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diff --git a/58559-8.txt b/58559-0.txt index bcf6361..444741f 100644 --- a/58559-8.txt +++ b/58559-0.txt @@ -1,31 +1,7 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 58559 *** -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. -Title: The Essays of Adam Smith -Author: Adam Smith - -Editor: Joseph Black - James Hutton - -Release Date: December 28, 2018 [EBook #58559] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ESSAYS OF ADAM SMITH *** - - - - -Produced by Ed Brandon from material at the Internet Archive @@ -1633,7 +1609,7 @@ likely to be attended. The reserve which the laws of society impose upon the fair sex, with regard to this weakness, renders it more peculiarly distressful in them, and, upon that very account, more deeply interesting. We are -charmed with the love of Phćdra, as it is expressed in the French +charmed with the love of Phædra, as it is expressed in the French tragedy of that name, notwithstanding all the extravagance and guilt which attend it. That very extravagance and guilt may be said, in some measure, to recommend it to us. Her fear, her shame, her remorse, her @@ -2681,7 +2657,7 @@ behave to themselves. It is the loss of this easy empire over the affections of mankind which renders the fall from greatness so insupportable. When the -family of the king of Macedon was led in triumph by Paulus Ćmilius, +family of the king of Macedon was led in triumph by Paulus Æmilius, their misfortunes, it is said, made them divide with their conqueror the attention of the Roman people. The sight of the royal children, whose tender age rendered them insensible of their situation, struck @@ -3014,7 +2990,7 @@ successful war, he is still secretly pursued by the avenging furies of shame and remorse; and, while glory seems to surround him on all sides, he himself, in his own imagination, sees black and foul infamy fast pursuing him, and every moment ready to overtake him from behind. -Even the great Cćsar, though he had the magnanimity to dismiss his +Even the great Cæsar, though he had the magnanimity to dismiss his guards, could not dismiss his suspicions. The remembrance of Pharsalia still haunted and pursued him. When, at the request of the senate, he had the generosity to pardon Marcellus, he told that assembly, that he @@ -4535,7 +4511,7 @@ much both of taste and genius in the one as in the other. But their effects are still vastly different, and the amusement derived from the first, never approaches to the wonder and admiration which are sometimes excited by the second. We may believe of many men, that -their talents are {91} superior to those of Cćsar and Alexander; and +their talents are {91} superior to those of Cæsar and Alexander; and that in the same situations they would perform still greater actions. In the mean time, however, we do not behold them with that astonishment and admiration with which those two heroes have been @@ -5293,7 +5269,7 @@ of crimes, he could not think without terror and astonishment even of the manner in which mankind would look upon him, of what would be the expression of their countenance and of their eyes, if the dreadful truth should ever come to be known. These natural pangs of an -affrighted conscience are the dćmons, the avenging furies, which, in +affrighted conscience are the dæmons, the avenging furies, which, in this life, haunt the guilty, which allow them neither quiet nor repose, which often drive them to despair and distraction, from which no assurance of secrecy can protect them, from which no principles of @@ -5508,7 +5484,7 @@ anxious to entertain concerning his own performances. Experience and success may in time give him a little more confidence in his own judgment. He is at all times, however, liable to be most severely mortified by the unfavourable judgments of the public. Racine was so -disgusted by the indifferent success of his Phćdra, the finest +disgusted by the indifferent success of his Phædra, the finest tragedy, perhaps, that is extant in any language, that, though in the vigour of his life, and at the height of his abilities, he resolved to write no more for the stage. That great poet used frequently to tell @@ -9399,7 +9375,7 @@ crimes are evidently great follies. In the former, they are not always considered as {192} such. In Italy, during the greater part of the sixteenth century, assassinations, murders, and even murders under trust, seem to have been almost familiar among the superior ranks of -people. Cćsar Borgia invited four of the little princes in his +people. Cæsar Borgia invited four of the little princes in his neighbourhood, who all possessed little sovereignties, and commanded little armies of their own, to a friendly conference at Senigaglia, where, as