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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59599 ***
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+Transcriber Note
+
+Text emphasis is denoted by _Italics_ and =Bold=. Whole and fractional
+parts of numbers as 12-3/4.
+
+
+                           U. S. DEPARTMENT OF
+                               AGRICULTURE
+
+                       FARMERS' BULLETIN No. 1738
+
+
+                             FARMHOUSE PLANS
+
+                             [Illustration]
+
+
+The Farmhouse Plans presented in this bulletin were developed in
+connection with the Farm Housing Survey made in the spring of 1934 by the
+United States Department of Agriculture and the agricultural colleges of
+46 States, with funds provided by the Civil Works Administration. These
+plans were selected from more than 100 prepared under the cooperation of
+the following agencies and persons:
+
+  United States Department of Agriculture: Bureau of Agricultural
+     Engineering, S. H. McCrory, Chief; Bureau of Home Economics, Louise
+     Stanley, Chief, and Director of the Rural Housing Survey.
+
+  Alabama Polytechnic Institute: J. B. Wilson, extension engineer,
+     department of agricultural engineering.
+
+  University of Arkansas: Deane G. Carter, head, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  University of California: H. B. Walker, head, division of agricultural
+     engineering.
+
+  University of Georgia: R. H. Driftmier, professor of agricultural
+     engineering.
+
+  University of Illinois: E. W. Lehmann, head, and W. A. Foster,
+     assistant chief in rural architecture, department of agricultural
+     engineering.
+
+  Purdue University (Indiana): William Aitkenhead, head, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  Iowa State College: Henry Giese, professor, department of agricultural
+     engineering.
+
+  Kansas State Agricultural College: H. E. Wichers, rural architect,
+     department of architecture.
+
+  Massachusetts Agricultural College: C. I. Gunness, head, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  University of Minnesota: H. B. White, assistant professor, division of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  University of Missouri: J. C. Wooley, chairman, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  Ohio State University: R. C. Miller, professor, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas: D. Scoates, head,
+     department of agricultural engineering.
+
+  Virginia Polytechnic Institute: C. E. Seitz, head, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  State College of Washington: L. J. Smith, head, department of
+     agricultural engineering.
+
+  University of Wisconsin: S. A. Witzel, extension instructor,
+     department of agricultural engineering.
+
+At each of the cooperating institutions, home economics specialists were
+consulted by the designers in regard to the arrangement of the kitchen
+and other parts of the home.
+
+Working drawings for building the houses shown in this bulletin are
+available from the extension services of the State agricultural colleges.
+In most cases a small charge is made for the drawings.
+
+  Washington, D.C.                                    October, 1934
+
+
+
+
+FARMHOUSE PLANS
+
+
+By Wallace Ashby, _Chief, Division of Structures, Bureau of Agricultural
+Engineering_[1]
+
+[1] Acknowledgment is made of the extended collaboration of Louise
+Stanley, Chief. Bureau of Home Economics, in selecting and reviewing the
+plans presented herein; and of the helpful assistance of W. H. Nash,
+architect, Bureau of Agricultural Engineering, in the preparation of both
+the manuscript and illustrations for publication. Mary Rokahr, senior
+home-management specialist, Extension Service, and Eloise Davidson,
+director of domestic electric service program, Electric Home and Farm
+Authority, made valuable suggestions regarding arrangement of kitchens
+and other equipment. Helpful comments and suggestions have been received
+from many other persons. Many of the perspective sketches illustrating
+the house plans shown in this bulletin were drawn by C. W. Mead, Bureau
+of Agricultural Engineering,
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                               Page
+  Farmhouse requirements                          1
+    Size                                          1
+    Comfort and convenience                       2
+    Relation to other buildings and highway       3
+    Appearance                                    4
+    Safety                                        4
+
+  Construction materials                          4
+
+  Costs                                           5
+    Cellars                                       5
+    Superstructures and porches                   5
+    Estimating by unit costs                      6
+
+  Working drawings                                7
+    Caution regarding changes                     7
+
+  Plans for houses                                7
+    One-story growing houses                      7
+    Moderate-sized one-story houses              34
+    Houses of more than one story                45
+    Very small houses                            60
+
+
+The principal purpose of this bulletin is to supply plans A for low-cost
+farm dwellings designed to meet the requirements of the farm operator and
+his family. Some of the plans may be useful in eases where, in addition
+to the main dwelling, smaller homes are needed for relatives, tenants,
+or unmarried farm hands. Still others will be found useful in the
+construction of low-cost houses for temporary use.
+
+A well-built farmhouse should last for 60 years or more. In the ordinary
+course of events at least two generations of children will be brought up
+in it. During these years the family operating the farm probably will
+have no other choice of dwelling. The builder should, therefore, think
+both of present needs and possible future requirements when selecting a
+plan for a new farmhouse.
+
+
+
+
+FARMHOUSE REQUIREMENTS
+
+
+SIZE
+
+The first requirement of a satisfactory farmhouse is adequate size to
+provide needed working area, storage space, and living and sleeping
+quarters. For the average family at least three sleeping rooms are
+needed,[2] one for the parents, one for the boys, and one for the girls.
+
+[2] Sometimes the living room must serve as one of the sleeping rooms.
+
+All the space may not be needed at the time the house is built, but
+the chances are that it will be needed before many years. On the other
+hand, many families find that after the children have grown up and left
+home it is not necessary to use the entire house. For this reason it is
+desirable to have it arranged so that part of the rooms may be closed off
+or may be rented to tourists.
+
+
+COMFORT AND CONVENIENCE
+
+Adequate, well-used space for both the family and the furniture is
+a large factor in farmhouse comfort. The proper number, size, and
+placement of windows, doors, and stairs, and good construction are
+important. These matters have been carefully worked out in the plans
+shown in this bulletin. Comfort also depends to a large extent on good
+heating, plumbing, lighting, and screening. Information on some of these
+subjects is given in Farmers' Bulletin 1698, Heating the Farm Home; 1448,
+Farmstead Water Supply; 1426, Farm Plumbing; 1227, Sewage and Sewerage of
+Farm Homes; Department Circular 405, The Domestic Oil Burner; and in U.S.
+Department of Commerce bulletin, Insulation on the Farm, price 10 cents.
+
+The convenient arrangement of the farmhouse begins with its relationship
+to the other farm buildings and to the highway. Unlike the city house,
+the farmhouse has its main line of communication through the back or side
+door. Therefore outside doors and porches should be located so as to give
+convenient entrance from the farm driveway and the path to the barn, and
+wherever possible should be on the sheltered side of the house.
+
+If possible, there should be a convenient place near the rear entrance
+for men to leave their outer wraps and to wash before going into the
+house. These facilities are often provided in a washroom or in one corner
+of the workroom, but if there is no washroom or workroom in the house,
+there should at least be clothes hooks and a bench and washbasin for
+summer use on the back porch.
+
+It is also desirable that the work portions of the house, where the
+housewife spends much of her time, look out over the farm buildings and
+the entrance roadway. Most farm women like also a glimpse of the highway
+from the kitchen window.
+
+Preferably the traffic way from the rear entrance to the main portion of
+the house should not lead through the kitchen. If the kitchen must be
+used as a passageway, the doors should be so arranged that the traffic
+does not cross the work area. This not only decreases the possibility
+of interference with household activities but also makes possible a
+more compact and convenient arrangement of work equipment. An important
+factor is a workroom or porch, on about the same level as the kitchen,
+for laundry, canning, care of milk, and other farm activities and for
+supplementary food storage. This saves much clutter in the kitchen itself
+and contributes to more efficient arrangement.
+
+At least one bedroom should be provided on the first-floor of the
+farmhouse, not too far from the kitchen, so that small children or
+sick persons may be cared for conveniently. The bathroom should be
+convenient to both downstairs and upstairs bedrooms, but preferably on
+the first-floor. A space for a bathroom is very desirable even if the
+fixtures cannot be put in at once.
