diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-09 11:08:32 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-09 11:08:32 -0800 |
| commit | 611ae5803db68043e8af09dbd9dc449392bd826b (patch) | |
| tree | 02bebf9fc2dbfd3185d9adb921b652811955e98a | |
| parent | b223817d7663987c0651759fae14f70c644f06c4 (diff) | |
Normalize
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 58921-0.zip | bin | 70667 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 58921-8.txt | 3550 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 58921-8.zip | bin | 70446 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 58921-h.zip | bin | 4553086 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
7 files changed, 17 insertions, 3550 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/58921-0.zip b/58921-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index cdad3de..0000000 --- a/58921-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/58921-8.txt b/58921-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index fc86eb1..0000000 --- a/58921-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3550 +0,0 @@ -Project Gutenberg's Landmarks of Charleston, by Thomas Petigru Lesesne - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - -Title: Landmarks of Charleston - Including description of An Incomparable Stroll - -Author: Thomas Petigru Lesesne - -Release Date: February 20, 2019 [EBook #58921] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LANDMARKS OF CHARLESTON *** - - - - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - [Illustration: _St. Michael's Episcopal Church, Broad and Meeting - Streets: its Steeple and Chimes Famous_ - Courtesy of South Carolina National Bank] - - - - - LANDMARKS of - CHARLESTON - - - INCLUDING DESCRIPTION OF - _An Incomparable Stroll_ - - BY - THOMAS PETIGRU LESESNE - AUTHOR OF - _History of Charleston County_ - - [Illustration: Publisher Logo] - - RICHMOND - GARRETT & MASSIE, INCORPORATED - MCMXXXIX - - COPYRIGHT, 1939, BY - GARRETT & MASSIE, INCORPORATED - RICHMOND, VIRGINIA - - PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA - - [Illustration: Formal garden.] - - - - - _Foreword_ - - -One's task in discussing Landmarks of Charleston is to describe the more -outstanding from the beginning of Charles Town to this present year. It -is an agreeable task, but it leaves undone some things one wishes he had -done. - -An Incomparable Stroll will give the visitor information of people and -places of _Charles Town_ under the Lords Proprietors, _Charlestown_ -under the Royal Government, and _Charleston_ under the Republic. - -The gardens which bring thousands of visitors to Charleston each spring -are reached by excellent highways. Middleton Place and -Magnolia-on-the-Ashley are on the Ashley River Road; Cypress off the -Coastal Highway, United States 52. These gardens are so different that -they are not competitive, and the visitor questing for beauty that -baffles description should see all three, and, time permitting, journey -toward Georgetown and enjoy the famous Belle Isle Gardens, on Winyah -Bay. - -In this work the index has been compiled with great care and should be -consulted freely. Charleston's points of interest are too scattered to -be grouped on a single route. Near Charleston are traces of -fortifications used in the Revolution and in the War for Southern -Independence. They are too numerous for individual enumeration. Books -have been written about them. - -From the building of the Colonial Powder Magazine to the building of the -Cooper River Bridge, the third highest vehicular bridge in the world, is -a tremendous gap. - -It is unnecessary to say that the author has consulted many authorities; -his quotations suffice to reveal this. - - Thomas Petigru Lesesne. - Charleston, - South Carolina. - - [Illustration: Ox-drawn cart.] - - [Illustration: Shaded lane.] - - - - - _Contents_ - - - PAGE - Foreword v - Historic Charleston 1 - An Incomparable Stroll 6 - Landmarks of Charleston (Guide Section) 13 - Index 105 - - [Illustration: Park.] - - - - - _Illustrations_ - - - PAGE - St. Michael's Episcopal Church _Frontispiece_ - Fort Sumter from the Air 6 - Looking North on Meeting Street 18 - St. Philip's Episcopal Church 25 - William Rhett House 31 - The Izard Houses 31 - Unitarian Church 36 - St. John's Lutheran Church 36 - Huguenot Church 36 - First (Scotch) Presbyterian Church 43 - Bethel Methodist Church 43 - Alluring Views of Magnolia-on-Ashley 49 - St. Mary's Catholic Church 56 - Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 61 - Trinity Methodist Church 61 - Trumbull's Portrait of General George Washington 67 - City Hall 71 - College of Charleston 71 - The Old Exchange 71 - Middleton Place 76 - Miles Brewton House 81 - "Sword Gates" 81 - Gateway, Home of Herbert Ravenel Sass 81 - Lord William Campbell House 86 - William Washington House 86 - Monument to Defenders of Fort Moultrie 94 - Colonial Powder Magazine 94 - Strawberry, Chapel of Ease to Biggin 99 - St. James Church, Goose Creek 99 - - - - - LANDMARKS OF CHARLESTON - - - [Illustration: Waterfront view] - - - - - _Historic Charleston_ - - -Why Charleston? Three European nations were claiming this southern -country--the Spaniards called it Florida, the French Carolina and the -English Southern Virginia. The Spanish claim was through Ponce de Leon, -1512; the French through Verazzano, a Florentine, 1524, and the English, -it is said, by virtue of a grant by the Pope of Rome, and through John -Cabot and his son, Sebastian, both of them in the service of the English -King Henry VII, 1497-98. To Edward, Earl of Clarendon, and his -associates Charles II of England gave a charter in 1663--"excited by a -laudable and pious zeal for the propagation of the Gospel." - -The Proprietors planted colonists on the Albemarle and the Cape Fear, -North Carolina. Things did not go well and many of these people -subsequently found their way to old Charles Town, which was established, -not by English design, but through circumstances. Robert Sandford, -"Secretary and Chiefe Register for the Lords Proprietors of their County -of Clarendon," had explored this coast in the summer of 1666, and would -have seen the site of Charles Town, but his Indian pilot confused his -bearings "until it was too late." Sandford however, renamed the River -Kiawah the Ashley in honor of Ashley-Cooper, later the Earl of -Shaftesbury, one of the Proprietors. - -Sandford, off Edisto, near Charles Town, was sought by the Cassique, or -Chief, of the Kiawah Indians and importuned to plant an English colony -near the Kiawah village on the west bank of the Kiawah (Ashley) River. -The Cassique, Sandford related, was known to the Clarendon colonists. -Sandford agreed to investigate, but missed the entrance and chose to -lose no further time by putting back. The Sandford report so impressed -the Proprietors that they authorized the planting of a colony, not at -Charles Town, but at Port Royal, to the south. Colonel William Sayle, -soldier of fortune, was commissioned Governor when Sir John Yeamans, -already Governor of the more northern colony, left the adventurers. -Three ships were in the enterprise, but one of these was separated. The -other two made land at present-day Bull's Island in the spring of 1670. -The Cassique of Kiawah was there and Governor Sayle was importuned to -abandon Port Royal and bring his colonists to the Kiawah country. - -Sayle, however, followed his instructions and proceeded to Port Royal, -arriving in mid-April of 1670. The Cassique of Kiawah had told the -colonists that the Indians were on the warpath and his story was -confirmed. Carteret, who was in the "friggott" _Carolina_, flagship, -says: "Wee weighed from Porte Royall and ran in between St. Hellena and -Combohe (Combahee)." Here the first English election in Carolina was -held, five men "to be of the Council." - -The sloop which had come with the _Carolina_ was "despatched to Keyawah -to view that land soe much commended by the Casseeka," and soon returned -with "a report that ye land was much more fitt to plant than in St. -Hellena which begott a question.... The Governour adhearing for Keyawah -and most of us being of a temper to follow though we know noe reason for -it, imitating ye rule of ye inconsiderate multitude, cryed out for -Keyawah, yet some dissented from it being sure to make a new voyage, but -difident of a better convenience, those that inclyned for Porte Royall -were looked upon strangely, so thus wee came to Keyawah." - -So, it was the Cassique, or chief, of the Kiawahs, that was responsible -for the choice of the site of old Charles Town. First the colonists -named their settlement Albemarle Point, but in the fall of 1670 they -renamed it Charles Town, in honor of their King, Charles II. Carolina -they named for him also, but the French had previously called it -Carolina for their King, Charles IX. However, there were no French in -Carolina when the English colonists arrived; the French effort at -colonization had ended in tragedy, a hundred years before. - -No sooner were the colonists established at Albemarle Point (where the -Seaboard Air Line Railroad touches the west shore of the Ashley) than -they looked with favor on the peninsula between the Ashley and the -Cooper (the Indians called this river the Etiwan), as much the more -desirable for their town, and in 1680 the change was officially in -force. The new town was facilitated by the voluntary action of Henry -Hughes and of John Coming and "Affera, his Wife," in surrendering land -for the new town. John Culpeper was commissioned to plan it. "The Town -is regularly laid out into large and capacious streets," said "T.A., -Gent.," clerk aboard H.M.S. _Richmond_, "in the year 1682." - -Charles Town on the peninsula prospered as a port and as the capital of -the plantations. To ships in its commodious harbor came the things of -the fields, the woods and the streams. Constantly new people were -arriving and the outpost of civilization rapidly took on the appearance -of European manners and customs, notwithstanding the incongruity of -savages, red and black, and Indian traders in their bizarre garb. It was -_Charles Town_ under the Proprietors, _Charlestown_ under the Royal -Government, and _Charleston_ since its incorporation in 1783. - -This Carolina metropolis has had part in Indian, Spanish and French -wars. It has had bold adventures with pirates. It was conspicuous in the -Revolution and in the War for Southern Independence. It furnished men -for the famous Palmetto Regiment in the Mexican War. The War of 1812 -little affected it. Its men served in the Spanish-American War and the -World War. It is said that from the tops of the highest buildings come -under the eye more historic places than come under it from any other -place in the United States, explaining the slogan, -_Charleston--America's Most Historic City_. It is in order to remind -that William Allen White, in an address, said that "Charleston is the -most civilized town in America," and that William Howard Taft, then -President of the United States, pronounced it, "the most convenient port -to Panama." - -In Charleston survive buildings that were erected during the Proprietary -Government, many buildings that were erected during the Royal -Government. Survive scars of wars and storms and fires that raged in the -long ago. Survive street names that were bestowed when Charles Town was -in its swaddling clothes. It is a far cry from old Charles Town, bounded -on the south by Vanderhorst Creek (Water Street); on the west by -earthworks and a moat (Meeting Street); on the north by earthworks -(Cumberland Street), and on the east by the Cooper River. King, Queen -and Princess Streets are reminiscent of the Royal Régime. St. Philip's, -St. Michael's, St. Andrew's, Berkeley, and St. James, Goose Creek, were -of the Church of England, under the Bishop of London, albeit the present -St. Philip's was erected half a century after the Revolution, replacing -the Proprietary building that was burned in 1835. - -But this work is concerned, not with the history of Charleston, but with -Landmarks of Charleston, and in the pages that follow are tales of -prominent landmarks, places and buildings that are storied. Eminent -Carolinian names pass in review. The greatness of the lustrous past is -linked with the more convenient present. The Charles Town that was and -the Charleston that is are brought before the reader. The author's -effort is to present the facts accurately. - -Outstanding landmarks include Fort Sumter, Fort Moultrie, the Old -Exchange Building, the Powder Magazine, the Rhett and Trott Houses for -their antiquity, the Miles Brewton House as enemy headquarters in the -Revolution and the War for Southern Independence. - - [Illustration: _Fort Sumter from the Air_] - - - - - _An Incomparable Stroll_ - - -Would you, guest within the gates of Charleston, see things reminiscent -of _old_ Charles Town rubbing elbows with things of modern Charleston? -Take this stroll, a little more than a mile, and you will be abundantly -compensated. - -Begin at the Mosque of Omar Temple of the Mystic Shrine, on the site of -the Granville Bastion, southeastern edge of Charles Town in 1680. -Proceed, southward, along East (or High) Battery, washed by the Cooper -River. You behold the harbor declared by Admiral Dickins capable of -accommodating the fleets of the world at one time. Seaward you see -gallant Fort Sumter. To its left, Sullivan's Island, on which is Fort -Moultrie of Revolutionary fame; to its right, by the Quarantine Station, -Charles Town's first fort, Johnson, named for a Proprietary Governor. On -the west side are some of Charleston's most desirable residences. You -reach South Battery. - -Here you see the monument to the brave Confederate defenders of Fort -Sumter, to face that famous fortress. Continue on the promenade which -has inspired extravagant phrases. In the park you see the capstan from -the battleship _Maine_, blown up in Havana harbor in February, 1898; -monuments to the defenders of Fort Moultrie in 1776, and to William -Gilmore Simms, novelist, historian, editor. Across the park, at the foot -of Church Street, you see the home of Colonel William Washington, -Virginian, who achieved a lustrous record as a Revolutionary officer in -South Carolina; across Church Street is the Villa Margharita, built as -the home of Andrew Simonds, banker. At the foot of Meeting Street, you -see a memorial fountain to the gallant Confederates of the first -submarine. - -Stay on the promenade and enjoy the sight of stately palmettos bordering -a beautiful park in which majestic oaks are many. At the foot of King -Street, you come to the Fort Sumter Hotel. This building includes the -site of the landing stage used by Queen Victoria's daughter, the -Princess Louise, in 1883; first member of the English royal family to -visit the capital of the former English colony and province. Go north in -King Street. At No. 27 is the celebrated Miles Brewton House, used by -the British as headquarters in the Revolution and by the Union -commanders in the War for Southern Independence. Note the picturesque -old coach house. - -Turn east and proceed through Ladson Street. At the northwest corner of -Ladson and Meeting Streets is the home of the last Royal Lieutenant -Governor, William Bull, and across Meeting Street (No. 34) the home of -the last Royal Governor, Lord William Campbell, who escaped through -Vanderhorst Creek (now Water Street) to H.M.S. _Tamar_, carrying with -him the Great Seal of the Province. Next to the Bull House is the home -of the late General James Conner, distinguished Confederate officer, and -eminent for his work during Reconstruction. At Water Street you come to -a corner of old Charles Town. - -Continue north in Meeting Street. At No. 51 is the home of Governor -Robert Francis Withers Allston, some time a convent of the Sisters of -Mercy, now the home of Francis J. Pelzer. At the southwest corner of -Meeting and Tradd Streets is the First (Scotch) Presbyterian Church, -organized in 1731, an offspring of the old White Meeting House. On the -northwest corner is the old Branford (also called Horry) home, the -portico over the street being less ancient. On the east side (No. 72) is -the hall of the South Carolina Society, which also houses the St. -Andrew's Society, founded in 1729; in this building are tables and -chairs used in the Secession convention. On the west side is the post -office park, including the site of the old Charleston Club, and of the -United States courthouse that collapsed in the earthquake of August 31, -1886. On the southwest corner of Meeting and Broad Streets is the United -States post office, completed in 1896; this houses the United States -court. On the northwest corner is the county Court House, on the site of -the old State House, burned in 1788. Behind the Court House is the -Daniel Blake double house, one of the first of its kind in the country. - -On the southeast corner is St. Michael's Church, on the site of the -original English church, St. Philip's. In its yard sleep illustrious -Charlestonians, including James Louis Petigru, the epitaph on whose -grave is famous. On the northeast corner is the City Hall, with its -great municipal art gallery, including John Trumbull's renowned portrait -of General George Washington. This was the building of the United States -Bank, on the site of the early market place. Behind and beside the City -Hall, Washington Park, in the northwest corner of which is the country's -first fireproof building. - -Proceed east in Broad Street. No. 73 is the site of Lee's Hotel, known -also as the Mansion House, "kept by a dignified and distinguished -looking mulatto, once the most fashionable hotel in the city and -probably the best kept and most expensive," said William G. Whilden in -his _Reminiscences_. Across the street (No. 62) is the Confederate Home -which before the War for Southern Independence was the Carolina Hotel, a -noted caravansary. At the northwest corner of Broad and Church Streets, -is the Chamber of Commerce, oldest in the country, organized in 1773; -this was the old South Carolina Bank building, later the home of the -Charleston Library Society, which moved into modern quarters, elsewhere -on this stroll. At the northeast corner is the Citizens and Southern -Bank, on the site of Shepheard's Tavern, birthplace of Ancient Free -Masonry in America, Solomon's Lodge, No. 1, having been chartered by the -Grand Lodge of England in 1735, and birthplace also of the Ancient and -Accepted Scottish Rite of Free Masonry, 1801. A block to the eastward, -at the foot of Broad Street, is the Old Exchange, as historic a building -as there is in all America. - -Northward on Church Street, at the southeast corner of Church and Queen, -the only Huguenot church in America! Opposite, on the southwest corner, -the restored Planters' Hotel (1803), including the reproduction of -Charleston's first regular theater (1735), the company of players coming -direct from England. North of Queen Street, on the west side, the -reputed Pirates' houses. St. Philip's graveyard is divided by Church -Street, running through the foundations of the building burned in 1835. -The first St. Philip's was on the site now occupied by St. Michael's and -the present St. Philip's is the third. In the graveyards sleep, Edward -Rutledge, Signer of the _Declaration of Independence_; William Rhett, -captor of the notorious pirate, Stede Bonnet, 1718; Christopher Gadsden, -Revolutionary patriot; John Caldwell Calhoun, eminent statesman. - -Proceed through the western yard. You are paralleling the northern -boundary of old Charles Town, a matter of yards away. You are in the -Gateway Walk of the Garden Club. Midway of the yard, you are behind the -first brick house in Charles Town, that of Judge Nicholas Trott; it was -standing in 1719. Next to the Trott House is Charles Town's oldest -building, the Powder Magazine, 1703, owned and used by the Colonial -Dames of America. Into the yard of the Circular Church, cradle of -Presbyterianism in Carolina. Illustrious dead are buried here. The -newspaper building to the south is on the site of the South Carolina -Institute Hall, in which the _Ordinance of Secession_ was signed -December 20, 1860, and in which, several months before, the famous -Democratic convention of 1860 was held. You come to Meeting Street, the -Circular Church as the White Meeting House giving its name. Down Meeting -Street, at the southwestern corner of Queen, is the St. John Hotel, on -the site of the old St. Mary's Hotel, opened in 1801; General Robert E. -Lee and President Theodore Roosevelt