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diff --git a/58652-8.txt b/58652-0.txt index effc54d..209dcdb 100644 --- a/58652-8.txt +++ b/58652-0.txt @@ -1,32 +1,7 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The German Secret Service in America -1914-1918, by John Price Jones and Paul Merrick Hollister - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The German Secret Service in America 1914-1918 - -Author: John Price Jones - Paul Merrick Hollister - -Release Date: January 8, 2019 [EBook #58652] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN SECRET SERVICE *** - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58652 *** -Produced by ellinora, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) @@ -257,7 +232,7 @@ British blockade--A report from Washington--Stopping the chlorine supply--Speculation in wool--Dyestuffs and the _Deutschland_--Purchasing phenol--The Bridgeport Projectile Company--The lost portfolio--The -recall of the attachés--A summary of Dr. Albert's +recall of the attachés--A summary of Dr. Albert's efforts. XV THE PUBLIC MIND 225 @@ -418,7 +393,7 @@ German intrigue in the world outside Mittel-Europa, 1914-1917] The war, then, so far as the United States figured in Germany's plan, was economic and diplomatic. But it was also military. German -representatives in the United States were bound by oath to coöperate +representatives in the United States were bound by oath to coöperate to their utmost in all military enterprises within their reach. With a certain few notable exceptions, no such enterprises came within their reach, and if the reader anticipates from that fact a disappointing @@ -437,13 +412,13 @@ organization which transfers suddenly to coping with the expected. Germany had expected war for forty years. Her peace-time organization in America consisted of four executives: -an ambassador, a fiscal agent, a military attaché, and a naval attaché. +an ambassador, a fiscal agent, a military attaché, and a naval attaché. Its chief was the ambassador, comparable in his duties and privileges to the president of a corporation, the representative with full authority to negotiate with other organizations, and responsible to his board of directors--the foreign office in Berlin. Its treasurer was the fiscal agent. And its department heads were the military and naval -attachés, each responsible in some degree to his superiors in matters +attachés, each responsible in some degree to his superiors in matters of policy and finances, and answerable also to Berlin. The functions of the chief were two-fold. Convincing evidence @@ -492,14 +467,14 @@ of which more anon); a third woman intimate lived in a comfortable apartment near Fifth Avenue--an apartment selected for her, though she was unaware of it, by secret agents of the United States. During the early days of the war the promise of social sponsorship which any -embassy in Washington could extend proved bait for a number of ingénues +embassy in Washington could extend proved bait for a number of ingénues of various ages, with ambition and mischief in their minds, and the gracious Ambassador played them smoothly and dexterously. Mostly they were not German women, for the German women of America were not so likely to be useful socially, nor as a type so astute as to qualify them for von Bernstorff's delicate work. To those whom he chose to see he was courteous, and superficially frank almost to the point of -naïveté. The pressure of negotiation between Washington and Berlin +naïveté. The pressure of negotiation between Washington and Berlin became more and more exacting as the war progressed, yet he found time to command a campaign whose success would have resulted in disaster to the United States. That he was not blamed for the failure of that @@ -511,7 +486,7 @@ highest post in the Foreign Office. Upon the shoulders of Dr. Heinrich Albert, privy counsellor and fiscal agent of the German Empire, fell the practical execution of German propaganda throughout America. He was the American agent of -a government which has done more than any other to coöperate with +a government which has done more than any other to coöperate with business towards the extension of influence abroad, on the principle that "the flag follows the constitution." As such he had had his finger on the pulse of American trade, had catalogued exhaustively @@ -560,7 +535,7 @@ and returned with the ambassadorial party to Germany only after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1917, credited with expert generalship on the economic sector of the American front. -Germany's military attaché to the United States was Captain Franz +Germany's military attaché to the United States was Captain Franz von Papen. His mission was the study of the United States army. In August, 1914, it may be assumed that he had absorbed most of the useful information of the United States army, which at that moment was no @@ -585,7 +560,7 @@ a German house of which Adolph Pavenstedt was the president, but which has since been taken over by American interests. And he added: - "Then inform Lersner. The Russian attaché ordered back to + "Then inform Lersner. The Russian attaché ordered back