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diff --git a/58860-8.txt b/58860-0.txt index 43ea9b6..beb788a 100644 --- a/58860-8.txt +++ b/58860-0.txt @@ -1,39 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. II -(of 4), by Benjamin Rush - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. II (of 4) - The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the Author - - -Author: Benjamin Rush - - - -Release Date: February 26, 2019 [eBook #58860] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND -OBSERVATIONS, VOL. II (OF 4)*** - - -E-text prepared by MWS, Jens Nordmann, Bryan Ness, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -generously made available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58860 *** @@ -558,7 +523,7 @@ action of these causes upon morals in the human species, will, I hope, render unnecessary the arguments that might be drawn from that quarter. I am aware, that in venturing upon this subject, I step upon untrodden -ground. I feel as Æneas did, when he was about to enter the gates of +ground. I feel as Æneas did, when he was about to enter the gates of Avernus, but without a sybil to instruct me in the mysteries that are before me. I foresee, that men who have been educated in the mechanical habits of adopting popular or established opinions will revolt at the @@ -569,7 +534,7 @@ commend that boldness of inquiry, that prompted me to broach them. I shall begin with an attempt to supply the defects of nosological writers, by naming the partial or weakened action of the moral faculty, MICRONOMIA. The total absence of this faculty, I shall call ANOMIA. By -the law, referred to in these new genera of vesaniæ, I mean the law of +the law, referred to in these new genera of vesaniæ, I mean the law of nature written in the human heart, and which I formerly quoted from the writings of St. Paul. @@ -849,7 +814,7 @@ dramatic representation; who could resist, or describe their effects? 14. ODOURS of various kinds have been observed to act in the most sensible manner upon the moral faculty. Brydone tells us, upon the authority of a celebrated philosopher in Italy, that the peculiar -wickedness of the people who live in the neighbourhood of Ætna and +wickedness of the people who live in the neighbourhood of Ætna and Vesuvius, is occasioned chiefly by the smell of the sulphur and of the hot exhalations which are constantly discharged from those volcanos. Agreeable odours seldom fail to inspire serenity, and to compose the @@ -1061,7 +1026,7 @@ man justly remarks, that "By the sadness of the countenance, the heart is made better." A late French writer, in his prediction of events that are to happen -in the year 4000, says, "That mankind in that æra shall be so far +in the year 4000, says, "That mankind in that æra shall be so far improved by religion and government, that the sick and the dying shall no longer be thrown, together with the dead, into splendid houses, but shall be relieved and protected in a connection with their families @@ -1246,7 +1211,7 @@ philosophy and Christianity dwell alike in the mind of the Deity, and reason and religion are equally the offspring of his goodness. They must, therefore, stand and fall together. By reason, in the present instance, I mean the power of judging of truth, as well as the power of -comprehending it. Happy æra! when the divine and the philosopher shall +comprehending it. Happy æra! when the divine and the philosopher shall embrace each other, and unite their labours for the reformation and happiness of mankind! @@ -1316,7 +1281,7 @@ I shall begin by remarking, I. That the pulmonary consumption is induced by predisposing debility. This I infer, 1st, From the remote and exciting causes which produce -it. The remote causes are pneumony, catarrh, hæmoptysis, rheumatism, +it. The remote causes are pneumony, catarrh, hæmoptysis, rheumatism, gout, asthma, scrophula, chronic diseases of the stomach, liver, and kidneys, nervous and intermitting fevers, measles, repelled humours from the surface of the body, the venereal disease, obstructed menses, sudden @@ -1465,9 +1430,9 @@ the action of the remote causes formerly enumerated, the fluids are determined to the weakest part of the body. Hence effusions of serum or blood take place in the lungs. When serum is effused, a pituitous or purulent expectoration alone takes place; when blood is