were of the notables who have been -guests of this house. - -At Meeting Street you are at the western edge of old Charles Town. Cross -the street and pass through the yard of the Gibbes Memorial Art Gallery, -a section of the old Schenking Square. Thence into the yard, of the -Charleston Library Society, dating to 1748, among the oldest in the -land. You come now to King Street. Down the street on the east side of -the next block is the Quaker burial ground and site of the meeting -houses that were burned. Cross King Street into the walk of the -Unitarian Church, its building used by the British during their -occupation in the Revolution for stables, and, to the north, the first -Lutheran church, St. John's. You come to Archdale Street, named for -pious John Archdale, Quaker, Proprietor and Governor. Go southward to -Queen Street, at the corner of Legare (it used to be Friend, reminiscent -of the early Quakers in the colony) is the convent of Our Lady of Mercy, -a community of consecrated Sisters, now more than a hundred years old. -Opposite the convent, in Legare Street, is the Crafts public school, -memorial to William Crafts. - -On the left, at the corner of Broad Street, is the Cathedral of St. John -the Baptist, on the site of the Cathedral of St. Finbar and St. John, -burned in 1861; here Bishop John M. England built the first St. Finbar's -on the site of the Vauxhall gardens. Go east in Broad Street. No. 119 -(south side) is the residence of Irving Keith Heyward with one of -Charleston's finest formal gardens. Next door, to the east, is a -property once occupied by Edward Rutledge. - -On the north side of Broad Street, No. 118, is the site of St. Andrew's -Society hall in which President James Monroe and the Marquis de -Lafayette were guests of the city, Monroe in 1819 and Lafayette in 1825; -in which the _Ordinance of Secession_ was adopted December 20, 1860. -Next door, No. 116, is the former house of John Rutledge, "The -Dictator," later Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United -States; here President William Howard Taft was the guest of Robert -Goodwyn Rhett. No. 114, once the home of Colonel Thomas Pinckney, is the -residence of the Bishop of Charleston, the Most Reverend Emmet Walsh. -No. 112 is the Ralph Izard house; the coach house in the yard is one of -the most picturesque in Charleston. This neighborhood was in Mr. -Hollybush's farm, just outside of old Charles Town. No. 100 Broad Street -was at one time the residence of James Louis Petigru. - -You come again to the intersection of Broad and Meeting Streets and -remember that here in 1876 occurred violent Reconstruction riots; that -in the Revolution, years before, the statue of William Pitt was in the -center and that a British shell struck off an arm. You who have followed -me on this incomparable walk have seen things of Charles Town, -Charlestown and Charleston. You have seen things reminiscent of early -English and early French. You have seen the evolution of a British -outpost in a savage land into what William Allen White has called "the -most civilized town in America." - - [Illustration: Antebellum street scene] - - - - - _Landmarks of Charleston_ - - -POWDER MAGAZINE, _23 Cumberland Street_: In the early days of Charles -Town this storehouse for ammunition was built of brick covered with -"tabby." It is known to have been in use in 1703. It continued as a -storing place of gunpowder years after the town limits had been pushed -northward of Cumberland Street. When the British were besieging -Charlestown in 1780, a shell exploded near the magazine and attention -was thus directed to its danger. It was abandoned as a magazine. -Nowadays this ancient building is the property of the Charleston Society -of the Colonial Dames of America. In it are many interesting and -valuable relics. How this magazine escaped through the years is one of -the mysteries. - - -NICHOLAS TROTT'S HOUSE, _25 Cumberland Street_: Next door to the Powder -Magazine is Charleston's first brick house, standing in its old -appearance until a few years ago when it was done over for business -offices. It was the home of Nicholas Trott, one of the chief men of -Charles Town. It is a large two-story building, its back to St. Philip's -western graveyard. Trott, born in England in 1663, came to Charles Town -from the Bahamas about 1690. He was Attorney General in 1698, Speaker of -the Assembly in 1700, Councillor in 1703 and the Chief Judge after that. -With the overthrow of the government of the Proprietors, Trott's star -waned. He revised and published _Laws of South Carolina_ (two volumes, -1736) and _Laws Relating to the Church and the Clergy_ (1721). He died -in Charlestown in 1740. Dr. Shecut says that the Trott House was -standing in 1719. "The great ability and legal attainments of Chief -Justice Trott, who acted as Chief Justice in all for some fifteen or -sixteen years," Henry A. M. Smith wrote, drew all the business and -litigation to it; his became practically the only court in the Province. -The Proprietors sustained Trott when the people complained "and the -response on the part of the people was to overthrow the Proprietary -Government," Judge Smith is quoted. - - -WILLIAM RHETT'S HOUSE, _58 Hasell Street_: Wade Hampton, South Carolina -hero of the Reconstruction period after the War for Southern -Independence, acclaimed as the savior of his state, was born in the -house wherein lived William Rhett, captor of Stede Bonnet, notorious -pirate, and his fellows, who were hanged, in 1718. William Rhett was a -great man in the early Carolina and Wade Hampton in the later. Rhett's -large square house was in excellent condition in 1722, says Joseph -Johnson, M.D., in his _Traditions of the Revolution_. It is in good -condition in this year, 1939. It is entered through a broad piazza on -the west side and contains four large rooms on each floor. Colonel Rhett -is remembered chiefly for his capture of the pirates, but other marks in -his record are lustrous. He commanded the little fleet that in 1706 put -down the harbor against a hostile French fleet under Le Feboure: the -Frenchman weighed his anchors and went to sea without offering a single -shot. A few days later Rhett's flotilla, a short distance up the coast, -captured a French vessel; among his prisoners was the chief land -officer, Arbouset. Rhett was born in London, September 4, 1666, and came -to Charles Town in November of 1694; he died here in June of 1722. On -his tomb in St. Philip's western graveyard, it is chiseled that "he was -a person that on all occasions promoted the public good of this colony -and several times generously and successfully ventured in defense of the -same.... A kind husband, a tender father, a faithful friend, a -charitable neighbour." - - -QUAKER GRAVEYARD, _138 King Street_: Graves among the oldest in Carolina -are in the yard of the old Quaker Meeting House property. The first -Quaker house of worship was built on this site in 1694. John Archdale, -Quaker, Proprietor and Governor, came to Charles Town in 1695, and -attended services with his fellow Friends. The property is a parcel of -the old Archdale Square, nowadays bounded by King, Queen, Meeting and -Broad Streets. It was just outside the town in those early years. This -building was blown up in July, 1837, to stop a fire. The rebuilt Meeting -House was destroyed in the conflagration of 1861. Quakers came to -Charles Town while it was across the Ashley River. A letter from -Shaftesbury, dated June 9, 1675, said: "There come now in my dogger -Jacob Waite and two or three other familys of those who are called -Quakers. These are but the Harbingers of a greater number that intend to -follow. 'Tis theire purpose to take up a whole colony for themselves and -theire Friends here, they promised me to build a Town of 30 Houses. I -have writ to the Gov'r and Council about them and directed them to set -them out 12,000 acres." The Society of Friends owns this property, but -there is now no meeting house in Charleston. The name of Governor -Archdale is preserved in the street of that name, on which are the -Unitarian and St. John's Lutheran Churches. - - -THE GATEWAY WALK, _from Church to Archdale_: No visitors to Charleston -should forego the pleasure of using the Gateway Walk of the Garden Club. -A bronze plate on a gate at the Charleston Library says: - - _Through hand-wrought gates alluring paths - Lead on to pleasant places, - Where ghosts of long-forgotten things - Have left elusive traces._ - -This verse speaks eloquently for it. East to west, the walk is through -St. Philip's graveyard, through the yard of the Circular Congregational -Church, thence across Meeting Street, through the yard of the Gibbes -Memorial Art Gallery, through that of the Charleston Library Society, -across King Street, through the yards of the Unitarian and St. John's -Lutheran Churches. There are two graceful wrought-iron gateways between -the Gallery and the Library which formerly had place at the home of -William Aiken, King and Ann Streets, used nowadays by the Southern -Railway System for offices. Mr. Aiken was president of the South -Carolina Canal and Railroad Company from 1828 to 1831. Aiken, near -Augusta, popular winter resort, was named in his honor. The railroad -company a hundred years ago built the world's longest steam railroad. In -the large yard behind the Gibbes Gallery is an attractive pool with -growing water plants. To describe the Gateway Walk at length would -operate to rob a visitor of the tranquil pleasure of moving through it -leisurely. In the yards of St. Philip's and the Circular Church are -graves of early citizens of Charles Town. It is enough to say that the -Garden Club has achieved a unique and worthwhile project. Elsewhere in -this book is found information of the six properties traversed by the -walk. - - -ST. ANDREWS HALL SITE, _118 Broad Street_: The St. Andrew's Society of -Charleston was organized by Scots in 1729. It is Charleston's oldest -benevolent society, active and flourishing into this season. Its hall -was built in 1814 and here the Marquis de Lafayette was entertained in -March, 1825. The distinguished Frenchman was the guest of the city and -was showered with attentions. Here he met his friend, Colonel Francis K. -Huger, who some years before had engaged in the frustrated scheme of -aiding Lafayette to escape from an Austrian prison. Here on Tuesday, -March 15, 1825, he "received the salutations of the reverend clergy, the -officers of the militia, judges and gentlemen of the Bar, and many -citizens, after which he visited Generals Charles C. and Thomas -Pinckney, Mrs. Shaw, the daughter of General Greene, and Mrs. -Washington, relict of the late General William Washington." In this hall -was passed the _Ordinance of Secession_ December 20, 1860 (it was signed -in the Institute Hall, however). It was among the many buildings razed -by the flames in 1861. The St. Andrew's Society is housed in these -seasons with the South Carolina Society, certain of the chairs and -tables used in the Secession convention being preserved. In the years -before the War for Southern Independence St. Andrew's Hall was the scene -of many brilliant social entertainments, including balls of that eminent -Charleston order, the Saint Cecilia Society, which had its beginning as -a musical society, presenting concerts. - - [Illustration: _Looking North on Meeting Street - Right Middleground, Portico of South Carolina Hall; Background, St. - Michael's Church_] - - -JOHN STUART'S HOUSE, _104 Tradd Street_: John Stuart, born in England in -1700, came through Charlestown with General James Oglethorpe, founder of -Georgia, in 1733. Thirty years later he was appointed the British -general agent for Indian affairs in the South. Captured by the -Cherokees, he was saved by Attakullakulla (the Little Carpenter). With -the breaking of the Revolution he engaged to incite Cherokees, -Chickasaws and Creeks (Muscogees) to war against the whites. The Indian -outbreak was to coincide with Sir Peter Parker's attack on Charlestown -in the spring of 1776. It was foiled by alert Kentucky settlers. His -plot being exposed Colonel Stuart fled to Florida, thence to England -where he died in 1779. His property was confiscated by the independent -government. To escape the British, it is related that General Francis -Marion leaped from a window. His coattails caught and his liberty was in -peril. (That's the story, but the house from which Marion fled is at the -northeast corner of Legare and Tradd.) Certain of the interior of this -house has been reset up in Minneapolis which has broadcast its pride in -the accession. - - -SITE OF FORT JOHNSON, _James Island_: The first fortification erected -for the defense of old Charles Town was at the northeast end of James -Island, within the present-day Quarantine reservation. It was devised to -meet the threatened invasion by the French under Le Feboure and was -named Fort Johnson in honor of the then Governor, Sir Nathaniel Johnson. -In 1759 a second fort of tabby (or tapia) was built on the site and this -was the Fort Johnson of the Revolution--"in plan triangular, with -salients bastioned and priestcapped, the gorge closed, the gate -protected by an earthwork, a defensible sea wall of tapia extended the -fortification to the west and southwest." In 1765 stamped paper was -transferred from a British sloop-of-war and stored in Fort Johnson while -in Charlestown excitement prevailed, resulting in seizure of the stamped -paper by three companies of volunteers under Captains Marion, Pinckney -and Elliott. The British garrison was placed under guard and -preparations made to resist any attack from the sloop-of-war. At this -time was displayed the first form of the South Carolina State flag--a -blue field with three white crescents. The naval commander agreed to -carry the stamped paper from Charlestown and the incident passed off -without clash at arms. This was ten years before the Battle of Concord. -In 1775, the spirit of liberty gaining strength, Fort Johnson was again -seized by order of the Council of Safety, as a precaution against the -last of the Royal Governors, Lord William Campbell, British troops being -expected. In November of this year (1775) three shots were fired from -Fort Johnson on the British sloops-of-war _Tamar_ and _Cherokee_, which -were engaged in blocking Hog Island Channel. June 28, 1776, Fort Johnson -was commanded by Colonel Christopher Gadsden, but had no opportunity of -engaging Sir Peter Parker's fleet, which was repulsed by soldiers under -Colonel William Moultrie at Fort Sullivan, known afterward and now as -Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island. In 1780 Sir Henry Clinton reported -Fort Johnson "destroyed." In 1793 the third work at this site was built, -but in 1800 a tropical storm so damaged it that it was abandoned, being -restored in the War of 1812. At the site of Fort Johnson the Confederate -forces defending Charleston located a mortar battery from which to -bombard Fort Sumter. It now became "an extensive entrenched camp of -considerable strength and capacity." The Confederates evacuated this -fort February 17, 1865, and the works were allowed to fall into decay. -Latterly there has been an earnest effort at restoration. - - -FORT MOULTRIE, _Sullivan's Island_: A glorious day in the annals of -South Carolina was the twenty-eighth of June, 1776. A partially built -fort of palmetto logs repulsed the proud British fleet under Sir Peter -Parker. Above this rude fort floated a South Carolina flag with a blue -field in which was one crescent and the word LIBERTY. It was this flag -that Sergeant Jasper rescued, his gallant deed commemorating his name. -The first government of any of the thirteen American colonies was -established at Charlestown, March, 1776, with John Rutledge as -president, Henry Laurens as vice-president and William Henry Drayton as -chief justice. Against Colonel William Moultrie's rude fort on that June -day in 1776 was pitted a trained fleet of eleven armed vessels carrying -270 guns. Moultrie's garrison comprised 435 men. While Moultrie was -engaged with Sir Peter Parker, Colonel William Thomson with 800 men and -two cannons prevented Sir Henry Clinton from landing his soldiery. In -the Battle of Fort Moultrie the defenders suffered only thirty-seven -casualties while the fleet suffered more than 200, and the loss of a -frigate. It was from Fort Moultrie that Major Robert Anderson on the -night of December 26, 1860, removed his Union garrison into Fort Sumter. -The Confederates used Fort Moultrie against the invading Union forces -until Fort Sumter was abandoned by the South's defenders. Before -Anderson left Moultrie, he had spiked the guns and burned their -carriages. Fort Moultrie helped make Morris Island an unhappy place for -Union troops under General Gilmore. At the entrance to the old fort is -the grave of Osceola, chief of the Seminoles, who was brought a captive -after the war in Florida a hundred years ago. In these years the fort -gives name to a reservation which is the headquarters of the Eighth -Infantry, a small detail of Coast Artillerymen being on duty with the -coast defense guns. - - -FORT SUMTER, _at the Entrance to the Harbor_: Facing the open sea stands -gallant Fort Sumter. No fortress in all America awakens greater -memories. It is a shining emblem of Secession, enduring monument to the -incomparable defense of Charleston by the Confederates. The bravest of -the brave served within this shell-torn fortress, withstanding the siege -of Union land and sea forces. Sumter is not alone a proud fortress, but -a landmark invested with a wealth of patriotic sentiment. It is stirring -American drama. "In the annals of the Federal army and navy, there is no -exploit comparable to the defense of Charleston harbor. It would not be -easy to match it in the records of European warfare"--the Rev. John -Johnson, D.D., quoted an English historian. In skeleton, Fort Sumter's -great story includes: April 7, 1863, it had part in the repulse of the -United States armored squadron after a severe engagement. In August it -"suffered its first great bombardment of sixteen days, ending in the -demolition and silencing of the fort, chiefly by land batteries of -Morris Island." Confederates effected immediate repairs. While these -were making, the defenders of Sumter beat off a night attack by small -boats. Then came the "second and third great bombardments, one of -forty-one days, and the other, and last, of sixty days and nights -continuously, both being borne without any thought of failure or -surrender." The quotations are from an article by Dr. Johnson in _The -News and Courier_. In all, the siege lasted until Charleston was -evacuated February 17-18, 1865, "after 567 days of continuous military -and naval operations." The famous fortress of Sumter, named for the -Revolutionary hero, General Thomas Sumter, the "Game Cock," was built -upon a shoal, the Secretary of War approving the plans in December, -1828. It is about a mile southwest of Fort Moultrie, Sullivan's Island, -and the same distance northeast of Fort Johnson, James Island. It was -nearing completion when on the night of December 26, 1860, Major Robert -Anderson removed the Union garrison of Fort Moultrie to it. On the -twelfth and thirteenth of April, 1861, it was bombarded by the -Confederates for about thirty hours, Major Anderson surrendering. He -evacuated the following day, embarking his men for the north. The -Confederates at once put the fortress in order for defense. There had -been no casualties on either side. Lieutenant Colonel R. S. Ripley was -the first Confederate commander of Fort Sumter and Major Thomas A. -Huguenin the last, the Confederate occupation extending from April 14, -1861, to February 17, 1865. Fort Sumter nowadays is without a garrison. -It is part of the defenses of Charleston. A military caretaker lives -within the battle-scarred walls. Modern coast defense guns are mounted. -As a grim sentinel, Sumter still faces the open seas. - - -SITE OF FIRST THEATER, _43 Queen Street_: Plays were performed in -Charles Town in 1703, according to Sonneck. However, the first regular -theater was the Play House in Dock (now Queen) Street. Here in the -winter of 1735, a company, "direct from England," presented its -repertory. Members of Solomon's Lodge of the Ancient Free Masons, the -oldest Masonic lodge in the United States, attended, in a body, the -performance of "The Recruiting Officer" May 28, 1737. The Federal -government has reproduced this theater; it was reopened officially -November 26, 1937. - - -ST. PHILIP'S CHURCH, _144 Church Street_: St. Philip's is the oldest -Protestant Episcopal congregation south of Virginia. The first edifice -was built on the site now occupied by St. Michael's (southeast corner of -Meeting and Broad Streets). The second and third were built at the -present site. The first St. Philip's was erected in 1681-82. It was of -wood, but little is known of it. Early maps designate it as the English -Church. The second St. Philip's was opened for divine worship Easter -Sunday, 1723. It faced the west and its steeple was eighty feet high. -John Wesley, founder of Methodism, preached in this church two hundred -years ago. The first Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina -was the Right Reverend Robert Smith, rector of St. Philip's. This -edifice was known far and wide for its great beauty. It was burned -February 15, 1835. The third St. Philip's was used for service May 3, -1838. Its chimes, cast into Confederate cannon, have never been -replaced. During twenty-two years an important mariners' light glowed in -the steeple, the other light of this range having been on historic Fort -Sumter. The light above St. Philip's was discontinued when the main -channel was changed about twenty years ago. St. Philip's is known as the -Westminster of the South as so many distinguished men of early years are -in its graveyards, including Edward Rutledge, Signer of the _Declaration -of Independence_; John C. Calhoun, often appraised South Carolina's -greatest statesman; William Rhett, captor of Stede Bonnet and his -associate pirates. During the War for Southern Independence Calhoun's -body was removed for safekeeping, but it was later reinterred. The story -of St. Philip's is coeval with the story of Charleston on this -peninsula. Its communion plate is of uncommon interest and value, -including pieces presented by William Rhett and a paten of unquestioned -antiquity. The present edifice faces the east. The curve in Church -Street passes through the site of the body of the edifice that was -burned in 1835. President George Washington attended services in the -second St. Philip's May 8, 1791, and President James Monroe May 2, 1819. -The present St. Philip's is accounted one of the beautiful churches of -America. - - [Illustration: _St. Philip's Episcopal Church_] - - -CRADLE OF PRESBYTERIANISM, _138 Meeting Street_: The congregation of the -Circular Church dates to 1681. The small wooden building in the erection -of which Landgrave Joseph Blake was influential was known as the White -Meeting House and was replaced in 1804 by a brick edifice circular in -form, that was burned in 1861. It was this church that gave name to -Meeting Street. From this congregation sprang two other congregations, -the First (Scotch) Presbyterian and the Unitarian. Some of the earliest -graves in Charles Town are in the Circular Churchyard. David Ramsay, -physician, statesman and historian, is buried in it. Some of the early -Huguenots (French Protestants) are also buried in it. The chapel in the -rear of the yard was built after the fire of 1861. The present edifice -is without a great portico over the street. - - -HUGUENOT CHURCH, _136 Church Street_: The only Huguenot Church in -America! This is the proud and unique distinction of the French -Protestant Church in Charleston. Its congregation holds to the old -Huguenot litany. It dates to 1681. The first recognized and regular -pastor of the French Church was the Reverend Elias Prioleau, who came -with the "great Huguenot immigration" about 1687; he died in 1699. -Alluding to the Huguenots of Charles Town Bancroft said: "Their Church -was in Charles Town and thither every Lord's Day, gathering from their -plantations upon the banks of the Cooper, and taking advantage of the -ebb and flow of the tide, they might all regularly be seen, the parents -with their children, whom no bigot could now wrest from them, making -their way in light skiffs through scenes so tranquil, that silence was -broken only by the rippling of oars and the hum of the flourishing -village at the confluence of the rivers." The first Huguenot Church was -burned in 1740. The second church was also burned, in 1797. It was at -once rebuilt and in 1845 it was remodeled to the form it now presents. -"The church edifice is of great architectural beauty, being of pure -Gothic, and its walls are adorned with mural tablets, commemorating the -names and memories of the first Huguenot emigrants to Carolina." It is -the boast of this congregation that it has had a church on the same site -for more years than has any other Charleston congregation. For more than -one hundred and fifty years the services were in the French language. - - -FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH, _61 Church Street_: When Charles Town on the -peninsula was about three years old the first congregation of Baptists -was formed. Some of these Baptists came from New England, with the -Reverend William Screven, their pastor, and others came from England. -Old records show that for several years the Baptists worshipped in the -home of Mrs. William Chapman. Lady Blake, and her mother, Lady Axtell, -were both Baptists and members of this congregation; their official rank -lent strength to the church. William Elliott, a member, gave the site of -the First Baptist Church in 1699. A wooden building was erected. The -present building was on the site before 1826 and of it Mills says it -showed "the best specimen of correct taste in architecture of the modern -buildings in the city." There are many old graves in its yard. - - -SCOTCH PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, _53 Meeting Street_: Sprung from the White -Meeting House, the First (Scotch) Presbyterian Church dates to 1731. The -Reverend Hugh Stewart, a native Scot, was its first pastor. The present -edifice was dedicated in 1814. It was severely damaged in the earthquake -of August 31, 1886, but fully restored. It has one of the finest -auditoriums in the country. When the Marquis of Lorne (later the Duke of -Argyle) and his wife, the Princess Louise, daughter of Queen Victoria, -were in Charleston in January, 1883, they visited the Scotch Church to -inspect a memorial tablet to their cousin, Lady Anne Murray. The Duke of -Sutherland also made a trip to Charleston expressly to see it. May 2, -1819, President James Monroe attended service in the Scotch Church, -hearing a sermon by the Reverend Mr. Reid, the pastor. This church -celebrated its bicentennial in March, 1931. During 100 years it has had -three pastors--the Reverend John Forrest, D.D., forty-seven years, the -Reverend W. Taliaferro Thompson, D.D., twenty years and the Reverend -Alexander Sprunt, D.D., thirty-three years. Prominent Charlestonians -sleep the sleep eternal in its yard. - - -TRINITY METHODIST CHURCH, _273 Meeting Street_: As its congregation -springs from the old Cumberland Church, the first Methodist group in -Charleston (1786), Trinity may be called Charleston's oldest Methodist -congregation, but the building it now occupies was recently acquired -from the Westminster Presbyterian Church (which combined the abandoned -Third Presbyterian in Archdale Street and the Glebe Street Presbyterian -Church). Through years Trinity Church was at 57 Hasell Street. Here the -first church was erected before 1813. For a short time the church was -used by an Episcopal congregation. The story goes that some of the -congregation were not agreeable to occupancy by Episcopalians and sought -legal counsel. They were informed that possession was "nine points in -the law." So, after an Episcopalian service, the Methodist brothers and -sisters, when the congregation was dismissed, locked the doors from the -inside, fastened the windows and mounted guard within the edifice, women -assisting, until the case was returned in their favor. During this -peaceful siege, a lad was born in the building; he years later became a -bishop of the church. The Methodist church was planted in Charleston -when Bishop Asbury and his associates came here in 1785. The first -church building was erected in Cumberland Street in 1787, and within it -the first Methodist Conference in South Carolina was held the same year. -This building was destroyed in the fire of 1861. John and Charles Wesley -had visited Charlestown in 1736. John Wesley preached in St. Philip's -Episcopal Church in 1737. The Wesleys came with General James -Oglethorpe's Georgia colonists. Charles Wesley was the general's -secretary and John Wesley was to be a missionary among the Indians. - - -ST. JOHN'S LUTHERAN CHURCH, _10 Archdale Street_: The Lutheran -congregation of St. John's was organized in 1757 with the Reverend John -George Fredichs as pastor. Lacking a building of their own the Lutherans -used the French Huguenot Church. June 24, 1764, the first St. John's was -dedicated. The present brick building was dedicated January 18, 1818, -the Reverend Dr. John Bachman, friend and associate of J. J. Audubon, -the celebrated naturalist, being the pastor. This congregation was -influential in the organization of Newberry College and the Lutheran -Theological Seminary in South Carolina. Prominent persons of German -origin or descent are buried in the yard. But the Lutheran story goes -back to March, 1734. In his _Sketch of St. John's_, the Reverend E. T. -Horn says: "In March, 1734, while the ship containing the exiled -Salzburgers lay off the harbor of Charleston, Governor Oglethorpe -brought their Commissary, the Baron von Reck, and their pastor, the -Reverend John Martin Bolzius, with him to the city. Here they found a -few Germans, firm in their attachment to the Lutheran faith, and -hungering and thirsting for the Holy Supper. In May, therefore, Bolzius -was glad to accompany von Reck as far as Charleston, that he might -minister to this little company, and on Sunday, May 26th, 1754, at five -o'clock in the morning, most probably in the inn where Bolzius was -stopping, he administered the Holy Communion to those whom on the day -before he had examined and absolved according to the usages of the -Lutheran Church." - - [Illustration: _William Rhett House, 58 Hasell Street_] - - [Illustration: _The Izard Houses; Nearer, Home of Bishop of - Charleston; Other is the Older--110 and 114 Brand Street_] - - -UNITARIAN CHURCH, _6 Archdale Street_: Just before the American -Revolution, the Circular Church on Meeting Street, cradle of -Presbyterianism in Charles Town, found it necessary to use an additional -building. Thus another church with another pastor was established in -Archdale Street. One of the pastors espoused Unitarianism and by -amicable agreement the part of the congregation following his teachings -took over the Archdale Street church. While the British occupied -Charlestown during the Revolution, they stabled horses in this edifice. -The present church building was dedicated in April of 1854, and is much -praised for its architecture. The ceiling of the nave is peculiarly -attractive. The pastor of this Unitarian congregation, the only one in -Charleston, was the Reverend Samuel Gilman, author of the famous college -song, "Fair Harvard," and in his memory Harvard alumni arranged the -Samuel Gilman Memorial Room in the church tower; the ceremony was -performed April 16, 1916. - - -ST. MARY'S CATHOLIC CHURCH, _79 Hasell Street_: Mother parish of the -Roman Catholic Church in North and South Carolina and Georgia, St. -Mary's congregation was organized in 1794, and in 1798 bought a frame -building from a Protestant congregation. In 1836 this was burned and on -the site the present fine brick edifice was erected being completed in -1838. In the late 1890's the interior was improved. Memorial -stained-glass windows were emplaced. Of its interesting graveyard Bishop -John M. England who came to Charleston in 1820 (finding two Catholic -churches occupied and two priests doing duty) wrote: "The cemetery of -this church which is now in the center of the city affords in the -inscriptions of its monuments the evidence of the Catholicity of those -whose ashes it contains. You may find the American and the European side -by side.... The family of the Count de Grasse, who commanded the fleets -of France near the Commodore of the United States and his partner, sleep -in the hope of being resuscitated by the same trumpet." According to -David Ramsay, "prior to the American Revolution in 1776, there were very -few Roman Catholics in Charleston, and these had no ministry, but of all -other countries none has furnished the Province with so many inhabitants -as Ireland." About 1786 a vessel bound for South America, having an -Italian priest aboard, put into Charleston. This priest celebrated mass -for a congregation of about twelve persons. It was "the first Mass -celebrated in Charleston and may be regarded as the introduction of the -Catholic religion to the States of North Carolina, South Carolina and -Georgia which afterward constituted the See of Charleston." The history -of St. Mary's is coeval with the history of the Roman Catholic religion -in the Southeast, excluding the Florida possessions of the Spanish. - - -ST. JAMES, GOOSE CREEK, _off the Coastal Highway_: The British Royal -Arms still stand in South Carolina! The British yoke was thrown off one -hundred and sixty years ago, but in St. James Church, Goose Creek, -sixteen miles from the city hall of Charleston the Royal Arms have never -come down! The ancient edifice stands in a tranquil woodland, quite near -The Oaks, home of Arthur Middleton in early years. At the foot of the -altar is a tomb with this inscription: "Here lyeth the body of the -Reverend Francis Le Jau, Doctor in Divinity, of Trinity College, Dublin, -who came to this Province October, 1706, and was one of the first -missionaries sent by the honourable society to this Province, and was -the first Rector of St. James, Goose Creek, Obijt. 15th September, 1717, -ætat 52, to whose memory this stone is fixed by his only Son, Francis Le -Jau." In the records left by Dr. Le Jau is mentioned that he christened -Indians. Four acres for the old parsonage were the gift of Arthur -Middleton, and another pioneer gave the Glebe of one hundred acres. The -cherubs in stucco over each of the keystones are famous and so is the -pelican feeding her young, over the west door. Interesting memorial -tablets have places. In the present day this picturesque and historic -church is easily reached by automobile. Each year at Easter divine -services are held in the church, the congregation invariably overflowing -the building. The original church was built soon after Dr. Le Jau's -arrival. - - -ST. ANDREW'S, BERKELEY, _on the Ashley River Road_: The parish of St. -Andrew's, Berkeley (the district about Charles Town was Berkeley in -olden times), was founded in 1706 and a simple brick building erected. -Seventeen years later this was enlarged, taking the form of a cross. The -gallery was intended for non-pewholders and was later set aside for -negroes. Destroyed by fire it was rebuilt in 1764 and is one of the few -rural churches that has survived the Revolution and the War for Southern -Independence. St. Andrew's was one of ten parishes authorized by act of -the Assembly in 1706 regulating religious worship in accordance with the -forms of the Church of England. In quite recent years a question -relative to the jurisdiction of the Bishop of London was raised! St. -Andrew's had its genesis when the colony had a population of 9,000, "of -whom 5,000 were Negro and Indian slaves." - - -ASHLEY RIVER ROAD, _Leading to Famous Gardens_: St. Andrew's Church is -but one of many interesting and historic places on the Ashley River -Road. Two miles from the Ashley River Bridge the road passes near the -site of the original Charles Town in South Carolina and three miles -farther is the Ashley Hall plantation of the Bull family, distinguished -in provincial and colonial periods. It was on the Bull place that -Attakullakulla, a chief of the Cherokee Indians, signed a treaty of -peace in the 1760's after his tribe had been severely humbled by the -whites. Just across the highway were the lovely Magwood Gardens, now the -property of a granddaughter of President Abraham Lincoln. Here the -highway passes through a grove of majestic live oaks festooned with -Spanish moss. Seven miles from the bridge one passes St. Andrew's Church -and a short distance farther through old Fort Bull, the moat about which -has been filled. Next, on the right, is the entrance to Drayton Hall, -then Magnolia Gardens, Runnymede, home of John Julius Pringle, Speaker -of the House of the Assembly in 1787, and later the property of Charles -Cotesworth Pinckney, of the famous Pinckney family; Middleton Place -(gardens) where is buried Arthur Middleton, Signer of the _Declaration -of Independence_; the seat of the old Wragg barony; the Ashley River is -crossed at Bacon's Bridge near which stands an ancient oak beneath the -spreading boughs of which General Francis Marion is alleged to have -entertained a British officer (it is a pretty legend, but its site is -severally located). Half a mile beyond the bridge is the road leading -down to the ruins of old Dorchester, established in 1696 by colonists -from Dorchester, Massachusetts, led by the Reverend Joseph Lord. In this -year ruins of fort and churches are mute reminders of a brave village in -a primeval wilderness infested with savage Indians. From Bacon's Bridge -the distance to Summerville is five miles. It is a drive every visitor -to this section should follow. In the season, the Middleton Place and -Magnolia Gardens are open to visitors. - - [Illustration: _Foreground, Unitarian Church; Background, St. John's - Lutheran Church_] - - [Illustration: _Huguenot Church. Only One in America_] - - -CASTLE PINCKNEY, _in Charleston Harbor_: Stand on the incomparable -Battery and look seaward. Fort Sumter is in plain view, of course, but -nearer the gaze is Castle Pinckney, holding the status nowadays of a -government monument. It is to be reached only by boat. The fort at the -edge of the sand bank known as Shute's Folly was built after the -Revolution, in 1797-1804. Later, it was enlarged. In the War for -Southern Independence, it lacked opportunity to contribute materially to -the defense of Charleston. Really there is more legend than history -about Castle Pinckney, but long it has been a well-known landmark. The -government used it as a depot for aids for navigation until the depot -was established at the foot of Tradd Street, on the Ashley River, site -of the old Chisolm's rice mill. An excuse for including it among -_Landmarks of Charleston_ is that many strangers promenading on the High -Battery wish to know what Castle Pinckney is. - - -ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH, _78 Meeting Street_: Five times have the bells of -St. Michael's crossed the Atlantic ocean. They came from England in 1764 -and returned there after the British evacuated the town in 1784. -Repurchased for Charleston, they came back to their steeple. During the -War for Southern Independence they were taken for safekeeping to -Columbia and in the burning of that town charged to General William -Tecumseh Sherman (who had been a social favorite in Charleston before -the war) they were so damaged that they were shipped to England. There -they were recast in the original molds. Brought back they are still in -the steeple, pealing on occasions. When Charles Town on the peninsula -was laid out, a lot was designed for the English church, St. Philip's. A -wooden building was erected. This being outgrown a brick church was -built on Church Street, on the present site of St. Philip's. By act of -the Assembly, June, 1751, Charlestown was divided into two parishes; the -lower, St. Michael's, and the upper, St. Philip's. February 17, 1752, -the corner stone was laid with much ceremony, the _South Carolina -Gazette_ carrying an account. The reputed successor of Sir Christopher -Wrenn was the architect and the edifice is declared to resemble St. -Martin's-in-the-Field, London, near Trafalgar Square. From the pavement -to the ball of the steeple is 182 feet. During the War for Southern -Independence, the steeple, and that of St. Philip's, offered shining -marks for the Union artillerists. Cannon balls struck the church, but -not with serious results. Heavy damage was done by the earthquake of -August 31, 1886. The old clock in the steeple, with four dials, began -the keeping of Charlestown time in 1764. President George Washington and -the Marquis de Lafayette have worshipped in St. Michael's. In the taxed -tea excitement of 1774, the assistant rector of St. Michael's preached a -sermon that aroused his congregation