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@@ -1,34 +1,7 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Bernardin de St. Pierre, by Arvède Barine
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58723 ***
 
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
 
 
-Title: Bernardin de St. Pierre
-
-Author: Arvède Barine
-
-Contributor: Augustin Birrell
-
-Translator: James Edward Gordon
-
-Release Date: January 19, 2019 [EBook #58723]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by ellinora, Martin Pettit and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
-file was produced from images generously made available
-by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
 
 
 
@@ -54,14 +27,14 @@ BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE
 
 The Great French Writers.
 
-MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ           BY GASTON BOISSIER.
+MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ           BY GASTON BOISSIER.
 GEORGE SAND                 BY E. CARO.
 MONTESQUIEU                 BY ALBERT SOREL.
 VICTOR COUSIN               BY JULES SIMON.
-TURGOT                      BY LÉON SAY.
-THIERS                      BY PAUL DE RÉMUSAT.
-MADAME DE STAËL             BY ALBERT SOREL.
-BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE     BY ARVÈDE BARINE.
+TURGOT                      BY LÉON SAY.
+THIERS                      BY PAUL DE RÉMUSAT.
+MADAME DE STAËL             BY ALBERT SOREL.
+BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE     BY ARVÈDE BARINE.
 
 OTHER VOLUMES IN PREPARATION.
 
@@ -77,7 +50,7 @@ BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE
 
 BY
 
-ARVÈDE BARINE
+ARVÈDE BARINE
 
 _TRANSLATED BY J. E. GORDON_
 
@@ -105,7 +78,7 @@ CHAPTER                                                 PAGE
        OF FRANCE; ACQUAINTANCE WITH J. J. ROUSSEAU;
        THE CRISIS                                         42
 
-III. THE "ÉTUDES DE LA NATURE"                            87
+III. THE "ÉTUDES DE LA NATURE"                            87
 
  IV. PAUL AND VIRGINIA                                   149
 
@@ -140,7 +113,7 @@ way in a voluminous gospel. It is as if Ruskin's _chef d'oeuvre_ were a
 novelette, or as if Carlyle's story had been a perfect whole, instead
 of a fragment and a failure.
 
-To understand "Paul and Virginia" aright, one should read the "Études
+To understand "Paul and Virginia" aright, one should read the "Études
 de la Nature," first published in 1784. Our grandparents read them
 greedily enough, either in the original or in the excellent translation
 of Dr. Henry Hunter, the accomplished minister of the Scots Church,
@@ -174,7 +147,7 @@ years old, was crying bitterly. 'Child,' said I to her, 'what makes you
 cry, and whither are you going at so early an hour?' 'Sir,' replied
 she, 'my poor mother is very ill. There is not a mess of broth to be
 had in all our parish. We are going to that church in the bottom to see
-if the Curé can find us some. I am crying because my little sister is
+if the Curé can find us some. I am crying because my little sister is
 not able to walk any farther.' As she spoke, she wiped her eyes with a
 bit of canvas which served her for a petticoat. On her raising up the
 rag to her face, I could perceive she had not the semblance of a shift.
@@ -367,7 +340,7 @@ when she becomes Love's thrall.
 The pages of "Paul et Virginie" are frequently enlivened by aphorism
 and ennobled by description. One of its sayings is quoted with
 great effect by Sainte-Beuve in his "Causerie" on Cowper: "Il y a
-de plus dans la femme une gaieté légère qui dissipe la tristesse de
+de plus dans la femme une gaieté légère qui dissipe la tristesse de
 l'homme." In the same way there is a certain quality in the writings
 of Saint-Pierre, perceptible even to the foreigner, which renders
 acquiescence in the judgment of France upon his fame as a writer easier
@@ -399,7 +372,7 @@ man; but we are not surprised that he had many enemies.
 
 In 1818, four years after the death of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, a
 less realistic work begins to idealize his features for posterity. An
-engraving by Frédéric Lignon from a drawing by Girodet represents him
+engraving by Frédéric Lignon from a drawing by Girodet represents him
 as younger, and in an attitude of inspiration. There is an almost
 heavenly look upon his innocent face, surrounded by an abundant crop
 of hair artistically curled and falling to his shoulders. Everything
@@ -441,7 +414,7 @@ had had together when he was quite a child about the growing corn. Mme.
 de Saint-Pierre had explained to him that if every man took his sheaf
 of corn there would not be enough on the earth for every one, from
 which they came to the conclusion "that God multiplied the corn when it
-was in the barns." Here we have already the scheme of the _Études de
+was in the barns." Here we have already the scheme of the _Études de
 la Nature_ and we need not ask from whom Bernardin held his method of
 reasoning.
 
@@ -472,7 +445,7 @@ had preserved in her changed fortunes manners of exquisite courtesy and
 the airs of a queen. Reduced to all sorts of shifts, and constrained
 at such times to forget her pride, no sooner had she obtained the
 necessary money than she raised her head again, and hastened to prepare
-a fête for those who had obliged her with their purse. Her grace and
+a fête for those who had obliged her with their purse. Her grace and
 dignity of manner made them her slaves. They would form a circle round
 her to listen to her stories of the hero Monsieur le Prince, of Louis
 XIV., amorous and gay, of the Grande Mademoiselle, grown old, and still
@@ -495,7 +468,7 @@ world peopled with great princes and beautiful princesses who welcomed
 Mme. de Bayard with distinction. He himself became a great noble and
 showered riches upon his beloved godmother. He would have been a poor
 creature not to prefer these beautiful dreams to gifts of any kind, and
-besides, the old Countess made presents just as she gave her fêtes, at
+besides, the old Countess made presents just as she gave her fêtes, at
 the most unexpected moments. M. de Saint-Pierre respected her, and she
 had a great influence, and it was always a beneficent one upon little
 Bernardin's early education.
@@ -647,7 +620,7 @@ stated intervals, his entrance into the world must appear absurd, even
 reprehensible. No one could make a worse bungle of his future than he
 did, his excuse is that it was not intentional. On the contrary, he
 took great pains to seek appointments, and believed himself to be a
-model employé. But instinct, stronger than reason, constantly drove
+model employé. But instinct, stronger than reason, constantly drove
 him from a line which was not his own. He has very happily expressed
 in one of his works[2] the combat which takes place under such
 circumstances in a highly-endowed mind.
@@ -741,7 +714,7 @@ the liberty to improve upon them. "The English peopled Pennsylvania
 with no other invitation than this: _He who shall here plant a tree
 shall gather the fruits thereof. That is the whole spirit of the law._"
 This note was the reply to a famous apostrophe in the _Discours sur
-l'inégalité_ of J. J. Rousseau.
+l'inégalité_ of J. J. Rousseau.
 
 "The first man who, having enclosed a territory, ventured to say _this
 is mine_, and who found people simple enough to believe him, was the
@@ -753,7 +726,7 @@ the fruits of the earth are for all, and that the earth belongs to no
 man_.'"
 
 One might point out other disagreements between the _Discours sur
-l'inégalité_ and the pamphlet upon the colony of the Sea of Aral, but
+l'inégalité_ and the pamphlet upon the colony of the Sea of Aral, but
 they all bear upon questions of detail. Jean Jacques and Bernardin
 agree at bottom as to the end to aim at and the path to follow. Young
 Saint-Pierre was already and for ever a disciple of Rousseau. He
@@ -918,7 +891,7 @@ This is certainly not the language of a man desperately in love, whose
 heart would be broken if one tore him away from the spot where his
 divinity breathed. But if we believe the legend, that was, however,
 the moment in which Bernardin de Saint-Pierre surpassed the passion of
-Saint-Preux, and lived the life of _The Modern Heloïse_, because it
+Saint-Preux, and lived the life of _The Modern Heloïse_, because it
 was his fate to realise all that Rousseau had been content to write
 about, as well in his romances as in his plans of social reform. This
 is briefly what the legend tells us.
@@ -926,8 +899,8 @@ is briefly what the legend tells us.
 Among the persons who had thrown open their doors to him at Warsaw,
 was a young princess named Marie Miesnik, remarkable for "her love
 of virtue." We see that this is exactly the starting-point of _The
-Modern Heloïse_, a plebeian falls in love with a patrician. "From the
-first day," says Aimé Martin, "M. de Saint-Pierre felt the double
+Modern Heloïse_, a plebeian falls in love with a patrician. "From the
+first day," says Aimé Martin, "M. de Saint-Pierre felt the double
 ascendancy of her genius and her beauty, and she became at once the
 sole thought of his life." On her side the Julia of Poland did not
 remain insensible. We pass over the emotions which filled and lacerated
@@ -935,8 +908,8 @@ their souls to the day blessed and fatal, when overtaken by a storm
 in a lonely forest, they repeated the scene of the groves of Clarens,
 adding thereto recollections of Dido's grotto. "She gave herself up
 like Julia, and he was delirious with joy like Saint-Preux," continues
-Aimé Martin, whose phrase proves how much the resemblance with _The
-Modern Heloïse_ was part of the tradition. Long intoxication followed
+Aimé Martin, whose phrase proves how much the resemblance with _The
+Modern Heloïse_ was part of the tradition. Long intoxication followed
 these first raptures. _More than a year passed in forgetfulness of the
 whole world_, but Princess Marie's family began, like Julia's, to be
 irritated with the insolence of this plebeian who dared to make love to
@@ -997,7 +970,7 @@ to-morrow, and my trunks are not yet ready."
 