discharged, -a disease is produced which has been called hæmoptysis. An effusion of +a disease is produced which has been called hæmoptysis. An effusion of blood in the brain, brought on by the operation of general debility, -has been called by Dr. Hoffman, with equal propriety, a hæmorrhage of +has been called by Dr. Hoffman, with equal propriety, a hæmorrhage of the brain. The effusion of blood in the lungs, in consequence of the rupture of a blood-vessel, is less fatal than the same accident when it occurs in the brain, only because the blood in the former case is more @@ -1518,7 +1483,7 @@ to treat of the cure of this disease. Let us now enquire how far the principles I have laid down will apply to the supposed causes of consumption. These causes have been said to -be, an abscess in the lungs, hæmoptysis, tubercles, without and with +be, an abscess in the lungs, hæmoptysis, tubercles, without and with ulcers, catarrh, hereditary diathesis, contagion, and the matter of cutaneous eruptions, or sores repelled, and thrown upon the lungs. I shall make a few observations upon each of them. @@ -1559,13 +1524,13 @@ not more subject to consumptions than other labouring people. Hence "a miller's cough" is proverbial in some places, to denote a cough of long continuance without danger. -2. The hæmoptysis is either a local disease, or it is the effect +2. The hæmoptysis is either a local disease, or it is the effect of general debility of the whole system. When it is local, or when it is the effect of causes which induce a _temporary_ or _acute_ debility only in the system, it is seldom followed by consumption. The accidental discharge of blood from the lungs, from injuries, and from an obstruction of the menses in women is of this kind. Many persons are -affected by this species of hæmorrhage once or twice in their lives, +affected by this species of hæmorrhage once or twice in their lives, without suffering any inconvenience from it afterwards. I have met with several cases in which it has occurred for many years every time the body was exposed to any of the causes which induce _sudden_ debility, @@ -1573,7 +1538,7 @@ and yet no consumption has followed it. The late king of Prussia informed Dr. Zimmerman that he had been frequently attacked by it during his seven years war, and yet he lived, notwithstanding, above twenty years afterwards without any pulmonary complaints. It is only in persons -who labour under _chronic_ debility, that a hæmoptysis is necessarily +who labour under _chronic_ debility, that a hæmoptysis is necessarily followed by consumption. 3. I yield to the popular mode of expression when I speak of a @@ -1698,7 +1663,7 @@ contagious. a family. I was lately consulted by a young physician from Maryland, who informed me, that two of his brothers, in common with himself, were afflicted with epilepsy. Madness, scrophula, and a disposition -to hæmorrhage, often affect, in succession, several branches of the +to hæmorrhage, often affect, in succession, several branches of the same family; and who will say that any one of the above diseases is propagated by contagion? @@ -1793,7 +1758,7 @@ a local nature. It is only when it is accompanied with debility of the whole system, that it ends in a consumption. Mr. John Harrison, of the Northern Liberties, died of this disease under my care, in the year 1801, in consequence of the discharge of pus from an ulcer which -followed a hæmorrhage from the trachea being suddenly suppressed. I +followed a hæmorrhage from the trachea being suddenly suppressed. I have seen another case of the same kind in a lady in this city, in the year 1797. Dr. Spence, of Dumfries, in Virginia, in a letter which I received from him in June, 1805, describes a case then under his care, @@ -2121,7 +2086,7 @@ the one which I have delivered, repeated bleedings appear to be equally necessary and useful. I have seen two cases of inflammatory consumption, attended by a -hæmorrhage of a quart of blood from the lungs. I agreed at first with +hæmorrhage of a quart of blood from the lungs. I agreed at first with the friends of these patients in expecting a rapid termination of their disease in death, but to the joy and surprise of all connected with them, they both recovered. I ascribed their recovery wholly to @@ -2294,7 +2259,7 @@ complaints of Dr. Fothergill may be against the use of balsams in the inflammatory