and he received his walking papers. -In the yard of this church are illustrious dead, including James Louis -Petigru, eminent South Carolina lawyer, an opponent of Nullification in -the 1830's and of Secession in 1860; however, when his state had -seceded, Mr. Petigru cast his fortune with the Confederacy. The -incumbent Bishop of South Carolina, the Right Reverend Albert S. Thomas -was rector of St. Michael's when he was elected to this high office. - - -CATHEDRAL OF ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST, _122 Broad Street_: John Morica -England, first Bishop of Charleston, arrived in Charleston December 30, -1820, and the Cathedral of St. Finbar was dedicated by him a year later. -It was a plain frame structure. Thirty years it stood. Then it was razed -for the building of the St. John and St. Finbar Cathedral, burned in -1861; it was similar in design to the present Cathedral of St. John the -Baptist on the same site, the northeast corner of Broad and Legare -Streets. This handsome Gothic edifice of brown stone was begun late in -1888 by the Right Reverend Henry Pinckney Northrop, Bishop of -Charleston. April 14, 1907, it was consecrated, Cardinal Gibbons being -one of the celebrants. The site is that of the Vauxhall Gardens. Between -December, 1861, and the occupancy of the new cathedral, the congregation -worshipped in the pro-cathedral in Queen Street, built by the Right -Reverend Patrick Nielsen Lynch, then Bishop of Charleston. St. John the -Baptist's is 200 feet long from the entrance to the rear of the vestry, -the nave being 150 feet long by eighty feet wide; from the floor to the -top of clerestory is sixty feet. The interior is beautifully decorated -and contains fine paintings and stained-glass windows. To the north of -the Cathedral is the Convent of Our Lady of Mercy. Graves of bishops are -under the cathedral. The edifice is one of Charleston's cardinal show -places. - - -TRUMBULL'S WASHINGTON, _in Charleston City Hall_: One of the most famous -and valuable portraits of General George Washington hangs in the City -Hall, northeast corner of Meeting and Broad Streets. It was done by John -Trumbull on the order of the City Council in honor of President -Washington's visit in 1791. It is reputed to be worth a million dollars! -Art connoisseurs have come long distances to inspect this great -portrait. Washington is shown full length, with his horse near him. -While this is Charleston's most valuable painting, there are other fine -paintings in the Municipal Gallery, including President James Monroe, -commemorating his visit in 1819, by Samuel F. B. Morse (inventor of the -telegraph); the damage done by a Union shell in the 1860's does not -show; President Andrew Jackson, in uniform after the Battle of New -Orleans, by Vanderlyn, student under the celebrated Gilbert Stuart; -General Zachary Taylor, with spyglass in hand in Mexico, by Beard; John -Caldwell Calhoun, eminent statesman, addressing the United States -senate, by Healy; General William Moultrie, defender of Fort Moultrie -against Sir Peter Parker's British fleet in 1776, by Fraser; Marquis de -Lafayette, miniature, by Fraser, commemorating the Frenchman's visit in -1825; General Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox," in Revolutionary uniform, -by John Stolle (here the famous coonskin cap is replaced by a -brigadier's hat, by order of William A. Courtenay, then Mayor); Queen -Anne, of England, by Sir Godfrey Kneller, a fragment of the original -cherished as a relic; Joel Roberts Poinsett, statesman, by Jarvis; -William Campbell Preston, statesman, by Jarvis; General and Governor -Wade Hampton, the hero of Reconstruction, by Prescott; General P. G. T. -Beauregard, Confederate Chieftain, by Carter; General Thomas A. -Huguenin, the last Confederate commander of Fort Sumter; statuary busts -of James Louis Petigru, Robert Young Hayne, Christopher Gustavus -Memminger, Robert Fulton, and others. An informing sketch of this -gallery by Joseph C. Barbot, Clerk of Council, is recommended. In -Colonial years the site of the City Hall was the town's market place. On -it the United States Bank was housed about 1802 and this building became -the City Hall. It is related that the money for the purchase came from -the sale of the Exchange to the United States government. The interior -has been rearranged. - - -THE OLD EXCHANGE, _East End of Broad Street_: From the standpoint of -history, this building is incomparably the most interesting in South -Carolina and one of the most interesting in America, the Rev. William -Way, D.D., told the Rebecca Motte Chapter of the Daughters of the -American Revolution, whose property it is by gift of the United States. -When Charles Town was laid out in 1680 this site was the Court of -Guards, the place of arms for the early colonists. Here were imprisoned -Stede Bonnet and other pirates in 1718 when South Carolina was putting -down piracy after its previous years of friendship and fraternizing. The -Exchange and Custom House was built in 1767 at a cost of 44,016 pounds. -Most of the material was brought from England in sailing vessels. The -date of completion was 1771. Taxed tea from England was stored in the -Exchange in 1774 and citizens prevented its sale. A second cargo, -arriving November 3, 1774, was dumped by merchants of Charlestown into -the Cooper River. In July, 1774, delegates to the Provincial Congress -gathered in this building and set up the first independent government -established in America; the congress also elected delegates to the -General Congress meeting in Philadelphia. Patriotic men and women of -Charlestown were incarcerated in the Exchange by the British during the -Revolution; it was from the Exchange that the martyr Colonel Isaac Hayne -was led to his execution in 1781. President George Washington was -entertained in the building, Charles Fraser writing in his -_Reminiscences_: "Amidst every recollection that I have of that most -imposing occasion, the most prominent is the person of that great man as -he stood upon the steps of the Exchange uncovered, amidst the -enthusiastic acclamation of the citizens." Saturday, May 7, 1791, -General Washington was guest of honor at a "sumptuous entertainment" -given by the merchants of Charleston in the Exchange. During the War of -1812 patriotic meetings were held in the Exchange. In 1818 the city of -Charleston sold the Exchange to the United States government for the sum -of $60,000 and a week later the city government paid the sum of $60,000 -for the building of the United States Bank, to be converted into the -City Hall. The following year President James Monroe was in the -Exchange. The federal government used the building for a customhouse and -post office, the customhouse transferring to its own building after the -War for Southern Independence and the post office to its present home in -1896. In the earthquake of 1886, the cupola designed by the artist -Fraser was so badly damaged that it was removed. For years the building -has been headquarters for the Sixth lighthouse district; these offices -continue in it although the government has presented the historic -building to the Daughters of the American Revolution in and of the State -of South Carolina as an historical memorial, to be occupied by the -Rebecca Motte Chapter; this was effective in March of 1913. When the -United States entered the World War the Exchange by unanimous vote of -the D.A.R. was tendered the Federal government which it used to the end -of the conflict. On the centennial of George Washington's death a -handsome bronze tablet on the west side of the Exchange was unveiled. -There is no question that this ante-Revolutionary building is one of -Charleston's greatest landmarks. - - [Illustration: _First (Scotch) Presbyterian Church_] - - [Illustration: _Bethel Methodist Church_] - - -SITE OF INSTITUTE HALL, _134 Meeting Street_: South Carolina declared -itself free and independent, seceding from the United States, December -20, 1860. This bold act was taken in the hall of the South Carolina -Institute. The _Ordinance of Secession_ had been adopted in the hall of -the St. Andrew's Society, 118 Broad Street, but the delegates came to -the Institute Hall because of its greater capacity; the wish was to -accommodate as many as possible of the thousands who hoped to see the -ordinance signed. With the great hall crowded to suffocation, after all -the signatures had been affixed, President Jamison advanced to the front -of the rostrum and announced, that South Carolina was an independent -sovereignty, free of the United States. And the War for Southern -Independence was nascent. In this hall several months before had been -held the famous Democratic National Convention that adjourned without -decision with respect to candidates for President and Vice President. On -the site are published _The News and Courier_, one of the oldest daily -newspapers in the United States, founded in 1803, with its roots going -back to 1786, and the _Charleston Evening Post_. They carry on the -traditions of the South. - - -CONFEDERATE MUSEUM, _at the Head of the Market_: Valuable relics of the -Confederacy are preserved in their hall at the head of Market Street, at -Meeting Street, by the Charleston Chapter of the United Daughters of the -Confederacy. A gun on the porch was fashioned from Swedish wrought iron -from one of the first locomotives operated by the South Carolina -Railroad, the world's oldest long-distance steam railroad. It was among -the first rifled cannon made in the United States. This piece was in -Columbia when General William Tecumseh Sherman's Union troops occupied -that town, and Union soldiers tried to burst the cannon, cracking it -near the muzzle. During riots in the period of Reconstruction the -Washington Light Infantry manned the gun. The Confederate Museum is in a -hall over the west end of the old City Market established between 1788 -and 1804, extending from East Bay Street to Meeting Street. Through many -years all household marketing was done in the stalls. Into recent years -it was a common sight to see a gentleman doing the marketing, a negro -with a large basket following him from stall to stall. There survive -stalls in the Market, but the long low building is not congested as it -was in other years. The telephone has contributed much toward the -discontinuance of the good old Charleston custom of marketing in person. - - -MARION SQUARE, _King, Meeting and Calhoun Streets_: Named in honor of -General Francis Marion, hero of the Revolution, affectionately called -the "Swamp Fox," this six-acre square in the very heart of Charleston -was from 1882 to 1921 the parade ground of The Citadel, the military -college of South Carolina, giving rise to the nickname, Citadel Green. -The Citadel is now at Hampton Park, on the Ashley River, but its main -building and four wings stand as reminders. In Lowndes Street, from -Calhoun to the Citadel sally port, is a statue of John Caldwell Calhoun, -eminent South Carolina statesman, atop a tall granite shaft. On the -Meeting Street side is a monument to General and Governor Wade Hampton, -savior of his State in Reconstruction, and on the west side a section of -"horn work," part of the Revolutionary line of fortifications for the -defense of Charlestown against the invading British. It was just outside -the town, Boundary Street becoming Calhoun Street after the town limits -were extended to their present line in 1849. Before the purchase by the -now defunct Fourth Brigade, the square was solidly built. After the -evacuation of Charleston until 1882 the United States army was in -possession of the Citadel buildings. On the east side and on the west -side are fountains fed by a great artesian well near King and Calhoun -Streets, formerly in the waterworks system. - - -THE OLDEST DRUG STORE, _125 King Street_: America's oldest drug store -business is in Charleston. It has had a career antedating 1781 as in -that year Dr. Andrew Turnbull bought the business and began the -dispensing of his own remedies. In 1792 Joseph Chouler was the -proprietor, in 1806 William Burgoyne, in 1816 Jacob De La Motta. The -mortar and pestle he displayed over his Apothecary's Hall is still -extant, and in the store now used. Felix l'Herminier took over the -business in 1845 and soon afterward it was in the name of William G. -Trott who in 1870 sold it to C. F. Schwettmann. In 1894 the style was C. -F. Schwettmann & Son. This continues with John F. Huchting as -proprietor. In 1920 Mr. Huchting presented much of the old Apothecary's -Hall to the Charleston Museum which has reset it and where it may be -seen. More than one hundred and fifty years for a drug business is a -worth-while record! - - -CHARLESTON LIGHTHOUSE, _on Morris Island_: During Colonial years the -only coastal light south of the Delaware capes was the Charleston -Lighthouse on Morris Island, built in 1767. The present tower was built -in 1876; it is of brick, 161 feet high. The earthquake of 1886 cracked -the tower and threw the lens out of adjustment. From the first -Charleston Light came a copper plate in the corner stone, reading: "The -first stone of this Beacon was laid on the 30th of May 1767 in the -seventh year of His Majesty's reign, George the III," and so on. -December 18, 1860, the first incident of the War for Southern -Independence affecting the lighthouse service occurred at the Charleston -Light. The Secretary of the Treasury was told by the Secretary of the -Lighthouse Board that he would not recommend that the coast of South -Carolina "be lighted by the Federal Government against her will." -December 30, the lighthouse inspector reported that "the Governor of the -State of South Carolina has requested me to leave the State." By the -latter part of April, 1861, the Confederates had extinguished this and -other lights; they were furnishing no aids to navigation for Union -mariners. Morris Island is at the left entrance to the harbor of -Charleston. From the eastern end of the Folly Beach, accessible by -automobile, a clear view of the Charleston Light may be had. - - -MIDDLETON PLACE, _Gardens on the Ashley River_: This was the seat of -Arthur Middleton, Signer of the _Declaration of Independence_. Henry -Middleton, of The Oaks, president of the Continental Congress, obtained -the land through his wife. Two English landscape gardeners were brought -oversea to fashion the show place, which was completed about 1740. The -fine Tudor house was put to the torch late in the War for Southern -Independence. Only the left wing stands, and in it the owner, J. J. -Pringle Smith, descendant of the Signer, lives. The old steps to the -main building are in place, and from them a commanding view of the broad -formal terraces and the winding Ashley River is had. The first japonicas -brought into this country were transplanted at Middleton Place about -1805 and one of the original plants was alive in 1939. Middleton Place -is famous not only for its gorgeous azalea show in spring, but for the -wide variety of plants. It has been praised with lavish enthusiasm by -distinguished visitors. Annually thousands of people travel many miles -to walk about these wonderful gardens, a living reminder of the beauty -wrought before the Revolution. The grave of the Signer is at Middleton -Place. The Gardens are on the Ashley River Road, about fourteen miles -from the Ashley River Bridge. If one would see gardens, terraces and -hedges substantially as they were in 1740; if one would see one of the -world's most beautiful places, he should be sure of visiting Middleton -Place. - - [Illustration: _Alluring Views of Magnolia-on-the-Ashley_] - - [Illustration: Magnolia-on-the-Ashley] - - -MAGNOLIA GARDENS, _on the Ashley River_: Distinguished authors have -heaped glowing compliments on the enchantment that is -Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, "a sight unrivalled," said a writer in the -_Chicago Tribune_. The fame of these gardens has gone wide and far. -Thomas P. Lesesne, of Charleston, was in the great Kew Gardens, London. -Coming to the azalea section he was surprised to find a sign declaring -to all who came that way that if one would see the azalea in the zenith -of its beauty, he should visit Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, near Charleston, -South Carolina, United States of America! In Kew! Think of that! John -Galsworthy, Owen Wister and other notables have shed superlatives in -describing the gardens. In this show place on the Ashley River, the -Reverend John Grimke Drayton planted the first _Azalea Indica_. They had -been imported from the East to Philadelphia in 1843, but, the -Pennsylvania climate being too rigorous for them, Mr. Drayton was -invited to see what he could do with them. And what he has done with -them brings thousands of people from distant places each spring when the -azaleas are in the full glory of their bloom! The gardens, about -twenty-five acres in extent, have what is declared to be the most -valuable collection of the Camellia Japonica; there are more than 250 -varieties. They come into bloom in the winter, and the gardens are open -for their inspection. Carlisle Norwood Hastie, present owner of -Magnolia, is grandson of the Reverend Mr. Drayton, an Episcopalian -minister. Two hundred years the property has been in possession of the -Drayton family. During the Revolution the Colonial mansion was burned -and a second building was burned during the War for Southern -Independence. Mr. Hastie has purchased the old Tupper house in -Charleston (its site on Meeting Street) for rëerection at -Magnolia-on-Ashley. Moss-covered oak and cypress trees, bordering -mirroring lagoons, furnish a bewitching background for the gardens, with -the Ashley River in front. - - -ASHLEY RIVER BRIDGE, _on the Coastal Highway (17)_: Until the first of -July, 1921, the bridge over the Ashley River at the head of Spring -Street was privately owned. At that time the county of Charleston -acquired it by purchase and at once the toll was taken off. In the -spring of 1926, the present handsome and commodious concrete bridge was -formally opened. It is slightly down-stream from the rather ramshackle -wooden bridge. It cost a million and a quarter dollars. It is wide -enough for four vehicles abreast and on each side is a sidewalk for -pedestrians. Its huge bascule leaves provide plenty of clearance for the -greatest seagoing vessels. This bridge, a memorial to Charleston -soldiers who lost their lives in the World War, is an essential link in -the Coastal Highway between the provinces of eastern Canada and the keys -of Florida, thence by "ferry" to Havana, Cuba. It connects the city of -Charleston with all the trans-Ashley region. From the town it leads to -James Island (on which are the Country Club and the Municipal Links, -Riverland Terrace and Wappoo Hall) and the popular Folly Beach; by way -of James Island to the Stono River bridge which is near the famous -Fenwick Hall, a great estate in pre-Revolutionary years; it leads to -Walterboro, Beaufort, Port Royal (site of the earliest French colony) -and Savannah and Jacksonville; it leads to the Ashley River Road for St. -Andrew's Church, Middleton Place, Magnolia-on-the-Ashley, Drayton Hall, -Runnymede, Wragg Barony and Bacon's Bridge over the upper Ashley River. -In the War Between the States the old bridge was burned and after -Appomattox more than fifteen years elapsed before it was restored. Near -the Ashley River Bridge in St. Andrew's Parish are sites of the earliest -English plantations. Quite near it Eliza Lucas, daughter of the Governor -of Antigua and mother of the Generals Charles Cotesworth and Thomas -Pinckney, carried forward her indigo experiments. David Ramsay says that -the indigo planters doubled their capital every three or four years. - - -COOPER RIVER BRIDGE, _on the Old King's Highway_: Coming to Charleston -President George Washington, President James Monroe and the Marquis de -Lafayette traveled over the old King's Highway. Washington was here in -1791, Monroe in 1819 and Lafayette in 1825. From the Mount Pleasant -shore to the City of Charleston they crossed by primitive ferry. To -August of 1929 ferries over the broad Cooper River were continued. In -that month the great bridge over the Cooper River was opened to traffic. -This is the world's third highest vehicular bridge! Its span over Town -Creek affords vertical clearance of 132 feet, as much as that of the -famous Brooklyn Bridge, and the span over the Cooper River a vertical -clearance of 152 feet at mean high water. From the crest of this -engineering achievement are provided commanding views. In the