to Washington by telegraph. On outbreak of war have intermediaries locate by detective where Russian and French intelligence office." @@ -672,7 +647,7 @@ shouting "Deutschland, Deutschland ueber alles!" to the strains of the Austrian hymn, while they waited for Papen's orders from a building near by, and picked quarrels with a counter procession of Frenchmen screaming the immortal "Marseillaise." Up in his office sat -the attaché, summoning, assigning, despatching his men on missions +the attaché, summoning, assigning, despatching his men on missions that were designed to terrorize America as the spiked helmets were terrorizing Belgium at that moment. @@ -684,7 +659,7 @@ there is again something ironical in the fact that the arrogance of Captain von Papen's outrages hastened the coming of war to America and the decline of Captain von Papen's style of warfare in America. -The Kaiser's naval attaché at Washington was Karl Boy-Ed, the child +The Kaiser's naval attaché at Washington was Karl Boy-Ed, the child of a German mother and a Turkish father, who had elected a naval career and shown a degree of aptitude for his work which qualified him presently for the post of chief lieutenant to von Tirpitz. He was @@ -731,7 +706,7 @@ those who had said lightly that "Boy-Ed knows more about our navy than Annapolis itself" began to realize that they had spoken an alarming truth. His war duties were manifold. Like von Papen, he had his corps of reservists, his secret agents, his silent forces everywhere ready -for active coöperation in carrying out the naval enterprises Germany +for active coöperation in carrying out the naval enterprises Germany should see fit to undertake in Western waters. America learned gradually of the machinations of the four executives, @@ -792,7 +767,7 @@ The drama of German spy operations in America is of baffling proportions. Its curtain rose long before the war; its early episodes were grave enough to have caused, any one of them, a nine-days' wonder in the press, its climax was rather a huge accumulation of intolerable -disasters than a single outstanding incident, and its dénouement +disasters than a single outstanding incident, and its dénouement continued long after America's declaration of war. In the previous chapter we have accepted our limitations and introduced only the four chief characters of the play. It is necessary, in describing the @@ -874,7 +849,7 @@ Imperial funds were at his disposal. He had already the requisite contact with American business. But let him also exert his utmost influence upon America to stop supplying the Allies. If he could do it alone, so much the better; if not, he was at liberty to call upon the -military and naval attachés. But in any case "food and arms for Germany +military and naval attachés. But in any case "food and arms for Germany and none for the Allies" was the economic war-cry. American supplies must be purchased for Germany and shipped through @@ -1031,7 +1006,7 @@ of Captain von Papen." This was two days before the final declaration of war. All German and Austro-Hungarian consulates received orders to -coördinate their own staffs for war service. Germany herself supplied +coördinate their own staffs for war service. Germany herself supplied the American front with men by wireless commands to all parts of the world. Captain Hans Tauscher, who enjoyed the double distinction of being agent in America for the Krupps and husband of a noted operatic @@ -1222,7 +1197,7 @@ the Hamburg-American Line." The North German Lloyd was serving as the Captain's Pacific operative, which accounts for the transfer of the funds to the West. (The same -line, through its Baltimore agent, Paul Hilken, was also coöperating +line, through its Baltimore agent, Paul Hilken, was also coöperating at this time, but not to an extent which brought the busy Hilken into prominence as did his later connection with the merchant submarine, _Deutschland_.) Following the course of the funds, federal agents @@ -1334,7 +1309,7 @@ THE WIRELESS SYSTEM code. -The coördination of a nation's fighting forces depends upon that +The coördination of a nation's fighting forces depends upon that nation's system of communication. In no previous war in the world's history has a general staff known more of the enemy's plans. We look back almost patronizingly across a century to the semaphore which @@ -1400,9 +1375,9 @@ Teutonic wireless project. It was a chart, bearing a rectangle labeled in German with the title of the German Foreign Office. From this "trunk" radiated three "branches," each bearing a name, and each terminating in the words. "Telefunken Co." The first branch was labeled -"Gesellschaft für Drahtlose Telegraphie, Berlin"; the second, "Siemens +"Gesellschaft für Drahtlose Telegraphie, Berlin"; the second, "Siemens & Halske, Siemens-Schuckert-Werke, Berlin"; the third, "Allgemeine -Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, Berlin." +Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, Berlin." From each branch grew still further subdivisions, labeled with the names of electrical firms or agents all over the world, and all subject @@ -1428,7 +1403,7 @@ de Janeiro; Siemens-Schuckert, Ltd., Buenos