 One is sorry to learn that he had accepted money from his Princess.
 His excuse, if there were one for that sort of thing, will be found in
-the letter of _The Modern Heloïse_, where Julia persuades her lover,
+the letter of _The Modern Heloïse_, where Julia persuades her lover,
 by means of eloquent invective, to receive money for a journey. "So I
 offend your honour for which I would a thousand times give my life?
 I offend thine honour, ungrateful one! who hast found me ready to
@@ -1113,11 +1086,11 @@ artisans and agriculturalists, the Commander-in-chief had collected
 secretaries, valets, cooks, and a small troupe of comedians of both
 sexes. However, Saint-Pierre took heart at once on learning that the
 Commander-in-chief had amongst his luggage all the volumes that had
-yet appeared of the _Encyclopædia_. He was, therefore, in spite of
+yet appeared of the _Encyclopædia_. He was, therefore, in spite of
 all, "a true philosopher," and things were pretty evenly balanced. The
-_Encyclopædia_ took the place of the artisans, and made the actresses
+_Encyclopædia_ took the place of the artisans, and made the actresses
 pass muster. Take note that Bernardin de Saint-Pierre always reproached
-his contemporaries, especially the encyclopædists, with being mere
+his contemporaries, especially the encyclopædists, with being mere
 visionaries, destitute of practical sense. He flattered himself that he
 was the practical man in this world of Utopians, but at the same time
 he looked upon their work as a sort of supernatural book. Such is the
@@ -1228,21 +1201,21 @@ beginning.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
-[1] Aimé Martin, author of the great biography entitled _Memoirs of the
+[1] Aimé Martin, author of the great biography entitled _Memoirs of the
 Life and Works of J. H. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre_. [1 vol. 8vo. 1820.]
 
 [2] _Harmonies of Nature_, book v.
 
-[3] Aimé Martin.
+[3] Aimé Martin.
 
 [4] In the appendix to vol. vi. of the _Causeries du lundi_.
 
-[5] Three vols. in 8vo., edited by Aimé Martin, Paris, 1826, Ladvocat.
+[5] Three vols. in 8vo., edited by Aimé Martin, Paris, 1826, Ladvocat.
 
 [6] _Voyage to the Isle of France._
 
 [7] The papers of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre are in the possession of
-the family Aimé Martin. M. Aimé Martin had beside him, when he was
+the family Aimé Martin. M. Aimé Martin had beside him, when he was
 writing Bernardin's biography, the numerous notes taken by the latter
 from nature.
 
@@ -1299,7 +1272,7 @@ Neither the _Eclogues_ nor the _Georgics_ taught him anything about
 what were to be the great novelties of descriptive literature. The
 ancients did not feel this need for precise and picturesque detail,
 which has enabled us to take the portrait of a corner of country as we
-do that of a person, with the same minutiæ, and the same care about the
+do that of a person, with the same minutiæ, and the same care about the
 resemblance. On the other hand, they had little of the intuition for
 that mysterious correspondence between the scene and the spectator, for
 that reciprocal action of nature upon our feelings, and of our feelings
@@ -1334,13 +1307,13 @@ to go and explore the libraries; he was too much occupied in making
 discoveries in the fields. Like almost all his contemporaries, he
 jumped from antiquity to the seventeenth century with only Montaigne
 in the interval. After Homer, Virgil, the Gospel, and Plutarch, his
-intellectual sustenance had been Racine, La Fontaine, Fénélon, and at
+intellectual sustenance had been Racine, La Fontaine, Fénélon, and at
 last coming to his contemporaries, Jean Jacques Rousseau. In vain he
 questioned them upon the idea which pursued him; not one of them gave
 him a satisfactory answer. Racine, who they say was enchanted with
 the valley of Port Royal, had had no room in his tragedies for word
 pictures. La Fontaine had more the feeling for the country than for
-nature. Fénélon saw the woods and the fields from the point of view of
+nature. Fénélon saw the woods and the fields from the point of view of
 the ancients. We have purposely not mentioned Buffon; Bernardin did not
 understand or appreciate him.
 
@@ -1349,7 +1322,7 @@ his passionate heart; but the fine descriptions of Rousseau appear in
 his posthumous works--in the _Confessions_ and the _Reveries_ which
 were published, it is well to insist upon this, nine years after the
 _Voyage to the Isle of France_. The celebrated landscapes in _La
-Nouvelle Heloïse_, which Saint-Pierre had certainly studied, have about
+Nouvelle Heloïse_, which Saint-Pierre had certainly studied, have about
 them something conventional, which makes them appear cold. Call to mind
 Saint-Preux in the mountains of Valais:
 
@@ -1368,13 +1341,13 @@ midst of precipices."
 In this bit, almost all the adjectives are abstract. The torrent is
 _eternal_, the meadow _agreeable_, the fruits _excellent_. It is still
 in the style of Poussin, and nothing in it foretells the pictures
-in the manner of Corot and Théodore Rousseau, which Bernardin de
+in the manner of Corot and Théodore Rousseau, which Bernardin de
 Saint-Pierre was soon to give to us. Let us say at once, in order
 to establish the claim of the author of _Paul and Virginia_ to the
 character of an innovator and pioneer, that the posthumous works of
 Jean Jacques only give us his own impressions of a picture which he
 suggests rather than shows to us. The immortal summer night of the
-_Confessions_, on the road near Lyons, or the walk to Ménilmontant of
+_Confessions_, on the road near Lyons, or the walk to Ménilmontant of
 the _Reveries_, after the vintage and through the leafless country,
 leave in the memory recollections of sensations rather than pictures.
 One recalls a breeze of voluptuous warmth, a soft light of autumn; but
@@ -1430,7 +1403,7 @@ to persuade the world that feeling is ever a better guide than reason
 in all questions, and that it gives us greater certainty. He himself
 gave an example in applying it to everything, and in particular to the
 truths of religion. We should say truthfully, that he was sufficiently
-of his day, sufficiently imbued with the spirit of the encyclopædists
+of his day, sufficiently imbued with the spirit of the encyclopædists
 to believe himself already conquered if he appealed to reason in favour
 of God. He thought it safest to address himself to the feelings of the
 reader rather than to his intelligence, in order to reconcile him with
@@ -1506,7 +1479,7 @@ groaning vessels which roaring winds precipitate into the abyss, and it
 is not even necessary to have seen the sea in order to acquit oneself
 quite respectably: it is enough if one consults the proper authors. Not
 a word of the description which we have been reading belonged really to
-Fénélon. He took it in its entirety from Virgil and Ovid:
+Fénélon. He took it in its entirety from Virgil and Ovid:
 
 
                                ... stridens aquilone procella.
@@ -1515,7 +1488,7 @@ Fénélon. He took it in its entirety from Virgil and Ovid:
                                       (Virgil. _The Eniad._)
 
 
-     Sæpe? dat ingentem fluctu latus icta fragorem.
+     Sæpe? dat ingentem fluctu latus icta fragorem.
 
                                 (Ovid. _The Metamorphosis._)
 
@@ -1651,7 +1624,7 @@ of his sketches and notes; and he did not hesitate later on to go over
 his first sketches and develop them. This makes it very convenient for
 following his progress in the difficult art which he was creating. One
 can judge of it in his account of a sunset at sea in the tropics, which
-he re-wrote for the _Études de la Nature_. Here is the sketch as it
+he re-wrote for the _Études de la Nature_. Here is the sketch as it
 appeared in the _Voyage to the Isle of France_:
 
 "One evening the clouds gathered towards the west in the form of a vast
@@ -1733,7 +1706,7 @@ producing in the end a meagre book, only a rough sketch of what he had
 in his head.
 