distance -to the right is Fort Sumter, looking for all the world like a toy -fortress in a toy pool. From this coign of vantage one sees the many -bold and little creeks that flow into the Cooper. To the middle left one -sees the heavy woods of Christ Church Parish. Give the imagination rein -and appear ghosts of almost naked Indians, of early English, French, -Irish, Scotch; of bitter conflicts of man against man; of Sir Peter -Parker and his naval armada smiting the little palmetto fort with shot -and shell. At Charleston, over the Cooper River Bridge the old Kings -Highway makes junction with the Coastal Highway. It is the short route -from Charleston to Georgetown, Wilmington, Norfolk, crossing the lower -Santee and other bold coastal streams almost within sight of the sea. -There is every promise that the old King's Highway, paved, will develop -into a paramount route between East and Southeast, an important -alternate to the Coastal Highway. No visitor to Charleston should forego -the opportunity of passing over the three-mile Cooper River Bridge. It -is a sensation well worth the trivial Journey. - - -THE CITADEL, _the Military College of South Carolina_: General Charles -Pelot Summerall is now a Charlestonian and proud of it. He would add -that his pride is the greater in that he is president of The Citadel, -the military college of South Carolina, an institution whose illustrious -record goes back to 1842, which furnished distinguished officers for the -Confederacy, in the Spanish and World Wars. As the Cadet Battalion went -into the Confederate service the college was closed in 1864. From the -evacuation of Charleston to The Citadel's reopening in 1882, it was -occupied by Union soldiers. From its establishment in 1842 to the fall -of 1922, The Citadel was on Marion Square. Because it needed more room, -it went into new quarters at Hampton Park on the Ashley River where now -it is. It was a cadet battery that fired the first gun of the War for -Southern Independence; the Union ship _Star of the West_ was driven off -while attempting to bring supplies to the garrison besieged in Fort -Sumter. Year after year the War Department of the United States -designates The Citadel as a distinguished military college. Its academic -standards are high. - - -PORTER MILITARY ACADEMY, _Distinguished Military School_: "Through the -noble efforts" of the Reverend Anthony Toomer Porter, D.D., then Rector -of the Episcopal Church of the Holy Communion, the Porter Military -Academy had its origin in 1867 as the Holy Communion Church Institute, -in its genesis "a classical school for the children of parents in -straitened circumstances," due to the War for Southern Independence. In -Dr. Porter's absence his board of trustees named the institution for -him. Among its distinguished alumni is General Charles Pelot Summerall, -former Chief of Staff of the United States Army and now President of The -Citadel. The Porter Military Academy occupies the grounds of the United -States Arsenal; it is bounded by Ashley Avenue and Bee, President and -Doughty Streets. It continues to earn a high place among Southern -educational institutions, its boarding cadets coming from many States. -It is a fully accredited preparatory school. - - -COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON, _Oldest Municipal College_: To claim the -distinction of being America's oldest municipal college is a large -order, but the College of Charleston, on George Street between St. -Philip and College Streets, earns it by the record. The institution was -founded in 1770 and takes rank as fifteenth in the list of American -colleges. Its roll of graduates sounds like a list of South Carolina's -illustrious: John C. Fremont, explorer and candidate for the presidency; -James B. DeBow, ante-bellum economist; Edward McCrady, historian; Bishop -William Wightman, of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Bishop Bowen, of -the Protestant Episcopal Church; William H. Trescott, diplomat; Paul -Hamilton Hayne, poet; Chancellor Henry Deas Lesesne; United States Judge -Henry A. M. Smith, historian and scholar; the Rev. J. L. Girardeau, -eminent Presbyterian minister. On its governing board have served such -distinguished men as James Louis Petigru, Robert Young Hayne, John -Julius Pringle, Daniel Elliott Huger, Langdon Cheves, Henry Middleton, -General William Washington, Joel Roberts Poinsett, Judge Mitchell King. -In 1837 the college was taken over by the Corporation of Charleston; it -is the oldest municipal college in America. Among the founders of the -College of Charleston were the ablest men in the Royal Province of South -Carolina, among them two Signers of the _Declaration of Independence_ -(Arthur Middleton and Thomas Heyward, Jr.) and three Signers of the -_Constitution of the United States_ (Charles Pinckney, Charles -Cotesworth Pinckney and John Rutledge, "The Dictator"). - - [Illustration: _St. Mary's, 79 Hasell Street; Mother Parish of - Catholics in Carolinas and Georgia_] - - -ORIGINAL DEPARTMENT STORE, _King Street at Market_: "Ghosts rush out -every time I pass," said a friend. He was growing sentimental about the -Academy of Music building, razed in 1937. In 1830 in this "whale of a -building," for its time, was opened the world's first department store. -With great stocks from all parts of the world the Kerrisons built up an -enormous business, their customers coming from as far as the Mississippi -River! It was a massive building of massive construction. Its masonry -was notable and it may be that its great heart cypress timbers were more -notable. To the coming of the War for Southern Independence, Charleston -being capital of a far-flung slave empire, business in the building -prospered. Kerrison's of this time is descendant of the original -Kerrison's; it is across and higher up King Street, one of the leading -department stores of the South. After Appomattox Charleston was without -a theater. The Charleston Theater had been destroyed in the fire of -1861. John Chadwick, a school master, acquired the building and -converted the rear portion into a theater, the Academy of Music, wherein -have appeared famous actors, actresses and singers, great bands and -orchestras. Georges Barrere, solo flautist and conductor of the Little -Symphony Orchestra and the Barrere Ensemble, after playing his flute on -the stage, remarked: "Here is a veritable 'Strad.' of a theater!" -Barrere was justly complimenting the remarkable acoustics of the -theater. It is well to bear in mind that Charleston had a great -department store before the first of the steam railroads began operation -in America! A century ago in a mezzanine gallery on the top floor were -displayed laces, embroideries and other fine goods from the world's -finest makers. As a theater the Academy of Music was owned for some -years by John A. Owens, nationally known for his portrayal of Solon -Shingle. It may be permissible here to say that Joseph Jefferson used to -manage a theater in Charleston, that his mother was born in Charleston. - - -WASHINGTON SQUARE, _Called also City Hall Park_: In the northwest corner -of this park is the first fireproof building built in America, for which -salient reason Charleston knows it as The Fireproof Building. It was -erected about 1826. Robert Mills was the architect. It is used for -county offices and records. In the southwest corner is the City Hall -which is discussed elsewhere. On Broad, Meeting and Chalmers Streets are -handsome wrought-iron gates and wrought-iron railings of great grace. In -the center of the park is a shaft of granite to the three companies of -the Washington Light Infantry which served the Confederacy valiantly on -the battlefields of Virginia in the 60's, and in the defense of -Charleston. Southward of this is a bust to the lilting Carolina poet, -Henry Timrod, and eastward a monument to General Pierre G. T. -Beauregard, for some time in the War for Southern Independence, -commanding officer at Charleston. New Orleans paid tribute to this -illustrious soldier long after Charleston had done so. Near the west -gate is the statue of William Pitt. - - -WILLIAM PITT STATUE, _in Washington Park_: "The gentleman (Benjamin -Franklin) tells us that America is obstinate, America is almost in open -rebellion. Sir, I rejoice that America has resisted! Three millions of -people so dead to all the feelings of liberty as voluntarily to submit -to be slaves would have been fit instruments to make slaves of all the -rest!" William Pitt was speaking in the House of Commons, London, -denouncing the iniquitous stamp tax. Charlestown heard of the Pitt -speech and Charlestown applauded. Charlestown ordered a statue of the -great statesman in recognition of his noble position. The statue was -received in Charlestown May 31, 1770, and was erected in the -intersection of Broad and Meeting Streets, the most prominent position -in the town at that time. During the Revolution a shell from a British -gun on James Island struck off the right arm, explaining its absence -into this day. Years afterward, interfering with traffic, it was removed -to the yard of the Charleston Orphan House and in 1881, through the -Carolina Art Association, placed where now it is in Washington Park. - - -LORD CAMPBELL'S HOUSE, _34 Meeting Street_: Last of the Royal Governors, -Lord William Campbell, precipitately left Charlestown September 16, -1775, taking refuge aboard H.M.S. _Tamar_. Lord Campbell by night went -through his garden to a boat in Vanderhorst Creek (Water Street -nowadays). He had come to Charlestown June 18, 1775, and was "received -civilly, but without enthusiasm." Fleeing, he carried with him the Great -Seal of the Province. South Carolina was on the way to independence. The -house was built about 1760 and was owned by Mrs. Blake, first cousin to -Sarah Izard who married Lord Campbell. She belonged to one of the -richest and most influential families in the Province. After the -Revolution, about 1795, Colonel Lewis Morris, a Revolutionary officer, -acquired the property. Colonel Francis Kinloch Huger, who had part in -the frustrated plot to liberate the Marquis de Lafayette from the -Austrian prison of Olmutz, was wounded on the steps of this house; a -section of the bull's-eye in the roof fell and fractured his skull. In -the earthquake of 1886, a young Englishman was killed on the steps; a -piece of the parapet fell on him. The house has been in the Huger family -for years. The handsome piazzas on the south side were built for the -late William E. Huger, whose son, Daniel Elliott Huger, is the present -owner. - - -WILLIAM BULL'S HOUSE, _35 Meeting Street_: Across Meeting Street from -the Charlestown home of Lord William Campbell was the home of the first -Lieutenant Governor of the Royal Province of South Carolina, William -Bull, who is said to have erected it; he died in 1755. It was his son, -William Bull, then also Lieutenant Governor who was occupying it at the -outbreak of the Revolution. The office of Lieutenant Governor was -devised to safeguard against an interregnum between the naming of -Governors by the King of England. - - -MILES BREWTON HOUSE, _27 King Street_: History, romance, legend and -tradition crowd upon this famous mansion, built by Miles Brewton about -1765. Brewton and his family perished at sea and the property descended -to his sister, the famous Mrs. Rebecca Motte (whose name is perpetuated -in the Rebecca Motte Chapter of the Daughters of the American -Revolution). This gallant and patriotic lady was living in the house -when the British took possession of Charleston. Sir Henry Clinton -commandeered it as his headquarters, and Lord Rawdon did the same thing. -Lord Cornwallis was quartered in the house. Again, when the Union forces -occupied Charleston in the War for Southern Independence, the general -commanding set up his headquarters here. Later the house was the -residence of the Pringle family, hence it is commonly known nowadays as -the Pringle House. The visitor should observe the picturesque old coach -house adjoining and to the north. The old garden is behind high brick -walls, so typical of the old Charlestown. Her home in possession of the -invading British, Rebecca Brewton Motte, widow of Jacob Motte, retired -with his family to her plantation house in Orangeburg County on the -Congaree River. The British, seizing the residence, built a parapet -around it. Francis Marion and Henry Lee laid siege to it. Apprised that -British reinforcements were approaching, the officers considered the -burning of the fine property, but hesitated. Mrs. Motte, however, -overcame their scruples. Bringing out an African bow and arrows for it, -she deliberately sent flaming arrows to the roof which caught afire, -causing the British garrison to surrender with alacrity. After -independence Mrs. Motte undertook rice planting on scale and built up a -considerable property. Her two eldest daughters, in succession, were -wives of the great Thomas Pinckney. - - [Illustration: _Cathedral of St. John the Baptist_] - - [Illustration: _Trinity Methodist Church_] - - -WILLIAM GIBBES HOUSE, _64 South Battery Street_: William Gibbes came to -Charlestown direct from England and was active in behalf of the colonies -until the actual break with the Crown, when he fled to Bermuda, thence -going back to England. The handsome house was built before 1776; the -exact date is obscured. Gibbes was with others interested in reclaiming -marshy areas in that section. Five years after his death the records -show that Mrs. Sarah Smithe purchased the property, the consideration -being twenty-five hundred pounds. An elegant ballroom occupies the width -of the upper story. Within brick walls on three sides was, and is, a -beautiful garden. For years the property belonged to the Drayton family -and some years after the War for Southern Independence it was occupied -by James Petigru Lesesne, son of the Chancellor Henry Deas Lesesne and a -great-grandson of the Huguenot pastor, Jean Louis Gibert who came from -the Channel Islands leading a French colony into upper South Carolina. -It passed into the ownership of Colonel J. B. E. Sloan and in late years -is the property of Mrs. Washington A. Roebling, widow of the builder of -the Brooklyn Bridge over the East River, New York. - - -WILLIAM BLACKLOCK HOUSE, _18 Bull Street_: This fine mansion, built -about 1800, is considered one of the best examples of its type of -architecture. It is a two-story brick dwelling, with a double set of -steps leading to an entrance platform. The carriage gates are gracefully -ornate. There is the peculiarity that the gates are of wood, rather than -of the wrought-iron pieces that would be expected. - - -THE WASHINGTON HOUSE, _87 Church Street_: President George Washington, -visiting Charleston in May, 1791, was "domiciled" in the residence of -Thomas Heyward, Jr., one of the four South Carolina Signers of the -_Declaration of Independence_. Edward Rutledge, also a Signer of the -_Declaration_, was of the company that greeted the soldier-statesman -across the Cooper River and escorted him to town. A complete equipment -was organized by the City of Charleston for the President's comfort. The -house has undergone changes. For some years a baker did business on the -ground floor. The property is now owned and maintained by the Society -for the Preservation of Old Dwellings. Down the street and on the -opposite side at No. 78, President Washington addressed citizens from -the balcony, which is a graceful reminder of the French influence in -Charleston. - - -MYTHICAL OLD SLAVE MARKET, _6 Chalmers Street_: Chalmers in this year is -fairly famous for two things: It is Charleston's surviving -"cobble-stone" street, the stones coming in ballast from European shores -in the old sailing days, and on it is a building that tourists are told -was the old Slave Market. The myth has been exploded repeatedly, but it -persists, and since there are no black slaves it probably doesn't -matter. Authorities are positive in saying that nowhere in Charleston -was there a constituted slave market for the public auctioning of blacks -from Africa. Several houses in this vicinity were used in olden times to -quarter slaves who were to be sold on the block. Authorities also agree, -propagandists to the contrary notwithstanding, that the black slaves in -the South were in better care than were the peasantry in any other part -of the world. - - -CHARLESTON LIBRARY, _164 King Street_: Organized in 1748 by seventeen -young gentlemen of Charlestown, third oldest in this country, the -Charleston Library Society, a private enterprise governed by a Board of -Trustees, moved into a new fireproof building in recent years. In 1835 -the society bought the building of the old South Carolina Bank, at the -northwest corner of Broad and Church Streets, using this until the -transfer to King Street. The society has more than 60,000 volumes. It -owns the only surviving file of the _South Carolina State Gazette_ and -one of three files of _The Courier_ (1803). Valuable books were lost in -the fire of 1778. In the War for Southern Independence most of the -volumes were taken to Columbia for safekeeping; those left in the -society's building were destroyed. In 1874 the old Apprentices' Society -was merged with the Charleston Library Society. In 1900, dissolving, the -South Carolina Jockey Club transferred its property to the library; the -club and the society were about of an age. Generous bequests have -greatly assisted the society. - - -CHARLESTON MUSEUM, _123 Rutledge Avenue_: This, the oldest Museum in the -country, is housed in the former Thomson Auditorium, built in 1899 for -conventions, with money bequeathed by John Thomson. The Charlestown -Museum was organized in 1773 and incorporated in 1915. Very fine -collections of natural history and of the history of human culture are -owned. Lately the Museum had the great good fortune to come into -possession of the priceless collection of birds preserved by the -distinguished South Carolina ornithologist, Arthur Trezevant Wayne. A -skeleton of a large whale which found its way into Charleston harbor and -was harpooned is one of the Museum's unique specimens, unique in that -the cetacean was caught in this harbor. - - -THE BATTERY, _White Point Gardens_: It is no use to call the Battery by -its proper name; even in Charleston, White Point Gardens is not -recognized as the Battery. Nonetheless the name of this famous and -beautiful park and promenade is White Point Gardens. Its sea walls are -laved on the south by the Ashley River and on the east by the Cooper -River; their confluence is at and off the southeast corner of the -Battery. This pleasure ground has been favorably compared with the -world's most famous plazas and promenades. It is a source of -never-ending delight to visitors. East, or High Battery begins at the -old Granville Bastion, now Omar Temple of the Mystic Shrine. It is a -great promenade, with a commanding view of the harbor seaward, with Fort -Sumter in the middle-ground. South Battery, proper, is between the East -Battery and the extension of King Street to the water. Somewhat more -than eight acres constitute South Battery, which, to the westward, -becomes the Murray Boulevard, lined, as East and South Battery are, with -fine residences. In its origin East Battery had a wall of palmetto logs -with a plank walk on top. It was swept away in the great gale of 1804. -William Crafts, Jr., originated the first stone wall, with rock ballast -from incoming ships as "riprap" to strengthen the wall. The work was -completed before 1820. In the War of 1812 guns were emplaced along East -Battery, thus, it is held, accounting for its name, The Battery. Fort -Broughton and Fort Mechanic have long since disappeared. Fort Street -became South Bay Street and later South Battery for its whole length -from East Battery through the Boulevard area to the junction with Tradd -Street a mile away. It was in 1830 that the first steps toward creating -a beautiful pleasure ground were taken. By 1852 White Point Gardens was -an accomplished fact. Fine oak and palmetto trees enhance the -attractiveness of the Battery. Years ago a bathhouse was removed. The -monument to the defenders of Fort Moultrie, commonly called the Sergeant -Jasper monument because of the figure of a soldier rescuing the flag, -was unveiled June 28 (Carolina Day), 1876, the hundredth anniversary of -the repulse of Sir Peter Parker's British fleet. The monument to William -Gilmore Simms, editor, author and historian, was erected in June, 1879. -At the foot of Meeting Street is a memorial fountain to the men of the -first