick, sad.” + +We were silent. + +God knows why I did not go away. I felt myself more and more sick and +dreary. The images of the previous day began of themselves, apart from +my will, flitting through my memory in confusion. I suddenly recalled +something I had seen that morning when, full of anxious thoughts, I was +hurrying to the office. + +“I saw them carrying a coffin out yesterday and they nearly dropped +it,” I suddenly said aloud, not that I desired to open the +conversation, but as it were by accident. + +“A coffin?” + +“Yes, in the Haymarket; they were bringing it up out of a cellar.” + +“From a cellar?” + +“Not from a cellar, but a basement. Oh, you know ... down below ... +from a house of ill-fame. It was filthy all round ... Egg-shells, +litter ... a stench. It was loathsome.” + +Silence. + +“A nasty day to be buried,” I began, simply to avoid being silent. + +“Nasty, in what way?” + +“The snow, the wet.” (I yawned.) + +“It makes no difference,” she said suddenly, after a brief silence. + +“No, it’s horrid.” (I yawned again). “The gravediggers must have sworn +at getting drenched by the snow. And there must have been water in the +grave.” + +“Why water in the grave?” she asked, with a sort of curiosity, but +speaking even more harshly and abruptly than before. + +I suddenly began to feel provoked. + +“Why, there must have been water at the bottom a foot deep. You can’t +dig a dry grave in Volkovo Cemetery.” + +“Why?” + +“Why? Why, the place is waterlogged. It’s a regular marsh. So they bury +them in water. I’ve seen it myself ... many times.” + +(I had never seen it once, indeed I had never been in Volkovo, and had +only heard stories of it.) + +“Do you mean to say, you don’t mind how you die?” + +“But why should I die?” she answered, as though defending herself. + +“Why, some day you will die, and you will die just the same as that +dead woman. She was ... a girl like you. She died of consumption.” + +“A wench would have died in hospital ...” (She knows all about it +already: she said “wench,” not “girl.”) + +“She was in debt to her madam,” I retorted, more and more provoked by +the discussion; “and went on earning money for her up to the end, +though she was in consumption. Some sledge-drivers standing by were +talking about her to some soldiers and telling them so. No doubt they +knew her. They were laughing. They were going to meet in a pot-house to +drink to her memory.” + +A great deal of this was my invention. Silence followed, profound +silence. She did not stir. + +“And is it better to die in a hospital?” + +“Isn’t it just the same? Besides, why should I die?” she added +irritably. + +“If not now, a little later.” + +“Why a little later?” + +“Why, indeed? Now you are young, pretty, fresh, you fetch a high price. +But after another year of this life you will be very different—you will +go off.” + +“In a year?” + +“Anyway, in a year you will be worth less,” I continued malignantly. +“You will go from here to something lower, another house; a year +later—to a third, lower and lower, and in seven years you will come to +a basement in the Haymarket. That will be if you were lucky. But it +would be much worse if you got some disease, consumption, say ... and +caught a chill, or something or other. It’s not easy to get over an +illness in your way of life. If you catch anything you may not get rid +of it. And so you would die.” + +“Oh, well, then I shall die,” she answered, quite vindictively, and she +made a quick movement. + +“But one is sorry.” + +“Sorry for whom?” + +“Sorry for life.” Silence. + +“Have you been engaged to be married? Eh?” + +“What’s that to you?” + +“Oh, I am not cross-examining you. It’s nothing to me. Why are you so +cross? Of course you may have had your own troubles. What is it to me? +It’s simply that I felt sorry.” + +“Sorry for whom?” + +“Sorry for you.” + +“No need,” she whispered hardly audibly, and again made a faint +movement. + +That incensed me at once. What! I was so gentle with her, and she.... + +“Why, do you think that you are on the right path?” + +“I don’t think anything.” + +“That’s what’s wrong, that you don’t think. Realise it while there is +still time. There still is time. You are still young, good-looking; you +might love, be married, be happy....” + +“Not all married women are happy,” she snapped out in the rude abrupt +tone she had used at first. + +“Not all, of course, but anyway it is much better than the life here. +Infinitely better. Besides, with love one can live even without +happiness. Even in sorrow life is sweet; life is sweet, however one +lives. But here what is there but ... foulness? Phew!” + +I turned away with disgust; I was no longer reasoning coldly. I began +to feel myself what I was saying and warmed to the subject. I was +already longing to expound the cherished ideas I had brooded over in my +corner. Something suddenly flared up in me. An object had appeared +before me. + +“Never mind my being here, I am not an example for you. I am, perhaps, +worse than you are. I was drunk when I came here, though,” I hastened, +however, to say in self-defence. “Besides, a man is no example for a +woman. It’s a different thing. I may degrade and defile myself, but I +am not anyone’s slave. I come and go, and that’s an end of it. I shake +it off, and I am a different man. But you are a slave from the start. +Yes, a slave! You give up everything, your whole freedom. If you want +to break your chains afterwards, you won’t be able to; you will be more +and more fast in the snares. It is an accursed bondage. I know it. I +won’t speak of anything else, maybe you won’t understand, but tell me: +no doubt you are in debt to your madam? There, you see,” I added, +though she made no answer, but only listened in silence, entirely +absorbed, “that’s a bondage for you! You will never buy your freedom. +They will see to that. It’s like selling your soul to the devil.... And +besides ... perhaps, I too, am just as unlucky—how do you know—and +wallow in the mud on purpose, out of misery? You know, men take to +drink from grief; well, maybe I am here from grief. Come, tell me, what +is there good here? Here you and I ... came together ... just now and +did not say one word to one another all the time, and it was only +afterwards you began staring at me like a wild creature, and I at you. +Is that loving? Is that how one human being should meet another? It’s +hideous, that’s what it is!” + +“Yes!” she assented sharply and hurriedly. + +I was positively astounded by the promptitude of this “Yes.” So the +same thought may have been straying through her mind when she was +staring at me just before. So she, too, was capable of certain +thoughts? “Damn it all, this was interesting, this was a point of +likeness!” I thought, almost rubbing my hands. And indeed it’s easy to +turn a young soul like that! + +It was the exercise of my power that attracted me most. + +She turned her head nearer to me, and it seemed to me in the darkness +that she propped herself on her arm. Perhaps she was scrutinising me. +How I regretted that I could not see her eyes. I heard her deep +breathing. + +“Why have you come here?” I asked her, with a note of authority already +in my voice. + +“Oh, I don’t know.” + +“But how nice it would be to be living in your father’s house! It’s +warm and free; you have a home of your own.” + +“But what if it’s worse than this?” + +“I must take the right tone,” flashed through my mind. “I may not get +far with sentimentality.” But it was only a momentary thought. I swear +she really did interest me. Besides, I was exhausted and moody. And +cunning so easily goes hand-in-hand with feeling. + +“Who denies it!” I hastened to answer. “Anything may happen. I am +convinced that someone has wronged you, and that you are more sinned +against than sinning. Of course, I know nothing of your story, but it’s +not likely a girl like you has come here of her own inclination....” + +“A girl like me?” she whispered, hardly audibly; but I heard it. + +Damn it all, I was flattering her. That was horrid. But perhaps it was +a good thing.... She was silent. + +“See, Liza, I will tell you about myself. If I had had a home from +childhood, I shouldn’t be what I am now. I often think that. However +bad it may be at home, anyway they are your father and mother, and not +enemies, strangers. Once a year at least, they’ll show their love of +you. Anyway, you know you are at home. I grew up without a home; and +perhaps that’s why I’ve turned so ... unfeeling.” + +I waited again. “Perhaps she doesn’t understand,” I thought, “and, +indeed, it is absurd—it’s moralising.” + +“If I were a father and had a daughter, I believe I should love my +daughter more than my sons, really,” I began indirectly, as though +talking of something else, to distract her attention. I must confess I +blushed. + +“Why so?” she asked. + +Ah! so she was listening! + +“I don’t know, Liza. I knew a father who was a stern, austere man, but +used to go down on his knees to his daughter, used to kiss her hands, +her feet, he couldn’t make enough of her, really. When she danced at +parties he used to stand for five hours at a stretch, gazing at her. He +was mad over her: I understand that! She would fall asleep tired at +night, and he would wake to kiss her in her sleep and make the sign of +the cross over her. He would go about in a dirty old coat, he was +stingy to everyone else, but would spend his last penny for her, giving +her expensive presents, and it was his greatest delight when she was +pleased with what he gave her. Fathers always love their daughters more +than the mothers do. Some girls live happily at home! And I believe I +should never let my daughters marry.” + +“What next?” she said, with a faint smile. + +“I should be jealous, I really should. To think that she should kiss +anyone else! That she should love a stranger more than her father! It’s +painful to imagine it. Of course, that’s all nonsense, of course