+
+Ample storage space should be provided for clothing, bedding and linen,
+wraps, food, dishes and utensils, cleaning equipment, toys, and fuel. In
+general, these needs have been met in the plans given in this bulletin
+by closets in halls and bedrooms, kitchen cabinets, shelves or pantries,
+and cellar storage. Closet, cabinet, and shelf space adds greatly to the
+convenience and comfort of a house and should not be omitted.[3]
+
+[3] Plans for closets and storage spaces can be obtained from the Bureau
+of Home Economics.
+
+In the smaller plans shown here, an alcove or an end of the kitchen is
+indicated for use as a dining area. In the larger plans, either a dining
+room or a space for dining in the living room is provided, and in most
+cases there is also space in the kitchen for "hurry-up" meals.
+
+The following points have been kept in mind in planning the kitchens.
+
+A sink in every house is recommended. Even when water must be carried
+into the house, the sink and drain add much to the convenience of the
+kitchen and may be installed very cheaply. Where running water is not
+available, a pump may be installed beside the sink. However, running
+water, hot and cold, adds more to the convenience of the farm-home than
+almost any other factor.
+
+The sink should be well-lighted, with windows over or at one end of it.
+Windows over the sink should have the sills higher than the back of the
+sink. Such windows will need to be shielded from sun glare unless on the
+north side of the house. The sink should have a drain board at the left
+end, at the right a flat shelf for stacking dishes if there is no drain
+board there. Dish storage should be near enough the left end of the sink
+for the dishes to be put away without unnecessary steps.
+
+The cookstove should be conveniently near the sink, preferably against
+the side wall, or across from it if the kitchen is narrow.
+
+A small food-preparation surface, table or shelf, should be placed next
+to the stove at the same height as the cooking surface. There should be
+cupboard space near the stove for the storage of cooking utensils. A
+worktable should be provided for long mixing jobs; it should have knee
+space and toe space. Staple supplies should be stored near this table
+and, if possible, should be near the refrigerator and not too far from
+the stove.
+
+The refrigerator should, for convenient use, be as near as possible
+to the worktable and stove; however, the higher the surrounding
+temperature the greater the cost of operating the refrigerator. If an
+ice refrigerator is used, a location near the outside door lessens the
+tracking of dirt into the house. A ventilated cupboard near the worktable
+is convenient for storing the less perishable foods and reduces the
+season during which ice is needed.
+
+
+RELATION TO OTHER BUILDINGS AND HIGHWAY
+
+A house designed for the south or west side of the highway should be
+reversed if it is to be built on the north or east. For example, plan
+6521 (p. 24) would fit nicely on either the south or the west side of
+the main road. If it were south of the highway, with the drive as shown,
+the kitchen would be on the east where it would have the advantage of
+the morning sunlight and in most localities the screened porch would be
+sheltered from the coldest winds. If the house were on the west side of
+the road, the kitchen would still get morning sunlight, and the porch
+would protect it from the afternoon sun. On the other hand, if the house
+were to be built on the north or east side of the road, the kitchen
+would be badly sheltered and lighted, but reversing the plan so that the
+kitchen would be on the right instead of the left side of the house would
+remedy these conditions.
+
+Before deciding to build any house the plan should be studied carefully
+to see how it will best fit the location and the arrangement of the rest
+of the farmstead.
+
+
+APPEARANCE
+
+Attractive appearance of a farmhouse is to be obtained by:
+
+  Good taste in its proportions and exterior design.
+
+  Materials chosen to suit the local environment and type of house,
+    effectively employed.
+
+  A pleasing color scheme for the house, in harmony with its
+    surroundings.
+
+  Proper planning with relation to the natural features of the site,
+    the other farm buildings, and the highway.
+
+  Grading the site and planting trees, shrubs, and flowers.
+
+If the homes shown in this bulletin are carefully built according to the
+drawings, they will be satisfactory with respect to the first two points.
+
+Proper location of the house is exceedingly important and must be worked
+out on the ground. Farmers' Bulletin 1132, Planning the Farmstead, and
+1087. Beautifying the Farmstead, will be found helpful in this and in the
+planting of trees and shrubs around the house. Farmers' Bulletin 1452,
+Painting on the Farm, discusses kinds and uses of paints. Other bulletins
+on these subjects are available from several of the State agricultural
+colleges.
+
+
+SAFETY
+
+Safety in the farmhouse depends first on good construction for protection
+from damage by wind, fire, decay, and termites. Safety is promoted
+also by planning to avoid hazards from low beams, steep or unguarded
+stairways, or badly placed doors and windows. The working drawings for
+the houses illustrated herein embody good practice in these matters. The
+welfare and convenience of the occupants will be further permanently
+safeguarded through rat-proof construction, which eliminates "rat
+harbors", and denies easy entrance of the rodents to the building.
+Additional safety may be secured at slight cost by following the
+recommendations in Farmers' Bulletins 1590, Fire Protective Construction
+on the Farm; 1638, Rat Proofing Buildings and Premises; and 1649,
+Construction of Chimneys and Fireplaces; Leaflet 87, Wind-Resistant
+Construction for Farm Buildings, and Leaflet 101, Injury to Buildings by
+Termites.
+
+
+
+
+CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
+
+
+The houses shown in this bulletin may, with slight changes, be built of
+wood, stone, concrete, brick, tile, earth, steel, or other materials.
+The choice depends largely on owner's preference, local availability and
+price, and the skill of local builders in using one or another. Many new
+materials for various purposes such as roofing, flooring, and insulation
+are on the market and deserve consideration.
+
+The practice common among farmers of hauling their own stone or concrete
+materials, cutting their own logs where possible, having their lumber
+sawed at local mills, and doing part of the actual construction work, aid
+in reducing the cash outlay and in making possible a better house for the
+same money expenditure. This is especially true where lumber is sawed
+long enough before building starts to allow thorough seasoning. This
+seasoning of lumber is important and is too often disregarded.
+
+
+
+
+COSTS
+
+
+The most satisfactory way to learn the probable cost of a house is to
+obtain estimates from one or more local builders. Approximate costs may,
+of course, be obtained by comparing the proposed house with one built
+recently in the same community, or rough estimates may be based on the
+size of the house and typical unit costs for the locality.
+
+Unit costs based on prices and wages prevailing in the spring of 1934 for
+houses suitable for the localities were obtained for about 300 counties
+by the Farm Housing Survey, A summary of the figures is as follows:
+
+
+CELLARS
+
+Costs for ordinary cellars were reported for most sections as varying
+from 50 cents to $1 per square foot of floor space. The cost per square
+foot is, of course, less for a large than for a small cellar, other
+things being equal. Easy excavation and low-cost materials also make
+for low unit cost. Costs of nearly $2 per square foot were reported in
+some sections where the ground-water level is high and cellar walls and
+floor must be carefully waterproofed. In sections where cellars are not
+ordinarily used the cost of the foundation was reported as part of the
+cost of the house superstructure.
+
+
+SUPERSTRUCTURES AND PORCHES
+
+Reported costs of one-story frame superstructures, including heating,
+plumbing, and lighting equipment ordinarily used in the locality, ranged
+from $1.25 to $2.25 per square foot of floor space in the South, from
+$2.25 to $3.50 in the West and Southwest, from $2.50 to $4 in the North,
+and from $3 to $4.50 in New England. Costs in Maryland, Virginia, and
+West Virginia and in a narrow belt along the east coast, including
+Florida, were reported from $2 to $3.25, and in the timber-producing
+sections of the Northwest at about $2 per square foot. Costs in any
+locality are influenced by local factors, generally being relatively high
+near cities and in thickly settled sections and relatively low in places
+where there are local supplies of lumber or other materials.
+
+Differences in cost between the various sections are due to differences
+in the kinds of houses built, as well as to differences in material
+costs and wages. The typical house in the North is much more compact and
+substantial and provided with more expensive heating equipment than the
+typical house in the South.
+
+The cost per square foot of floor area of two-story frame houses was
+reported as being 5 to 15 percent less than that of one-story houses in
+the same locality.