Ayres; Siemens-Schuckert, Ltd., Valparaiso. From No. 3: A. E. G. Union Electrique, Brussels; Allgemeine -Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, Basel; A. E. G. Elecktriska Aktiebolaget, +Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft, Basel; A. E. G. Elecktriska Aktiebolaget, Stockholm; A. E. G. Electricitats Aktieselskabet, Christiania; A. E. G. Thomson-Houston Iberica, Madrid; A. E. G. Compania Mexicana, Mexico; A. E. G. Electrical Company of South Africa, Johannesburg. @@ -1439,7 +1414,7 @@ that "permanent stations in this neighborhood" would be valuable "if the Panama Canal is fortified." From Sayville station the German plan projected powerful wireless plants in Mexico, at Para, Brazil; at Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana; at Cartagena, Colombia, and at Lima, -Peru. A point in which Captain H. Retzmann, the German naval attaché +Peru. A point in which Captain H. Retzmann, the German naval attaché in 1911, was at one time interested was whether signals could be sent to the German fleet in the English Channel from America without England's interference. German naval wireless experts supervised the @@ -1790,7 +1765,7 @@ Goltz is responsible for the generally accepted version of incidents which followed his first interview with von Papen on August 22 at the German Consulate in New York. He was sent to Baltimore under the assumed name of Bridgeman H. Taylor, with a letter to the German Consul -there, Karl Luederitz, calling for whatever coöperation Goltz might +there, Karl Luederitz, calling for whatever coöperation Goltz might need. He was to recruit accomplices from the crew of a German ship then lying at the North German Lloyd docks in the Patapsco River. With a man whom he had hired in New York, Charles Tucker, alias "Tuchhaendler," he @@ -1823,14 +1798,14 @@ and had been forwarded in care of Karl W. Buck, who lived at 843 West End Avenue, New York. With this guerdon of American protection Goltz set out for Buffalo about September 10--the last day of the Battle of the Marne--Busse and Fritzen carrying the dynamite and apparatus, and -Covani, as Goltz naïvely related, "attending to me." He found rooms +Covani, as Goltz naïvely related, "attending to me." He found rooms at 198 Delaware Avenue, in the heart of Buffalo. He learned of the terrain for the enterprise from a German of mysterious occupation, who had lived in Buffalo for several years. Within a few days Goltz and his companions moved on to Niagara Falls--a move made easier by an exchange of telegraphic communications between Papen and himself. It is only necessary to quote, from the British Secret Service report to -Parliament, those messages which Goltz received from the attaché, or +Parliament, those messages which Goltz received from the attaché, or "Steffens," as Papen chose to sign himself: @@ -1908,7 +1883,7 @@ him money to come back to New York. "My friend Fritzen," he added, Alliance.... I would appreciate anything you can do for me, especially since I enlisted in such a task ... Von Papen signs himself Stevens." -The military attaché was frankly disgusted at the failure of the +The military attaché was frankly disgusted at the failure of the undertaking. Goltz claims to have explained everything satisfactorily, and to have been given presently a new commission--that of returning to Germany for further instructions from Abteilung III of the General @@ -1923,7 +1898,7 @@ capture in London. News traveled fast in German channels. Examination of his papers resulted in a protracted imprisonment, which daily grew more painful, and finally Goltz agreed to turn state's -evidence against his former confrères. It was not until March 31, 1916, +evidence against his former confrères. It was not until March 31, 1916, that Captain Tauscher was interrupted at his office by the arrival of agents of the Department of Justice, who placed him under arrest. He was held in $25,000 bail on a charge of having furthered a plot to blow @@ -2068,7 +2043,7 @@ Paul Koenig, the Hamburg-American employe, who supplied and directed agents of German violence in America] Von Papen saw in Koenig's little police force the nucleus of just such -an organization as he needed. The Line put Koenig at the attaché's +an organization as he needed. The Line put Koenig at the attaché's disposal in August, 1914, and straightway von Papen connected certain channels of information with Koenig's own system. He supplied reservists for special investigations and crimes, and presently Koenig @@ -2076,11 +2051,11 @@ became in effect the foreman of a large part of Germany's secret service in the East. As his activities broadened, he was called upon to execute commissions for Bernstorff, Albert, Dr. Dumba, the Austro-Hungarian ambassador, and Dr. Alexander von Nuber, the Austrian -consul in New York, as well as for the attachés themselves. He acted as +consul in New York, as well as for the attachés themselves. He acted as their guard on occasion, served as their confidential messenger, and made himself generally useful in investigation work. -The guilt-stained check-book of the military attaché contained these +The guilt-stained check-book of the military