every +father would be reasonable at last. But I believe before I should let +her marry, I should worry myself to death; I should find fault with all +her suitors. But I should end by letting her marry whom she herself +loved. The one whom the daughter loves always seems the worst to the +father, you know. That is always so. So many family troubles come from +that.” + +“Some are glad to sell their daughters, rather than marrying them +honourably.” + +Ah, so that was it! + +“Such a thing, Liza, happens in those accursed families in which there +is neither love nor God,” I retorted warmly, “and where there is no +love, there is no sense either. There are such families, it’s true, but +I am not speaking of them. You must have seen wickedness in your own +family, if you talk like that. Truly, you must have been unlucky. H’m! +... that sort of thing mostly comes about through poverty.” + +“And is it any better with the gentry? Even among the poor, honest +people who live happily?” + +“H’m ... yes. Perhaps. Another thing, Liza, man is fond of reckoning up +his troubles, but does not count his joys. If he counted them up as he +ought, he would see that every lot has enough happiness provided for +it. And what if all goes well with the family, if the blessing of God +is upon it, if the husband is a good one, loves you, cherishes you, +never leaves you! There is happiness in such a family! Even sometimes +there is happiness in the midst of sorrow; and indeed sorrow is +everywhere. If you marry _you will find out for yourself_. But think of +the first years of married life with one you love: what happiness, what +happiness there sometimes is in it! And indeed it’s the ordinary thing. +In those early days even quarrels with one’s husband end happily. Some +women get up quarrels with their husbands just because they love them. +Indeed, I knew a woman like that: she seemed to say that because she +loved him, she would torment him and make him feel it. You know that +you may torment a man on purpose through love. Women are particularly +given to that, thinking to themselves ‘I will love him so, I will make +so much of him afterwards, that it’s no sin to torment him a little +now.’ And all in the house rejoice in the sight of you, and you are +happy and gay and peaceful and honourable.... Then there are some women +who are jealous. If he went off anywhere—I knew one such woman, she +couldn’t restrain herself, but would jump up at night and run off on +the sly to find out where he was, whether he was with some other woman. +That’s a pity. And the woman knows herself it’s wrong, and her heart +fails her and she suffers, but she loves—it’s all through love. And how +sweet it is to make up after quarrels, to own herself in the wrong or +to forgive him! And they both are so happy all at once—as though they +had met anew, been married over again; as though their love had begun +afresh. And no one, no one should know what passes between husband and +wife if they love one another. And whatever quarrels there may be +between them they ought not to call in their own mother to judge +between them and tell tales of one another. They are their own judges. +Love is a holy mystery and ought to be hidden from all other eyes, +whatever happens. That makes it holier and better. They respect one +another more, and much is built on respect. And if once there has been +love, if they have been married for love, why should love pass away? +Surely one can keep it! It is rare that one cannot keep it. And if the +husband is kind and straightforward, why should not love last? The +first phase of married love will pass, it is true, but then there will +come a love that is better still. Then there will be the union of +souls, they will have everything in common, there will be no secrets +between them. And once they have children, the most difficult times +will seem to them happy, so long as there is love and courage. Even +toil will be a joy, you may deny yourself bread for your children and +even that will be a joy, They will love you for it afterwards; so you +are laying by for your future. As the children grow up you feel that +you are an example, a support for them; that even after you die your +children will always keep your thoughts and feelings, because they have +received them from you, they will take on your semblance and likeness. +So you see this is a great duty. How can it fail to draw the father and +mother nearer? People say it’s a trial to have children. Who says that? +It is heavenly happiness! Are you fond of little children, Liza? I am +awfully fond of them. You know—a little rosy baby boy at your bosom, +and what husband’s heart is not touched, seeing his wife nursing his +child! A plump little rosy baby, sprawling and snuggling, chubby little +hands and feet, clean tiny little nails, so tiny that it makes one +laugh to look at them; eyes that look as if they understand everything. +And while it sucks it clutches at your bosom with its little hand, +plays. When its father comes up, the child tears itself away from the +bosom, flings itself back, looks at its father, laughs, as though it +were fearfully funny, and falls to sucking again. Or it will bite its +mother’s breast when its little teeth are coming, while it looks +sideways at her with its little eyes as though to say, ‘Look, I am +biting!’ Is not all that happiness when they are the three together, +husband, wife and child? One can forgive a great deal for the sake of +such moments. Yes, Liza, one must first learn to live oneself before +one blames others!” + +“It’s by pictures, pictures like that one must get at you,” I thought +to myself, though I did speak with real feeling, and all at once I +flushed crimson. “What if she were suddenly to burst out laughing, what +should I do then?” That idea drove me to fury. Towards the end of my +speech I really was excited, and now my vanity was somehow wounded. The +silence continued. I almost nudged her. + +“Why are you—” she began and stopped. But I understood: there was a +quiver of something different in her voice, not abrupt, harsh and +unyielding as before, but something soft and shamefaced, so shamefaced +that I suddenly felt ashamed and guilty. + +“What?” I asked, with tender curiosity. + +“Why, you...” + +“What?” + +“Why, you ... speak somehow like a book,” she said, and again there was +a note of irony in her voice. + +That remark sent a pang to my heart. It was not what I was expecting. + +I did not understand that she was hiding her feelings under irony, that +this is usually the last refuge of modest and chaste-souled people when +the privacy of their soul is coarsely and intrusively invaded, and that +their pride makes them refuse to surrender till the last moment and +shrink from giving expression to their feelings before you. I ought to +have guessed the truth from the timidity with which she had repeatedly +approached her sarcasm, only bringing herself to utter it at last with +an effort. But I did not guess, and an evil feeling took possession of +me. + +“Wait a bit!” I thought. + + + + +VII + + +“Oh, hush, Liza! How can you talk about being like a book, when it +makes even me, an outsider, feel sick? Though I don’t look at it as an +outsider, for, indeed, it touches me to the heart.... Is it possible, +is it possible that you do not feel sick at being here yourself? +Evidently habit does wonders! God knows what habit can do with anyone. +Can you seriously think that you will never grow old, that you will +always be good-looking, and that they will keep you here for ever and +ever? I say nothing of the loathsomeness of the life here.... Though +let me tell you this about it—about your present life, I mean; here +though you are young now, attractive, nice, with soul and feeling, yet +you know as soon as I came to myself just now I felt at once sick at +being here with you! One can only come here when one is drunk. But if +you were anywhere else, living as good people live, I should perhaps be +more than attracted by you, should fall in love with you, should be +glad of a look from you, let alone a word; I should hang about your +door, should go down on my knees to you, should look upon you as my +betrothed and think it an honour to be allowed to. I should not dare to +have an impure thought about you. But here, you see, I know that I have +only to whistle and you have to come with me whether you like it or +not. I don’t consult your wishes, but you mine. The lowest labourer +hires himself as a workman, but he doesn’t make a slave of himself +altogether; besides, he knows that he will be free again presently. But +when are you free? Only think what you are giving up here? What is it +you are making a slave of? It is your soul, together with your body; +you are selling your soul which you have no right to dispose of! You +give your love to be outraged by every drunkard! Love! But that’s +everything, you know, it’s a priceless diamond, it’s a maiden’s +treasure, love—why, a man would be ready to give his soul, to face +death to gain that love. But how much is your love worth now? You are +sold, all of you, body and soul, and there is no need to strive for +love when you can have everything without love. And you know there is +no greater insult to a girl than that, do you understand? To be sure, I +have heard that they comfort you, poor fools, they let you have lovers +of your own here. But you know that’s simply a farce, that’s simply a +sham, it’s just laughing at you, and you are taken in by it! Why, do +you suppose he really loves you, that lover of yours? I don’t believe +it. How can he love you when he knows you may be called away from him +any minute? He would be a low fellow if he did! Will he have a grain of +respect for you? What have you in common with him? He laughs at you and +robs you—that is all his love amounts to! You are lucky if he does not +beat you. Very likely he does beat you, too. Ask him, if you have got +one, whether he will marry you. He will laugh in your face, if he +doesn’t spit in it or give you a blow—though maybe he is not worth a +bad halfpenny himself. And for what have you ruined your life, if you +come to think of it? For the coffee they give you to drink and the +plentiful meals? But with what object are they feeding you up? An +honest girl couldn’t swallow the food, for she would know what she was +being fed for. You are in debt here, and, of course, you will always be +in debt, and you will go on in debt to the end, till the visitors here +begin to scorn you. And that will soon happen, don’t rely upon your +youth—all that flies by express train here, you know. You will be +kicked out. And not simply kicked out; long before that she’ll begin +nagging at you, scolding you, abusing you, as though you had not +sacrificed your health for her, had not thrown away your youth and your +soul for her benefit, but as though you had ruined her, beggared her, +robbed her. And don’t expect anyone to take your part: the others, your +companions, will attack you, too, win her favour, for all are in +slavery here, and have lost all conscience and pity here long ago. They +have become utterly vile, and nothing on earth is viler, more +loathsome, and more insulting than their abuse. And you are laying down +everything here, unconditionally, youth and health and beauty and hope, +and at twenty-two you will look like a woman of five-and-thirty, and +you will be lucky if you are not diseased, pray to God for that! No +doubt you are thinking now that you have a gay time and no work to do! +Yet there is no work harder or more dreadful in the world or ever has +been. One would think that the heart alone would be worn out with +tears. And you won’t dare to say a word, not half a word when they +drive you away from here; you will go away as though you were to blame. +You will change to another house, then to a third, then somewhere else, +till you come down at last to the Haymarket. There you will be beaten +at every turn; that is good manners there, the visitors don’t know how +to be friendly without beating you. You don’t believe that it is so +hateful there? Go and look for yourself some time, you can see with +your own eyes. Once, one New Year’s Day, I saw a woman at a door. They +had turned her out as a joke, to give her a taste of the frost because +she had been crying so much, and they shut the door behind her. At nine +o’clock in the morning she was already quite drunk, dishevelled, +half-naked, covered with bruises, her face was powdered, but she had a +black-eye, blood was trickling from her nose and her teeth; some cabman +had just given her a drubbing. She was sitting on the stone steps, a +salt fish of some sort was in her hand; she was crying, wailing +something about her luck and beating with the fish on the steps, and +cabmen and drunken soldiers were crowding in the doorway taunting her. +You don’t believe that you will ever be like that? I should be sorry to +believe it, too, but how do you know; maybe ten years, eight years ago +that very woman with the salt fish came here fresh as a cherub, +innocent, pure, knowing no evil, blushing at every word. Perhaps she +was like you, proud, ready to take offence, not like the others; +perhaps she looked like a queen, and knew what happiness was in store +for the man who should love her and whom she should love. Do you see +how it ended? And what if at that very minute when she was beating on +the filthy steps with that fish, drunken and dishevelled—what if at +that very minute she recalled the pure early days in her father’s +house, when she used to go to school and the neighbour’s son watched +for her on the way, declaring that he would love her as long as he +lived, that he would devote his life to her, and when they vowed to +love one another for ever and be married as soon as they were grown up! +No, Liza, it would be happy for you if you were to die soon of +consumption in some corner, in some cellar like that woman just now. In +the hospital, do you say? You will be lucky if they take you, but what +if you are still of use to the madam here? Consumption is a queer +disease, it is not like fever. The patient goes on hoping till the last +minute and says he is all right. He deludes himself And that just suits +your madam. Don’t doubt it, that’s how it is; you have sold your soul, +and what is more you owe money, so you daren’t say a word. But when you +are dying, all will abandon you, all will turn away from you, for then +there will be nothing to get from you. What’s more, they will reproach +you for cumbering the place, for being so long over dying. However you +beg you won’t get a drink of water without abuse: ‘Whenever are you +going off, you nasty hussy, you won’t let us sleep with your moaning, +you make the gentlemen sick.’ That’s true, I have heard such things +said myself. They will thrust you dying into the filthiest corner in +the cellar—in the damp and darkness; what will your thoughts be, lying +there alone? When you die, strange hands will lay you out, with +grumbling and impatience; no one will bless you, no one will sigh for +you, they only want to get rid of you as soon as may be; they will buy +a coffin, take you to the grave as they did that poor woman today, and +celebrate your memory at the tavern. In the grave, sleet, filth, wet +snow—no need to put themselves out for you—‘Let her down, Vanuha; it’s +just like her luck—even here, she is head-foremost, the hussy. Shorten +the cord, you rascal.’ ‘It’s all right as it is.’ ‘All right, is it? +Why, she’s on her side! She was a fellow-creature, after all! But, +never mind, throw the earth on her.’ And they won’t care to waste much +time quarrelling over you. They will scatter the wet blue clay as quick +as they can and go off to the tavern ... and there your memory on earth +will end; other women have children to go to their graves, fathers, +husbands. While for you neither tear, nor sigh, nor remembrance; no one +in the whole world will ever come to you, your name will vanish from +the face of the earth—as though you had never existed, never been born +at all! Nothing but filth and mud, however you knock at your coffin lid +at night, when the dead arise, however you cry: ‘Let me out, kind +people, to live in the light of day! My life was no life at all; my +life has been thrown away like a dish-clout; it was drunk away in the +tavern at the Haymarket; let me out, kind people, to live in the world +again.’” + +And I worked myself up to such a pitch that I began to have a lump in +my throat myself, and ... and all at once I stopped, sat up in dismay +and, bending over apprehensively, began to listen with a beating heart. +I had reason to be troubled. + +I had felt for some time that I was turning her soul upside down and +rending her heart, and—and the more I was convinced of it, the more +eagerly I desired to gain my object as quickly and as effectually as +possible. It was the exercise of my skill that carried me away; yet it +was not merely sport.... + +I knew I was speaking stiffly, artificially, even bookishly, in fact, I +could not speak except “like a book.” But that did not trouble me: I +knew, I felt that I should be understood and that this very bookishness +might be an assistance. But now, having attained my effect, I was +suddenly panic-stricken. Never before had I witnessed such despair! She +was lying on her face, thrusting her face into the pillow and clutching +it in both hands. Her heart was being torn. Her youthful body was +shuddering all over as though in convulsions. Suppressed sobs rent her +bosom and suddenly burst out in weeping and wailing, then she pressed +closer into the pillow: she did not want anyone here, not a living +soul, to know of her anguish and her tears. She bit the pillow, bit her +hand till it bled (I saw that afterwards), or, thrusting her fingers +into her dishevelled hair, seemed rigid with the effort of restraint, +holding her breath and clenching her teeth. I began saying something, +begging her to calm herself, but felt that I did not dare; and all at +once, in a sort of cold shiver, almost in terror, began fumbling in the +dark, trying hurriedly to get dressed to go. It was dark; though I +tried my best I could not finish dressing quickly. Suddenly I felt a +box of matches and a candlestick with a whole candle in it. As soon as +the room was lighted up, Liza sprang up, sat up in bed, and with a +contorted face, with a half insane smile, looked at me almost +senselessly. I sat down beside her and took her hands; she came to +herself, made an impulsive movement towards me, would have caught hold +of me, but did not dare, and slowly bowed her head before me. + +“Liza, my dear, I was wrong ... forgive me, my dear,” I began, but she +squeezed my hand in her fingers so tightly that I felt I was saying the +wrong thing and stopped. + +“This is my address, Liza, come to me.” + +“I will come,” she answered resolutely, her head still bowed. + +“But now I am going, good-bye ... till we meet again.” + +I got up; she, too, stood up and suddenly flushed all over, gave a +shudder, snatched up a shawl that was lying on a chair and muffled +herself in it to her chin. As she did this she gave another sickly +smile, blushed and looked at me strangely. I felt wretched; I was in +haste to get away—to disappear. + +“Wait a minute,” she said suddenly, in the passage just at the doorway, +stopping me with her hand on my overcoat. She put down the candle in +hot haste and ran off; evidently she had thought of something or wanted +to show me something. As she ran away she flushed, her eyes shone, and +there was a smile on her lips—what was the meaning of it? Against my +will I waited: she came back a minute later with an expression that +seemed to ask forgiveness for something. In fact, it was not the same +face, not the same look as the evening before: sullen, mistrustful and +obstinate. Her