+
+The costs of typical masonry superstructures were generally reported
+at $2 to $3 per square foot of floor area in the southern third of the
+United States, from $3 to $4 per square foot in the central third, and
+more than $4 per square foot in the northern third of the country. There
+were many variations from these general levels, however, costs of about
+$2 per square foot being reported in many localities in the States
+bordering on or south of the Ohio River. Costs reported for counties
+along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts were generally higher than for those
+in the interior. Little difference in cost per square foot of floor area
+in one-story and in two-story masonry houses was reported. The higher
+costs reported for masonry houses as compared with frame are probably
+due in part to better grades of finish and equipment used in the masonry
+houses.
+
+The costs per square foot of floor space of open porches were reported as
+being about half the costs per square foot of floor space in one-story
+houses of similar materials.
+
+
+ESTIMATING BY UNIT COSTS
+
+The floor areas of the cellar, the porches, and the house itself (the
+superstructure) are shown with each plan. They do not include unexcavated
+cellar space nor unfinished space in attics. The areas were figured from
+the working drawings (see p. 7) because in some cases the dimensions
+given in the plans herein are approximate only. The superstructure area
+of a house of more than one story is given here as the area of the
+first-floor plus the usable area of the second-floor. Stairways, halls,
+and closets are included. To estimate very roughly what a house might
+cost, multiply the number of square feet of cellar floor space by a cost
+per square foot based on the costs stated above. Do the same for the
+house superstructure and the porches, and add the figures together. This,
+with allowance for price changes since the spring of 1934, will give
+a rough estimate of total cost of the house. The actual cost will, of
+course, be affected by the materials and home equipment which the owner
+selects and by the skill and efficiency of the builders.
+
+If the owner can furnish part of the material or labor, or if interior
+finish or equipment is omitted, the initial cash outlay may be reduced.
+Estimates based on local prices and wage rates are to be preferred to
+those based on the cost figures given above.
+
+Little study has been given to what amounts farm people are justified
+in spending for their houses, but several investigations have been
+made of expenditures for housing by people with fixed incomes. It is
+generally agreed that the house ordinarily should not cost more than two
+and one-half times the average annual net income of the family. In the
+case of the farm family the value of the living furnished by the farm
+should be considered as part of the income. Another generally accepted
+rule, which perhaps is more nearly applicable to farm conditions, is
+that not more than 25 percent--usually not more than 20 percent--of the
+average annual net income of the family should be required for housing,
+including principal payments, interest, taxes, insurance, repairs, and
+miscellaneous costs.
+
+
+
+
+WORKING DRAWINGS
+
+
+Working drawings have been prepared giving all necessary dimensions
+and details for building these homes. Farmers may obtain copies of
+these drawings from the agricultural extension services of the State
+agricultural colleges. The State extension services will supply only
+those plans which are suitable in their respective States, and usually
+will make a small charge to cover printing and mailing.
+
+
+CAUTION REGARDING CHANGES
+
+These plans have been carefully prepared by competent architects in
+consultation with home-management specialists and agricultural engineers
+familiar with farm conditions in all parts of the United States. It is
+urged that the plans be studied carefully before making a selection,
+but that no changes be made in them except for alternate arrangements
+indicated by the drawings or descriptions. Changing the size of a room or
+the location of a door or window may spoil some other valuable feature,
+and is almost certain to harm the appearance of the house. Doors and
+windows should be selected according to the descriptive material on the
+drawings. Sizes should be closely adhered to for best appearance.
+
+The prospective builder should not try to obtain too much originality,
+but rather should base his selection on those features of the plan which
+will give the utmost satisfaction in the long run. Differences in slope
+of ground, location of the drive and farm buildings, and position and
+amount of trees and shrubbery, all will contribute to the distinctive
+appearance of the home.
+
+For homes of the type offered in this bulletin, the surroundings should
+be kept free from distracting adornments. As a general rule, a few trees
+to provide shade, some flowering shrubs of native growth grouped close to
+the building to break harsh lines, and a bed or two of flowers selected
+for their color value, will be sufficient decorative relief.
+
+
+
+
+PLANS FOR HOUSES
+
+
+The 40 house plans shown in this bulletin have been arranged in four
+groups representing, respectively, (1) 1-story growing houses; (2)
+1-story houses originally built with two or more separate bedrooms; (3)
+houses of 1-1/2 or 2 stories; and (4) very small houses. Some of the
+plans might have been placed in another group about as well as in that in
+which they are shown.
+
+
+ONE-STORY GROWING HOUSES
+
+There are many arguments in favor of the growing house for the farm. The
+first unit can be erected at a moderate cost, yet the finished house may
+have all the features considered important. As more space is needed the
+owner often can build the additions himself, taking advantage of slack
+times to cut lumber from his own land, haul sand and gravel for concrete,
+and in other ways reduce the cost of the additions. The chief difficulty
+with the growing house is that it is likely to grow very slowly. By the
+time additions are made the house is considered old by its occupants,
+and the additions are likely not to receive as careful attention as the
+original house.
+
+The growing houses in this bulletin have been carefully planned so
+that both the first units and the final structure are satisfactory in
+usefulness and in appearance. The additions fit into the original units
+with a minimum of ripping out and rearrangement.
+
+
+PLAN 6511,[4] FOR THE SOUTHWEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 605 square feet; with
+  1-bedroom addition 815 square feet; with 2-bedroom addition 960 square
+  feet.
+
+[Illustration: ORIGINAL HOUSE]
+
+This plan is for a permanent dwelling of frame, stucco, stone, adobe,
+or other construction. If desired, the first unit may be built without
+bedrooms, as shown, and the living room used for sleeping quarters until
+the house is completed. The two large closets of this living room add
+much to its value, and the arrangement with all doors at one end of the
+room permits efficient use of the space.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+If the first unit is to be used for several years before the bedrooms are
+added, the small bathroom with shower will be especially desirable. That
+space must be used for other purposes, however, and the bathroom fixtures
+moved when one or both bedrooms are added.
+
+An alternate kitchen arrangement suggested by the Bureau of Home
+Economics for houses in which only an oil, gas, or electric stove is
+needed and meals will usually be eaten in the living-dining room is shown
+on page 9.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSES]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLANS]
+
+[4] Prepared by W. K. Bartges and Earl Barnett for the department of
+agricultural engineering, University of California.
+
+
+PLAN 6512,[5] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first stage 715 square feet; second stage
+  with one bedroom 1,085 square feet; third stage 1,515 square feet.
+  Porch, 250 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ORIGINAL HOUSE]
+
+Plan 6512 is designed for southern conditions, to afford ample shade from
+a glaring summer sun. The arrangement of rooms permits the building to
+face toward the south, thus taking advantage of the summer breezes from
+that direction. The glazed porch on the north side offers a cool spot for
+summer meals, while the meals served during cold weather would naturally
+be more enjoyable in front of a blazing fire at the west end of the
+living room.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The second stage of the house adds the center bedroom of the three shown
+in the third stage. The partitions for the hall and the closets near the
+south porch are not needed until the third stage. If at all possible,
+the center bedroom should be built with the original unit to provide
+more sleeping space; but if it is necessary to watch the budget closely,
+the large living room or the glazed porch can be pressed into temporary
+service as sleeping quarters.
+
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN WITH ADDED BEDROOM]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN WITH TWO ADDED BEDROOMS]
+
+[5] Prepared by J. B. Atkinson and J. E. Hudson for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.
+
+
+PLAN 6513,[6] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 490 square feet; with first
+  addition 705 square feet; completed house 1,015 square feet. Porches,
+  first unit 25 square feet; with first addition 240 square feet.
+
+The first unit of house 6513 is modest, and yet provides complete kitchen
+equipment, toilet facilities, a workroom or laundry, and g bedroom of
+comfortable size. The first addition increases the living accommodations
+and, with its front and rear porches, offers a cool retreat in hot
+weather. The second addition provides two more bedrooms and an adjoining
+bath, thus completing the six-room house. If desired, these two bedrooms
+may be made larger than shown in the plans.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF INTERIOR]
+
+The interior view shows the compact arrangement of kitchen cabinets and
+sink, and indicates the bright work area that is planned to lighten the
+duties of the housewife. An alternate arrangement of the kitchen, with no
+workroom, is shown on page 13.