attaché contained these entries: @@ -2102,7 +2077,7 @@ bill. This necessitated his itemizing his expenditures, and this Germanly thorough and thoroughly German system of petty accounting enabled our secret service later to trace his activities with considerable success. Koenig and von Papen used to haggle over his -bills--on one occasion the attaché felt he was being overcharged, and +bills--on one occasion the attaché felt he was being overcharged, and accordingly deducted a half-dollar from the total. "P. K." also had an incriminating book--a carefully prepared notebook @@ -2267,7 +2242,7 @@ obstacle in the way of unlimited supply of passports. The Goltz method was easy enough, but it soon became impossible to employ it. The necessity for sending news through to Berlin by courier was increasingly urgent and it devolved upon Captain von Papen to -systematize the supply of passports. The military attaché in November +systematize the supply of passports. The military attaché in November selected Lieutenant Hans von Wedell, who had already made a trip as courier to Berlin for his friend, Count von Bernstorff. Von Wedell was married to a German baroness. He had been a newspaper reporter in @@ -2281,7 +2256,7 @@ would apply for and deliver passports. And he bought them! He spent much time at the Deutscher Verein, and at the Elks' Club in 43rd Street where he often met his agents to give instructions and receive passports. His bills were paid by Captain von Papen, as revealed by the -attaché's checks and check stubs; on November 24, 1914, a payment in +attaché's checks and check stubs; on November 24, 1914, a payment in his favor of $500; on December 5, $500 more and then $300, the latter being for "journey money." Von Wedell's bills at the Deutscher Verein in November, 1914, came to $38.05, according to another counterfoil. @@ -2389,7 +2364,7 @@ of the office at 11 Bridge Street. As he was sorting papers and making a general investigation, a German walked in bearing a card of introduction from von Papen, introducing himself as Wolfram von Knorr, a German officer who up to the outbreak of the war had been -naval attaché in Tokio. The officer desired a passport. Baker, after a +naval attaché in Tokio. The officer desired a passport. Baker, after a conversation in which von Knorr revealed von Papen's connection with the passport bureau, told him to return the next day. When the German read the next morning's newspapers he changed his lodging-place and his @@ -2520,7 +2495,7 @@ watches and reports every detail," he said. "All this information is transmitted in code to the German Government." In January, 1915, if not earlier, Stegler was sent by the German Consulate to Boy-Ed's office, where he received instructions to get a passport and make arrangements -to go to England as a spy. Boy-Ed paid him $178, which the attaché +to go to England as a spy. Boy-Ed paid him $178, which the attaché admitted. Stegler immediately got in touch with Gustave Cook and Richard Madden, of Hoboken, and made use of Madden's birth certificate and citizenship in obtaining a passport from the American Government. @@ -2573,7 +2548,7 @@ which cost him his life. Captain Boy-Ed authorized the commander of the German cruiser _Geier_, interned in Honolulu, to get his men back to Germany as best he could, by providing them with false passports. Still another of Boy-Ed's -protégés was a naval reservist, August Meier, who shipped as a hand +protégés was a naval reservist, August Meier, who shipped as a hand on the freighter _Evelyn_ with a cargo of horses for Bermuda. On the voyage practically all of the horses were poisoned. Meier, however, was arrested by the Federal authorities on the charge of using the name of @@ -2729,7 +2704,7 @@ a similar accident in the Equitable powder plant at Alton, Ill. On New Year's Day, the Buckthorne plant of the John A. Roebling Company, manufacturers of shell materials, at Trenton, was completely destroyed by fire, the property loss estimated at $1,500,000. And on June 26, the -Ætna Powder plant at Pittsburgh suffered a chemical explosion which +Ætna Powder plant at Pittsburgh suffered a chemical explosion which killed one man and injured ten others. Most of these "accidents" had taken place near the Atlantic seaboard. @@ -2750,7 +2725,7 @@ York, the benzol plant of the Semet Solvay Company was destroyed at Solvay, N. Y.; on the 7th serious explosions occurred at the du Pont plant at Pompton Lakes and at the Philadelphia benzol plant of Harrison Brothers (the latter causing $500,000 damage); on the 16th five -employees were killed in an explosion and fire at the Ætna plant at +employees were killed in an explosion and fire at the Ætna plant at Sinnemahoning, Pa., three days later there was another at the du Pont plant in Wilmington; on the 25th a munitions train on the Pennsylvania line was wrecked at Metuchen, N. J.; on the 28th the du Pont works @@ -2770,7 +2745,7 @@ typical methods of operation, as well as to provide a story more than usually melodramatic. Van Koolbergen was a Hollander by birth, and a British subject by -naturalization. In April, 1915, he met in the Heidelberg Café, in +naturalization. In April, 1915, he met in the