 The volume appeared in the first months of the year 1773, and in the
-article of the _Correspondence littéraire_, by Grunin, in the end of
+article of the _Correspondence littéraire_, by Grunin, in the end of
 February. The letter which accompanied the copy destined for Hennin
 is dated March 17: "Here at last, sir and dear friend, is some of
 the fruit of my garden.... Send me your opinion of my _Voyage_."
@@ -1788,7 +1761,7 @@ felt himself to be full of courage and spirit, and it was not to his
 success that he owed this, but simply to a visit which he chanced to
 pay, and which was in its consequences the great event of his career.
 "In the month of May, 1772, a friend having proposed to take me to see
-J. J. Rousseau, he conducted me to a house in the rue Plâtrière, nearly
+J. J. Rousseau, he conducted me to a house in the rue Plâtrière, nearly
 opposite to the Post Office. We ascended to the fourth story and
 knocked at the door, which was opened by Mme. Rousseau, who said to us,
 'Enter, gentlemen, you will find "my husband" in.' We passed through
@@ -1864,9 +1837,9 @@ above them, as deserted then as they are peopled to-day. They would go
 through the bois de Boulogne, botanizing as they went along, and they
 sometimes saw in "these solitudes" young girls occupied in making their
 toilet in the open air. A ferry boat would land the two friends at the
-foot of Mount Valérien, and they would climb up to visit the hermit
+foot of Mount Valérien, and they would climb up to visit the hermit
 at the top, who would give them food; or perhaps Rousseau would lead
-his companion towards the height of Sèvres, promising him "beautiful
+his companion towards the height of Sèvres, promising him "beautiful
 pine-woods and purple moors." The "deserted commons" of Saint Cloud
 had also their attractions; nevertheless all that side of Paris rather
 erred in the way of extreme wildness. Such a powerful effect did Nature
@@ -1875,16 +1848,16 @@ and whose sensations had not been discounted by descriptions taken from
 books.
 
 When Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was the guide they chose by preference
-the direction of Prés-Saint-Gervais and Romainville. The familiar
+the direction of Prés-Saint-Gervais and Romainville. The familiar
 and peaceful nooks and corners around these attracted him more than
-the extreme wildness of Sèvres and Ville-d'Avray. "You have shown me
+the extreme wildness of Sèvres and Ville-d'Avray. "You have shown me
 the places which please you," he said; "I am now going to show you
 one which is to my taste." They passed by the park of Saint-Fargean,
 absorbed to-day into Belleville, and, by almost imperceptible degrees,
 gained the gentle heights of those charming solitudes--for they
 were also solitudes, but less severe than those chosen by Rousseau;
 green grass there took the place of the brambles of Saint Cloud, and
-cherry-trees and gooseberry-bushes the dark pines of Sèvres. One had
+cherry-trees and gooseberry-bushes the dark pines of Sèvres. One had
 not to seek hospitality from hermits; there were inns, where Rousseau
 liked himself to make an omelet of bacon, while Saint-Pierre made
 the coffee, a luxury brought in a box from Paris. They would return
@@ -1903,7 +1876,7 @@ theories, descriptions of scenery, and literary opinions. One might
 have said that he was taking his revenge for those conversations in
 society in which he was known to fall short. "My wit is always half
 an hour after that of others," he said of himself. It was not so in
-a _tête-a-tête_, and every one of his words entered like the stroke
+a _tête-a-tête_, and every one of his words entered like the stroke
 of a plummet into his young companion's mind, whose ideas had need of
 a little help before they could burst forth. The effect of all this
 was not long in showing itself. Saint-Pierre has fixed the dates in a
@@ -1945,7 +1918,7 @@ lighted it in their intercourse. He has never sought to hide the fact
 that his works are strewn with ideas which occurred to them during
 their walks, and which they had discussed as they sauntered together
 under the shadow of some tree, or in the green woodland paths. The
-results of these walks with Jean Jacques will be found in the _Études
+results of these walks with Jean Jacques will be found in the _Études
 de la Nature_. In comparing this work with the _Voyage to the Isle of
 France_, one can see exactly what Bernardin owed to his illustrious
 friend. The _Voyage_ proves to us that he knew what he wished to do
@@ -2016,7 +1989,7 @@ begging. Some of his friends became estranged by his incomprehensible
 humour, others gave him up, and of this number were "the philosophers,"
 d'Alembert, Condorcet, all the intimates of Mlle. de Lespinasse.
 Bernardin de Saint-Pierre has, in an _Apologie_ addressed to Mme.
-Necker to beg her protection, naïvely explained that he quarrelled
+Necker to beg her protection, naïvely explained that he quarrelled
 with "the philosophers" because they failed to induce Turgot to help
 him. "If they had been my friends," he adds, with indignation, "could
 they have acted so? Pensions, easy posts, rings for their fingers, are
@@ -2046,13 +2019,13 @@ received the favour which you led me to hope for, I should have taken a
 carriage." If the money was forthcoming, it was still worse for Hennin,
 because of the ceremonies with which it had to be conveyed to its
 recipient. There is amongst their correspondence a series of letters
-which are quite comic, about a sum of £300 that Saint-Pierre had begged
+which are quite comic, about a sum of £300 that Saint-Pierre had begged
 hard for, and which he wished M. de Vergennes personally to press him
 to accept. He demands a "letter of satisfaction and kindness" from
 the minister, written with his own hand, without which he refuses the
-£300. Silence on the part of Hennin, who is evidently overcome by this
+£300. Silence on the part of Hennin, who is evidently overcome by this
 extraordinary pretentiousness; uneasiness on the part of Bernardin, who
-trembles lest he should be taken at his word. The £300 are sent to him;
+trembles lest he should be taken at his word. The £300 are sent to him;
 he pockets them, spends them, and continues to claim his letter. A
 year later he is still claiming it, without having ceased to beg in the
 meantime.
@@ -2064,7 +2037,7 @@ is true that it took place very near the time when the man of letters
 lived upon his servile dedications, upon inferior employments among
 the rich and great, and considered himself only too happy, in the
 absence of copyright, to repay in flatteries the rent of a room at
-the Louvre or the Condé mansion. It is true that one must not ask for
+the Louvre or the Condé mansion. It is true that one must not ask for
 a strict account from a brain disturbed by hallucinations, and that
 nothing could relieve the mind of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre of the idea
 that the French Government owed him compensation for his journey to
@@ -2090,7 +2063,7 @@ to Versailles. Sometimes he offered himself to civilise Corsica,
 sometimes to conquer Jersey, or North America, or to found a small
 state in France itself, within the king's dominions. Nobody had deigned
 to take any notice of his plans, unless perhaps "some intriguing,
-avaricious protegé" should have stolen his ideas and was preparing to
+avaricious protegé" should have stolen his ideas and was preparing to
 carry them out in his stead; such things did happen sometimes. He laid
 the blame of the culpable negligence of the Government upon the head
 clerk of the Foreign Office, and he did not spare his reproaches. The
@@ -2114,7 +2087,7 @@ is a song of joy. He says:--
 "I shall come to see you with the first violet; I shall have to walk
 five miles, but shall do it joyfully, and I intend to give you such a
 description of my abode as will make you long to come and see me and
-take a meal with me. Horace invited Mecænas to come to his cottage at
+take a meal with me. Horace invited Mecænas to come to his cottage at
 Tivoli, to eat a quarter of lamb and drink Falernian wine. As my purse
 is getting very low, I shall only offer you strawberries and mugs of
 milk, but you will have the pleasure of hearing the nightingales sing
@@ -2142,12 +2115,12 @@ To most of them the donjon would have appeared a hateful abode: one
 froze in it in winter and was roasted in summer, and every gust of
 wind threatened to blow it away. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, obstinate
 dreamer that he was, preserved all his life the most tender and
-faithful remembrance of his aërial lodging: "It was there," he wrote
+faithful remembrance of his aërial lodging: "It was there," he wrote
 in his mature age, "in the midst of a profound solitude, and under a
 bewitching horizon, that I experienced the sweetest joys of my life.
 I should perhaps still be there if for a whim they had not forced
 me to turn out in order to pull it down. It was there that I put
-the finishing touches to my _Études de la Nature_, and from there I
+the finishing touches to my _Études de la Nature_, and from there I
 published it."[17] And it is there that one must look upon him in order
 to do him justice after our earlier sad pictures of him.
 
@@ -2192,7 +2165,7 @@ a pretty frontispiece there. The extravagance accomplished, he writes
 to Hennin, one of his principal lenders, to demonstrate to him that
 this is an excellent speculation:--
 
-"It is not a superfluous expense, even if the print in 12º itself
+"It is not a superfluous expense, even if the print in 12º itself
 comes to fourteen or fifteen pounds, because it is possible that many
 people will buy my work for the print alone, as has happened to others.
 Moreover, I shall raise the price of my edition with it, so as to reap
@@ -2209,7 +2182,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 
 [10] Pecheur d'Islande.
 
-[11] Portraits littéraires, 1836.
+[11] Portraits littéraires, 1836.
 
 [12] Causeries du lundi, 1852.
 
@@ -2218,7 +2191,7 @@ FOOTNOTES:
 [14] Chinese name for a bitter-sweet root used in medicine.--TRANSLATOR.
 
 [15] He has expressed the same sentiment, only more energetically, in
-a passage of the _Huitième Promenade_, where he represents himself as
+a passage of the _Huitième Promenade_, where he represents himself as
 escaping at last from the "procession of the wicked."
 
 [16] This curious note does not appear in the complete works. It
@@ -2233,10 +2206,10 @@ Conches.
 
 III.
 
-THE "ÉTUDES DE LA NATURE."
+THE "ÉTUDES DE LA NATURE."
 