+
+During the first two stages of development adequate space will be found
+in the kitchen for dining; but when two bedrooms are added in the final
+wing, the original bedroom (adjoining the kitchen) might be converted
+into a dining room. On the other hand, if at times the entire house is
+not needed by the family, the last wing of the house will make very
+desirable rooms for renting to tourists or summer boarders, or may be
+closed.
+
+In some parts of the South the fireplace will not provide sufficient
+heat in cold weather, but a circulator heater may be set in front of the
+fireplace and connected to the chimney through a metal shield. If the
+plan is used in the North, a cellar may be constructed under the second
+unit, with stairs leading down from the rear porch, which should be
+enclosed.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLANS]
+
+[6] Prepared by W. H. Nash for the Bureaus of Agricultural Engineering
+and Home Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6514,[7] FOR THE MIDDLE WEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house 670 square feet; with
+  addition 940 square feet. Cellar, 255 square feet. Porches, 120 square
+  feet.
+
+House 6514, with basement and furnace, is well adapted to northern or
+mid-western conditions. The steps to the basement may be outside the
+building as shown, or the washroom may be extended so as to include the
+steps and provide greater protection during stormy weather.
+
+The original house, in order to come in the class of low-cost houses,
+does not contain a bath. A pump at the kitchen sink provides water until
+funds permit of the installation of a modern plumbing system.
+
+The first unit of the house may be heated either by a circulator heater
+in the living room or by a furnace. The furnace will be especially
+desirable after the second unit is added.
+
+The added bedroom wing is recessed from the main building line to permit
+cross ventilation through the bedroom in the original house.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETE HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[7] Prepared by W. E. Pettit and Fred Riebel for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Ohio State University.
+
+
+PLAN 6515,[8] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 565 square feet; with first
+  addition 900 square feet; completed house 1,255 square feet. Porches,
+  175 square feet.
+
+This begins as a three-room house but is planned so that eventually three
+bedrooms and a bath may be added. The kitchen in the original house is
+nicely arranged, as shown in the plan. When the house is completed, the
+first bedroom may be used as a dining room, with a door cut through from
+the kitchen. The range should then be placed against the living room
+wall. The fireplace and range will heat the first three rooms. Hall space
+for a circulator heater is provided in the first addition.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETE HOUSE]
+
+[8] Prepared by C. W. Heery, Fred J. Orr, and B. G. Danner for the
+department of agricultural engineering, University of Georgia.
+
+
+PLAN 6516,[9] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original unit 685 square feet; with
+  first addition 1,035 square feet; completed house 1,345 square feet.
+  Porches, original 90 square feet; completed house 155 square feet.
+
+The original unit of house 6516 is a two-room structure of ample size.
+The dining room and kitchen are combined in one room, while the other
+room is temporarily both bedroom and living room. A porch leading
+directly into the kitchen affords entrance during the initial stage. In
+the center of the first unit are an unusually large storage closet and a
+chimney reminiscent of colonial Virginia. In localities where firewood is
+not readily available the fireplace may be omitted and a stove used for
+heating the bedroom.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN SHOWING FUTURE ADDITIONS]
+
+Additions to the house are indicated on both sides of the original; the
+first addition undoubtedly would be that with the bedroom and bath. The
+rear porch can be enclosed if needed, and will then serve for laundering
+and other work that is more convenient not to do in the kitchen. The
+second addition will complete the house with a living room and front
+porch.
+
+The addition of the living room and front porch requires considerable
+change in the arrangement of the kitchen to keep traffic from the back
+door to the living room from passing directly in front of the range. It
+will be best to set the range against the end wall, and preferably to
+use an electric or oil range so that no new chimney will be required.
+After the living room is added, less dining space will be needed in the
+kitchen.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ORIGINAL UNIT]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED UNIT]
+
+[9] Prepared by H. B. Boynton and J. M. Thompson for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
+
+
+PLAN 6517,[10] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house 660 square feet; completed
+  house 1,025 square feet. Porches, 300 square feet.
+
+In plan 6517 a large amount of space is provided at low-cost by using
+the cheapest type of construction and omitting the interior finish at
+the time of building, for when a large family must be housed and funds
+are limited space is often more desirable than good finish and ease of
+heating. The exterior walls are of vertical boards and battens, and the
+roof is of galvanized corrugated metal. The house may be improved at
+any time by lining the walls and ceiling. The kitchen arrangement shows
+a treatment recommended by home economists, the sink and worktable at
+right angles to the wall, with shelves above them. This scheme has the
+advantage of separating the working and dining areas, yet it does not
+hamper easy communication between the rooms at meal hours. If desired, a
+bed may be placed in the living room, yet the house is so arranged that
+each sleeping room will have complete privacy. The side wall of the small
+bedroom next to the kitchen is intended to be made of 1-inch boards with
+battens on both sides.
+
+The addition of bedrooms with closets and a bathroom is suggested.
+This addition will provide space for a circulator heater, which is a
+convenience when no cellar is planned.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN AND COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[10] Prepared by the Bureaus of Agricultural Engineering and Home
+Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6518[11]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first stage 835 square feet; with
+  addition 1,160 square feet. Porches, 120 square feet.
+
+Several novel features about this small dwelling will appeal to the
+farm-home builder. A heater room on the main floor near the rear entrance
+and the kitchen avoids the need for a cellar. A kitchen like this, with
+three outside walls to give light and cross ventilation and a better view
+of the farmstead and highway, is often desirable. The end of the living
+room next the kitchen is narrowed to a dining alcove, and when more space
+is needed the dining table may be extended into the living room. The
+completed bungalow has three bedrooms, with ample closet space. The rear
+porch will provide a comfortable, shady place to work outside during the
+warm summer days.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+In the first stage of construction the two bedrooms at the rear may
+be omitted. This would still leave one bedroom and the bathroom and
+temporary closet space in the original bungalow. Then the two other
+bedrooms can be added later, when funds become available, or a screened
+and glazed sleeping porch with outside entrance could be built instead. A
+porch off the living room could also be added.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[11] Prepared by L. J. Smith for the department of agricultural
+engineering, State College of Washington.
+
+
+PLAN 6519,[12] FOR THE SOUTHWEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house 775 square feet; with
+  addition 1,075 square feet. Porches, 160 square feet.
+
+The plans and perspectives on these pages show two methods of roofing
+this house. In each plan the original unit of the house is complete, and
+pleasing in appearance, and the additions fit the house gracefully with
+very little tearing out or rearrangement.
+
+As in some other plans, the kitchen is designed for the use of an oil,
+gas, or electric cookstove. The house may be heated by a circulator
+hot-air heater, by a hot-water system with a radiator boiler in the
+living room, or possibly by radiant gas or electric heaters in the
+bedrooms.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+The type of design favors keeping the house close to the ground. If
+floor-joist construction is used, the topsoil should be removed from
+under the house so that joists will not come too close to the ground
+surface. A concrete subfloor could be placed directly on the ground,
+supporting wood sleepers and wood floors.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[12] Prepared by H. E. Wichers, O. S. Ekdahl, and N. F. Resch for the
+department of architecture, Kansas State Agricultural College.
+
+
+PLAN 6520[13]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 450 square feet; with first
+  addition 730 square feet; completed house 985 square feet. Porches,
+  255 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+With their low-pitched roofs, and modest design both inside and out,
+plans 6520 and 6521 represent very desirable types of farmhouses.
+Such buildings blend with their surroundings to produce a real homey
+atmosphere. Originally planned for southern conditions, where a
+circulator heater placed in the hall should be adequate, these plans are
+adapted to colder regions if the houses are well constructed and are
+provided with basements and central heating plants as indicated on the
+working drawings.
+
+
+PLAN 6521[13]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 630 square feet; with first
+  addition 985 square feet; completed house 1,285 square feet. Porches,
+  385 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+In both designs the development from two large rooms progresses
+logically, the main difference being that in plan 6520 the additions are
+made at the side, while in plan 6521 the new rooms are added at the rear
+of the first unit. Although all the rooms of 6521 a r e shown as larger
+than those of 6520, by slight alterations either size of house may be
+built from either plan. The choice should be determined largely by the
+slope of the building site.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+In each original house a temporary partition provides 2 bedrooms in place
+of a living room. The first addition adds 2 other bedrooms, and the
+removal of the partition between the temporary bedrooms provides a large
+living room. The second addition increases the total number of bedrooms
+to 3 by adding 2 and refitting 1 in the first addition as a bathroom.