soon as they arrived, he put them all to death. This @@ -9409,10 +9385,10 @@ not in the least to the ruin of the perpetrator. That ruin happened a few years after from causes altogether disconnected with this crime. Machiavel, not indeed a man of the nicest morality even for his own times, was resident, as minister from the republic of Florence, at the -court of Cćsar Borgia when this crime was committed. He gives a very +court of Cæsar Borgia when this crime was committed. He gives a very particular account of it, and in that pure, elegant, and simple language which distinguishes all his writings. He talks of it very -coolly; is pleased with the address with which Cćsar Borgia conducted +coolly; is pleased with the address with which Cæsar Borgia conducted it; has much contempt for the dupery and weakness of the sufferers; but no compassion for their miserable and untimely death, and no sort of indignation at the cruelty and falsehood of their murderer. The @@ -10939,7 +10915,7 @@ applause, had pronounced him the wisest of men, the great wisdom of Socrates, though it did not suffer him to fancy himself a god, yet was not great enough to hinder him from fancying that he had secret and frequent intimations from some invisible and divine being. The sound -head of Cćsar was not so perfectly sound as to hinder him from being +head of Cæsar was not so perfectly sound as to hinder him from being much pleased with his divine genealogy from the goddess Venus; and, before the temple of this pretended great-grandmother, to receive, without rising from his seat, the Roman senate, when that illustrious @@ -10962,7 +10938,7 @@ never betrayed him into a a single rash action, scarce into a single rash word or expression. The same temperate coolness and self-command cannot, I think, be ascribed to any other great warrior of later times; not to Prince Eugene, not to {224} the late King of Prussia, -not **the great Prince of Condé, not even to Gustavus Adolphus. +not **the great Prince of CondĂ©, not even to Gustavus Adolphus. Turenne seems to have approached the nearest to it; but several different transactions of his life sufficiently demonstrate that it was in him by no means so perfect as it was in the great Duke of @@ -10989,7 +10965,7 @@ What was before heroic magnanimity, resumes its proper appellation of extravagant rashness and folly; and the blackness of that avidity and injustice, which was before hid under the splendour of prosperity, comes full into view, and blots the whole lustre of their enterprise. -Had Cćsar, instead of gaining, lost the battle of Pharsalia, his +Had Cæsar, instead of gaining, lost the battle of Pharsalia, his character would, at this hour, have ranked a little above that of Cataline, and the weakest man would have viewed his enterprise against the laws of his country in blacker colours, than, perhaps even Cato, @@ -11017,7 +10993,7 @@ are taught to submit more easily to those superiors, whom the course of human affairs may assign to us; to regard with reverence, and sometimes even with a sort of respectful affection, that fortunate violence which we are no longer capable of resisting; not only the -violence of such splendid characters as those of a Cćsar or an +violence of such splendid characters as those of a Cæsar or an Alexander, but often that of the most brutal and savage barbarians, of an Attila, a Gengis, or a Tamerlane. To all such mighty conquerors the great mob of mankind are naturally disposed to look up with a @@ -12151,8 +12127,8 @@ given him for the direction of his conduct, required him to do so. I am ordered, says Epictetus, not to dwell at Nicopolis. I do not dwell there. I am ordered not to dwell at Athens. I do not dwell at Athens. I am ordered not to dwell in Rome. I do not dwell in Rome. I am -ordered to dwell in the little and rocky island of Gyarć. I go and -dwell there. But the house smokes in Gyarć. If the smoke is moderate, +ordered to dwell in the little and rocky island of Gyaræ. I go and +dwell there. But the house smokes in Gyaræ. If the smoke is moderate, I will bear it, and stay there. If it is excessive, I will go to a house from whence no tyrant can remove me. I keep in mind always that the door is open, that I can walk out when I please, and retire to @@ -12356,10 +12332,10 @@ consequence of a like accident, he starved himself to death. The third account is, that, at seventy-two years of age, he died in the natural way; by far the most probable account of the three, and supported too by the authority of a cotemporary, who must have had every opportunity -of being well-informed; of Persćus, originally the slave, and +of being well-informed; of Persæus, originally the slave, and afterwards the friend and disciple of Zeno. The first account is given by