 
-The _Études de la Nature_ appeared in three volumes towards the end
+The _Études de la Nature_ appeared in three volumes towards the end
 of 1784. It did not then comprise the fragments of _l'Arcadie_, which
 have been since added to it, nor _Paul and Virginia_, which the author
 had cut out in consequence of an adventure that has been recounted a
@@ -2246,7 +2219,7 @@ because he is not understood.
 
 Mme. Necker had invited him to come and read some of his MSS. aloud,
 promising that he should have for his audience some distinguished
-judges. Amongst them were in fact Buffon, the Abbé Galiani, Thomas,
+judges. Amongst them were in fact Buffon, the Abbé Galiani, Thomas,
 Necker, and some others. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre chose _Paul and
 Virginia_. At first they listened in silence, then they began to
 whisper, to pay less attention, to yawn, and finally not to listen at
@@ -2263,7 +2236,7 @@ Saint-Pierre to despair.
 
 He thought he was condemned without appeal, and returned to his house
 so prostrated in spirit that he thought of burning _Paul and Virginia_,
-the _Études_, and _l'Arcadie_--all his papers in fact--so as not to
+the _Études_, and _l'Arcadie_--all his papers in fact--so as not to
 be tempted to touch them again. One of the Vernets turned up at this
 crisis, took pity upon his suffering, had the despised work read over
 to him, and recognised the charm of it. He applauded, wept, proclaimed
@@ -2275,7 +2248,7 @@ in a drawer.
 It was the same with the fragments of the _Arcadie_, and with much
 more reason. _L'Arcadie_, begun after the publication of the _Voyage to
 the Isle of France_, was to be an epic poem in prose in twelve books,
-and was inspired by _Telémaque_ and _Robinson Crusoe_. Saint-Pierre
+and was inspired by _Telémaque_ and _Robinson Crusoe_. Saint-Pierre
 proposed "to represent the three successive states through which most
 nations pass: that of barbarism, of nature, and of corruption."[18]
 Notice in passing this progression. The state of nature is not the
@@ -2296,7 +2269,7 @@ Jacques acknowledged at the same time, with a smile, that he had ceased
 to believe in poetical and virtuous shepherds since a certain journey
 which he had taken beside the Lignon: "I once made an excursion to
 Forez," he continued, with the geniality of his good days, "solely to
-see the country of Celadon and Astrea, of which Urfé gives us such
+see the country of Celadon and Astrea, of which Urfé gives us such
 charming pictures. Instead of loving shepherds, I only saw on the banks
 of the Lignon farriers, blacksmiths, and edge-tool makers." "What!"
 cried Saint-Pierre, overwhelmed with astonishment, "that all, in so
@@ -2315,18 +2288,18 @@ de Saint-Pierre; he thought he perceived an underlying criticism,
 and enlarged with enthusiasm upon the sublime virtues of his future
 subjects which would make them easy to govern. But even while
 disputing about it he grew disgusted with _l'Arcadie_, put it on one
-side, and used up the materials for his _Études_. Posterity has no
+side, and used up the materials for his _Études_. Posterity has no
 reason to regret it. The fragments which have reached us suggest a
 work in which the ideas are false and the characters conventional.
 One reads in it for example: "One could see by her timidity that she
 was a shepherdess." The contrary is the case in point of fact, and
 Saint-Pierre knew it better than any one; he who had trotted on foot
 through the whole of Normandy in quest of models for his heroes, before
-tracing the portraits of the beautiful Cyanée of Tirteé, her father,
+tracing the portraits of the beautiful Cyanée of Tirteé, her father,
 and their guest Amasis. His rustics seem to be drawn by a wit who is a
-clumsy imitator of Fénélon. He was quite wise to give it up.
+clumsy imitator of Fénélon. He was quite wise to give it up.
 
-According to his correspondence, the _Études de la Nature_ was begun
+According to his correspondence, the _Études de la Nature_ was begun
 in 1773. The plan of it was at that time gigantic. He informs us on
 the first page that he wished "to write a general history of nature,
 in imitation of Aristotle, of Pliny, of Bacon, and other modern
@@ -2406,8 +2379,8 @@ given his readers some new delights, and extended their views in the
 infinite and mysterious world of nature.
 
 Nevertheless, if his work was given to the public only in a curtailed
-and mutilated form, his object remained. The _Études de la Nature_
-was destined to paraphrase the first part of Fénélon's _Traité de
+and mutilated form, his object remained. The _Études de la Nature_
+was destined to paraphrase the first part of Fénélon's _Traité de
 l'existence de Dieu_, especially of the second chapter, entitled
 "Proofs of the Existence of God, taken from the Consideration of
 the Chief Marvels of Nature." Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was born
@@ -2417,7 +2390,7 @@ spirit and tenderness. He was brought up upon the celebrated phrase of
 Voltaire--"The people must have a religion"--and never could reconcile
 himself to hear repeated around him that in truth, "Religion is the
 portion of the people, just a kind of political engine invented to keep
-them in check" (_Études_). Atheism seemed to him a diminution of our
+them in check" (_Études_). Atheism seemed to him a diminution of our
 being, a lessening of its most noble sensations and its most elevated
 emotions. "It is only religion," he said, "which gives to our passions
 a lofty character"; and he related, apropos of this, that the day on
@@ -2473,7 +2446,7 @@ pre-occupation--yourself; but one aim--your happiness. God made nature
 for man, and man for Himself. Man is the end and aim of everything upon
 the earth, and the proofs of this are infinite in number.
 
-A great part of the _Études_ is taken up with the gathering together of
+A great part of the _Études_ is taken up with the gathering together of
 these proofs. I do not believe that there exists another so intrepid
 a partisan of final causes. Nothing turns him from his demonstration,
 not facts, nor absurdities, nor ridicule. Things are so because it
@@ -2518,7 +2491,7 @@ the soil in the mountains, which had been worn away by water. Sand
 and dust are transported to the tops of the peaks upon the wings of
 storms, thanks to the "fossil attractions" of the mountains.
 
-It was six years after Buffon's _Époques de la Nature_ had appeared,
+It was six years after Buffon's _Époques de la Nature_ had appeared,
 that Bernardin de Saint-Pierre offered to the public this astonishing
 system of the Universe. It needed a certain amount of courage to be so
 deliberately behindhand.
@@ -2763,13 +2736,13 @@ in it, as Saint-Pierre did, a means of compelling the monopolists to
 sell their merchandise for fear that the poor would have to go naked
 or die of hunger, have we not the right to maintain that one argument
 is worth another, and that it would be difficult for you to find a
-better? On the whole, Bernardin only developed Fénélon's idea, who
+better? On the whole, Bernardin only developed Fénélon's idea, who
 also subordinated the creation to man, and was led by that, in spite
 of all his cleverness, to affirm that the stars were made to give us
 light; that the dog is born "to give us a pleasant picture of society,
 friendship, fidelity, and tender affection;" that wild beasts are
 intended "to exercise the courage, strength, and skill of mankind."
-Between Fénélon and Saint-Pierre, as between all determined partisans
+Between Fénélon and Saint-Pierre, as between all determined partisans
 of final causes, it is only a question of more or less ingenuity, and
 Saint-Pierre was very ingenious. Grimm wrote, "I do not believe that
 any man had as yet ventured to recognise Providence, or to attribute
@@ -2777,7 +2750,7 @@ to it more skilful attention, more refined research, more delicacy
 of feeling; but his idea is carried beyond all bounds, and leads him
 occasionally into all kinds of nonsense and absurd puerilities. His
 book is one long collection of eclogues, hymns, and madrigals in honour
-of Providence."[20] The _Études de la Nature_ makes us still better
+of Providence."[20] The _Études de la Nature_ makes us still better
 able to understand the warmth with which Buffon repudiated the theory
 of final causes.
 
@@ -2844,7 +2817,7 @@ Bernardin de Saint-Pierre had his Rousseau beside him, when he
 thus launched his anathemas against civilisation and the sciences.
 He occasionally makes use of expressions which closely recall the
 _Discours sur les lettres, les sciences et les arts_, and the _Discours
-sur l'inegalité parmi les hommes_. Unhappily for his thesis, his
+sur l'inegalité parmi les hommes_. Unhappily for his thesis, his
 eloquent rage against our social state rings false. We feel that it is
 a rhetorical artifice to help him out of the difficulty of his theory
 of final causes, and to open out a way for him to bring at last his
@@ -2897,7 +2870,7 @@ a succession of Idylls. As for the bad sentiments, hate, avarice,
 jealousy, ambition, there was no need to take them into consideration
 or to fear their usurpation; they would disappear from the face of
 France so soon as the plan of education placed at the end of the
-_Études de la Nature_ had been adopted.
+_Études de la Nature_ had been adopted.
 