submarine, Confederates. Facing Fort Sumter is a monument to the -defenders of Fort Sumter. On the Battery are relics of all the wars -Charleston has seen, the Spanish War being represented by the capstan of -the battleship _Maine_, destroyed in Havana harbor in 1898. To visit -Charleston and not to see the Battery is unthinkable. From time to time -concerts are given in the band stand. The late Andrew B. Murray -contributed generously to the improvement of the Battery and of the -driveway named in his honor. - - [Illustration: _Trumbull's Portrait of General George Washington, in - the City Hall_] - - -THE COLONIAL COMMON, _and Ashley River Embankment_: In Charleston -beautiful Colonial Lake is The Pond. It came into being in the 1880's -with the reclaiming of the area. The official designation is The -Colonial Common and Ashley River Embankment. About this salt-water pond -are garden areas, and west of it is the new Moultrie Playground which -greatly improves the appearance of the neighborhood. Some of -Charleston's most desirable residences face the pond. Off its northwest -corner is the Baker Sanatorium, one of the South's largest and most -completely equipped private hospitals, founded by Archibald E. Baker, -surgeon. Less than fifty years ago there was a causeway at the head of -Broad Street; nowadays the whole area is populated. Colonial Lake is -bounded by Broad Street, Rutledge Avenue, Beaufain Street, and Ashley -Avenue, paramount traffic arteries. Its water is from the Ashley River, -regulated by a flood-gate. - - -MEDICAL COLLEGE, _16 Lucas Street_: While the Medical College of the -State of South Carolina dates from 1823, it did not move to the present -site until 1913. For years before that it was in Queen Street. The -college maintains schools of medicine, pharmacy and nursing. _The News -and Courier_ is quoted: "The early faculty included men of national and -international reputation, who gave the college a prestige which placed -it at once amongst the foremost institutions of the kind, and among its -graduates were not a few whose fame added further luster to their alma -mater.... The sessions of the college were carried on without -intermission until the outbreak of the War Between the States when -lectures had to be discontinued. In 1865 the college was reopened, and -in spite of adverse conditions has been in successful operation ever -since." In the session of the Legislature in 1913 the college passed -under State control. - - -THE ROPER HOSPITAL, _15 Lucas Street_: On the site of the old City -Hospital is the Roper Hospital; riverward is its auxiliary pavilion, the -Riverside Infirmary, a high-class private hospital. The Roper is a -general hospital operated by the Medical Society of South Carolina, the -City of Charleston and the County of Charleston contributing to the care -of "free" patients. The institution includes a special building for -contagious diseases. The hospital owes its origin to the benevolence of -Colonel Thomas Roper. In 1849 the Medical Society proceeded to arrange -the building of a hospital, "prompted by the deficient and faulty -hospital accommodations of the city at that time." The City Council -appropriated $20,000 and a lot was acquired at Queen and Mazyck Streets. -Public spirited citizens swelled the building fund. The building was -completed in 1852. Before it was completely furnished and equipped, it -had to be opened because of the yellow fever epidemic that raged in -1852. In effect, the old Roper Hospital was leased to the City of -Charleston, the arrangement between the Board of Trustees and the City -Council beginning in 1856 and terminating in 1865. With the evacuation -of Charleston by the Confederates, the Union invaders took it over; its -trustees were impotent. Next to the Roper, the city improvised and -operated its own hospital, and the Roper trustees closed their -institution in 1871. The city hospital was virtually destroyed in the -earthquake of 1886. The City Council had it transferred to Lucas Street. -On this site the present Roper building was erected. It has been greatly -enlarged in the last twenty years. Nurses' homes are on the property, -the student nurses being enrolled at the Medical College. - - -ASHLEY HALL, _172 Rutledge Avenue_: Originally one of the historic -mansions of Charleston, Ashley Hall, a preparatory school for young -ladies, draws its students from many states. In the language of Miss -Mary Vardrine McBee, founder and principal: "It is but a little while -since Ashley Hall was a venturous experiment. Begun in the conviction -that South Carolina and her sister States were ready to welcome a school -for girls of high intellectual standing, while cherishing still those -amenities of feminine culture which give Southern life its distinctive -charm, Ashley Hall was welcomed in its very inception. It had hardly -been opened before the necessity of enlargement, alike of building and -staff, became apparent." The grounds about this fine mansion are among -the most beautiful in the South. Annually a Shakespearean play is -performed in the garden, the students portraying the rôles. - - -PRINCESS LOUISE, _Site of the Landing Stage_: Princess Louise, daughter -of Queen Victoria, was in Charleston January 19-24, 1883, first member -of the English Royal family to come to the capital of the former Royal -Province. She was accompanied by her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, then -Governor General of Canada, later the Duke of Argyle. In residence at -the Charleston Hotel she received "pleasantly a number of our citizens, -both ladies and gentlemen." For her convenience a landing stage was -provided at the foot of King Street, on the Battery (the Fort Sumter -Hotel is on this site). As the Princess was about to embark on H.M.S. -_Dido_, the Battery was "densely crowded with people, including a number -of ladies." The German Artillery fired a salute and the _Dido_ answered. -"The pure splendor of the Japonicas," said _The News and Courier_, -"reminded the Princess of the old home at Osborne, where so much of her -young life was spent." - - [Illustration: _City Hall_] - - [Illustration: _College of Charleston_] - - [Illustration: _The Old Exchange_] - - -H. A. MIDDLETON'S HOUSE, _68 South Battery Street_: Henry Augustus -Middleton, of the illustrious Middleton family, died in Charleston in -March, 1887, in his ninety-fifth year. He was at the time of his death, -_The News and Courier_ said, "the oldest living representative of a -family which for more than two centuries has been closely and -prominently identified with the history of South Carolina.... He was a -school boy when Marengo was being fought and was a young man whose -education was finished when the great Napoleon closed his career at -Waterloo." The same newspaper further said that Mr. Middleton "was a -conspicuous representative of a society and class which are fast passing -into tradition." He was owner and operator of many great plantations, -and before the War for Southern Independence among the leading owners of -slaves. He married Harriott, daughter of Cleland Kinloch, of Wee Haw, in -Georgetown County. The fine old property is now owned by Dr. W. J. -Pettus. Through Mr. Middleton's life and for twenty-five years -thereafter the sea wall on the west side of the yard was washed by the -Ashley River at high tide. The marsh expanse to the west is in the -Boulevard area. - - -ST. FRANCIS XAVIER INFIRMARY, _264 Calhoun Street_: The principal -building of the St. Francis Xavier Infirmary was built in the bishopric -of the Right Reverend William Thomas Russell, of the Roman Catholic -Diocese of Charleston, but the wing on Ashley Avenue is much older. -Sisters of Mercy have supervision over the Xavier in all its -departments, including the school for nurses. The hospital enjoys high -rating by the national hospital authorities. The building is commodious, -convenient and fireproof. - - -LIBERTY TREE SITE, _22 North Alexander Street_: The Liberty Tree in old -Mazyckboro under which Christopher Gadsden, William Johnson and others -impatient with English treatment of the colonies met and debated has -gone, but a tablet marks the site. The inscription reads: "Near this -spot once stood the Liberty Tree where Colonial independence was first -advocated by Christopher Gadsden, A.D. 1766, and where ten years later -the _Declaration of Independence_ was first heard and applauded by South -Carolinians." This tablet was erected by the Sons of the Revolution in -1905. It was under the tree in a pasture that patriots nurtured high -treason against the English Crown. - - -WILLIAM WASHINGTON HOUSE, _8 South Battery Street_: Here lived Colonel -William Washington, a Virginian, who achieved distinction in the -Revolution, mainly in South Carolina. The fine old house was built by -Thomas Savage about 1769 and was purchased by Colonel Washington after -independence had been recognized. His fiancée, member of a proud South -Carolina family, presented him with a flag when she learned he had none. -It was a piece taken from a handsome drapery of red silk and became -known as the Eutaw flag, for the Battle of Eutaw Springs. In 1827 Mrs. -Washington, his widow, gave this battle-stained banner to the Washington -Light Infantry which now owns it. Latterly the property has been owned -by Julian Mitchell, outstanding lawyer, president of the South Carolina -National Bank. - - -HAMPTON PARK, _Head of Cleveland Street_: Notwithstanding its -comparative youth Hampton Park, named for General Wade Hampton, is a -distinguished pleasure ground, its gardens developed to a high state of -loveliness. Some time after the South Carolina, Inter-State and West -Indian Exposition (1901-02) the city took over the property and -developed it into a modern park. Its sunken garden, with ducks and geese -and swans playing in the water, is appealing, and about it on all sides -are flower beds, profusely beautiful in their seasons. Large canebreaks -are growing near the sunken garden. An attractive driveway goes about -the property, but vehicles are not permitted within the garden area. A -section of the tract, bordering the Ashley River, was ceded to The -Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina, after the World War. A -stroll through Hampton Park's flowers in spring and summer is thoroughly -worth while. Features include a zoo and an aviary. - - -COUNTY COURT HOUSE, _Broad and Meeting Streets_: In years when -Charleston was Charles Town, when Indians were roaming these coastal -woods, the State House stood at the northwest corner of Broad and -Meeting Streets. It was burned in 1788, after Columbia, on the Congaree, -had become the capital of the State. Not long after the fire the county -built its court house here. The building was renovated and enlarged -several years ago, the court room being in the annex. Records running -back to the Proprietary era are in the offices of the Clerk of Court. A -legend persists that the Court House is the old State House, but it is a -mistaken legend, for it was burned in 1788. From its entrance Governor -John Rutledge first read the _Declaration of Independence_. - - -UNITED STATES POST OFFICE, _Broad and Meeting Streets_: Since 1896 the -United States post office has been in the granite building at the -southwest corner of Broad and Meeting Streets, on the site of the old -(police) Guard House which suffered heavy damage in the earthquake of -1886. Southward of the building is an attractive park which is not open -to the public. The United States court and its officials and attachés -have quarters in the building. Previously the post office was in the old -Exchange, at the foot of Broad Street. On the four corners of Broad and -Meeting Streets are: Southwest, post office; southeast, St. Michael's -Episcopal Church, on the site of the first English church; northeast, -City Hall, the building erected for the United States Bank; on the site -of an early market place; northwest, County Court House, on the site of -the old State House. (Consult the Index.) - - -UNITED STATES CUSTOMS HOUSE, _East Bay Street, at Market_: Work on this, -one of the handsomest government buildings, was begun in 1850 and was -proceeding when the War for Southern Independence interrupted. After -Appomattox it was completed, but it is much smaller than the original -plans prescribed, explaining the fine esplanade effect in front. It is a -Roman-Corinthian building of white marble, and its steps, both front and -back, have elicited warm admiration from appreciative visitors. Piles, -grillage and concrete were used in the foundations. The building houses -the customs service, the army engineer offices, the weather bureau, the -public health surgeon, the immigration service, the internal revenue -offices and the bureau of steamboat inspection. In the basement from -time to time are stored quantities of "contraband" confiscated by the -Coast Guard and other federal prohibition agents. Prior to 1850 the old -Fitzsimmons wharf was on the site of the Customs House quay. - - [Illustration: _Middleton Place - Surviving Wing Tudor House_] - - [Illustration: _Middleton Place - Lovely Vista in the Gardens_] - - -SOUTH CAROLINA HALL, _72 Meeting Street_: This is the property of the -South Carolina Society, built in 1804 as a free school and meeting -place, but the society dates to 1736 when it was formed by French -Protestants for charitable purposes. In the beginning it was known as -the Two-Bit Club. Through years it has done noble work in assisting the -families of deceased members and in educating their children. The porch -over Meeting Street is notably attractive; it was added when the -building was improved and enlarged. Members have made liberal donations -to this society, as mural tablets in the hall attest. The St. Andrew's -Society, organized by Scots in 1729, is quartered in this building, -accounting for the presence of tables and chairs used in the Secession -convention in St. Andrew's Hall, Broad Street, burned in the fire of -1861. - - -THE SWORD GATES, _32 Legare Street_: Years and years ago, a famous -school for girls was on this property under the principalship of Madame -Talvande, survivor of the Domingo massacres. It is one of the most -desirable residential properties in Charleston. It was built in 1776. -Through the Sword Gates (1815-20), uncommonly fine examples of ornate -and graceful iron work, one peeps into a beckoning garden, protected by -high brick walls. The ballroom in the house is known as one of the most -elegant in Charleston. There are really two houses, the older, of brick, -on the north; the wooden building has broad piazzas on two sides, -overlooking the large garden to the south and west. For years, after the -Confederate War, Colonel Charles H. Simonton, United States Circuit -Judge, distinguished Confederate officer, and his family lived here. Now -it is the property of a granddaughter of President Abraham Lincoln, who -owns also the old Magwood Gardens in St. Andrew's Parish on the Ashley -River Road. Kinspeople of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln have long been resident -in the Barnwell section of this State. - - -BETH ELOHIM SYNAGOGUE, _74 Hasell Street_: Charleston has had a Jewish -congregation since 1750. The tabernacle of Beth Elohim was dedicated in -March, 1843, and was among the first synagogues in which an organ was -installed. To this congregation is attributed the Jewish Reform movement -in the United States, which had its beginning in 1824. The Beth Elohim -congregation had a tabernacle on this site just after the Revolution; it -was destroyed in the fire of 1838. The incorporation of the congregation -dates to 1781. The present tabernacle is a fine example of the Athenian -style in architecture. Certain changes in the interior were made about -1880. - - -YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, _26 George Street_: While this -handsome and commodious building was completed in 1912, the association -in Charleston was organized in 1854 and is one of the oldest. Its -beginning was less than ten years after the Young Men's Christian -Association was founded in London, England, June 6, 1844; the Charleston -date was February, 1854. The Charleston association moved into its own -building at 208 King Street in 1889 and there remained until it occupied -the present building at 26 George Street. Clarence Olney Getty has been -general secretary since 1917. - - -YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, _76 Society Street_: This -Charleston branch of a great association had its beginning in 1903. Its -first quarters were in an old residence at 21 George Street, the modern -building coming with the growth of membership and the increase of -community calls. - - -GRACE CHURCH, _100 Wentworth Street_: Its congregation founded in 1840, -its corner stone laid in July, 1847, Grace Episcopal Church was -consecrated November 9, 1848. The Reverend Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, -D.D., was its rector from 1850 to his death in 1898, nearly a half -century. The Reverend William Way, D.D., has been rector more than a -quarter of a century. Grace has one of the largest and most prosperous -Episcopalian congregations in the South. - - -ST. PAUL'S CHURCH, _126 Coming Street_: This is frequently called St. -Paul's, Radcliffeboro, as its site was outside the town when the edifice -was consecrated in March, 1816; the congregation was founded in 1811. -Its first rector was the Reverend Dr. Percy, an Englishman, who in 1772 -took charge of the Bethesda school near Savannah, established by George -Whitefield. St. Paul's is a handsome building with Gothic tower and an -impressive portico, with four Doric columns. - - -ST. PETER'S P.E. CHURCH, _Rutledge and Sumter Streets_: On this site of -Christ Church is St. Peter's, so named from the old church at No. 8 -Logan Street. Through arrangement of the two vestries, the new St. -Peter's came into the old St. Peter's properties. The Logan Street -church was burned in the fire of 1861. Its graveyard is maintained. -Possibly it was on this site that Hessian soldiers were drilled during -the Revolution, as Charles Fraser says they went through their military -exercises in Logan Street. - - -CONVENT OF OUR LADY OF MERCY, _Legare and Queen Streets_: This large -brick building is of quite recent construction, but the Sisters of Mercy -have been in Charleston more than a hundred years. Misses Mary Joseph -and Honora O'Gorman, their niece, Mary Teresa Barry, fourteen years and -six months old, and Miss Mary Burke arrived in Charleston November 23, -1829, coming on the invitation of Bishop John M. England. The Misses -O'Gorman were natives of Cork, living in Baltimore, Maryland. December -10 they accepted the habit of religion, with Sister Mary Joseph as -superioress of the new Community. In a small house on Friend (now -Legare) Street the Sisters established the Academy of Our Lady of Mercy -in December, 1830. Two years later the Bishop established a seminary and -appointed Sister Mary Martha (Miss Honora O'Gorman) to its supervision. -The Orphanage, Queen and Logan Streets, was established in 1840, under -the care of the Sisters. The St. Francis Xavier Infirmary, Ashley Avenue -and Calhoun Street, dates to 1882; it began in the McHugh residence, -Magazine Street. In 1870 the Sisters acquired the old Nathaniel Russell -house, 51 Meeting Street, relinquishing it on the completion of the new -Convent. From the Charleston Community of Sisters of Mercy have gone -other communities into both Carolinas and Georgia. Nor yellow fever nor -war nor earthquake has swerved these consecrated women. They were angels -of mercy in the yellow fever epidemics of 1835 and 1852. They nursed -friend and foe alike in the War for Southern Independence. -Notwithstanding the alarm and excitement in the time of the earthquake -(1886) they ministered calmly, sweetly, efficiently to the sick and the -injured. - - [Illustration: _Miles Brewton House, 27 King Street_] - - [Illustration: _"Sword Gates," 32 Legare Street_] - - [Illustration: _Gateway, Home of Herbert Ravenel Sass, Author, 23 - Legare Street_] - - -BISHOP ENGLAND HIGH SCHOOL, _203 Calhoun Street_: Long have the -Catholics of Charleston had their parochial schools and the Academy of -Our Lady of Mercy for girls. In 1914, in the pro-Cathedral, next to the -Convent, Bishop Northrop established the Bishop England High School. -Outgrowing these accommodations, it was transferred to the former home -of the Cenacle Nuns in Calhoun Street, and on this site later the -present large building was erected. Under the principalship of the -Reverend