and mixed states of consumption, they appear to be not only safe, but useful likewise, in mitigating the symptoms of weak morbid action in the arterial system. I have therefore frequently prescribed -opium, the balsam of copaivæ, of Peru, the oil of amber, and different +opium, the balsam of copaivæ, of Peru, the oil of amber, and different preparations of turpentine and tar, in moderate doses, with obvious advantage. Garlic, elixir of vitriol, the juice of dandelion, a strong tea made of horehound, and a decoction of the inner bark of the wild @@ -2479,7 +2444,7 @@ for a while the credit of fumigations. I have tried them, but without much permanent effect. I think I have seen the pain in the breast relieved by receiving the vapour from a mixture of equal parts of tar, bran, and boiling water into the lungs. The sulphureous and saline air -of Stabiæ, between Mount Vesuvius and the Mediterranean Sea, and the +of Stabiæ, between Mount Vesuvius and the Mediterranean Sea, and the effluvia of the pine forests of Lybia, were supposed, in ancient times, to be powerful remedies in consumptive complaints; but it is probable, the exercise used in travelling to those countries, contributed chiefly @@ -2501,7 +2466,7 @@ opium may be taken with safety and advantage. favourable to the abatement of the cough. These positions should be carefully sought for, and the body kept in that which procures the most freedom from coughing. I have heard of an instance in which a -cough, which threatened a return of the hæmorrhage from the lungs, was +cough, which threatened a return of the hæmorrhage from the lungs, was perfectly composed for two weeks, by keeping the patient nearly in one posture in bed; but I have known more cases in which relief from coughing was to be obtained only by an erect posture of the body. @@ -2538,7 +2503,7 @@ relapsed, and died, in consequence of bursting a blood-vessel in her lungs, by a sudden fit of laughter. [28] An Account of the Effects of Common Salt in the Cure of - Hæmoptysis. + Hæmoptysis. 12. Are there any advantages to be derived from the excitement of certain PASSIONS in the treatment of consumptions? Dr. Blane tells us, @@ -3104,7 +3069,7 @@ following ways: 3. A rupture of an abscess. 4. A rupture of a large blood-vessel in the lungs, attended with -external or internal hæmorrhage. _Sudden_ and _unexpected_ death in a +external or internal hæmorrhage. _Sudden_ and _unexpected_ death in a consumption is generally induced by this, or the preceding cause. 5. Madness. The cough and expectoration cease with this disease. It @@ -3188,7 +3153,7 @@ That debility should, under certain circumstances, dispose to excessive action, and that excessive action should occur in one part of the body, at the same time that debility prevailed in every other, are abundantly evident from the history and phenomena of many diseases. Inflammatory -fever, active hæmorrhages, tonic gout, asthma, apoplexy, and palsy, +fever, active hæmorrhages, tonic gout, asthma, apoplexy, and palsy, however much they are accompanied by excessive action in the arterial system, are always preceded by original debility, and are always accompanied by obvious debility in every other part of the system. @@ -3240,7 +3205,7 @@ paroxysm of the fever. evidently of an inflammatory nature_, particularly pneumony, rheumatism, and gout. -5. Spontaneous _hæmorrhages_ from the lungs, hæmorrhodial vessels, and +5. Spontaneous _hæmorrhages_ from the lungs, hæmorrhodial vessels, and nose, cases of which shall be mentioned hereafter, when we come to treat of the cure of dropsies. @@ -3298,7 +3263,7 @@ morning, in stooping to buckle his shoes, he bursted a blood-vessel in his lungs, from which he lost a quart of blood; in consequence of which, both the swellings and the hoarseness went off gradually, and he continued well two years afterwards. I have known one case in which -spontaneous hæmorrhages from the hæmorrhodial vessels, and from the +spontaneous hæmorrhages from the hæmorrhodial vessels, and from the nose, suddenly reduced universal dropsical swellings. In this patient there had been an uncommon tension and fulness in the pulse. @@ -3826,7 +3791,7 @@ about which physicians have been so long divided. 