 There is nothing like coming at the right time. At the beginning of
 the Revolution these sorts of things were listened to with a contrite
@@ -2946,12 +2919,12 @@ gothic ruins, which might be called daring, at that time of mania for
 filling one's garden with Greek and Roman erections, imitation temples,
 imitation tombs, imitation columns, and imitation ruins, ornamented
 with allegorical emblems and sentimental inscriptions. Bernardin de
-Saint-Pierre did not oppose this classical bric-à-brac which pleased
+Saint-Pierre did not oppose this classical bric-à-brac which pleased
 him only too well, but he possessed to a greater extent than his
 contemporaries the sense of the picturesque, which bore fruit in some
-romantic scenes like the description of the Château of Lillebonne.
+romantic scenes like the description of the Château of Lillebonne.
 
-The château is perched on a height commanding a valley. "The high walls
+The château is perched on a height commanding a valley. "The high walls
 which surround it are rounded off at the corners, and so covered with
 ivy that there are but few points from which one can mark their course.
 About the middle of their length, where I should think it would not
@@ -3019,7 +2992,7 @@ celebrating the advantages of perfect ignorance; in such a case one
 never does think of oneself.
 
 After the preceding, one does not expect study to hold a great place
-in the plan of education which crowns the _Études de la Nature_, the
+in the plan of education which crowns the _Études de la Nature_, the
 object of which is to expel all evil sentiments from the hearts of the
 French people. To begin with, Saint-Pierre abolishes learning from
 the education of women, of whom he only purposes to make housekeepers
@@ -3086,7 +3059,7 @@ whether our generation prides itself upon its contempt of the
 schools or not. The wonder is that he found means to retain his
 Louis XVI. sentimentalism in spite of this overflow of practical
 ideas. He corrected with one stroke of his pen the dryness of his
-programme. Everything which was to be taught in his _Écoles de la
+programme. Everything which was to be taught in his _Écoles de la
 Patrie_--orthography, ethics, arithmetic, baking--all, without
 exception, were to be "put into verse and set to music." Out of
 school-hours the pupils were to be commanded by "the sound of flutes,
@@ -3094,7 +3067,7 @@ hautbois, and bagpipes." Here we find ourselves again in the land of
 Utopia, and we recognise our Bernardin.
 
 The schemes of political and social reforms which fill the last two
-volumes of the _Études de la Nature_ are full of this curious mixture
+volumes of the _Études de la Nature_ are full of this curious mixture
 of a practical mind with a romantic imagination. Saint-Pierre is a
 democrat, and rather an advanced one for the day for which he was
 writing. He works with all his might to disturb the existing state of
@@ -3110,7 +3083,7 @@ property of the clergy for the good of the poor. He wishes to replace
 hospitals with home nursing, by which the families of the sick persons
 would benefit; to ameliorate prison regime and madhouses, to secure
 pensions to aged workmen, and to construct in Paris edifices large
-enough to admit of fêtes for the people being held there. All at once
+enough to admit of fêtes for the people being held there. All at once
 he interrupts himself in these grave subjects to describe an _Elysium_
 of his invention, which will be like the visible epitome of the happy
 metamorphosis of France.
@@ -3148,7 +3121,7 @@ with repentance, I appeased Heaven with my tears; and I have repaired
 the evil which I did to men, by serving the sorrowful._"
 
 Not far from this repentant Magdalen, whose marble face expresses,
-according to the æsthetics of the day, at one and the same time
+according to the æsthetics of the day, at one and the same time
 joy and sadness, some statues are erected to good housewives "who
 shall re-establish order in an untidy house," to widows who have not
 re-married on account of their children, and to women "who shall have
@@ -3186,7 +3159,7 @@ affections." Unhappily for France, Saint-Pierre was not the only man
 who knew what he meant when he talked this jargon, without sense to us.
 In 1784 there was a large number of persons who imagined that there
 was something in it, and that, in fact, nothing was simpler than to
-return to the "harmonious laws of nature." The _Études de la Nature_
+return to the "harmonious laws of nature." The _Études de la Nature_
 corresponded with a widely-diffused current of ideas, and that adds
 to their interest. They help to represent to us the condition of many
 minds at the beginning of the Revolution. At that time they thought to
@@ -3236,7 +3209,7 @@ heaven, wearing around her big and massive arms a serpent coiled about
 them like a bracelet. No, make her as Plutarch shows her to us: 'Small,
 vivacious, sprightly, running about the streets of Alexandria at night
 disguised as a market-woman, and, concealed amongst some goods, being
-carried on Apollodore's shoulders to go and see Julius Cæsar.'"
+carried on Apollodore's shoulders to go and see Julius Cæsar.'"
 
 In ethics Bernardin de Saint-Pierre warmly combats the theory of the
 influence of climate, race, soil, temperament and food upon the vicious
@@ -3264,7 +3237,7 @@ true that his generation had glimmering ideas of a number of questions
 which have become common-places in the second half of the nineteenth
 century.
 
-With a little good will we find even in the _Études de la Nature_ a
+With a little good will we find even in the _Études de la Nature_ a
 kind of embryo of Hegel's theory of Contradictions. Contraries produce
 agreement, said Bernardin de Saint-Pierre. "I look upon this great
 truth as the key to the whole of philosophy. It has been as fruitful in
@@ -3378,7 +3351,7 @@ an end of general descriptions and abstract epithets; at the first
 glance we are made to distinguish the characteristic of each tree,
 each tuft of grass, the colour of every stone, and of merging those
 particular and manifold impressions in a general impression. Here, for
-example, is a scene in Normandy, taken from the first _étude_, into
+example, is a scene in Normandy, taken from the first _étude_, into
 which enter only "localities, animals, and vegetables of the commonest
 kind in our climate." It has all the air of having been destined by
 the author to instruct those persons who do not admire anything less
@@ -3449,7 +3422,7 @@ awakened in you--you are before Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's day, and
 the nineteenth century has passed in vain for you.
 
 Perhaps we see better still the indefatigable activity of nature in
-the _Jardin abandonné_. It is a French garden, with straight, trimmed
+the _Jardin abandonné_. It is a French garden, with straight, trimmed
 walks, symmetrical flower-beds, regular fountains, and mythological
 statues. A country house stands in the midst of it. The hand of man has
 been withdrawn from this place, once so well cared for, and it becomes
@@ -3486,7 +3459,7 @@ their dances in our public squares, and to hear the drums of the
 Tartars, and the ivory horns of the negroes, resounding around the
 statues of our kings."
 
-To sum up, the _Études de la Nature_ is a beautiful prose poem upon
+To sum up, the _Études de la Nature_ is a beautiful prose poem upon
 a bad philosophical thesis. In Bernardin de Saint-Pierre Providence
 had a compromising advocate, which happens, however, pretty often.
 Not content with dragging the final causes into everything, he gave
@@ -3522,7 +3495,7 @@ population of blacksmiths. (_The Confessions_, year 1732.)
 [20] Literary Correspondence, April, 1785.
 
 [21] Bernardin de Saint-Pierre had developed his ideas upon the
-education of women, long before the publication of the _Études de
+education of women, long before the publication of the _Études de
 la Nature_, in a speech delivered in 1777, without success, at an
 academical meeting in the country. Some of the details given here are
 borrowed from this _Discours sur l'Education des femmes_.
@@ -3530,7 +3503,7 @@ borrowed from this _Discours sur l'Education des femmes_.
 [22] The celebrated academician to whom allusion is made in this
 passage is Pierre Bouguer, who took part in the scientific expedition
 sent to the equator in 1736 to determine the shape of the earth. The
-quotation which follows is taken from his _Traité de la Navigation_,
+quotation which follows is taken from his _Traité de la Navigation_,
 Book II., Chap. xiv.
 
 
@@ -3541,7 +3514,7 @@ CHAPTER IV.
 "PAUL AND VIRGINIA."
 
 
-Before the appearance of the _Études de la Nature_, Bernardin de
+Before the appearance of the _Études de la Nature_, Bernardin de
 Saint-Pierre was a poor devil, in want, and little known outside one or
 two salons, where he was not liked, and with reason. He quite counted
 upon his work not passing unnoticed. "I dare say that I shall astonish
@@ -3557,7 +3530,7 @@ the workman, I dare to affirm that the basis of my work is calculated
 to throw a great light on every part of nature, and to overthrow the
 methods which are employed to study it. What a fertile subject it
 would be in happier hands." (Letter to Hennin, December 25, 1783.) For
-himself the _Études de la Nature_ was valuable because of the ideas in
+himself the _Études de la Nature_ was valuable because of the ideas in
 it; the form they took was of less importance--a judgment which appears
 very singular to us in our day.
 