+
+Each kitchen is ideally located to command a view of the driveway,
+highway, and farm buildings. Closets, pantry, and other equipment utilize
+the darker part of the room, leaving the lighter portions for working
+area and dining table. These arrangements are complete in the original
+house.
+
+On the screened back porch, which is equipped with laundry trays and
+closet, men coming from the fields may hang their outside work garments
+and, except in cold weather, wash before entering the house. Here a great
+deal of the dirty and messy work in preparing fruits and vegetables for
+canning may be done. Entrance from the screened porch to the bath or
+bedrooms reduces to a minimum the traffic through the kitchen and living
+room. In plan 6520 the screened porch might be divided by a lattice into
+work and living spaces.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[13] Prepared by Eldred Mowery and C. E. Cope for the Bureaus of
+Agricultural Engineering and Home Economics, U.S. Department of
+Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6522[14]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house 640 square feet; with
+  addition _A_. 950 square feet; with addition _B_ 930 square feet.
+  Porch, addition _B_, 120 square feet.
+
+On account of its compact arrangement, this low-cost house furnishes a
+very satisfactory amount of usable space for the small family and may be
+enlarged to three-bedroom size, as indicated on the plans. The kitchen is
+well-arranged, with moderate storage space, and a wood box filled from
+outside, with a ventilated cupboard or cooler above it. The workroom,
+unusually large for a small house, is a good place for laundry or canning
+and for men to clean up before coming in to meals. Dining space is
+provided at the rear of the living room. This house should be compared
+with no. 6527 (p. 36).
+
+Board and batten construction is very suitable for a low-cost house, but
+any other type of construction may be used for plan 6522 if preferred.
+If the house is built in a cold climate, probably it will be desirable
+to omit the fireplace and heat the living and bedrooms with a circulator
+heater.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN WITH ADDITION A]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN WITH ADDITION D]
+
+[14] Prepared by the Bureaus of Agricultural Engineering and Home
+Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6523,[15] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 990 square feet; with addition
+  _A_ 1,420 square feet; with addition _B_ 1,375 square feet. Cellar,
+  350 square feet. Porches, 100 square feet.
+
+Communication between rooms is an important consideration in modern house
+planning. This has been provided in house 6523 by a small hall, which
+permits access not only from one room to another but also to the outside,
+the basement stairs, the washroom, the bathroom, and the linen closet,
+thus eliminating the necessity of using any room as a passageway.
+
+Alternate extensions are shown, the choice probably depending upon
+the surrounding ground contour. Addition _B_ should receive first
+consideration, because it brings the two new bedrooms into closer
+relation with the bathroom and does not destroy the washroom adjoining
+the rear entrance. It does, however, reduce the size of one of the first
+bedrooms.
+
+If addition _A_ is contemplated, the window at _X_ should be located at
+_Y_ when the first unit is built. The steps in the hall of addition A may
+be omitted if the ground slopes down at the rear so that the floor of the
+addition can be built at a lower level than the floor of the original
+house.
+
+If addition _B_ is to be used, the window at _Z_ should be located so as
+to come in the hall of the addition.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN WITH ADDITIONS]
+
+[15] Prepared by C. W. Heery and B. G. Banner for the department of
+agricultural engineering, University of Georgia,
+
+
+PLAN 6524[16]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 1,245 square feet; with
+  addition 1,735 square feet. Porches, 25 square feet. Cellar, 400
+  square feet.
+
+The charm of house 6524 lies in its informality and simplicity. It is
+built for comfort and service. The broad expanse of roof, relieved by a
+gable, gives it a substantial yet homelike appearance. This is an easy
+house to move around in, and the kitchen is very nicely arranged. The
+screened porch, in addition to providing a cool and inviting summer
+dining and work space, affords ready access to all the rooms of the
+house. If the future addition of bedrooms is contemplated, the hall
+window in the first unit should be replaced with a door. This will not
+only provide an extra exit from the house but obviate unnecessary cutting
+and tearing out when the addition is built.
+
+The cellar provides space for a central heating plant, it desired.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF KITCHEN]
+
+[16] Prepared by C. W. Heery, Fred J. Orr and B. G. Banner for the
+department agricultural engineering, University of Georgia.
+
+
+PLAN 6525[17]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first unit 795 square feet; with bedroom
+  addition 1,080 square feet; with both additions 1,375 square feet.
+  Porches, 105 square feet. Cellar, 795 square feet.
+
+This simple farmhouse develops into a home of dignity and charm. The
+original unit furnishes all modern conveniences and an ample basement.
+Future bedrooms may be added as required, while the extended living room
+might be built as the final touch of growing prosperity.
+
+It will be of interest to the reader to note the similarity of
+arrangement of this house and no. 6519 (p. 20). These plans were
+developed independently, but the coincidence emphasizes the
+practicability of having the work and living areas on the side of the
+building next to the driveway and the bedrooms toward the rear, with the
+bathroom located as centrally as possible. The design of a small house
+for farm use is greatly influenced by the rather fixed location of the
+kitchen.
+
+[Illustration: MAIN FLOOR PLAN SHOWING FUTURE ADDITIONS]
+
+[Illustration: BASEMENT PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ORIGINAL UNIT]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETE HOUSE]
+
+[17] Prepared by H. B. Boynton and J. M. Thompson for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
+
+
+MODERATE-SIZED ONE-STORY HOUSES
+
+Houses of this group can best be built complete at one time, though in
+several cases it is noted that rooms may be omitted from the original
+building or extra rooms added. The larger houses of this group provide
+about the same features as the completed growing houses. The more compact
+two-bedroom houses are well adapted to farms where two or more separate
+dwellings are needed.
+
+
+PLAN 6526,[18] FOR TIMBERED SECTIONS
+
+  Floor areas; Superstructure, 845 square feet. Porches, 300 square feet.
+
+In spite of present-day improvements in building materials, there is
+something about the rugged appearance of a log cabin that harmonizes with
+rural settings. Log construction blends into wooded surroundings more
+intimately than boards, bricks, or stucco.
+
+House 6526 will accommodate 4 persons comfortably, or even 5 or 6 persons
+if a couch is placed in a corner of the living room.
+
+The location of the bathroom not only serves the bedrooms but is
+convenient to the kitchen and the rear porch.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The central chimney serves the kitchen range, circulator heater, and
+fireplace. The ample size of the kitchen, and its built-in cupboards,
+dish cabinets, and other conveniences add greatly to the desirability
+of the design. If a pass cupboard between kitchen and living room is
+desired, it may be arranged in the cabinet next to the outer wall.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[18] Prepared by N. G. Napier for the department of agricultural
+engineering, University of Arkansas.
+
+
+PLAN 6527[19]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, main house, 915 square feet; with storage
+  addition 1,120 square feet. Cellar, 115 square feet. Porches, 130
+  square feet.
+
+This house is similar in many respects to the first unit of 6522 (p. 26),
+but is enlarged to provide for the bathroom. A shallow root cellar with
+room above is added at the rear of the house to provide extra storage if
+needed in localities where a cellar is not practicable. As in the case of
+plan 6522, two more bedrooms may be added to the left side of the house
+by taking space from the rear bedroom for a hallway.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The house is planned to be heated by a jacketed heater in the workroom
+with a cold-air return duct under the floor and cold-air registers in the
+living room and bedrooms. This arrangement will keep all handling of coal
+and ashes out of the living parts of the house.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[19] Prepared by O. R. S. Trabor for the department of agricultural
+engineering, University of Missouri.
+
+
+PLAN 6528,[20] FOR THE NORTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 800 square feet. Cellar, 800 square feet.