3. If a state of great morbid action in the arteries has been demonstrated in dropsies, both from its symptoms and remedies, and if these dropsies are evidently produced by previous debility, who will -deny the existence of a similar action in certain hæmorrhages, in +deny the existence of a similar action in certain hæmorrhages, in gout, palsy, apoplexy, and madness, notwithstanding they are all the offspring of predisposing debility? And who will deny the efficacy of bleeding, purges, and other debilitating medicines in certain states @@ -3973,10 +3938,10 @@ sometimes, however, confined to one side of the head, and, in that case, when the posture of the body is erect, the head often inclines to the side affected. We frequently find, also, that the head-ach alternates with the affection of the stomach; the vomiting being less troublesome -when the pain is most violent, and _vice versâ_; other parts of the body +when the pain is most violent, and _vice versâ_; other parts of the body are likewise subject to temporary attacks of pain, viz. the extremities, or the bowels, but more constantly the back of the neck, and between the -scapulæ; in all such cases the head is more free from uneasiness. +scapulæ; in all such cases the head is more free from uneasiness. "The patient dislikes the light at this period; cries much, sleeps little, and when he does sleep, he grinds his teeth, picks his nose, @@ -4085,7 +4050,7 @@ The sudden deaths which we sometimes observe in infancy, I believe, are often produced by this disease. Dr. Stoll is of the same opinion. He calls it, when it appears in this form, "apoplexia infantalis[46]." - [46] Prælectiones, vol. I. p. 254. + [46] Prælectiones, vol. I. p. 254. In the month of March, 1771, I obtained a gill of water from the ventricles of the brain of a negro girl of nine years of age, who died @@ -4211,7 +4176,7 @@ pulmonary consumption, by debilitating causes which act primarily on the whole system. The peculiar size and texture of the brain seem to invite the inflammation and effusions which follow debility, to that organ in childhood, just as the peculiar structure and situation of -the lungs invite the same morbid phænomena to them, after the body has +the lungs invite the same morbid phænomena to them, after the body has acquired its growth, in youth and middle life. In the latter stage which has been mentioned, the internal dropsy of the brain partakes of some of the properties of apoplexy. It differs from it in being the effect @@ -4776,9 +4741,9 @@ instances of it have occurred in this city since the year 1793. III. The gout affects most of the viscera. In the brain it produces head-ach, vertigo, coma, apoplexy, and palsy. In the lungs it produces -pneumonia vera, notha, asthma, hæmoptysis, pulmonary consumption, and +pneumonia vera, notha, asthma, hæmoptysis, pulmonary consumption, and a short hecking cough, first described by Dr. Sydenham. In the throat -it produces inflammatory angina. In the uterus it produces hæmorrhagia +it produces inflammatory angina. In the uterus it produces hæmorrhagia uterina. It affects the kidneys with inflammation, strangury, diabetes, and calculi. The position of the body for weeks or months on the back, by favouring the compression of the kidneys by the bowels, is @@ -4796,7 +4761,7 @@ of my patient. The neck of the bladder sometimes becomes the seat of the gout. It discovers itself by spasm, and a suppression of urine in some cases, and occasionally by a habitual discharge of mucus through the urethra. This disease has been called, by Lieutaud, "a catarrh of -the bladder." Dr. Stoll describes it, and calls it "hæmorrhoids of +the bladder." Dr. Stoll describes it, and calls it "hæmorrhoids of the bladder." But of all the viscera, the liver suffers most from the gout. It produces in it inflammation, suppuration, melena, schirrus, gall-stones, jaundice, and a habitual increased secretion and excretion @@ -4930,10 +4895,10 @@ point in which they emit the sensation of pain. Under this head I shall include an account of the mucous discharge from the urethra, which sometimes takes place in an attack of the gout, -and which has ignorantly been ascribed to a venereal gonorrhæa. There +and which has ignorantly been ascribed to a venereal gonorrhæa. There is a description of this symptom of the gout in the 3d volume of the Physical and Literary Essays of Edinburgh, by Dr. Clark. It was first -taken notice of by Sauvages by the name of "gonorrhæa podagrica," in +taken notice of by Sauvages by the name of "gonorrhæa podagrica," in a work entitled Pathologia Methodica. I have known three instances of it in this city. In the visits which the gout pays to the genitals, it sometimes excites great pain in the testicles. Dr. Whytt mentions @@ -4959,12 +4924,12 @@ In all the cases I have known of it, I believe it was derived from the usual causes of the gout. VII. There are many records in the annals of medicine of the gout -affecting the skin. The erysipelas, gangrene, and petechiæ are its +affecting the skin. The erysipelas, gangrene, and petechiæ are its acute, and tetters, and running sores are its usual chronic forms when it appears in this part of the body. I attended a patient with the late Dr. Hutchinson, in whom the whole calf of one leg was destroyed by a mortification which succeeded the gout. Dr. Alexander, of Baltimore, -informed me that petechiæ were among the last symptoms of this disease +informed me that petechiæ were among the last symptoms of this disease in the Rev. Mr. Oliver, who died in the town of Baltimore, about two years ago. In the disposition of the gout to attack external parts, it sometimes affects the eyes and ears with the most acute and distressing @@ -5078,7 +5043,7 @@ fit" of the gout as a cure for other diseases, resembles the practice of school boys who swallow the stones of cherries to assist their stomachs in digesting that delicate fruit. It is no more necessary to produce the gout in the feet, in order to cure it, than it is to wait -for, or encourage abscesses or natural hæmorrhages, to cure a fever. +for, or encourage abscesses or natural hæmorrhages, to cure a fever. The practice originated at a time when morbific matter was supposed to be the cause of the gout, but it has unfortunately continued under the influence of theories which have placed the seat of the disease in the @@ -5241,7 +5206,7 @@ Philadelphia died a few years ago, in the 96th year of his age, who had been subject to the strangury the greatest part of his life. His only remedy for it was bleeding. He lived free from the gravel and stone; and died, or rather appeared to fall asleep in death, from old age. Dr. -Haller mentions a similar case in his Bibliotheca Medicinæ, in which +Haller mentions a similar case in his Bibliotheca Medicinæ, in which bleeding had the same happy effects. 3. It prevents the system from wearing itself down by fruitless pain and @@ -5493,7 +5458,7 @@ the cordial does not produce its intended effects, in two or three hours. If all the different forms of ardent spirits which have been mentioned fail of giving relief, -5. From 30 drops to a tea spoonful of _æther_ should be given in any +5. From 30 drops to a tea spoonful of _æther_ should be given in any agreeable vehicle. Also, 6. _Volatile alkali._ From five to ten grains of this medicine should be @@ -5700,7 +5665,7 @@ terror have been the happy means of overcoming a predisposition to the gout. A gentleman from one of the West-India islands, who had been for many years afflicted with the gout, was perfectly cured of it by living a year or two upon the temperate diet of the jail in this city, into -which he was thrown for debt by one of his creditors. A large hæmorrhage +which he was thrown for debt by one of his creditors. A large hæmorrhage from the foot, inflamed and swelled by the gout, accidentally produced by a penknife which fell upon it, effected in an Irish gentleman a lasting cure of the disease. Hildanus mentions the history of a @@ -6466,7 +6431,7 @@ by the loss of 120 ounces of blood. Dr. Tilton cured this disease in a woman in the Delaware state by very copious bleeding. The remedy was suggested to the doctor by an account taken from a London magazine of a dreadful hydrophobia being cured by an -accidental and profuse hæmorrhage from the temporal artery[84]. +accidental and profuse hæmorrhage from the temporal artery[84]. [84] Medical Essays of Edinburgh, vol. i. p. 226. @@ -6718,7 +6683,7 @@ bids fair to arrest its tendency to death, by removing the symptom which generally induces it, and thereby giving time for other remedies, which have hitherto been unsuccessful, to produce their usual salutary effects in similar diseases[87]. In removing faintness, in drawing off the water -in ischuria, in composing convulsions, and in stopping hæmorrhages in +in ischuria, in composing convulsions, and in stopping hæmorrhages in malignant