eyes now were imploring, soft, and at the same time +trustful, caressing, timid. The expression with which children look at +people they are very fond of, of whom they are asking a favour. Her +eyes were a light hazel, they were lovely eyes, full of life, and +capable of expressing love as well as sullen hatred. + +Making no explanation, as though I, as a sort of higher being, must +understand everything without explanations, she held out a piece of +paper to me. Her whole face was positively beaming at that instant with +naive, almost childish, triumph. I unfolded it. It was a letter to her +from a medical student or someone of that sort—a very high-flown and +flowery, but extremely respectful, love-letter. I don’t recall the +words now, but I remember well that through the high-flown phrases +there was apparent a genuine feeling, which cannot be feigned. When I +had finished reading it I met her glowing, questioning, and childishly +impatient eyes fixed upon me. She fastened her eyes upon my face and +waited impatiently for what I should say. In a few words, hurriedly, +but with a sort of joy and pride, she explained to me that she had been +to a dance somewhere in a private house, a family of “very nice people, +_who knew nothing_, absolutely nothing, for she had only come here so +lately and it had all happened ... and she hadn’t made up her mind to +stay and was certainly going away as soon as she had paid her debt...” +and at that party there had been the student who had danced with her +all the evening. He had talked to her, and it turned out that he had +known her in old days at Riga when he was a child, they had played +together, but a very long time ago—and he knew her parents, but _about +this_ he knew nothing, nothing whatever, and had no suspicion! And the +day after the dance (three days ago) he had sent her that letter +through the friend with whom she had gone to the party ... and ... +well, that was all. + +She dropped her shining eyes with a sort of bashfulness as she +finished. + +The poor girl was keeping that student’s letter as a precious treasure, +and had run to fetch it, her only treasure, because she did not want me +to go away without knowing that she, too, was honestly and genuinely +loved; that she, too, was addressed respectfully. No doubt that letter +was destined to lie in her box and lead to nothing. But none the less, +I am certain that she would keep it all her life as a precious +treasure, as her pride and justification, and now at such a minute she +had thought of that letter and brought it with naive pride to raise +herself in my eyes that I might see, that I, too, might think well of +her. I said nothing, pressed her hand and went out. I so longed to get +away ... I walked all the way home, in spite of the fact that the +melting snow was still falling in heavy flakes. I was exhausted, +shattered, in bewilderment. But behind the bewilderment the truth was +already gleaming. The loathsome truth. + + + + +VIII + + +It was some time, however, before I consented to recognise that truth. +Waking up in the morning after some hours of heavy, leaden sleep, and +immediately realising all that had happened on the previous day, I was +positively amazed at my last night’s _sentimentality_ with Liza, at all +those “outcries of horror and pity.” “To think of having such an attack +of womanish hysteria, pah!” I concluded. And what did I thrust my +address upon her for? What if she comes? Let her come, though; it +doesn’t matter.... But _obviously_, that was not now the chief and the +most important matter: I had to make haste and at all costs save my +reputation in the eyes of Zverkov and Simonov as quickly as possible; +that was the chief business. And I was so taken up that morning that I +actually forgot all about Liza. + +First of all I had at once to repay what I had borrowed the day before +from Simonov. I resolved on a desperate measure: to borrow fifteen +roubles straight off from Anton Antonitch. As luck would have it he was +in the best of humours that morning, and gave it to me at once, on the +first asking. I was so delighted at this that, as I signed the IOU with +a swaggering air, I told him casually that the night before “I had been +keeping it up with some friends at the Hôtel de Paris; we were giving a +farewell party to a comrade, in fact, I might say a friend of my +childhood, and you know—a desperate rake, fearfully spoilt—of course, +he belongs to a good family, and has considerable means, a brilliant +career; he is witty, charming, a regular Lovelace, you understand; we +drank an extra ‘half-dozen’ and ...” + +And it went off all right; all this was uttered very easily, +unconstrainedly and complacently. + +On reaching home I promptly wrote to Simonov. + +To this hour I am lost in admiration when I recall the truly +gentlemanly, good-humoured, candid tone of my letter. With tact and +good-breeding, and, above all, entirely without superfluous words, I +blamed myself for all that had happened. I defended myself, “if I +really may be allowed to defend myself,” by alleging that being utterly +unaccustomed to wine, I had been intoxicated with the first glass, +which I said, I had drunk before they arrived, while I was waiting for +them at the Hôtel de Paris between five and six o’clock. I begged +Simonov’s pardon especially; I asked him to convey my explanations to +all the others, especially to Zverkov, whom “I seemed to remember as +though in a dream” I had insulted. I added that I would have called +upon all of them myself, but my head ached, and besides I had not the +face to. I was particularly pleased with a certain lightness, almost +carelessness (strictly within the bounds of politeness, however), which +was apparent in my style, and better than any possible arguments, gave +them at once to understand that I took rather an independent view of +“all that unpleasantness last night”; that I was by no means so utterly +crushed as you, my friends, probably imagine; but on the contrary, +looked upon it as a gentleman serenely respecting himself should look +upon it. “On a young hero’s past no censure is cast!” + +“There is actually an aristocratic playfulness about it!” I thought +admiringly, as I read over the letter. “And it’s all because I am an +intellectual and cultivated man! Another man in my place would not have +known how to extricate himself, but here I have got out of it and am as +jolly as ever again, and all because I am ‘a cultivated and educated +man of our day.’ And, indeed, perhaps, everything was due to the wine +yesterday. H’m!” ... No, it was not the wine. I did not drink anything +at all between five and six when I was waiting for them. I had lied to +Simonov; I had lied shamelessly; and indeed I wasn’t ashamed now.... +Hang it all though, the great thing was that I was rid of it. + +I put six roubles in the letter, sealed it up, and asked Apollon to +take it to Simonov. When he learned that there was money in the letter, +Apollon became more respectful and agreed to take it. Towards evening I +went out for a walk. My head was still aching and giddy after +yesterday. But as evening came on and the twilight grew denser, my +impressions and, following them, my thoughts, grew more and more +different and confused. Something was not dead within me, in the depths +of my heart and conscience it would not die, and it showed itself in +acute depression. For the most part I jostled my way through the most +crowded business streets, along Myeshtchansky Street, along Sadovy +Street and in Yusupov Garden. I always liked particularly sauntering +along these streets in the dusk, just when there were crowds of working +people of all sorts going home from their daily work, with faces +looking cross with anxiety. What I liked was just that cheap bustle, +that bare prose. On this occasion the jostling of the streets irritated +me more than ever, I could not make out what was wrong with me, I could +not find the clue, something seemed rising up continually in my soul, +painfully, and refusing to be appeased. I returned home completely +upset, it was just as though some crime were lying on my conscience. + +The thought that Liza was coming worried me continually. It seemed +queer to me that of all my recollections of yesterday this tormented +me, as it were, especially, as it were, quite separately. Everything +else I had quite succeeded in forgetting by the evening; I dismissed it +all and was still perfectly satisfied with my letter to Simonov. But on +this point I was not satisfied at all. It was as though I were worried +only by Liza. “What if she comes,” I thought incessantly, “well, it +doesn’t matter, let her come! H’m! it’s horrid that she should see, for +instance, how I live. Yesterday I seemed such a hero to her, while now, +h’m! It’s horrid, though, that I have let myself go so, the room looks +like a beggar’s. And I brought myself to go out to dinner in such a +suit! And my American leather sofa with the stuffing sticking out. And +my dressing-gown, which will not cover me, such tatters, and she will +see all this and she will see Apollon. That beast is certain to insult +her. He will fasten upon her in order to be rude to me. And I, of +course, shall be panic-stricken as usual, I shall begin bowing and +scraping before her and pulling my dressing-gown round me, I shall +begin smiling, telling lies. Oh, the beastliness! And it isn’t the +beastliness of it that matters most! There is something more important, +more loathsome, viler! Yes, viler! And to put on that dishonest lying +mask again! ...” + +When I reached that thought I fired up all at once. + +“Why dishonest? How dishonest? I was speaking sincerely last night. I +remember there was real feeling in me, too. What I wanted was to excite +an honourable feeling in her.... Her crying was a good thing, it will +have a good effect.” + +Yet I could not feel at ease. All that evening, even when I had come +back home, even after nine o’clock, when I calculated that Liza could +not possibly come, still she haunted me, and what was worse, she came +back to my mind always in the same position. One moment out of all that +had happened last night stood vividly before my imagination; the moment +when I struck a match and saw her pale, distorted face, with its look +of torture. And what a pitiful, what an unnatural, what a distorted +smile she had at that moment! But I did not know then, that fifteen +years later I should still in my imagination see Liza, always with the +pitiful, distorted, inappropriate smile which was on her face at that +minute. + +Next day I was ready again to look upon it all as nonsense, due to +over-excited nerves, and, above all, as _exaggerated_. I was always +conscious of that weak point of mine, and sometimes very much afraid of +it. “I exaggerate everything, that is where I go wrong,” I repeated to +myself every hour. But, however, “Liza will very likely come all the +same,” was the refrain with which all my reflections ended. I was so +uneasy that I sometimes flew into a fury: “She’ll come, she is certain +to come!” I cried, running about the room, “if not today, she will come +tomorrow; she’ll find me out! The damnable romanticism of these pure +hearts! Oh, the vileness—oh, the silliness—oh, the stupidity of these +‘wretched sentimental souls!’ Why, how fail to understand? How could +one fail to understand? ...” + +But at this point I stopped short, and in great confusion, indeed. + +And how few, how few words, I thought, in passing, were needed; how +little of the idyllic (and affectedly, bookishly, artificially idyllic +too) had sufficed to turn a whole human life at once according to my +will. That’s virginity, to be sure! Freshness of soil! + +At times a thought occurred to me, to go to her, “to tell her all,” and +beg her not to come to me. But this thought stirred such wrath in me +that I believed I should have crushed that “damned” Liza if she had +chanced to be near me at the time. I should have insulted her, have +spat at her, have turned her out, have struck her! + +One day passed, however, another and another; she did not come and I +began to grow calmer. I felt particularly bold and cheerful after nine +o’clock, I even sometimes began dreaming, and rather sweetly: I, for +instance, became the salvation of Liza, simply through her coming to me +and my talking to her.... I develop her, educate her. Finally, I notice +that she loves me, loves me passionately. I pretend not to understand +(I don’t know, however, why I pretend, just for effect, perhaps). At +last all confusion, transfigured, trembling and sobbing, she flings +herself at my feet and says that I am her saviour, and that she loves +me better than anything in the world. I am amazed, but.... “Liza,” I +say, “can you imagine that I have not noticed your love? I saw it all, +I divined it, but I did not dare to approach you first, because I had +an influence over you and was afraid that you would force yourself, +from gratitude, to respond to my love, would try to rouse in your heart +a feeling which was perhaps absent, and I did not wish that ... because +it would be tyranny ... it would be indelicate (in short, I launch off +at that point into European, inexplicably lofty subtleties a la George +Sand), but now, now you are mine, you are my creation, you are pure, +you are good, you are my noble wife. + +‘Into my house come bold and free, +Its rightful mistress there to be’.” + + +Then we begin living together, go abroad and so on, and so on. In fact, +in the end it seemed vulgar to me myself, and I began putting out my +tongue at myself. + +Besides, they won’t let her out, “the hussy!” I thought. They don’t let +them go out very readily, especially in the evening (for some reason I +fancied she would come in the evening, and at seven o’clock precisely). +Though she did say she was not altogether a slave there yet, and had +certain rights; so, h’m! Damn it all, she will come, she is sure to +come! + +It was a good thing, in fact, that Apollon distracted my attention at +that time by his rudeness. He drove me beyond all patience! He was the +bane of my life, the curse laid upon me by Providence. We had been +squabbling continually for years, and I hated him. My God, how I hated +him! I believe I had never hated anyone in my life as I hated him, +especially at some moments. He was an elderly, dignified man, who +worked part of his time as a tailor. But for some unknown reason he +despised me beyond all measure, and looked down upon me insufferably. +Though, indeed, he looked down upon everyone. Simply to glance at that +flaxen, smoothly brushed head, at the tuft of hair he combed up on his +forehead and oiled with sunflower oil, at that dignified mouth, +compressed into the shape of the letter V, made one feel one was +confronting a man who never doubted of himself. He was a pedant, to the +most extreme point, the greatest pedant I had met on earth, and with +that had a vanity only befitting Alexander of Macedon. He was in love +with every button on his coat, every nail on his fingers—absolutely in +love with them, and he looked it! In his behaviour to me he was a +perfect tyrant, he spoke very little to me, and if he chanced to glance +at me he gave me a firm, majestically self-confident and invariably +ironical look that drove me sometimes to fury. He did his work with the +air of doing me the greatest favour, though he did scarcely anything +for me, and did not, indeed, consider himself bound to do anything. +There could be no doubt that he looked upon me as the greatest fool on +earth, and that “he did not get rid of me” was simply that he could get +wages from me every month. He consented to do nothing for me for seven +roubles a month. Many sins should be forgiven me for what I suffered +from him. My hatred reached such a point that sometimes his very step +almost threw me into convulsions. What I loathed particularly was his +lisp. His tongue must have been a little too long or something of that +sort, for he continually lisped, and seemed to be very proud of it, +imagining that it greatly added to his dignity. He spoke in a slow, +measured tone, with his hands behind his back and his eyes fixed on the +ground. He maddened me particularly when he read aloud the psalms to +himself behind his partition. Many a battle I waged over that reading! +But he was awfully fond of reading aloud in the evenings, in a slow, +even, sing-song voice, as though over the dead. It is interesting that +that is how he has ended: he hires himself out to read the psalms over +the dead, and at the same time he kills rats and makes blacking. But at +that time I could not get rid of him, it was as though he were +chemically combined with my existence. Besides, nothing would have +induced him to consent to leave me. I could not live in furnished +lodgings: my lodging was my private solitude, my shell, my cave, in +which I concealed myself from all mankind, and Apollon seemed to me, +for some reason, an integral part of that flat, and for seven years I +could not turn him away. + +To be two or three days behind with his wages, for instance, was +impossible. He would have made such a fuss, I should not have known +where to hide my head. But I was so exasperated with everyone during +those days, that I made up my mind for some reason and with some object +to _punish_ Apollon and not to pay him for a fortnight the wages that +were owing him. I had for a long time—for the last two years—been +intending to do this, simply in order to teach him not to give himself +airs with me, and to show him that if I liked I could withhold his +wages. I purposed to say nothing to him about it, and was purposely +silent indeed, in order to score off his pride and force him to be the +first to speak of his wages. Then I would take the seven roubles out of +a drawer, show him I have the money put aside on purpose, but that I +won’t, I won’t, I simply won’t pay him his wages, I won’t just because +that is “what I wish,” because “I am master, and it is for me to +decide,” because he has been disrespectful, because he has been rude; +but if he were to ask respectfully I might be softened and give it to +him, otherwise he might wait another fortnight, another three weeks, a +whole month.... + +But angry as I was, yet he got the better of me. I could not hold out +for four days. He began as he always did begin in such cases, for there +had been such cases already, there had been attempts (and it may be +observed I knew all this beforehand, I knew his nasty tactics by +heart). He would begin by fixing upon me an exceedingly severe stare, +keeping it up for several minutes at a time, particularly on meeting me +or seeing me out of the house. If I held out and pretended not to +notice these stares, he would, still in silence, proceed to further +tortures. All at once, _à propos_ of nothing, he would walk softly and +smoothly into my room, when I was pacing up and down or reading, stand +at the door, one hand behind his back and one foot behind the other, +and fix upon me a stare more than severe, utterly contemptuous. If I +suddenly asked him what he wanted, he would make me no answer, but +continue staring at me persistently for some seconds, then, with a +peculiar compression of his lips and a most significant air, +deliberately turn round and deliberately go back to his room. Two hours +later he would come out again and again present himself before me in +the same way. It had happened that in my fury I did not even ask him +what he wanted, but simply raised my head sharply and imperiously and +began staring back at him. So we stared at one another for two minutes; +at last he turned with deliberation and dignity and went back again for +two hours. + +If I were still not brought to reason by all this, but persisted in my +revolt, he would suddenly begin sighing while he looked at me, long, +deep