+
+House 6528 is intended for use in cold, snowy regions, where farmers need
+cellars for storing fuel and vegetables. The hip roof helps to brace the
+house against the wind and is economical of material. A well-insulated
+ceiling is recommended to help keep the house comfortable. The
+substantial chimney in the center of the house, with separate flues for
+furnace, kitchen range, and fireplace, insures good draft and no wasted
+heat. The vestibule at the front and the hall arrangement at the side
+door also aid in keeping the house warm. Both doors are convenient to the
+driveway and the path to the barn.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The washroom and laundry of this house are in the cellar. This is a
+satisfactory and economical arrangement where there is good drainage
+for both the cellar and the plumbing fixtures, and is particularly
+advantageous on rolling ground. But one should beware of putting a deep
+cellar in a poorly drained location. (See Farmers' Bulletin 1572, Making
+Cellars Dry.)
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[20] Prepared by S. A. Witzel for the department of agricultural
+engineering, University of Wisconsin.
+
+
+PLAN 6529[21]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 740 square feet. Porches, 250 square feet.
+
+This house was designed to meet the needs of a family of 4 to 6 people.
+The porch faces the highway, and paths from the front and side porches
+lead to the farm drive.
+
+The kitchen is complete and compact. The extra space found in many farm
+kitchens has been omitted and a workroom added to provide for laundry and
+other rough work. This also provides a place for men to leave their outer
+wraps and wash before entering the living room. Storage space can be
+obtained in the attic by the use of a disappearing stair in the workroom
+ceiling.
+
+No wood or coal range is provided for in this plan, because the
+use of an oil, gas, or electric stove saves space in the kitchen
+and correspondingly reduces the cost of the house. This saving and
+the convenience of a small, compact cooking unit deserve careful
+consideration in localities where these fuels are cheaply available.
+Heating is accomplished by means of a circulator heater in the living
+room.
+
+The designer of this plan states:
+
+  The bedrooms are small. They are little used during waking hours, thus
+  they can be reduced with less injury to family comfort than any other
+  room. The large living room more than compensates for this.
+
+  When funds are limited it is always debatable, in a great portion of
+  the United States, whether spending money for a porch is wise, because
+  the same money could be used instead to increase the area of the house
+  proper. In this particular case the porch could be left off without
+  harm.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOME AND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[21] Prepared by H. E. Wichers and O. S. Ekdahl for the department of
+architecture, Kansas State Agricultural College.
+
+
+PLAN 6530[22]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1,155 square feet. Porches, 245 square
+  feet.
+
+The well-known economy of square house construction is illustrated by
+this plan. A choice of heating methods without a cellar is indicated. If
+a circulator heater is used in the hall, as shown, the chimney between
+the bedrooms will not be needed, and if extra bedrooms are wanted they
+may be added as in plan 6517 (p. 18). A fireplace in the back bedroom
+would, of course, interfere with taking a hall off this room.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+Kitchen doors are located to permit easy communication between the
+screened porch and the hall without interference with the work area
+while the screened porch is useful as both work and dining area. This
+latter feature, together with the ample size of the bedrooms, living room
+kitchen, makes the dwelling especially suitable for the small family in
+the South. The addition of a cellar under one-half of the house and of
+a central heating plant would adapt this plan to other sections of the
+country, though the rooms are rather larger than is common in the North.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOME]
+
+[22] Prepared by W. C. Breithaupt and H. W. Dearing for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
+
+
+PLAN 6531[23]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1,185 square feet. Porches, 155 square
+  feet.
+
+House 6531 should be compared with no. 6533. The two plans were developed
+independently, but are very similar and illustrate a logical grouping of
+rooms for a farmhouse. In some respects the arrangement of 6531 works
+out more satisfactorily because it is not restricted by the structural
+details of framing a pitched roof.
+
+This house is a model of compactness and efficiency. Note the simple but
+effective way in which the kitchen and heater room are located back to
+back. The floor of the heater room is a concrete slab, two steps below
+the main floor level. A pass cupboard between the kitchen and dining room
+is handy for serving meals. It also provides storage space beneath its
+counter. The entire bedroom side may be omitted from the original house,
+in which case the workroom would serve for dining and the dining room for
+a bedroom.
+
+All dimensions of this house are multiples of 3-1/2 feet. Wall, door, and
+window sections might be prefabricated so that erection would consist
+merely of bolting the sections together, or the house can be built in the
+ordinary way. The sketch at the top of page 41 illustrates the use of
+sheet metal as an exterior covering, the one in the center shows concrete
+blocks, and the bottom view shows the walls covered with a combination of
+lap siding and shingles or wide boards.
+
+The flat roof should be covered with good roofing and well-insulated for
+comfort in both summer and winter as described in the working drawings.
+The cost of the insulated flat roof should not be greater than that of an
+ordinary pitched roof without insulation. The accumulation of snow will
+help to keep the building warm.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOME]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOME]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOME]
+
+[23] Prepared by Albert Frey for the Bureaus of Agricultural Engineering
+and Home Economies, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6532[24]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1,125 square feet Porches, 35 square feet.
+
+This is a new type of low-cost house designed to provide five small
+single bedrooms or sleeping compartments and one bedroom of average size.
+The sleeping compartments are not very large, but to secure privacy and
+yet maintain economy of construction, something must be sacrificed. In
+this case it is unnecessary space.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOME AND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The sketch showing the arrangement of bunks illustrates an interesting
+feature of this house. In the right-hand room the bunk is near the floor,
+and wardrobe and dresser space is obtained in the partition between the
+two rooms. In the left-hand room the bunk is 4 feet above the floor and
+projects over the one on the other side of the partition. Wardrobe space
+is arranged under the bunk. This room is especially suitable for a boy.
+A folding study table is provided under the window in each room. On warm
+nights air circulation would be obtained by opening the bedroom doors to
+the hall, which is ventilated by the windows above the lower roof. By
+omitting all but one of the partitions forming the five small bedrooms
+two good-sized rooms can be obtained.
+
+[Illustration: CROSS SECTION OF BEDROOMS AND WARDROBE AT B-B]
+
+[Illustration: SIDE VIEW OF BUNK AT A-A]
+
+The exterior appearance may seem, at first glance, unusually severe,
+but by omitting a pitched roof and the ornamental features of cornice
+moldings and trim decorations, the cost of construction is materially
+lowered. Here everything has been reduced to the simplest form possible.
+
+With the heater room adjoining the kitchen, there is little need for a
+basement, thus an important item of expense is eliminated. The kitchen
+and workroom form a compact and very convenient unit along the driveway
+side of the house, while the large living room commands a good view of
+the highway. The living room and halls are lighted and ventilated by the
+small windows above the lower roofs. Closet space is provided in every
+room.
+
+As in plan 6531 (p. 40), all dimensions are multiples of 3-1/2 feet so
+that the house can be either prefabricated or built in the ordinary way.
+
+[24] Prepared by Albert Frey and R. G. Allen for the Bureaus of
+Agricultural Engineering and Home Economics, U.S. Department of
+Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6533[25]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1,130 square feet. Porch, 80 square feet.
+  Cellar, 280 square feet.
+
+House 6533 is one of the few designs in which a separate dining space was
+allotted. Many people do not consider a separate dining room essential in
+the small farmhouse, and additional space adds to the cost, but in this
+case the arrangement adds to the spaciousness of the interior without
+greatly increasing the cost.
+
+The rear entry is large enough to serve as laundry and washroom, and
+constitutes a back way from the kitchen to the bedrooms and bathroom
+without passing through the living room.
+
+The kitchen, with cross ventilation and ample cupboard and counter space,
+is a pleasant workshop for the housewife, and is so arranged that easy
+service to the dining alcove is possible.
+
+The bedrooms and adjoining bath are grouped together, allowing that
+portion of the house to be closed off from the living portion.
+
+In the cellar is the heating plant, with fuel bin.
+
+The house is kept low to give it an appearance of hugging the ground, but
+in no case should the joists be below the ground level. Shingles, beveled
+siding, or clapboards may be used for the exterior surface.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[25] Prepared by Max Uhlig for the department of agricultural
+engineering, Massachusetts Agricultural College.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+HOUSES OF MORE THAN ONE STORY
+
+In many respects houses of more than one story are better suited for
+farm use in the Northern States than single-story buildings. They are
+more economical in foundation and roof construction, and are easier to
+heat. They should be arranged with one bedroom and a bath, or at least
+a toilet, on the ground floor. A cellar for fuel and vegetable storage
+and a central heating plant are usually needed with this type of house.