@@ -3580,11 +3553,11 @@ with what I have said about plants. Painters are enraptured with what
 I have said about the arts; others upon education; and yet more on the
 causes of the tides" (March 20, 1785). "It seems that my book makes a
 great sensation amongst the clergy; a grand vicar of Soissons, named
-M. l'Abbé de Montmignon, came to see me four or five times, and begged
+M. l'Abbé de Montmignon, came to see me four or five times, and begged
 me to accept a lodging with him in his country house, so that I might
 satisfy my taste for the fields. I told him that in truth I did wish
 for a country house, but not other people's. Another grand vicar of
-Agde, called M. l'Abbé de Bysants, came to see me, ... and is going to
+Agde, called M. l'Abbé de Bysants, came to see me, ... and is going to
 take me next Wednesday to visit the Archbishop of Aix, who wishes to
 see me in order to speak of me at the convocation of the clergy....
 There are five or six great dinners that I have refused during the last
@@ -3618,7 +3591,7 @@ never said that a nightingale ought to sing like a blackbird, I shall
 therefore change neither my religion nor my song." The negotiation
 ended there.
 
-Another suit was pressed upon him by an abbé. The letter began with
+Another suit was pressed upon him by an abbé. The letter began with
 reproaches upon the pride of which M. de Saint-Pierre had given proof
 on several occasions, and continued in these terms: "My niece is a very
 amiable young lady, as artless as innocence itself, pure as a beautiful
@@ -3626,8 +3599,8 @@ spring day, of noble stature, happy countenance ... (we abridge), and
 above all, of the best disposition." This niece being only seventeen,
 her husband would receive her "straight from the hand of nature, before
 society had moulded her to its methods," which is certainly the duty
-of the author of the _Études de la Nature_. The lady has not a penny,
-but that would evidently not deter the author of the _Études_. "We
+of the author of the _Études de la Nature_. The lady has not a penny,
+but that would evidently not deter the author of the _Études_. "We
 believe," wrote her uncle, "you, she, and I, in Providence." We have
 not Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's reply, but he did not marry this time
 either.
@@ -3640,11 +3613,11 @@ stem, without plucking it."
 He tried to reply to his letters, but had to give up the attempt;
 they came now from the whole of Europe. Very soon he was compelled to
 refuse them at the post office, for they did not frank them at that
-time. He paid upwards of £80 for postage of letters in one year, saw
+time. He paid upwards of £80 for postage of letters in one year, saw
 that glory costs too much, and from that time made a selection of his
 correspondence.
 
-At last, joy of joys! The Queen Marie Antoinette mentioned the _Études
+At last, joy of joys! The Queen Marie Antoinette mentioned the _Études
 de la Nature_ at a dinner at Mme. de Polignac's, and Mme. de Genlis
 took the princes, her pupils, to visit the author, the lion of the day,
 in his hermitage.
@@ -3656,7 +3629,7 @@ make the social organisation responsible for all their ills. Many of
 them, too, only asked to rest from the aggressive and dry irreligion
 in which they had lived for so long. All the tender souls for whom
 scepticism is never anything but a passing mood, hailed with joy the
-religious reaction of which the _Études de la Nature_ gave the signal.
+religious reaction of which the _Études de la Nature_ gave the signal.
 This was one of the two principal reasons of its enormous success.
 The other great reason was that people were beginning to read the
 _Confessions_ and the _Reveries_, just published at Geneva, and that
@@ -3670,8 +3643,8 @@ very ignorant on all scientific subjects, and quite ready to judge
 by sentiment of the origin of volcanoes and the form of the poles.
 Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's theories found zealous partisans, and
 seven months had not passed when a candidate at the Sorbonne presented
-a thesis in which he compared the _Études de la Nature_ to Buffon's
-_Époques de la Nature_, which was a great enemy to final causes, as we
+a thesis in which he compared the _Études de la Nature_ to Buffon's
+_Époques de la Nature_, which was a great enemy to final causes, as we
 know, and held the natural man to be a mere brute.
 
 Meantime the object of so much praise remained poor. Imitations of his
@@ -3692,9 +3665,9 @@ cleaned for me." The ragged neighbours did not frighten him. "When I
 came to live amongst the poor in this part of the town," he replied to
 remarks, "I took my place amongst the class to which I have belonged
 for some time. Everything gave way to the happiness of having a corner
-of land to dig and mess about in." Hardly established in it, the naïve
+of land to dig and mess about in." Hardly established in it, the naïve
 pride of the householder bursts forth in his letters. He had paid for
-house and garden £200, and one would think, in reading what he writes
+house and garden £200, and one would think, in reading what he writes
 of it, that he possessed an extensive park. He has "an orchard, some
 vines," and a large space for flowers. He writes to ask his friends
 to give him seeds, bulbs, and plants; one would imagine that all the
@@ -3711,7 +3684,7 @@ success, he replies: "You only see the flower, the thorn has remained
 in my nerves." Little by little he calmed down, recovered himself, and
 gained enough courage to dispute the genuineness of the judgment of the
 noble tribunal, which had once condemned one part of his work. A fourth
-volume of the _Études de la Nature_ appeared in 1788. It contained
+volume of the _Études de la Nature_ appeared in 1788. It contained
 _Paul and Virginia_.
 
 The introduction to _Paul and Virginia_ clearly explains the intention
@@ -3730,12 +3703,12 @@ insubordination of genius, which goes on its way laughing at the best
 made plans. "I also proposed to myself to bring forward in it several
 great truths; amongst others this one, that our happiness consists
 in living according to nature and virtue." A later edition is still
-more explicit: "This little work is but a relaxation from my _Études
+more explicit: "This little work is but a relaxation from my _Études
 de la Nature_, and the application which I have made of its laws to
 the happiness of two unhappy families." In other words, Bernardin de
 Saint-Pierre meant _Paul and Virginia_ to be an instructive and useful
 romance, a sort of lesson in things intended to prove the justice of
-the theories developed in his _Études de la Nature_, and the wisdom of
+the theories developed in his _Études de la Nature_, and the wisdom of
 the reforms which he there set forth. His young hero and heroine were
 to be the living and striking demonstration of the natural goodness
 of man, of the uselessness of our vain sciences, and of an infinite
@@ -3786,7 +3759,7 @@ the _Jardins_ of Delille.
 
 The infancy of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's young hero and heroine is
 passed entirely in a a desert, far from all society; and in them can be
-verified the statement made in the _Études de la Nature_, that "man is
+verified the statement made in the _Études de la Nature_, that "man is
 born good." They only possess virtuous instincts, good feelings, and
 not a germ of vice, for these germs are only communicated to us from
 without, nature did not place them in us.
@@ -3805,7 +3778,7 @@ have retained their belief also suffer; they accustom themselves to be
 too inexacting, and not to look too closely into things.
 
 The moment arrives to educate the two children, and to demonstrate
-what is also said in the _Études de la Nature_ that, "it is society
+what is also said in the _Études de la Nature_ that, "it is society
 which makes evil doers, and it is our education which prepares them."
 The philosopher here interrupts the poet, and explains his system.
 Paul and Virginia are not "prepared" to become wicked, because they
@@ -3964,7 +3937,7 @@ have learnt to recognise it, to be conscious of it, it requires so much
 strength and importance that we may be allowed to welcome it as a new
 force. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre pointed it out, showed it at work,
 and the lesson was not lost. Chateaubriand was twenty at the time of
-the appearance of _Paul and Virginia_. When his René cries out amidst
+the appearance of _Paul and Virginia_. When his René cries out amidst
 the whistling of the wind, "Be swift to gather ye tempests that I have
 longed for," he does not know whether he is speaking of real storms or
 of those in his soul. He confounds them, and no one is unaware how
@@ -3972,7 +3945,7 @@ much poetical inspiration has been given to our age by this confusion
 between our feelings and external impressions.
 
 Let us remark in passing that it was not worth while being so indignant
-in the _Études de la Nature_ against those who dared to say that morals
+in the _Études de la Nature_ against those who dared to say that morals
 vary with the climate. The fragments which we have just read bring us
 to exactly the same conclusion.
 