Heidelberg Café, in San Francisco, a man named Wilhelm von Brincken, who lived at 303 Piccadilly Apartments, and who asked Van Koolbergen to call on him there. The latter, however, was leaving for Canada, and it was not @@ -2908,7 +2883,7 @@ punishment was something more than the average man's lifetime in prison. Certain of their adventures will appear in other phases of German activity to be discussed. They may be dismissed here, however, with the statement that the California consulate also planned the -destruction of munitions plants at Ætna, Indiana, and at Ishpeming, +destruction of munitions plants at Ætna, Indiana, and at Ishpeming, Michigan. The State Department released on October 10, 1917, a telegram from @@ -2924,7 +2899,7 @@ January 2, 1916. Its text follows: points, with a view to complete and protracted interruption of traffic. Captain Boehm, who is known on your side, and is shortly returning, has been given instructions. Inform the military - attaché and provide the necessary funds. + attaché and provide the necessary funds. "ZIMMERMANN." @@ -2954,7 +2929,7 @@ were being rebuilt, for the guns in France were hungry. Out of the mass of munitions accidents in the year 1915 stands sharp and clear the Bethlehem Steel fire of November 10--of which all Germany had had warning, and on which the German press was forbidden -to comment--when 800 big guns were destroyed. The du Pont and Ætna +to comment--when 800 big guns were destroyed. The du Pont and Ætna organizations suffered again and again; a chemical plant had two fires which cost three-quarters of a million dollars; two explosions in the Tennessee Coal and Iron Works at Birmingham, Alabama, did considerable @@ -2990,7 +2965,7 @@ concerning the price to be paid for the Pinole job: Glancing back over the record of 1915--which was hardly mitigated in the succeeding years of war--one is inclined to marvel at the hardy -perennial pose of the deported attaché, who said as he left the United +perennial pose of the deported attaché, who said as he left the United States: @@ -3028,7 +3003,7 @@ MORE BOMB PLOTS three years--Waiter spies. -In the check-book of the military attaché was a counterfoil betraying +In the check-book of the military attaché was a counterfoil betraying a payment of $1,000 made on March 27, 1915, to "W. von Igel (for A. Kaltschmidt, Detroit)." That stub was part of a bomb plot. @@ -3141,7 +3116,7 @@ of the dynamiter, was acquitted. The activities of this group received tangible approval from the German Embassy. Even before von Papen drew the check on March 27 for -Kaltschmidt, the attaché's secretary, von Igel, had transferred $2,000 +Kaltschmidt, the attaché's secretary, von Igel, had transferred $2,000 to the Detroit German from the banking firm of Knauth, Nachod and Kuhne (January 23). On October 5, long after the Walkerville explosion, but while the Port Huron venture was still a possibility, the Chase @@ -3184,7 +3159,7 @@ the protection America might afford. Werner Horn, a former lieutenant in the Landwehr, was in Guatemala when the war broke out. He made an attempt to return to his command, but got no farther than New York, where he placed himself at the disposal of Captain von Papen. On -January 18 the military attaché paid him $700. On February 2 Horn +January 18 the military attaché paid him $700. On February 2 Horn exploded a charge of dynamite on the Canadian end of the international bridge at Vanceboro, Maine, spanning the St. Croix River to New Brunswick. The explosion caused a slight damage to the Canadian half @@ -3196,7 +3171,7 @@ which Judge Hale issued was not executed, the United States Marshal for Maine having received word from Washington that a well-preserved treaty between Great Britain and the United States would cover just such a case, and Horn was indicted on a charge of having transported -explosives from New York City to Vanceboro. His attorneys naïvely +explosives from New York City to Vanceboro. His attorneys naïvely attempted to secure his liberty by casting a protective mantle of international law about his shoulders: Werner Horn, they said, was a First Lieutenant of the West-Prussian Pioneer Battalion Number 17, and @@ -3220,12 +3195,12 @@ it was a recognized practice during 1915, it made the Embassy at Washington uneasy. Bernstorff protested to the Foreign Office in Berlin that if a German agent should be caught in the act of dynamiting a railroad it would be exceedingly embarrassing for him, and increase -the difficulties of his already ticklish rôle of apologist and +the difficulties of his already ticklish rôle of apologist and explainer-extraordinary. The Foreign Office accordingly sent a telegram to von Papen: - "January 26--For Military Attaché.... Railway embankments and + "January 26--For Military Attaché.... Railway embankments and bridges must not be touched. Embassy must in no circumstances be compromised." @@ -3375,7 +3350,7 @@ points every day while he was on the assignment, in order to establish an alibi. He was an irresponsible person, and one who could not be said to be -under orders from the attachés in lower Broadway. Yet he is typical +under orders from the attachés in lower Broadway. Yet he is typical