+The laundry may also be located in the cellar if suitable drainage and
+a grade door to the outside can be obtained, but in a poorly drained
+location it is best to keep the laundry above-ground. In building a
+cellar advantage should be taken of the slope of the ground to obtain
+good lighting and an easy entrance on the low side of the slope.
+
+To avoid uncomfortably warm second-floor bedrooms in summer cross
+ventilation should be provided in each room. Insulation of the ceiling is
+valuable both in summer and in winter.
+
+It is very convenient to have a bathroom on the second-floor as well as
+one on the first-floor, especially if rooms are to be rented to tourists
+when the family does not need the whole house.
+
+
+PLAN 6534[26]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house, 1,420 square feet; with
+  living room addition, 1,720 square feet. Cellar, 775 square feet.
+  Porches, 285 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: MAIN FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The first-floor and cellar plans of house 6534 are almost the same as the
+original unit of no. 6525 (p. 32), but there are comfortable bedrooms,
+a bath, and closet space on the second-floor. If funds are available to
+build the living room wing indicated, the entire dwelling will breathe
+the traditional southern spirit of hospitable spaciousness.
+
+The hall and stair arrangements of this house are very good. Persons
+coming in at the back door can leave wraps in the vestibule at the head
+of the cellar stairs and go directly to any downstairs room or to the
+cellar, yet there is little lost space.
+
+If the house should at some time be occupied by a small family, the
+entire upstairs could be shut off. Persons wishing rooms for tourists
+will find either the upstairs bedrooms or the downstairs bedroom and bath
+very suitable for this purpose.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF ORIGINAL UNIT]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[26] Prepared by H. B. Boynton and J. M. Thompson for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute.
+
+
+PLAN 6535[27]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 820 square feet. Porch, 30 square feet.
+
+This might well be considered the smallest story-and-a-half farmhouse
+that could be practicably built. The designer has utilized the space to
+good advantage, omitting a bath in the original structure for the sake of
+economy. The working drawings show a future addition to the house which
+provides a bedroom and bath on the first-floor. The alternate floor plan
+shows a dormer in the rear like the one on the front, to make room for a
+second-floor bath.
+
+A distinctive feature of this compact design is the =L=-shaped
+kitchen with its well-grouped and well-lighted working surfaces and
+dining table. The arrangement of an =L=-shaped room is often a
+problem when enlarging or remodeling. The living room is arranged for
+both day and night use, with a folding bed in a closet.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: ALTERNATE FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: ALTERNATE SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[27] Prepared by C. T Bridgman for the department of agricultural
+engineering, Iowa State College.
+
+
+PLAN 6536,[28] FOR THE NORTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1560 square feet. Cellar, 400 square
+  feet. Porch, 210 square feet.
+
+This design illustrates a type of farmhouse frequently built in recent
+years because of its simple lines and economy of construction. It
+illustrates the pleasing possibility of fitting the farmhouse to sloping
+ground, with ample light in the basement and easy flights of steps
+between the house proper, the large workroom at the rear, and the cellar.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The partition between the main rooms downstairs is carried up to divide
+the second-floor, giving these bedrooms ample size and good cross
+ventilation and making a strong construction that will not sag in years
+to come. A second bathroom may be provided in the storage space by the
+chimney, thus adding to the comfort of the home and making the upstairs
+rooms suitable for rental to tourists if desired. The roof should be
+insulated to give comfort both in summer and in winter.
+
+[Illustration: INTERIOR VIEW OF KITCHEN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The downstairs hall, lighted by the windows on the stairs, is compact
+and provides easy communication between all rooms. The living room is
+well-lighted and has good wall spaces for furniture. The combined kitchen
+and dining room, with the sink at right angles to the outside wall, as
+shown in the interior view, gives the housewife three walls of continuous
+work surfaces and in addition light and the view from all the windows of
+the room. Children can play or older members visit in the dining end with
+slight interference to the housewife's work. This is especially helpful
+on chilly days in the fall and spring when the kitchen stove provides the
+only heat in the house.
+
+The part basement furnishes space for a furnace and for storage of fruits
+and vegetables.
+
+[28] Prepared by C. J. Poiesz and Eldred Mowery for the Bureaus of
+Agricultural Engineering and Home Economics, U.S. Department of
+Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6537[29]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure (including enclosed porch) 1,520 square
+  feet. Cellar, 840 square feet. Terrace and steps, 100 square feet.
+
+House 6537 is similar in many respects to no. 6536, and has much the same
+advantages, though the rooms are somewhat smaller. A second downstairs
+bedroom can be added beside the bathroom, if needed, or the two bedrooms
+on the second-floor can be left unfinished if funds are not on hand to
+complete the building in the beginning.
+
+The sketch indicates the roof line sweeping down snug over the window
+of the first-floor bedroom, a feature which is carried out with similar
+success in plan 6538. Designs of this type help to keep a two-story
+home from appearing too tall and make it a more harmonious unit in the
+farmstead scheme.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[29] Prepared by T. A. Zink for the department of agricultural
+engineering, Purdue University.
+
+
+PLAN 6538[30]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1,740 square feet. Cellar, 385 square
+  feet. Stoops, 80 square feet.
+
+House 6538 may be roofed in a number of ways, with slight alterations
+in the arrangement of the second-floor. The appearance is, of course,
+greatly altered; but in each case is pleasing. With the modernistic
+flat roof, any waste spaces caused by the sloping roofs in the other
+designs are eliminated. The storage room on the second-floor then becomes
+suitable for a child's bedroom, a sewing room, or an office, and the
+flat-deck porch roof will serve as a sleeping porch.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+The plan is simple and well proportioned. Since the arrangement of the
+entrance is a little unusual, the location of the driveway and the path
+to the barn should be given careful study before deciding upon the site
+and placing of the house.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSES]
+
+Construction should be simple. In the case of the modernistic house,
+concrete or stucco is suggested for the first story and boards and
+battens for the second.
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[30] Prepared by W. K. Bartges and Earl Barnett for the department of
+agricultural engineering. University of California..
+
+
+PLAN 6539,[31] FOR THE NORTH
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF FIRST STAGE]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house, 1,100 square feet; with
+  kitchen addition, 1,270 square feet; with all additions shown, 1,620
+  square feet. Porches, original house, 90 square feet; completed house,
+  285 square feet. Cellar, 565 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+Thousands of farmhouses in all parts of the North and Middle West have
+begun like house 6539, and the development illustrated for this one
+should offer helpful suggestions both to farmers who plan to build new
+and those who expect to remodel present houses. It is a very practical
+design, expressing honest dignity.
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+The plans on this page show the original unit, which would supply a
+comfortable yet economical dwelling, with a basement for fuel and
+storage. The first addition might be either the new 7 kitchen and porch
+or the downstairs bedroom, bath, and laundry. If needed, a third upstairs
+bedroom and a bathroom can be added over those in the first-floor
+addition, as shown in the working drawings, with little loss of material
+or work, because the downstairs bedroom has a flat-deck roof. This would
+increase the floor area of the superstructure to 1,900 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: VIEW OF COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN WITH ADDITIONS]
+
+[31] Prepared by J. M. Deibert for the Bureaus of Agricultural
+Engineering and Home Economics, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
+
+
+PLAN 6540[32]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 1,380 square feet. Porch, 70 square feet.
+  Cellar, 760 square feet.
+
+This plan is intended for use in the North, where the compact floor plan
+with cellar and inside chimney and the front vestibule will simplify
+the heating problem. The first-floor level is above the ordinary
+height of packed snow in winter, but the grade entrance gives easy
+communication with both the cellar and the main part of the house. This
+permits convenient use of the cellar as a washroom and laundry, if in a
+well-drained location, as well as for storage purposes.
+
+The house is roomy and well-arranged, with a downstairs bedroom and
+bathroom. By a slight change to make the second-floor like the first, a
+bathroom or toilet could be arranged in the large closet by the stairs.
+Storage space is provided in the attic.
+
+All second-floor partitions are directly above those of the first floor,
+thus making a strong, rigid house with the least framing material.