sighs as though measuring by them the depths of my moral +degradation, and, of course, it ended at last by his triumphing +completely: I raged and shouted, but still was forced to do what he +wanted. + +This time the usual staring manoeuvres had scarcely begun when I lost +my temper and flew at him in a fury. I was irritated beyond endurance +apart from him. + +“Stay,” I cried, in a frenzy, as he was slowly and silently turning, +with one hand behind his back, to go to his room. “Stay! Come back, +come back, I tell you!” and I must have bawled so unnaturally, that he +turned round and even looked at me with some wonder. However, he +persisted in saying nothing, and that infuriated me. + +“How dare you come and look at me like that without being sent for? +Answer!” + +After looking at me calmly for half a minute, he began turning round +again. + +“Stay!” I roared, running up to him, “don’t stir! There. Answer, now: +what did you come in to look at?” + +“If you have any order to give me it’s my duty to carry it out,” he +answered, after another silent pause, with a slow, measured lisp, +raising his eyebrows and calmly twisting his head from one side to +another, all this with exasperating composure. + +“That’s not what I am asking you about, you torturer!” I shouted, +turning crimson with anger. “I’ll tell you why you came here myself: +you see, I don’t give you your wages, you are so proud you don’t want +to bow down and ask for it, and so you come to punish me with your +stupid stares, to worry me and you have no sus-pic-ion how stupid it +is—stupid, stupid, stupid, stupid! ...” + +He would have turned round again without a word, but I seized him. + +“Listen,” I shouted to him. “Here’s the money, do you see, here it is,” +(I took it out of the table drawer); “here’s the seven roubles +complete, but you are not going to have it, you ... are ... not ... +going ... to ... have it until you come respectfully with bowed head to +beg my pardon. Do you hear?” + +“That cannot be,” he answered, with the most unnatural self-confidence. + +“It shall be so,” I said, “I give you my word of honour, it shall be!” + +“And there’s nothing for me to beg your pardon for,” he went on, as +though he had not noticed my exclamations at all. “Why, besides, you +called me a ‘torturer,’ for which I can summon you at the +police-station at any time for insulting behaviour.” + +“Go, summon me,” I roared, “go at once, this very minute, this very +second! You are a torturer all the same! a torturer!” + +But he merely looked at me, then turned, and regardless of my loud +calls to him, he walked to his room with an even step and without +looking round. + +“If it had not been for Liza nothing of this would have happened,” I +decided inwardly. Then, after waiting a minute, I went myself behind +his screen with a dignified and solemn air, though my heart was beating +slowly and violently. + +“Apollon,” I said quietly and emphatically, though I was breathless, +“go at once without a minute’s delay and fetch the police-officer.” + +He had meanwhile settled himself at his table, put on his spectacles +and taken up some sewing. But, hearing my order, he burst into a +guffaw. + +“At once, go this minute! Go on, or else you can’t imagine what will +happen.” + +“You are certainly out of your mind,” he observed, without even raising +his head, lisping as deliberately as ever and threading his needle. +“Whoever heard of a man sending for the police against himself? And as +for being frightened—you are upsetting yourself about nothing, for +nothing will come of it.” + +“Go!” I shrieked, clutching him by the shoulder. I felt I should strike +him in a minute. + +But I did not notice the door from the passage softly and slowly open +at that instant and a figure come in, stop short, and begin staring at +us in perplexity I glanced, nearly swooned with shame, and rushed back +to my room. There, clutching at my hair with both hands, I leaned my +head against the wall and stood motionless in that position. + +Two minutes later I heard Apollon’s deliberate footsteps. “There is +some woman asking for you,” he said, looking at me with peculiar +severity. Then he stood aside and let in Liza. He would not go away, +but stared at us sarcastically. + +“Go away, go away,” I commanded in desperation. At that moment my clock +began whirring and wheezing and struck seven. + + + + +IX + + +“Into my house come bold and free, +Its rightful mistress there to be.” + + +I stood before her crushed, crestfallen, revoltingly confused, and I +believe I smiled as I did my utmost to wrap myself in the skirts of my +ragged wadded dressing-gown—exactly as I had imagined the scene not +long before in a fit of depression. After standing over us for a couple +of minutes Apollon went away, but that did not make me more at ease. +What made it worse was that she, too, was overwhelmed with confusion, +more so, in fact, than I should have expected. At the sight of me, of +course. + +“Sit down,” I said mechanically, moving a chair up to the table, and I +sat down on the sofa. She obediently sat down at once and gazed at me +open-eyed, evidently expecting something from me at once. This naïveté +of expectation drove me to fury, but I restrained myself. + +She ought to have tried not to notice, as though everything had been as +usual, while instead of that, she ... and I dimly felt that I should +make her pay dearly for _all this_. + +“You have found me in a strange position, Liza,” I began, stammering +and knowing that this was the wrong way to begin. “No, no, don’t +imagine anything,” I cried, seeing that she had suddenly flushed. “I am +not ashamed of my poverty.... On the contrary, I look with pride on my +poverty. I am poor but honourable.... One can be poor and honourable,” +I muttered. “However ... would you like tea?....” + +“No,” she was beginning. + +“Wait a minute.” + +I leapt up and ran to Apollon. I had to get out of the room somehow. + +“Apollon,” I whispered in feverish haste, flinging down before him the +seven roubles which had remained all the time in my clenched fist, +“here are your wages, you see I give them to you; but for that you must +come to my rescue: bring me tea and a dozen rusks from the restaurant. +If you won’t go, you’ll make me a miserable man! You don’t know what +this woman is.... This is—everything! You may be imagining +something.... But you don’t know what that woman is! ...” + +Apollon, who had already sat down to his work and put on his spectacles +again, at first glanced askance at the money without speaking or +putting down his needle; then, without paying the slightest attention +to me or making any answer, he went on busying himself with his needle, +which he had not yet threaded. I waited before him for three minutes +with my arms crossed _à la Napoléon_. My temples were moist with sweat. +I was pale, I felt it. But, thank God, he must have been moved to pity, +looking at me. Having threaded his needle he deliberately got up from +his seat, deliberately moved back his chair, deliberately took off his +spectacles, deliberately counted the money, and finally asking me over +his shoulder: “Shall I get a whole portion?” deliberately walked out of +the room. As I was going back to Liza, the thought occurred to me on +the way: shouldn’t I run away just as I was in my dressing-gown, no +matter where, and then let happen what would? + +I sat down again. She looked at me uneasily. For some minutes we were +silent. + +“I will kill him,” I shouted suddenly, striking the table with my fist +so that the ink spurted out of the inkstand. + +“What are you saying!” she cried, starting. + +“I will kill him! kill him!” I shrieked, suddenly striking the table in +absolute frenzy, and at the same time fully understanding how stupid it +was to be in such a frenzy. “You don’t know, Liza, what that torturer +is to me. He is my torturer.... He has gone now to fetch some rusks; he +...” + +And suddenly I burst into tears. It was an hysterical attack. How +ashamed I felt in the midst of my sobs; but still I could not restrain +them. + +She was frightened. + +“What is the matter? What is wrong?” she cried, fussing about me. + +“Water, give me water, over there!” I muttered in a faint voice, though +I was inwardly conscious that I could have got on very well without +water and without muttering in a faint voice. But I was, what is +called, _putting it on_, to save appearances, though the attack was a +genuine one. + +She gave me water, looking at me in bewilderment. At that moment +Apollon brought in the tea. It suddenly seemed to me that this +commonplace, prosaic tea was horribly undignified and paltry after all +that had happened, and I blushed crimson. Liza looked at Apollon with +positive alarm. He went out without a glance at either of us. + +“Liza, do you despise me?” I asked, looking at her fixedly, trembling +with impatience to know what she was thinking. + +She was confused, and did not know what to answer. + +“Drink your tea,” I said to her angrily. I was angry with myself, but, +of course, it was she who would have to pay for it. A horrible spite +against her suddenly surged up in my heart; I believe I could have +killed her. To revenge myself on her I swore inwardly not to say a word +to her all the time. “She is the cause of it all,” I thought. + +Our silence lasted for five minutes. The tea stood on the table; we did +not touch it. I had got to the point of purposely refraining from +beginning in order to embarrass her further; it was awkward for her to +begin alone. Several times she glanced at me with mournful perplexity. +I was obstinately silent. I was, of course, myself the chief sufferer, +because I was fully conscious of the disgusting meanness of my spiteful +stupidity, and yet at the same time I could not restrain myself. + +“I want to... get away ... from there altogether,” she began, to break +the silence in some way, but, poor girl, that was just what she ought +not to have spoken about at such a stupid moment to a man so stupid as +I was. My heart positively ached with pity for her tactless and +unnecessary straightforwardness. But something hideous at once stifled +all compassion in me; it even provoked me to greater venom. I did not +care what happened. Another five minutes passed. + +“Perhaps I am in your way,” she began timidly, hardly audibly, and was +getting up. + +But as soon as I saw this first impulse of wounded dignity I positively +trembled with spite, and at once burst out. + +“Why have you come to me, tell me that, please?” I began, gasping for +breath and regardless of logical connection in my words. I longed to +have it all out at once, at one burst; I did not even trouble how to +begin. “Why have you come? Answer, answer,” I cried, hardly knowing +what I was doing. “I’ll tell you, my good girl, why you have come. +You’ve come because I talked sentimental stuff to you then. So now you +are soft as butter and longing for fine sentiments again. So you may as +well know that I was laughing at you then. And I am laughing at you +now. Why are you shuddering? Yes, I was laughing at you! I had been +insulted just before, at dinner, by the fellows who came that evening +before me. I came to you, meaning to thrash one of them, an officer; +but I didn’t succeed, I didn’t find him; I had to avenge the insult on +someone to get back my own again; you turned up, I vented my spleen on +you and laughed at you. I had been humiliated, so I wanted to +humiliate; I had been treated like a rag, so I wanted to show my +power.... That’s what it was, and you imagined I had come there on +purpose to save you. Yes? You imagined that? You imagined that?” + +I knew that she would perhaps be muddled and not take it all in +exactly, but I knew, too, that she would grasp the gist of it, very +well indeed. And so, indeed, she did. She turned white as a +handkerchief, tried to say something, and her lips worked painfully; +but she sank on a chair as though she had been felled by an axe. And +all the time afterwards she listened to me with her lips parted and her +eyes wide open, shuddering with awful terror. The cynicism, the +cynicism of my words overwhelmed her.... + +“Save you!” I went on, jumping up from my chair and running up and down +the room before her. “Save you from what? But perhaps I am worse than +you myself. Why didn’t you throw it in my teeth when I was giving you +that sermon: ‘But what did you come here yourself for? was it to read +us a sermon?’ Power, power was what I wanted then, sport was what I +wanted, I wanted to wring out your tears, your humiliation, your +hysteria—that was what I wanted then! Of course, I couldn’t keep it up +then, because I am a wretched creature, I was frightened, and, the +devil knows why, gave you my address in my folly. Afterwards, before I +got home, I was cursing and swearing at you because of that address, I +hated you already because of the lies I had told you. Because I only +like playing with words, only dreaming, but, do you know, what I really +want is that you should all go to hell. That is what I want. I want +peace; yes, I’d sell the whole world for a farthing, straight off, so +long as I was left in peace. Is the world to go to pot, or am I to go +without my tea? I say that the world may go to pot for me so long as I +always get my tea. Did you know that, or not? Well, anyway, I know that +I am a blackguard, a scoundrel, an egoist, a sluggard. Here I have been +shuddering for the last three days at the thought of your coming. And +do you know what has worried me particularly for these three days? That +I posed as such a hero to you, and now you would see me in a wretched +torn dressing-gown, beggarly, loathsome. I told you just now that I was +not ashamed of my poverty; so you may as well know that I am ashamed of +it; I am more ashamed of it than of anything, more afraid of it than of +being found out if I were a thief, because I am as vain as though I had +been skinned and the very air blowing on me hurt. Surely by now you +must realise that I shall never forgive you for having found me in this +wretched dressing-gown, just as I was flying at Apollon like a spiteful +cur. The saviour, the former hero, was flying like a mangy, unkempt +sheep-dog at his lackey, and the lackey was jeering at him! And I shall +never forgive you for the tears I could not help shedding before you +just now, like some silly woman put to shame! And for what I am +confessing to you now, I shall never forgive you either! Yes—you must +answer for it all because you turned up like this, because I am a +blackguard, because I am the nastiest, stupidest, absurdest and most +envious of all the worms on earth, who are not a bit better than I am, +but, the devil knows why, are never put to confusion; while I shall +always be insulted by every louse, that is my doom! And what is it to +me that you don’t understand a word of this! And what do I care, what +do I care about you, and whether you go to ruin there or not? Do you +understand? How I shall hate you now after saying this, for having been +here and listening. Why, it’s not once in a lifetime a man speaks out +like this, and then it is in hysterics! ... What more do you want? Why +do you still stand confronting me, after all this? Why are you worrying +me? Why don’t you go?” + +But at this point a strange thing happened. I was so accustomed to +think and imagine everything from books, and to picture everything in +the world to myself just as I had made it up in my dreams beforehand, +that I could not all at once take in this strange circumstance. What +happened was this: Liza, insulted and crushed by me, understood a great +deal more than I imagined. She understood from all this what a woman +understands first of all, if she feels genuine love, that is, that I +was myself unhappy. + +The frightened and wounded expression on her face was followed first by +a look of sorrowful perplexity. When I began calling myself a scoundrel +and a blackguard and my tears flowed (the tirade was accompanied +throughout by tears) her whole face worked convulsively. She was on the +point of getting up and stopping me; when I finished she took no notice +of my shouting: “Why are you here, why don’t you go away?” but realised +only that it must have been very bitter to me to say all this. Besides, +she was so crushed, poor girl; she considered herself infinitely +beneath me; how could she feel anger or resentment? She suddenly leapt +up from her chair with an irresistible impulse and held out her hands, +yearning towards me, though still timid and not daring to stir.... At +this point there was a revulsion in my heart too. Then she suddenly +rushed to me, threw her arms round me and burst into tears. I, too, +could not restrain myself, and sobbed as I never had before. + +“They won’t let me ... I can’t be good!” I managed to articulate; then +I went to the sofa, fell on it face downwards, and sobbed on it for a +quarter of an hour in genuine hysterics. She came close to me, put her +arms round me and stayed motionless in that position. But the trouble +was that the hysterics could not go on for ever, and (I am writing the +loathsome truth) lying face downwards on the sofa with my face thrust +into my nasty leather pillow, I began by degrees to be aware of a +far-away, involuntary but irresistible feeling that it would be awkward +now for me to raise my head and look Liza straight in the face. Why was +I ashamed? I don’t know, but I was ashamed. The thought, too, came into +my overwrought brain that our parts now were completely changed, that +she was now the heroine, while I was just a crushed and humiliated +creature as she had been before me that night—four days before.... And +all this came into my mind during the minutes I was lying on my face on +the sofa. + +My God! surely I was not envious of her then. + +I don’t know, to this day I cannot decide, and at the time, of course, +I was still less able to understand what I was feeling than now. I +cannot get on without domineering and tyrannising over someone, but ... +there is no explaining anything by reasoning and so it is useless to +reason. + +I conquered myself, however, and raised my head; I had to do so sooner +or later ... and I am convinced to this day that it was just because I +was ashamed to look at her that another feeling was suddenly kindled +and flamed up in my heart ... a feeling of mastery and possession. My +eyes gleamed with passion, and I gripped her hands tightly. How I hated +her and how I was drawn to her at that minute! The one feeling +intensified the other. It was almost like an act of vengeance. At first +there was a look of amazement, even of terror on her face, but only for +one instant. She warmly and rapturously embraced me. + + + + +X + + +A quarter of an hour later I was rushing up and down the room in +frenzied impatience, from minute to minute I went up to the screen and +peeped through the crack at Liza. She was sitting on the ground with +her head leaning against the bed, and must have been crying. But she +did not go away, and that irritated me. This time she understood it +all. I had insulted her finally, but ... there’s no need to describe +it. She realised that my outburst of passion had been simply revenge, a +fresh humiliation, and that to my earlier, almost causeless hatred was +added now a _personal hatred_, born of envy.... Though I do not +maintain positively that she understood all this distinctly; but she +certainly did fully understand that I was a despicable man, and what +was worse, incapable of loving her. + +I know I shall be told that this is incredible—but it is incredible to +be as spiteful and stupid as I was; it may be added that it was strange +I should not love her, or at any rate, appreciate her love. Why is it +strange? In the first place, by then I was incapable of love, for I +repeat, with me loving meant tyrannising