of the restless and lawless floating population of which the Germans made excellent tools. When he heard Galley he promptly offered his services; his boldness would have made him a capital destroying agent, @@ -3431,7 +3406,7 @@ $300,000,000 as the cost of the American ash heaps for 1917." How did the Germans know where munitions were being manufactured? Rumor fled swiftly through the labor districts, and the news was reported through the regular channels of espionage, cleared through the -consulates and German business offices, and forwarded to the attachés +consulates and German business offices, and forwarded to the attachés and the Embassy. But the collection of information did not stop there; it was verified from another source--a serviceable factor in the general system of espionage. @@ -3536,7 +3511,7 @@ the National City Bank relating to a shipment of 2,000,000 rifles which was then being handled by the Hudson Trust Company; the other a cablegram from the Russian Government authorizing the City Bank to place some millions of dollars to the credit of Colonel Golejewski, the -Russian naval attaché and purchasing agent. From a German standpoint, +Russian naval attaché and purchasing agent. From a German standpoint, of course, both were highly significant. Schleindl's arrest caused considerable uneasiness in Wall Street, and other banking houses who had been dealing in munitions "looked unto themselves" lest there be @@ -3579,7 +3554,7 @@ employment in a banking house. He then went to New York, where he was admitted to Ladenburg, Thalmann & Co., and found time during his first stay in America to serve as Germany's naval representative at the ceremonies commemorating John Paul Jones. The German Embassy gave him -entrée wherever he turned. He was a member of the New York Yacht Club, +entrée wherever he turned. He was a member of the New York Yacht Club, was received at Newport and in Fifth Avenue as a polished and agreeable person who spoke English, French and Spanish as fluently as his native tongue, and he acquired a broad firsthand knowledge of American @@ -3592,7 +3567,7 @@ acquaintances who visited Berlin he received with marked hospitality, and some he even introduced to his august friend, the Crown Prince. In January, 1915, von Rintelen, then a director of the Deutsche Bank, -and the National Bank für Deutschland, and a man of corresponding +and the National Bank für Deutschland, and a man of corresponding wealth, was commissioned to go to America, to buy cotton, rubber and copper, and to prevent the Allies from receiving munitions. So he went to America. And from his arrival in New York until his departure @@ -3623,7 +3598,7 @@ of "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde." "Dr. Jekyll" visited the Yacht Club and called upon wealthy friends, proving a more charming, more delightful von Rintelen than ever. He met influential business men who were selling supplies to the Allies. He was presented to society -matrons and débutantes whom he had use for. To these he was Herr von +matrons and débutantes whom he had use for. To these he was Herr von Rintelen, in America on an important financial mission. "Mr. Hyde" sought information from von Bernstorff, Dr. Albert, von Papen, Boy-Ed, Captain Tauscher and George Sylvester Viereck about the production @@ -3680,7 +3655,7 @@ disregard of American institutions. Germany made her first mistake in giving him a roving commission. Germany was desperate, or she would have restricted von Rintelen to certain well-defined enterprises. Instead he ran afoul of the military -and naval attachés on more than one occasion, offended them, and did +and naval attachés on more than one occasion, offended them, and did more to hinder than to help their own plans. In early April he made his financial arrangements with the @@ -3968,7 +3943,7 @@ of arms and shells would not have been marred by such entries as these: July 27--_Arabic_; two bombs found aboard. - Aug. 9--_Asuncion de Larriñaga_; afire at sea. + Aug. 9--_Asuncion de Larriñaga_; afire at sea. Aug. 13--_Williston_; bombs in cargo. @@ -4198,7 +4173,7 @@ thought Count von Bernstorff and Dr. Albert, who dealt in men. So thought Berlin--the General Staff sent this message to America: - "January 26--For Military Attaché. You can obtain particulars as + "January 26--For Military Attaché. You can obtain particulars as to persons suitable for carrying on sabotage in the United States and Canada from the following persons: (1) Joseph McGarrity, Philadelphia; (2) John P. Keating, Michigan Avenue, Chicago; (3) @@ -4388,7 +4363,7 @@ change has, however, come up, as the mass meeting will have to be postponed on account of there being insufficient time for the necessary preparations. It will probably be held there in about two weeks. -"Among others the following have agreed to coöperate: Senator +"Among others the following have agreed to coöperate: Senator Hitchcock, Congressman Buchanan, William Bayard Hale of New York and the well known pulpit orator, Dr. Aked (born an Englishman), from San Francisco. @@ -4408,7 +4383,7 @@ well for a long time and know that personal interest does not count with them; the results will bring their own