Apollonius of Tyre, who flourished about the time of Augustus -Cćsar, between two and three hundred years after the death of Zeno. I +Cæsar, between two and three hundred years after the death of Zeno. I know not who is the author of the second account. Apollonius, who was himself a Stoic, had probably thought it would do honour to the founder of a sect which talked so much about voluntary death, to die @@ -12392,11 +12368,11 @@ submission. In the different civil wars which preceded the fall of the commonwealth, many of the eminent men of all the contending parties chose rather to perish by their own hands, than to fall into those of their enemies. The death of Cato, celebrated by Cicero, and censured -by Cćsar, and become the subject of a very serious controversy +by Cæsar, and become the subject of a very serious controversy between, perhaps, the two most illustrious advocates that the world had ever beheld, stamped a character of splendour upon this method of dying which it seems to have retained for several ages after. The -eloquence of Cicero was superior to that of Cćsar. The admiring +eloquence of Cicero was superior to that of Cæsar. The admiring prevailed greatly over the censuring party, and the lovers of liberty, for many ages afterwards, looked up to Cato as to the most venerable martyr of the republican party. The head of a party, the Cardinal de @@ -12471,7 +12447,7 @@ The emancipated slave of Epaphroditus, who, in his youth, had been subjected to the insolence of a brutal master, who, in his riper years, was, by the jealousy and caprice of Domitian, banished from Rome and Athens, and obliged to dwell at Nicopolis, and who, by the -same tyrant, might expect every moment to be sent to Gyarć, or, +same tyrant, might expect every moment to be sent to Gyaræ, or, perhaps, to be put to death; could preserve his own tranquillity only by fostering in his mind the most sovereign contempt of human life. He never exults so much, accordingly; his eloquence is never so animated @@ -12982,7 +12958,7 @@ most obvious and familiar. The system of Epicurus agreed with those of Plato, Aristotle, and Zeno, in making virtue consist in acting in the most suitable manner -to obtain (Prima naturć) primary objects of natural desire. It +to obtain (Prima naturæ) primary objects of natural desire. It differed from all of them in two other respects; first, in the account which it gave of those primary objects of natural desire; and secondly, in the account which it gave of the excellence of virtue, or @@ -15441,7 +15417,7 @@ infinitely more so. And the complexness of the one is founded upon the same principle with that of the other, the difficulty of forming, in the beginnings of language, abstract and general terms. -Verbs must necessarily have been coëval with the very first attempts +Verbs must necessarily have been coĂ«val with the very first attempts towards the formation of language. No affirmation can be expressed without the assistance of some verb. We never speak but in order to express our opinion that something either is or is not. But the word @@ -15666,7 +15642,7 @@ attempting to speak Latin, and wanted to express that such a person was a citizen of Rome, or a benefactor to Rome, if he happened not to be acquainted with the genitive and dative cases of the word _Roma_, would naturally express himself by prefixing the prepositions _ad_ and -_de_ to the nominative; and instead of _Romć_, would say, _ad Roma_, +_de_ to the nominative; and instead of _Romæ_, would say, _ad Roma_, and _de Roma_. _Al Roma_ and _di Roma_, accordingly, is the manner in which the present Italians, the descendants of the ancient Lombards and Romans, express this and all other similar relations. And in this @@ -15709,7 +15685,7 @@ part of the active voice, as the substantive verb had supplied the whole of the passive. A Lombard, who wanted to say, _I had loved_, but could not recollect the word _amaveram_, would endeavour to supply the place of it, by saying either _ego habebam amatum_ or _ego habui -amatum_. _Io avevá amato_, or _Io ebbi amato_, are the correspondent +amatum_. _Io avevá amato_, or _Io ebbi amato_, are the correspondent Italian expressions at this day. And thus upon the intermixture of different nations with one another, the conjugations, by means of different auxiliary verbs, were made to approach the simplicity and @@ -15852,9 +15828,9 @@ from one another, the correspondence of their terminations still showed their mutual reference, and the separation did not necessarily occasion any sort of confusion. Thus in the first line of Virgil, - Tityre tu patulć recubans sub tegmine fagi; + Tityre tu patulæ recubans sub tegmine fagi; -we easily see that _tu_ refers to _recubans_, and _patulć_ to _fagi_; +we easily see that _tu_ refers to _recubans_, and _patulæ_ to _fagi_; though the related words are separated from one another by the intervention of several others; because the terminations, showing the correspondence of their cases, determine their mutual reference. But @@ -15894,9 +15870,9 @@ line, _always vacant_, _always amiable_, referred to _thee_ in the third, and not to _who_ in the same line with it. In the Latin, indeed, all this is abundantly plain. -{325} Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aureâ, +{325} Qui nunc te fruitur credulus aureâ, Qui semper vacuam, semper amabilem - Sperat te; nescius aurć fallacis. + Sperat te; nescius auræ fallacis. Because the terminations in the Latin determine the reference of each adjective to its proper substantive, which it is impossible for any @@ -16715,7 +16691,7 @@ successors of Thales, represent the doctrines of those sages as full of the most inextricable confusion. Something, however, that approaches to a composed and orderly system, may be traced in what is delivered down to us concerning the doctrine of Empedocles, of -Archytas, of Timćus, and of Ocellus the Lucanian, the most renowned +Archytas, of Timæus, and of Ocellus the Lucanian, the most renowned philosophers of the Italian school. The opinions of the two last coincide pretty much; the one, with those of Plato; the other, with those of Aristotle; nor do those of the two first seem to have been @@ -17956,7 +17932,7 @@ order and method of Galileo, possessed, like all his other countrymen, the most laborious industry, joined to that passion for discovering proportions and resemblances betwixt the different parts of nature, which, though common to all philosophers, seems, in him, to have been -excessive. He had been instructed, by Mćstlinus, in the system of +excessive. He had been instructed, by Mæstlinus, in the system of Copernicus; and his first curiosity was, as he tells us, to find out, why the Planets, the Earth being counted for one, were Six in number; why they were placed at such irregular distances from the Sun; and @@ -19140,7 +19116,7 @@ according to this ancient philosophy, is most perfect, suggested the idea of the unity of that principle, by whose art it was formed; and thus, as ignorance begot superstition, science gave birth to the first theism that arose among those nations, who were not enlightened by -divine Revelation. According to Timćus, who was followed by Plato, +divine Revelation. According to Timæus, who was followed by Plato, that intelligent Being who formed the world endowed it with a principle of life and understanding, which extends from its centre to its remotest circumference, which is conscious of all its changes, and @@ -19161,7 +19137,7 @@ formed by those inferior deities; for the revolutions of the heavenly bodies seemed plainly to influence the generation and growth of both plants and animals, whose frail and fading forms bore the too evident marks of the weakness of those inferior causes, which joined their -different parts to one another. According to Plato and Timćus, neither +different parts to one another. According to Plato and Timæus, neither the {393} Universe, nor even those inferior deities who govern the Universe, were eternal, but were formed in time, by the great Author of all things, out of that matter which had existed from all eternity. @@ -19378,7 +19354,7 @@ which, the doctrines of Universals, and everything that is preparatory to the arts of defining and dividing, has, since the days of Porphery, been inserted into their Logic. -According to Plato and Timćus, the principles out of which the Deity +According to Plato and Timæus, the principles out of which the Deity formed the World, and which were themselves eternal, were three in number. The Subject-matter of things, the Species, or Specific Essences of things, and what was made out of these, the sensible @@ -19621,7 +19597,7 @@ pretenders to accuracy and precision. Mankind have had, at all times, a strong propensity to realize their own abstractions, of which we shall immediately see an example, in the notions of that very philosopher who first exposed the ill-grounded foundation of those -Ideas, or Universals, of Plato and Timćus. To explain the nature, and +Ideas, or Universals, of Plato and Timæus. To explain the nature, and to account for the origin of general Ideas, is, even at this day, the greatest difficulty in abstract philosophy. How the human mind, when it reasons concerning the general nature of triangles, should either @@ -19956,7 +19932,7 @@ success by some Dutch masters, that it is impossible to view the pictures without some degree of pleasure. They would be most absurd subjects for Statuary or Sculpture, which are, however, capable of representing them. The picture of a very ugly or