fever, we do not cure the disease, but we prevent death, and thereby gain time for the use of the remedies which are proper to cure it. Laryngotomy, according to Fourcroy's advice, in diseases of the @@ -6729,7 +6694,7 @@ order to save life, it will not offer near so much violence to humanity as many other operations. We cut through a large mass of flesh into the bladder in extracting a stone. We cut into the cavity of the thorax in the operation for the empyema. We perforate the bones of the head in -trepanning; and we cut through the uterus, in performing the Cæsarian +trepanning; and we cut through the uterus, in performing the Cæsarian operation, in order to save life. The operation of laryngotomy is much less painful and dangerous than any of them; and besides permitting the patient to breathe and to swallow, it is calculated to serve the @@ -6790,13 +6755,13 @@ surgeon render it impossible to use the knife. The weather in December, 1788, and in January, 1789, was variable, but seldom very cold. On the first of February, 1789, at six o'clock in the -morning, the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer fell 5° below 0, in the +morning, the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer fell 5° below 0, in the city of Philadelphia. At twenty miles from the city, on the Schuylkill, -it fell 12° below 0, at the same hour. On the 19th and 20th of this +it fell 12° below 0, at the same hour. On the 19th and 20th of this month, there fell a quantity of snow, the depth of which, upon an average, was supposed to be about eight or ten inches. On the 23d, 24th, 25th, and 27th, the weather was very cold. The mercury fluctuated during -these days between 4° and 10° above 0. +these days between 4° and 10° above 0. In the intervals between these cold days, the weather frequently moderated, so that the Delaware was frozen and thawed not less than @@ -6984,7 +6949,7 @@ in some with death. I think it was much more fatal than in the years 1773 and 1783, probably owing to the variable weather in the winter, and the coldness and dampness of the succeeding spring. Dr. Huxham says, he once saw the measles attended with peculiar mortality, during -a late cold and damp spring in England. It was much more fatal (cæteris +a late cold and damp spring in England. It was much more fatal (cæteris paribus) to adults than to young people. The remedies I used were, @@ -7155,7 +7120,7 @@ sometimes continued two or three weeks. In a few persons, the fever terminated in a tedious and dangerous typhus. -In several pregnant women it produced uterine hæmorrhages and abortions. +In several pregnant women it produced uterine hæmorrhages and abortions. It affected adults of both sexes alike. A few old people escaped it. It passed by children under eight years old with a few exceptions. Out of @@ -7262,7 +7227,7 @@ The following winter was unusually mild, insomuch that the navigation of the Delaware was not interrupted during the whole season, only from the 7th to the 24th of February. The weather on the 3d and 4th days of March was very cold, and on the 8th and 9th days of the same month, -the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 4° at 7 o'clock in +the mercury in Fahrenheit's thermometer stood at 4° at 7 o'clock in the morning. On the 10th and 11th, there fell a deep snow. The weather during the remaining part of the month was cold, rainy, and variable. It continued to be variable during the month of April. About the middle of @@ -7558,7 +7523,7 @@ mind in many people, and more especially in invalids, to be intimately connected with the presence or absence of the rays of the sun. The well-known pedestrian traveller, Mr. Stewart, in one of his visits to this city, informed me, that he had spent a summer in Lapland, in the -latitude of 69°, during the greatest part of which time the sun was +latitude of 69°, during the greatest part of which time the sun was seldom out of sight. He enjoyed, he said, during this period, uncommon health and spirits, both of which he ascribed to the long duration, and invigorating influence of light. These facts will surprise us less when @@ -8021,7 +7986,7 @@ of the activity of the understanding and passions in dreams; and hence we dream more in our morning slumbers, when the bladder is full, than we do in the beginning or middle of the night. -6. The fæces exert a constant stimulus upon