reward. "For the purposes of the inner organization, to which we attribute -particular importance, we have assured ourselves of the coöperation of +particular importance, we have assured ourselves of the coöperation of the local Democratic boss, Roger C. Sullivan, as also Messrs. Sparman, Lewis and McDonald, the latter of the _Chicago American_. Sullivan was formerly leader of the Wilson campaign and is a deadly enemy of Wilson, @@ -4524,7 +4499,7 @@ It is worth reproducing here intact: impression that we can disorganize and hold up for months, if not entirely prevent, the manufacture of munitions in Bethlehem and the middle West, which, in the opinion of the German - military attaché, is of great importance and amply outweighs the + military attaché, is of great importance and amply outweighs the comparatively small expenditure of money involved. "But even if strikes do not occur it is probable that we should @@ -4587,7 +4562,7 @@ on the heels of the publication of the letter: So went Dumba. -After his departure Baron Zwiedinek, his chargé d'affaires, and +After his departure Baron Zwiedinek, his chargé d'affaires, and Consul von Nuber advertised widely in Hungarian newspapers calling on Austrians and Hungarians at work in munitions plants to leave. If they wrote the Embassy on the subject, the reply they received read: @@ -4665,7 +4640,7 @@ New York at that time was as facile as a telephone conversation from the Battery to Harlem. There were new 110-kilowatt transmitters in the German-owned Sayville wireless station, imported through Holland and installed under the expert supervision of Captain Boy-Ed, and -memoranda issued in Berlin to the naval attaché were frequently the +memoranda issued in Berlin to the naval attaché were frequently the subject of guarded conversation in the German Club within a few hours after they had left the Wilhelmstrasse. Occasionally the conspirators found it more tactful to drive through the Park in a limousine during @@ -4802,7 +4777,7 @@ besides Mr. Vanderbilt her passenger list included Charles Frohman, the most important of theatrical managers; Elbert Hubbard, a quaint and lovable writer-artisan; Charles Klein, a playwright; Justus Miles Forman, a novelist; and numerous others of more or less celebrity, -among them an actress who lived to reënact her part in the tragedy +among them an actress who lived to reënact her part in the tragedy for the benefit of herself and a motion picture company. Ruthless as it was, the _Lusitania_ also carried Lindon W. Bates, Jr., a youth whose family had befriended von Rintelen. And there were the women and @@ -4929,7 +4904,7 @@ COMMERCIAL VENTURES blockade--A report from Washington--Stopping the chlorine supply--Speculation in wool--Dyestuffs and the _Deutschland_--Purchasing phenol--The Bridgeport Projectile - Company--The lost portfolio--The recall of the attachés--A summary + Company--The lost portfolio--The recall of the attachés--A summary of Dr. Albert's efforts. @@ -5230,7 +5205,7 @@ materials are being promptly assembled, and there is every indication that deliveries will commence as provided in the contract; i. e., on Sept. 1st, 1915." -The Bridgeport Projectile Company contracted with the Ætna Powder +The Bridgeport Projectile Company contracted with the Ætna Powder Company, one of the largest producers of explosives in America, for its entire output up to January, 1916, and then turned round and offered the Spanish government a million pounds of powder. The Spanish @@ -5311,7 +5286,7 @@ none--it would have been dispelled by the seizure of the Archibald letters, but the result of the exposures of German activity which made the _New York World_, a newspaper worth watching during August and September, 1915, was not the expulsion of Dr. Albert, but of the -military and naval attachés. Albert, while he had been magnificently +military and naval attachés. Albert, while he had been magnificently busy attempting to disturb America's calm, had been cunning enough to keep his hands free of blood and powder smoke; Boy-Ed and von Papen had to answer for the origination of so many crimes that it @@ -5374,7 +5349,7 @@ sentiments: could--well, better not!" -Perhaps Dr. Albert would have accompanied the attachés had not the +Perhaps Dr. Albert would have accompanied the attachés had not the submarine situation been so acute. For while the Government had in its possession sufficient provocation for his dismissal, and that of Count von Bernstorff as well, the Government's desire at that time was peace, @@ -6302,7 +6277,7 @@ his plans: "At the Consulate I met Mr. A. Wehde from Chicago, who is on way to Orient on business. -"One of the Hindoos sent over by Knorr (naval attaché of German Embassy +"One of the Hindoos sent over by Knorr (naval attaché of German Embassy at Tokio) left for Shanghai on the 6th. In Hongkong there are 500 Hindoos, 200 officers and volunteers, besides one torpedo boat and two Japanese cruisers. @@ -6555,7 +6530,7 @@ Germans." Chandra and his crew supplied the _Maverick_ with quantities of literature, but most of it was burned when the Hindu agents aboard feared that there were British warships near Socorro Island. In the same group were G. B. Lal