Joseph L. O'Brien, the school has acquired a shining progress. - - -BIRTHPLACE OF MASONRY, _Broad and Church Streets_: Charleston has the -oldest lodge of Ancient Free Masons in this country. Chartered by the -Grand Lodge in England in 1735, Solomon's Lodge, No. 1, was organized in -October, 1736. Its communications were held above the old Shepheard's -Tavern, northeast corner of Broad and Church Streets, now the home of -the Citizens and Southern Bank, successor to the Germania Savings Bank. -The site is of interest also in that here was instituted the mother -council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Free Masonry in -May, 1801, the significance of which is recognized by the Supreme -Council of the Scottish Rite, its headquarters in Washington. - - -THE IZARD HOUSES, _110-114 Broad Street_: Some time before 1757 the -Izard House in Charlestown was built. It remained in the Izard family a -hundred years and since then has been in the possession of the family of -Judge Mitchell King. Next door to the west, Ralph Izard, in 1827, began -the erection of a house for his daughter, who sold it in 1829 to her -brother-in-law, Colonel Thomas Pinckney. It was later acquired for the -Bishop of Charleston. The Most Reverend Emmet Walsh, sixth Bishop of -Charleston, has residence here. It is but three doors from the Cathedral -of St. John the Baptist. - - -JOHN RUTLEDGE'S HOUSE, _116 Broad Street_: The war in which the Cherokee -Indians were humbled had not been decided when this house was built in -Charlestown. It became the home of John Rutledge, known as the Dictator, -second Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. -President of the independent Republic of South Carolina as the -Revolution was breaking, he was clothed by the Assembly in 1780-82 with -dictatorial powers; he was then Governor. The house, built in 1760, was -the residence of Robert Goodwyn Rhett, former Mayor of Charleston, -former president of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, -chairman of the board of the People's State Bank of South Carolina. As -guest of the Rhetts President William Howard Taft was entertained in -this house. - - -CYPRESS GARDENS, _On the Coastal Highway_: Twenty-three miles north of -Charleston, on the Coastal Highway (United States No. 52) Benjamin R. -Kittredge has developed the Cypress Gardens. A cypress swamp, dark, -mysterious, witching, has been shaped into an attraction of great power. -To enjoy the Cypress Gardens to the full the visitor should use a boat. -In their seasons the azaleas on this property are gorgeous, and in late -spring the show of lotus is exquisite. Mr. Kittredge more than twenty -years ago acquired the Dean Hall property, an old-time plantation on the -Cooper River, from James Petigru Carson, grandson of the eminent lawyer -and Unionist, James Louis Petigru. - - -CHARLESTON ORPHAN HOUSE, _160 Calhoun Street_: When the City of -Charleston was incorporated in 1783, it was provided that poor orphan -children should be cared for by the town. At first boys and girls were -boarded in private homes and educated at Charleston's expense. In -November, 1792, the corner stone of the orphanage on the present site -was laid, and in October, 1794, it was occupied. At that time the roll -of orphans numbered more than a hundred. In 1855, the building was -greatly improved and enlarged. In the belfry is one of Charleston's -fire-alarm bells and above the belfry the figure of Charity. Clergymen -of Charleston take turns in officiating in the orphans' chapel, on the -Vanderhorst Street side. Distinguished visitors to Charleston have -inspected the Orphan House, among them Grover Cleveland when he was -here, with Mrs. Cleveland, in 1888. The Charleston Orphan House is one -of the oldest in the country. Generous gifts and legacies have greatly -assisted the Board of Commissioners, the chairman of whom at this time -is the Honorable John F. Ohlandt. - - -FIRST WHITE CHILD, _Born at East Bay and Tradd_: The site of the Tradd -home is at the northwest corner of East Bay and Tradd Streets. Here was -born the first white child of the colony, a boy, Robert Tradd. The Tradd -family has perished in Charleston. It is perpetuated in the street so -named. - - -JOHN EDWARDS' HOUSE, _15 Meeting Street_: John Edwards came from England -and prospered as a merchant in Charlestown. In 1770 he built the fine -mansion at what is now 15 Meeting Street. Edwards cast his lot with the -patriots and contributed of his fortune to the cause of independence. "I -would rather lose my all, than retain it subject to British authority," -he is reported to have said. During the British occupation in the -Revolution, this house was quarters for Admiral Arbuthnot (Sir Henry -Clinton was in the Miles Brewton house, 27 King Street). When in 1793 -the French fled from San Domingo, the illustrious Compte de Grasse was -entertained in this house. (Members of his family are interred in old -St. Mary's Churchyard, Charleston). The Edwards home is the property of -the family of George W. Williams, banker. - - -GIBBES ART GALLERY, _131 Meeting Street_: "For the erection or purchase -of a suitable building to be used as a hall or halls for the exhibition -of painting and for necessary rooms for students in the fine arts," -James S. Gibbes bequeathed about $125,000. The memorial building was -erected on the site of the old Grand Opera House, opposite the site of -the South Carolina Institute Hall in which the _Ordinance of Secession_ -was signed December 20, 1860. It is under supervision of the Mayor and -the Carolina Art Association, chartered in December, 1858. - - [Illustration: _Lord William Campbell House, 34 Meeting Street_] - - [Illustration: _William Washington House, 8 South Battery_] - - -HIBERNIAN HALL, _105 Meeting Street_: Says the bronze tablet at the -gateway: "Founded March 17, 1801. Met in Corbett's Tavern until -construction of this hall. Dedicated 1841. Long a center of civic life -in disasters as in prosperity. Its presidents alternate Catholic and -Protestant. Hibernian Society." Prominent among its founders was Judge -Aedanus Burke, of whom many merry stories survive. Through many years -the St. Cecilia Society gave its balls in this hall. At the St. -Patrick's Day banquets of the Hibernian Society men of lustrous national -and international reputation have spoken. - - -THE ENSTON HOME, _720 King Street_: "To make old age comfortable," -William Enston, native of Canterbury, England, left his estate, after -life tenures, for an institution for old and infirm persons. In 1882, in -the life-time of the widow, arrangements for constructing the Enston -Home were begun and in February, 1899, the memorial hall, a chapel and -meeting place was formally dedicated. Cottages occupy about a half of -the property. The Board of Trustees is watchful of the conditions -warranting further growth. The Enston Home is an exemplary practical -charity. - - -BETHEL METHODIST CHURCH, _Calhoun and Pitt Streets_: Elsewhere is -reference made to the visits of John and Charles Wesley to Charleston in -1736 and 1737. John Wesley preached in St. Philip's Episcopal Church in -1737. It was in 1785 that Bishop Asbury and his associates came to -Charleston. Bethel, one of the strongholds of Methodism in South -Carolina, dates to 1850. The church building was dedicated in 1853. It -stands on the site where Wesley once preached and the pulpit from which -he preached is still in use. The Sunday school building was erected in -1912. The earlier Bethel, known as Old Bethel, moved from the site, is -used by a negro congregation at 222 Calhoun Street. - - -ST. LUKE'S CHURCH, _20 Elizabeth Street_: For the convenience of -Episcopalians in the northeastern section of Charleston, St. Luke's -Church was founded in December, 1857. The corner stone of the present -building was laid in 1859 and the church, though partly completed, used -in February, 1862. During the War for Southern Independence Union -soldiers sacked the building and a negro female school was held in it. -In the fall of 1865 it was repossessed by the vestry. In 1880 the -congregation of St. Stephen's chapel, Anson Street, united with St. -Luke's. For a time after 1900 the church was closed, but reopened by a -section of the congregation of St. Paul's. - - -YEAMANS HALL, _Club on Goose Creek_: On property taking its name from -Sir John Yeamans, second Governor at Charles Town, is the Yeamans Hall -Club, an exclusive organization, the members of which are mainly from -the East. A number of the members have their own cottages on the -property. Most of them are interested in hunting preserves in coastal -South Carolina. The club property is not open to the public. It is on -Goose Creek, some distance above its mouth. The late Walter Camp, in a -letter said: "The combination of golf and other sports, with fishing, -hunting and the close proximity of a large town for supplies renders the -situation particularly attractive." Golfers of wide experience have -pronounced the links at Yeamans Hall among the very best. It is -appropriate as Charleston boasted a golf club late in the eighteenth -century, on the Harleston Green. - - -UNITED STATES NAVY YARD, _on the Cooper River_: The development of this -naval base and station grew out of a recommendation by a special board -in 1901. Of particular interest to the visitor is the old frigate -_Hartford_, flagship of Commodore Farragut in the Battle of Mobile -Bay--"Damn the torpedoes; go ahead." For some years the cruiser -_Olympia_, flagship of Commodore Dewey in the Battle of Manila Bay, was -a receiving ship at the Charleston yard, but it was recommissioned in -the World War. The destroyer _Tillman_, the gunboat _Asheville_ and -other naval craft have been built at this yard, which is equipped with a -dry dock large enough to accommodate modern battleships, and with marine -railways of considerable capacity. One of the navy's most powerful -radio-telegraph stations is at the yard. Charleston's is the only navy -yard on the Atlantic Coast south of Norfolk, of peculiar strategic value -in relation to the Panama Canal. During the World War thousands of -bluejackets were trained here, and the navy maintained a clothing -factory with two thousand operatives. - - -CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, _Broad and Church Streets_: Having begun in 1773 -the Charleston Chamber of Commerce is the oldest in the United States. -With the removal of the Charleston Library to its building in King -Street, the Chamber of Commerce acquired the building, formerly the home -of the old South Carolina Bank. - - -THE COUNTRY CLUB, _on James Island_: On picturesque property on James -Island, on one side washed by Wappoo Creek, the Charleston Country Club -has a handsome and comfortable house and an excellent golf course. The -club had its beginning in the Belvedere property on the Cooper River, -northward of Magnolia Cemetery. Charleston, according to advertisements -in the _Charleston City Gazette_ in the late 1790's, had the country's -first golf club. The Country Club is accessible by yacht as well as by -motor, as it is on the inland waterway. A mile from this club are the -municipal links, near the Stono River bridge, open to the public. - - -CHARLESTON'S BANKS: Oldest banking house in the South, dating to 1834, -the main office of the South Carolina National Bank is at the northeast -corner of Broad and State Streets. The old Bank of Charleston was the -parent of the banking system with offices in Columbia, Greenville, -Sumter and other South Carolina towns. - -The Carolina Savings Bank's main offices are at the southwest corner of -Broad and East Bay Streets. - -The Citizens and Southern Bank of South Carolina is in a new home at the -northeast corner of Broad and Church Streets, site of the first Masonic -lodge in this country. - -The Miners and Merchants' Bank is at 23 Broad Street. - -Branch Offices of the banks are at convenient places in King Street, the -principal retail area. - - -THE FIRE OF 1861: This conflagration is given prominence because of the -great number of important buildings that were destroyed. The Charleston -City Year Book of 1880 says that this fire began in a large sash and -blind factory near the foot of Hasell Street on the night of Wednesday, -December 11, 1861. A gale blowing from the north-northeast the flames -swept through the town to the then west end of Tradd Street, laying -waste an area of 540 acres and inflicting property damage of about seven -millions of dollars. The fire was not due to the war. Among the -buildings burned were the Cumberland Methodist Church, the Circular -Church, the building of the South Carolina Institute, the Charleston -Theater, the building of the St. Andrew's Society, the Catholic -Cathedral of St. Finbar and St. John, St. Peter's Episcopal Church, the -Quaker Meeting House. - - -CHARLESTON'S BEACHES: Charleston is fortunate in possession of resort -beaches which are easily accessible. Sullivan's Island, on which is old -Fort Moultrie, has been a popular summering place for many many years. -Beyond it is the Isle of Palms, with its nine-mile strand. A notable -pavilion has been a feature since 1899. Both of these islands are -reached by way of the Cooper River Bridge and the bridge over Cove -Inlet, between Mount Pleasant and Sullivan's Island. The latter and the -Isle of Palms are separated by Breach Inlet, over which is a modern -bridge. By way of the Ashley River Bridge, thence through James Island, -is the route to Folly Beach, with its seven-mile strand. An -entertainment pier was built in time for the season of 1931; this is -over the water at high tide. To the east of Folly Beach is Morris Island -where stands the Charleston Light, the first and only Colonial light -south of the Delaware capes. To the west is the desirable Island of -Kiawah, property of the late Major Arnoldus Vanderhorst. - - -PETIGRU'S GRAVE, _in St. Michael's Yard_: When Woodrow Wilson was -attending the peace conference at Paris, a message came to Charleston -that the president wished the inscription from the grave of James Louis -Petigru in St. Michael's Churchyard. It was furnished at once by Joseph -M. Poulnot, then postmaster at Charleston. Mr. Petigru was an eminent -South Carolinian. Notwithstanding that he opposed Nullification and -Secession he held the high opinion of the community, and commanded its -respect. Mr. Petigru, through his mother, was a grandson of the French -Protestant Pastor Jean Louis Gibert, who led French settlers to the -Abbeville section in the late 1760's. The inscription on his tomb which -is widely quoted says in part: - - Future Times will hardly know - How great a Life - This simple stone commemorates; - The tradition of his Eloquence, - His Wisdom, and his Wit may fade: - But he lived for Ends more durable than Fame. - His learning illuminated the principles of Law: - His Eloquence was the Protection of the Poor and Wronged. - In the Admiration of his Peers: - In the Respect of his People: - In the Affection of his Family, - His was the highest Place: - The just Mead - of his Kindness and Forbearance, - His Dignity and his Simplicity, - His brilliant Genius and his unwearied Industry. - Unawed by Opinion, - Unseduced by Flattery: - Undismayed by Disaster, - He confronted Life with antique Courage: - And Death with Christian Hope: - In the great Civil War - He withstood his People for his Country: - But his People did Homage to the Man - Who held his Conscience higher than their Praise: - And his Country - Heaped her Honours upon the Grave of the Patriot, - To whom, living, - His own righteous self-Respect sufficed - Alike for Motive and Reward. - -Mr. Petigru's funeral took place March 10, 1863. To a Unionist who went -with his people into Secession, highest honors were paid even while the -forces of the United States were battering away at Charleston! - - -A HOUSE OF TRAGEDIES, _the Hanging of Lavinia Fisher_: In 1820 -lawlessness on the "Neck" northward of Charleston was regnant. "Gangs of -white desperadoes occupied certain houses and infested the roads leading -to the city. To such an extent did these outlaws carry their excesses -that wagoners and others coming to the City were under the necessity of -carrying rifles in their hands for their defense. Travelers passed these -houses with fear and trembling. More dreaded than others of these haunts -was that known as the Six-Mile (?) house, occupied by John Fisher and -Lavinia, his wife," says King's _Newspaper Press of Charleston_. Fisher -and his wife were taken into custody and high crimes and misdemeanors -charged against them. In the cellar of their roadhouse were found the -bones of guests they had murdered. Their motive was robbery. Their house -was on the Meeting Street Road, a section of the Old State Road, -Charleston to Columbia. The Fishers were tried and convicted in -Charleston. According to King they were hanged February 18, 1820, "at 2 -o'clock, just within the lines, on a hill east of the Meeting Street -Road, about eight hundred yards north of the street known as Line Street -continued." Mrs. Fisher was unnerved and "called upon the immense throng -assembled to rescue her and implored pity with outstretched and -trembling hands." King is mistaken about the Six-Mile house, as -authorities say that it was the Four-Mile house, the site of which is -readily located; it is four miles from the Charleston Court House on the -Meeting Street Road, about a mile north of Magnolia Crossing, and -visible from the King Street Extension which is the Charleston approach -by the Coastal Highway, United States 52. - - [Illustration: _Monument to Defenders of Fort Moultrie on The - Battery_] - - [Illustration: _Colonial Powder Magazine, 23 Cumberland Street_] - - -WESTMINSTER CHURCH, _Rutledge Avenue and Maverick Street_: This -Presbyterian congregation sold its building at 273-75 Meeting Street to -the Trinity Methodist Episcopal congregation and erected a new church -about two miles from the other site. The congregation derives from St. -Andrew's, or the Third Presbyterian, Church in Archdale Street, built in -1814. It was due to a separation from the First (Scotch) Presbyterian -Church. The Reverend Dr. Buchan was the first pastor. About 1850 this -church was razed, the congregation building anew on the west side of -Meeting Street; the new church was called the Central and for more than -twenty years was under the pastoral charge of the Reverend W. C. Dana. -With it merged the Glebe Street Presbyterian Church of which the eminent -Reverend Dr. J. L. Girardeau was pastor. The Central Church became -Westminster. The old yard in Archdale Street is not now used for -burials. - - -OLD THEATER SITE, _Joseph Jefferson, Manager_: In 1793 the Charleston -Theater was built in a corner of Savage's Green and about the same time -New Street was built. Years afterward Joseph Jefferson, famous and -beloved American comedian, managed a theater in Charleston. He told the -writer that it was at New and Broad Streets, but authorities say that -Mr. Jefferson was mistaken; that he meant another old theater at Friend -(Legare) and Broad Streets. The late Reverend Dr. Robert Wilson told the -writer that this was another mistake, as Mr. Jefferson managed Placides -Theater in Queen Street! Mr. Jefferson's mother was born in Charleston. - - -SUGAR FACTORY SITE, _Later a Home of Correction_: According to _The -Courier_ (May 16, 1868) at the west end of Broad Street was Savage's -Green on which, before the Revolution was built a manufactory for loaf -sugar. For this reason it was known as the Sugar House. It became a Work -House or House of Correction. "The lot, together with the building," -says _The Courier_, "was afterwards owned by Dr. Le Seignieur, who, in -1807, contemplated the establishment of a cotton manufactory. The plan -was abandoned in consequence of the machinery having been lost on its -passage from Europe." - - -SECOND (FLINN'S) CHURCH, _Meeting and Charlotte Streets_: Presbyterians -in Charleston growing in number it was decided that another church was -necessary and thus the Second Church was organized in 1811. Its site is -the highest place within the City of Charleston, about fifteen feet -above mean low water. The tower behind the portico was intended to be -surmounted by a steeple, but this addition has yet to be erected. From -its first pastor, the church is often alluded to as Flinn's. - - -ST. MATTHEW'S CHURCH, _403 King Street_: At Christmas, 1867, the corner -stone for St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church was laid. The -church building was dedicated in March, 1872. The tallest spire in -Charleston surmounts the church. An impressive representation of the -Crucifixion is in a stained glass window. - - -CITADEL SQUARE CHURCH, _328 Meeting Street_: Offspring of the old First -Baptist Church in lower Church Street, the Citadel Square was founded in -1854 and the building dedicated in November, 1856. Members of the -Wentworth Street Baptist Church joined with the Citadel Square. In the -cyclone of 1885 the steeple fell in such manner as to carry away the -front walls of the residence at the northeast corner of Meeting and -Henrietta Streets. Several years ago the church building was renovated, -the already large auditorium made larger. The Citadel Square, deriving -its name from the nickname of the Marion Square which it faces, has one -of the largest Baptist congregations in the South. - - -CHURCH OF THE HOLY COMMUNION, _Cannon Street and Ashley Avenue_: From -this church went its rector, the Reverend H. J. Mikell to become -Episcopal Bishop of Atlanta. The late Anthony Toomer Porter, D.D., was -its rector for years and this gave the name of Holy Communion Church -Institute to what is now the Porter Military Academy. St. Timothy's -Chapel at Porter is more or less attached to the Holy Communion. - - -ST. ANDREWS LUTHERAN, _37 Wentworth Street_: This church building was -severely damaged by Union shells in the War for Southern Independence. -It was then a Methodist property. After Appomattox this congregation -joined with a Morris Street Lutheran congregation under the pastorate of -the Reverend Dr. W. S. Bowman. It has had a succession of able, eloquent -Lutheran ministers, including the Reverend James A. B. Scherer and the -Reverend M. G. G. Scherer. - - -ST. JOHANNES CHURCH, _48 Harrell Street_: This building was first used -by the St. Matthew's congregation which later built on King Street -opposite Marion Square. As St. Johannes, it was organized in 1878, -though the earlier Lutheran congregation was there in 1841. - - -SHAW MEMORIAL SCHOOL, _22 Mary Street_: Charleston's tolerance as a -community may be illustrated in the Shaw school for negroes. Since 1874 -this institution has been in the Charleston city school system. It is a -memorial to Colonel Robert G. Shaw, Union officer, who fell at the head -of his regiment of negro troops in the assault on Battery Wagner, Morris -Island, in the War for Southern Independence. His family provided the -"spacious school house" for negroes, the land having been bought in -1868. The Shaw Monument Fund was supported entirely from the North until -1874. - - [Illustration: _Strawberry, Chapel of Ease to Biggin_] - - [Illustration: _St. James Church, Goose Creek_] - - -POINSETTIA PULCHERRIMA, _Named for Joel Roberts Poinsett_: The -Poinsettia is commonly known as Charleston's flower. It was brought from -Mexico by Joel Roberts Poinsett, about 1828. "There is some difference -of opinion," says Dr. Gabriel Manigault, "as to whether Mr. Poinsett -discovered it himself or simply introduced it to this country." After -his retirement from a busy and distinguished public service, Mr. -Poinsett's home "had always been in the City of Charleston." His -residence was "situated upon what is now Rutledge Avenue, on the east -side, a few squares above Calhoun Street. The house ... was recessed -some distance from the street, and stood in the midst of a grove of live -oaks; it was generally known as Poinsett's Grove." Mr. Poinsett was -representative in congress, minister to Mexico in an eventful period, -Secretary of War under President Van Buren, a rice planter who -contributed much to the improvement of the grain. - - -CHARLESTON'S HOTELS: The Francis Marion, at King and Calhoun Streets, in -the heart of the retail shopping district, facing Marion Square, was -opened in the spring of 1924. Its building was a community enterprise. - -The Fort Sumter, facing the Battery, at the foot of King Street, on the -Ashley River, was opened in 1924. It maintains a dock for yachts. It is -in the exclusive residential section. - -The St. John Hotel, built by Otis Mills, a caravansary with a long and a -distinguished record, is at the southwest corner of Meeting and Queen -Streets. President Theodore Roosevelt stayed here in the winter of 1902. - -The Timrod Hotel, opposite Washington Square, is a comfortable and -convenient place in the building formerly occupied by the Commercial -Club. - -The Charleston Hotel, Meeting between Hayne and Pinckney, has housed -many notable guests, including the Princess Louise, daughter of Queen -Victoria. - -The Argyle, northwest corner of Meeting and Hasell Streets, was -renovated and newly outfitted some years ago. It was formerly the St. -Charles. - -Villa Margharita, South Battery and Church Street, was the former home -of Andrew Simonds, banker. - - -CABBAGE ROW, _Supposed Home of "Porgy"_: Everybody coming to Charleston -inquires about "Porgy," the deformed negro of whom DuBose Heyward wrote -a best seller, which was translated into a successful play. Cabbage Row, -on Church Street, near Tradd, west side, is the supposed Catfish Row. -Cabbage Row has been renovated and restored. "Porgy" was a well-known -Charleston character whose home was in the former Village of Cool Blow, -on upper Meeting Street. His last days were tragedy. It would spoil a -reading of "Porgy" to discuss him at length. - - -WASHINGTON RACE COURSE, _August Belmont Moved the Pillars_: Memories of -the old Washington race course survive, but the Jockey Club has been out -of existence these forty years. Decades have elapsed since races were -run on the course. The track was on property entered from Rutledge -Avenue near present-day Hampton Park. In 1901 the old pillars in the -ornate gateway were purchased by August Belmont and reërected at his -Belmont Park, near New York City. There are now no traces of the famous -race course to which in the season the South Carolina aristocracy went -in force and regalia. Notable races were run. - - -OLD 'BORO BOUNDARIES: Should a visitor stay in Charleston long enough to -ramble out of the beaten paths, these boundaries to old divisions may be -of interest: - -Savage's Green, west of Logan and Broad Streets. - -Harleston's, bounded by Beaufain, Coming and Calhoun Streets, and the -Ashley River. - -Mazyck's Lands, bounded by Archdale, Beaufain, Broad, Smith and Trapman -Streets. - -Cannonboro', bounded by Smith, Bull, and Spring Streets and Ashley -Avenue. - -Gadsden's Green, bounded by Cannon and President Streets, the old public -cemetery (the Stadium) and the Ashley River. - -Gadsden's Square, bounded by Congress, Payne, Mount and Line Streets. - -Elliottboro', within Spring, Line, and Coming Streets and Rutledge -Avenue. - -Radcliffeboro', within Radcliffe, Vanderhorst, Smith and King Streets. - -Wraggboro', eastern part of the Wragg Lands about the old Northeastern -Railroad station. - -Mazyckboro', bounded by Chapel, Elizabeth and Calhoun Streets and the -Cooper River, running into Wraggboro' as a wedge. - -Ansonboro', south of Wraggboro', bounded by Calhoun Street, a line -between Society and Wentworth, King Street on the west, Anson Street on -the east. - -Glebe Lands, extending from Beaufain to George Streets, between St. -Philip and Coming Streets. - -Hewatt Square, bounded by Friend (now Legare), Broad Mazyck (now upper -Logan), and Queen Streets. - -Archdale Square, bounded by Meeting, Broad, King, and Queen Streets. - -Schenking's Square, north of Queen, between King and Meeting Streets, -half-way to Horlbeck Alley. - -"City Mudpond," East Battery, South Battery, Church, half-way to -Atlantic Street (nowadays a most fashionable residential area). - -Village of Hampstead, between South, Blake, Meeting and Bay Streets; -owned by Henry Laurens and the Bampfield family. - -Village of New Market, north of Hampstead. - -"There are other smaller divisions of land which are too numerous to -mention here."--_Wilmot G. de Saussure._ - - - - - _Index_ - - - A - PAGE - Academy of Music 55 - Academy of Our Lady of Mercy 80 - Aiken, William 16 - Allston, Robert F. W., Governor 8 - Apothecary's Hall 46 - Arbuthnot, Admiral 85 - Archdale, John, Quaker, Governor 15 - Argyle, Duke of 28 - Art Gallery, Gibbes Memorial 85 - Municipal 40 - Ashley Hall, Colonial Seat 35 - School 70 - Ashley River, Bridge 51 - Road 35 - Attakullakulla, Cherokee Chief 35 - Audubon, J. J., Naturalist 30 - - - B - Baker Sanatorium 68 - Banks 90 - Battery 65 - Beaches 91 - Beauregard, P. G. T., General 58 - Belle Isle Gardens v - Beth Elohim Synagogue 78 - Birthplace of Masonry 82 - Bishop England High School 82 - Bishop's House 83 - Blacklock, William, House 63 - Bonnet, Stede, Pirate 41 - 'Boros, Boundaries of 102 - Brewton, Miles, House 60 - Bull, William, House 59 - - - C - Cabbage Row 101 - Calhoun, Grave 10, 26 - Monument 46 - Campbell, William, Lord, House 59 - Cassique of Kiawah 2 - Castle Pinckney 37 - Chamber of Commerce 89 - Churches: - Baptist-- - Citadel Square 97 - First 28 - Congregational, Circular 26 - French Protestant (Huguenot) 27 - Lutheran-- - St. Andrew's 98 - St. Johannes 98 - St. John's 50 - St. Matthew's 97 - Methodist Episcopal-- - Bethel 87 - Cumberland 29 - Trinity 29 - Presbyterian-- - First (Scotch) 28 - Second 96 - Third (St. Andrew's) 95 - Westminster 95 - Protestant Episcopal-- - Grace 79 - Holy Communion 97 - St. Andrew's 34 - St. James, Goose Creek 33 - St. Luke's 88 - St. Michael's 38 - St. Paul's 79 - St. Peter's 80 - St. Philip's (Mother Church) 24 - Roman Catholic-- - Cathedral of St. John the Baptist 39 - St. Mary's (Mother Church) 32 - Synagogue, Beth Elohim 78 - Unitarian 32 - Citadel, Military College 53 - Green 46 - City Hall 40 - Park 57 - Cleveland, Grover, President 84 - Clinton, Sir Henry 60 - College of Charleston 54 - Colonial Common 68 - Lake 68 - Lighthouse 7 - Powder Magazine 1 - Confederate Museum 46 - Convent, Sisters of Mercy 80 - Cooper River Bridge 52 - Cornwallis, Lord 60 - Country Club 90 - County Court House 74 - Cradle of Presbyterianism 26 - Custom House, United States 75 - Colonial 41 - Cypress Gardens 84 - - - D - De Grasse, Compte 85 - Dock Street Theater 9, 24 - Dorchester, Ruins of 37 - Drayton Hall 35 - - - E - Edwards, John, House 85 - England, John M., Bishop 39 - English Church 24 - Enston, William, Home 87 - Exchange, Colonial 41 - - - F - Fenwick Hall 51 - Fire of 1861 91 - Fireproof Building 58 - First White Child 85 - Fisher, Lavinia, Hanging 93 - Folly Beach 91 - Fort Bull 35 - Johnson 19 - Moultrie 21 - Sumter 22 - Fraser, Charles, Artist 40, 44 - - - G - Gardens, Belle Isle v - Cypress 84 - Magnolia-on-Ashley 50 - Middleton Place 48 - Runnymede 35 - Gateway Walk of the Garden Club 16 - Gibbes, Memorial Art Gallery 85 - William, House 62 - Gilman, Samuel, Reverend 32 - Golf 88 - Goose Creek Church 33 - - - H - Hall, Hibernian Society 87 - St. Andrew's Society, Site 17 - South Carolina Institute, Site 44 - South Carolina Society 77 - Hampton, Park 74 - Wade, General, Born 14 - Hartford, Famous Frigate 89 - Heyward, Thomas, Jr., Signer 63 - "Horn Work" Remnant 46 - Hotels 100 - Huger, Francis Kinloch 17 - Huguenin, Thomas A. 23 - - - I - Isle of Palms 91 - Izard Houses 83 - - - J - Jasper, Sergeant 66 - Jefferson, Joseph, Actor 96 - - - K - King's Highway 52 - - - L - Lafayette, General 17 - Lee, Robert E., General 10 - Liberty Tree, Site 73 - Library, Charleston, Society 64 - Lighthouse, Morris Island 47 - Lincoln, Abraham, President 78 - Lucas, Eliza 52 - Lutheran, First Church 30 - Lynch, Patrick Nielsen, Bishop 39 - - - M - Magnolia-on-Ashley 50 - Marion, Francis, General 19, 46 - Square 46 - Masonry, Birthplace of 82 - Mass, First at Charleston 33 - Medical College 68 - Middleton, Arthur, Signer 48 - Henry A., House 72 - Place, Gardens 48 - Monroe, James, President 17, 26 - Motte, Rebecca, Heroine 60 - Moultrie, Fort 21 - Monument 66 - Playground 68 - Municipal Golf Links 90 - Museum, Charleston 65 - Confederate 45 - - - N - Navy Yard, United States 89 - Northrop, Henry Pinckney, Bishop 39 - - - O - Oaks, The, Colonial Seat 34 - Oldest Building 13 - Chamber of Commerce 89 - Department Store 55 - Drug Business 46 - Library 64 - Municipal College 54 - Museum 65 - Steam Railroad 16, 45 - Theater 24 - Orphan House, Charleston 84 - - - P - Parker, Sir Peter 20 - Petigru, James Louis, Grave 92 - Pinckney, Castle 37 - Charles 55 - Charles Cotesworth 17, 52 - Thomas 17, 52, 62 - Pitt, William, Statue 58 - Planters Hotel 9, 24 - Poinsett, Joel Roberts 100 - "Porgy" 101 - Porter Military Academy 54 - Postoffice, United States 75 - Powder Magazine 15 - Princess Louise 70 - - - Q - Quaker Graveyard 15 - Quaker Governor, John Archdale 15 - - - R - Race Course, Washington 101 - Rawdon, Lord 60 - Rhett, William, House 14 - Roosevelt, Theodore, President 10 - Roper Hospital 69 - Royal Arms, British 33 - Runnymede 35 - Rutledge, Edward, Signer 11, 26 - John, House 83 - - - S - Saint Cecilia Society 19 - Sandford, Robert, Off Coast 1 - Scotch Church 28 - Secession Convention 17, 44 - Chairs 77 - Shaw Memorial School 98 - Sherman, William T., General 38, 45 - Sisters of Mercy 80 - Slave Market 63 - Smith, Robert, Bishop 24 - "Solon Shingle," John E. Owens 57 - Stuart, John, House 19 - Sugar Factory, Site 96 - Summerall, Charles Pelot, General 53 - Sutherland, Duke of 28 - Sumter, Fort 22 - "Sword Gates" 77 - Synagogue, Beth Elohim 78 - - - T - Taft, William Howard, President 83 - Theater, First in Charlestown 24 - Thomas, Albert Sidney, Bishop 39 - Thomson, John, Auditorium 65 - William, Colonel 21 - Timrod Monument 58 - Trott, Nicholas, House 13 - - - U - United States, Custom House 75 - Navy Yard 89 - Postoffice 75 - - - V - Victoria's Daughter, Queen 70 - - - W - Walsh, Emmet, Bishop 83 - Washington, George, President 40, 63 - Race Course 101 - Square 57 - William, House 73 - Wesleys, John and Charles 30 - White Meeting House 26 - White Point Gardens (Battery) 65 - - - X - Xavier, St. Francis, Infirmary 73 - - - Y - Yeamans Hall Club 88 - Young Men's Christian Association 78 - Young Women's Christian Association 79 - - - [Illustration: An Incomparable Stroll] - - 1. Site of Granville Bastion, now Omar Temple of the Shrine. - 2. The Battery (White Point Gardens). - 3. Villa Margharita. - 4. William Washington House. - 5. Fort Sumter Hotel; site of Princess Louise's Landing Stage. - 6. Miles Brewton House. - 7. William Bull House. - 8. Lord William Campbell House. - 9. Nathaniel Russell House. - 10. First (Scotch) Presbyterian Church. - 11. Horry (Branford) House. - 12. South Carolina Hall. - 13. Postoffice (park to the south). - 14. County Court House (site of State House burned in 1788). - 15. City Hall (former United States Bank). - 16. St. Michael's Episcopal Church. - 17. Site of Lee's Hotel (Mansion House). - 18. Confederate Home (former Carolina Hotel). - 19. Chamber of Commerce. - 20. Site of Shepheard's Tavern; birthplace of Masonry. - 21. Huguenot Church. - 22. Ruins of Planters' Hotel, including site of First Theatre. - 23. Pirate Houses. - 24. St. Philip's Episcopal Church. - 25. Grave of John Caldwell Calhoun. - 26. Nicholas Trott's House. - 27. Colonial Powder Magazine. - 28. Circular Congregational Church. - 29. Site of Institute Hall in which Secession was signed. - 30. Gibbes Memorial Art Gallery. - 31. Charleston Library Society. - 32. St. John Hotel. - 33. Unitarian Church. - 34. St. John's Lutheran Church. - 35. Convent of Our Lady of Mercy. - 36. Crafts Public School. - 37. Cathedral of St. John the Baptist. - 38. Formal garden of Irving K. Heyward. - 39. Site of St. Andrew's Hall in which Secession was adopted. - 40. John Rutledge House. - 41. The Izard Houses. - 42. James Louis Petigru House. - 43. Customs House. - 44. Zig-Zag Alley. - 45. Catholic Orphanage. - 46. Site of St. Peter's Episcopal Church. - 47. The "Sword Gates." - 48. John Edwards House. - 49. The Old Exchange. - 50. Carolina Savings Bank. - 51. South Carolina National Bank. - 52. People's State Bank. - 53. Hibernian Hall. - 54. Timrod Hotel. - 55. Quaker Graveyard. - 56. John Stuart House. - 57. Fireproof Building. - - -Prints and Plants of Old Gardens, by Kate Doggett Boggs. - -A book for those who would like to produce a border, or a fence, or a -complete garden and want an old design. The drawings and illustrations -were taken from rare prints and books difficult to find and expensive to -buy. The author gathered her data from American and English gardens of -the seventeenth, eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. The -appendix contains a list of thousands of plants. The botanical names -were traced and arrangement into groups made by Dr. and Mrs. Bayard -Hammond of the Botanical Department of Johns Hopkins University. 10 x 13 -inches. Drawings and illustrations. $5.00. - - * * * * * * * * - -Southern Antiques, by Paul H. Burroughs. - -This book covers the field of furniture-making over a period of two -hundred years, from 1620 to 1820, and is concerned with that part of the -old South which comprised the original colonies of Maryland, Virginia, -North and South Carolina and Georgia. The text is arranged by sections -according to the kinds of furniture illustrated and described. Profusely -illustrated. 8½ x 11 inches. Drawings and illustrations. $5.00. - - * * * * * * * * - -Homes and Gardens in Old Virginia, edited by Susanne Williams Massie and -Frances Archer Christian for the Garden Club of Virginia. - -This book tells of more than one hundred and fifty homes and gardens in -every part of the Old Dominion. The authors include H. J. Eckenrode, -Lyon G. Tyler, Rosewell Page, Alexander Weddell, Harold Jefferson -Coolidge, Arthur Kyle Davis, Robert A. Lancaster, Amélie Rives (Princess -Troubetzkoy) and many others. 6¾ x 9½ inches. 130 full-page -illustrations. $5.00. - - * * * * * * * * - -Thomas Jefferson: Architect and Builder, by I. T. Frary. - -This is the first book published covering Jefferson's complete work as -an architect. The unusually fine photographs were made by the author and -include exteriors, interiors, detail studies and landscapes, as well as -reproductions of Jefferson's original drawings. I. T. Frary, author, -lecturer, teacher, is an authority on architecture. Covers stamped in -gold. Introduction by Fiske Kimball. 8½ x 11 inches. 96 full-page -illustrations. $5.00. - - * * * * * * * * - -In the Picturesque Shenandoah Valley, by Armistead C. Gordon. - -The story of the great Valley of Virginia told as only Armistead Gordon -could tell it--of its scenery, its streams and mountains, its many -caverns, and better than all, its famous people. 6 x 9 inches. Maps and -illustrations. $2.50. - - - GARRETT & MASSIE, _Publishers_ - Richmond, Virginia - - - $1.00 - -It is said that from the tops of the highest buildings in Charleston -come under the eye more historic places than come under it from any -other point in the United States. The book tells the history of those -places. The Charles Town that was and the Charleston this is are brought -before the reader. Names of eminent Carolinians pass in review and the -greatness of the lustrous past is linked with the present. - -In Charleston survive scars of wars and storms and fires that raged in -the long ago. It has had part in Indian, Spanish and French wars. It has -had bold adventure with pirates. It was conspicuous in the Revolution -and in the War for Southern Independence. - -The fame of Middleton Place, Magnolia, and Cypress gardens is -world-wide. Annually thousands of people visit Charleston to walk about -these wonderful gardens that are a living reminder of the beauty wrought -before the American Revolution. - - * * * * * * * * - -Thomas Petigru Lesesne, author and editor, is a member of a family that -has been distinguished in South Carolina since Charleston was a British -outpost in a savage land. - - - - - Transcriber's Notes - - ---Silently corrected a few typos. - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Landmarks of Charleston, by Thomas Petigru Lesesne - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LANDMARKS OF CHARLESTON *** - -***** This file should be named 58921-8.txt or 58921-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/8/9/2/58921/ - -Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - - - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/58921-8.zip b/58921-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index ba10bda..0000000 --- a/58921-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/58921-h.zip b/58921-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3d7f41c..0000000 --- a/58921-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..309d71a --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #58921 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58921) |