+
+[Illustration: FIRST FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: SECOND FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[32] Prepared by H. W. Orth and R. A. Gmeinder for the division of
+agricultural engineering, University of Minnesota.
+
+
+VERY SMALL HOUSES
+
+The dimensions of the houses in the very-small-house group are kept to
+the minimum by using the living rooms for sleeping rooms at night. These
+houses cannot be considered adequate for the typical farm family, but
+will serve for young married couples or for tenants with small families.
+
+
+PLAN 6501[33]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 325 square feet. Stoop, 15 square feet.
+
+In plan 6501, sleeping space is provided in double-deck beds screened
+from the living room by draw curtains. If more space is wanted later, a
+bedroom wing can be added at the end of the living room. To save space,
+the kitchen is planned for an oil, gas, or electric stove. With a house
+of this size, part of the housework would have to be done outdoors,
+and a paved or graveled space under a tree near the house would be a
+convenience.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[33] Prepared by H. E. Wichers, N. F. Resell, and O. S. Ekdahl, for
+Kansas State College.
+
+
+PLAN 6502[34]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 600 square feet. Stoop, 35 square feet.
+
+The special feature of plan 6502 is the well-arranged kitchen, with good
+storage space and a compact work area at one side of the direct line
+of travel from the back door. Some privacy at night is afforded by the
+double wardrobes and folding screen between the two beds in the living
+room. The side porch will serve the double purpose of workroom and
+sleeping porch. It should be screened and have curtains to keep out the
+rain. By adding 4 feet to the living room and an additional partition, a
+third room could be provided. A shower bath may be installed in the large
+closet as shown.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[34] Prepared by A. L. Matthews and N. G. Napier for the department of
+agricultural engineering, University of Arkansas,
+
+
+PLAN 6503[35]
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house 520 square feet; with
+  addition, 825 square feet.
+
+Small homes are often cut up into several rooms, with the result that in
+them a person has a "boxed-in" feeling. In plan 6503 the rooms are few,
+and each is used for more than one purpose. If the cost must be kept to
+a minimum, the bedroom and sleeping porch may be omitted in the original
+construction. The kitchen-dining room is unusually large for a house of
+this size, and the equipment is grouped in the front part of the room
+where the housewife can have a good view of the highway.
+
+When the bedroom and sleeping porch are built, the bunk in the
+kitchen-dining room may be taken out to provide more dining space; or
+if one desires a cellar under part of the house, the cellar stairway
+may replace the bunk space. A large window and high-beamed ceiling are
+features of the living room. The chimney must not be too small; it is a
+feature of the house.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[35] Prepared by R. A. Deal and W. W. DeNeff for the department of
+agricultural engineering, State College of Washington.
+
+
+PLAN 6504,[36] FOR THE SOUTHWEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 430 square feet. Porches, 145 square feet.
+
+Plans 6504 and 6505 were designed for the central valleys of California,
+where outdoor sleeping is invited, by the mild nights.
+
+These were designed for temporary homes to be used later as shops, bunk
+houses, storage buildings, or for other uses, so concrete floors are
+recommended. Low-cost "frameless" construction is shown in the working
+drawings. There are no ceilings. The shower baths shown in the plans can
+be installed cheaply.
+
+The kitchens and work porches are large enough for the needs of a
+good-sized family. Plenty of windows are provided for ventilation. The
+kitchen arrangement shows a wood-burning stove, and a large refrigerator
+placed against an inside wall for protection from the outdoor heat. It is
+expected that meals will ordinarily be eaten in the kitchen or outdoors.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+
+PLAN 6505,[36] FOR THE SOUTHWEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 410 square feet. Porches, 125 square feet.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[36] Prepared by W. K. Bartges and Earl Barnett for the department of
+agricultural engineering, University of California.
+
+
+PLAN 6506,[37] FOR NEW ENGLAND
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 540 square feet. Porches, 60 square feet.
+
+Though the rooms in plan 6506 have been kept as small as possible in
+order to reduce cost, good use of space is realized in the arrangement.
+Additions to the house would enable it to accommodate an average-sized
+family.
+
+A work-porch addition beside the kitchen and living room, between the
+windows, would provide a place for laundry work and for hanging outer
+wraps. A bathroom might be built by enclosing a portion of the front
+porch and enlarging the window to make a doorway from the hall. If
+desired, a third bedroom could be added at the end of the living room.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[37] Prepared by Bernhard Dirks for the department of agricultural
+engineering, Massachusetts State College.
+
+
+PLAN 6507,[38] FOR THE NORTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, original house, 380 square feet; with
+  first addition 600 square feet. Porches and entrances, 50 square feet.
+  Cellar, first unit 380 square feet; with addition 600 square feet.
+
+Plan 6507 is intended for snowy sections, and the first-floor is
+purposely raised above the winter snow level. The house can be built in
+either one or two stages.
+
+No partition divides the kitchen and living room, which permits
+heating the house with the kitchen range in mild weather. It also aids
+ventilation in summer and facilitates serving of meals in the living room.
+
+The steps to the cellar are outside the house, protected by a storm door.
+There is ample space in the cellar for laundry and storage. A cistern
+under the kitchen provides soft water.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN AND COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[38] Prepared by S. A. Witzel for the department of agricultural
+engineering, University of Wisconsin.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+
+PLAN 6508,[39] FOR THE NORTHWEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, first stage 385 square feet; second stage
+  605 square feet; third stage 755 square feet. Porches and steps, first
+  stage 20 square feet; second and third stages 70 square feet.
+
+This house is designed for the minimum requirements of beginners on the
+land, the first portion being 16 by 24 feet outside. It may either be
+enlarged for a permanent dwelling or later used as a service building.
+The bedroom is ample in size, but the living room, because it must also
+be used temporarily as a kitchen and dining room, will be crowded. This
+unit may be made 18 feet instead of 16 feet wide. Later the kitchen and
+a small bedroom may be added at the rear of the first unit, with a side
+porch off the kitchen. The door between the kitchen and living room will
+then be changed to the right of the chimney, and a narrow hall taken off
+the rear of the front bedroom.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+If an additional bedroom is desired, it can be added to the left of
+the bathroom, making the third stage for this house. The closet in the
+kitchen should be removed and a door cut through to allow easy access
+from the kitchen to the bath and bedrooms. The bedroom closets must be
+rearranged to allow for these changes.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+[39] Prepared by R. A. Deal and W. W. DeNeff for the department of
+agricultural engineering, State College of Washington.
+
+
+PLAN 6509,[40] FOR THE SOUTH
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 525 square feet. Porches and steps, 90
+  square feet.
+
+[Illustration: COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN]
+
+Plans 6509 and 6510, for the South and the Middle West, respectively, are
+low-cost houses for families that need only one bedroom. The kitchens are
+well-arranged and have good storage space. Closet space also is ample for
+houses of this size.
+
+A storage and workroom, as shown in plan 6510, is a good feature for
+the North but is not so much needed in the South, where mild weather
+permits doing much housework outdoors. The living room fireplace and
+kitchen range should heat house 6509 comfortably under ordinary southern
+conditions, but in the North arrangements should be made for a stove or
+circulator heater as in plan 6510.
+
+[40] Prepared by W. C. Breithaupt and H. W. Dearing for the department of
+agricultural engineering, Alabama Polytechnic Institute.
+
+
+PLAN 6510,[41] FOR THE MIDDLE WEST
+
+  Floor areas: Superstructure, 740 square feet. Porches and steps, 60
+  square feet.
+
+[Illustration: FLOOR PLAN AND COMPLETED HOUSE]
+
+[41] Prepared by H. J. McKee and Arthur Wupper for the department of
+agricultural engineering, University of Illinois.
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1934
+
+
+
+For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C.
+
+
+
+Price 10 cents
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Transcriber Notes
+
+
+All illustration were move so that paragraphs were not split. All plan
+footnotes were moved to the end of that plan. All plan illustrations were
+captioned and standardized to ALL CAPS.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of USDA Farmers' Bulletin No. 1738:
+Farmhouse Plans, by Wallace Ashby
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 59599 ***