@@ -4009,7 +3982,7 @@ to the number of "natural laws" which govern our earth (we ourselves
 rather question it). He tries to make up for lost time, and succeeds
 only too well, for until the final catastrophe, we never cease to
 be taught, and to verify the truth of the ideas propounded in the
-_Études de la Nature_. Paul learns to read and write so as to be able
+_Études de la Nature_. Paul learns to read and write so as to be able
 to correspond with Virginia, and he loses at once his tranquility
 of mind. What he learns from romances makes him uneasy and jealous:
 "His knowledge already makes him unhappy." He talks sometimes with the
@@ -4044,7 +4017,7 @@ This is the part that Mme. Necker, at the time of the famous reading in
 her salon, compared to "a glass of iced water." The criticism was just.
 The author himself was chilled by the dialogues between Paul and the
 old man, and cannot regain the passion which carried him so high just
-before. The shipwreck of the _Saint-Géran_, and the death of Virginia,
+before. The shipwreck of the _Saint-Géran_, and the death of Virginia,
 which made us all shed floods of tears when we were children, are, it
 must be allowed, somewhat melodramatic, and from a literary point of
 view very inferior to the passionate scenes.
@@ -4056,7 +4029,7 @@ re-reads it, the less one understands how it could have been taken for
 an innocent and somewhat insipid pastoral. Sainte-Beuve was surprised
 at it even forty years ago. "This charming little book," he writes,
 "which Fontanes placed a little too conventionally, perhaps, between
-_Telémaque_ and _La Mort d'Abel_ (de Gesner), I should myself place
+_Telémaque_ and _La Mort d'Abel_ (de Gesner), I should myself place
 between _Daphnis and Chloe_, and that immortal fourth book in honour of
 Dido." Theophile Gautier declared that _Paul and Virginia_ appeared to
 him to be the most dangerous book in the world for young imaginations.
@@ -4111,9 +4084,9 @@ it was written. Reminiscences of several periods suggested the
 episodes. The pretty scene of the children sheltering themselves from
 the rain under Virginia's petticoat had been observed by Bernardin
 de Saint-Pierre in the Faubourg Saint Marceau. The tragedy of the
-dénoument had been related to him; he did not see it himself, whence it
+dénoument had been related to him; he did not see it himself, whence it
 doubtless comes that it looks rather as though it had been arranged.
-"He only knew how to write about what he had seen," said Aimé Martin;
+"He only knew how to write about what he had seen," said Aimé Martin;
 but what he had seen he always illustrated, and one might even give as
 an epigraph to _Paul and Virginia_ the title which Goethe chose for his
 memoirs: _Poetry and Truth_.
@@ -4145,7 +4118,7 @@ Paris." After the letters came visits from Louis, from Joseph, from
 Napoleon, who flatter and praise the writer of the day. His book never
 leaves them; during the campaign in Italy, "it reposed under the
 pillow of the General-in-Chief, as Homer did under that of Alexander."
-Joseph endeavoured to imitate it in a pastoral called _Moïna_, which
+Joseph endeavoured to imitate it in a pastoral called _Moïna_, which
 he respectfully submitted to Saint-Pierre. Napoleon envies from the
 bottom of his soul the peaceful existence of his host "in the bosom
 of nature." He expresses himself in accents of such sincerity that
@@ -4182,7 +4155,7 @@ solitaire_. The opening promises something rural:
 
 "On the first of May, of this year 1789, I went down into my garden
 at sunrise to see what condition it was in after the terrible winter,
-in which the thermometer on the 31st of December had gone down to 19°
+in which the thermometer on the 31st of December had gone down to 19°
 below freezing....
 
 "On entering it I could see neither cabbages nor artichokes, white
@@ -4209,7 +4182,7 @@ the winter of France is passed, her spring is coming. Then full of hope
 I seated myself at the end of my garden on a little bank of turf and
 clover, in the shadow of an apple-tree in blossom, opposite a hive, the
 bees of which hovered about humming on all sides.... And I began to
-have aspirations for my country." We know already from the _Études de
+have aspirations for my country." We know already from the _Études de
 la Nature_ what his aspirations were; they were nothing very original
 or bold considering it was the year 1789, after the taking of the
 Bastille. Saint-Pierre demands that every employment shall be open to
@@ -4218,8 +4191,8 @@ end put to clerical abuses, &c. The book had no success and possesses
 no interest for us; we may proceed.
 
 Two years after the _Voeux? d'un solitaire_, in 1791, appeared the
-tale entitled _La Chaumière Indienne_. A party of learned Englishmen
-(the Academies again!) undertake to start an encyclopædia. Each member
+tale entitled _La Chaumière Indienne_. A party of learned Englishmen
+(the Academies again!) undertake to start an encyclopædia. Each member
 receives a list of 3,500 questions, and sets out for a different
 country in order "to seek for ... information upon all the sciences."
 The most learned of the band travels overland to the Indies, and on
@@ -4254,7 +4227,7 @@ We have not forgotten that from the moment of his first literary
 success several people proposed to him. After _Paul and Virginia_
 romantic and sensitive hearts turned more than ever towards him, and
 at last he allowed himself to be touched. The daughter of his printer,
-Mlle. Félicité Didot, had loved him for a long time. She "did not fear
+Mlle. Félicité Didot, had loved him for a long time. She "did not fear
 to own it to him," and was rewarded for so doing: he consented to marry
 her. He was fifty-five, she twenty.
 
@@ -4339,13 +4312,13 @@ Paul. It was a general breaking up of things.
 
 There are some people magnificently obstinate in being happy. Bernardin
 had the courage to begin life again. At sixty-three he married a pretty
-little schoolgirl, Mlle. Désirée de Pelleporc, whose exercises it
+little schoolgirl, Mlle. Désirée de Pelleporc, whose exercises it
 amused him to correct, and who was dazzled with the idea of marrying
 the author of _Paul and Virginia_. He found that he had done quite
 the right thing. There is no more any question of cabbages in his
 letters to his second wife. Bernardin is in love, he wishes to please,
 and this old grey-beard finds again his imagination of twenty to
-write to his Désirée, his "joy," his "dear delight," his "everlasting
+write to his Désirée, his "joy," his "dear delight," his "everlasting
 love." She is ailing. "Do not distress thyself; I shall work beside
 thee; I shall comfort thee with my affection; I shall kiss thy feet
 and warm them with my love." She writes to him and he is overcome
@@ -4356,7 +4329,7 @@ sublime--ah! my second providence! &c. I have sent to invite Ducis to
 come and see us. If thou hadst not made me full of love for thee, thou
 wouldst have filled me with pride."
 
-Poor Félicité never had so much attention in her life as Désirée in
+Poor Félicité never had so much attention in her life as Désirée in
 this one day, and that is not all; the letter ends thus: "I believe
 that the new moon of yesterday will make a change in the weather.
 Meantime she has announced herself by heavy showers; but this abundance
@@ -4371,7 +4344,7 @@ most graceful and most speaking picture, above all addressed to a young
 wife, a young mother?"
 
 It is Bernardin who now does the commissions, and he does not bring
-Désirée any nails or moist sugar. Not a bit of it! He brings her
+Désirée any nails or moist sugar. Not a bit of it! He brings her
 crayons and colours, perfumery, a fine tent for her garden. His
 impatience to return is extreme; he no longer lives away from her, is
 capable of nothing without her. "The absence of the clear-sighted wife
@@ -4384,7 +4357,7 @@ thy presence.... Good-bye, my delight; I wish to live and die beside
 thee."
 
 He does not doubt that the whole universe shares in this admiration for
-Désirée, who was moreover really charming, and the joy of his old age.
+Désirée, who was moreover really charming, and the joy of his old age.
 One day when she is alone at Eragny, their country house on the Oise,
 which had taken the place of the island of Essonnes, her husband sends
 her some details about the battle of Eylau. He tells her that two days
@@ -4410,7 +4383,7 @@ by the Emperor. The Parisian world petted and flattered him. On one
 of his journeys to Paris he writes to his second wife: "What is to
 become of our former dreams of rural solitude? How is it possible, in
 the midst of so much writing to be answered, and of visits active and
-passive, to make a fair copy of any pages of my old or new _Études_?
+passive, to make a fair copy of any pages of my old or new _Études_?
 I am like the corn-beetle, living happily in the midst of his family,
 in the shadow of the harvest-field; should a ray of the rising sun
 light up the emerald and gold of his sheath, then the children seeing
@@ -4441,7 +4414,7 @@ meeting.
 
 His other great battle was in favour of a less glorious cause. He
 found means to raise a tempest apropos of the Dictionary, in which he
-wished to insert some sentiment. "Just imagine," he wrote to Désirée,
+wished to insert some sentiment. "Just imagine," he wrote to Désirée,
 "that they have put in their Dictionary under the word _appertain_,
 'It appertains to a father _to chastise his children_.' I told them
 that it was strange that among a hundred duties which bind a father
@@ -4477,8 +4450,8 @@ who disseminates error.' Thus they have even deprived me of hope.
 
 "That is not all, they have lately been trying to take from me my
 actual means of subsistence." Here follows a long list of grievances.
-He has only received £24 indemnity on an occasion when other members
-of the Academy have had £48; one of his pensions has been reduced £2
+He has only received £24 indemnity on an occasion when other members
+of the Academy have had £48; one of his pensions has been reduced £2
 per month; his works have been mutilated by the Censor; he hardly dares
 to present to the public his theory of the tides for fear of sharing
 the fate of Galileo; he expects to be exiled, compelled to find at a
@@ -4507,11 +4480,11 @@ _Harmonies_."
 
 He also continued to publish without succeeding in shaking his
 reputation, though it was not his fault if it remained intact, for from
-the date of the _Chaumière Indienne_ one can count on one's fingers the
+the date of the _Chaumière Indienne_ one can count on one's fingers the
 pages which are not worthless.
 
 The _Harmonies de la Nature_ (three vols., 1796) is only a tame
-repetition of the _Études de la Nature_. We must recall under what
+repetition of the _Études de la Nature_. We must recall under what
 conditions the _Harmonies_ was written. It required a miracle of faith
 or fixed resolution to persevere under the Terror, in teaching that
 there is no evil in the heart of man any more than in the rest of
@@ -4521,8 +4494,8 @@ and the _Vicar of Wakefield_; inspiration did not come, and he had to
 content himself with sifting the same ideas with nothing new but a
 degree more of exaggeration.
 