and Taraknath Das, two former students at the -University of California, the latter a protégé of a German professor +University of California, the latter a protégé of a German professor there himself engaged in propaganda work. Throughout the fall of 1915 the Hindus in America awaited word @@ -6952,7 +6927,7 @@ Judge Van Fleet, on April 30, 1918, pronounced the following sentences: Franz Bopp, German consul in San Francisco, two years in the penitentiary and $10,000 fine; F. H. von Schack, vice-consul, the same -punishment; Lieutenant von Brincken, military attaché of the consulate, +punishment; Lieutenant von Brincken, military attaché of the consulate, two years' imprisonment without fine; Walter Sauerbeck, lieutenant commander in the German navy, an officer of the _Geier_ interned in Honolulu, one year's imprisonment and $2,000 fine; Charles Lattendorf, @@ -7105,7 +7080,7 @@ direction of Karl Heynen, the arms were landed. Huerta had promised the presidency to Felix Diaz. In order to get him out of the way he sent Diaz to negotiate a Japanese understanding. The -United States gently diverted Señor Diaz from his mission. Huerta began +United States gently diverted Señor Diaz from his mission. Huerta began to lose the grip he held; three other factionists, Villa, Carranza and Zapata, each at the head of an army, were aiming at his head, and shortly before the world went to war the old rogue fled to Barcelona. @@ -7406,7 +7381,7 @@ mobilization in Ireland by this time. There were in Dublin some 825 rifles. But so cleverly were the volunteers' orders passed from member to member, that Sir Matthew Nathan, Under-secretary of State for Ireland, testified later that he did not know until three days -before the outbreak occurred that German interests were coöperating. +before the outbreak occurred that German interests were coöperating. Evidently, however, sympathizers in America knew it full well, for in the von Igel papers captured in von Papen's office in New York was found the following message to von Bernstorff: @@ -7512,13 +7487,13 @@ He was Paul Bolo Pacha, Paul Bolo by common usage, Pacha by whatever right is vested in a deposed Khedive to confer titles. Born somewhere in the obscurity of the Levant, he came as a boy to Marseilles. He was successively barber's-boy, lobster-monger, husband of a rich woman who -left him her estate, then café-owner and wine-agent. Then he drifted to +left him her estate, then café-owner and wine-agent. Then he drifted to Cairo, and into the good graces of Abbas Hilmi, the Khedive. Abbas was deposed by the British in 1914 as pro-German, and went to Geneva; Bolo followed. Charles F. Bertelli, the correspondent in Paris of the Hearst -newspapers, naïvely related before Captain Bouchardon, a French +newspapers, naïvely related before Captain Bouchardon, a French prosecutor, the circumstances of his acquaintanceship with Bolo, which led to the latter's cordial reception at the hands of Hearst when he arrived in New York. " ... Jean Finot, Directeur of _La Revue_, ... had @@ -7534,7 +7509,7 @@ and the German, Pavenstedt...." We need draw on Bertelli no further than to introduce the same Adolph Pavenstedt in whose offices Papen and Boy-Ed had sought refuge at the outbreak of war in 1914; Adolph Pavenstedt, head of the banking house of G. Amsinck & Co., through -which the attachés paid their henchmen for attempts at the Welland +which the attachés paid their henchmen for attempts at the Welland Canal, the Vanceboro bridge, and at America's peace in general. Bolo had made Pavenstedt's acquaintance in Havana in 1913. @@ -7960,7 +7935,7 @@ after the war. Bernstorff himself left an able alien enemy in the Swiss Legation in Washington. He was Heinrich Schaffhausen, and had been one of the -brightest attachés of the German Embassy. As a member for three months +brightest attachés of the German Embassy. As a member for three months of the Swiss Legation he might readily have sent (and no doubt did send) information of military value to his own people in code, under protection of the Swiss seal. The State Department on July 6 ordered @@ -8326,366 +8301,4 @@ G. nobles to marry only Germans. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license - - -Title: The German Secret Service in America 1914-1918 - -Author: John Price Jones - Paul Merrick Hollister - -Release Date: January 8, 2019 [EBook #58652] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN SECRET SERVICE *** - - - - -Produced by ellinora, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58652 ***</div> <div class="center"><a name="cover.jpg" id="cover.jpg"></a><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" /></div> @@ -8615,381 +8578,7 @@ exceptions.</p> -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The German Secret Service in America -1914-1918, by John Price Jones and Paul Merrick Hollister - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GERMAN SECRET SERVICE *** - -***** This file should be named 58652-h.htm or 58652-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/8/6/5/58652/ - -Produced by ellinora, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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