deformed man, such as -Ćsop, or Scarron, might not make a disagreeable piece of furniture. +Æsop, or Scarron, might not make a disagreeable piece of furniture. The statue certainly would. Even a vulgar ordinary man or woman, engaged in a vulgar ordinary action, like what we see with so much pleasure in the pictures of Rembrandt, would be too mean a subject for @@ -22573,14 +22549,14 @@ not only surround them but press upon them on all sides. This is the case too with the young of the goose, of the duck, and, so far as I have been able to observe, with those of at least the greater part of the birds which make their nests upon the ground, with the greater -part of those which are ranked by Linnćus in the orders of the hen and +part of those which are ranked by Linnæus in the orders of the hen and the goose, and of many of those long-shanked and wading birds which he -places in the order that he distinguishes by the name of Grallć. +places in the order that he distinguishes by the name of Grallæ. The young of those birds that build their nests in bushes, upon trees, in the holes and crevices of high walls, upon high rocks and precipices, and other places of difficult access; of the greater part -of those ranked by Linnćus in the orders of the hawk, the magpie, and +of those ranked by Linnæus in the orders of the hawk, the magpie, and the sparrow, seem to come blind from the shell, and to continue so for at least some days thereafter. Till they are able to fly they are fed by the joint labour of both parents. As soon as that period arrives, @@ -22677,7 +22653,7 @@ therefore, the sense of Tasting can never be said instinctively to suggest some conception of that substance. It may, perhaps, be otherwise with the sense of Smelling. The young of -all suckling animals, (of the Mammalia of Linnćus,) whether they are +all suckling animals, (of the Mammalia of Linnæus,) whether they are born with sight or without it, yet as soon as they come into the world apply to the nipple of the mother in order to suck. In doing this they are evidently directed by the Smell. The Smell appears either to @@ -22777,7 +22753,7 @@ preconception of the Taste of the food which it announces, and may, even before experience, make its mouth, as we say, water for that food. -That numerous division of animals which Linnćus ranks under the class +That numerous division of animals which Linnæus ranks under the class of _worms_, have, scarcely any of them, any head. They neither see nor hear, have neither eyes nor ears; but many of them have the power of self-motion, and appear to move about in search of their @@ -22917,7 +22893,7 @@ syllable from the end, the rhyme must fall upon all the three. It must be a triple rhyme, and the verse is supposed to consist of twelve syllables: - _Forsč era ver, non perň creděbile,_ &c. + _Forsè era ver, non però credìbile,_ &c. Triple rhymes are not admitted into English Heroic Verse. @@ -22988,8 +22964,8 @@ when confined to the second verse of the couplet, and even there introduced but rarely, may have a very agreeable grace, and the line may even seem to run more easy and natural by means of it: - Bůt of this frŕme, the beŕrings, and the těes. - The strěct connčctions, něce depčndencies, &c. + BĂąt of this frĂ me, the beĂ rings, and the tìes. + The strìct connèctions, nìce depèndencies, &c. When by a well accented syllable in the end of the first line of a couplet, it has once been clearly ascertained what the rhyme is to be, @@ -23057,16 +23033,16 @@ In Italian frequently, and in English sometimes, an accent is with great grace thrown upon the first syllable, in which case it seldom happens that any other syllable is accented before the fourth; - _Cánto l'armé pietóse e'l capitáno._ + _Cánto l'armĂ© pietĂłse e'l capitáno._ - Fírst in these fiélds I trý the sýlvan stráins. + FĂrst in these fiĂ©lds I trĂ˝ the sĂ˝lvan stráins. Both in English and in Italian the second syllable may be accented {472} with great grace, and it generally is so when the first syllable is not accented: _E in van l' inferno a' lui s' oppose; e in vano - S' armó d' Asia, e di Libia il popol misto,_ &c. + S' armĂł d' Asia, e di Libia il popol misto,_ &c. Let us, since life can little more supply Than just to look about us, and to die, &c. @@ -23201,363 +23177,4 @@ Biographical Notice End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Essays of Adam Smith, by Adam Smith -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ESSAYS OF ADAM SMITH *** - -***** This file should be named 58559-8.txt or 58559-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/8/5/5/58559/ - -Produced by Ed Brandon from material at the Internet Archive -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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