-The arguments in favour of final causes surpass in naïveté, if
-possible, those of the _Études_. The foresight of creation has no
+The arguments in favour of final causes surpass in naïveté, if
+possible, those of the _Études_. The foresight of creation has no
 limit: "Not only has nature given us vegetation suitable to our
 physical needs, but she has produced some in connection with our moral
 enjoyment which have become the symbols of it by the duration of their
@@ -4619,11 +4592,11 @@ live in an ecstatic languor, and die of inanition."
 
 The works which succeeded to the _Harmonies de la Nature_ are not
 worth spending time over any more than his posthumous ones.[26] When
-we have excepted the _Café de Surate_, a charming satirical tale of
+we have excepted the _Café de Surate_, a charming satirical tale of
 a few pages, and the fragments on J. J. Rousseau, upon which we have
 drawn largely in retracing the history of their acquaintance, we may
 dispense with reading the rest. On the whole Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
-is complete in a single book, the _Études de la Nature_, on condition
+is complete in a single book, the _Études de la Nature_, on condition
 that we take one of the copies perfected by the addition of _Paul and
 Virginia_.
 
@@ -4639,7 +4612,7 @@ of the young state.[27]
 The colony was situated on the banks of the Amazon, because, as a
 child, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre had told himself a story of how he
 embarked for the Amazon, and there founded a republic. It was above
-all distinguished for a fabulous abundance of everything. On fête days
+all distinguished for a fabulous abundance of everything. On fête days
 the citizens took their places at public tables, at which were served
 whole whales, without counting an infinity of other dishes. Contempt
 of systems had there produced some almost incredible scientific and
@@ -4652,7 +4625,7 @@ It was an inoffensive and harmless mania. In the end I really believe
 that Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was no longer surly and bellicose,
 except in the Institute. There he certainly was so, but he paid dearly
 for it. What did they not impute to him for crime? They reproached him
-for sending his son to college, his daughter to Écouen, after having
+for sending his son to college, his daughter to Écouen, after having
 written against public education in France. It is what the adversaries
 of our university system do every day; we blame and we submit, because
 we cannot do otherwise. They reproached him with having been servile
@@ -4680,7 +4653,7 @@ of a malady he adds: "I do not believe ever to have heard of one in
 which death did not come from the fault of the sick person, or from the
 doctor; never from the will of God."
 
-His heart never failed him except in seeing his dear Désirée weep. "I
+His heart never failed him except in seeing his dear Désirée weep. "I
 see her," he said, "incessantly occupied in holding back my soul which
 is ready to escape." For the last time he had himself carried into his
 garden. A Bengal rose-bush was still covered with flowers, but the
@@ -4694,17 +4667,17 @@ passed unobserved in the midst of the great events which were then
 agitating France.
 
 He had intrusted his reputation and his works to his wife; he could
-not have left them in better hands. The charming Désirée has been
+not have left them in better hands. The charming Désirée has been
 the faithful and tender guardian of his memory, a guardian sometimes
 blind; but who would think of reproaching her with that? She married
-again, later, an ardent admirer of her first husband, Aimé Martin,
+again, later, an ardent admirer of her first husband, Aimé Martin,
 the author of the great biography of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, and
 the indefatigable editor of his works. Together they raised an altar
-to his memory. One is obliged to challenge Aimé Martin's romantic and
+to his memory. One is obliged to challenge Aimé Martin's romantic and
 enthusiastic biography, but one could not read without being touched,
 the pages in which the youthful love affairs of the hero are poetised
 and magnified out of all proportion, for those details can only have
-been supplied by his widow. Désirée idealised for posterity even his
+been supplied by his widow. Désirée idealised for posterity even his
 most vulgar adventures.
 
 The man was soon forgotten, and then was invented the legend of which
@@ -4733,14 +4706,14 @@ first eulogistic, was not long before he became irritated at hearing
 malevolent critics compare the elegant simplicity of his predecessor
 to his own pomp of style. Towards the year 1810, some one having asked
 Bernardin if he knew Chateaubriand, the old man replied, "No, I do
-not know him; I have in my time read some extracts of the _Génie du
+not know him; I have in my time read some extracts of the _Génie du
 Christianisme_; his imagination is too strong." They certainly became
 acquainted after the nomination of Chateaubriand to the Academy in
 1811. We do not find that anything resulted from it, but the following
 lines from the _Memoires d'outre Tombe_: "A man whose brush I have
 admired and always shall admire, Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, was wanting
 in judgment, and unfortunately his character was on a level with his
-judgment. How many pictures are spoilt in the _Études de la Nature_ by
+judgment. How many pictures are spoilt in the _Études de la Nature_ by
 the writer's limited intelligence and want of elevation of soul!"
 
 Lamartine, on the contrary, was the most grateful of pupils, always
@@ -4758,12 +4731,12 @@ accomplished this miracle.
 
 It was all in vain; such glorious homage could not protect the bulk
 of his work against an indifference which became ever more and more
-profound. The reputation of the author of the _Études de la Nature_ has
+profound. The reputation of the author of the _Études de la Nature_ has
 dispersed in our day like smoke, so much so indeed that in establishing
 the literary relation of Chateaubriand and Lamartine, their direct
 precursor is usually suppressed; they jump over him to J. J. Rousseau.
 Every one of us has forgotten what we owe to Bernardin de Saint-Pierre.
-Maurice de Guérin said in 1832, after having read the _Études de la
+Maurice de Guérin said in 1832, after having read the _Études de la
 Nature_: "This book sets at liberty and illuminates a sense which we
 all possess, but which is generally obscure and without activity; the
 sense which gathers up for us physical beauties, and presents them to
@@ -4784,9 +4757,9 @@ to his successors the first grand models of descriptive landscapes,
 and restored to the French language a picturesque vocabulary of which
 it had been deprived for two hundred years. These are two immense
 services by which he has exercised a great influence on the literature
-of the nineteenth century. Without the _Études de la Nature_ not
-only _René_ and _Atala_, _Jocelyn_ and _Graziella_, but the _Génie
-du Christianisme_ and the _Méditations_ would have been different
+of the nineteenth century. Without the _Études de la Nature_ not
+only _René_ and _Atala_, _Jocelyn_ and _Graziella_, but the _Génie
+du Christianisme_ and the _Méditations_ would have been different
 from what they are. Chateaubriand and Lamartine would have followed a
 somewhat different bent, and the whole of the modern school would have
 followed their lead. It is a very great honour to have given impulse to
@@ -4798,7 +4771,7 @@ But he had another, over which a very faithful public has undertaken
 to watch. The people, who never forget what has profoundly touched
 them, have guarded the memory of _Paul and Virginia_. They love these
 two children, so beautiful, so unhappy; and we still, find in the
-homes of the peasants penny engravings of Épinde's picture in glaring
+homes of the peasants penny engravings of Épinde's picture in glaring
 colours, in which are represented their games, their young love and
 their tragical end. On a day of inspiration Bernardin de Saint-Pierre
 conquered the glory, enviable above all others, and which is given
@@ -4813,7 +4786,7 @@ and those two laughing heads flying together in the shower.
 
 FOOTNOTES:
 
-[24] The Biography, by Aimé Martin.
+[24] The Biography, by Aimé Martin.
 
 [25] That is to say to the class of French language and literature at
 the Institute which the French Academy revived, except for the title,
@@ -4821,9 +4794,9 @@ at the time of the reorganisation of the Institute by Bonaparte.
 (Decreed January 22, 1803.)
 
 [26] We give the titles of them: _De la Nature de la morale_ (1798),
-_Voyage en Silésie_ (1807), _La Mort de Socrate_, drama (1808),
+_Voyage en Silésie_ (1807), _La Mort de Socrate_, drama (1808),
 _Empsael_ and _la Pierre d'Abraham_, philosophical novels in the form
-of dialogues, _le Café de Surate_--fragments on Rousseau, some accounts
+of dialogues, _le Café de Surate_--fragments on Rousseau, some accounts
 of travels, some pamphlets and fragments of the _Amazon_.
 
 [27] See the fragments of the _Amazon_.
@@ -4835,368 +4808,6 @@ THE END.
 
 
 
-End of Project Gutenberg's Bernardin de St. Pierre, by Arvède Barine
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BERNARDIN DE ST. PIERRE ***
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58723 ***
diff --git a/58723-h/58723-h.htm b/58723-h/58723-h.htm
index 84cdcb7..8002960 100644
--- a/58723-h/58723-h.htm
+++ b/58723-h/58723-h.htm
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-Title: Bernardin de St. Pierre
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 <div class="mynote"><p class="center">Transcriber's Note:<br /><br />
@@ -5009,380 +4970,7 @@ of travels, some pamphlets and fragments of the <i>Amazon</i>.</p></div>
 
 
 
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