and showing my moral +superiority. I have never in my life been able to imagine any other +sort of love, and have nowadays come to the point of sometimes thinking +that love really consists in the right—freely given by the beloved +object—to tyrannise over her. + +Even in my underground dreams I did not imagine love except as a +struggle. I began it always with hatred and ended it with moral +subjugation, and afterwards I never knew what to do with the subjugated +object. And what is there to wonder at in that, since I had succeeded +in so corrupting myself, since I was so out of touch with “real life,” +as to have actually thought of reproaching her, and putting her to +shame for having come to me to hear “fine sentiments”; and did not even +guess that she had come not to hear fine sentiments, but to love me, +because to a woman all reformation, all salvation from any sort of +ruin, and all moral renewal is included in love and can only show +itself in that form. + +I did not hate her so much, however, when I was running about the room +and peeping through the crack in the screen. I was only insufferably +oppressed by her being here. I wanted her to disappear. I wanted +“peace,” to be left alone in my underground world. Real life oppressed +me with its novelty so much that I could hardly breathe. + +But several minutes passed and she still remained, without stirring, as +though she were unconscious. I had the shamelessness to tap softly at +the screen as though to remind her.... She started, sprang up, and flew +to seek her kerchief, her hat, her coat, as though making her escape +from me.... Two minutes later she came from behind the screen and +looked with heavy eyes at me. I gave a spiteful grin, which was forced, +however, to _keep up appearances_, and I turned away from her eyes. + +“Good-bye,” she said, going towards the door. + +I ran up to her, seized her hand, opened it, thrust something in it and +closed it again. Then I turned at once and dashed away in haste to the +other corner of the room to avoid seeing, anyway.... + +I did mean a moment since to tell a lie—to write that I did this +accidentally, not knowing what I was doing through foolishness, through +losing my head. But I don’t want to lie, and so I will say straight out +that I opened her hand and put the money in it ... from spite. It came +into my head to do this while I was running up and down the room and +she was sitting behind the screen. But this I can say for certain: +though I did that cruel thing purposely, it was not an impulse from the +heart, but came from my evil brain. This cruelty was so affected, so +purposely made up, so completely a product of the brain, of books, that +I could not even keep it up a minute—first I dashed away to avoid +seeing her, and then in shame and despair rushed after Liza. I opened +the door in the passage and began listening. + +“Liza! Liza!” I cried on the stairs, but in a low voice, not boldly. +There was no answer, but I fancied I heard her footsteps, lower down on +the stairs. + +“Liza!” I cried, more loudly. + +No answer. But at that minute I heard the stiff outer glass door open +heavily with a creak and slam violently; the sound echoed up the +stairs. + +She had gone. I went back to my room in hesitation. I felt horribly +oppressed. + +I stood still at the table, beside the chair on which she had sat and +looked aimlessly before me. A minute passed, suddenly I started; +straight before me on the table I saw.... In short, I saw a crumpled +blue five-rouble note, the one I had thrust into her hand a minute +before. It was the same note; it could be no other, there was no other +in the flat. So she had managed to fling it from her hand on the table +at the moment when I had dashed into the further corner. + +Well! I might have expected that she would do that. Might I have +expected it? No, I was such an egoist, I was so lacking in respect for +my fellow-creatures that I could not even imagine she would do so. I +could not endure it. A minute later I flew like a madman to dress, +flinging on what I could at random and ran headlong after her. She +could not have got two hundred paces away when I ran out into the +street. + +It was a still night and the snow was coming down in masses and falling +almost perpendicularly, covering the pavement and the empty street as +though with a pillow. There was no one in the street, no sound was to +be heard. The street lamps gave a disconsolate and useless glimmer. I +ran two hundred paces to the cross-roads and stopped short. + +Where had she gone? And why was I running after her? + +Why? To fall down before her, to sob with remorse, to kiss her feet, to +entreat her forgiveness! I longed for that, my whole breast was being +rent to pieces, and never, never shall I recall that minute with +indifference. But—what for? I thought. Should I not begin to hate her, +perhaps, even tomorrow, just because I had kissed her feet today? +Should I give her happiness? Had I not recognised that day, for the +hundredth time, what I was worth? Should I not torture her? + +I stood in the snow, gazing into the troubled darkness and pondered +this. + +“And will it not be better?” I mused fantastically, afterwards at home, +stifling the living pang of my heart with fantastic dreams. “Will it +not be better that she should keep the resentment of the insult for +ever? Resentment—why, it is purification; it is a most stinging and +painful consciousness! Tomorrow I should have defiled her soul and have +exhausted her heart, while now the feeling of insult will never die in +her heart, and however loathsome the filth awaiting her—the feeling of +insult will elevate and purify her ... by hatred ... h’m! ... perhaps, +too, by forgiveness.... Will all that make things easier for her +though? ...” + +And, indeed, I will ask on my own account here, an idle question: which +is better—cheap happiness or exalted sufferings? Well, which is better? + +So I dreamed as I sat at home that evening, almost dead with the pain +in my soul. Never had I endured such suffering and remorse, yet could +there have been the faintest doubt when I ran out from my lodging that +I should turn back half-way? I never met Liza again and I have heard +nothing of her. I will add, too, that I remained for a long time +afterwards pleased with the phrase about the benefit from resentment +and hatred in spite of the fact that I almost fell ill from misery. + + +Even now, so many years later, all this is somehow a very evil memory. +I have many evil memories now, but ... hadn’t I better end my “Notes” +here? I believe I made a mistake in beginning to write them, anyway I +have felt ashamed all the time I’ve been writing this story; so it’s +hardly literature so much as a corrective punishment. Why, to tell long +stories, showing how I have spoiled my life through morally rotting in +my corner, through lack of fitting environment, through divorce from +real life, and rankling spite in my underground world, would certainly +not be interesting; a novel needs a hero, and all the traits for an +anti-hero are _expressly_ gathered together here, and what matters +most, it all produces an unpleasant impression, for we are all divorced +from life, we are all cripples, every one of us, more or less. We are +so divorced from it that we feel at once a sort of loathing for real +life, and so cannot bear to be reminded of it. Why, we have come almost +to looking upon real life as an effort, almost as hard work, and we are +all privately agreed that it is better in books. And why do we fuss and +fume sometimes? Why are we perverse and ask for something else? We +don’t know what ourselves. It would be the worse for us if our petulant +prayers were answered. Come, try, give any one of us, for instance, a +little more independence, untie our hands, widen the spheres of our +activity, relax the control and we ... yes, I assure you ... we should +be begging to be under control again at once. I know that you will very +likely be angry with me for that, and will begin shouting and stamping. +Speak for yourself, you will say, and for your miseries in your +underground holes, and don’t dare to say all of us—excuse me, +gentlemen, I am not justifying myself with that “all of us.” As for +what concerns me in particular I have only in my life carried to an +extreme what you have not dared to carry halfway, and what’s more, you +have taken your cowardice for good sense, and have found comfort in +deceiving yourselves. So that perhaps, after all, there is more life in +me than in you. Look into it more carefully! Why, we don’t even know +what living means now, what it is, and what it is called? Leave us +alone without books and we shall be lost and in confusion at once. We +shall not know what to join on to, what to cling to, what to love and +what to hate, what to respect and what to despise. We are oppressed at +being men—men with a real individual body and blood, we are ashamed of +it, we think it a disgrace and try to contrive to be some sort of +impossible generalised man. We are stillborn, and for generations past +have been begotten, not by living fathers, and that suits us better and +better. We are developing a taste for it. Soon we shall contrive to be +born somehow from an idea. But enough; I don’t want to write more from +“Underground.” + +[The notes of this paradoxalist do not end here, however. He could not +refrain from going on with them, but it seems to us that we may stop +here.] + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES FROM THE UNDERGROUND *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part +of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm +concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, +and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following +the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use +of the Project Gutenberg trademark. 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