the bowels in sleep. This +6. The fæces exert a constant stimulus upon the bowels in sleep. This is so considerable as to render it less profound when they have been accumulated for two or three days, or when they have been deposited in the extremity of the alimentary canal. @@ -8052,7 +8017,7 @@ dead the succeeding morning, are said most commonly to die of this disease. [92] A fever was excited in Cinna the poet, in consequence of his - dreaming that he saw Cæsar, the night after he was assassinated, + dreaming that he saw Cæsar, the night after he was assassinated, and was invited to accompany him to a dreary place, to which he pointed, in order to sup with him. Convulsions and other diseases, I believe, are often excited in the night, by @@ -8081,7 +8046,7 @@ child is accustomed to it, it is strange that a cradle should ever have been denied to it after it comes into the world. [93] "Novum f[oe]tum a seminis masculi _stimulo_ vitam - concepisse."--_Elementa Physiologiæ_, vol. viii. p. 177. + concepisse."--_Elementa Physiologiæ_, vol. viii. p. 177. II. In infants there is an absence of many of the stimuli which support life. Their excretions are in a great measure deficient in acrimony, and @@ -8211,7 +8176,7 @@ and stimulating. The stomach of the celebrated Parr, who died in the one hundred and fiftieth year of his age, was found full of strong, nourishing aliment. -2. By the stimulus of the fæces, which are frequently retained for five +2. By the stimulus of the fæces, which are frequently retained for five or six days in the bowels of old people. 3. By the stimulus of fluids rendered preternaturally acrid by age. @@ -8649,7 +8614,7 @@ circumstances of climate. In cold countries, where the earth yields its increase with reluctance, and where vegetable aliment is scarce, the want of the stimulus of distension which that species of food is principally calculated to produce is sought for in that of ardent -spirits. To the southward of 40°, a substitute for the distension from +spirits. To the southward of 40°, a substitute for the distension from mild vegetable food is sought for in onions, garlic, and tobacco. But further, a uniform climate calls for more of these artificial stimuli than a climate that is exposed to the alternate action of heat and @@ -8675,7 +8640,7 @@ and happy state of Connecticut, in which republican liberty has existed above one hundred and fifty years, than in any other country upon the surface of the globe. - [99] Haller's Elements Physiologiæ, vol. viii. p. 2. p. 107. + [99] Haller's Elements Physiologiæ, vol. viii. p. 2. p. 107. It remains now to mention certain mental stimuli which act nearly alike in the production of animal life, upon the individuals of all the @@ -8893,7 +8858,7 @@ will be a sufficient answer to this question to remark, that heat and cold are relative terms, and that different animals, according to their organization, require very different degrees of heat for their existence. Thirty-two degrees of it are probably as stimulating to some -of these cold blooded animals (as they are called), as 70° or 80° are to +of these cold blooded animals (as they are called), as 70° or 80° are to the human body. It might afford additional support to the doctrine of animal life, which @@ -9156,366 +9121,4 @@ Partly repeated chapter headings have been deleted. -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS, -VOL. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Medical Inquiries and Observations, Vol. II (of 4)</p> -<p> The Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged by the Author</p> -<p>Author: Benjamin Rush</p> -<p>Release Date: February 26, 2019 [eBook #58860]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS, VOL. II (OF 4)***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by MWS, Jens Nordmann, Bryan Ness,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -12532,368 +12512,9 @@ at various times.</p></div> <p> </p> <hr class="pg" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MEDICAL INQUIRIES AND OBSERVATIONS, VOL. II (OF 4)***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 58860-h.htm or 58860-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/8/8/6/58860">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/8/8/6/58860</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. 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